[12.71765422821045, 13.852482795715332, "Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson FoundationCOVID-19 and the \nExperiences of Populations at Greater Risk\nDescription and Top-Line Summary Data\u2014Wave 4, \nFall 2021\nKATHERINE GRACE CARMAN, ANITA CHANDRA, DELIA BUGLIARI, \nCHRISTOPHER NELSON, CAROLYN M"]
[12.706977844238281, 13.808908462524414, "5 and 2018 (Carman et al., 2016; Carman et al., 2019) to capture how people in the United States think about, value, and prioriti ze issues of health, well-being, and \nhealth equity. Now, in the context of COVID-19, RAND and RWJF have partnered again"]
[12.890009880065918, 14.160269737243652, ".......... xiv\t\nAcknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ xvi\tAbbreviations ..............................................................................."]
[12.913288116455078, 14.391737937927246, ".................................................................................................... 16 \t\nQ4. [w4_wellbeing1 -w4_wellbeing6] Below are a number of things people might say they feel. \nHow much of the time in the past week, did you . . "]
[12.883631706237793, 14.44150447845459, "plant \nclosure, major incident of community violence?  .......................................................................... 24 \t\nCOVID Impacts: COVID Experience  .................................................................................."]
[12.888101577758789, 14.449074745178223, " each of the programs listed below, please indicate if you or \nanyone in your household received the assistance before coronavirus (COVID -19) started; \nstarted receiving assistance since coronavirus (COVID -19) started; applied or asked for but has "]
[12.911686897277832, 14.384003639221191, "here are many activities that a person could do to influence government \ndecisions about health issues. During the past year have you voted for or against a candidate for public office because of his/her position on a health problem or issue?  ......"]
[12.895139694213867, 14.40881633758545, "........................................ 44 \t\nQ29c. [w4_schools] Schools in my community  should be able to  .................................................... 45 \t\nViews, Mindset, and Expectations: Understanding What Drives Health  ..............."]
[12.888392448425293, 14.429061889648438, "................................................ 51 \t\nQ35c. [w4_poschghappen] Do you think this positive change, [fill response from w4_postivechg] in \nsociety, is happening?  .........................................................................."]
[12.881019592285156, 14.415270805358887, "r countries (e.g., \nsending vaccines, sending money), it will put our country at greater risk.  .................................. 60 \t\nQ45. [w4_afterPandemic] This is our last question: What are you looking forward to after the \npandemic? [Open Ende"]
[12.922675132751465, 14.38222599029541, "llent, very good, good, fair, or \npoor? ............................................................................................................................................. 66 \t ix Q4. [w4_wellbeing1 -w4_wellbeing6] Below are a number of thi"]
[12.886085510253906, 14.464570045471191, "....................................................................................................... 73 \t\nCOVID Impacts: Concerns About Equity i n COVID- 19 Response ....................................................... 74 \t\nQ18. [w4_access_aa] "]
[12.888221740722656, 14.435029983520508, "nd now [Fall 2021] ), \nhave people in your community changed the way they support each other because of the pandemic, either helping each other more or less, or haven\u2019t you seen a change?  ...................... 78\n\t\nQ25c. [w4_changelast] *(if w4_com"]
[12.885385513305664, 14.404765129089355, "ect people\u2019s health and \nwell-being. Please rate each on a scale from 1 to 5 where 1 means it has no effect on health and \n5 means it has a very strong effect.  ........................................................................................."]
[12.888586044311523, 14.427224159240723, "................................ 91 \t\nQ36. [w1_riskhealth] I am willing to risk my own health in order to return to normal life.  .............. 92 \t\nQ37. [w4_protest] I think it is worth protesting for things I believe in, even if it may pose a risk"]
[12.737109184265137, 13.87746524810791, "............................................................... 97 \t\nRespondents by Education Level  ........................................................................................................ 98 \t\nRespondents by Marital Status  ........"]
[12.857824325561523, 14.002922058105469, "19 survey focused specifically on experiences related to the \npandemic (e.g., financial, physical, emotional), how respondents viewed the disproportionate impacts of the pandemic, whether and how respondents\u2019 views and priorities regarding health act"]
[12.851293563842773, 14.001009941101074, "s that were likely eligible to receive the federal COVID-19 stimulus checks. In both panels, we oversampled low- and middle-income households. These oversamples will allow for research that compares subgroups based on income or race and ethnicity.\n1 "]
[12.719261169433594, 13.841170310974121, "triple pandemic\u201d is particularly affecting populations that have historically been underserved, including people of color and low- and \nmiddle-income households. This report describes the fourth and final survey conducted as part of the COVID-19 and "]
[12.72197437286377, 13.858062744140625, ". This report draws heavily on the reports written to describe two previous surveys conducted with similar methods (Carman et al., 2016; Carman et al., 2019) and the reports describing the first, second, and third waves of this survey series (Carman "]
[12.719427108764648, 13.855298042297363, "act.org/  \nStanford Mind & Body Lab Mindset Measures for \nCOVID -19 study  Stanford University, Mind & Body Lab  \nGallup  Panel survey , April 10 \u201312, 2020  Lydia Saad, \u201cIn U.S., More Fear COVID -19 Illness Than \nFinancial Harm,\u201d Gallup , April 16, 2"]
[12.740194320678711, 13.882402420043945, "ex  Axios -Ipsos   \n Ipsos, \u201c Coronavirus Misinformation and Reckless Behavior \nLinked,\u201d October 20, 2020. As of October 20, 2020:  \nhttps://www.ipsos.com/en -us/news- polls/axios -ipsos-\ncoronavirus -index  \nUnderstanding America Study : Understandi"]
[12.773987770080566, 13.984404563903809, "revious waves. Changes can be categorized in the following areas:  \n\u2022 questions that had been asked in the first wave but not in waves 2 and 3, but were \nintended to be reintroduced in wave 4 \n\u2022 questions that were dropped for lack of relevance \n\u2022 ne"]
[12.8053560256958, 13.981203079223633, "s on activities (w4_activities) was revised to relate to the current time period. Because many restrictions, such as lockdowns and school closures, had been lifted by wave 4, questions about freedom to move about (w3_liberty) and the trade-off betwee"]
[12.839866638183594, 13.982654571533203, "us survey that we ran in the ALP in 2015 and 2018 (Carman et al., 2016; Carman et al., 2019) but also any other surveys previously run in the ALP. However, to boost sample size, we also conducted the survey in the KnowledgePanel. \nIn both panels, we "]
[12.84411907196045, 13.988965034484863, "s update demographic data from the ALP quarterly. Additional information about the panel is available from the ALP (RAND Corporation, undated). \nOur sample was limited to panel members who had participated in our 2018 survey. From \nthis group, we sel"]
[12.848431587219238, 13.984794616699219, "ited the 4,066 panel members who had participated in wave 1 to participate in the wave 4 survey, and 2,636 (64.8 percent) completed the survey.\n8 Prior to fielding wave 1, a pre-test was \nconducted with the KnowledgePanel, which we used to identify a"]
[12.855424880981445, 13.995443344116211, "nd found no meaningful differences. Third, in 2015, we investigated differences by device (i.e., participation via desktops and laptops versus smartphones). In our past work, we did not identify any systematic biases across the two surveys by device "]
[12.85212516784668, 13.99345588684082, "owle dgePanel , the time of sampling and the time of the survey were the same.   12 Table 1.4. Comparison of the Survey Sample and the Current Population Survey  \nCharacteristic  Combined ALP and KnowledgePanel  \n2019 CPS (%) Unweighted  (%) Weighted"]
[12.861659049987793, 14.028709411621094, " demographic characteristics between our sample and the CPS, but we did not adjust the data for the differential probabilities of selection that (in addition to calibration) cause design effects. A design effect is an indicator of the impact of sampl"]
[12.889270782470703, 14.178443908691406, "l point. All results are presented as the percentage of \nrespondents selecting each answer.    15 Health and Demographics: General Well -Being and Health  \nQ1. [w4_lifesat] Assume the ladder is a way of picturing your life. The top of the ladder \nrep"]
[12.903833389282227, 14.398171424865723, "e  Missing  \nWave 1  15.9 49.7 31.1 3.3 0.1 \nWave 2  17.3 49.5 29.9 3.3 0.1 \nWave 3 17.4 50.5 28.9 3.1 0.1 \nWave 4  17.6 48.6 30.4 3.2 0.1 \n \nE. Feel lonely  \nSample  None or almost \nnone of the time  Some of the \ntime Most of the time  All of the ti"]
[12.894742012023926, 14.434052467346191, "ng  \nWave 1  70.5 27.7 1.7 \nWave 2  75.1 24.0 0.9 \nWave 3 73.6 25.9 0.5 \nWave 4  79.6 19.7 0.7 \nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.  \nQ8b. [w4_workathome] (if YES to Q8a). In the last 7 days, does your job require you to \nwork outside of your home? \n"]
[12.889318466186523, 14.441559791564941, "rocery store or drug store employee  2.3 2.2 2.3 1.9 \nOther retail employee  3.9 4.0 4.3 4.5 \nDelivery driver  2.2 2.6 2.7 2.3 \nPublic transportation employee  0.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 \nRestaurant or bar employee  1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 \nPolice, Fire, or other first"]
[12.889886856079102, 14.432987213134766, "13. [w4_covidtest] Have you been tested for coronavirus (COVID-19) (through a nasal \nswab or blood test)?  \nSelect only one answer. \nSample  Yes No Missing  \nWave 1  11.5 88.3 0.2 \nWave 2  25.3 74.4 0.3 \nWave 3 44.4 55.3 0.2 \nWave 4  55.8 43.9 0.3 \nS"]
[12.885603904724121, 14.436589241027832, "household  \nSample  Yes No Missing  \nWave 2  13.1 86.1 0.8 \nWave 3  12.5 87.1 0.5 \nWave 4  6.6 92.8 0.6 \n \nw4_exp8. Difficulty caring for a chronic condition (yours or others)  \nSample  Yes No Missing  \nWave 2  10.6 89.1 0.3 \nWave 3  11.2 88.4 0.4 \nW"]
[12.886263847351074, 14.451725006103516, "ssworry2  My community has a high level of vaccinations  23.0 \nw4_lessworry3  I am vaccinated  75.5 \nw4_lessworry4  My loved ones are vaccinated  60.9 \nw4_lessworry5  Other  12.1 \n Refused  0.3 \nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.  \n \n  \n \n15 Sample "]
[12.877974510192871, 14.480548858642578, "ary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)  \n Yes, my household \nwas already \nreceiving assistance \nfrom this program \nbefore the \ncoronavirus (COVID-\n19) started Yes, my household  \nstarted receiving \nassistance from \nthis program since \ncoronavirus \n"]
[12.885228157043457, 14.460941314697266, "\nstarted receiving \nassistance from \nthis program since \ncoronavirus \n(COVID -19) started My household \napplied or asked for \nbut has not received \nassistance from this \nprogram since \ncoronavirus (COVID-\n19) started No, my household \nhas not receive"]
[12.88104248046875, 14.455464363098145, " 4  23.3 28.1 33.7 7.2 7.4 0.4 \nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.  \nQ23. [w4_pocimpact2] People of color (e.g., African Americans, Latinos) are facing \nmore of the financial impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) than whites. \nSample  Strongly agree Some"]
[12.882684707641602, 14.451597213745117, " 46.7 52.7 0.5 \nWave 4  39.6 59.8 0.6 \nSOURCE: Modified from National Survey of Health Attitudes.  \nQ25b. [w4_community change] Over the past year ( between Spring 2020 and now \n(Fall 2021)), have people in your community changed the way they support"]
[12.88248062133789, 14.44516658782959, "ther factors. \nSelect only one answer. \nSample  None  A little  A fair amoun t A great deal  Missing  \nWave 1  14.3 26.6 37.5 21.1 0.5 \nWave 2  14.6 29.9 36.5 18.4 0.7 \nWave 3 15.0 31.4 37.9 14.9 0.8 \nWave 4  22.5 32.4 33.2 10.9 1.0 \nSOURCE : Develop"]
[12.879575729370117, 14.437789916992188, " employees and customers to wear a mask  \nSample  Yes No Missing  \nWave 1  X X X \nWave 2  X X X \nWave 3  X X X \nWave 4  79.7 19.8 0.5 \nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.  \n\t\n\t \t 45 Q29c. [w4_schools] Schools in my community should be able to  \nNote "]
[12.884316444396973, 14.439403533935547, "ee Somewh at \nagree Neither agree  \nnor disagree  Somewhat \ndisagree  Strongly \ndisagree  Missing  \nWave 1  46.0 21.4 15.2 8.1 8.9 0.4 \nWave 2  43.5 22.3 16.1 8.8 8.7 0.6 \nWave 3  39.7 25.5 16.5 8.8 9.1 0.5 \nWave 4  44.8 21.9 15.8 7.4 9.4 0.8 \nSOURCE"]
[12.87948989868164, 14.448385238647461, " X X X X X \nWave 2  X X X X X X \nWave 3  16.0 17.0 19.5 19.7 27.4 0.4 \nWave 4  15.0 16.0 23.2 19.3 25.6 0.8 \nSOURCE : Developed by RWJF and RAND.   \nQ35. [w4_positivech] The coronavirus outbreak can be an opportunity for our society to \nmake positive"]
[12.881402969360352, 14.447698593139648, " X X \nWave 3  X X X \nWave 4  37.8 60.3 1.9 \n\t\nB. Romantic relationships (e.g., got married, found a partner, planned divorce)  \nSample  Yes, I have made a \npositive change  No, I did not make a \npositive change  Missing  \nWave 1  X X X \nWave 2  X X X"]
[12.872859954833984, 14.461570739746094, " one answer. \nNote: This is a new question added in wave 3. \nSample  Strongly agree  Somewhat \nagree Neither agree \nnor disagree  Somewhat \ndisagree  Strongly \ndisagree  Missing  \nWave 1  X X X X X X \nWave 2  X X X X X X \nWave 3  16.9 20.2 24.4 16.4 "]
[12.875693321228027, 14.44233512878418, "t to a location providing vaccines  2.0 1.4 \nI want to wait for more evidence  19.9 37.9 \nI am afraid of needles  2.9 4.4 \nI was told not to by my doctor  1.6 5.4 \nI was told not to by a friend or family member  1.0 3.7 \nI am concerned about possible"]
[12.876738548278809, 14.450878143310547, "ty  Missing  \nWave 2  46.2 42.0 10.4 1.4 \nSource: Modified from SHADAC COVID -19 Survey  \nQ43. [w4_humanitarian] The US should send extra vaccines to other countries. \nSelect only one answer. Note: This question was added in wave 4. \nSample  Strongly"]
[12.84155559539795, 13.99721622467041, "ondents by Gender  \nSample  Male  Female  \nWave 1  42.0 58.0 \nWave 2  42.6 57.4 \nWave 3 42.7 57.3 \nWave 4  43.1 56.9 \n   62 Respondents by U.S. Region \nSample  Northeast  Midwest  South  West  Unknown  \nWave 1  15.8 19.3 38.7 26.2 0.0 \nWave 2  15.7 1"]
[12.865964889526367, 14.130440711975098, " responses with the 952 responses from populations at greater risk in the ALP allowed us to produce results representative of the general population, with a total sample size of 1,753. This appendix provides responses for the combined general populat"]
[12.893401145935059, 14.397928237915039, "t say \nthey feel. How much of the time in the past week, did you . . .  \nA. Feel happy  \nSample  None or almost \nnone of the time  Some of the \ntime Most of the time  All of the time  Missing  \nGeneral  Population \nWave 1  3.4 30.6 56.7 9.2 .a \nGener"]
[12.90938949584961, 14.41836166381836, " 1  \nBeing exposed to coronavirus (COVID -19) through your \nwork or workplace 7.9 \nFeeling isolated or lonely  27.1 \nDeath or loss of a loved one  4.1 \nNot enough food for all members of the household 2.5 \nUnstable housing or unable to pay rent  3.4 "]
[12.883247375488281, 14.468212127685547, "acts: Feelings of Safety \nQ16. [w4_worry] How worried are you that you or a loved one will get coronavirus \n(COVID-19)?  \nSelect only one answer. \nSample  Not worried at all  Not too \nworried  Somewhat \nworried  Very worried  Missing  \nGeneral Popula"]
[12.880759239196777, 14.454915046691895, "ifference? \nSample  Easier  Not much of  a \ndifference  Harder  Missing  \nGeneral Population  \nWave 1  6.3 49.9 43.5 0.2 \nGeneral Population  \nWave 4  7.7 49.9 42.4 .a \nSOURCE: National Survey of Health Attitudes.  \na The period indicates true 0 (rat"]
[12.878609657287598, 14.459521293640137, "., African Americans, Latinos) have \npoorer health outcomes (e.g., higher rates of diabetes, more deaths from coronavirus (COVID-19)) than whites is systemic racism.  \nSample  Strongly agree  Somewhat \nagree Neither agree \nnor disagree  Somewhat \ndis"]
[12.872983932495117, 14.421256065368652, "eral \nPopulation Wave 4  30.6 11.0 58.3 0.1 \nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.  \n \n   79 Q25c. [w4_changelast] *(if w4_communitychange=1 or 2) Do you think this change in \nthe community (either more or less support for each other) will continue aft"]
[12.880436897277832, 14.452335357666016, " 31.8 8.2 .a \nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.  \na The period indicates true 0 (rather than a number that has been rounded down to 0).   82 Views, Mindset, and Expectations: Views of Private -Sector Roles \nQ29. [w1_business] For the following ques"]
[12.868157386779785, 14.454059600830078, "mployees (staff such as custodians, not teachers) to be vaccinated  \nSample  Yes No Missing  \nGeneral Population  \nWave 1  X X X \nGeneral Population \nWave 4  59.2 40.8 .a \n\t\nC. Require students [age 12 or older] to be vaccinated  \nSample  Yes No Miss"]
[12.882010459899902, 14.460968971252441, "0 (rather than a number that has been rounded down to 0).  \n \n   88 Views, Mindset, and Expectations: Trade -Offs and Perspectives  \nQ32. [w3_liberty] People\u2019s right to move about freely is so important that it\u2019s worth \nrisking a substantial increase"]
[12.880563735961914, 14.446137428283691, "Wave 4  19.1 17.4 22.0 20.3 21.1 0.1 \nSOURCE : Developed by RWJF and RAND.   \nQ35. [w4_positivech] The coronavirus outbreak can be an opportunity for our society to \nmake positive changes.  \nSelect only one answer. \nSample  Strongly agree  Somewhat \n"]
[12.873465538024902, 14.428730964660645, "  \nGeneral Population  \nWave 1  X X X \nGeneral Population  \nWave 4  38.7 61.1 0.2 \n \nE. Personal health (e.g., exercised more, ate better, took care of myself better)  \nSample  Yes, I have made a positive \nchange No, I did not make a \npositive change"]
[12.873469352722168, 14.452407836914062, "only answer.  \nSample  Strongly agree  Somewhat \nagree Neither agree \nnor disagree  Somewhat \ndisagree  Strongly \ndisagree  Missing  \nGeneral Population  \nWave 1  21.4 13.9 21.7 15.8 27.2 0.0 \nGeneral Population  \nWave 4  19.9 16.5 23.7 14.3 25.5 .a "]
[12.841304779052734, 14.504389762878418, "en rounded down to 0).  \nQ43. [w4_humanitarian] The US should send extra vaccines to other countries. \nSelect only one answer. Note: This question was added in wave 4. \nSample  Strongly agree  Somewhat \nagree Neither agree \nnor disagree  Somewhat \ndi"]
[12.828832626342773, 14.091595649719238, "h a \npartner  Separated  Divorced  Widowed  Never \nmarried  \nGeneral Population \nWave 1  59.9 2.2 16.5 6.8 14.7 \nGeneral Population \nWave 4  61.0 2.2 16.0 6.6 14.1 \nRespondents by Number of Household Members \nSample  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 or \nmore  \nGene"]
[12.707605361938477, 13.833375930786133, "arch 3, 2021:  http://www.rand.org/t/RRA764-3 \nChandra, Anita, Joie D. Acosta, Katherine Grace Carman, Tamara Dubowitz, Laura Leviton, \nLaurie T. Martin, Carolyn Miller, Christopher Nelson, Tracy Orleans, Margaret Tait, Matthew D. Trujillo, Vivian L."]
[12.719232559204102, 13.855297088623047, "ttps://www.rand.org/research/data/alp.html \nRobert Wood Johnson Foundation, Culture of Health, home page, undated. As of February 13, \n2019:  http://www.cultureofhealth.org/ \nRWJF\u2014See Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. \nSaad, Lydia, \u201cIn U.S., More Fear "]
[13.652060508728027, 20.040014266967773, "Prepared for the California Commission on Health and Safety and Workers\u2019 \nCompensationCOVID-19 in the California \nWorkers\u2019 Compensation System\nA Study of COVID-19 Claims and Presumptions \nUnder Senate Bill 1159\nDENISE D. QUIGLEY, MICHAEL DWORSKY, NAB"]
[13.647595405578613, 20.039276123046875, "its, medical benefits, and death benefits, including differences in the effects across differing occupational groups; and (3) assess the overall and cost impacts of the frontline worker and outbreak presumptions created by Senate Bill (SB) 1159 on Ca"]
[13.643458366394043, 20.044322967529297, "eley; and Sandra Berry, sociologist and survey methodologist at RAND, for their outstanding \nefforts as quality-assurance reviewers. We also wish to thank Roald Euller and John Daly in the RAND information and technology division\u2019s computing environm"]
[13.679905891418457, 20.066688537597656, ".88 covers workers not covered by the frontline presumption \nwho tested positive for COVID-19 while working outside the home during an outbreak period at their jobsites. We refer to this presumption as the outbreak presumption (Cal. \nLab. Code 3212.8"]
[13.616475105285645, 20.02111053466797, "r, on net, a beneficial) policy response. At the time of writing, the pandemic has lasted just under two years, and many of the long-term impacts of COVID-19 (on workers and on the WC system) are not yet observable in the available data. Instead, we "]
[13.57082748413086, 19.97408676147461, "f claims in June and July of 2020 and peaked at 55 percent of claims in December 2020. Workers filed a total of 82,000 claims for December 2020 injury dates. In comparison, in the decade before the pandemic (2010 to 2019), there had never been more t"]
[13.471510887145996, 19.914880752563477, " \noccupational groups as follows: 32 percent of statewide COVID-19 claims were by health care workers covered by the frontline presumption, 6 percent of statewide COVID-19 claims were filed by peace officers covered by the frontline presumption, and "]
[13.468531608581543, 19.893360137939453, "ustry. The COVID-19 claim rate at skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) was much higher: 394 COVID-19 claims per 10,000 workers. In both types of facility, COVID-19 claim rates were higher for health care support occupations than for health care practiti"]
[13.569363594055176, 19.97609519958496, " any benefits . Estimates use sampling weights to correct for casewise deletion of incomplete \nrecords, for exclusion of data from unreliable claim s administrators, and for exclusion of claims that could not be \nassigned occupation codes. See Chapte"]
[13.671542167663574, 20.05538558959961, "nt rate observed among firefighters. \nDenial rates in other industries potentially covered by the outbreak presumption were much \nhigher, ranging from 33 percent in the agriculture sector to 78 percent in the transportation and warehousing sector.  \n"]
[13.69194507598877, 20.071937561035156, "yee needs were not necessarily for medical care (access to medical care was not dependent on WC) but to pay for nonminor, high-cost medical care through WC benefits, \nespecially given that most workers\u2019 co-pays, deductibles, and out-of-pocket costs w"]
[13.686538696289062, 20.066402435302734, "owever, was used to cover medical care for COVID-19 when the medical care needs were nonminor (that is, were high-cost, required hospitalization, or involved prolonged symptoms). Employees used WC to cover outpatient care including medications, thera"]
[13.678183555603027, 20.061532974243164, "t were high-cost. \nOf the WC benefits available (indemnity, disability, medical care, death benefits), medical \ncare coverage for COVID-19 through WC was reported to be the most important WC benefit for workers. Within the context of fully insured pr"]
[13.67087173461914, 20.05829620361328, "r a workplace injury occurred (in this case, a workplace exposure and contraction of COVID-19) and therefore did not impact prevention or safety directly. Furthermore, public health officials did agree that the SB 1159 presumptions for COVID-19 did a"]
[13.66418743133545, 20.053924560546875, "ine industries than nonfrontline industries. More comprehensive data would be needed to test for timeline compliance across claims, but it appears that SB 1159 had an impact on claim processing timelines. Also, during interviews, claims administrator"]
[13.604084968566895, 19.99837875366211, "at the frontline worker and outbreak presumptions, as written, did cover workers at the highest risk for being exposed to and contracting COVID-19. \nCost Impacts of SB 1159\u2019s Presumptions for COVID-19 \nWe investigated costs associated with COVID-19 c"]
[13.64745044708252, 20.037250518798828, " It remains uncertain whether costs that were not billed to WC will have to be reimbursed by WC payers at some point in the future.  \nPolicy Implications and Discussion \nSB 1159 brought several changes to WC policy for COVID-19 claims, most notably b"]
[13.643266677856445, 20.03660774230957, "re typically filed at once. Whether these pressures had a meaningful impact on system expenses or the efficiency of the WC benefit delivery system is unclear from the quantitative data that were available for this study. We also cannot say how many m"]
[13.682382583618164, 20.064414978027344, "ms were denied much faster than non\u2013COVID-19 claims, with faster processing \nin frontline industries than nonfrontline industries.  \nHowever, we did not hear that shortened timelines and quicker initial claims decisions \nmeaningfully assisted workers"]
[13.646467208862305, 20.032541275024414, "he broader state and federal policy context. \nGiven that so much remains unknown about the unequal risk of exposure to COVID-19 that \noccurred at workplaces across California, we highlight here a number of research needs that  \n xxii emerged in the c"]
[13.58122730255127, 19.989748001098633, "rganization of This Report  ..................................................................................................................... 7  \n2. Background and Overview of the Study ............................................................"]
[13.630727767944336, 20.028839111328125, "................................... 130 \nImpact of Other Policies on Safety for Workers  .................................................................................. 132 \nSummary ................................................................."]
[13.584019660949707, 19.98360824584961, "esumption Section and Group of Workers ........................................................................ 50 \nFigure 3.3. Initial Denial Rates on COVID-19 and Non\u2013COVID-19 Claims, by Date  \nof Injury ............................................"]
[13.521821022033691, 19.92662239074707, "ty Settlement Receipt for COVID-19 and Non\u2013COVID-19  \nClaims, by Presumption Section ........................................................................................... 59 \nTable 3.7. COVID-19 and Non\u2013COVID-19 Claims Without Medical Bills Sub"]
[13.584451675415039, 19.979406356811523, ".......................... 155 \nTable 8.2. Temporary Disability Duration of COVID and Non-COVID Claims with  \nPaid TD Benefits, by Presumption Section ......................................................................... 156 \nTable 8.3. Total Pai"]
[13.68939208984375, 20.049285888671875, "in Three Months of Earliest Service Date, Including  Claims with No Medical Bills, by COVID-19 Status and Presumption Section ................ 214 \n  \n 1 1. Introduction  \nThe novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (which causes the disease known as coronaviru"]
[13.68298053741455, 20.065990447998047, "d to risk infection and death by continuing to work outside the home. In recognition of the deadly workplace risks that millions of workers suddenly found themselves facing as the pandemic started, California policymakers moved quickly to facilitate "]
[13.616989135742188, 20.025157928466797, "ociated with these claims in terms of denial rates, receipt of different types of benefits, and costs of benefits paid to date. As requested by CHSWC, these analyses emphasize differences in COVID-19 claims and their outcomes among workers likely to "]
[13.647550582885742, 20.0375919342041, "ated with tracking outbreaks, as well as the expedited timelines for claims administrators to approve or deny COVID-19 claims (i.e., 30- and 45-day timelines for initial acceptance of the claim to conduct investigation of the claim, rather than the s"]
[13.65723991394043, 20.045856475830078, "ed. \n\u2022 Substantial protection against interruption of income \n- A high proportion of a disabled worker\u2019s lost earnings should be replaced by \nworkmen\u2019s compensation benefits. \n\u2022 Provision of sufficient medical care and rehabilitation services \n- The "]
[13.591774940490723, 20.012588500976562, " or quantitative methods.  \n \n  \n 6 Table 1.1. Chapter  Topics Linked to Research Quest ions, Including Whether Question Is \nAnswered  by Qualitative or Quantitative Methods  \nResearch Question  Qualitative  Quantitative  \nChapter 3: COVID -19 Claims"]
[13.616096496582031, 20.009307861328125, "ive data sources. \nChapter 3 lists baseline facts about the volume, composition, and outcomes of COVID-19 \nclaims from March 2020 to April 2021. Chapter 3 presents an overview of the COVID-19 claim volumes, severity of those claims, and outcomes in t"]
[13.631884574890137, 20.02533721923828, " COVID-19 claims in relation to non\u2013COVID-19 claims and discuss claims administrators\u2019 experiences with delays, denials, and claim acceptance and the type of documentation needed and requested. We also describe claims administrators\u2019 perspectives on "]
[11.82153606414795, 18.383487701416016, "D benefits are assigned according to a PD rating\u2014a number between 0 and 100 percent\u2014\nassigned by an evaluating physician or medical examiner. The PD rating process involves \nadjustments for various factors, including for disability attributable to pr"]
[13.672314643859863, 20.050241470336914, "ectious disease claims were rare in California\u2019s WC system, accounting for less than 0.5 percent of claims reported to the WCIS (California Department of Industrial Relations, 2020).\n2 \nWithout the executive and legislative actions that were taken in"]
[13.697656631469727, 20.07065200805664, " Labor \nCode sections 3212 through 3213.2 had established presumptions for at least 11 distinct health conditions in specific groups of public safety workers. \nExecutive Order N-62-20 \nA rebuttable presumption for COVID-19 covering all essential work"]
[13.673027038574219, 20.05794334411621, "ging from $0.6 billion to $2.0 billion), both because the governor\u2019s order was \ntemporary (so the projected costs were not annualized) and because the presumption was disputable. \nOn the other side of the debate, the legislative record and popular di"]
[13.660812377929688, 20.048524856567383, " distinct presumptions. These presumptions were made retroactive to July 6, 2020, and will remain in effect until December 31, 2022. Table 2.1 compares selected provisions of these presumptions. We discuss the major differences below, following the l"]
[13.686386108398438, 20.062801361083984, " within 14 \ndays of exposure Test positive (PCR \ntest only) during \noutbreak period \nwithin 14 days of \nexposure Diagnosed, and \nworker knows or \nshould have known \nthat illness is work -\nrelated  \nDate of injury  \ndefinition  Last day worked at \njob"]
[13.694099426269531, 20.066558837890625, " Section 3212.87, 2020, is sharply distinguished by the inclusion of a provision that limits the applicability of the presumption to workers who test positive during an outbreak period at their employer. Labor Code Section 3212.88, 2020, defines an o"]
[13.678351402282715, 20.059419631958008, "c safety workers, \nsuch as lifeguards, who are assumed to face elevated risks from their employment. And while several infectious diseases (tuberculosis, pneumonia, Lyme disease, Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, and blood-borne infections"]
[13.683049201965332, 20.066116333007812, " COVID-19 prevention covering \nworkplaces outside of employees\u2019 homes that were not already covered by the ATD standard. Several elements of the COVID-19 ETS posed major implications for COVID-19 WC claim volumes, particularly new requirements that a"]
[13.653409004211426, 20.09976577758789, " The AB 685 notification requirements took effect on January 1, 2021.  \nIn evaluating the overall impact of SB 1159 on the WC system, it is also important to \nconsider interactions between WC benefits and other public and private benefits that can he"]
[13.678317070007324, 20.06307601928711, "the FFCRA regardless of employer size. \nThese pandemic-specific sick leave benefits are potentially important for the evaluation of \nSB 1159 because payment of TD benefits under SB 1159 does not begin until these pandemic-specific sick leave benefits"]
[13.667893409729004, 20.051280975341797, "t (EDD, 2020b). SDI will pay the benefits until the WC claim is resolved, after which EDD may seek to recover the benefits from the WC payer through a lien (EDD, 2020b).\n7  \n  \n \n7 We note that the establishment of a legal presumption that COVID -19 "]
[13.64654541015625, 20.033084869384766, "y Medical care with \npotentially high \npatient cost-sharing  ~100% of Californians \nover age 65 Federal \ngovernment  \nSOURCE: 2019 American Community Survey  Tables HIC- 5 ACS and HIC- 6 ACS in U.S. Census Bureau, 2021 a. \nEstimates reflect health in"]
[13.640395164489746, 20.027801513671875, "e) their employer\u2019s plan is self-funded or fully insured. \nFinally, for workers covered by self-funded employer-sponsored insurance, differences in \nprovider payments between private health insurance and WC could have a major impact on \noverall emplo"]
[13.565974235534668, 20.02250862121582, "mplish this effort, we employed a mixed-methods approach, using quantitative and \nqualitative methods to evaluate the impacts of COVID-19 claims and the SB 1159 presumptions \non the WC system. We delineated specific research questions within the fram"]
[13.592914581298828, 20.005685806274414, " with COVID-19 and the WC system and for the same purpose for our TAG and study team. We convened a TAG and held a meeting at the \nbeginning of the project to discuss our research design and research questions, and at the end of the project to discus"]
[13.580322265625, 20.012859344482422, " (Boyle, 2020; Luna, 2020). In industries in which there was a shortage of employees already and no telework option, such as meatpacking and warehouse work, employers reported struggling with worker absenteeism and strikes (Almeida and Hirtzer, 2020;"]
[13.423331260681152, 20.04513931274414, " of these sampling pools was developed separately. Recruitment was simultaneous across the samples. We sent initial invitations, including the information sheet, via email, followed up by phone, and attempted to contact respondents five times.  \nFor "]
[13.406717300415039, 20.042373657226562, "om the \nCDPH website. We reviewed CDPH data on the hardest-hit counties across California, including the top four counties in rural Northern California, urban Northern California, rural Southern California, and urban Southern California. We aimed to "]
[13.48103141784668, 20.02549934387207, "d attempted to screen and contact 85 (with \n13 ineligible and 21 never contacted). We completed 32 interviews (32/85): four public health \nofficials, eight claims administrators, 11 employers, and nine workers (six with COVID-19 claims and three who "]
[13.400752067565918, 20.038068771362305, "3 NA 2 1 \nTotal unique interviews  32 7 10 15 \nNOTES: NA = not applicable.  \n* Five of the eight claims  administrators represent public safety and health care employers (n = 4 are public safety, n = \n1 is a health care employer), while the remaining"]
[13.47172737121582, 20.025846481323242, "starting the interview, including consent for recording; all interviews  \n 31 were audio-recorded. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and field notes documented, after \nwhich the interviewer reviewed and finalized the interview transcripts. Int"]
[13.160346031188965, 20.05950164794922, "2 1 \nManufacturing/d istribution  2 1 \nGrocery  0 1 \nAgriculture  0 1 \nConstruction 0 2 \nType o f claims administration    \nTPA \u2014 11 \nSelf-insured \u2014 5 \nHybrid (TPA and self -\ninsured ) \u2014 3 \nOutbreak at work  5 NA \nFiled a COVID- 19 WC claim  6 NA \nFu"]
[12.964957237243652, 20.090280532836914, ", identify discrepancies, refine concepts, make codebook changes, define codes, and dialogue about concepts and themes.  \nTeam members worked together in identifying themes and subthemes and in reviewing the \nsets of interviews by type of respondent "]
[13.369812965393066, 20.037620544433594, " the report. \nThe TAG input and feedback at both meetings was documented by a notetaker and used to aid \nin understanding the issues across the quantitative and qualitative team members. Based on our first TAG meeting, we incorporated a specific set "]
[13.281518936157227, 19.93410301208496, ", claims administrators, union representatives, and employee associations, yielded three additional injured-worker interviews. Overall, we completed nine total injured-worker interviews across public safety, health care, and manufacturing workers; si"]
[11.831048965454102, 19.10270118713379, "ls in this report. We could also observe denials after indemnity benefits had been paid, because these must be reported on an SROI. However, a sizable majority of full \ndenials was reported on FROI. Looking at data on all (non\u2013COVID-19) claims with 2"]
[13.164804458618164, 19.8266544342041, " to use information about both the worker\u2019s industry and their occupation. Industry codes are reported on the FROI, mostly as North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes, but in some cases as Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) c"]
[13.249212265014648, 19.87788963317871, "umption  \n(Labor Code section)  Worker Group  Occupations Included \n(SOC codes)  Industry  (NAICS) or \nClass Codes  \nFrontline (3212.87(a)11)  In-home supportive \nservices  \u2022 Any Occupation  \u2022 Services for the Elderly \nand Persons with Disabilities ("]
[11.812759399414062, 19.058788299560547, "tors = those reporting paid indemnity benefits on at least 10  percent  of claims prior to the pandemic (2016 \u2013\n2019).  \nMissing Data and Weighting  \nWCIS data, like other multipayer administrative data, vary in quality across payers and over \ntime, "]
[13.083367347717285, 19.548625946044922, "ata in column (2) but only 2,000 \nof those claims are from reliable claims administrators and have a usable occupation code \nassigned, the weight assigned to claims in that cell for analyses using the sample in \ncolumn (4) would be 1.5. \nWe construct"]
[13.422039985656738, 19.840620040893555, "port unweighted counts of all claims with industry and occupation codes so that all observable claims in each category are counted. As a sensitivity analysis, we also examined unweighted counts of all claims in column (1) with occupation and industry"]
[13.617850303649902, 20.014436721801758, " over time, including overall denial rates \n(RQ3), benefit receipt, and medical severity. This information answers RQs 1 through 3: \n\u2022 RQ1: What is the volume of COVID-19 claims? \n\u2022 RQ2: How does COVID-19 claim volume vary across the different presum"]
[13.558762550354004, 19.960317611694336, "e 3.1 are averaged over relatively long spans of time and thus \nmask important patterns in the monthly volume of COVID-19 claims. Figure 3.1 presents the monthly volume of COVID-19 and non\u2013COVID-19 claims filed from January 2019 through June 2021. \nT"]
[13.575091361999512, 19.97322654724121, "d  \nDate of Injury  \n Frontline Presumption \nWorkers  Other Occupations  \nPeriod  COVID  Non-COVID  Total  COVID  Non-COVID  Total  \nPrepandemic (2019)  0 110,161 110,161 0 601,932 601,932 \nPandemic, before temporary presumption \n(1/1/2020 \u20133/18/2020"]
[13.581911087036133, 19.98564910888672, "60 \nTemporary presumption (3/19/2020 \u20137/5/2020)  10,356 15,955 26,495 1,499 7,655 9,151 473 3,223 3,689 \nSB 1159 presumptions in effect (7/6/2020 \u20136/30/2021)  35,430 61,553 100,773 6,654 24,220 31,093 4,459 11,108 15,908 \nTotal (1/1/2020 \u20136/30/2021) "]
[13.590313911437988, 19.993362426757812, " the recession were far less pronounced among frontline workers than among workers in other occupations. \nOutcomes of COVID- 19 Claims \nIn this section, we present statistics describing claim denial rates (focusing on initial claim \ndenial rates) and"]
[13.559148788452148, 19.96733283996582, "ntrated among health care workers but accounted for less \nthan 1 percent of claims among firefighters and peace officers; they were also rare for outbreak occupations. Payment of PD and death benefits remained too rare in COVID-19 cases to see many p"]
[13.593074798583984, 19.99911880493164, "er OccupationsFrontline\nPresumption\nTotalHealth Care\nWorkersFrontline, All\nOccupationsFrontline\nOccupation\nGroups\nAxis Title\nPre-Pandemic (2019) Pandemic, Before Temporary Presumption (1/1/2020-3/18/2020)\nTemporary Presumption (3/19/2020-7/5/2020) SB"]
[13.584578514099121, 19.991371154785156, "A high denial rate might mean that claims covered by the presumption were being denied, but it could just as easily mean that claims were being filed that were not covered by the presumption, either because the claim was filed on a precautionary basi"]
[13.614566802978516, 20.014101028442383, "nia Workers\u2019 Compensation Institute (CWCI) shared results from a forthcoming (at the time of writing) analysis on the reasons for COVID-19 claim denials from the fourth quarter of 2020 (October\u2013December 2020), a period that covers the peak of the win"]
[13.577530860900879, 19.985923767089844, "our in five) denied COVID-19 claims were filed by nonfrontline workers, about 17 percent (one in six) were filed by health care workers, and about 4 percent (about one in 25) were filed by public safety workers covered by the frontline worker presump"]
[13.58347225189209, 19.98067855834961, "y to these estimates, including that outbreak tracking may have led to more marginal TD claims being filed in some cases.  \nTable 3.4. Temporary Disability Benefit Receipt for COVID -19 and Non\u2013 COVID -19 Claims,   \nby Presumption Section  \n Frontlin"]
[13.582103729248047, 19.979333877563477, ", or of \naccepted claims. We note that, throug hout this analysis, the denominator for estimated rates or averages contains all \nclaims filed, including denied claims. However, to facilitate comparison with other analyses, we can divide the rates \nof"]
[13.43080997467041, 19.845670700073242, " sampling weights to correct for casewise deletion of incomplete records, for exclusion of data \nfrom unreliable claim s administrators, and for exclusion of claims that could not be assigned occupation codes.  \nAdjusted totals use weights to adju st"]
[13.603280067443848, 20.007225036621094, "of the worker. \nSummary \nCOVID-19 claims were, on average, about 15 percent of all claims filed in the WC system \nfrom January 2020 to June 2021. Total claim volumes over this period remained 10 percent lower than before the pandemic, a fact that is "]
[13.618095397949219, 20.013118743896484, "denied in both the public and private sectors may not have been covered by the SB 1159 presumptions due to lack of a positive PCR test. This paints a picture in which a sizable proportion of COVID-19 claims filed were cases in which the worker may no"]
[13.589325904846191, 19.9945125579834, " Industries \nand Workers \nChapter 3 characterized how COVID-19 claim volumes varied over time and across workers \ncovered by the different presumptions established or codified by SB 1159. CHSWC and the \nlegislature also requested that this study anal"]
[13.462726593017578, 19.887929916381836, " Did workers in occupations that experienced high excess mortality in the pandemic also file high volumes of death claims? \nAs we discuss below, substantial caution must be exercised in interpreting the occupation-\nspecific estimates in this chapter."]
[13.447701454162598, 19.875783920288086, "nclude all \nclaims for which industry and occupation could be ascertained that had both a cause and nature \nof injury reported. These claim counts include claims that are excluded in other analyses because of missing data, or because they were report"]
[13.426916122436523, 19.87201499938965, "ment Statistics (OES) program, was used to provide context on the  \n 66 approximate number of workers employed in each occupation and each industry at the start of \nthe pandemic. The OEWS surveys nonagricultural employers about the number of workers "]
[13.446674346923828, 19.875776290893555, "the end of this chapter, we report the volume of death claims filed by workers in these occupations to characterize whether workers in high-mortality occupations were also likely to file death claims. In a separate table, we report the 20 detailed oc"]
[13.415128707885742, 19.851543426513672, "d by occupations with high excess mortality; e.g., we included the apparel manufacturing industry (NAICS 315) because it is a major employer of sewing machine operators. Additional specific industries (e.g., retail pharmacies) were included because o"]
[13.468917846679688, 19.900814056396484, " 1 and September 28, 2021. Between January 1 and August 11, 2021 (the latest COVID claim injury \ndate in our WCIS data), there were 33,024 COVID -19 claims reported to the WCIS. In industry sectors other than \npublic administration (which contains wo"]
[13.3806791305542, 19.866220474243164, "uding those not identified as working in health care facilities, about 10 percent (2,000 claims unweighted) have industry codes indicating government employment but are not flagged as workers in health care facilities. Ninety-seven percent of these w"]
[13.443708419799805, 19.87062644958496, "f May 2020, we see that the highest rate of claims per 10,000 workers is in state and local government (269 claims per 10,000 workers), and that this rate was more than twice the rate in health care and social assistance (130 claims per 10,000 worker"]
[13.464048385620117, 19.88985824584961, " No Medical = \nproportion of claims with  no medical bills submitted to the WC payer as of July 2021. State and Local Government  is defined as the union of OEWS industries \n9992 (State Government) and 9993 (Local Government); OEWS employment in thes"]
[13.388867378234863, 19.870288848876953, "ide employment in this sector was only 18,000 \nworkers, so the volume of claims is relatively low, and we do not report on patterns by occupation in this industry.   \n 74 Frontline Presumption Industries and Occupations \nPublic Sector  \nTable 4.2 rep"]
[12.978160858154297, 19.821062088012695, "refighting supervisors. While this is a pattern we would expect to see if lower -rank officers \nwere incorrectly  classified as supervisors, examination of the verbatim occupation descriptions in the WCIS did not \nsuggest that such misclassification "]
[13.468132972717285, 19.891504287719727, "hin industry as reported by BLS OEWS program. TD Receipt = proportion of \nclaims with any paid temporary disability benefits, including temporary total disability, total permanent disability, or 4850  pay. No Medical =  proportion of claims \nwith no "]
[13.446072578430176, 19.8737735748291, " had high COVID-19 claim rates that were nonetheless lower than rates for workers in protective service occupations.) COVID-19 claim rates for social workers, office clerks, and business and financial operations occupations were similar to those obse"]
[13.459127426147461, 19.883296966552734, "uding temporary total disability, total permanent disability, or 48 50 pay. No Medical = proportion of claims \nwith no medical bills submitted to the WC payer as of July 2021. DD = developmental disability. MHSA = mental health and subs tance abuse. "]
[13.545039176940918, 19.94723892211914, "sion or generosity (in terms of days covered) of special pandemic sick leave, since large employers (which would include many if not all hospitals) were exempt from the federal pandemic sick leave mandates. \nWe also note that, although COVID-19 claim"]
[13.43879508972168, 19.872060775756836, "ms with date of injury from July 6, 2020 , to June 30, 2021. Rows labeled with industry report data \nfor all workers in the industry regardless of occupation. Rows labeled with occupation report data for workers in the occupat ion who work in the ind"]
[13.447540283203125, 19.876359939575195, "rid SOC) Within Industry  California \nEmployment  Number of \nClaims  Claims per \n10,000 Workers  Initial Denial \nRate  TD Receipt  No Medical  \nCOVID  Non-\nCOVID  COVID  Non-\nCOVID  COVID  \n(%) Non-\nCOVID  \n(%) COVID  \n(%) Non-\nCOVID  \n(%) COVID  \n(%"]
[13.44864273071289, 19.87822914123535, " at SNFs. Claim rates were highest for nursing assistants (639 per 10,000 workers). In Ambulatory Health Care (NAICS 621), the COVID-19 claim rate (132 per 10,000 workers) was lower than in health care facilities or home health. In contrast to the ex"]
[13.443699836730957, 19.870668411254883, ",271,830  7,946 56,465 63 444 49 10 15 24 89 23 \nTransportation and Material \nMoving Occupations (53 -0000)  93,760 1,309 9,804 140 1,046 51 10 11 26 86 21 \nProduction Occupations (51-\n0000)  530,320 3,050 24,248 58 457 45 10 19 24 86 22 \nFabricated "]
[13.427464485168457, 19.85801124572754, "ions. \nLooking at some specific manufacturing industries with high volumes of CDPH-reported \noutbreak cases in 2021 (Fabricated Metal Products, Plastics and Rubber Products, and Computer and Electronic Products), we see variation in COVID-19 claim ra"]
[13.439499855041504, 19.8695011138916, "several occupations identified by Chen et al., 2021, as having high excess mortality during the pandemic, including butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers (SOC code 51-3020) and bakers (SOC code 51-3011). Several industries rep"]
[13.411460876464844, 19.846529006958008, "51-3020)  9,570 54 274 56 286 86 8 0 16 100 26 \nBakers (51 -3011)  7,450 65 337 87 452 42 8 10 39 80 21 \nFruit/Vegetable Preserving, Spec \nFood Manuf. (311400)  24,410 138 1,819 57 745 30 9 20 30 92 17 \nSeafood Product Preparation and \nPackaging (311"]
[13.418767929077148, 19.84957504272461, "D-19 claims per 10,000 workers. These claims were concentrated among laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand (SOC 53-7062),\n19 who had a COVID-19 claim rate of 196 per 10,000 workers\u2014comparable with \nthe rate observed in the hospital i"]
[13.433239936828613, 19.861526489257812, "2 169 51 7 35 32 86 18 \nTruck Transportation (484000)  133,360 538 7,256 40 544 10 9 51 42 95 37 \nTransportation and Material \nMoving Occupations (53 -0000)  100,720 222 6,515 22 647 24 8 20 48 92 38 \nLaborers and Freight, Stock, and \nMaterial Movers"]
[13.406929969787598, 19.833330154418945, " a higher denial rate. With that caveat, the high claim rates and high claim denial rates in the couriers and messengers industry stand out from other industries. \nRetail \nTable 4.9 reports COVID-19 claim volumes and outcomes in the retail sector. We"]
[13.440025329589844, 19.867860794067383, "jury from July 6, 2020 , to June 30, 2021. Rows labeled with industry report data \nfor all workers in the industry regardless of occupation. Rows labeled with occupation report data for workers in the occupat ion who work in the industry listed \nabov"]
[13.463973999023438, 19.888824462890625, "eave for food workers may have contributed to low rates of TD receipt. However, many other factors could also be at work here. Finally, we note that accommodations and food services is the only sector examined in which most COVID-19 claims had medica"]
[13.455934524536133, 19.880128860473633, "ts, including temporary total disability, total permanent disability, or 4850 pay. No Medical = proportion of claims \nwith no medical bills submitted to the WC payer as of July 2021.   \n 100 Death Claims and High-Mortality Occupations \nTable 4.11 rep"]
[13.440085411071777, 19.864927291870117, "ths and 143 excess deaths identified through August 2020, had zero COVID-19 death claims to date. Given that the time frame over which deaths were measured ended a year before the data were collected, the total cumulative number of deaths to date in "]
[13.440673828125, 19.867935180664062, "ks \n(35-1011)  15,590 258 1,700 165.5 1,090.4 0 58 143 1.32 \n23 Driver/Sales Workers and \nTruck Drivers (53- 303) 294,840 2,451 35,554 83.1 1,205.9 35 267 474 1.3 \n24 Social Workers (21 -102) 84,730 674 2,356 79.5 278.1  3 20 54 1.29 \n25 Janitors and"]
[13.441043853759766, 19.86475944519043, "e ratio of death claims to COVID-19 deaths should be in any normative sense. In addition, variation in work arrangements (i.e., direct-hire versus independent contractor) and the prevalence of labor informality (i.e., underground work) across occupat"]
[13.522061347961426, 19.95759391784668, "d \nDetectives (33 -1012)  4,430 9 5  \n   \n 105 Summary \nThis chapter provided a detailed description of COVID-19 claim volumes, claim rates per \n10,000 workers, denial rates, TD receipt rates, and rate of claims without medical benefits by \nindustry "]
[13.57911491394043, 19.989248275756836, "aims with a positive PCR test without verifying that the claim was filed during an outbreak period), even though they were acknowledged not to have been covered by the letter of the law. We cannot pinpoint the source of the apparent leniency applied "]
[13.585528373718262, 19.988733291625977, "essfully rebutted by evidence of nonoccupational exposure. All we can say is that, for some groups of workers, the outbreak presumption did not result in ready access to WC benefits. Whether these claim denials led to hardship for these workers is no"]
[13.666583061218262, 20.043458938598633, "inst interruption of income and assist in the receipt of COVID-19 medical care. These views and experiences are not ones that we can observe in the WCIS claims data and were obtained to better understand the experiences of workers, employers, and oth"]
[13.672769546508789, 20.061105728149414, " and then exercising that right. We heard that providing this knowledge about filing a WC claim for COVID-19 according to the SB 1159 frontline worker presumption or the outbreak presumption rested primarily on the employer. We also heard that unions"]
[13.679699897766113, 20.074148178100586, "d talked about how they partnered with unions \nor labor groups to assist them with messaging about COVID-19 and claims from their workers. \nA health care hospital employer explained, \nWe had daily meetings with [REDACTED NAME OF UNION]  that is our u"]
[13.673651695251465, 20.06068992614746, "ere was a positive case to \nembedding their messaging about COVID -19 claims into their workplace contact \ntracing process.  \nAnother statewide insurance carrier claims administrator told us, \nWe did a lot of work on messaging for COVID -19 claims an"]
[13.669574737548828, 20.058589935302734, "aim. This was coupled with the fear of possibly losing pay and their job. The statewide agricultural employer stated , \nI think from just conversations that we had amongst employees and that I had \nfrom leaders in the field, particularly early on, th"]
[13.683728218078613, 20.075090408325195, "o October 2020), employers and claims administrators \nindicated that employees filed COVID-19 claims for exposure only, out of fear of income loss \nand the desire to have a claim on file, i.e., a precautionary filing. Employers and claims \nadministra"]
[13.70148754119873, 20.07868003845215, "safety employer provided these same insights into claim filing behavior: \nClaims [for our public safety workers] have been made almost exclusively to get \nthe claim in their record. They do not want money  or require us to gain anything \nsuch as medi"]
[13.70340347290039, 20.0783748626709, "mployers about workers\u2019 access to non-WC paid leave for COVID-19 when we asked about workers\u2019 claim filing behavior surrounding COVID-19. They stated that the main reason that workers filed a COVID-19 claim was for time off to quarantine that was ove"]
[13.698699951171875, 20.07761001586914, "elated \nactions across the United States and in California. Early in the pandemic, the majority (88 \npercent) of workers covered by fully insured private health insurers were not required to pay co-pays and deductibles related to COVID-19 care in add"]
[13.676657676696777, 20.05982780456543, "ng high-cost owing to hospitalizations that were lengthy and expensive; they also indicated that some claims also included further care required after hospitalization or follow-up care for an underlying condition that COVID-19 exacerbated. A statewid"]
[13.675336837768555, 20.05967903137207, "ons. We also heard that many claims were for \nlong COVID-19 cases , with lingering symptoms and issues, and those that ended in a fatality \n(i.e., a death claim). A claims administrator for a large Northern California county recounted, \nPrimarily the"]
[13.675129890441895, 20.056987762451172, "hauler cases, we are not sure if they have reached maximum medical \nimprovement , WC MMI. It is \ncomplicated for those on a vent, and had post COVID . . . issues or had Box 5.1. Symptoms and Long -Term Effects of  \nCOVID -19 \nLong -term symptoms foll"]
[13.71225643157959, 20.09157943725586, "tly \ndecreased health -related quality of life (Groff et al., 2021; Michelen et \nal., 2021; WHO , 2021). While vaccination is thought to lower the risk of \nlong COVID -19, its full impact is not yet known.  \nIn summary, the available evidence points "]
[13.692767143249512, 20.07119369506836, "positive case for COVID-19 that is work-related, which is determined after testing.  \nTesting for COVID-19 was provided through other means, such as by health care facilities \nthemselves or by cities or counties that had testing sites. Testing was pr"]
[13.692411422729492, 20.071334838867188, "ave  \nIndemnity benefits are compensation that is paid to a WC claimant for lost time that has been \nbrought about by a work-related injury or illness. These benefits replace wages during the time \nthat an employee is not able to work because of that"]
[13.704399108886719, 20.079633712768555, " think they need to work sick. For those situations, WC would \nbe a perfect solution .  \nMoreover, this federal or state-provided paid leave sufficed in many cases for time off for the \nmedical needs from COVID-19 if it was not severe, as we describe"]
[13.697403907775879, 20.073001861572266, " rules were not \nvisible to the employee, but the employer was responsible for putting those policies in place and updating leave already taken while dealing with other issues, such as employee safety:  \nIt has been like standing in quicksand for the"]
[13.694984436035156, 20.070974349975586, "h \nCOVID-19 gained access to medical care; however, WC benefits were used to pay for medical care and to claim death benefits. For medical care coverage through WC in particular, claims administrators and employers both agreed that workers did not ne"]
[13.687665939331055, 20.068267822265625, "he QME [qualified medical evaluator] has been \nthe only interaction with WC.   \nOne injured worker whose claim for COVID-19 was initially denied had significant issues \nwith the disease, ultimately leading to a cardiac incident. The roadblocks and is"]
[13.695834159851074, 20.076406478881836, "of information increased about the requirements of needing a positive COVID-19 test for filing a COVID-19 related claim. During the winter surge in 2020, claims administrators and employers indicated that it was time-consuming to keep abreast of COVI"]
[13.678561210632324, 20.05382537841797, "l-time pay, which is not the case with  WC for time \noff. Thus, absent these federal and state leave innovations, the impact on WC probably would have been much greater and access problems for workers needing disability much more complicated. \nMedica"]
[13.67049789428711, 20.056047439575195, "ssues because group health insurance covered workers at \nany health care facility but did need WC to pay for nonminor medical care.  Some employers and \nclaims administrators did note that WC benefits were important to pay for costly care, such as ho"]
[13.686013221740723, 20.06987953186035, "was how it interplayed with if \nthere was an outbreak, then it c ould be followed up on accordingly and consider \n[the COVID -19 outbreak] presumptive. So work comp  helped with identifying \noutbreaks.  \nOne aspect of the outbreak presumption was tha"]
[13.721311569213867, 20.0937442779541, "fect workplace safety. In a few situations, public health officials noted that individuals were more likely to come forward with symptoms or positive cases because they knew WC would cover them, but since paid leave was mostly paid through federal or"]
[13.677681922912598, 20.063560485839844, " to work, because they  cannot \nafford to not have that income. We see this with cold and flu season. You get people exposed with the coughs and sneezes. COVID is the same.   \nAlignment Between WC and Public Health Knowledge  \nIn general, public heal"]
[13.685928344726562, 20.068161010742188, "ioned both thresholds and context:  \nI am not sure of the efficacy of the outbreak and of the percentage definitions. I \nam not sure how they came up with the 4  percent threshold. What does it \nrepresent? Where did it come from? It seems a little ra"]
[13.676894187927246, 20.064056396484375, "ak presumption does align with epidemiological knowledge about COVID transmission.   \nImpact of Other Policies on Safety for Workers  \nAssembly Bill 685 \nWhen asked about the impact of AB 685 on WC and worker safety, claims administrators \nreported h"]
[13.703916549682617, 20.079185485839844, "ostly the same. The notification went out on the s ame \nday as the exposure .  \nFor employers that did have to take part in reporting, there was confusion around the policy. \nEmployees were sometimes confused by what the notifications meant for them "]
[13.690240859985352, 20.071874618530273, "rnia County employer: \nIt was difficult and confusing for people to understand when it first came out. We \ndidn\u2019t have time to set up the changes and do the training  before we were being \nheld accountable. We are a huge organization that needs a lot"]
[13.687870025634766, 20.070465087890625, "ing was different. \nWe broke the rules up by department; the legal department took the temporary emergency standard, and I worked on 1159 to prevent confusion between the two.  \nSummary \nAcross the interviews, we heard mixed perspectives from public "]
[13.655455589294434, 20.04677963256836, " Claims  \nThis chapter describes the views and experiences of claims administrators and employers on \nthe administration of COVID-19 claims. We review the efficiency of the delivery of WC benefits \nin terms of how the system handled COVID-19 claims; "]
[13.669766426086426, 20.06032371520996, "e to estimated that the reduction in \nnon\u2013COVID-19 claims offset most of the increase in COVID-19 claims; the remaining claims administrators managed larger claim loads during most of the pandemic. A claims administrator for an employer in large urba"]
[13.678930282592773, 20.064502716064453, "eed for changed processes and workflows to accommodate the type of evidence needed for a COVID-19 claim (such as a positive test, an employee interview, workplace information) with an efficient mechanism for gathering information from injured  \n 139 "]
[13.6810302734375, 20.06463623046875, "al claims administrators reported that they accepted \nmore COVID-19 claims, given that disproving that the COVID-19 exposure was work-related was difficult. In response to the shortened timelines, these claims administrators relaxed the level \nof pro"]
[13.621005058288574, 20.019245147705078, "ce on Timing of Claim Denials from WCIS  \nTo provide additional evidence on the extent to which claim administrators were able to \nimplement the shortened timelines required under SB 1159, we used the WCIS to examine the \ntiming of initial claim deni"]
[13.657352447509766, 20.013874053955078, "ther \nOccupations  \n COVID -19 \nInfection Non-\nCOVID  COVID -19 \nInfection Non-\nCOVID  COVID -\n19 \nInfection Non-\nCOVID  COVID -\n19 \nInfection Non-\nCOVID  COVID -19 \nInfection Non- \nCOVID  \nFrontline and outbreak presumptions in effect (7/6/2020 \u20136/3"]
[13.682913780212402, 20.064714431762695, "iled by frontline workers. Sixty-seven percent of COVID-19 claim denials for frontline workers were reported to the WCIS within 40 days of the date when the claim was reported. Among frontline workers, the proportion of denials reported within this t"]
[13.693314552307129, 20.07270050048828, "have occurred .  \nEmployers outside of the health care context were less confident in determining the work-\nrelatedness of a claim. Beyond obvious cases, such as an outbreak in the office, employers \noutside of the health care context said it was dif"]
[13.70969009399414, 20.085691452026367, "ck in their family, as illustrated by these two injured manufacturing workers: \nWell I know I was exposed at work. Two others got sick that I know of, but I was \nthe one that got the sickest. In my office I later heard others got sick as well. \nVario"]
[13.687236785888672, 20.071340560913086, "ansmission post vaccination. Now with vaccination, the \nsymptoms are less and look like colds or allergies, so the employees are coming \nto work. In one case, someone  had been vaccinated and came in to work on \nThursday but tested positive on the we"]
[13.70959186553955, 20.092864990234375, "use case law \nto determine that for exposure at work as an outbreak. When we got clarity on the \noutbreak definitions, we could apply that definition to the claims.   \nTracking systems were built quickly and had to track multiple aspects of positive "]
[13.694215774536133, 20.074951171875, "mber of employees, \nface the same risk without any knowledg e on the workplace environment. Is it 25  \n 148 in a small space like a retail store, or are these same 25 workers in a giant \nwarehouse? That is a whole different situation. How much ventil"]
[13.705276489257812, 20.087146759033203, "racing workflow that w e had went really well. We had to \ndevelop the templates, train the HR staff, and we had it set up in April 2020 as a \nseparate reporting mechanism. The legislation came out after that so we were already there when the law came"]
[13.703983306884766, 20.081134796142578, "ituation where that got challenged. We had an employee who got sick \nand there would be a carpool of people who rode together. If carpooling toge ther \nto and from work, that is not a workers\u2019 comp  issue. If they were going from one \nfield to anothe"]
[13.716755867004395, 20.09376335144043, "h employer cited variation in response to guidance revisions:  \nWe required whatever the CDC had in place at the time. It changed at least four \ntimes that I can remember. We would ask the same questions with the \nemployees. . . . So initially this w"]
[13.70952320098877, 20.086645126342773, "e to pay for people to \nbe at home. Hospitals with a larger bankroll  can pay for employees to be out \nlonger. For hospitals without that financial backing, they had to bring people in after those 14 days in any capacity . They could because they nee"]
[13.644410133361816, 20.038450241088867, "ifferent requirements of the two SB 1159 presumptions. Reporting requirements and outbreak tracking were an administrative burden, requiring the development of retrofitting for data systems. Some employers, particularly in home health and manufacturi"]
[13.579672813415527, 19.976055145263672, "nial ($4,480 of paid and settled indemnity benefits by August 2021).\n21 Quigley et al., 2021, \nwhich focused on claims filed by public safety workers, also found that claims initially denied \noften resulted in substantial paid benefits. However, we d"]
[13.574400901794434, 19.9727725982666, "ection  Non-\nCOVID  Total  \nPrepandemic (2019)   $3,619 $3,619  $2,595 $2,595 \nPandemic, before \ntemporary presumption (1/1/2020 \u20133/18/2020)  $1,717 $3,002 $2,968 $848 $2,208 $2,203 \nTemporary presumption \n(3/19/2020 \u20137/5/2020)  $2,067 $2,853 $2,600 "]
[13.533197402954102, 19.917699813842773, "ration     \nAdjusted mean TD duration \n(January 2020\u2013 June 2021 \ninjury dates)  25.3 53.3 22.1 61.9 \n     \nMedian TD duration     \nPre-pandemic (2019)  N.A. 28 N.A. 42 \nPandemic, before temporary \npresumption (1/1/2020 \u2013\n3/18/2020)  24 20 23 41 \nTemp"]
[13.58618450164795, 19.98275375366211, "claims with initial denials and claims with zero paid benefits.  \n \nTable 8.3 reports the total amount of paid and settled indemnity benefits to date for COVID-\n19 and non\u2013COVID-19 claims. As suggested by the rates of benefit receipt reported in Chap"]
[13.586267471313477, 19.98414421081543, "m July 6, 2020, \nthrough June 30, 2021, 77 percent of COVID-19 claims from frontline presumption workers and \n85 percent of COVID-19 claims from other workers had no medical bills submitted to WC as of July 2021. For other WC claims submitted during "]
[13.591699600219727, 19.985057830810547, "r medical care through July 2021 by group of workers, COVID-19 claim status, and date of injury. When we restrict attention to claims with medical bills submitted to WC, COVID-19 claims (across all occupations) submitted in March 2020 or later have h"]
[13.601518630981445, 19.994979858398438, "ere COVID, but other interview findings and other measures of claim severity suggest that many more low-severity claims may have been filed for various reasons. We also heard from interview subjects that, in some cases, workers with severe disease wh"]
[13.58874225616455, 19.98345947265625, "ry \npresumption \n(3/19/2020 \u2013\n7/5/2020)  6.39 0.74 7.90 0.93 7.01 0.89 \nSB 1159 \npresumptions in \neffect (7/6/2020 \u2013\n6/30/2021)  3.90 0.56 4.22 0.82 4.04 0.77 \nTotal (1/1/2020 \u2013\n6/30/2021)  4.51 0.59 5.00 0.83 4.73 0.79 \nAdjusted total  4.51 0.47 5.0"]
[13.586385726928711, 19.981889724731445, "he entire pandemic period (January 2020\u2013June 2021), spending on COVID claims involving inpatient hospitalization ($51,780) was several thousand dollars lower than on non-COVID claims involving inpatient hospitalization ($54,621). \nTo sum up, even whe"]
[13.590193748474121, 19.9816951751709, "sted total  46,206  50,820  57,570  56,038  51,780  54,621  \nNOTES: Medical spending was winsorized at $ 634,862, which was the 99th percentile of total medical spending \namong claims with 2019 or later injury dates that had one or more inpatient hos"]
[13.626290321350098, 19.957448959350586, "ms with one or more medical bills submitted to WC versus 0.63 percent of non\u2013COVID-19 claims), and more than three times more likely than non\u2013COVID-19 claims to involve ICU care billed to WC (0.34 percent of COVID-19 claims with one or more medical b"]
[13.649580001831055, 20.042797088623047, "to date), with estimates reported for the system as a whole, for the different presumptions established for frontline workers and those in other industries under SB 1159, and for specific industries and occupations across the California economy. We a"]
[13.620299339294434, 20.017250061035156, "ercent of the claim volume in the system. In most months of the pandemic, COVID-19 cases were around 10 percent or less of the total volume of WC claims. However, because claim volumes by month generally followed surges in statewide COVID-19 case vol"]
[13.625648498535156, 20.01763916015625, "nvolved \nin claims administration for many public-sector entities suggested strongly that denied claims often lacked a positive PCR test result for the worker. These high denial rates should be kept in mind when interpreting differences in benefit re"]
[13.65158462524414, 20.033483505249023, "ate health insurers and HRSA early in the pandemic (and phased out in summer 2021) to pay co-pays and deductibles related to COVID-19 care in addition to waiving out-of-pocket costs for hospitalization with COVID-19 for those workers who were fully i"]
[13.651873588562012, 20.046030044555664, "e or covered by presumptions. Other limitations are discussed at length in Chapter 4. Rather, this analysis should highlight the need for future study that evaluates what sources of financial compensation (including, but not limited to, WC) have \nbee"]
[13.64745044708252, 20.03937339782715, "y coverage of COVID-19 for some of the most exposed public \nsafety and health care workers.  \nAmong most workers who were not covered by the frontline presumption, denial rates were \ngenerally higher than those observed among health care and, especia"]
[13.639081954956055, 20.02630043029785, "feature of protecting workers\u2019 income with TD benefits and death benefits, as well as covering medical care costs for both frontline workers and nonfrontline workers exposed during an outbreak at work.  \nThe appropriateness of the frontline presumpti"]
[13.688759803771973, 20.070077896118164, "sumptions by public health knowledge was not as clear for the outbreak definition thresholds and the different workplace definitions and scenarios across industries and workplace composition.  \nProvision of Medical Care \nWC was not viewed by these st"]
[13.662528991699219, 20.049184799194336, "fits, if and when these are paid out, are likely to be very important for protecting workers and their surviving dependents against income loss caused by more-severe COVID-19. So, it seems likely that COVID-19 claims promote the objective of protecti"]
[13.672250747680664, 20.05718421936035, "rsed resulted from the shortened timelines, this would suggest that the shortened timelines added administrative burden that does not support an efficient delivery system of WC benefits. \nGiven the global and national nature of the pandemic, which wa"]
[13.66302490234375, 20.046016693115234, "e employers and nonemployee workers (e.g., grocery stores where workers might include store employees, security guard contractors, and various vendors and delivery workers employed by transportation firms or self-employed as independent contractors)."]
[13.655418395996094, 20.036840438842773, "xposures: Such research efforts should be prioritized both for understanding the unequal impacts of the current pandemic and for developing prevention strategies relevant to the ongoing fight against COVID-19 or possible future pandemics. \nOur qualit"]
[13.656329154968262, 20.048070907592773, " several issues around the implementation of SB 1159 by claims \nadministrators that most likely vary by claims administrator characteristics (such as TPA versus SA, size of employer, etc.). A study is needed to answer, \u201cWhat claim processing practice"]
[13.607268333435059, 20.012802124023438, "ow did COVID-19 claims \noutcomes (i.e., accepted, denied, reversals, conditional denials, and litigated or set tled \noutcomes) change over the course of a given claim? And how did COVID-19 claim outcomes  \n 179 and processes vary during the different"]
[13.592011451721191, 19.97666358947754, "ess, we reference-mined articles to identify additional relevant literature and asked experts about articles and reports. Details of our search and review are described elsewhere (Quigley et al., 2022). \nAs shown in Figure A.1, our PRISMA flow diagra"]
[13.574560165405273, 19.974637985229492, "dies and one was a gray literature study). Three of these studies were on workplace health and safety, hospitalizations and medical care, and staffing, and one was about the development and field test of a return-to-work symptom screening tool implem"]
[13.6575927734375, 20.035598754882812, "spitalizations \nand Medical \nCare  \n \n(n = 2) Other: \nStaffing, \nHealth \nInsurance  \n \n(n = 2) \nPeer-reviewed:  \nStudies  \n(n = 3)    Lichtman et \nal., 2021   Pasco et al., \n2020 \nHarrington et \nal., 2020 Lichtman et \nal., 2021  Pasco et al., \n2020 \n"]
[13.628933906555176, 20.005687713623047, "the past five years, gig workers have brought legal cases around the w orld, \nseeking to obtain the same benefits and legal protections as traditional employees. The results, however, have been far from uniform. Numerous courts, such as those in Ital"]
[13.71627426147461, 20.087278366088867, " claimed they had not been able to work from home\u2014 for an y amount of time\u2014 since the Governor\u2019s stay -at-home \norder on March 19.  \nNearly half (46%) were unable to affirm that their workplaces had safe practices for preventing COVID -19 spread. Onl"]
[13.718107223510742, 20.09065818786621, " is based on 40% based on CDC data from the 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The sample includes individuals who reported being employed (18 years and older). Access to paid sick leave rates are calculated for employed individuals who re"]
[13.713299751281738, 20.087560653686523, " at a \ndrive- through testing \ncenter for COVID -19 \nin Broward County, Florida , were \nscreened for COVID -19 infection  \n44% male,  \nmedian age 42 \nyears ( interquartile \nrange  33\u201352 years)  A total of 2,902 first responders (85.9%) were asymptoma"]
[13.748345375061035, 20.118812561035156, "erations. Prior research has shown that paid sick \nleave coverage induces contagious employees to take sick leave, thereby reducing influenza activity during normal times.  However, \nas of the conduct of this article, it has been unclear whether this"]
[13.71407413482666, 20.073455810546875, "ing review; Employers misclassify employees as independent contractors to save on paying f or employee benefits, \nemployment taxes, and workers\u2019 compensation and unemployment \ninsurance premiums which, as previously noted, can add up to \n30% on top o"]
[13.739809036254883, 20.109760284423828, "ab. The mean and median number of days from first positive to first negative were 17.1 (SD, 6.7) and 17 (IQR, 9), with a minimum of 2 days and a maximum observed of 38 days. Of the 425 HCWs with positive \nSARS- CoV-2 test results, 263 (61.9%) had a s"]
[13.73292350769043, 20.109033584594727, "plant workers \nin the United States  \nand Canada  The world\u2019s top meat producer sent thousands of vulnerable U.S. \nworkers home on paid leave. Another company facing higher \nabsenteeism at its plants. Labor union warns extra hours taking a \nphysical "]
[13.72463607788086, 20.091018676757812, " U.S. businesses have been on a silencing spree . Hundreds of U.S. \nemployers across a wide range of industries have told workers not \nto share information about COVID -19 cases or even raise concerns \nabout the virus, or have retaliated against work"]
[13.736608505249023, 20.10687828063965, "g firm based in Evanston, Ill. \u201cBut the novel coronavirus is extremely contagious, and we do not have the diagnostics to tell us who has the virus and who doesn\u2019t.\u201d A business may need to change its traditional sick leave policies in \nlight of the co"]
[13.715743064880371, 20.08890724182129, "parate and apart \nfrom their own employees,\u201d says [NAME]. \u201cVisiting clients and vendors are being asked where they have traveled in the last few weeks, and whether they are exhibiting any flu -like \nsymptoms.\u201d  \n\u2022 Coordinating with vendors. Th e CDC "]
[13.701196670532227, 20.07603645324707, "h COVID -19 develop \none or more long -term symptoms. \u201cWe don\u2019t know quite yet from \nthe literature if this virus is lying dormant in the tissue for a little while and then suddenly something activates it.  There\u2019s more that \nwe don\u2019t know than what "]
[13.59583854675293, 19.981571197509766, "or COVID- 19 and non -COVID -19 medical claims, as \nwas the nu mber of medical visits per claim. There was no delay for \nevaluation and management services, emergency room services, \nphysical therapy, or surgery. That was true whether the claims orig"]
[13.724996566772461, 20.09295654296875, "9 \npandemic  Literature on \nmanaging population health as employees return to work during the \nCOVID -19 \npandemic  \nGuidance for \nself-insured \nemployers  \n Employers are obliged to follow Occupational Safety and Health \nAdministration (OSHA) standa"]
[13.753119468688965, 20.121889114379883, "ntified as being symptomatic with an indication for S ARS- CoV-2 testing and were \ndirected to the hotline to have this ordered. Of these, 82% reported not currently staying home from work due to illness or quarantine when first \nreporting symptoms. "]
[13.7344388961792, 20.10295867919922, "ity, longe r incubation period, asymptomatic transmission, \nprolonged viral shedding), data from studies of influenza can shed light on \nthe potential role of the workplace in SARS -CoV-2 transmission. \nEvaluations of influenza epidemics have demonst"]
[13.726824760437012, 20.076040267944336, "coping w ith the coronavirus.  \nThe cheap -chic retailer said it\u2019s raising hourly pay by $2 until at least May 2 \nand offering paid sick leave of up to 30 days for staffers who are 65 or older, pregnant or have underlying medical conditions. It\u2019s als"]
[13.72240924835205, 20.09236717224121, "ossing the legal line by being \ntoo aggressive,\u201d he says.  \nCamillo, \n2020 Employer \nbenefits for workers  News article, \nMarch 2020  Paid leave for \nworkers  \n Warehouse  Close to 100 Amazon.com Inc. warehouse workers in Staten Island, New \nYork, ar"]
[13.712273597717285, 20.087018966674805, "\nproof of a causal connection that a covered injury or disease was \ncontracted in the workplace is essential for a stable no -fault workers \u2019 \ncompensation system for employers and employees alike.\u201d Sampson added it is important to remember that unde"]
[13.729748725891113, 20.104238510131836, "zon \u2019s wareho uses, or the independent contractors who deliver \npackages.  \nHanna, 2020  Employer  \n \nPresumption  News article, April \n2020 Inclusion of \nworkers in \nCOVID -19 \npresumption  Essential \nworkers  New rules introduced last week \u2014which a"]
[13.716166496276855, 20.085926055908203, "als.  \nMoynihan, \n2020 Employer  \n \nPresumption  \n  News article, \nMarch 2020  COVID -19 \npresumption \nand WC \ninformation  Insurer  However, by Wednesday evening the California governor\u2019s web site \nhad not immediately specified exactly what personne"]
[13.731602668762207, 20.1030330657959, "ly straightforward. \nAbsent a contract or collecti ve bargaining agreement providing otherwise, \nhourly workers need be paid only for actual hours worked. To meet the \u201csalary basis\u201d test under the FLSA and many state laws, an exempt employee must rec"]
[13.72586727142334, 20.09662628173828, "til April and allow workers to use their existing paid \ntime off to miss work if they feel unwell. Target similarly sai d it waived its \nabsenteeism policy, and that it would offer its current benefits including paid family leave and backup day care "]
[12.836136817932129, 19.782148361206055, "cupation \nlevel for calculating rates in Chapter 4. The OEWS in 2019 and 2020 used a unique occupation \ncoding structure that BLS describes as a \u201chybrid\u201d of 2010 and 2018 SOC codes. A crosswalk from 2010 SOC codes (which are assigned by NIOCCS) and t"]
[12.858509063720703, 19.763511657714844, " or direct supervision of construction or erection work) or \nmissing (public-sector claims, which are overwhelmingly self-insured, often have no \nclass code reported). \n2. The occupation description included the text \u201cFIRE\u201d (all occupation descriptio"]
[13.061182975769043, 19.491065979003906, "ders. \n    \n 210 Table C.1. Sample Construction and Comparison of Weighted and Unweighted Case Characteristics  \n \n Unweighted \nCount of \nRecords  Unweighted \nCount of \nRecords  Unweighted \nAverage or \nProportion  Unweighted \nAverage or \nProportion  "]
[13.276214599609375, 19.696596145629883, " 2016 \u20132021 0 0 0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  \nOccupation group (defined on \npresumption tab)           \nPublic safety  133,405 120,372 4.1%  3.4%  4.3%  5.67 6.1%  5.64%  6.0%  \nHealth care  243,668  198,117  6.7%  6.3%  7.3%  10.45  10."]
[13.382620811462402, 19.80185890197754, "eweight the non-\nCOVID claims to match the joint distribution of date of injury and occupation group observed among COVID claims. This provides an adjustment both for claim maturity differences and for differences in occupation mix between COVID and "]
[13.596219062805176, 19.9703311920166, "o adjust for differences between COVID -19 and non \u2013COVID -19 \nclaims in date of injury and occupational group. See Chapter 3 and Appendix B for deta ils. Estimates in table include \nclaims with initial denials; claims with zero medical bills submitt"]
[13.641910552978516, 19.99474334716797, " COVID-19: Imminent Hazard to Employees: Exposure: Notification: Serious \nViolations, September 17, 2020. As of November 15, 2021: \nhttps://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB685 \nBailey, M., and C. Jewett, \u201cFami"]
[13.698991775512695, 20.004850387573242, "ptember 17, 2020. \nCalifornia Labor Code, Section 3212.88, Employees who test positive during an outbreak at \nplace of employment, September 17, 2020. \nCalifornia Workers\u2019 Compensation Institute, \u201cPhysicians,\u201d webpage, 2021. As of November 9, \n2021: "]
[11.193583488464355, 18.190567016601562, ", \u201cDoctor\u2019s First Report of Occupational \nInjury or Illness,\u201d online form, 2020. As of December 6, 2021: \nhttp://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/forms/5021.pdf \nDepartment of Industrial Relations, State of California, \u201cWorkers\u2019 Compensation Claim Form \n(DWC 1) & "]
[13.681620597839355, 20.041255950927734, "\u201d Population Health Management, Vol. 24, No. S1, February 2021, pp. S3\u2013S15. As of January 10, 2022: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33347795 \nGhilarducci, T., and A. Farmand, \u201cOlder Workers on the COVID-19-Frontlines Without Paid \nSick Leave,\u201d Jo"]
[13.707437515258789, 20.06827735900879, ".bloombergquint.com/markets/trump-likely-to-reveal-sick -leave-tax-extension-\nplan-for-virus \nJewett, C., R. Lewis, and M. Bailey, \u201cMore Than 2,900 Health Care Workers Died This Year\u2014\nand the Government Barely Kept Track,\u201d San Francisco, Calif.: Kais"]
[13.7853364944458, 20.130815505981445, "Booster Doses of COVID-19 Vaccines\u2014United States, 2021,\u201d MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 70, No. 44, November 5, 2021, pp. 1545\u20131552. As of January 10, 2022: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34735422 \nMcDermott, D., and C. Cox, \u201c"]
[13.703449249267578, 20.065046310424805, "ues New Executive Order Further \nEnhancing State and Local Government\u2019s Ability to Respond to COVID-19 Pandemic,\u201d \npress release, March 12, 2020. As of January 13, 2022: https://www.gov.ca.gov/2020/03/12/governor-newsom-issues-new-executive-order-fur"]
[13.668766975402832, 20.020645141601562, "for Firefighters and Peace Officers Under Senate Bill 542, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-A1391-1, 2021. As of January 10, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1391-1.html \nQuigley, D. D., N. Qureshi, G. Gahlon, and C. Gide"]
[13.630488395690918, 19.982545852661133, "ih.gov/pubmed/32843110 \nSimpson, A. G., \u201cNo Delays Found in Medical Care for Workers\u2019 Compensation Claimants \nDuring COVID,\u201d Insurance Journal, Vol. 99, No. 9, April 26, 2021, pp. 23\u201324. As of November 10, 2021:  https://www.insurancejournal.com/news"]
[13.622121810913086, 19.973464965820312, "mber 13, 2021: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes292040.htm#ind \nU.S. Census Bureau, \u201cHealth Insurance Historical Tables\u2014HHI Series,\u201d webpage, October 8 \n2021a. As of January 14, 2022: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/health-insur"]
[15.98330307006836, 10.455110549926758, "Sponsored by Pima CountyPima County Housing First \nInitiative\nFinal Evaluation Report Fall 2021\nRYAN K. MCBAIN, ADAM SCHERLING, BRIAN BRISCOMBE,  \nSARAH B. HUNTER\nCORPORATIONFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA236-1 .\nAb"]
[16.009241104125977, 10.466108322143555, "nclud ing health care, law enforcemen t, and legal services. We also \ndescribe program progress to da te, including patterns of referr al, eligibility, receipt of housing \nvoucher, housing obtainment, and pr ogram exits among the enroll ed population"]
[15.994935989379883, 10.433061599731445, "ff\u2019s Department, \nand especially, Lindsay Eulberg , Ana Haley, and Ellyn Langer fr om Old Pueblo Community \nServices. Maya Buenaventura assisted with the literature review presented in th is report and \nTiffany Hruby assisted  in report preparation. "]
[16.008066177368164, 10.469898223876953, "ehavioral health needs. Our \nkey findings are described below.  \nvi Participant Characteristics \n\uf0b7 Three hundred and fourteen participants were enro lled during th e pilot phase of the \nPCHF Initiative, of which 185 have  obtained housing. Participan"]
[16.015886306762695, 10.460092544555664, "on to Pima County  \n(for criminal justice\u2013related cos ts) and the state (for health care costs bille d to Medicaid). \n\uf0b7 Accounting for programmatic costs, criminal justice\u2013related cos ts, and health care service \ncosts, we find that these indivi dual"]
[16.002695083618164, 10.45860767364502, "-month basi s\u2014are likely to decrease when \nviewed over a two- to three-year tim eframe, as capital costs as sociated with the program \nare smoothed over this longer duration. \n4. Consider a larger-scale evaluation that includes a comparison group . A"]
[16.14131736755371, 10.325028419494629, ".................................................................. 7 \nServices and Resources Consumed .......................................................................................................... 8  \nCost Estimation ....................."]
[16.0086669921875, 10.454845428466797, "..................................................................................... ....................... 32  \nRecommendations ............................................... ............................................................... ......."]
[15.99874210357666, 10.493021011352539, "acteristics ............ ......................................................... 14  \nTable 3.2. Living Situation Prior to Program Entry ............ .......................................................... 15  \nTable 3.3. Types of Health Conditi"]
[15.90188980102539, 10.41772747039795, " housing (PSH) has emerged as a potential f ramework for meeting the \nneeds of individuals with multip le chronic health conditions wh o are experiencing homelessness in \ncommunities throughout the United States. PSH consists of a lon g-term housing "]
[15.832275390625, 10.36957836151123, "2 significant barriers in securing stable housing and necessary treatment, driving higher rates of \nrecidivism, homelessness, a nd poor health outcomes among these individuals (Baillargeon, Hoge, \nand Penn, 2010; King, Tripodi, and Veeh, 2018; Messin"]
[15.992863655090332, 10.44068431854248, "., 2021; Martinez and Burt, 2006; Shern et al., 1997; Some rs et al., 2013). Ho wever, reductions \nin jail service utilization have not been found in all instance s (Raven, Niedzwiecki, and Kushel, \n2020). Based on these fi\nndings, t he use of suppor"]
[16.021425247192383, 10.458922386169434, "e in that report. Fig ure 1.1 provides an overview of \nthe PCHF Initiative\u2019s progress to date. We also note that, in t his pilot phase, the evaluation does \nnot contain a comparison group, which limits the ability of thi s report to specifically attr"]
[16.009098052978516, 10.456698417663574, "alth status, income and bene fit status, household type, prior  homelessness experience, and \nprior history with the criminal justice system are all importan t considerations that may shape \nprogram success. Therefore, we took a broad look at the par"]
[16.019424438476562, 10.475800514221191, "of program \nmilestone dates for each enroll ee and transmitted these dates t o the research team via an encrypted \nserver containing de-identified client information. Files were updated and resubmitted several times between April and August 2021 for "]
[16.041610717773438, 10.459768295288086, "equirement for program inclusion). Thus, we examined ser vices and resources consumed \nalong these three axes: criminal justice system engagement, health care services , and housing/ \nprogrammatic services. While part icipants were liable to genera t"]
[16.040685653686523, 10.503297805786133, "outpatient health care service utilization or behavioral healt h services, both of \nwhich we would expect were utilized significantly over the cour se of the program. \nHousing Services \nOPCS shared key service date information, including program enr "]
[16.112424850463867, 10.481971740722656, "e typ es (felonies, misdemeanors, or \nprobation) across diffe rent fiscal years. T hese values were the n applied across participants \nwho utilized public defense services, base d on case type and fi scal year in which the case \nwas processed. \nSecon"]
[16.088104248046875, 10.485919952392578, "tilization from a pre-enrollment period, consisting of the 12 months prior to program enrollment, to a post-enrollment period, consisting of the 12 months follow ing program enrollment. The study \npopulation considered in these statistical analyses w"]
[15.98769760131836, 10.5365629196167, " the data and were therefore unlikely t o be associated \nwith changes in service utilization over time. The  tests did no t seek to determine whether any \nchange in utilization was caused  by program enrollment. Such causal attributions are not \nposs"]
[16.017929077148438, 10.285054206848145, "had a score of 8 or higher \n(range: 0\u201318). \nPrior Housing and Homelessness History \nAdministrative and self-reported d emographic information from p articipants indicated that \nprogram participants had extensi ve prior experience with homele ssness: "]
[16.00786590576172, 10.588029861450195, "Security Disability Income or Social Security Income, and the remaining \n25 percent had some other source  of income. Am ong those participants who received an income, \nincome amounts varied  from $50 a month to $3 ,920 a month, with a median of roug"]
[16.014047622680664, 10.61047077178955, "icipant Health Conditions 12 Months Prior to Pro gram Intake \nHealth Conditions Percentage (%) of clients\nParticipants with Health Services in One Service Category  \nPhysical condition only  33 \nSubstance use condition only  2 \nMental health conditio"]
[16.263036727905273, 10.447423934936523, "res. Emergency room visit s were more much more \ncommon than inpatient stays. Tes ting services accounted for les s than 2 percent of the estimated \ntotal health care expendi tures during this period. \nCriminal Justice Service Utilization and Costs \n"]
[16.072519302368164, 10.456499099731445, "218 719 $136,054 $433 $123 $5,717 \nDeflection 18 20 $2,133 $7 $104 $214 \nActive Outreach 1 1 $127 $0 $127 $127 \nJail Booking 211 464 $104,979 $334 $222 $2,267 \nField Release 91 234 $28,815 $92 $121 $3,450 \n  Cumulative total 306 See belo w $4,163,408"]
[16.03915786743164, 10.486501693725586, "st participants five to seven weeks to obtain a housing voucher. After \nreceiving a housing voucher, par ticipants were typically placed  in housing in less than two months. \nOverall, the median time from referral to housing was between f ive and six"]
[15.976884841918945, 10.569374084472656, "s. \nb Monthly cost based on client-m onths contributed by each client , inclusive of multiple entry and exit dates from \nthe program for individual clients, if applicable. \nlooked similar over time in terms  of resource utilization. The third and fou"]
[16.056419372558594, 10.43437385559082, "Based on total person-months contributed. \nFigure 4.3. Program Services: Per Client, per Month over the An alytic Period \n \nHousing Status and Service Use \nOf the 185 individuals who have been enrolled and placed into h ousing since program \ninceptio"]
[16.082870483398438, 10.508284568786621, "the pre-enrollment period. \nAn exception to this pattern was  the Adult Probation Department , where there was a small \nincrease in participants using t hese services in the post-enrol lment period. The largest reductions \nobserved were for Pima Coun"]
[16.179424285888672, 10.441977500915527, "f Service Even ts in the Pre- and Post-Progra m Enrollment Periods \nEntity  Number of Events    \nCriminal Justice  Pre-Enrollment Post-Enrollment Difference p-value \nPima County Adult Probation Dept.  134 140 6 (4%) 0.32 \nPima County Pretrial Service"]
[16.003896713256836, 10.543054580688477, "es \nas well. In summary, there was a  47-percent reduction in overall service costs from the post- to \nthe pre-periods among this cohort of 186 participants. \nTotal Costs Pre-Enrollment and Post-Enrollment \nTotal costs represent the combin ed, cumula"]
[16.0435791015625, 10.446534156799316, "s July 1, 2020,  73 were still housed \n12 months after moving in, yiel ding a 12-month housing retentio n rate of 82 percent. \n\uf0b7 Among those who had been enrolled in the PCHF Initiative for 12  or more months  \n(n = 186), we found significant reducti"]
[15.839486122131348, 10.286650657653809, "l. \nFUSE focuses on individuals who are  frequent users of jails, ho meless shelters, hospitals, and \nother crisis public services. C urrently, 18 jurisdictions are i mplementing FUSE programs that \nfocus on justice-involved individuals (Holliday et "]
[15.974386215209961, 10.389415740966797, " and legally suitabl e for diversion int o supportive hous ing in the \ncommunity (Holliday et al., 2020). A 78-percent housing stabili ty rate at one year was found \namong 349 enrollees. To date, 44 perce nt of evaluated participants have not had a q"]
[15.998620986938477, 10.46169662475586, "tudy\u2014emergency and inpatient services\u2014are \nmuch more limited, and therefore s everal sets of  health care co sts (e.g., outpatient care) are likely \nto have been omitted. Ultimately, a program such as the PCHF In itiative that tends to enroll \nyounge"]
[15.973721504211426, 10.475838661193848, "r. Timeliness may, ultimately, result in \nincreased client retention. Likewise, establishing administrati ve processes to more closely \nmonitor reasons for program ex it across program milestones may shed additional light on ways \nto improve the prog"]
[15.95422077178955, 10.444493293762207, "s to care ear lier or addre ssing behavioral \nhealth needs before escalating to emergent  or inpatient health care. \n5. Take Stock of Current Program Successes \nOverall, this pilot ev aluation indicates sev eral early successe s in the PCHF Initiativ"]
[16.03013801574707, 10.424478530883789, "e d in terms of generalizability to other populations that may be \nappropriate for receiving PSH  in Pima County. We did not receiv e data on individuals referred \nbut not enrolled in the program, s o we were unable to examine any differences that ma"]
[6.631381511688232, 15.857137680053711, "iable Value N Percentage (%) \nAge 18\u201325 16 14 \n 26\u201335 43 39 \n 36\u201345 36 32 \n 4 6\u201355 14 13 \n 56\u201365 2 2 \nRace American Indian/Alaska Native 6 5 \n Asian 1 1 \n Black or African American 10 9 \n Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 2 2 \n White 83 75 \n Client do"]
[16.096988677978516, 10.47389030456543, "od before enrollment with that  of the 12-month period after \nhousing receipt. \n   \n42 Table A.5. Number of Participant s Using Services Pre-Enrollment  and Post-Housing Periods  \n(n = 189) \nEntity  Participants Utilizing Servicesa   \nCriminal Justic"]
[15.982847213745117, 10.595422744750977, "0.19 \nOverall  $4,501 $2,332 \u2013$2,169 (\u201348%) <0.01 \nNOTE: P-values are from a paired t-test for the mean total service costs per participant, i ncluding participants who \nreceived no services. P-values hav e been adjusted for multiple comparisons usin"]
[15.680719375610352, 10.315531730651855, "lse Dis covery Rate: A Practical and \nPowerful Approach to Multiple Testing,\u201d Journal of the Royal Sta tistical Society Series B , \nVol. 57, 1995, pp. 289\u2013300.  \n46 Bernstein, Rebecca S., Linda N. Meu rer, Ellen J. Plumb, and Jef frey L. Jackson, \u201cDi"]
[15.78388786315918, 10.243279457092285, " of Homecoming: Inc arceration and the Housing \nSecurity of Urban Men,\u201d Social Science Research , Vol. 40, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1196\u20131213.  \n47 Gillespie, Sarah, Devlin Hanson, Mary Cunningham, Michael Perga mit, Shiva Kooragayala, \nKathryn Nearing, Trac"]
[15.771899223327637, 10.198848724365234, "Partic ipants\u2019 Housing Stability and New Felony \nConvictions , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-3232-BRC, 2019. As  of \nSeptember 29, 2021: \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR3232.html \nJacobs, Leah A., and Aaron Gottlie b, \u201cThe "]
[15.760095596313477, 10.285942077636719, "Program for High \nRisk Offenders,\u201d Criminal Justice and Behavior , Vol. 41, No. 4, 2014, pp. 471\u2013491. \nMartinez, Tia E., and Martha R. B urt, \u201cImpact of Permanent Supp ortive Housing on the Use of \nAcute Care Health Services by Homeless Adults,\u201d Psyc"]
[15.711400032043457, 10.247077941894531, "hemes/s tehTheme/docs/ \nCoordinatedEntry/VI-SPDAT-v2.0-Single-US-Print%20rev.pdf \nOsher, Fred C., and Henry J. St eadman, \u201cAdapting Evidence-Based  Practices for Persons with \nMental Illness Involved with the Criminal Justice System,\u201d Psychiatric Ser"]
[15.754419326782227, 10.266410827636719, "arlotte-Mecklenbur g Research & Evaluation Project: Final Report, Charlotte, N.C.: \nMecklenburg County, UNC Charlotte  College of Health & Human Ser vices, School of Social \nWork, and the UNC Charlotte Urb an Institute, 2020. As of February 16, 2021:"]
[14.398205757141113, 12.82292652130127, "LU DONG, JENNIFER BOUEY, DOUGLAS YEUNG, PEGGY G. CHEN, PRIYA GANDHI\nAddressing Anti-Asian \nRacism in the Era of COVID-19\nNext Steps for a Research Agenda\nThe Asian American1 community is a diverse and fast-growing racial group in the United \nStates. "]
[14.398795127868652, 12.823492050170898, "r hate incidents than the national average in both 2020 and 2021,\n7 with about one \nin four AAPIs affected overall.8 Anti-Asian hate \ncrimes and incidents  (including avoidance, verbal \nharassment, civil rights violations, and physical assault) incre"]
[14.39997673034668, 12.825358390808105, "f anti-Asian racist incidents \nhighlights an urgent need for strategies to reverse the historical neglect toward the AAPI community by research and policy leaders and to build resilience and support resources for the AAPI community. 3\ncommunities\u2019 re"]
[14.409401893615723, 12.826956748962402, " [Facebook, Twitter, Instagram]). We then randomly selected California-based organizations stratified by specific subgroups (e.g., young people, older people, women, LGBTQ people, AAPI in general, Chinese, South Asian, other East and Southeast Asian "]
[14.4009428024292, 12.826247215270996, " advocacy groups (Table 1). The organizations serve diverse AAPI communities\u2014from ethnic communities (e.g., Chinese, Korean, South Asian) to specific populations (e.g., youth, women, sexual and gender minority individuals). We now present our key fin"]
[14.401335716247559, 12.826006889343262, "ization Demographic data and policy research AAPIs\nCBO in Northern California Civil rights AAPIs, particularly immigrants\nCBO in Northern California Health, legal services, public policy, and wellness Indians and Indian Americans\nCBO in Northern Cali"]
[14.399685859680176, 12.824419021606445, " of the times who\u2019s being lifted up is often East Asians. And there is a hierarchy between different Asian ethnic groups, and there has not been enough attention to AAPI groups who are being criminalized and refugee AAPI folks . . . [it] really tries"]
[14.40093994140625, 12.825653076171875, "terns that it\u2019s difficult to argue otherwise that all of these things are informed by broader global tensions that exist.\nCommunity Impact\nAnti-Asian Incidents Negatively Affect \nAAPI Communities\nInterviewees described how anti-Asian hate incidents \n"]
[14.398419380187988, 12.826287269592285, "increased recognition among the AAPI \ncommunity of discriminatory and racist experiences that people belonging to specific Asian subgroups (e.g., South Asians) have long faced (e.g., prejudice after the attacks on September 11, 2001), as well as the "]
[14.400850296020508, 12.826208114624023, " NHPIs are vastly different from AAPI communities at large. A leader of a national organization serving NHPI populations said that disparities relating to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic affected the Pacific Islander communities more than hate in"]
[14.400468826293945, 12.82523250579834, "sian hate in the United States. A leader of a national coalition of AAPI organizations explained,\nWe welcome debates on China and broader \nglobal geopolitical issues. But when describing China in a way that can be used to actually encourage anti-Asia"]
[14.399553298950195, 12.823097229003906, "\nneed more resources to provide direct support and services to victims of hate incidents, including translations and services related to mental health, immigration, and legal issues.11\nI\u2019m trying to create a different strategy for \nour funding so tha"]
[14.400532722473145, 12.825301170349121, "er communities of color because of their experiences with police brutality. \nBeyond addressing specific hate incidents, \nmost interviewees pointed to the neglected issue of systemic racism, emphasizing the importance of addressing persistent and long"]
[14.40328311920166, 12.821187019348145, "\u2019re seeing, and the disproportional impact is a function of the fact that we\u2019ve ignored health disparities in our communities for so long. The government has not invested in that data collection that\u2019s necessary. And certainly, those disparities have"]
[14.400839805603027, 12.82283878326416, " anti-Asian hate incidents. In addition, interviewees cited unanswered questions about the rate at which Asian students  were choosing not to return to school during the COVID-19 pandemic, whether and how Asian students were being protected from bull"]
[14.40068531036377, 12.82398509979248, "ork.\nAssess How the K\u201312 Education \nSystem Covers the Asian American Experience\nInterviewees also discussed much-needed research \nand data on how much AAPI history and culture are currently covered in the U.S. education system, which would be a start"]
[14.40062427520752, 12.823450088500977, "torically entrenched and persistent anti-Asian racism at individual and systemic levels in the United States. Many of the recommendations are not new to those who are familiar with AAPI issues and research: For decades, scholars and advocates repeate"]
[14.401001930236816, 12.824719429016113, " identified three domains for focusing policy action. Because of the exploratory nature and limited scope of this project, these observations and suggested next steps for a research agenda may not represent all viewpoints and aspects of Asian America"]
[14.400221824645996, 12.825702667236328, "gh collecting more and better disaggregated data. Importantly, disaggregated data should be collected using culturally and linguistically appropriate instruments to ensure that all subgroups of the community are well represented. As noted, this recom"]
[14.399500846862793, 12.822528839111328, "her racial and ethnic groups, and such institutions as the government and law enforcement. For the Asian American community, building relationships requires sensitivity about the challenges facing other racial and ethnic minorities, building a broade"]
[14.400147438049316, 12.825186729431152, "groups to form alliances as a community. \nBuilding alliances across AAPI community \norganizations will require financial resources (e.g., local government community grants, foundation grants), technical support, and staff training. Recent anti-Asian "]
[14.400374412536621, 12.824667930603027, "ommend for stopping or mitigating the negative \nimpact of anti-Asian racism?\nData sources and information gaps \u2022 Wh\nat are the data sources you have used in the past or currently use in your \nroutine projects? How can we advocate for more data for AA"]
[14.400273323059082, 12.822646141052246, " Reported,\u201d Data Bits blog (AAPI Data website), March 30, 2021.\n9 Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism, California State \nUniversity, San Bernardino, Anti-Asian Hate Crime Reported to Police in America\u2019s Largest Cities: 2019 & 2020 , fact sheet"]
[14.395378112792969, 12.827414512634277, "May 20, 2021.\n22 Stanley Sue, Derald W. Sue, and David W. Sue, \u201cAsian \nAmericans as a Minority Group,\u201d American Psychologist ,  \nVol. 30, No. 9, 1975.\n23 Tiffany Yip, Charissa S. L. Cheah, Lisa Kiang, and  \nGordon C. Nagayama Hall, \u201cRendered Invisibl"]
[14.38757038116455, 12.836511611938477, "n, Xiaoli Zong, \nHyun Su Cho, and Xiaofang Xue, \u201cCOVID-19 Racism and Mental Health in Chinese American Families,\u201d Pediatrics ,  \nVol. 146, No. 5, November 2020, e2020021816.\nChen, Justin A., Emily Zhang, and Cindy H. Liu, \u201cPotential \nImpact of COVID-"]
[14.394984245300293, 12.828344345092773, " Gaps Among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: What Disaggregated Data Reveals in Washington State , Los Angeles, \nCalif.: iCount: A Data Quality Movement for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, March 2015. As of October 5, 2021: https://files"]
[14.382363319396973, 12.835101127624512, "sian-Americans and Pacific Islanders in COVID-19: Emerging Disparities Amid Discrimination,\u201d  Journal of General Internal Medicine , Vol.  35, No. 12, December \n2020, pp. 3685\u20133688.\nYellow Horse, Aggie J., Russell Jeung, Richard Lim, Boaz Tang, \nMega"]
[12.687776565551758, 13.70860481262207, "roving health and racial equity. Gandhi holds an M.S. in health care policy and management.RR-A1594-1The RAND Corporation is a research \norganization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world sa"]
[12.649231910705566, 13.567455291748047, " con-ducted in the Social and Behavioral Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well-Being. The program focuses on such topics as risk factors and prevention programs, social safety net programs and other social supports, poverty, aging, disa"]
[8.627418518066406, 4.008094310760498, "The Magnitude  \nand Sources  \nof Disagreement\nAmong Gun Policy \nExperts\nRosanna Smart, Andrew R. Morral, Terry L. Schell\nCORPORATION\nA PART OF THE RANDGun Policy\ninAMERICA\nINITIATIVESECOND EDITIONFor more information on this publication, visit www.ra"]
[8.58456802368164, 3.7263236045837402, "policymakers and the general public can access unbiased information that facilitates develop -\nment of fair and effective firearm policies. \nIn 2018, RAND published a report (Morral, Schell, and Tankard, 2018) that describes \nresults from a 2016 surv"]
[8.60916519165039, 4.038336753845215, "o be the likely effects of different gun policies. \nThis work should be of interest to policymakers and other stakeholders considering deci-\nsions related to firearm policy. Furthermore, this report may be of interest to the research community and to"]
[8.684576988220215, 4.045050144195557, ", there may be relatively robust evidence that the law has a beneficial effect on a particular outcome (e.g., it reduces firearm homicides), but there remains little scientific evidence on the law\u2019s potential trade-offs or unintended consequences.\n1 "]
[8.573384284973145, 3.6633460521698, "reement on those effects\n4. ev\naluate the extent to which differences in the policies favored by classes of experts \nresult from disagreements about the policies\u2019 true effects or disagreements in experts\u2019 \npolicy objectives or values\n5. up\ndate the o"]
[8.534002304077148, 3.6396632194519043, "n sale of \u201cassault weapons\u201d and high capacity magazines\n3. a st\nand your ground law\n4. ex\npanded mental health prohibitions\n5. req\nuired reporting of lost or stolen firearms\n6. re\nquiring a license to purchase a firearm or ammunition\n7. req\nuired rep"]
[8.557233810424805, 3.6150472164154053, " more-restrictive regulatory approaches to gun \nownership and use. Because this was not a representative survey, the difference in the sizes of these groups provides no information about the relative numbers of experts in the commu -\nnity whose views"]
[8.551238059997559, 3.6216111183166504, " two groups also disagreed about which policies would reduce this outcome the most, as well as how large of an effect any policy would have. Across the 19 policies that we asked about, the median permissive group member expected the larg -\nest effect"]
[8.558873176574707, 3.621147394180298, "2003b, 2009a, 2009b; Donohue, Aneja, and Weber, 2019; Lott, 2003, 2010; Lott and Mustard, 1997; Moody and Marvell, 2008, 2009, 2019, 2020). Still, the magnitudes of the discrepancies in beliefs about the relationship of gun own -\nership and homicide "]
[8.56888484954834, 3.610628366470337, "r effects on the right to bear arms and individuals\u2019 privacy. The median restrictive group member believed Summaryxithat these policies had no effect on either of the qualitative outcomes, while the median per -\nmissive group member perceived the two"]
[8.567025184631348, 3.6527230739593506, "e policies and those who favor more-restrictive policies appear to have a broadly similar set of policy priorities or objectives that lead them to agree on what policymakers should attempt to achieve through improved gun policy (pri -\nmarily, reducin"]
[8.550878524780273, 3.629988670349121, "hen considering a policy that led to 100 fewer firearm homicides, the median permissive group member expected a resulting increase of 25 nonfirearm homicides, whereas the median restrictive group member expected an increase of two nonfirearm homicide"]
[8.591567039489746, 3.7191035747528076, "hich there is no common ground, it might be useful in gun policy negotiations to focus more clearly on the goals that the two sides share. \n3.\n If t\nhe majority of policy disagreements are associated with factual questions about \npolicies\u2019 true effec"]
[8.57398509979248, 3.7122952938079834, "...................................... v\nFigures and Tables  ..................................................................................... xvii\nCHAPTER ONE\nIntroduction  ........................................................................"]
[8.573051452636719, 3.6482162475585938, "Experts, Second EditionxviCHAPTER SEVEN\nDiscussion and Conclusions  ........................................................................... 57\nExpert Groups\u2019 Assessments of Policies and Their Effects Showed Some Areas of  \nAgreement  ............"]
[8.573225975036621, 3.596046209335327, "  ............................................ 30\n 4.\n4. Re\nspondent Relationship to Gun Policy, by Expert Class  ............................. 30\n 4.\n5. Po\nlicies Rated as Most Beneficial and Most Harmful for Each Outcome,  \nby Expert Class  ......."]
[8.621977806091309, 4.084858417510986, "(Lott, 2015) and to reduce such risks (Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, undated).\n1 \nIt may be true that a law could increase one type of gun violence and decrease another \nor that the effects of a law implemented in one state might be di"]
[8.58691692352295, 3.7013959884643555, "n policy debates and decisions. But these opinions are not a substitute for scientific evidence (Sch\u00fcnemann, Zhang, and Oxman, 2019); although advocates\u2019 and ana -\nlysts\u2019 opinions might be shaped by existing science, they are subject to potential bia"]
[8.572853088378906, 3.6622040271759033, "the Gun Policy Outcome Explorer: An \nExpert Opinion Comparison Tool, but we revised the name to better reflect that it is based on experts\u2019 esti -\nmates of gun policies\u2019 effects.Introduction3scientific study to clarify what is true and help build con"]
[8.55974006652832, 3.6853840351104736, " crime. Kleck, Gertz, and Bratton (2009) asked about the effects of handgun bans on two outcomes, homicides and robberies. It is possible, how -\never, that, when judging whether to support gun policies, respondents consider other out -\ncomes as well."]
[8.57992172241211, 3.6719255447387695, "mes likely was compa -\nrable to that of the general public and, like the general public\u2019s knowledge, was likely shaped by the views of the experts and advocates whom they or their peer groups regarded as cred -\nible interpreters of the science of gun"]
[8.57522201538086, 3.656606435775757, "ample \nof experts by instead looking for subgroups of experts whose views are especially coherent or authoritative on the effectiveness of gun policy. Lott and Mauser (2016), for instance, com -\npared views of gun policy experts who were trained as e"]
[8.574234962463379, 3.686018943786621, "ke no effort to establish a consensus or an average estimate of experts\u2019 views \non policy effectiveness. Instead, in our sampling procedure, we sought competing and alternative views on gun policy so that we could instead characterize major dif -\nfer"]
[8.580667495727539, 3.71563982963562, "details the data sources, calculations, and additional assumptions for \nthe online tool.9CHAPTER TWO\nSample of Policy Experts\nAs explained in Chapter One, we use gun policy experts  to refer to a diverse group of people \nwith a professional interest "]
[8.612152099609375, 3.937157392501831, "ucted a systematic search of the Social Science Citation Index (available through the Thomson Reuters Web of Science data -\nbase), which indexes articles in most behavioral science, economics, and law review journals. Specifically, we searched for re"]
[8.585453033447266, 3.7546796798706055, " Smith\nJoseph L. Annest Eric W. Fleegler Andrew McClurg Susan B. Sorenson\nPaul S. Appelbaum Shannon Frattaroli Bentson H. McFarland Richard Spano\nIan Ayres Sandro Galea Edmund F. McGarrell Kenneth Tardiff\nDebra Azrael Marc Gertz Emma E. McGinty Amy T"]
[8.599353790283203, 3.874288320541382, "ings Institution, Ethics and Public Policy Center, Heritage Foundation) and then searched the websites of these organizations for articles written about state or federal gun policy. From this search, we identified 20 individuals who had authored rele"]
[8.593149185180664, 3.802783727645874, "k Force for Global Health\na In the 2016 survey, organizations could nominate experts or request passwords for the survey so that they could invite \nexperts to participate anonymously. \nb We and other members of the RAND Gun Policy in America project "]
[8.589038848876953, 3.953010082244873, " as a state law. We also solicited information from experts on five new policies not considered in the 2016 survey. We selected these five new policies using similar procedures to those for our original survey. Briefly, we drew from more than 100 gun"]
[7.79625940322876, 4.456424713134766, "dly force.\n4 Expanded mental \nhealth prohibitionsWhen a judge has committed someone to an inpatient mental institution or has found them to be unable to manage their own affairs, federal law prohibits that person from having firearms. This law expand"]
[7.834534645080566, 4.287098407745361, "rearm to carry a concealed weapon in public without a permit. For the questions below, assume that before adopting permitless carry , the state required concealed carry permits that were issued to those \nwith good moral character and sufficient reaso"]
[8.518638610839844, 3.751345634460449, "ited possessors seeking\u00a0firearmsThis state law criminalizes attempted purchase of firearms by individuals prohibited by law from possessing a firearm. It also funds personnel who are tasked exclusively with investigating and prosecuting prohibited po"]
[8.580810546875, 3.6512324810028076, " estimate the effects of a randomly selected subset of policies and outcomes. The order in \nwhich policies were presented to respondents was randomized. \nThe individuals in our sampling frame who had responded to the 2016 survey were each \nasked to r"]
[8.556059837341309, 3.6454973220825195, "ifying these conditions was important for ensur -\ning that respondents\u2019 expectations about the effects of a given policy were grounded in a simi -\nlar context, the instructions asked respondents not to consider potential interactive effects of polici"]
[7.925425052642822, 4.05502462387085, "tate that had 1,000 suicides without this policy would \nhave 930 suicides with this policy. In other words, the policy would reduce suicides by 7%.If a state implemented universal background checks, how much would firearm suicides change? This \nquest"]
[8.53053092956543, 3.678842782974243, "tion of the survey, asked about the likely \neffects of legal gun ownership on homicide risk for three different groups: the legal gun owner, the spouse or partner living in the household of the legal gun owner, and a child living in the household of "]
[8.585803985595703, 3.607722759246826, "ion, by adding complexity to the basic two-cluster solution. Both three- and four-cluster solutions had a lower Bayesian information cri -\nterion; however, it was also possible to get the same improvement within a two-factor solution by allowing corr"]
[8.588289260864258, 3.5855305194854736, "he respondent on that outcome across policies (e.g., the extent to which the respondent \nbelieved that policies restricting firearms change the rates of firearm homicide). Imputations were based on predictive mean matching from this model; that is, a"]
[8.573870658874512, 3.5859687328338623, "ple were from \nthe 2016 survey sample frame; 51 (29 percent) were newly identified participants who com -\npleted at least half of the effect estimates that they were presented with. In our analysis, we include data from only the 2016 survey for 37 pa"]
[8.569719314575195, 3.5935604572296143, "ts / \nContacted)\n2016 survey \nrespondent 86b83 58 95b69.9%\n(58 / 83)\n2016 sample frame nonrespondent125 114 27 27 23.7%\n(27 / 114)\nNewly added to the 2020 sample114 102 51 51 50.0%\n(51 / 102)\nTotal 325 299 136 173 45.5%\n(136 / 299)\na We counted as su"]
[8.56767749786377, 3.5862507820129395, "re ordered from those with the most similarity in favorability ratings between groups to those with the least similarity, as described in the text. Several results presented in this report follow this order (e.g., Figure 4.1).\na This column displays "]
[8.529075622558594, 3.551764488220215, "wo classes also were sharply distinguished by the questions about how simi -\nlar their own views were to those of familiar policy advocacy and membership organizations. For instance, as shown in Table 4.3, the median rating of similarity with the pol"]
[8.567166328430176, 3.594975709915161, "an), and 75th percentile (third quartile) for each \nresponse. The scale for similarity ranged from 1 = very different to 6 = very similar; N = not sure. \nTABLE 4.4\nRespondent Relationship to Gun Policy, by Expert Class\nWhich of the following best des"]
[8.56577205657959, 3.616410255432129, "ent). For another 96 effect estimates (51 percent), median esti -\nmates for one group suggested that the policy would have no effect on the outcome, while the other group believed that it would have a positive or negative effect. \nIt was fairly rare "]
[8.548341751098633, 3.6269419193267822, "weapons\n80 90 100 110 120 80 90 100 110 120 80 90 100 110 1204. Mass shootings 5. Property crime 6. Hunting and sport shooting1. Firearm suicides 2. Firearm homicides 3.  Accidental firearm deathsSurvey Findings\n33NOTE: The circles indicate the group"]
[8.548094749450684, 3.6220593452453613, " to have large effects on gun violence outcomes; for seven of the 19 poli -\ncies, the median permissive group member expected no change in firearm suicides, firearm homicides, accidental firearm deaths, and mass shootings. \nIn contrast, relative to t"]
[8.5646333694458, 3.618795871734619, "ting indicating a \u201cmoderate\u201d to \u201cmajor\u201d protective effect for at least one of these two outcomes.\n2\nInterestingly, the policies for which the two classes of experts had the most similar favor -\nability ratings also tended to have higher-than-average "]
[8.54626750946045, 3.6230809688568115, "cording of firearm sales, firearm and ammunition taxes, minimum age requirements, requiring a ten-day waiting period to purchase a firearm, and gun purchase limits. These same policies received median ratings of 1 to 2 for effects on individuals\u2019 pri"]
[8.53053092956543, 3.6501529216766357, "mber expected no effect on mass shootings and a moderate increase in accidental firearm deaths (a 5-percent increase). Potential explanations for differences in expert class preferences are explored further in Chapter Five.\nIn Table 4.5, we present e"]
[8.519250869750977, 3.6753761768341064, "% decrease)None Requiring a license to purchase a firearm or ammunition (5% increase)None\n6Participation in hunting and sport shootingNone None Requiring a license to purchase a firearm or ammunition, firearm and ammunition taxes, minimum age require"]
[8.503607749938965, 3.729853630065918, "ies, all of which received positive or neutral median favorability ratings, may be particularly promising strategies to consider in gun policy discussions.\nBeliefs About Firearm Law Effects on Nonfirearm Deaths\nA striking result from our 2016 survey "]
[8.521961212158203, 3.713567018508911, "ut firearm suicides.The Magnitude and Sources of Disagreement Among Gun Policy Experts, Second Edition40Across both expert classes, the median group member expected at least some of the effects \nof a policy on firearm homicides to be offset by an opp"]
[8.375922203063965, 3.799527883529663, "s of violence, or by freeing up police enforcement resources. \nIf 100 firearm homicides were prevented, how would this change the number of non-firearm homicides? \nDecrease more\nthan 100Increase more\nthan 100 +75 +50 +25 0 \u201325 \u201350 \u201375 \u2013100 +100\nNo ef"]
[8.563652992248535, 3.6261801719665527, "e              RestrictivePermissive              RestrictiveThe Magnitude and Sources of Disagreement Among Gun Policy Experts, Second Edition42or partner (15-percent reduced risk) and child (15-percent reduced risk). In contrast, the \nrestrictive g"]
[8.587224960327148, 3.580495595932007, "cies that achieve one set of objectives while the other class seeks to achieve a different set. A weakness of this analysis was that we had few survey respondents favoring permissive policies on which to estimate these relationships ( n = 16). Theref"]
[8.585375785827637, 3.560251235961914, "fects differently. For example, is the relationship between the favorability rating for a policy and the estimate of the policy\u2019s effect on firearm homicide the same for experts in the permissive class as for experts in the restrictive class? Do expe"]
[8.592498779296875, 3.553938388824463, "cale. The addition of the ten interaction terms improved exact matches by too little to discern with two decimal digits, although it slightly improved the proportion of cases with predicted ratings within one scale point of the actual value. \nTABLE 5"]
[8.584246635437012, 3.5716192722320557, "icted and Actual Favorability \nRatings for All Policies\nType of Match and ModelAll Favorability \nRatings  \n(n = 2,339)Permissive Class \nRatings  \n(n = 324) Restrictive Class \nRatings  \n(n = 2,015)\nExact match\nMain effects only 0.60 0.55 0.61\nMain eff"]
[8.575980186462402, 3.5704009532928467, "(0.59\u20130.75)\n5 Property crime 0.88 (0.79\u20130.98) 0.87 (0.78\u20130.96)\n6 Participation in hunting and \nsport shooting1.34 (1.21\u20131.48) 1.40 (1.28\u20131.54)\n7 Legal acts of defensive \ngun\u00a0use0.87 (0.77\u20130.98) 0.92 (0.83\u20131.03)\n8 Sales of new firearms 0.82 (0.74\u20130.91"]
[8.575392723083496, 3.6615490913391113, "\u2019s effect on firearm suicides was second-most influential in predicting favorability \nratings, and the standardized effect size was roughly half as great as that for firearm homi -\ncides. Across all experts, policies associated with a one-standard-de"]
[8.560901641845703, 3.6650617122650146, "gh a policy\u2019s expected effects on other outcomes, such as reducing firearm homicides, mass shootings, or property crime. Because our models control for expected effects of each policy on these other outcomes, the nonsignificant estimate for the effec"]
[8.580230712890625, 3.677539110183716, " be expected whether or not any other policies were simultaneously introduced. Thus, the combined effect of multiple policies on firearm homicides (or other outcomes) is simply the multiplicative product of the effects on firearm homicide that the ex"]
[8.591476440429688, 3.685945987701416, "single law is selected but does not provide estimates of the combined effects of multiple laws. \nIn Table 6.1, we provide two examples of policy combinations. First, we identified two of \nthe policies for which the two groups differed least in their "]
[8.586569786071777, 3.7301251888275146, " net effects of any combination of laws on national outcomes. Additional details on the data sources used, assumptions made to gen -\nerate state-level base rates on each outcome, and information on state laws as of January 1, 2021, are provided in Ap"]
[8.559123039245605, 3.622422218322754, "ne map displays the results expected based on effect estimates by the permissive class, and the other map shows results expected based on estimates by the restric-tive class. Users can choose any of the ten outcomes to be displayed on the maps and ca"]
[8.551321029663086, 3.6226518154144287, " and surrender of firearms by prohibited possessors. We labeled this group the restrictive  class because experts in this \ngroup tend to favor more-restrictive policies on gun access and use. \nIn total, we received 26 usable responses from experts wh"]
[8.55540943145752, 3.6177284717559814, "s survey are representative of the opinions and estimates of the general population. We were able to divide our respondents into two highly distinct groups with clearly divergent opinions, but the general public may have a very different dis -\ntribut"]
[8.453021049499512, 3.7313716411590576, "deaths, participation in hunting and sport shooting, legal acts of defensive gun use, and the right to bear arms.\nIn the 2020 survey, state prosecution of prohibited possessors seeking firearms was \ndescribed as follows:\nThis state law criminalizes a"]
[8.492413520812988, 3.6608173847198486, "icies. This group tended to support the view that firearm deaths \nwould be decreased by implementing the policies nationally, although there was less agree -\nment about whether property crime would increase or decrease. This group also estimated that"]
[8.550878524780273, 3.6784636974334717, "e concessions that those in the restrictive class might consider to improve the attractiveness of a bargain among stakeholders while still achieving many of the desired social benefits. For instance, according to our Gun Policy Expert-Opinion Tool, i"]
[8.49256706237793, 3.7108001708984375, "itude and Sources of Disagreement Among Gun Policy Experts, Second Edition62the effects of policies on a wide variety of outcomes is weak and that, in many cases, no rigor -\nous studies are yet available (Smart, Morral, et al., 2020). Across the 144 "]
[8.573689460754395, 3.636634349822998, "homi -\ncides by a factor of 0.95 (IQR: 0.90\u20131.05). \nAside from these two of the 19 policies evaluated in the survey, the research review iden -\ntified no other policies for which the weight of available evidence was strongly supportive of a particula"]
[8.581338882446289, 3.5765414237976074, "ifferences in policy favorability ratings, then, in a model predicting favorability ratings, estimates of the empirical effects of policies might explain favorability ratings in comparable ways for both groups of experts. On the other hand, if groups"]
[8.566347122192383, 3.6322665214538574, "r, across the policies we considered, differences in experts\u2019 estimates about the \npolicies\u2019 true effects usually concerned the magnitude of likely effects, not their direction. However, even when experts disagreed on the direction of effects, our re"]
[8.56348705291748, 3.6182665824890137, "g a permissive or restrictive approach\u2014are often important expressions of their identification with various social groups on which they depend psychologically and economically (Kahan, 2017). There is compelling evidence that the public, experts, and "]
[8.431241035461426, 3.8614394664764404, "ition66permissive gun policies generally believed that a substantial percentage of a gun policy\u2019s pos -\nsible benefits of reducing firearm suicide or firearm homicide are offset by increases in non -\nfirearm homicide and suicide. They also believed t"]
[8.49455738067627, 3.762730836868286, "rt et al., 2020) and homicide (Braga et al., \n2021; Cook, 2018; Zimring, 2004), this does not entirely address whether policies that produce population-level reductions in firearm suicides or homicides result in minimal offsetting effects on nonfirea"]
[8.621493339538574, 3.8953301906585693, "ific study of gun policies offers a promising available path for building consensus on gun policy. In 2020, for the first time in nearly 25 years, Congress appropriated funds for this kind of research, which we believe should be continued and broaden"]
[8.57005786895752, 3.6577887535095215, "s survey is part of a research project estimating the likely effects of a wide range of gun \npolicies, including both the benefits and harms of each. The results of this survey will provide \nvaluable information on policies most likely to protect ind"]
[7.972197532653809, 4.026124000549316, "ided.]\n[The policy should be bold in a text box and remain at the top of the page for the follow-up \nquestions.] RAND Survey of Firearms Experts711. Q1PX  I f a state implemented universal background checks , how much would firearm \nsuicides  change?"]
[7.917515754699707, 4.0466508865356445, "nge? \nWith the law, the property crime rate would be ____%  of what it was without the law\nLess than\n80%More than\n120% 115% 110% 105% 100% 95% 90% 85% 80% 120%\nNo\nchangeRate DECREASES \nby 20%Rate INCREASES \nby 20%\n\uf0a1 No opinion  [PROGRAMMER: radio but"]
[7.949769496917725, 4.261393070220947, " sometimes obtain them through pri -\nvate sales that do not require background checks. Universal background checks require back -\nground checks prior to all transfers of firearms, including private sales over the internet, at \ngun shows, and between "]
[7.771420478820801, 4.488315105438232, " when a child accesses a usable weapon \nthat was stored in a location where the owner should have known a child could access it. \nPolicy 9.  Surrender of firearms by prohibited possessors . \nWhen a judge\u2019s rulings place an individual in a class that "]
[7.693287372589111, 4.305679798126221, "ent evidence they are not a high risk.\nPolicy 16.  Firearms prohibitions for individuals subject to domestic violence restraining orders.\nThis state law prohibits gun possession by individuals subject to domestic violence restrain -\ning orders. Each "]
[8.404794692993164, 3.851353168487549, "arm suicides could INCREASE non-\nfirearm suicides if some of those individuals switch to other means of suicide. Alter -\nnatively, preventing firearm suicides could DECREASE non-firearm suicides if sui -\ncides are contagious (i.e., each suicide puts "]
[8.574268341064453, 3.604198455810547, "ientist \nb. QP1\n_2 Policy analyst \nc. QP1\n_3 Policy advocate \nd. QP1\n_4 Interested layperson \ne. QP1\n_5 Government official \nf. QP1\n_6 Congressional staff member \n17. Q18 \nIf you have comments or clarifications you would like us to consider, please p"]
[8.549339294433594, 3.6234207153320312, ".4 4.6 0.1 2\n16 Firearm prohibitions for individuals subject to domestic violence restraining orders\u22122 \u22127 \u22121 \u22124 0 1 2 0 2.1 3.5 0.8 2\n5 Required reporting of lost or \nstolen firearms0 \u22125 0 \u22121 \u22121 0 0 0 0.9 1.5 0.3 2\n14 The elimination of gun-free zone"]
[8.573326110839844, 3.5824663639068604, " show the mean of the absolute value of the between-class differences in medians across all eight quantitative outcomes (1\u20138), across death outcomes (1\u20134), and across \nother outcomes (5\u20138). Bold text indicates estimates for which there was higher-tha"]
[8.571195602416992, 3.573110580444336, "to those with the least similarity, as described in Chapter Four. \na These columns show the mean of the absolute value of the between-class differences in medians across the two qualitative measures. Bold text indicates estimates for which there \nwas"]
[8.569160461425781, 3.575286865234375, ".00 100.00 100.00 99.38 \u00a0147 90.00 95.00 98.00 93.41 \u00a0 \u22125.00 No\n2 6 26 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.23 \u00a0147 85.00 90.00 95.00 89.57 \u00a0 \u221210.00 No\n2 7 26 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.31 \u00a0147 85.00 90.00 95.00 90.53 \u00a0 \u221210.00 No\n2 8 26 98.00 100.00 100.00 99.08 \u00a0"]
[8.570746421813965, 3.5746829509735107, ".00 105.00 110.00 105.90 \u00a0 5.00 No\n3 18 26 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.92 \u00a0147 95.00 98.00 100.00 96.55 \u00a0 \u22122.00 No\n3 19 26 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.46 \u00a0147 95.00 100.00 100.00 97.19 \u00a0 0.00 No\n4 1 26 97.00 100.00 100.00 99.12 \u00a0147 90.00 95.00 98.00 92.56 \u00a0"]
[8.56905460357666, 3.5733320713043213, "edian) 75th % Mean N 25th %50th % \n(median) 75th % Mean DifferenceaOpposite \nSidesb\n5 12 26 90.00 96.50 100.00 94.96 \u00a0 147 100.00 100.00 105.00 103.33 \u00a0 3.50 No\n5 13 26 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.54 \u00a0147 98.00 100.00 100.00 97.97 \u00a0 0.00 No\n5 14 26 95.0"]
[8.570064544677734, 3.5832371711730957, " 99.00 100.00 100.00 98.58 \u00a0 0.00 No\n7 8 26 89.00 95.00 100.00 93.42 \u00a0 147 100.00 100.00 100.00 99.49 \u00a0 5.00 No\n7 9 26 95.00 100.00 100.00 96.81 \u00a0147 99.00 100.00 100.00 98.31 \u00a0 0.00 NoTable B.3\u2014ContinuedDescriptive Statistics by Expert Class, Outcom"]
[8.57103443145752, 3.579965353012085, " \u22121.00 No\n9 1 26 1.00 2.00 3.00 2.19 \u00a0147 3.00 4.00 4.00 3.86 \u00a0 2.00 No\n9 2 26 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.19 \u00a0147 3.00 4.00 4.00 3.65 \u00a0 3.00 No\n9 3 26 4.00 5.00 7.00 5.31 \u00a0147 4.00 4.00 6.00 4.69 \u00a0 \u22121.00 No\n9 4 26 2.00 2.00 3.00 2.73 \u00a0147 3.00 4.00 4.00 3.47 \u00a0"]
[8.570489883422852, 3.5829803943634033, "3.00 4.00 2.92 \u00a0147 3.00 4.00 4.00 3.61 \u00a0 1.00 No\nOpinion 1 26 1.00 2.00 3.00 2.04 \u00a0147 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.77 \u00a0 3.00 Yes\nOpinion 2 26 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.23 \u00a0147 4.00 5.00 5.00 4.48 \u00a0 4.00 Yes\nOpinion 3 26 4.00 4.50 5.00 4.08 \u00a0 147 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.46 \u00a0 \u2212"]
[8.587788581848145, 3.569948196411133, "the \noverall opinion measure).\nc These outcomes were not imputed and used responses from only the 2020 survey.Table B.3\u2014Continued101APPENDIX C\nStatistical Modeling of Experts\u2019 Favorability \nRatings\nIn this appendix, we provide details and sensitivity"]
[8.593521118164062, 3.5541558265686035, "x responses to the ten policy effect questions. This had the effect of elim -\ninating six respondents (i.e., six respondents provided at least one policy effect response for more than \nhalf of the policies that they were asked about but did not provi"]
[8.591390609741211, 3.6055386066436768, "ed to have a 75-percent and 73-percent effect on homicide, respectively, would likely be equally favored; that is, a policy that saves 2,500 lives per year would receive a favorability rating similar to a policy that saves 2,700 lives per year. \nTo c"]
[8.561859130859375, 3.668222665786743, "e, estimates are presented only as changes in percentage because accurate data on the number or rate of defensive gun use in the United States do not exist. For the two qualitative outcomes (the right to bear arms and individuals\u2019 privacy), effect es"]
[7.701592445373535, 4.2728071212768555, " included all states with extreme risk protection \norder laws that allow for ex parte orders. \n \u2013Fo\nr prohibitions associated with domestic violence restraining orders, we included \nall states with related laws that allow for ex parte orders and that"]
[8.328245162963867, 4.237586975097656, "e incident occurred in connection to domestic violence or other criminal activity. Specifically, we used the number of events in which four or more people (including possibly the shooter) were shot and killed in the same general location and time, as"]
[8.434431076049805, 4.114625930786133, "ction \nof all gun owners nationally, as follows: \nPopi * ORi* sales,\n\u2211i (Popi * ORi)\nwhere Popi is the state population, ORi is the state firearm ownership rate, and sales  is \nthe national 2018 domestic firearm sales estimate, calculated as the sum "]
[8.47397232055664, 3.889770746231079, "0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0\nR.I. 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0\nS.C. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0\nS.D. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0\nTenn. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0\nTex. 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0\nUtah"]
[8.40863037109375, 4.164322853088379, "73,985 150,111 121,556\nN.H. 1,356,458 135 13 5 0.067 16,935 218,342 66,010\nN.J. 8,908,520 193 218 5 0.773 125,156 422,237 95,189\nN.M. 2,095,428 281 136 5 0.174 71,657 441,906 90,985\nN.Y. 19,542,209 445 356 5 1.583 281,507 1,166,349 305,005\nN.C. 10,38"]
[8.434686660766602, 4.1901535987854, "d, Martin, Julian Christensen, Casper Mondrup Dahlmann, Asbj\u00f8rn Mathiasen, and Niels Bj\u00f8rn Grund Petersen, \u201cThe Role of Evidence in Politics: Motivated Reasoning and Persuasion Among Politicians,\u201d British Journal of Political Science , Vol. 49, No. 3"]
[8.391441345214844, 4.301248073577881, "al Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States 2018 , Uniform Crime Reporting \nProgram, 2019. As of December 12, 2020:  https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018\nGalea, Sandro, and Roger D. Vaughan, \u201cTendrils of Hope in"]
[8.384069442749023, 4.334146022796631, " Control Is Wrong, Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 2003.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun-Control Laws , 3rd ed., Chicago, \nIll.: University of Chicago Press, 2010.\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cA Look at the Facts on Gun-Free Zones,\u201d Natio"]
[8.36135196685791, 4.181972503662109, " \nSanger-Katz, Margot, and Quoctrung Bui, \u201cHow to Reduce Mass Shooting Deaths? Experts \nRank Gun Laws,\u201d New York Times , October 5, 2017. \nSanthanam, Laura, \u201cMost Americans Support These 4 Types of Gun Legislation, Poll Says,\u201d PBS NewsHour, September"]
[8.395730972290039, 4.136592388153076, "Who Seek to Purchase Handguns: Risk Factors and Effectiveness of Denying Handgun Purchase,\u201d JAMA , Vol. 285, \nNo. 8, 2001, pp. 1019\u20131026.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Effectiveness of Denial of Handgun Purchase by Violent Misdemeanants, Final Report , \npresented to the Nati"]
[0.4260755181312561, 7.195651054382324, "Developing Long-Term  \nSocioeconomic \nStrategy in Israel\nInstitutions, Processes, and  \nSupporting Information\nHoward J. Shatz, Steven W. Popper, Sami Friedrich,             \nShmuel Abramzon, Anat Brodsky, Roni Harel, Ofir Cohen\nPrepared for the Prim"]
[0.3781047463417053, 7.148054599761963, "ment \nofficials in developing means by which Israel could create a long-term socioeconomic strategy. The task force was appointed by the Prime \nMinister and Minister of Finance in spring 2010 and was led by the \nhead of the National Economic Council "]
[0.4045563042163849, 7.166767120361328, " demographic behavior, education and training, labor markets, social welfare policy, immigration, inter -\nnational development, financial decisionmaking, and issues related to aging and retirement with a common aim of understanding how policy and soc"]
[0.3284798562526703, 7.095478534698486, "\nInterministerial Processes  ..................................................... 20\nPrior Institutions for Identifying Socioeconomic Challenges  ............... 20\nThe General Cabinet  .......................................................... 22\nT"]
[0.3390422463417053, 7.106363773345947, "get  .................................................... 63\nCase-Study Conclusions  ......................................................... 64Contents    ix\nCHAPTER FIVE\nPerceived Gaps in Israel  ..................................................."]
[0.35639405250549316, 7.124813556671143, ".... 62\nTables\n 3.1. Overview of Interviews Conducted with Israelis on Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel\n ................................... 15\n 6.1. Case-Study Conclusions and Recommendations for Gap\u00a01,  Lack of Involvement by the Political Leadersh"]
[0.36344969272613525, 7.131278991699219, "ess of cre-xiv    Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel\nating the foundations for such a strategy. This document suggests the \ninstitutions for doing so.\nTo respond to this question, the RAND Corporation and Shaldor \nStrategy Consulti"]
[0.33953404426574707, 7.107555866241455, "tioning strategy to policies and their implemen -\ntation\n\u2022 inadequate measurement and evaluation of policy interventions.\nThe interviews and our discussions with government officials also \nrevealed unease as to whether the government had a common vis"]
[0.34188172221183777, 7.112318992614746, "ernments that are elected, not individual officeholders. \nThe distinction is important because of the parliamentary concept of shared responsibility, \nwhich, in turn, is the basis for government agreements. These play a large part in parliamen -\ntary"]
[0.3268398344516754, 7.093636512756348, "erm problems; and detailed plans for specific socio -\neconomic programs to be promoted by the government.\n5. Create a mechanism, led by the professional-level socioeconomic strategy forum, for managing the plans for socioeconomic pro -\ngrams selected"]
[0.4060574471950531, 7.17475700378418, "CD as a whole. And \nwith only two exceptions, starting in 2000, annual inflation as mea -\nsured by the GDP deflator has been lower than that of the world and \nthe OECD (World Bank, 2014).\nHowever, Israel faces a variety of economic and social challen"]
[0.34596869349479675, 7.112545490264893, "r School, New York University.Introduction    3\n\u2022 Analyze the evaluation and monitoring processes in current strat -\negy formation.\n\u2022 Identify the gaps in current strategy-formation institutions, pro -\ncesses, information, and evaluation and monitori"]
[0.3846448063850403, 7.158245086669922, "ate, \nwe discuss alternative arrangements, as well as pros and cons. A com -\npanion report describes key methods for taking a strategic perspective \nand conducting long-term socioeconomic strategic analysis (Popper et \nal., 2015).5CHAPTER TWO\nStrateg"]
[0.3642299771308899, 7.137274265289307, "red to be the peak of the policy pyramid in \nterms of importance of its practitioners (usually the chief executive and \nhis or her staff) and its purpose (to set the overall direction of the \nnation, the government, or a governmental department). But"]
[0.36564183235168457, 7.140325546264648, "ction, \nabout doing something\u201d (2011, p.\u00a0 87).3 Other definitions note that \nsecurity, see Douglas\u00a0C. Lovelace, Jr., director of the U.S. Army War College Strategic Stud -\nies Institute, in Yarger, 2006, p.\u00a0v.\n3 For example, Rumelt identifies \u201ccontai"]
[0.38311782479286194, 7.156635761260986, " prior hypotheses. Strategic early warning would encompass the longer-term \ntrends or challenges that are discovered from the observe and orient steps. Without this prior analysis, they might be overlooked, so strate-gies and their accompanying polic"]
[0.35783520340919495, 7.130465507507324, " focus on how strategic planning can support the strategic perspective. We also define other terms useful to the strategy process.\nStrategic planners and planning are best viewed not as a source \nof strategies but as creating analytic inputs to takin"]
[0.3805634081363678, 7.153790473937988, "ion in \nthe thinking process. (Mintzberg, 1994, p.\u00a025)\nConsidering how to implement a strategy over the long term can pro -\nvide a test of whether that strategy is feasible.\nThis suggests that taking a strategic perspective also involves con -\nsideri"]
[0.35374483466148376, 7.122541904449463, "d \npotential solutions; thinking about necessary actions, how they can be coordinated, and what their effects might be; and taking account of \nconstraints and uncertainty. Institutions and processes, as discussed in \nthis document, would then support"]
[0.356588751077652, 7.125002384185791, "sive interviews, conducted by Shaldor, of those who currently are serving or have served the government of Israel in \nsenior positions. Other interviews included observers from outside the \ngovernment whom the project team felt would be valuable sour"]
[0.41978955268859863, 7.192423343658447, "rspective in policy development in Israel. \nOur conclusions reflect areas of widespread agreement.\nSecond, as discussed in the previous chapter, there is no specific \nnormative model of strategy development and the use of a strategic perspective that"]
[0.3284547030925751, 7.095005035400391, "focusing on tapping into opportunities offered by the global technology revolution.\nThe current strategy\u2019s achievements, which include economic sta -\nbility and a high growth rate, were made possible by the professional and institutional capabilities"]
[0.33280855417251587, 7.100785732269287, "ionalize them at the govern -\nmental level.\nCharacteristics of the Israeli Government\nThe Israeli system of government has three characteristics that any \nreform proposals must take into account. First, compared with the \nU.S. system, there is weaker"]
[0.33075952529907227, 7.0972981452941895, "n of this document, we use the term cabinet when we refer to the collectivity of the PM and the ministers\u2014\nthe elected political leaders.20    Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel\nInterministerial Processes\nThe Israeli government has"]
[0.31837350130081177, 7.085803508758545, "3.1\nInstitutions Involved in Strategic Approaches and Policy Management\nNOTE: Operational authorities are government institutions that have operational\nmissions and mandates. They report to ministries and include such institutionsas the Israel Defens"]
[0.32025212049484253, 7.087032318115234, "\nof 2013 had 31\u00a0ministers, of whom 15 were members of the socioeconomic cabinet.The Strategic Perspective and Israel\u2019s Socioeconomic Challenges    23\nnomic, social, and civic issues. In that capacity, the PMO DG is respon -\nsible for initiating and l"]
[0.32298803329467773, 7.090268611907959, "D.-level research capacity or a statistical staff.\nThe NEC\u2019s activity has not yet been grounded in legislation, and \nit functions in a slightly different manner from the one assigned to it by \nthe original government decision, which stipulated its ro"]
[0.3139801025390625, 7.080270290374756, "on the PM\u2019s agenda and requiring cross-ministerial coordination. It has recently developed a tracking system to monitor the implementa -\ntion phases of government decisions.\nThe Ministry of Finance\nBudget Department\nThe Budget Department is the body "]
[0.32628127932548523, 7.093130111694336, "legated directly \nto them.\nAs a result of these shared management responsibilities, MOF \nDGs usually focus on promoting one or two major reforms during their terms in office, whereas department heads enjoy considerable auton -\nomy in their individual"]
[0.32374557852745056, 7.089995861053467, "dependent position vis-\u00e0-vis the government.\nGovernment Ministry Policy Planning Departments\nMinisterial policy planning units exist in several government minis -\ntries.7 Most of these units were established in the previous five years as \npart of a p"]
[0.3184598982334137, 7.084412097930908, "-\ntion of the annual budget proposal, performs its own economic evalu -\nation, and proposes annual targets ahead of the budgetary discussions.\nDespite this process, the budget does not necessarily reflect a stra -\ntegic perspective on Israel\u2019s socioe"]
[0.3297037184238434, 7.09710693359375, "the need for multiyear allocations. Furthermore, the submission of minis -\ntry plans is not fully integrated into the budgeting process.\nExcept for the budgeting process and the ministerial planning \nprocess, there are currently no other formally str"]
[0.2998497784137726, 7.065351963043213, "red to as the Trajtenberg Committee after \nits head, the former director of the NEC, Manuel Trajtenberg.32    Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel\nAnother example of this type of one-time deliberative process is \nthe socioeconomic ag"]
[0.32432377338409424, 7.091272354125977, ", as suggested by the report of the \nCommittee for Evaluating Employment Policy in Israel (the Eckstein report) among others, numerous bodies have shared responsibility but suffered from lack of coordination (Committee for Evaluating Employ -\nment Po"]
[0.32809677720069885, 7.095128059387207, "periodic reviews \nof the state of the economy, and members of its staff are frequently \ninvolved in professional discussions held by the MOF DG. Neverthe-\nless, according to several of our interviewees, at present, the depart -\nment is not an integra"]
[0.335905522108078, 7.104780673980713, " are supported by the MOF\u2019s computer systems. Government offices seem to be undergoing a significant upgrading of the computer infrastructure designed to monitor and control the outputs and out -\ncomes of their own activities.\nIn recent years, the PM"]
[0.34005552530288696, 7.107875823974609, "7\ntheir strategies, and integrating information into those institutions and \nprocesses.39CHAPTER FOUR\nInternational Comparisons of Socioeconomic \nStrategy Development and Implementation\nCountries around the world have faced the problem of how to inco"]
[0.3311019241809845, 7.098400115966797, "er, \nmore-detailed information about the daily routines of strategy units \nand strategy development is difficult to capture in our case studies.\nInstitutions\nSome of our case-study countries have formal institutions with legal foundation, and others "]
[0.3346768617630005, 7.102273941040039, "e central focus for strategic assessment. Creating and protecting \ninstitutions and processes for developing strategies and maintaining a \n1 Functions may also be vulnerable, although we have encountered fewer cases in which a \nstrategy organization "]
[0.32617437839508057, 7.093457221984863, "uirements and engagement of the head of government can create and maintain demand for a strategic approach to chal -\nlenges. Creating a culture within the government that will value \nsuch an approach could be more difficult but will also provide \ndem"]
[0.30061736702919006, 7.067607879638672, "ium-term strategies we reviewed.\nGuiding and monitoring progress of strategy development and \nimplementation often involve interministerial committees of higher-level civil servants who may prepare the ground for decisions in simi -\nlar committees of"]
[0.3161039650440216, 7.0815629959106445, " research by subject-matter experts.\n\u2022 Stakeholders and sources outside the strategy unit and the gov -\nernment should be engaged early and often in the development of strategic approaches to challenges. Although publication may not be appropriate fo"]
[0.30965545773506165, 7.0763959884643555, "untries. In Denmark, rather than having a dedicated strategy staff, the PMO has a domestic policy staff of around ten people, usually \nrecruited from the MOF but also containing a few experts in different \npolicy areas from the other ministries. They"]
[0.32190531492233276, 7.089557647705078, "ction to scenario planning, tools for thinking systematically about the future, facilitation skills for running a foresight process, commu -\nnicating and presenting the results of exercises for visualizing potential 48    Developing Long-Term Socioec"]
[0.3023257553577423, 7.068447113037109, "s-on approach to overseeing government policy development and imple-\nmentation. However, strategic practice is also backed by the Budget \nTransparency and Accountability Act (2000), which requires an overall strategy, a budget with a three-year fisca"]
[0.31215161085128784, 7.0792059898376465, "olve the line ministries in filling in the details of strategic directions. In part, giving civil servants in line ministries \nroom for maneuver also helps foster active, personal engagement, we \nwere told. In fact, our conversations suggested that, "]
[0.303286612033844, 7.0709710121154785, "such as officials from within the PMO, can have more influence on current policy but are likely to have less influence regarding difficult \nproblems that must be approached across governments or with which \nthe current government does not want to dea"]
[0.3192805051803589, 7.086360931396484, "ariat; the rest of International Comparisons of Socioeconomic Strategy Development    53\nthe council discusses and comments on the report. The reports receive \nsignificant press coverage, and the forecasts provide one input into the \nnational budget."]
[0.3243691623210907, 7.091253280639648, "rity interministerial programs \n(Finnish Ministry of Justice, 1999).\n2 The document serves as a form of \ncoalition agreement. The government also writes a term government \nimplementation plan for the top priorities; this is issued several months \naft"]
[0.3533298969268799, 7.125161170959473, " Columbia, which (as noted earlier) produces a ten-year strategy along with a three-year fiscal framework. The ten-\nyear strategies have included goals along with broad policy directions. \nFor example, the 2006 strategy had as a goal making British C"]
[0.3297346532344818, 7.096545219421387, "n on Policy Planning were divided into \nsubgroups by expertise, met in subcommittee meetings, and reported to the head of the commission. The commission head, in turn, would \nwork with senior staff members\u2014government officials\u2014to determine \nthe feasi"]
[0.32870960235595703, 7.0951433181762695, "of the Ministry of Trade \nand Industry, which studies trends and their economic implications (Lee, 2011).58    Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel\nOccasionally, the institution that can provide long-term think -\ning is not formally "]
[0.31598150730133057, 7.081730365753174, "rnment that took office in 2011 identified three strategic priorities. For each priority, the implementation plan identifies a coordinating ministry, responsible ministers, and cooper -\nating ministries. For example, for the strategic priority \u201creduc"]
[0.3165907561779022, 7.083576202392578, "nistry of \nEconomic Affairs and the Interior produces a biennial economic report \nabout the same time as the report of the Economic Council. Our inter -\nviews indicated that the two reports are considered the most important \nand highest-quality input"]
[0.37644654512405396, 7.143982887268066, "al engagement lets officials test their ideas and learn new ideas that may be helpful.\nGovernments use the publication of formal strategic documents \nas a tool to engage the public, coordinate across government, and pro -\nvide support for priorities "]
[0.3413781523704529, 7.109522819519043, "Power by 2030 . This \nwas published in 2008, toward the end of President Roh\u2019s term. Our \ninterviews suggested that it made little difference to concrete policy \nactions. Likewise, the Presidential Council for Future and Vision under President Lee pr"]
[0.3198193907737732, 7.0866265296936035, "rts of new institutions and processes in legislation or government decisions to start to create demand \nand a culture of strategy\n4. enhancement of line ministry strategy units\n5. connections between the new strategy unit linked to the PMO and analys"]
[0.33414095640182495, 7.102470397949219, "views of the gaps.\nGap 1. Lack of Involvement by the Political Leadership\nThere is widespread recognition that, ultimately, strategy must come \nfrom the engagement of political leaders. However, the government infrastructure for infusing a strategic "]
[0.35244831442832947, 7.122238636016846, "efined by urgent and critical \nissues that require an immediate response. There is little preparation \nregarding socioeconomic challenges for which better or more-coherent \npolicies could have been developed had there been more foresight, anticipatio"]
[0.31580907106399536, 7.082676410675049, "eves] that, when [it stops] spending, \n[it is] \u201csaving the country.\u201d\nThe PMO has no one [who] directs policy in ministries, asks \nquestions of policy, and challenges them to see the whole forest rather than the trees.\nThe NEC wrote a nice document on"]
[0.31787776947021484, 7.08436918258667, "r the development of \nstrategies, is underdeveloped. There are also no formal platforms or \nmechanisms in place for allowing effective public participation in these areas. The 2011 Trajtenberg Committee provided the first prominent \nand only signific"]
[0.28688207268714905, 7.05327844619751, " not even sufficient sharing within the \nresearch division.\nGap\u00a06. Difficulties Transitioning Strategy to Policies and \nTheir Implementation\nIn recent years, a considerable number of policy programs have been \ndeveloped, but implementation has falter"]
[0.3472653925418854, 7.119286060333252, "y in Israel\nassessment throughout the course of the policy\u2019s life cycle\u2014from for -\nmulation, through the pilot, to the complete implementation and \nbeyond. Among other examples, our interviewees mentioned plans in \nthe employment arena, which, they f"]
[0.32339659333229065, 7.090957164764404, " we describe possible alterna -\ntives as well. Discussing alternatives is especially important because we \ndo not have full information regarding the entire spectrum of variables \nthat may affect future institutional composition and processes and, sp"]
[0.3341367542743683, 7.101568698883057, "nd facilitating the creation of an unbro -\nken continuum from policy formulation to its implementation. These units should be assisted on a regular basis by inputs from external stakeholders and experts.\n\u2022 Action plans for the government term, upon i"]
[0.3242427706718445, 7.0884480476379395, "al-level strategy forum led by the PM to serve as the focal point \nfor the adoption of a strategic perspective, decisionmaking regarding strategy development, and oversight of the management of the strategic process.\n2. Form a professional-level soci"]
[0.3224239945411682, 7.088161945343018, "gic alternatives, and strategic early warningHold dedicated events organized by the strategy staff unit.\nHave the head of the NEC brief the PM on \nstrategic processes regularly.\nImproved coordination by the PMO Form a political-level strategy forum.\n"]
[0.31769025325775146, 7.083115100860596, "f its outputs and decisions for approval by the entire cabi -\nnet, would address the international case-study finding on the need for engagement of the head of government and the gap identified regard -\ning the involvement of the political leadership"]
[0.3164255619049072, 7.079836368560791, "tegy Form a socioeconomic strategy staff unit.\nEstablish a council of external \nstakeholders or technology-enhanced methods for eliciting opinions and participation.\nContinuous use of a strategic perspective in scanning socioeconomic issues and devel"]
[0.2874494791030884, 7.052597522735596, "lanning (see \nrecommendation\u00a06). One risk in establishing such a professional-level \nforum is that it could become a pro forma organization that accom -\nplishes little, with substance discussed and decisions made more infor -Table\u00a06.6\nCase-Study Conc"]
[0.32395443320274353, 7.088852405548096, "taff unit annual report.\nPublish the monitored progress of \nsocioeconomic goal attainment.90    Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel\nof education and relevant professional experience would be allowed to \napply for the position.3 The "]
[0.3210928440093994, 7.086062431335449, "es as requiring action. This \ncombination of potential areas for strategic focus and strategic alterna -\ntives in the selected areas would serve as a menu from which specific governments, aided by the professional-level forum, would select spe-cific "]
[0.31560346484184265, 7.080730438232422, "erve as its analytical component or manage its links to the political leadership and policy \nprocesses.\nA major risk to creating a strategy unit is that it could become a \nbureaucracy that stagnates over time, protecting its own institutional interes"]
[0.31049346923828125, 7.075770854949951, "l to account for the realities of implementation, saddling the government \nwith unrealistic goals and programs. As a result, its creation will need considerable care.\nRecommendation\u00a05. Create a Mechanism for Managing the Plans for \nthe Socioeconomic "]
[0.2850415110588074, 7.049602508544922, " by the strategy \nstaff unit of the PMO (professional coordination and guidance) and \nthe PMO\u2019s Policy Planning Department (methodological guidance).\nAn effort to build strategy capabilities in government ministries \nshould be initiated. In governmen"]
[0.310705304145813, 7.074685096740723, " are two options regarding the professional team to coordinate the council\u2019s operation. The first is an external professional team. In this \nconfiguration, it would be much easier for stakeholders in the council \nto raise important issues that are po"]
[0.38440459966659546, 7.1496663093566895, "ia, \nthere is a risk of including malicious participants who want to harm the process. Moderated sessions could mitigate this, although at a cost \nand at a risk to credibility if the public perceives the moderator as bar -\nring unpopular opinions.\nSo"]
[0.3327609598636627, 7.0989909172058105, "he past. How -\never, further work will be needed to determine whether this task \ncan be carried out within existing resources and other constraints.\n4 Information may also be found at RAND Corporation, undated. Anticipating and Responding to Socioeco"]
[0.2821318209171295, 7.048982620239258, "g are some of \nthe additional mechanisms whose adoption we recommend for this \npurpose.\n\u2022 formal arrangements\n \u2013Ground the establishment of the strategy staff unit and its roles, budget, and annual reporting duties in a government decision (a formal "]
[0.3315272629261017, 7.0976176261901855, "ositive way, Israeli policymakers would benefit from applying the same strategic perspective to these new institutions and processes \nas they would to socioeconomic issues. In other words, they should \nobserve their operations, orient themselves towa"]
[0.4439485967159271, 7.168609142303467, "11, 2010/2011 , Victoria, B.C., July\u00a020, 2011. As of May\u00a029, 2014: \nhttp://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/ocg/ma/10_11/BBMAA.pdf104    Developing Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategy in Israel\nBritish Columbia Public Service, \u201cExecutive Compensation: BC Public Servic"]
[0.435910701751709, 7.203381061553955, " Finance.\nDrezner, Daniel\u00a0W., \u201cThe Challenging Future of Strategic Planning,\u201d Fletcher \nForum of World Affairs, Vol.\u00a033, No.\u00a01, Winter\u2013Spring 2009, pp.\u00a013\u201326.\nFinnish Ministry of Justice, The Constitution of Finland  (731/1999, Amendments \nup to 1112"]
[0.4126542806625366, 7.177864074707031, "\u201d Survival , Vol.\u00a052, \nNo.\u00a03, June\u2013July 2010, pp.\u00a0159\u2013178.Hennessey, Keith, \u201cWorking in the West Wing: Senior Staff,\u201d KeithHennessey.com , \nMay\u00a029, 2009. As of May\u00a029, 2014: \nhttp://keithhennessey.com/2009/05/29/senior-staff/\nHjortdal, Marie, \u201cPoliti"]
[0.426746129989624, 7.190404415130615, "ister\u2019s Office, [State budget formulations in Israel: Fiscal rules, budgetary process and the arrangements law] [in Hebrew], March 2009. As of January\u00a07, 2013: http://www.pmo.gov.il/BranchesAndUnits/eco/Documents/finaldoc.pdf\nNEC\u2014 See National Econom"]
[0.4557325839996338, 7.217308521270752, "Denmark, \u201cEconomic Model (ADAM),\u201d undated; referenced April\u00a024, \n2012. As of May\u00a029, 2014: http://www.dst.dk/en/TilSalg/ADAM.aspx\nStatutes of British Columbia, Budget Transparency and Accountability Act , \nChapter\u00a023, July\u00a06, 2000. As of June\u00a02, 2014"]
[0.4680389165878296, 7.236507415771484, "talog/world-development-indicators\nYarger, Harry R., Strategic Theory for the 21st Century: The Little Book on Big \nStrategy , Carlisle, Pa.: U.S. Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, Letort \nPaper\u00a0641, February 2006. As of May\u00a029, 2014: ht"]
[0.42878738045692444, 7.191593170166016, "Netherlands, \u201cIs the Cabinet Obliged to\n Follow the Council\u2019s Advice?\u201d undated; referenced October 12, 2012. As of May\n:29, 2014\nhttp://www.ser.nl/en/faq%20and%20links.aspx#6\nGeneral Brochure: The Social and Economic Council of the\u201d ,\u2014\u2014\u2014\n.Netherlands"]
[0.44052237272262573, 7.202755928039551, ", Strategic Plan 2006/7\u20132008/9, Victoria, February\n.2006\n Public Law 103-62, Government Performance and Results Act, August 3, 1993.\n:As of June 2, 2014\n:http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d103:s.00020\n RAND Corporation, \u201cWelcome to the American"]
[0.39298251271247864, 7.227083206176758, "nomi-skal-strammes-gevaldigt-op\n Institute for Government, One Year On: The First Year of Coalition\n Government\u2014ACollection of Views, London, May 2011. As of May 29, 2014:\nhttp://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/ \ufb01les/publications/One%"]
[0.464500367641449, 7.225329875946045, "f\n.CESifo Group, \u201cThe Joint Economic Forecast,\u201d undated\nCommission on the Reform of Ontario\u2019s Public Services, Public Services for\n,Ontarians: A Path to Sustainability and Excellence, Queen\u2019s Printer for Ontario\n:As of May 29, 2014 .2012\nhttp://www. "]
[0.4235815703868866, 7.202191352844238, "Model? Consensus\n Government in Practice,\u201d Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 53, No. 4, October 2000,pp.\n.697\u2013709\n Angerman, William S., Coming Full Circle with Boyd\u2019s OODA Loop Ideas: An\n Analysis of Innovation Diffusion and Evolution, Wright-Patterson Ai"]
[-6.232922554016113, 7.852573394775391, " ,\u201c\u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9  \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05d7  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea  \u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05dc2011)\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\n.\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05d7  \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3: \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd.  \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d918\n \u05e7\u05e8\u05df: \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd?\u201c  \u05dc\u05d0\u05d1\u05d8\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d1\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d7  \u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d4\u05d4\u05d6\u05d3\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d0\u05dd2007)  \u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4,  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d6\u05e7\u05d0\u05dc\n.\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05e7\u05df \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\n \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4:  \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd\u201c,  "]
[-6.232002258300781, 7.85174036026001, "\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8  \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df\n \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1  \u05d5\u05d1\u05e9\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e0\u05d3\u05d4\u2018\u05d4\u05d0\u05d2 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05e6\u05d1\n.\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d5\u05d1\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea\n\u2022 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e6\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd\n \u2013 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9  \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05d5\u05d8\u05e4\u05ea  \u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4\n \u05d5\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd  \u05e7\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05dd  \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2  \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d7  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9\n.\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df"]
[-6.232752799987793, 7.852236747741699, "\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d8\u05d1 \u05d5\u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05e1\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dc,  \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\n.\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05de\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea  \u05ea\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8  \u05d9\u05e9, \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e6\u05d1  \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\n \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df. \u05d5\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d5\u05d9\u05d7\u05d6\u05e7\u05d5  \u05d9\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5  \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8, \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd\n; \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1"]
[-6.233578205108643, 7.85307502746582, "\u05d5\u05d3\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8  \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da  \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05ea\u05e3  \u05d3\u05e2\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2  \u05dc\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8  \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\n \u05d1\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8, \u05d1\u05d4\u05df \u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05da  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d9\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05d6\u05e7\n.\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05da  \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05dc\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05e0\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9  \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e2\u05d6\u05e8\u05d5, \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd.  \u05ea\u05e7\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd"]
[-6.233322620391846, 7.852914810180664, "\u05d3\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4\n\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7  \u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8  \u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1 \u05e2\u05dc, \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05e9\u05dc\n \u2022 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d7  \u05dc\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05da  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d5\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\n \u05db\u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea  \u05dc\u05de\u05e9\u05da  \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc  \u05d5\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05e9\u05dc\n \u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1  \u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05d4  \u05ea\u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9"]
[-6.23419189453125, 7.853331565856934, "\u05ea  \u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2  \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05e4\u05ea,  \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05ea\n. \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9  \u05d4\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d5\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8  \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd ) \u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3  \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd  \u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd\n \u05d4\u05e0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea ) \u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05d5\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4  \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc  \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d2\u05e3(  \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9  \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d5\u05d4\u05e0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d4\n(.\u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc"]
[-6.232917308807373, 7.852624416351318, "\u05db\u05d6\u05d9  \u05e1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05df\n \u05e2\u05dc \u05d1\u05d4\u05d2\u05e0\u05d4  \u05ea\u05e2\u05e1\u05d5\u05e7,  \u05d4\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da  \u05e9\u05d9\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05d7  \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9  \u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d2\u05e0\u05d5\u05df  \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da\n. \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9  \u05e8\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d5\u05ea\u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05da  \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd\n, \u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05dc\u201c\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05db  \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d4\u05db\u05e4\u05e4\u05ea\n \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d6\u05de\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9"]
[-6.234719753265381, 7.8535871505737305, "\u05e8\u05d3  \u05db\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\n \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea- \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n.\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\n \u2022 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4   \u05e2\u05dd \u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd  \u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05e3  \u05de\u05e0\u05d2\u05e0\u05d5\u05df  \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea\n7 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05e6\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05d5 )\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea  \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea- \u05e1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9"]
[-6.2327656745910645, 7.852083683013916, "\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05de\u05da,  \u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3\n. \u05dc\u05d5 \u05e9\u05ea\u05d3\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d9\u05e9, \u05de\"\u05dc\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9  \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05e2\u05e5 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\n \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea,  \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05ea\u05de\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\n \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e8\u05e7 \u05db\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d7  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4  \u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dc"]
[-6.2322516441345215, 7.85175085067749, " \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5\u05e7  \u05dc\u05d9\u05dd\u201c\u05e1\u05de\u05e0\u05db \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea\n\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n\u05dc\u05e7\u05d3\u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4   \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea\n, \u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4  \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e0\u05d3\u05d4\u2018\u05d0\u05d2 \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9\n\u05e8\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05ea\u05e4\u05d5\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\n\u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05de\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd  \u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1"]
[-6.233426570892334, 7.853139400482178, "\u05d8\u05e3  \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc  \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7  \u05d1\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 \u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9  \u05dc\u05d3\u05e8\u05d2 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05ea\u2018  \u05e8 \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9  \u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05dc\u05e5  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4, \u05dc\u05db\u05da \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05dd.  \u05e8\u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4\n. \u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05dc\u201c\u05de\u05e0\u05db \u05e2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05e3  \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4\u2018  \u05e8 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4\n \u05d3\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05d4  \u05d5\u05d4\u05e1\u05ea\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e8\u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4,  \u05e9\u05e0"]
[-6.233121395111084, 7.852721214294434, "\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e7\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\n\u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1  \u05d4\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc  \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9  \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea\n\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea\n\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea  \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea- \u05e1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d784\n \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8  \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05e0\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d8\u05d5"]
[-6.2334394454956055, 7.853139877319336, " \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\n \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d2\u05e0\u05d5  \u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e7\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd\n\u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n\u05dc\u05e7\u05d3\u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4   \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e8\u05de\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\n \u05e0\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea- \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e0\u05d3\u05d4\u2018\u05d4\u05d0\u05d2\n \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05e9\u05da  \u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd\n \u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05db\u05dc"]
[-6.234515190124512, 7.853498935699463, " .\u05e2\u05de\u05dd \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd- \u05e1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5\u05d9\n \u2022 \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea  \u05e2\u05dd \u05e9\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05e9\u05d5,  \u05dc\u05e7\u05d3\u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4  \u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8  \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d4\n \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\n.\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd\n \u2022 \u05e9\u05dc"]
[-6.237180709838867, 7.854959011077881, "\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd\n \u2022 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9  \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e5\n \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9,  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\n \u05db\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7  \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d1\u05e6\u05e2  \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc \u2013 \u05de\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d2\u05d9\u05dd,  \u05d3\u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 ) \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05d0\u05ea  \u05de\u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e0\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3 \u05d1"]
[-6.234225273132324, 7.853715419769287, " \u05d0\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9  \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05d9 \u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d1\u05d3\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05da, \u05d1\u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4\n[\u05de\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05dc] \u05d4\u05e0\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05e4\u05e8  \u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05de\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n.\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05d5  \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\n \u05e1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dd\n \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd3 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d5\u05df \u05db\u05e4\u05d9, \u05db\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7\n \u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea "]
[-6.234589576721191, 7.8540167808532715, "\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d7\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0  \u05dc\u05d8\u05e4\u05dc  \u05d9\u05e9 \u05db\u05d9 \u05e0\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d6\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\n.\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05d1\u05dc \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05db\u05df\n \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9  \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4\u05e3  \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8  \u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d6\u05db\u05e8\u05d5  \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d1\u05d9  \u05d1\u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8  \u05de\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5\u05df  \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05e0\u05d2\u05e0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05e8,  \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1\n \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd  \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9- \u05d1"]
[-6.234437942504883, 7.854172229766846, "\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0\u05ea,  \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4\n2.\u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8  \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d1\u05d4  \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea,  \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05e1\u05d5\u05d1\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd.  \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05de\u05e9\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d0\n \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea[\u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea] \u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05e8 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1  \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05d6\u05df \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1 \u05e8\u05e7\n \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05df  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e0\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05dc \u05d0"]
[-6.233431816101074, 7.852873802185059, "\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9\u05ea  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d4  \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05df\n.\u05e9\u05db\u05d6\u05d0\u05ea  \u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05e9  \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d5\u05e0\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05e2\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd\n\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9- \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05e83 \u05e4\u05e2\u05e8\n \u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd  \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d3  \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d5\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\n \u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd,  \u05d5\u05d4"]
[-6.232568740844727, 7.852321147918701, "\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05ea \u05e6\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05d4\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea] .\u05e0\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea . . .  \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea\n[\u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9] \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3  \u05d6\u05d4[\u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5\n \u05db\u05dc. \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05e8  \u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05e0\u05db\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05ea \u2013  \u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dc \u05de\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4  \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc \u05db\u05de\u05e2\u05d8\n.\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05ea \u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de"]
[-6.233157157897949, 7.852522850036621, "\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d1\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea\n\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\n4 .\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5\u05e7\n5 .  \u05d5\u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7  \u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9  \u05d4\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\n\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd\n6 .  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e7\u05d3\u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4  \u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05ea  \u05e2\u05dd \u05e9\u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8  \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9\n\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de"]
[-6.2218756675720215, 7.841681003570557, "  \u05de\u05e0\u05e1\u05d7\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4,  \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc \u05e6\u05d5\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05db\u05d1\u05e8  \u05db\u05e4\u05d9, \u05d1\u05e4\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc\u05e0\u05d3\n \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05e4\u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3.  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\n \u05d0\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05d3 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e9\u05e8  \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7  \u05ea\u05d7\u05d6\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d3\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05ea\n2011-\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e9\u05db\u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d4,  \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4.  \u05db\u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d4  \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d0 \u05db\u05d9\n \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05df"]
[-6.23121452331543, 7.851390361785889, "2 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8 )\u05d1\u05ea\u05e2\u05d3\u05d5\u05e3  \u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05db\u05d4  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9  \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd,  \u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8  \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05e1 \u05db\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\n. \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05e8  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05de\u05e0\u05e1\u05d7\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4,  \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\n \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05e9\u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea- \u05ea\u05dc\u05ea \u05e4\u05d9\u05e1\u05e7\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1  \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\n \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.  \u05e9\u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea- \u05ea\u05dc\u05ea \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4  \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05df "]
[-6.2333903312683105, 7.853377342224121, "\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05dd  \u05db\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05dc\u05e9\u05de\u05e9  \u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\n. \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d5\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5  \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\n \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9  \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea\n \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05e8\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05e7\u05de\u05d4,  \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3.  \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05dc \u05d2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea\n \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05ea;  "]
[-6.231629371643066, 7.851107597351074, "\u05dc  \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9,  \u05d1\u05db\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05dc\u05d9  \u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05dd  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8  \u05e0\u05ea\u05e7\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5.  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd\n \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4  \u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5  \u05d0\u05da \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\n \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea.  \u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05da  \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e4"]
[-6.238925457000732, 7.858578205108643, "\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d756\n\u05d4\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05da  \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d9  \u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d0  \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8, \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4\n \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd(  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d8\u05d1 \u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 )\u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1 \u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05ea\n \u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05dd,  \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1. \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8  \u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05da, \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05dc\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d9\n, \u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd "]
[-6.231891632080078, 7.85174560546875, "006 ,\u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4  \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6)\n \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7  \u05e4\u05d9\u05e1\u05e7\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8  \u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d7\u05d5  \u05d1\u05d3\u05e0\u05de\u05e8\u05e7  \u05e9\u05db\u05d9\u05d4\u05e0\u05d5  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9, \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05ea\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\n \u05de\u05e2\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7  \u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05db\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05e1  \u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da.  \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05db\u05de\u05d5. \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea "]
[-6.23981237411499, 7.860249042510986, "\u05e1\u05db\u05dd.  \u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d5\u05e9\u05d5\u05e7\n \u05d1\u05e0\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea,  \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9  \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7  \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e0\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\n.\u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d8  \u05e9\u05dc \u05dc\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\n \u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea  \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e2\u05dc \u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5  \u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5  \u05d1\u05e4\u05e8\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d8  \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea,  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u201d\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05e8  \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d461 \u05d1\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e32\n .\u05d4\u05e6\u05d4\u05e8\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05de\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea,  \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d8  \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9"]
[-6.236032009124756, 7.8557257652282715, "\u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d42009  \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05d9  \u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05e1, \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d9  \u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9\n, \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e8\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4  \u05d5\u05d1\u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05ea\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8  \u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea,  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd25 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d4\n \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8  \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05e7\u05df \u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d2\u05d9, \u05d1\u05db\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9, \u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05de\u05dc\u05d0\nSingaporean Economic)  \u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d2\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea"]
[-6.235498428344727, 7.8549652099609375, "\u05e9\u05e8  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc \u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc  \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n.\u05e2\u05de\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3  \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\n \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d02006-\u05d52005 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d6\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05ea\n, \u05d1\u05d5\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d4.  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e9\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d5\u05e7-\u05d0\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9, \u05d0\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9, \u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7"]
[-6.232558250427246, 7.8520965576171875, "\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d5\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9  \u05d7\u05d6\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df  \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\n \u05e9\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05e0\u05d5  \u05de\u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea.  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d8\u05e4\u05d7  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05e9\u05d4  \u05db\u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d5  \u05e9\u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9  \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\n \u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df  \u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4 "]
[-6.2326226234436035, 7.852011203765869, "\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5  \u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d4\u05ea\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea\n.\u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e9  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8  \u05d4\u05d7\u05d6\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05e8\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8,  \u05e9\u05d1\u05d3\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\n \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05de\u05e6\u05d3 \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05de\u05e6\u05d3 \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4  \u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d5\n \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e8\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5"]
[-6.238543510437012, 7.856273174285889, "\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd.  \u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05df  \u05d5\u05e0\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8  \u05d1\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e0\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc.  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea\n.\u05d6\u05d4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8  \u05d5\u05e2\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05d0\u05ea  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e8\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea  \u05de\u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9\u05e9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05dc\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d6\u05d5\u05db\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4\n\u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05df  \u05e9\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3\u05dd  \u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d9\u05e9"]
[-6.234063625335693, 7.853303909301758, "\u05d5\u05d9\n.\u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05d2\u05e9\u05d5  \u05e2\u05d6\u05e8\n \u2022 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4.  \u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d9\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5  \u05dc\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1  \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05dc\u05db\u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d1\u05e2\u05ea \u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05d4\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3,  \u05d6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7  \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1  \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\n "]
[-6.233606815338135, 7.853204727172852, "\u05e8. \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4\n \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea  \u05d4\u05db\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4,  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\n \u05e9\u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5  \u05de\u05e0\u05d2\u05e0\u05d5\u05df  \u05d5\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9  \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05da  \u05d1\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n \u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9\u05dd\n.\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05e9\u05dc\n \u2022 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  "]
[-6.2337141036987305, 7.853189945220947, " \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e0\u05e7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4\n \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05ea\u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4  \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea\u05d4  \u05ea\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc\u05ea  \u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5 \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea\n \u05d5\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9\u05e9  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05dc\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05ea  \u05e9\u05ea\u05d6\u05db\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05df.  \u05d7\u05d6\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d4  "]
[-6.234196186065674, 7.853911399841309, "\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05e7\u05d4,  \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d8\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\nInstitute for Government, 2011; UK Prime Minister\u2019s Strategy Unit,) 2002-\u05d1 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8  \u05d8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc\n \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d4  \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1  \u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0, \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7"]
[-6.238113880157471, 7.85626745223999, "\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea\n \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05df \u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc  \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05e3 \u05e2\u05dc. \u05d1\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5  \u05dc\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d5\u05d4\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d4\u05e0\u05ea\n \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05de\u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d4\u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3  "]
[-6.233823299407959, 7.853091239929199, " \u05d4\u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05df  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9  \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea\u05d9  \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1  \u05d4\u05db\u05e0\u05ea  \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd\n, \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7  \u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05e2\u05ea  \u05e9\u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05ea\u05dd  \u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05db\u05df \u05d1\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05d5\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05df \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\n \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d8  \u05d4\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea\u05df  \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8  \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4\n \u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e0\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e0\u05de\u05e6\u05d0  \u05d9\u05e9. \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9"]
[-6.245527744293213, 7.866263389587402, "\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d2\u05e3  \u05db\u05e8\u05d2\u05e2, \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d4\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd  \u05e4\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc, \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05dc\n \u05dc\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8  \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05d4\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea  \u05de\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da  \u05e0\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3 \u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7\n \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc  \u05db\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d9\u05e9. \u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05d0\u05d2\u05e3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d7  \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05ea\u05e3  \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\n, \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3\u05ea,  \u05d4\u05d4\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05d4  \u05de\u05e1 \u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8"]
[-6.232448577880859, 7.851969242095947, "\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d4  \u05d1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d3\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05db\u05df \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea  \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea- \u05e1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d732\n \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e0\u05d3\u05d4\u2018\u05d4\u05d0\u05d2 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9\u05db\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e4\u05e2\u05de\u05d9-\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4  \u05dc\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da  \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05ea  \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4\n \u05e2\u05dc \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d4  \u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e82007 ,\u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d32010-2008 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea\n \u05d0\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0. \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5"]
[-6.234137535095215, 7.8538360595703125, "\u05e7\u05dc\n \u05d4\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05d9 \u05d7\u05e9\u05e9 \u05de\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05df  \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da  \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d2\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\n \u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5, \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd  \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8  \u05d4\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc  \u05d9\u05d6\u05db\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0, \u05e9\u05d5\u05d8\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4  \u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc  \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\n.\u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5"]
[-6.235428333282471, 7.854618072509766, "\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e7\u05d8\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05e7\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d4\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8  \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05dd(  \u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05dc  \u05d0\u05d5 )\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05e7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7. \u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05d2\u05e3 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05e9\u05e0\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2\n \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4,  \u05d5\u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d42009 \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea.  \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05d4\u05e7\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d2\u05dd \u05db\u05d5\u05dc"]
[-6.237427711486816, 7.855583667755127, " \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4\n, \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3.  \u05e2\u05de\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea\n \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05e3 \u05d1\u05d4 \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8  \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\n, \u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df. \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\n."]
[-6.233804225921631, 7.852919101715088, "  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2  \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dd \u05ea\u05e7\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd\n-\u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5  \u05de\u05d4\u05d4\u05d9\u05e9\u05d2  \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc \u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d6\u05e7\u05d5\u05e3  \u05d9\u05e9. \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05ea\n, \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd. \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05d4\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\n \u05e0\u05d9\u05db\u05e8\u05ea  \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05e2  \u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d6\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d0\u05d2\u05e3  \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea "]
[-6.235058307647705, 7.853800296783447, "\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7  \u05de\u201c\u05dc\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2  \u05db\u05de\u05d8\u05d4\n \u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9,  \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4  \u05e7\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8\u05ea\n \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05ea,  \u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05dd,  \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05e8  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df, \u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4\n \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0. \u05de\u201c\u05dc\u05e8\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9  \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05e2\u05e5 \u05de\u05db\u05d4\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9. \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea\n \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea  \u05e4"]
[-6.23514461517334, 7.854167938232422, "\u05e2\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05dc\u201c\u05de\u05e0\u05db. \u05e8\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u2018\u05d5\u05d4\u05e6 \u05d4\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9,  \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9  \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d6\u05e8  \u05e9\u05dc \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9  \u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7  \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d1\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9  \u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d5\u05e7-\u05d0\u05d3 \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9  \u05d9\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1 \u05d2\u05dd \u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4\n \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9  \u05db\u05dc \u05dc\u05d9\u201c\u05de\u05e0\u05db \u05d1\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd,  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9  \u05dc\u05d9\u201c\u05de\u05e0\u05db \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd\n.\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0\n \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da  \u05de\u201c\u05e8"]
[-6.238579273223877, 7.8557868003845215, "\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d6\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d9  \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d1\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7  \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d52011 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05ea\n \u05d5\u05e9\u05dc \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc\n \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05d43.1 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8.  \u05e2\u05de\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e6\u05d5  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e2\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d4\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea.  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc"]
[-6.231888294219971, 7.851432800292969, "\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9  \u05d4\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea. \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4\n \u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05ea\u05e8\u05d9\u05e1\u05e8  \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8,  \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8  \u05e2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3  \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd\n \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05d4  \u05e0\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4  \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9  \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df  \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8, \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4\n.\u05de\u05e9\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d419 "]
[-6.234132289886475, 7.8533759117126465, " \u05d1\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4,  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea.  \u05d1\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df  \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0  \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d4\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc ) \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4  \u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3\u05d4  \u05d9\u05e9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc,  \u05d1\u201c\u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4\n \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05da  \u05dc\u05db\u05df(, \u05d4\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05ea \u2013  \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc ) \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05e7\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05df( \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u2013  \n \u05d7\u05d6\u05e7\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05e6\u05e2\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea.  \u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d7\u05dc\u05e9 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d5\u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d1\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05dc"]
[-6.233021259307861, 7.852468013763428, " \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05e0\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5  \u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05d3  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d7\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05e1\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4  \u05e9\u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9  \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05dc\n \u05dc\u05d3\u05d1\u05d5\u05e7  \u05d1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea  \u05e4\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05d4\u05dd \u05ea\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d0\u05dd, \u05d1\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05ea  \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5 \u05e9\u05db\u05d1\u05e8  \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc  \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\n.\u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc "]
[-6.234253883361816, 7.853450775146484, "\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d9\n \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4  \u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd\u05dc\u05e9\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8  \u05db\u05d1\u05db\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u201c\u05e1\u05d4\n\u05de\u201c\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d36 7 13\n\u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d32 10 2 14\n\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd4 7 11\n\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd\u05d0  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc  \u05d2\u05d5\u05e4\u05d93b4 1 8\n\u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc3 3\n \u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\n\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3\u05d93 3\n\u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9  \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d6\u05e84 4\n\u05db\u201c\u05e1\u05d415 28 13 56\n .  :\u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d4\n \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea,  \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05db"]
[-6.236699104309082, 7.854974746704102, "\u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d3\n, \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05e2\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4  \u05e9\u05e9\u05dc\u05d8\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\n \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3, \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d7\u05d4  \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea  \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05df\n \u05d1\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9  \u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5  \u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05de\u05d4\n \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4  \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d1  \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05e8  \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7. \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2"]
[-6.2348952293396, 7.853895664215088, "\u05e9\u05e0\u05e7\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea  \u05de\u05db\u05da \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\n \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05de\u05d9  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d2\u05dd. \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05dc\u05d0\u05d4  \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d3\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8  \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05dc\u05de\u05d3\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd\n \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9. \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9  \u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05db\u05dc\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\n \u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc\u05ea  \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd,  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4 "]
[-6.234714508056641, 7.853609561920166, "\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4336  \u2018\u05e2\u05deMintzberg 1994)\n.\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05de\u05ea,  \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05da \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\n, \u05d1\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d7,  \u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05df,  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9  \u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05df\n \u05de\u05d0\u05e8\u05d1\u05e2  \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4  \u05db"]
[-6.234490871429443, 7.853573322296143, " .\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4\n \u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e1\u05de\u05da \u05e2\u05dc, \u05d9\u05ea\u05e8\u05d7\u05e9\u05d5  \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d9\u05e4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d1\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05db\u05dc  \u05e0\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\n \u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05e7\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8  \u05e0\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9,  \u05e6\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05df \u05e4\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05da\n \u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4  \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e8\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df  \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05ea  \u05d3\u05e8\u05da. \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e2\u05d3\u05df  \u05dc\u05e9\u05db\u05dc\u05dc  \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05e2\u05e8\u05d4\n \u05d5\u05df\u2018\u05d2 \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05e0\u05dc  \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d7  \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e7"]
[-6.234708309173584, 7.853581428527832, " \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3\n77 \u2018\u05e2\u05de )\u05d4\u05de\u05e0\u05d7\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05e9  \u05d1\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d7\u05d3\n \u05d5\u05d0\u05e3\u2018( \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea )\u2019 \u05d9\u05e2\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d8  \u05de\u05db\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05e9\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05ea\u05d9. \u05e9\u05d6\u05d5\u05d4\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8  \u05e2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4\n \u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d2  \u05e9\u05ea\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea\u05df  \u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05e8\u05ea  \u05e0\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n \u05de\u05d1"]
[-6.234883785247803, 7.853872776031494, "\u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d41\n \u05d5\u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05df  \u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05df,  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d6\u05d2 \u05e0\u05d4\u05d5\u05d2 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd.  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05d4\u05d7\u05e4\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8  \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05e8  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d3  \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8, \u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d4  \u05dc\u05dc\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05e8\u05dd  \u05e4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d8  \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\n.\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05dd \u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05dc\u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05df  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d5\u05d4\u05d4\u05e9\u05e7\u05d45.2 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\n\u05d4\u05d0"]
[-6.237884044647217, 7.8553056716918945, " \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05e0\u05d5,  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd\n \u2022 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd  \u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3  \u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \n.\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05df\n \u2022 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9  \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05d5\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9 \n.\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u05d4\u05d2\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5,  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05e7\u05d3  \u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8  \u05db\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e3\n \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9"]
[-6.232475280761719, 7.8519511222839355, "\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8  \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05e1\u05dd\n2011 \u05e7\u05d9\u05e5 \u05e9\u05dc1 .1 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\n\u05d4\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d4\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05e4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc,  \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05de\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\n \u05e2\u05de\u05d32010 \u05e2\u05d31985  \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d2\u201c\u05d1\u05ea\u05de \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc.  \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9  \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd  \u05de\u05e8\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd\n \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd  \u05e9\u05e0\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d5  \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9\u05dd2.9-\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4,  \u05d0\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9\u05dd4.4  \u05e2\u05dc \u05d1\u05de\u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05e2\n \u05d2\u201c\u05d1\u05ea\u05de \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05dcOECD-\u05d4 \u05d1"]
[-6.232385635375977, 7.85182523727417, "\u05e1\u05de\u05e0\u05db  \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea\n \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7;  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9  \u05d5\u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05df  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea,  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n \u05ea\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05dd  \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc, \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e0\u05e7\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea\n.\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05de\u05dd  \u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05dc\u05e2\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc\n7 .  \u05db\u05d3\u05d9, \u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d1\u05ea  \u05de"]
[-6.234055042266846, 7.853657245635986, "\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea\n.  \u05d4\u05e0\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05db\u05d4\u05d5\u05e0\u05ea\u05d4  \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4  \u05e1\u05e4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n1.\u05d4\u05e9\u05d2\u05d4  \u05d5\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d9\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d1\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05d1  \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df\n \u2022 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e0\u05e7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4  \u05e2\u05dc \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05e4\u05d9\u05d3  \u05d9\u05e9\n, \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05d9"]
[-6.235821723937988, 7.854241371154785, "\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea\n\u2022 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05de\u05da  \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2  \u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\n \u2022 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05d4\u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d4  \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9  \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7\n\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\n \u2022 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4  \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d4,  \u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05e2, \u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd,  \u05d1\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d6\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d9\n\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9  \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd\n\u2022 \u05d4\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05de\u05d1"]
[-6.2325286865234375, 7.851766586303711, " \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3.  \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05da \u05d1\u05de\u05d1\u05d8  \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\n \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d2 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05da.  \u05db\u05d6\u05d0\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea\n.\u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05d9\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea  \u05d8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05ea  \u05d0\u05e7\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea- \u05e1\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4  \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7xii\n\u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05ea  \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05de\u05d47 \u05e4\u05e2\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05df  \u05de\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9  \u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea6"]
[-6.23400354385376, 7.853097915649414, "\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d4\u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5\u05e7  \u05dc\u05d9\u05dd\u201c\u05e1\u05de\u05e0\u05db \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd  \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea6 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05e6\u05d4\n94 ............................................\u05d5\u05ea\u05db\u05e0\u05d5\u05df  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea,  \u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4\n95 ........\u05d7\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd  \u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d1\u05ea  \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4  \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea7 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05e6\u05d4\n98 .................................\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8  \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d4,  \u05d1\u05d1\u05e7"]
[-6.23071813583374, 7.851566791534424, "..................\u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u2013  \u05d4\u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05df  \u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9vii\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd  \u05ea\u05d5\u05db\u05df\niii ..........................................................................\u05d4\u05e7\u05d3\u05de\u05d4\nxi ...............................................................\u05d5\u05d8\u05d1\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd\nxiii ......................."]
[-6.240328788757324, 7.856671333312988, "\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8, \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8  \u05e2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3\n.\u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d9\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05e5 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\n, \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d0\u05e1\u05d8\u05e8\u05d8\u05d2\u05d9\u05ea  \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05de\u05ea  \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05ea  \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d1\u05d3\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05e6\u05d9\u05e8\u05ea  \u05e9\u05db\u05d6\u05d5 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4  \u05d5\u05dc\u05e0\u05d4\u05dc \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7  \u05d1\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0\u05df  \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea  \u05e0\u05d5\u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea  \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3\n \u05d1\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d5\u05db\u05df \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9  \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8  \u05d0\u05ea\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4\u05df  \u05e2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea  \u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea  "]
[-6.234662055969238, 7.853701591491699, "\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05df. \u05d1\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5  \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05d3  \u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05e0\u05d5  \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8  \u05de\u05e9\u05e8\u05d3  \u05dc\u201c\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05db \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d4  \u05d4\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea  \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d4\n \u05d1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea  \u05dc\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05da  \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9  \u05de\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7  \u05e8\u05d0\u05e0\u05d3 \u05ea\u05d0\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3  \u05d4\u05ea\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9,  \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05e8\n \u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05df  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df  \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0\u05d4  \u05ea\u05d5\u05da, \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc  \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd  \u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7, \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d8\u05d1\u05d9  \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df  \u05d6\u05d5\n \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9  \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05da  \u05db\u05d9 \u05dc\u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d4  \u05d4\u05d2\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5"]
[-0.3918246924877167, 14.388559341430664, "CORPORATION\nAnalysis to Support \nLouisiana\u2019s Flood Risk and Resilience Program and Application to the National Disaster Resilience Competition\nDavid G. Groves, Kenneth Kuhn, Jordan R. Fischbach, David R. Johnson, \nJames Syme\nPrepared for the State of"]
[-0.4273238182067871, 13.728991508483887, "rior RAND studies help ing the State of Louisiana \nmitigate flood risk including Fischbach et al. (2012) and Groves et al.  (2014).  \nOn January 21, 2016, HUD announced that it is awarding the state of Louisiana $92.3 million \nand the city of New Orl"]
[-0.33259204030036926, 14.524956703186035, "................................. ix\t\r \u00a0\n1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1\t\r \u00a0\n2. Methods..............................................."]
[-0.3102787435054779, 14.549172401428223, "...................................................................................... 28\t\r \u00a0\n  v Figures  and Tables  \nFigures \nFigure 1.1: Target Areas Considered for Nonstructural Investments  ............................................. 2\t\r \u00a0\nFi"]
[-0.3142241835594177, 14.546655654907227, "A.1: Costs and Structures Mitigated by Block Group, Low -Budget Levels ...................... 24\t\r \u00a0\nTable A.2: Costs and Structures Mitigated by Block Group, Medium-Budget Levels ................ 25\t\r \u00a0\nTable A.3: Costs and Structures Mitigated by B"]
[-0.3094788193702698, 14.549530982971191, "h, and $100 million in Plaquemines Parish. Structures would be elevated to a height of two feet above the local Base Flood Elevation and all areas would be eligible for project work (no filter applied) in this example project. Project work would \nbe "]
[-0.3765988051891327, 14.443999290466309, "tal Louisiana Risk Assessment model, are increasingly available and can be used to evaluate risks over a wide range of flood events. Planning organizations can then augment risk data with other metrics, such as income or repetitive loss data to ident"]
[-0.3449646830558777, 14.498464584350586, "eveloped and evaluated \u201cnonstructural projects\u201d for 56 regions. \nEach of these projects specified for each region the extent to which residential structures would need to be elevated, the extent of flood -proofing residential and commercial structure"]
[-0.3467003405094147, 14.521692276000977, "ges. A  version of the CLARA \nmodel that has been updated to support Louisiana\u2019s 2017 Coastal Master Plan analysis was used in this study (Fischbach et al., 2015). \nFigure 2.1 provides a high-level overview of the CLARA model. CLARA takes storm surge"]
[-0.32364094257354736, 14.534072875976562, " locations along the coast (called \u201cgrid points\u201d in CLARA). It can also aggregate the results to more commonly used geographic areas, such as U.S. Census block groups (Figure 2.2). \nFigure 2.2:Census Block Groups for Each Target Area\n \n 5 Formulation"]
[2.7647581100463867, 16.60636329650879, "he State.\n4 The cost of elevating a structure three to seven \nfeet is $82.50 per square foot. The cost of elevating a structure seven to ten feet is $86.25 per \nsquare foot. The cost of elevating a structure ten to 14 feet is $103.75 per square foot."]
[-0.3174813389778137, 14.54776382446289, "om HUD and FEMA, respectively. Figure 2.4 shows the geographic patterns of current 100-year flood depths (upper) and percentage of LMI properties (lower). Areas with relatively high flood depths are shaded red and areas with relatively low flood dept"]
[-0.30561119318008423, 14.534967422485352, "et of flo oding depth\u2014they must \nbe projected onto a common scale in order to combine them. The following equation is used to \nscale each component of the metric:6 \n Scaled value of a component =  \nScore at a grid point \u2013 Mean score across all grid p"]
[-0.3620358109474182, 14.464093208312988, "d damage. One approach uses current-\ncondition flood depths and a constant dollar estimate of damage reduction to estimate benefits. This is consistent with standard benefit-cost practice, using only a current snapshot of risk. However, the 2012 Coas"]
[-0.3180118799209595, 14.53790283203125, "y \nproviding a convenient and user-friendly way to review interim results. The figures shown in this report are static reproductions of some of the visualizations. Second, the tool provides others \nwith easy access to these results: A web link produc"]
[-0.3009816110134125, 14.566277503967285, "en Meadow structural flood protection system , which \nleads to low risk for much of the populated area in this parish under current flood depths , and (2) \nhigh projected flood depths in other areas that rule out elevating structure s. Note that this"]
[-0.3085601031780243, 14.553862571716309, "gated by U.S. Census block group for the \nhigh-budget proposed project. The shading represents the number of structures from 0 (white) to \n400 (dark green). The majority of the elevations are concentrated in two Census block groups in \nPlaquemines Pa"]
[-0.30955028533935547, 14.551608085632324, "nts of structures to be elevated when the project \ndefinition strategy focuses on the LMI metric alone, instead of the combined criterion that factors in LMI, cost-effectiveness, and flood depth. In Terrebonne Parish, defining the project based on LM"]
[-0.28597941994667053, 14.558582305908203, "ff speaks to the value in the composite criterion  \nused for the proposed project that focus es on LMI, current flood depths, and cost-effectiveness. \nIn Terrebonne Parish, all project variants perform well. Terrebonne Parish is exposed to \nsmall and"]
[-0.3181983232498169, 14.53514575958252, "me data inputs are treated as static although conditions will c ertainly change in the future. \nExamples include the use of  historical data on RL properties and LMI populations. \nNevertheless , this analysis  provides a step forward and enables the "]
[-0.3065381348133087, 14.553886413574219, "001  Plaquemines  $6,400,000  46 \n220750507002  Plaquemines  $3,000,000  21 \n220750507003  Plaquemines  $1,000,000  8 \n220750508001  Plaquemines  $100,000  1 \n220750508002  Plaquemines  $3,000,000  22 \nSum Plaquemines  $100,000,000  667 \n221090011002"]
[-0.3894215524196625, 14.42184066772461, " 305 \n221090012021  Terrebonne  $61,600,000  394 \n221090012022  Terrebonne  $80,000,000  506 \n221090012023  Terrebonne  $41,000,000  265 \n221090013001  Terrebonne  $61,500,000  417 \n221090013002  Terrebonne  $17,500,000  120 \n221090013003  Terrebonne"]
[-0.6759456992149353, 13.37089729309082, "ch Foundation, 2013, pp. 109 \u2013126.  \nNational Research Council, Informing Decisions in a Changing Climate, Panel on Strategies and \nMethods for Climate-Related Decision Support, Committee on the Human  Dimensions of \nClimate Change, Division of Behav"]
[13.853168487548828, 4.032699108123779, "Sponsored by the National Institute of Justice  The Role of Technology  \nin Improving K\u201312 School Safety\nHeather L. Schwartz, Rajeev Ramchand, Dionne Barnes-Proby, Sean Grant,  \nBrian A. Jackson, Kristin J. Leuschner, Mauri Matsuda, Jessica SaundersP"]
[11.020379066467285, 0.5943922400474548, ", the report presents the results of two rapid reviews of literature on school \nsafety and school safety technologies, the highest-priority technology needs that school practi -\ntioners identified in two day-long workshops and a pre-workshop question"]
[11.010688781738281, 0.5869298577308655, "............. xix\nCHAPTER ONE\nIntroduction  ..................................................................................................... 1\nPurpose of This Research  ............................................................................"]
[11.015534400939941, 0.5901523232460022, "al Media Monitoring, Visitor Entry, and Surveillance at the Glendale School District,  \nGlendale, California  ..................................................................................... 42\nAnonymous Bystander Tip Line in Colorado  ........."]
[11.035650253295898, 0.5999912023544312, "B.1. School Safety Technology Flow Diagram ..................................................... 101\n B.2. Number of Original Panel Needs Combined to Produce Final Combined Needs  ...... 106\nTables\n S.1. Twelve Categories of School Safety Technologie"]
[10.8672456741333, 0.4723855257034302, "of all forms of school violence. Because of their severity, these occurrences \nreceive most of the attention from the media and policymakers. It is the more commonplace types of violence, such as physical bullying, assault, threats, and weapon-carryi"]
[10.829858779907227, 0.44198155403137207, "fatalities among staff, students, or other individuals on school grounds in the \nUnited States\u2014less than 1 percent of youth homicides that occurred nationally during this \nperiod (Robers et al., 2014). The majority of schools do not experience violen"]
[10.823925018310547, 0.43659859895706177, "rcent) than white students (5.8 percent), with black males reporting the highest levels of victimization (10.1 percent), \nfollowed by Hispanic males (9.5 percent), Hispanic females (7.5 percent), black females (6.8 \npercent), white males (6.2 percent"]
[11.002946853637695, 0.5796232223510742, "logy are not. For most technologies, there is limited information about their prevalence. For all tech -\nnologies, evidence on effectiveness is severely limited or nonexistent. Many technologies are relatively new and are still being developed (e.g.,"]
[11.019977569580078, 0.5915058255195618, "tectors and X-ray  machinesHand-held and walkthrough metal detectors, X-ray machines  to scan book bags. often at entrance to school or as students exit school busesPrevents weapons from  being brought into schoolApproximately 5 out of 100 public sch"]
[11.016552925109863, 0.5899642705917358, "eved that metal detectors and X-ray machines increased students\u2019 \nnegative attitudes toward school and made schools seem too fortified and unwelcoming. The cost to adopt a given technology and how its adoption may drain resources for other aspects of"]
[11.02781867980957, 0.5983095169067383, "ation on school safety. Panelists saw this \nimproved access to information and guides as key to preventing, reducing, and responding to \nthe entire spectrum of school violence. Several other themes emerge from their ratings: \n\u2022 Direct two-way communi"]
[11.00561809539795, 0.5822339653968811, "fety initiatives brings only false security rather than effective solutions. Consequently, \nrigorous research designs such as randomized controlled trials are needed to instill trust \nin evaluation results about school safety technologies. \n\u2022 Measure"]
[11.001490592956543, 0.5792399048805237, "efore buying technologies, \nschools should make sure that the technology can be integrated with their current systems and upgraded in the future. This is particularly important for technologies that generate \ndata (e.g., tip lines, social media monit"]
[10.832743644714355, 0.4436655640602112, "e report itself at the conclu -\nsion of the project. We would also like to acknowledge the publishing contributions of \nPatricia Bedrosian for editing the report and Mary Wrazen for creating and helping design \nthe figures .xixAbbreviations\nCCSD Clar"]
[10.893799781799316, 0.4919901192188263, "lence can also have damaging effects on children\u2019s short- and long-term outcomes (Ttofi, Farrington, and \nL\u00f6sel , 2012). Beyond the immediate effects of such incidents, threats to students\u2019 safety and \nwell-being may undermine their ability to learn "]
[10.858628273010254, 0.4606989324092865, "owing tasks for this study:\n\u2022 developed a typology of school safety technologies based on the literature\n\u2022 summarized the available evidence about technology and the main forms of school  \nviolence\n\u2022 interviewed experts about their perceptions of the"]
[10.824975967407227, 0.4367360770702362, "rs to the absolute and relative size of \nthe school in terms of enrollment (total students, student to teacher ratio), source of funding (public versus private), and grade level (middle, high). School demographic composition  refers to \nthe represent"]
[10.82056999206543, 0.44250354170799255, "ks, or threats of physical attack. The incidence of any type of violence was 25 events per 1,000 students annually. These rates are likely to \nunderestimate the true prevalence and incidence of violence.\nEight percent of students reported being in a "]
[10.829573631286621, 0.44339683651924133, "t inherently implies that both law enforcement personnel and citizens have the \npotential to affect the outcome of the event based upon their responses (FBI, 2013, p. 4).Introduction    5\non school grounds (7 percent); the percentage of teachers  who"]
[10.824002265930176, 0.4377925992012024, "they had the greatest interaction with other, \nparticularly older, students. \n7. Rates of violence differ significantly among students. Just as there is variation by \nschool characteristics, there is variability in who is victimized and who perpetrat"]
[10.82164192199707, 0.4343729019165039, " correlated with perpetration and victimization (Horner, Rew, \nand Brown, 2012). Other factors that are less consistently related include academic \ninvolvement and achievement and family and peer factors. Often, these factors attenu -\nate some of the"]
[11.000102043151855, 0.577580988407135, "ved two reviewers), and the review did not involve querying listservs, making contacts \nwith authors, and going through reference lists of full-text reports to identify more potentially \neligible reports. Because of the short time frame of this revie"]
[10.998773574829102, 0.5764819383621216, "school safety technologies currently \nemployed in the United States. All types of reports (e.g., newspaper articles, magazine entries, reports of government legislation, nonpeer-reviewed reports, scientific journal articles) were \neligible. \nTechnolo"]
[11.037909507751465, 0.6131488084793091, "s (e.g., walkie-talkies, phones, emergency communication systems, radios)Allows students/staff to notify school office and law enforcement about incidents, unauthorized individuals, and dangers/risksSchool communication network that links classrooms,"]
[11.022544860839844, 0.5955410003662109, ", although potentially prevalent with smart phones\n10. Maps of school terrain and bus routes Geographic Information System (GIS)Helps emergency responders prepare for crisisSoftware used to plot school terrain and transit routes used for school purpo"]
[11.041443824768066, 0.6176972985267639, "choolyard supervisors, and bus  drivers with the front office or security staff, as well as with local law enforcement and fire departmentsIntercoms and two-way, hand-held radios are thought to be used extensively\n5. School-site alarm and protection "]
[11.022045135498047, 0.597289502620697, "nd barricades are standard, low-tech protection technolo -\ngies. However, electromagnetic locking systems, considered for use by some urban schools, can \nhave prohibitive expenses for many school districts (Gray, 2014). \nEvidence on outcomes.  No rig"]
[11.014244079589844, 0.5919108390808105, "hool safety. However, there is little \nconcern about identification technology causing harm or being unacceptable to students, staff, \nand communities. School leaders need to consider the physical layout of their schools and the risk of intrusion whe"]
[11.030848503112793, 0.6045600175857544, "on materials used include intercoms, walkie-talkies, \nemergency communication systems, radios, and phones (McLester, 2011). These devices are \nused to establish school communication networks that link classrooms, schoolyard supervisors, and bus drive"]
[11.003708839416504, 0.5797759890556335, " when activated.  \nPrevalence of use.  This review did not identify any estimates of the prevalence of school-\nsite alarm system technologies. However, local alarms use similar technology to fire alarms, which are extremely common in U.S. schools\u2014the"]
[11.026097297668457, 0.6006748676300049, " a month, whereas mass email messaging is likely to have minimal costs if existing school facilities are the email recipients.\nTechnology #7: Metal Detectors and X-Ray Machines\nWhat it is. Metal detectors and X-ray machines are used by school securit"]
[11.039069175720215, 0.6112983822822571, "low users to make \nanonymous posts. Signs, posters, and messages are typically delivered to students, families, and community members to inform them about the existence and purpose of these technologies. \nPhone hotlines or voicemail systems, anonymou"]
[11.02422046661377, 0.6009966731071472, "students who have smart phones with built-in track -\ning systems may save on costs. Bus-tracking may lead to more efficient and safer routes, which proponents have argued save schools costs on fuel and insurance.\nTechnology #10: GIS-Informed Maps of "]
[11.00941276550293, 0.5862462520599365, " pre-dictors of violence); the information is used to detect and predict possible future violent behav -\nior (Chandler, Levitt, and List, 2011). \nPrevalence of use.  Use of this type of technology is not very common, as the software \nand skills requi"]
[11.008312225341797, 0.585313618183136, "uipment), for most there is limited information about their prevalence. For all technologies, evidence on outcomes is limited or nonexistent. Many technologies are relatively new and are still being \ndeveloped (e.g., tracking systems, violence predic"]
[11.025999069213867, 0.5966912508010864, "es listed in Table 2.1. A total of 18 participants (82 percent) completed the urban \npre-panel online questionnaire, and 16 (80 percent) completed the suburban/rural pre-panel online questionnaire.\nOn the questionnaire, participants were asked to rat"]
[11.028133392333984, 0.6014218926429749, "searchers, with \nan additional researcher present to take notes. The panels were highly structured (details are presented in Appendix B).\nStakeholder Interviews\nOver the course of four months (January 2015 to May 2015), we invited 53 representatives "]
[11.022234916687012, 0.5942222476005554, "e greater manpower and infrastructure that panelists said was needed for effective video monitoring, which a larger school district could provide. Sub -\nurban/rural panelists, meanwhile, rated social media monitoring as very appropriate for both type"]
[11.027897834777832, 0.5986102223396301, "riate nor Inappropriate Technologies\nGPS tracking of students or buses 3.43 Metal detectors and X-ray machines 3.44\nViolence prediction technology 3.21Perceived Appropriateness and Barriers to Adoption of School Safety Technology    23\nof classroom d"]
[11.02109146118164, 0.5908750295639038, "as very appropriate \nfor addressing both severe (mean = 4.7) and frequent (mean = 4.7) forms of violence, whereas \nsuburban/rural panelists rated it as only somewhat appropriate for both forms (severe mean  \n= 4.3; frequent mean = 4.2). Discussions i"]
[11.031781196594238, 0.6025597453117371, "o be able to directly contact emergency responders rather than have to report to central office staff who, in turn, contact emergency responders. Those who disagreed \nstressed the possibility of teachers making false emergency calls to 911, potential"]
[11.017683982849121, 0.5905650854110718, " have cell \nphones and . . . pictures, photos, video gets out into the public immediately.\u201d Another men -\ntioned the need for accurate contact information for parents, because \u201cthere are some districts \nwhere many parents don\u2019t have access to compute"]
[11.03120231628418, 0.6013935208320618, "hat use Internet-based tips, one panelist talked about the \nneed to be able to \u201crapidly track IP addresses to identify the source of tips.\u201d A frequently men -\ntioned theme was that tip lines need to be multimodal in the sense that they have the capac"]
[11.02924919128418, 0.6001991629600525, "erceived Appropriateness and Barriers to Adoption of School Safety Technology    27\nmore frequent forms of violence (urban mean = 3.4; suburban/rural mean = 3.4). Although \ninfrequently mentioned, panelists described GIS-informed maps of school terra"]
[11.023053169250488, 0.5946794152259827, "t told us: \u201c[I]t is hard \nto track cyberbullying, because much happens outside the school so tools around this would \nbe useful.\u201d \nPanelists also expressed doubt about effective monitoring because of the sheer number \nof social media platforms and th"]
[11.037871360778809, 0.6071143746376038, "d when mentioned during the expert panel, panelists \nraised significant concerns about privacy, lack of legal clarity regarding the technology\u2019s juris -\ndiction (e.g., whether or not the video footage is protected by the Family Educational Rights \nan"]
[11.037712097167969, 0.6073030233383179, "d fear. She summarized: \u201cI cringe when it comes down to tech versions of security.\u201d Similarly, a \nresearcher we interviewed talked about the mixed message safety technology can send: \u201cWe \nwant you to be a part of the community but we don\u2019t trust you."]
[11.028660774230957, 0.5997725129127502, "hnologies can promote \nthe opposite. During the expert panel, one panelist remarked: \u201cThere is a strong psychological \neffect in making people [students, parents, teachers] feel safe.\u201d Metal detectors, for example, are a visible way that some school "]
[11.024364471435547, 0.6001974940299988, " half of \nthe stakeholders we interviewed cited cost issues and specifically how investing in technology reduced other resources that they felt were more important. A researcher we interviewed stated \nthe following, which is representative of what se"]
[11.029460906982422, 0.6013098955154419, "nication technology and school-site alarms, concerns \nabout the cost of adopting emergency alert systems were raised by 39 percent of suburban/ \nrural panelists, and 33 percent were concerned about the risk of false identification of \nthe perpetrator"]
[11.012155532836914, 0.5873711705207825, "essment looking at costs and staff capacity in order to implement [tech] efficiently. \nCan they afford staff and the upkeep of these techs? That has to be done in a very thoughtful manner at the district level.\u201d \nConclusions\nOne of our key findings f"]
[11.009312629699707, 0.5846599340438843, "opriate for schools and barriers to adopt, in the next chapter we present six case studies that describe how school districts themselves have adopted technol -\nogy in an effort to keep their students safe. 35CHAPTER FOUR\nUsing Innovative Technology t"]
[11.030755996704102, 0.6035373210906982, "e selected seven potential locations, which we selected for geographic diversity and for \nuse of a diverse set of technologies from the types that the expert panel had described as very 36    The Role of Technology in Improving K\u201312 School Safety\napp"]
[11.043086051940918, 0.6190677881240845, "the technology in the wake of the Sandy Hook Ele-\nmentary School shooting in December 2012. In addition, the NPD rated Skyview as \u201cthe most unsafe school\u201d in Nampa because of the multiple points of entry into the school. Another con -\ncern at the sch"]
[11.05656909942627, 0.631104052066803, "e badges, the program has been viewed as a success. According to those we inter -\nviewed for this case study, administrators, teachers, parents, and students generally like the system, and some have said that they would not want to be at a school tha"]
[11.052441596984863, 0.6288623213768005, "respond to or investigate offenses occurring on district property. \nAlert/Alarm System\nThree schools in the CCSD\u2014Desert Oasis High School, Jack Lund Schofield Middle School, and Stuckey Elementary School\u2014have implemented a security alarm system known"]
[11.06482219696045, 0.6502599716186523, "ow how to use it. Despite these limitations, practitioners recom -\nmended this system given its potential to assist in emergency situations.\nVideo Surveillance\nThe CCSDPD Security Systems division includes a network of over 12,400 cameras installed \n"]
[11.05468463897705, 0.6314069628715515, "screens in the event of an emergency. Initial costs were quite high and were covered through a $100,000 grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which covered the cost of set -\nting up the secure data servers and providing receivers/conver"]
[11.03921890258789, 0.6123888492584229, " technologies.\nIn the 2001\u20132 school year, the district experienced a series of unsubstantiated bomb \nthreats, many of which were written on walls on school property. Initially, the standard emer -\ngency response procedures were to evacuate the buildi"]
[11.05123519897461, 0.6265740990638733, "e monitoring doors can notify all relevant per -\nsonnel within the school of a door that is open and should not be, and the nearest person can \ninvestigate. The walkie-talkies have an \u201call school\u201d setting by which anyone carrying them can \nbroadcast "]
[11.049490928649902, 0.6251728534698486, "r the existing panic buttons located in multiple locations in each school building; those alerts might \ntake 30 to 90 seconds before reaching the Londonderry police dispatch. Representatives from \nCOPsync911 informed us that the cost differs by schoo"]
[11.039973258972168, 0.6146547794342041, "a Crescenta), with nearly \n27,000 students across 21 elementary schools, four middle schools, and six high schools. The school district was motivated to adopt school safety technologies by a range of factors, includ -\ning national, high-profile incid"]
[11.049569129943848, 0.6208856701850891, "ontact at individual school sites (typically an assistant principal) to find out how the school administrator chose to deal with the particular student. If needed, \nthe school will ask Geo Listening to gather additional information.  \nAlthough initia"]
[11.04813003540039, 0.6190528869628906, "students about the use of Geo Listening. Transparency is particularly important because some may perceive Geo Listening as an invasion of privacy, a feeling that might be magnified if districts implement the system without informing the community. Th"]
[11.04454231262207, 0.6179420351982117, " practices and to educate them (through letters, phone calls, text messages) on such \nissues as ensuring acceptable IDs so that parents are knowledgeable about how to access the \nschool. As with Geo Listening, gaining community buy-in is essential. \n"]
[11.04357624053955, 0.6147679686546326, " a hotline implemented after the Columbine shootings was underused and less than effec -\ntive. Safe2Tell\u2019s core competency is giving a bystander a reporting tool, allowing people who know of concerning or dangerous situations to report them; traditio"]
[11.041680335998535, 0.6091415882110596, "Information Services security policy, and the Health Insurance \nPortability and Accountability Act, and encrypted to ensure anonymity. Attachments such \nas photographs, videos, social media posts, and other pieces of evidence can be uploaded by \nrepo"]
[11.038150787353516, 0.6109281778335571, "culture to a positive climate in which students care for and look out for one \nanother and that trusting relationships between staff and students have been established. By \nimplementing a consistent marketing strategy across Colorado, Safe2Tell educa"]
[11.056014060974121, 0.6329659223556519, "uired to make the program work. These issues can be 48    The Role of Technology in Improving K\u201312 School Safety\novercome by the use of technology and online tools to provide toolkits for classrooms, webinars \nfor trainings, and marketing materials a"]
[11.045413970947266, 0.6188442707061768, "ans \nprovide lessons that are widely applicable to the range of small to large school districts. \n1 The number of unarmed security guards per school facility depends on a number of factors. School administrators have \nsome discretion to convert one f"]
[11.067927360534668, 0.6393499970436096, "estee wears. Informa -\ntion is thus easily scanned and uploaded for jail staff.\nInternet Security.  Given that the Miami-Dade Schools police work with minors, secur -\ning police Internet transmissions was of paramount importance. For this reason, the"]
[11.025171279907227, 0.6034493446350098, "tty theft Disorderly conduct Burglary Vehicle burglary Arson Aggravated battery Aggravated assault \n2013\u201314 \n2012\u201313 \nNumber of incidentsUsing Innovative Technology to Enhance School Safety in Practice    51\ninformation to, say, determine where to en"]
[11.049440383911133, 0.623765766620636, " wanted to access live video feeds to enable them to respond to calls in a safer and more efficient manner. As a result, the police \ndepartment worked for a year and a half to create a system by which all school surveillance \ncameras across the distr"]
[11.055517196655273, 0.6343345642089844, "onitoring of CompStat data, the police department noted \nthis difference and, by investigating the cause, determined that discrepancies largely resulted from how schools measure incidents (e.g., a school may include in its SESIR an incident that \nres"]
[11.022236824035645, 0.5974000096321106, "gram.\nConclusions\nIn Chapters Two through Four, we presented an overview of technologies that exist for pro -\nmoting school safety, key stakeholders\u2019 perspectives of these technologies, and case studies \nabout how schools are using these technologies"]
[11.031275749206543, 0.5981729626655579, "of the three sets of concerns (see Tables 3.2 and 3.3 in Chapter Three)\n\u2022 needs for those technologies that questionnaire results indicated were neither appropriate \nnor inappropriate technologies for each of the three sets of concerns (see Tables 3."]
[11.123734474182129, 0.6278186440467834, "we combined the needs are shown in Table 5.1. Details are presented in Appendix B.\nNext, the research team used the original 199-item ranking data provided by the pan -\nelists to identify the highest-priority technology and related needs out of the r"]
[11.036483764648438, 0.6054966449737549, "police officer body cameras with live feed capability\nCreation of model policy for body-worn cameras for \nboth SROs and outside police\nDrone surveillance of school grounds or at school  eventsAutomated drone surveillance of school grounds\nDrones for "]
[11.043632507324219, 0.6034204959869385, "icates both the high salience \nof and degree of consensus about the importance of a given technology need across a range \nof school types because it means that all four panels of experts independently identified the given technology need through thei"]
[11.035844802856445, 0.5993791222572327, ") 1\nEarly warning student tracking systems 1\nMultimodal tip line that centralizes and compiles tips from various sources and in various forms (video, text, images)1\nPlatform for sharing school safety best practices (regional and national) 1\nQuick and"]
[11.039277076721191, 0.6034746766090393, "ack of training as a common barrier to the faithful implementation of school safety plans. Given the high rates of turnover \nin some categories of school-based staff\u2014especially among school support staff, such as teach -\ners\u2019 aides\u2014the online deliver"]
[11.037006378173828, 0.600275993347168, "Related Needs to Improve School Safety     61\nthe mapping of school grounds to allow emergency responders to quickly isolate and access \nparts of a campus where the emergency occurs. Both tap into the theme of better connecting \nschools to emergency "]
[11.042383193969727, 0.610920786857605, "imilar themes of how to obtain economies of scale in tip line monitoring and how to better \npool information to more efficiently weed out false alarms and identify problem instances or \npersons who may be on another agency\u2019s radar before a given scho"]
[11.0364351272583, 0.6004291772842407, "ral \npanels ranked highly: better ways to engage, train, and inform parents in particular and other \ncommunity members more generally. Picking up on the often repeated theme that \u201cproblems start at home,\u201d panelists looked for engaging new ways to edu"]
[11.036651611328125, 0.6031174659729004, "nment 1\nPlatform for sharing customized school safety best-practices (local) 1\nAbility to collect incident details on tip lines 1\nCameras in school hot spots 1\nInteractive code-of-conduct technology (software, simulations, video games, virtual realit"]
[11.036922454833984, 0.6027026176452637, "esults, respectively. \nTechnology and Related Needs That Both Urban and Suburban/Rural Panels Ranked Highly\nWhen asked to consider which needs to invest in across the whole spectrum of a school\u2019s needs, experts again ranked two-way communication betw"]
[11.085680961608887, 0.6410233378410339, "eeds were also rated as Tier 2 by one panel in prior ranking exercises. \nTable 5.7\nTier 2 Technology and Related Needs Identified out of All School Safety Needs \nCombined Technology or Related NeedNumber of Panels That Identified \nthe Improvement Wit"]
[11.037506103515625, 0.6034954786300659, "chool \nViolenceTier When Ranked \nAcross All Identified \nNeeds\nCombined Technology or Related Need UrbanSuburban/\nRural UrbanSuburban/\nRural UrbanSuburban/\nRural\nDirect two-way communication between \nteachers and law enforcement1 1 1 1\nAll-in-one appl"]
[11.032938957214355, 0.5981231331825256, "bined Technology or Related Need UrbanSuburban/\nRural UrbanSuburban/\nRural UrbanSuburban/\nRural\nVirtual counselors for students 1\nVirtual training simulations for students \nand staff about school safety1\nOnline platform for communicating with parents"]
[11.039220809936523, 0.6073227524757385, "ce be able to contact 911, and (b) two-way communication abilities are critical (rather than, say, only panic buttons) so that \nemergency responders can gather information during the emergency about the location, \nevents, and condition of victims. \n\u2022"]
[10.977957725524902, 0.5583351850509644, "ategories of school safety technologies, and is there evidence of their effectiveness? \n3. What do experts think are the most important improvements that can be made to \ntechnologies to address the most severe and the most frequent forms of school vi"]
[11.01252269744873, 0.5854388475418091, " safety plans and policies must be customized to the individual school, but our \nstudy revealed some commonalities among safety experts about schools. The first is the impor -\ntance of the length of emergency response time to the school for the unfor"]
[11.038939476013184, 0.6067613959312439, "nate Emergency Plans and Procedures from One Place, \nImprove Tip Lines, and Reduce Human Error/Improve Accountability\nWhen asked to rank the most important technology needs to prevent, reduce, and respond \nto school violence of various forms, a consi"]
[11.02564811706543, 0.5972006320953369, "re for an all-in-one place where staff could go to access school policies, protocols for what to do when behaviors are observed or when events occur, legal forms, engag -\ning online training modules customized to different school staff types, and sug"]
[11.015047073364258, 0.589809238910675, "in their classrooms, and the lack of manpower \nto investigate tips, alleged bullying, or other reported threats. Through our discussion with the \nexperts, it became clear that technologies are often not implemented as intended, and, there-fore, they "]
[11.01582145690918, 0.5900399088859558, " -\nceptions of safety are needed to instill trust in evaluation results about school safety tech -\nnologies. \n\u2022 Given implementation challenges, researchers should include in their research design \nmeasures of proximal outcomes (adherence to protocol"]
[11.017011642456055, 0.5915482640266418, "well-being of students \nand staff, and physical alterations to the facilities and campus if needed to improve safety. \n\u2022 Schools must remember that not only can technology fail in certain instances, but, more \nimportantly, experts stressed repeatedly"]
[11.01081657409668, 0.5863194465637207, "ity emergency responders (e.g., police, fire, medical services). A security assessment examines a wide range of factors, including the physical features of the school grounds and \nbuilding, preparation for weather-related threats, threats from the st"]
[10.870461463928223, 0.4724007844924927, "nd ethically, schools need to \nconsider whether and how particular technologies could feasibly be adopted and used to suc -\ncessfully address the specific issues related to student safety for which solutions are needed. \nUnderstanding how these techn"]
[10.83437728881836, 0.44541114568710327, "ugh fatal and serious violence at schools generates the most media attention, such inci -\ndents are rare. According to the School Associated Violent Death study, between July 1, 2010, 80    The Role of Technology in Improving K\u201312 School Safety\nand J"]
[10.827242851257324, 0.4393133521080017, " than 20 percent of schools experience episodes of fatal or serious violence, most \nschools experience some type of violence during the school year. According to the SSCS, in the \n2009\u201310 school year, 74 percent of public schools recorded at least on"]
[10.789714813232422, 0.42262744903564453, " during the same time frame, 15 percent of students were electronically bul -\nlied through email, instant messaging, chat rooms, websites, or texting (Kann et al., 2014). The Table A.1\nCharacteristics of Active Shooting Incidents in K\u201312 Schools in t"]
[10.844019889831543, 0.46470344066619873, "nomic condi -\ntions, drug markets, law enforcement practices, and school policies and environments as well as increases in programs geared toward violence prevention (Brener et al., 1999).\nThere are a few notable exceptions to the overall decline in "]
[10.828951835632324, 0.44203266501426697, "ence rates across middle and high schools, indicates that although a comparable proportion  \nof middle and high schools experience violence, such events occur more frequently in middle schools. \nEnrollment Size\nThe prevalence of all forms of violence"]
[10.846797943115234, 0.4550606608390808, "ver 20 percent of schools located in cities experienced an event involving serious violence, followed by over 15 percent of schools in suburbs and towns and 13 percent of schools in rural \nareas. Incidence of violence, as reported to administrators, "]
[10.824041366577148, 0.4366743564605713, "es to, the \ncausal effects of urbanicity on school violence, see Maume, Kim-Godwin, and Clements, 2010; Veliz and Shakib, 2012; \nand Klein and Cornell, 2010.An Overview of Violence in U.S. K\u201312 Schools Today    85\nchuk, 2007) and self-reported weapon"]
[10.826884269714355, 0.4384048879146576, "The definition we apply in this report refers primarily to school-level norms and \ninteractions, encompassing a range of positive indicators (e.g., parent and community involve-ment; average levels of students\u2019 self-reported attachment to their schoo"]
[10.819151878356934, 0.4343266785144806, "atings of students\u2019 college-going expectations (Maume, Kim-Godwin,and Clements, 2010) and athletic and math participation (Veliz and Shakib, 2012) are associated \nwith lower rates of school violence.\nFamilial and Community Factors\nAlthough parental i"]
[10.794865608215332, 0.42171576619148254, "eir own reports, \nmales are also more likely than females to carry weapons to school (8 versus 3 percent) and to \nfight at school (10.7 versus 6 percent; Kann et al., 2014). \nAge\nStudents ages 12\u201314 experience greater rates of violent victimization t"]
[10.808374404907227, 0.42427489161491394, " school property were greater among youth who had experienced any or exclusively same-sex contact. Similarly, a median of  \n16 percent of gay and lesbian youth, 13 percent of bisexual youth, and 10 percent of youth who were unsure of their sexual ide"]
[10.820324897766113, 0.4335326552391052, "ed or injured at school (Zhang and Johnson, 2005). \nMental Health\nMental health symptoms are also positively associated with perpetration of violence at school. Students reporting high levels of stress (Horner, Rew, and Brown, 2012), symptoms of \ndep"]
[10.809112548828125, 0.424943745136261, ".90    The Role of Technology in Improving K\u201312 School Safety\n2002). Impulsivity and low self-control were associated with being victimized at schools in two \nstudies (Augustine et al., 2002; Tillyer, Fisher, and Wilcox, 2011), but another study foun"]
[10.776545524597168, 0.39893773198127747, "rying. Other studies have found that weapon victimization (Muula, Rudatsikira, and Siziya, 2008; Watkins, 2008), property victimization (Muula, Rudatsikira, \nand Siziya, 2008), violent victimization (Kodjo, Auinger, and Ryan, 2003; Muula, Rudatsikira"]
[10.807693481445312, 0.42358386516571045, " (Burrow and Apel, 2008) or residing in a two-parent household both appear to \nbe unrelated to victimization (Burrow and Apel, 2008; Peguero and Jiang, 2014; Vogel and Barton, 2013; Watkins, 2008). \nQualitative aspects of family functioning seem to b"]
[10.773599624633789, 0.4050658643245697, " the direct report of their peers themselves, these results should \nbe interpreted somewhat cautiously. \nPeer attachment has been found to reduce the likelihood of victimization (Tillyer, Fisher, \nand Wilcox, 2011). In one study, however, positive pe"]
[10.839366912841797, 0.44893214106559753, "ith behavioral issues. On the other hand, \nteachers assigned to smaller numbers of students were at lower risk (Gerberich et al., 2014). \nConclusion\nTo summarize, violence in U.S. schools is not uncommon; however, as one of our interviewees \ncommente"]
[10.864752769470215, 0.4669465720653534, "these constraints, we made every attempt to scan and identify literature on studies of school-level violence and individual-level perpetration of \nor victimization by violence at schools.\nSearch Strategy\nWe developed a systematic search strategy for "]
[10.836051940917969, 0.4447791576385498, " school-level violence or individual- level perpetration or victimization of violent behaviors occurring in school settings (question 2).  \nOnce these studies were categorized, we further extracted from them data along several dimen -\nsions and catal"]
[10.827842712402344, 0.4390775263309479, ".S. Centers for Disease ControlRepresentative samples of 9th\u201312th-grade students at national, state, and large urban levels5\nNational Longitudinal  Study of Adolescent to  Adult HealthStudent-reported weapon-carryingUniversity of North CarolinaNation"]
[10.904914855957031, 0.49946147203445435, "ey sources identi -\nfied by the project team and client representatives were also examined. No other information sources were searched. \nSelection Criteria\nTo be eligible for this rapid review, retrieved citations must have discussed school safety te"]
[10.875418663024902, 0.474824994802475, "g fights on school playgrounds at nights or on weekends).\nA priori examples of ineligible forms of violence include:\n\u2022 all forms of self-harm, such as suicide, cutting, or eating disorders, even when that self-\nharm occurs at school\n\u2022 verbal abuse th"]
[11.005372047424316, 0.5812878608703613, "n real-world applications\n\u2022 information about the prevalence or use of the technology\n\u2022 information about the cost associated with using the technology\n\u2022 information about the acceptability of the technology to various stakeholders (e.g., stu -\ndents"]
[11.05228328704834, 0.630486249923706, "er \ngroups. See Table B.2 for a breakdown of our recruitment efforts. \nTo protect confidentiality, we do not name the individuals or their organizations, but \nthey came from county offices of education, associations of school principals, universities"]
[11.036283493041992, 0.606689453125, "nt analysis. Subthemes were then highlighted to another color for easier text analysis and \nvalidation, and a new bivariate was created for each theme and a \u201c1\u201d was assigned to each quote \nto indicate that a specific theme was mentioned within a spec"]
[11.025668144226074, 0.5986852645874023, "ve, somewhat ineffective, neither effective nor ineffective, somewhat effective, very effective, and don\u2019t know.104    The Role of Technology in Improving K\u201312 School Safety\nParticipants were also asked to describe the most likely harms, if any, asso"]
[11.025672912597656, 0.5964550971984863, "-\ngies were appropriate for addressing the form of violence being discussed, and then they were asked to describe the most important improvements that could be made to these technologies to make them even more appropriate for addressing that form of "]
[14.69509506225586, 1.7509490251541138, "here were four subpanels: two working groups representing urban schools and school districts on Day 1 and \ntwo working groups representing suburban/rural schools and school districts on Day 2. This \nresulted in 12 sets of ratings. Across Phases 1 and"]
[14.721406936645508, 1.7420504093170166, "ng the panels\u2019 priorities, given that different numbers of needs were combined \nduring the simplification process (Figure B.2). \nOur approach also had to account for the different lists of needs identified by each working group (which varied in numbe"]
[14.724939346313477, 1.7181559801101685, "e need received: To have a measure that was \ntruly independent of the number of original needs that were combined during our sim -\nplification process of creating combined needs, we added the normalized scores for each \ncombined need and divided that"]
[11.001709938049316, 0.5787283778190613, "ocalities with media coverage about innovative use of school safety technology \nusing such keywords as \u201cschool safety,\u201d \u201cschool violence,\u201d and \u201ctechnology.\u201d These two meth -\nods yielded a total of 18 candidate locations for our case studies. From thi"]
[13.769716262817383, 3.916839122772217, "cilSean Burke, President, School Safety Advocacy Council\nMo Canady, Executive Director, National Association of School Resource OfficersMo Canady, Executive Director, National Association of School Resource Officers\nJadine Chou, Chief Safety and Secu"]
[11.076857566833496, 0.6284869909286499, "e2Tell\nNancy Ritter, Writer/Editor, National Institute \nof Justice, Office of Communications\nSteve Schuetz, Physical Scientist, Information \nTechnologies, National Institute of Justice, \nResearch Division\nEmily Tanner-Smith, Research Assistant \nProfe"]
[11.05598258972168, 0.6170251369476318, "plete List of Panel Rankings of Combined Technology and Related Needs\nCombined Technology ImprovementIdentified InTier with Respect to \nthe Most Severe  \nForms of School \nViolenceTier with Respect to \nthe Most Frequent \nForms of School \nViolenceTier "]
[11.030999183654785, 0.5969907641410828, "s on school safety 3 Urban, suburban/\nrural1 1 3 3 3 3\nClearinghouse of information about funding available to purchase school safety products1 Urban 3 3 3 3 3 3\nConversion of voice tips into text for easier triage and tracking on tip lines3 Urban, s"]
[11.028407096862793, 0.5948169231414795, " scanning and retrieval of electronic archived information2 Urban, suburban/\nrural3 3 3 3 3 3\nEasier-to-use ID technology 1 Urban 3 3 3 3 3 3\nEasier, faster identification of IP address of social media user 1 Urban 3 3 3 3 3 3\nEducational materials ("]
[11.030033111572266, 0.5958101749420166, "and retrieval of electronic archived information2 Urban, suburban/\nrural3 3 3 3 3 3\nEasier-to-use ID technology 1 Urban 3 3 3 3 3 3\nEasier, faster identification of IP address of social media user 1 Urban 3 3 3 3 3 3\nEducational materials (e.g., TED "]
[11.031670570373535, 0.597285270690918, "t school safety2 Urban, suburban/\nrural3 3 2 2 3 3\nPublic announcement (PA) system available to CCTV staff to intervene immediately1 Suburban/rural 3 3 3 3 3 3\nPeer-led tip line for less serious school safety threats 1 Suburban/rural 3 3 3 3 3 3\nPlat"]
[10.97713565826416, 0.5537065863609314, "gement system 3 Urban, suburban/\nrural3 3 3 3 3 3\nTechnology to monitor and alter students\u2019 classroom assignments to minimize conflicts between students1 Urban 3 3 3 3 3 3\nTraining for educators about student profiling 1 Urban 3 3 3 3 3 3\nUse of data"]
[10.812568664550781, 0.42685067653656006, " Victims  17(2): 233\u2013253.\nBachman, R., A. Randolph, and B. L. Brown, (2011). \u201cPredicting Perceptions of Fear at School and Going to and from School for African American and White Students: The Effects of School Security Measures.\u201d Youth & Society  43"]
[10.835376739501953, 0.4438028931617737, "40. DeNisco, Alison, \u201cEnhancing Visitor Management After Sandy Hook\u201d (2013). District Administration   \n49(5): 16.DeVoe, J. F., L. Bauer, and M. R. Hill (2011). Student Victimization in US Schools: Results from the 2009 \nSchool Crime Supplement to th"]
[10.803091049194336, 0.4181695282459259, "cators.\u201d Annals of Epidemiology  24(5): 325\u2013332.References    123\nGladden, R. M., A. M. Vivolo-Kantor, M. E. Hamburger, and C. D. Lumpkin (2014). Bullying Surveillance \nAmong Youths: Uniform Definitions for Public Health and Recommended Data Elements"]
[10.85493278503418, 0.46080732345581055, "and Automotive Mechanics Conference, Proceedings . Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer \nSociety: 127\u2013132\n\u201cImproving Classroom Attendance\u201d (2014). Security Management  58(8): 75.\nIngersoll, R. M. (2001). \u201cTeacher Turnover and Teacher Shortages: An Org"]
[10.832951545715332, 0.44321388006210327, "win, and C. M.  Clements (2010). \u201cRacial Tensions and School Crime.\u201d Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice  26(3): 339\u2013358.\nMcLester, S. (2011). \u201cDesigning Safe Facilities.\u201d District Administration 47(8): 71\u201378.\nMiami-Dade Police Department (undat"]
[10.839040756225586, 0.4475201964378357, "eguero, A. A., and X. Jiang (2014). \u201cSocial Control Across Immigrant Generations: Adolescent Violence at \nSchool and Examining the Immigrant Paradox.\u201d Journal of Criminal Justice 42(3): 276\u2013287.\nPerumean-Chaney, S. E., and L. M. Sutton (2013). \u201cStude"]
[10.833548545837402, 0.4432905912399292, "or-cobb-county-schools\nSprague, J. (2007). Creating Schoolwide Prevention and Intervention Strategies . The Hamilton Fish Institute on \nSchool and Community Violence and Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory.Stroud, S. (2009). \u201cFight Fire with Fi"]
[10.81423282623291, 0.4274388551712036, "ossession.\u201d Justice \nQuarterly  18(3): 509\u2013541.\nWilcox, P., D. C. May, and S. D. Roberts (2006). \u201cStudent Weapon Possession and the \u2018Fear And Victimization Hypothesis\u2019: Unraveling the Temporal Order.\u201d Justice Quarterly  23(4): 502\u2013529.\nWilson, D. B.,"]
[1.8093585968017578, 19.393831253051758, "Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis \nof Proposed California Oil and Gas Refinery Regulations\nDaniel Gonzales, Timothy R. Gulden, Aaron Strong, William HoyleLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protect"]
[1.820683479309082, 19.410003662109375, "d regula -\ntion, the regulation could provide safety and health benefits to the public in nearby \ncommunities and might provide other economic benefits. We examined these poten -\ntial benefits in this study. This report explains the proposed regulati"]
[1.8149008750915527, 19.400665283203125, ".... 1\nBackground  ............................................................................................. 1\nObjectives  ............................................................................................... 2\nCalifornia Oil and Gas Re"]
[1.7993903160095215, 19.38129425048828, "es  ......................................................................................... 42\nRefinery-Worker Deaths  ............................................................................. 44\nIndustrial Safety Ordinance Refinery-Incident Hi"]
[1.8026022911071777, 19.38408088684082, " and Tables\nFigures\n S.1. Critical Risk Reduction as a Function of Differing Estimates of  \nPreregulation Expected Annual Loss from Costly Major Refinery  Incidents\n ................................................................................ xvi"]
[1.8020696640014648, 19.385805130004883, "y Ordinance Refineries Between 2000 and 2013  .......... 43\n 5.4. Industrial Safety Ordinance Refineries After 2013  ................................. 43\n 5.5. Non\u2013Industrial Safety Ordinance Refineries After 2013  .......................... 43\n 5.6."]
[1.8066380023956299, 19.389925003051758, "in industry costs)\n\u2022 benefits to industry (costs avoided)\n\u2022 benefits to society (costs avoided and other improvements and fewer worker deaths).xii    Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of Proposed California Oil and Gas Refinery Regulations\nOnce we have estimated"]
[1.800169587135315, 19.380231857299805, "er cost estimates was regard -\ning start-up costs. Most refiners estimated start-up costs for the first one to five years to be on the same order as, or lower than, ongoing costs. One refining company, however, \nexpressed concern about the costs to c"]
[1.8007829189300537, 19.38319969177246, "s slightly higher cost of gasoline places on the economy. On net, we con -\nclude, the stimulatory effect of the refiners\u2019 additional spending would slightly exceed the inhibitory effect of higher gas prices.\nBenefits to Industry: Safety Improvements\n"]
[1.7928588390350342, 19.377582550048828, " company reputation damage, overseas production costs for reformulated California gasoline, intermediate feedstock production and transportation costs, or gasoline transportation costs without access to detailed proprietary information that \nrefiners"]
[1.7963649034500122, 19.379472732543945, "ty will be improved, and the number of workers who die will be reduced. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that the implementa -\ntion of the proposed regulation will result in fewer refinery-worker deaths. We examine worker deaths in ISO and N"]
[1.8034391403198242, 19.381790161132812, "ated with the critical risk-\nreduction factor. Table\u00a0S.2 shows a small subset of possible points from the figure to illustrate how several key factors are related in these uncertainty calculations. Table\u00a0S.2 shows that, assuming our best estimate of "]
[1.821157455444336, 19.39961051940918, "fety gains\u2014though various differences in the structure \nand implementation of the two regulatory regimes make precise quantitative compari -\nson difficult.\nUnder most scenarios examined in this analysis, the regulations appear to be \ncost-effective. "]
[1.803899884223938, 19.388134002685547, "is true, the numbers presented here provide a conservative estimate of the benefits. This has the effect of lowering the required break-even point and making \nthe regulations easier to justify.xxiAcknowledgments\nWe recognize California governor Edmun"]
[1.797598123550415, 19.381122589111328, "nia Business Coordination for Shell Oil \nProducts U.S.\n\u2022 Mary Kay Nye, manager, process safety, Shell Oil Products U.S. Martinez Refin -\nery\n\u2022 James Jeter, senior manager, environmental, health, and safety, Tesoro Refining \nand Marketing\n\u2022 Sabiha Gok"]
[1.7970050573349, 19.379459381103516, "in\u00a0A. Serna, fire chief, fire department, City of Torrance\n\u2022 James Carver, fire marshal, El Segundo Fire Department\n\u2022 Colby La Place, senior hazardous material specialist, Solano County Department of Resource Management.\nFinally, we thank our peer re"]
[1.7905205488204956, 19.360448837280273, "s on the road today in California use gasoline or diesel fuel.\nCalifornia motor vehicles and commercial aircraft consumed 14.5\u00a0 billion gal -\nlons of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel in 2012. Gasoline consumption fell about 14\u00a0per -\ncent from 2006 to 2"]
[1.808589220046997, 19.3935489654541, "d will be charged with enforc -\ning the new proposed PSM standard for refineries, \u00a7\u00a05189.1.\nCalEPA oversees the implementation of the CalARP program. The California \nGovernor\u2019s Office of Emergency Services is the lead agency for the program and track"]
[1.7961474657058716, 19.378562927246094, "s.\nThe Phillips\u00a066 Santa Maria Refinery is considered a part of Phillips\u00a066\u2019s San \nFrancisco Refinery, which is in Northern California (it is connected to it by pipeline). The capacity figure shown in Table\u00a01.1 for Phillips\u00a066\u2019s San Francisco Refiner"]
[1.7937719821929932, 19.37232208251953, "ery Tesoro Petroleum Martinez 168,000\nLos Angeles Refinery Tesoro Petroleum Carson 377,000\nValero Wilmington RefineryValero Marketing and \nSupplyWilmington 80,000\nBenicia Refinery Valero Marketing and \nSupplyBenicia 165,000\nTotal capacity 2,047,000\nS"]
[1.8088935613632202, 19.392822265625, " production. The first two items are costs that are avoided under the \nproposed regulation. The last item is an economic benefit of the proposed regulation: \nincreased refinery output and sales.\nAdditional qualitative benefits to society could result"]
[1.8036749362945557, 19.379308700561523, " be implemented and how much compliance might cost. We \ndiscussed the few outlying estimates with the refiners and either revised them upon \nfurther clarification of the questions or retained them as legitimately different esti -\nmates. In general, h"]
[1.7982544898986816, 19.37846565246582, "agement plan (RMP) that includes a description of the worst-case refinery-incident \nscenarios based on the types and amounts of hazardous chemicals present at the facil -\nity. We reviewed California refinery RMPs and the worst-case scenarios for most"]
[1.8244026899337769, 19.40867805480957, "the past several decades. The chapter also \ndescribes a California gas price model that can be used to assess the impact that MRIs \ncan have on California gas prices. Chapter Seven includes the macroeconomic impact \nanalysis for the proposed regulati"]
[1.8239915370941162, 19.41452980041504, "focuses on minimizing risks to \nemployees, whereas the CalARP regulation focuses on protecting the safety and health \nof the community, as well as the environment.\nActions Already Taken on Refinery Safety\nAfter the Chevron Richmond fire, the Californ"]
[1.8653380870819092, 19.463003158569336, "ntly Safer Measures\nHCA is\n[a] procedure that applies the Hierarchy of Hazard Controls for the purpose of \nselecting recommendations that eliminate or minimize a hazard, or that reduce the risk presented by a hazard. (Cal/OSHA, 2015, p.\u00a04)\nInherent s"]
[1.8919018507003784, 19.500774383544922, "ng effective process safety leadership at all levels of the organization. (Cal/OSHA, 2015, p.\u00a025)\nDamage Mechanism Reviews\nThe employer shall complete a Damage Mechanism Review (DMR) within five (5)\u00a0years of the effective date of this Section for eac"]
[2.0944502353668213, 19.75901222229004, "ng additional or alternative safeguards that will reduce the risk of a \nmajor incident. The team shall select and recommend the most protective safe -\nguards, unless the team can demonstrate in writing that it is not feasible to do so. Where the team"]
[2.093799591064453, 19.758146286010742, "these RAGAGEP requirements:\nInspections and tests shall be performed on process equipment, using procedures \nthat meet or exceed RAGAGEP. (Cal/OSHA, 2015, p.\u00a016)\nThe frequency of inspections and tests shall be consistent with the applicable man -\nufa"]
[1.875567078590393, 19.475976943969727, " first- and second-order inherent-safety measures, as well as passive, active, and \nprocedural safeguards. It should eliminate hazards to the greatest extent feasible using first-order inherent-safety measures.\nSafeguard Protection Analysis, Part of "]
[1.8475884199142456, 19.431541442871094, "and Information\nEach refiner should provide all documents and information developed or collected pur -\nsuant to the PSM regulation to Cal/OSHA upon request.\nImplementation\nEach refiner should establish a corrective action program to prioritize the re"]
[1.8092471361160278, 19.391971588134766, "fewer refinery-worker deaths\n \u2013changes in employment\n \u2013uninterrupted fuel supply\n \u2013uninterrupted employment in the oil sector.\nWe could not estimate some costs because of a lack of data. These include crimi -\nnal liability charges, reputation damage,"]
[1.8126507997512817, 19.396163940429688, "y in the refinery industry. Despite this, we believe that it is possible to estimate the \namount of revenue lost in at least some types of refinery incidents, as we describe later \nin this report. Refiners were similarly unable to identify benefits o"]
[5.583807468414307, 11.95731258392334, "s. They further attempt to elicit enough context for the answers to allow us to identify which costs are marginal costs that the regulations add (these are \nthe focus of this study) and which are total or historical safety-related costs. They fur -\nt"]
[5.560412406921387, 11.975043296813965, "demand in one sector will stimulate \ndemands for inputs across other regional sectors, generating additional demand.\nIndustry and academia use IMPLAN widely. In recent studies, the oil and gas \nindustry has used IMPLAN for macroeconomic studies in Ca"]
[1.8047298192977905, 19.3759822845459, " economies of the United States are usually calibrated using the IMPLAN data because the model assumes that the \nIMPLAN data are in equilibrium. One of the main advantages of using a CGE frame-\nwork as opposed to an input\u2013output framework is the abil"]
[1.7903597354888916, 19.37328338623047, "or which we have data of reasonable qual -\nity). We developed an estimate of these costs by examining the 1999 Tosco incident, the 2012 Chevron Richmond incident, and the 2015 ExxonMobil Torrance incident. \nFor the Richmond case, we obtained data on "]
[1.823771595954895, 19.38356590270996, " to support the assertion that Pp is lower than Pc.\nHowever, we do not find evidence that the consequences of MRIs will be reduced \nunder the proposed regulations, i.e., that Cc\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Cp\u00a0>\u00a00. The costly major incidents that \nhave occurred have varied sig"]
[1.8037716150283813, 19.38624382019043, "the pro -\nposed regulations\u2019 costs, we excluded any safety-related initiatives already under way that the regulations do not directly mandate.30    Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of Proposed California Oil and Gas Refinery Regulations\nMethods Used to Obtain A"]
[1.8071225881576538, 19.390426635742188, "at the refin -\ners actually reported as a \u201cbest\u201d or average cost estimate. We take the 10th-percentile \n(second-lowest) and 90th-percentile (second-highest) estimates as the likely lower and \nupper bounds for this cost. Note that most estimates clust"]
[1.805214285850525, 19.388874053955078, "t cost to comply with them. We have incorporated all answers regarding ongoing cost of com -\npliance into the estimates presented here. Differences in opinion along these lines have Figure\u00a04.1\nEstimated Annual Recurring Program Costs, in Dollars\nRAND"]
[1.7962818145751953, 19.377805709838867, "sts of the \nproposed regulations, with most of the cost being the ongoing operational costs of run -\nning facilities as the new regulations would require. Under most refiners\u2019 estimates, the first one to five years could cost more than the following "]
[1.795807957649231, 19.378389358520508, "nt reporting by all California refineries, \nwould be insufficient to provide statistically significant results.36    Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of Proposed California Oil and Gas Refinery Regulations\nClassification of Refinery Incidents\nLocal government o"]
[1.7920278310775757, 19.374866485595703, "mbustibles that is more than \n5,000\u00a0pounds1\nCharacteristics of Major Refi  nery Incidents\nTh  e defi  nition of a level\u00a03 MCAR above does not provide quantitative criteria that can \nbe used to defi  ne MRI , nor does it provide information to estimat"]
[1.7971633672714233, 19.38022804260254, "t. Califor -\nnia regulators denied this request (Penn, 2015). ExxonMobil began to import spe-\ncially produced batches of gasoline from overseas refineries capable of producing the \nCalifornia blend of reformulated gasoline or nearly finished Californ"]
[1.7881375551223755, 19.369728088378906, " shut down, and repairs were made within a matter of days. Full production \nat the refinery was possible, and production capacity was restored at the refinery in a \nfew days. But county leaders and regulators asked the refinery operator to shut down "]
[1.7936716079711914, 19.376420974731445, " chemicals released and the area to which they could spread beyond the facility itself. Some of the \nhazardous chemicals stored and used at refineries include ammonia, sulfuric acid, and \nhydrogen fluoride, as well as a host of hydrocarbon molecules "]
[1.7956129312515259, 19.379114151000977, "haracterized by relatively few worker deaths but long refinery-outage periods. In a few cases, a large number of nearby residents have suffered significant adverse health effects, while, in \nothers, the health of nearby residents has not been affecte"]
[1.7941032648086548, 19.3773250579834, ", the ISO and Richmond ISO contained similar regulatory guid -\nance. The ISO was amended in 2006 to extend ISO requirements for facility HF \nprograms to include maintenance and safety culture assessment. The revised ISO also \nexpanded MOOC requiremen"]
[1.8004153966903687, 19.3843994140625, "ineries because, prior to 1999, the ISO did not exist, and, between 1999 \nand 2000, the ISO had not yet come fully into effect.\nRefinery-Worker Deaths\nTable\u00a05.6 shows refinery incidents in California that resulted in the deaths of one or \nmore refine"]
[1.7972521781921387, 19.380563735961914, "e than 200), we can approximate key statisti -\ncal measures of the binomial distribution by the normal distribution (this holds in the NISO case but not for the ISO case) (Rosner, 2015). We can employ the normal Table\u00a05.6\nCalifornia Refinery-Worker D"]
[1.7960309982299805, 19.380496978759766, "he MCARs that have taken place in Contra Costa County since the \nISO was enacted. CCHMP tracks MCARs each year and reports these to the public \nin its annual performance report. CCHMP also maintains a website that has data on Contra Cost County\u2013regul"]
[1.7978386878967285, 19.3818302154541, " possible refinery incidents that could have released large amounts of \nhazardous chemicals into the air and caused adverse health effects off-site (thereby \nconstituting an MRI). In addition, we used data available from CCHMP and that Randall Sawyer"]
[1.7951537370681763, 19.378376007080078, "    49\nrefinery-years or samples available for the NISO case (237\u00a0refinery-years). The normal \napproximation reveals the CI to be 0.032 to 0.094.\nWe cannot use the normal approximation to determine the CI for PMRI (ISO) \nbecause of the small size of "]
[1.7541102170944214, 19.3123836517334, "in the rest of the United States. A premium is paid for California gasoline because of the unique California formulation requirements for gasoline and because \nlarge-scale pipelines do not exist from the eastern United States into California. Nev -\ne"]
[1.7876132726669312, 19.362682342529297, "ance in the California gasoline prices ( R2\u00a0=\u00a00.98). From this estimation, we can Figure\u00a06.1\nCalifornia Versus U.S. Gasoline Prices\nSOURCE: U.S. Energy Information Administration.\nRAND RR1421-6.1January 1,\n2010January 1,\n2005January 1,\n2000January 1,"]
[1.784712791442871, 19.36717987060547, "the fire.\n1 And at the same time, the delivery \nof crude oil to the refinery was probably stopped.\nFigure\u00a06.3 shows the impact that the Chevron Richmond Refinery incident had \non California gas prices. We see that, immediately after the incident, the"]
[1.7863260507583618, 19.368669509887695, "the \nelderly, and children to shelter in place and for residents to shut down air-conditioning \nunits. Children at local schools were told to shelter in place for several hours. The fire \ndepartment recommended that the same precautions be taken at c"]
[1.7831138372421265, 19.363256454467773, "is small for the size of the industry. The best estimate of $58\u00a0million is only 0.04\u00a0percent of industry revenue not devoted to inputs \nand about 0.005\u00a0percent of industry revenue overall.\nIMPLAN estimates total compensation in the California refiner"]
[1.7914363145828247, 19.373220443725586, ". For example, the impact of a shutdown of a 150,000-bpd plant for 12\u00a0months is twice the impact \nof shutting it down for six months in all categories of impacts. Our base impact is to \nconsider a 150,000-bpd refinery being shut down for six months. "]
[1.7626734972000122, 19.3469295501709, "the regulations to reduce this probability.\nWe can use this analysis to estimate the total macroeconomic impact of the three \ncostly major incidents that have occurred in the state of California in the past two \ndecades. Here, we are interested in th"]
[1.8150792121887207, 19.39840316772461, "\nPotential Benefits to Industry\nThe safety improvements that might result from the proposed regulation could reduce \nthe number of future refinery incidents. If this is the case, refiners that implement the \nmeasures called for in the proposed regula"]
[1.7829124927520752, 19.36644744873047, "be subject to fines that regulators impose after such incidents. ExxonMobil was recently fined $566,000 in conjunction with the 2015 incident. The \nCSB investigation into the cause of the incident continues. So regulators might levy \nadditional fines"]
[1.7814390659332275, 19.365314483642578, " \nexposure to the hazardous smoke plume from the fire. Six employees received first aid as a result of the incident, but there were no injuries (Chevron USA, 2013).\nRepair Costs\nChevron was also unwilling to provide us with the final costs to repair "]
[1.7856577634811401, 19.369190216064453, "rmission to resume full production), we can develop a rough \nestimate of the lost production at the refinery. We estimate the total value of this lost \nproduction to be approximately $900\u00a0million. From this, we estimate the lost profit to the refiner"]
[1.7854015827178955, 19.368310928344727, " on the California gas market. At today\u2019s prices\u2014say, $4 per gallon\u2014its output for six months is worth about $2.8\u00a0billion. As \ndescribed earlier in this report, a production loss of this magnitude qualifies this inci -\ndent as a CMRI.\nWe use the same"]
[1.787837028503418, 19.369853973388672, "nia refin -\ners $220\u00a0million. This is a cost that could be avoided if the proposed regulations are \nimplemented and do, as intended, improve refinery and worker safety.\nIt should also be noted that the loss to the refiner is not the same as the impac"]
[1.8033971786499023, 19.385971069335938, "ffset the costs, while lower estimates \nof expected annual loss (because, for example, of lower estimates of refinery incident frequency) must produce greater improvements in risk to be worthwhile. Figure\u00a09.2 70    Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of Proposed C"]
[1.79896879196167, 19.381868362426758, "te of break-even point.72    Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of Proposed California Oil and Gas Refinery Regulations\nan expected annual cost of $1.2\u00a0billion, the critical risk-reduction values are 4.8\u00a0per -\ncent in the refiner-estimated case, 1.7\u00a0percent in th"]
[1.80287766456604, 19.386049270629883, "as of this writing \nare that the refinery might be off-line for a full 12\u00a0months. This might lead to a sig -\nnificant increase in the estimate for expected annual losses. If so, this would drive the \ncritical risk-reduction levels downward, making th"]
[1.8044912815093994, 19.388172149658203, "timates to \nconstruct the range of estimates by calculating a size-adjusted cost for each refiner and \nthen taking the 10th percentile (second-lowest) and 90th percentile (second-highest) \nestimates as the likely lower and upper bounds for the unit c"]
[1.7896130084991455, 19.373188018798828, "ber of CMRIs. Therefore, a benefit to indus -\ntry of the proposed regulation is that the costs of major incidents could be avoided in the future. Below, we estimate the costs of a major incident for a California refinery that suffers the incident.\nRe"]
[1.7897639274597168, 19.37385368347168, "ajor incident rate for refineries operating \nunder the proposed regulation will also likely lead to\n\u2022 improved reliability of systems\n\u2022 reduction in certain workers\u2019 compensation premiums\n\u2022 improved community relations\n\u2022 improved labor\u2013management rel"]
[1.8318613767623901, 19.41385269165039, " and find that these data provide \nstatistically significant evidence to support this hypothesis.\nTable\u00a010.3 summarizes our analysis of refinery-worker death rates.80    Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of Proposed California Oil and Gas Refinery Regulations\nSt"]
[1.8527356386184692, 19.441669464111328, "esources\t\r \u00a0required .\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0We\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0meeting\t\r \u00a0virtually\t\r \u00a0all\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0\nrequirements\t\r \u00a0already.\t\r \u00a0\n2. Marginal\t\r \u00a0additional\t\r \u00a0resources\t\r \u00a0required .\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0We\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0doing\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0many\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0things\t\r \u00a0\nrequired,\t\r "]
[1.836707592010498, 19.4260311126709, "s)\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0refinery? \t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0\nIf\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0calculated\t\r \u00a0it,\t\r \u00a0what\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0Nelson\t\r \u00a0Complexity\t\r \u00a0Index\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0your\t\r \u00a0refinery?\t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0\nSafety\t\r \u00a0Training \t\r \u00a0\nThe\t\r \u00a0new\t\r \u00a0regulations\t\r \u00a0require\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0well-\u00ad\u2010docume"]
[1.8416969776153564, 19.432039260864258, " \u00a0new\t\r \u00a0\nrequirements?\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0Please\t\r \u00a0describe\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0costs\t\r \u00a0associated\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0changes.\t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0Please\t\r \u00a0estimate\t\r \u00a0any\t\r \u00a0cost\t\r \u00a0savings\t\r \u00a0associated\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0DMR\t\r \u00a0process \t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0actions\t\r \u00a0\nthat\t\r \u00a0fol"]
[1.836099624633789, 19.426321029663086, "se\t\r \u00a0describe\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0costs\t\r \u00a0associated\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0these\t\r \u00a0changes. \t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0\nPlease\t\r \u00a0estimate\t\r \u00a0any\t\r \u00a0cost\t\r \u00a0savings\t\r \u00a0associated\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0RCA\t\r \u00a0process\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0actions\t\r \u00a0\nthat\t\r \u00a0follow\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0recommendations.\t\r \u00a0"]
[1.8432527780532837, 19.432641983032227, "\t\r \u00a0\nregulations\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0just\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0subset?\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0\nAre\t\r \u00a0HCAs\t\r \u00a0incorporated\t\r \u00a0into\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0PHA,\t\r \u00a0Root\t\r \u00a0Cause\t\r \u00a0Analysis,\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0Mechanical\t\r \u00a0Integrity\t\r \u00a0\nprogram?\t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\nAbout\t\r \u00a0how\t\r \u00a0many\t\r \u00a0HCAs\t\r \u00a0do\t\r \u00a0"]
[1.8343617916107178, 19.421541213989258, "eport\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0action\t\r \u00a0plan\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0is\t\r \u00a0\ncommunicate d\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0employees.\t\r \u00a0The\t\r \u00a0regulations\t\r \u00a0require\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0employees\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0\ntheir\t\r \u00a0representatives\t\r \u00a0participate\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0all\t\r \u00a0aspects\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0safety\t\r \u00a0culture\t\r \u00a0\n"]
[1.8725658655166626, 19.463600158691406, "fety,\t\r \u00a0operational,\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0\nmaintenance \t\r \u00a0information.\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0They\t\r \u00a0would\t\r \u00a0also\t\r \u00a0state\t\r \u00a0how\t\r \u00a0findings\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0all\t\r \u00a0\nprevention\t\r \u00a0elements\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0communicated\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0employees\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0how\t\r \u00a0employee\t\r \u00a0\nparticipation\t\r \u00a0is"]
[1.8473231792449951, 19.438108444213867, "I\t\r \u00a0RP\t\r \u00a0570\t\r \u00a0Tier\t\r \u00a01\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a02\t\r \u00a0incidents.\t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0\nIs\t\r \u00a0this\t\r \u00a0currently\t\r \u00a0being\t\r \u00a0done\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0your\t\r \u00a0facility?\t\r \u00a0 (For\t\r \u00a0example,\t\r \u00a0does\t\r \u00a0your\t\r \u00a0company\t\r \u00a0\ncurrently\t\r \u00a0use\t\r \u00a0API\t\r \u00a0754?)\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0Do\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0currently\t\r \u00a0t"]
[1.838480830192566, 19.427377700805664, "s.\t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0\nHow\t\r \u00a0familiar\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0proposed\t\r \u00a0Human\t\r \u00a0Factors\t\r \u00a0regulations?\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\nDo\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0currently\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0written\t\r \u00a0human\t\r \u00a0factors\t\r \u00a0program?\t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0If\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0such\t\r \u00a0a\t\r \u00a0program,\t\r \u00a0does"]
[1.8402646780014038, 19.430253982543945, "ule\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0actions\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0be\t\r \u00a0taken.\t\r \u00a0Structured Interview Questions    91\n\t\r \u00a0\nDo\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0currently\t\r \u00a0do\t\r \u00a0L OPAs?\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0If\t\r \u00a0not,\t\r \u00a0do\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0currently\t\r \u00a0do\t\r \u00a0some\t\r \u00a0other\t\r \u00a0form\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0SPA?\t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0Do\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0currently\t\r"]
[1.8309646844863892, 19.41988182067871, "\r \u00a0outage\t\r \u00a0caused\t\r \u00a0by\t\r \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0external\t\r \u00a0utility\t\r \u00a0provid er\t\r \u00a0please\t\r \u00a0\ninclude\t\r \u00a0but\t\r \u00a0specify.\t\r \u00a0If\t\r \u00a0there\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0other\t\r \u00a0unplanned\t\r \u00a0downtimes\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0occur\t\r \u00a0due\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0other\t\r \u00a0external\t\r \u00a0factors\t\r \u00a0please\t\r \u00a0specify. "]
[1.8013299703598022, 19.386322021484375, "u\t\r \u00a0have\t\r \u00a0given? \t\r \u00a0\n\t\r \u00a0Please\t\r \u00a0indicate \t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0answer\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0describes\t\r \u00a0your\t\r \u00a0confidence\t\r \u00a0level.\t\r \u00a0 \t\r \u00a0\n1. Not\t\r \u00a0very\t\r \u00a0confident.\t\r \u00a0Structured Interview Questions    93\n2. Somewhat\t\r \u00a0confident.\t\r \u00a0Significant\t\r \u00a0uncertain"]
[1.793736457824707, 19.3772029876709, "ry Regulations\nChevron USA Richmond Investigation Team, \u201cRichmond Refinery 4 Crude Unit Incident, \nAugust\u00a06, 2012,\u201d April\u00a012, 2013. As of January\u00a019, 2016: http://richmond.chevron.com/Files/richmond/Investigation_Report.pdf\nCity of Richmond, Californ"]
[1.7854655981063843, 19.36907386779785, "Texas Tribune , March\u00a022, 2015. As of \nJanuary\u00a019, 2016: http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/disaster/Bibliography    97\nPenn, Ivan, \u201cExxon Mobil Scraps Plans for Temporary Fix to Damaged Torrance Refinery,\u201d Los \nAngeles Times , September\u00a023, "]
[1.7933963537216187, 19.37730598449707, "rt: Chevron Richmond Refinery Fire , April 2013. As of January\u00a019, \n2016:  \nhttp://www.csb.gov/assets/1/19/Chevron_Interim_Report_Final_2013-04-17.pdf\u2014\u2014\u2014, Regulatory Report: Chevron Richmond Refinery Pipe Rupture and Fire , Report\u00a02012-03-I-CA, \nMay "]
[3.132449150085449, -1.2654047012329102, "Developing a \nRisk Assessment \nMethodology \nfor the National \nAeronautics \nand Space \nAdministrationCORPORATION\nDaniel M. Gerstein\nJames G. Kallimani\nLauren A. Mayer\nLeila Meshkat\nJan Osburg\nPaul Davis\nBlake Cignarella\nClifford A. GrammichThe Nationa"]
[3.131117820739746, -1.269281029701233, "fer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. \nRAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.\nSupport RAND\nMake a tax-deduc"]
[13.795483589172363, 4.544975280761719, "dministration\nnology have on policy analysis and policy choices. The program covers such topics as \nspace exploration, information and telecommunication technologies, and nano- and biotechnologies. Program research is supported by government agencies"]
[3.1512508392333984, -1.2427420616149902, ".............................. 35\nPolitical Risks  ........................................................................................ 38\nTechnical Risks  ....................................................................................... 39"]
[3.164761781692505, -1.2261626720428467, "......... 87viiFigures and Tables\nFigures\n 1. 1.  S tudy Approach  ........................................................................... 4\n 2\n.1.\n E\nxample Risk Matrix  ..................................................................... 9\n 2\n"]
[3.1628289222717285, -1.2295403480529785, "\n.5.\n S\nhuttle Cancellation/ISS Transport Cost and Schedule Evaluation  \n(Alternative #1) (Notional)  ............................................................ 68\n 5\n.6.\n S\nhuttle Cancellation/ISS Transport Decision Risk Assessment (Notional)  ..."]
[3.1533429622650146, -1.2404279708862305, " was to inform NASA\u2019s ultimate interest in evaluating specific risk postures of the agency; such evaluations are beyond the scope of this study but could be follow-on projects for RAND.x    Risk Assessment Methodology for the National Aeronautics and"]
[3.176617383956909, -1.2095438241958618, "cal risk assessment format, when risks are represented by the likelihood of some outcome occurring \n(e.g., 10\u00a0percent of five fatalities), absolute values are very important. Once these risk values have been normalized \nto a common ordinal scale (e.g"]
[3.1676599979400635, -1.2221755981445312, "d be incorporated into analysis at various levels of fidel -\n2 For example, if the value of the cost growth component is less than 5\u00a0percent, this may be mapped to the risk \nscale value of 0 (low), while 5\u201310\u00a0percent may be mapped to a 1 (some), all "]
[3.1572306156158447, -1.2355085611343384, "risk-reward strategies (e.g., high-risk, high-payoff versus low-risk, low-payoff), and uncertainties from forecasting technology development.\nAs such, this methodology provides a comprehensive approach for guiding staff  \nand decisionmakers through a"]
[3.1730880737304688, -1.215872049331665, "e ability to understand comparisons within or among them or the overall risk burden associated with a decision. \nThe normalization process allows for determining relative component risks, and \neven risk indicators and mitigation strategies. However, "]
[3.1752092838287354, -1.2133369445800781, " interdependencies, it is certainly possible to define, understand, and assess how various relationships among the risk factors, components, indicators, and mitigations interact. Such reflection will provide insights into how best to manage and mitig"]
[3.146056890487671, -1.2500200271606445, "int, only from a method -\nological perspective. For this reason, all the tables for our case study are marked as having notional data. \nMoving Forward\nThe steps developed in the methodology provide a structured way to consider a risk-\ninformed decisi"]
[3.150235891342163, -1.2437974214553833, "of how various disparate factors contribute to overall risk to project- or mission-level success that is associated with NASA-level decisions. The specific mandate was to provide NASA\u2019s Office of Strategy and Plans with a risk-informed decision suppo"]
[3.1442441940307617, -1.2505372762680054, "pproaches analyzed in the study, will be summarized in this report, along with extensive citations on each of these topics. \nAny organization faces a range of risks to meeting its objectives. Risks cannot be \neliminated, but they can be consciously m"]
[3.1703765392303467, -1.2196130752563477, "roadmaps, and risk-reward strategies (e.g., high-risk, high-payoff versus low-risk, low-payoff), and uncertainties from forecasting technology development.\nStudy Approach\nDevelopment of the study approach ensured that the team would begin from a posi"]
[3.1721649169921875, -1.2166763544082642, " risk factors, each with multiple components\u2014and within those, a set of indicators that suggest the level of risk (i.e., the likelihood that a certain consequence of concern will occur) associated with that area. We chose this method of risk assessme"]
[3.1600961685180664, -1.2319283485412598, "for every risk factor, the risk factors are then graphically displayed on a radar chart, allowing graphical comparisons to be made. \nIn the case study analysis section, two decisions\u2014one past and one future\u2014were \nconsidered. This served to test and p"]
[3.1822128295898438, -1.2016029357910156, " and \napplication. Thus, there is no one definition of risk. The Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) \nprovides both qualitative and quantitative definitions of risk in their glossary (SRA, 2015). Qualitatively, risk is the \u201cpossibility of an unfortunate "]
[3.1809093952178955, -1.204704999923706, "s, the component would be expected to fail eight times (the expected risk).\nRisk Assessment Methods\nIn this section, we focus on examples of different methods for assessing a risk that may \nbe used to obtain the lower-level inputs needed for the meth"]
[3.1824469566345215, -1.2027769088745117, " A further disadvantage with the risk matrix approach is that these matrices are typically structured with only one consequence and one probability. In reality, most risks have multiple consequences, each with an assigned probability (e.g., a car acc"]
[3.183521032333374, -1.1988461017608643, "\ninterpretation of the risk characterization; and, in the case of continuous distributions, probability distributions remove the need for assigning (what may be arbitrary) prob -\nability and consequence categories. Overall, compared with a risk matri"]
[3.1790382862091064, -1.1950935125350952, "milarly, the Integration Readiness \nLevel (IRL) scale provides a measure on the maturity between systems (Sauser et al., 2009). Figure 2.3 shows the TRL scale and its acquisition phases. The concept behind this readiness level is that the current sta"]
[3.1960384845733643, -1.18734610080719, "a\u00a0percentage of the earned value\n \u2013c\nost performance index (CPI): CPI = EV/AC; efficiency ratio for cost variance\n\u2022\n s\nchedule:\n \u2013s\nchedule variance (SV): SV  = EV \u2013 PV ; measures the conformance of actual \nprogress to the schedule\n \u2013s\nchedule varian"]
[3.2093238830566406, -1.181047797203064, "triangular distribution may be developed by asking experts how long it will take for a technology to be ready for deployment. An elicitation facilitator could ask experts for the least and most amount of time it could take, followed by the most likel"]
[3.1844305992126465, -1.1989442110061646, "order of concern. Here, we review these three concepts.\nAcceptable Risk\nOnce risks have been characterized, the logical next step of any individual or organi -\nzation being exposed to those risks is to determine whether they are at an acceptable leve"]
[3.191026210784912, -1.1902151107788086, "er -\ntainty may choose the sure payment, while a risk-seeking individual (someone with a high tolerance for risk) may choose the coin toss. A risk-neutral individual would be indifferent to the choice. Individuals with different risk attitudes will v"]
[3.1752824783325195, -1.2122381925582886, "ability Distributions\nSimilar to the risk matrix, probability distributions cannot accommodate comparisons of disparate risks unless given a common consequence metric. But, unlike the risk matrix approach, probability distributions provide more infor"]
[3.209510564804077, -1.1735042333602905, "tem safety risk (e.g., helicopter crash due to material failure) and an occupational health risk to the organization\u2019s employees (e.g., injury of workers on the manufacturing line). If the organization does not prefer to monetize all risks, or if its"]
[3.1838581562042236, -1.2007440328598022, "f Two Disparate Risks\nAttribute System Safety Risk Occupational Health Risk\nMaximum possible cost ($ millions) 10 2\nMost likely cost ($ millions) 5 0.01\nExpected frequency per year 0.25 10\nExpected number of fatalities per occurrence 1 0.05\nUncertain"]
[3.1916112899780273, -1.196901559829712, "bute weights (Keeney, 1974). In addition to linear models, utility functions may take on nonlinear forms. An applicable nonlinear form includes that of threshold values for specific attributes to indicate their acceptability levels. For example, if t"]
[3.1782679557800293, -1.2061132192611694, "-\nple, consider three weights w\n1, w2, and w3. Using an absolute pairwise judgment method, \nwe may assert that attribute 2 is twice as important as attribute 1, and attribute 3 is three times as important as attribute 1. The following set of equation"]
[3.1447579860687256, -1.249820590019226, "the case studies presented in Chapter Five. Additional components or indicators may exist for each risk factor but may not be relevant for our case stud -\nies. Our methodology does allow the choice of other components and indicators where appropriate"]
[3.115053415298462, -1.2806137800216675, "while others may only be able to be characterized qualitatively. To ensure missions are able to operate as planned, a number of components should be analyzed as part of supply-chain risk. These include the following items:\n\u2022\n a\nvailability of materia"]
[3.1374666690826416, -1.2577539682388306, "ital projects, though different components may exist for each. 26    Risk Assessment Methodology for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\nNASA\u2019s Office of the Inspector General released a report in 2012 detailing some \ncost and schedule "]
[3.138784170150757, -1.2618275880813599, "e delays faced by the program prior to the first flight of Columbia  in \n1981. Original plans called for the shuttle to begin flying in 1977, four years earlier \nthan what was achieved (Armagh Planetarium, 2013). This would have allowed the shuttle t"]
[3.1056251525878906, -1.2948265075683594, "y on work. Federal funds must be used within a relatively short period of time; thus, many NASA programs and projects are well-detailed for two years\u2019 worth of budget. Within those two years, managers can assess the stability of the funding and there"]
[2.821850299835205, -1.6484373807907104, "her modifications to a new aircraft. The following staff skills and experience are unique to flight research:\n\u2022\n r\nesearchers\n\u2022\n a\nirworthiness and flight safety staff (particularly for NASA-unique safety \nstandards and procedures)\n\u2022\n e\nxperimental t"]
[3.1130828857421875, -1.286957859992981, "\n c\nost of talent\n\u2022\n a\ndaptable skill mix/adaptability to changing missions\n\u2022\n t\nraining programs in place.\nTechnical Expertise\nNASA needs skilled individuals who understand and have responsibility for all tech -\nnology, with support pyramids within "]
[3.0535268783569336, -1.3586682081222534, "asses the strength of leadership, congressional interest, and funding dispersion. Leadership and culture is different at each center.\nThe current organization of NASA is the result of decades of development. NASA \nHQ in Washington, D.C., is supported"]
[3.062199354171753, -1.3485769033432007, "g of individual locations\n\u2022\n c\nultural differences between locations.\nStrength and Interest of Leadership\nLeadership strength affects an organization. Leaders give organizations direction, set expectations, and provide an interface to the public. The"]
[3.0951735973358154, -1.3091387748718262, ", Navy ships with a well deck (a large opening in the rear of certain ships that can be flooded so equipment and ships can float in and out of the host vessel) are required for safe process -\ning and transport of Orion capsules after splashdown (Figu"]
[3.1117489337921143, -1.2888413667678833, " and Cruise Emissions II  \n(ACCESS-II) testing? Partnerships provide NASA projects and programs with the potential for higher aggregated funding and scope, but also rely on foreign govern -\nments to provide what NASA needs. Alternatively, NASA may pa"]
[3.1195566654205322, -1.279465913772583, " budget cuts. Foreign government agencies face similar risks. Private institutions, which rely on the support of shareholders or directors, have their own rules for operations. Every organization has its own strategic plan. Working with NASA may or m"]
[3.1199328899383545, -1.2791268825531006, "uld internally analyze the possible \npriorities. \nAccounting for political risks should also account for changes in national strategy \nand goals. The national strategy toward space exploration, aeronautics research, and science can change, meaning ex"]
[3.11726713180542, -1.2814874649047852, "er programs.\nDocumentation for Key Technology Cost and Schedule Assumptions\nDocumentation and peer reviewing of assumptions would help NASA develop more-accurate assessments.\n2 This will also allow persons responsible for the key technology to \nasses"]
[3.1327600479125977, -1.2641054391860962, "her program. Hence, consideration of technology risk should consider whether a program or project assumes that a key piece of technology will be available from another program. For example, if Program A is developing a widget that Program B plans to "]
[3.1772613525390625, -1.2111740112304688, " on top of lower-level assessments that allow for analyzing individual risk elements. The subordinate analyses will allow for normalizing and assessing the NASA-level risk associated with a particular decision or set of decisions. As such, the method"]
[3.176487684249878, -1.2110623121261597, "tion measures must be done to ensure that all boundary conditions are eventually met. Should a component boundary condition not be met, the overall risk is determined to be unacceptable for the entire risk factor being analyzed. \n1 In the classical r"]
[3.179305076599121, -1.2083402872085571, "ll vary by \nrisk factor and component. Some will lend themselves to quantitative measures, while \nothers will be analyzed qualitatively. A mix of objective and subjective measures will likely be employed to evaluate each component. A number of these "]
[3.1764278411865234, -1.2120025157928467, " with each. Development of the Risk-Informed Decision Methodology    47\nFor each risk, the components are defined, the indicators identified, evaluation \nmethods presented, and mitigation possibilities identified. Figure\u00a0 4.4 presents an \nexample of "]
[3.1561100482940674, -1.2375617027282715, "ce on analysis \nusing the full gambit of tools ranging from cost, schedule, and performance methods such as EVM to modeling and simulation (where available) to assess a component in detail. Input for such tools will likely rely on subject-matter expe"]
[3.1797001361846924, -1.2084420919418335, "reshold values to be /f_illed out\nusing subject-matter expertsCalculation of risk\nand mitigation50    Risk Assessment Methodology for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\nfor a component. These normalized risk values can be summed to pro"]
[3.1783266067504883, -1.2081828117370605, " total mitigated value may also be calculated. In this case, a mitigation will be assigned to an indicator (e.g., M1 is assigned to R1) and will reduce its overall score. Thus, if R1 had a score of 4, M1 may result in a mitigated score of 3. In some "]
[3.183964490890503, -1.2044979333877563, "0-5) Value                      \n(0-5) Weighted \nValue  \n(Score X \nWeight) Normalized \nValue \n(Weighted\n   Value/ \nTotal \nWeight) \nStability of \nsources ! !\nAlternative sources   ! !\nMaterials \n! !\nServices \n! !\n ! !\nQuality \nmanagement \nTotal 52    "]
[3.176077365875244, -1.2125400304794312, "if several different strategies for a particular NASA issue were consid -\nered, one could run the analysis multiple times, employing different threshold values for each strategy, to arrive at a different perception of risk. In this way, one could gra"]
[3.14845609664917, -1.240376353263855, "s for one strategy and 27 for another should likely be considered as depicting equivalent risk. \nFourth, the radar chart depictions are highly dependent on the assumptions and \nthreshold values for the strategies under consideration. In conducting a "]
[3.1759207248687744, -1.2125252485275269, " The team \ndeveloping the risk indicators and mitigation strategies serves as one set of experts, while senior-level NASA personnel would be used for setting threshold values. The final sets of experts to be consulted are the decisionmakers who inter"]
[3.1793525218963623, -1.2092355489730835, "acceptable risk category to provide a way to characterize the risk associated with a particular assess -\nment. The term \u201cunacceptable\u201d serves as a boundary condition indicating that the risk burden must be mitigated or a different strategy devised. \n"]
[3.1785593032836914, -1.2093242406845093, "tations. These objective methods must be augmented using subject-matter expertise and elicitation to arrive at the measure for each component. As additional information becomes available, the component evalua -\ntions should be updated and the overall"]
[3.1714773178100586, -1.2181353569030762, "ology\nTable\u00a04.1 summarizes the steps for the risk-informed decision methodology. While the \nsteps have been presented in detail already, this step-by-step presentation provides a consolidated description of the methodology. The table is designed to e"]
[3.1785669326782227, -1.2091425657272339, "zation and subsequent comparison of risk factors and their components. Expert elicitation is essential for establishing these values. These values should also be developed in isolation from those charged with \u201cscoring\u201d the risk indicators. \n4d Establ"]
[3.15350079536438, -1.241502046585083, "se and even various mitigation strategies. One can make ordinal decisions between options using this methodology, but should not attempt to quantify the actual intervals between them. 60    Risk Assessment Methodology for the National Aeronautics and"]
[3.138324499130249, -1.257422685623169, "n the lessons learned from ISS to improve life support, crew health, extravehicular activity capabilities, radiation shielding, and other areas. Much of the mission will validate pro -\ncesses, procedures, technology, and operations to be used on a hu"]
[3.1533448696136475, -1.2404769659042358, "ctor assessments for the supply-chain and political components, and the abbreviated Case Studies    63\nassessments for the technical, human capital, cost and schedule, organizational and \nmanagerial, and external dependency components (Figure\u00a05.1). \n"]
[3.1686043739318848, -1.2223838567733765, "ed cost, and \u201csome\u201d if there was 10-percent cost growth. We repeated this process for all elements in the table. Because the risk of R1 was assessed as 25-percent growth being too high, it was given a score of 4. The corresponding mitigation M1 was d"]
[3.199585199356079, -1.1929460763931274, ".  Expected \nschedule 6-month \ndelay 1-year \ndelay 18-month \ndelay 2-year \ndelay >2-year \ndelay 3 2 6 0.50 /uni00A0  \nR3: Commercial Transportation  \nunreliable due to less heritage . Same \nreliability 0.1% less \nreliable 0.2% less \nreliable 0.3% les"]
[3.177062749862671, -1.214142084121704, "r factor, we calculated a score of 3.95, approaching the threshold of \u201cextremely high\u201d risk. \nAfter evaluating all risk factors for the ISS transport decision, we plotted them on \na radar chart. Figure\u00a05.6 shows the overall scores for each risk facto"]
[3.1543209552764893, -1.242470145225525, "aintaining supply \nchains Expected  \nschedule 1-week \ndelay 2-week  \ndelay 3-week \ndelay 4-week  \ndelay >5-week \ndelay 4 5 20 1 \nBudget stability Expected \nstability  5% \nunstable 10% \nunstable 20% \nunstable 30% \nunstable > 35% \nunstable 4 4 16 0.8 \n"]
[3.176873207092285, -1.2161179780960083, " in Table\u00a05.1 and \nFigure\u00a05.8. As with the ISS transport analysis, the values refl  ect the unmitigated risks only. (Th  e worksheets for the three options are provided online in the supplemental notional data for Appendix C.) Th  e radar chart allow"]
[3.164398193359375, -1.2280516624450684, "blic-private partnershipsNASA-driven   N O T I O N A L  D A T A  O N L Y73CHAPTER SIX\nFindings and Conclusions\nIn this chapter, we summarize our accomplishments, our thoughts on the methodol -\nogy we presented, and recommendations for future work. \nA"]
[3.173051357269287, -1.2157540321350098, " thinking process that will allow for clearer and more thoughtful decisions. While employing the methodology may not change decisions, gaining better understanding of key sensitivities will undoubtedly be an important outcome. \nThe use of a normaliza"]
[3.177499532699585, -1.2116899490356445, " eliminate these interdependencies, it is possible to define, understand, and assess how various relationships among the risk factors, components, indicators, and mitigations interact. Such reflection will provide insights regarding how best to manag"]
[3.1403727531433105, -1.2586917877197266, "iated case studies validating it, conducting a more robust analysis for a future NASA decision is important. Given the work we have begun on it, applying this model to a more expanded analysis of the pending Cislunar Habitat decision may be most appr"]
[3.100817918777466, -1.3060023784637451, "er to meet the cost constraints: \n \u2013U\nse off-the-shelf hardware components and inherited designs to the maximum \nextent possible.\n \u2013 U\nse analysis and modeling as an acceptable lower-cost approach to system test \nand validation.\n \u2013L\nimit changes to t"]
[3.1290886402130127, -1.2683768272399902, "panies. Agreements between NASA and these organizations are controlled by the executive and legislative branches of the U.S. government. In the last few years, the relationship between NASA and Roskomos, the Russian Space Agency, has been the subject"]
[3.092440605163574, -1.3077086210250854, "ical leaders of the country\n\u2022\n R\neliance on foreign entities\n\u2022\n C\nongressional restrictions \n\u2022\n F\nederal budget process\nTechnical\n\u2022\n D\nocumentation for key technology cost and schedule assumptions\n\u2022\n P\nayoff of technology\n\u2022\n R\neadiness levels \n\u2022\n S\na"]
[3.1094822883605957, -1.2909574508666992, "n make use of existing concepts. \nIndividual competency or skills can be tracked and assessed annually. Performing this task will cover many of the metrics that were listed earlier. \nAn external example of managing human capital can be seen in the U."]
[3.1463184356689453, -1.2451928853988647, " U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2005. \nAyyub, Bilal M., Elicitation of Expert Opinions for Uncertainty and Risks , Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC \nPress, 2001a. \u2014\u2014\u2014, A Practical Guide on Conducting Expert-Opinion Elicitation of Probabilities and Conseque"]
[3.139218330383301, -1.2571645975112915, ".org/pubs/technical_reports/TR756.html\nDavis, Paul K., Russell D. Shaver, and Justin Beck, Portfolio-Analysis Methods for Assessing Capability \nOptions , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-662-OSD, 2008. As of May 31, 2016: \nhttp://www.rand.o"]
[3.1140103340148926, -1.2949440479278564, "st U.S. Space Station\u2019s Re-Entry,\u201d History.com, July 11, 2012. As of April 20, 2016: http://www.history.com/news/the-day-skylab-crashed-to-earth-facts-about-the-first-u-s-space-stations-re-entry\nHastie, Reid, and Robyn M. Dawes, Rational Choice in an"]
[3.008007049560547, -1.4215487241744995, "1, 2015. As of April 20, \n2016:  \nhttps://www.nasa.gov/directorates/heo/scan/engineering/technology/txt_accordion1.html\nMankins, John C., \u201cTechnology Readiness Assessments: A Retrospective,\u201d Acta Astronautica,  \nVol. 65, No. 9, 2009, pp. 1216\u20131223. \n"]
[2.9879043102264404, -1.452267050743103, " General, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, IG-12-021 (Assignment  \nNo. A-11-009-00), September 27, 2012. As of April 20, 2016: https://oig.nasa.gov/audits/reports/FY12/IG-12-021.pdf\nOffice of the Secretary of Defense Manufacturing Techn"]
[3.127176284790039, -1.2736945152282715, "n Heavy Rocket Debuts in 2016,\u201d International Business Times , July 21, 2015. As of April 20, 2016: \nhttp://www.ibtimes.com/elon-musk-spacex-complacency-contributed-falcon-9-crash-falcon-heavy-rocket-debuts-201780992    Risk Assessment Methodology fo"]
[3.155550718307495, -1.2373135089874268, ". For this effort, a methodology was developed for normalizing and comparing supply chain, external dependency, cost and schedule, human capital, organizational and managerial, political, and technical risks. The goal ultimately was to develop a sing"]
[3.9474616050720215, 18.302583694458008, "CORPORATION\nPreservation of  \nAffordable Rental Housing\nEvaluation of the MacArthur Foundation\u2019s  \nWindow of Opportunity Initiative\nHeather L. Schwartz, Raphael W. Bostic, Richard K. Green, Vincent J. Reina, \nLois M. Davis, Catherine H. AugustineThis"]
[3.9309797286987305, 18.29439926147461, " public investment in this country\u2019s increasingly critical affordable housing stock. \nSecond, we did not foresee the Great Recession. Its significant shock to the national \neconomy made it harder for nonprofit owners to acquire properties, and dimini"]
[3.9529941082000732, 18.27703857421875, " -\nthropic initiative started in 2000 and will end in 2020, allocating $187 million in grants and \nloans to preserve privately owned affordable rental housing. The purpose of the evaluation is \nto assess whether the initiative achieved its goals, as "]
[3.96319580078125, 18.273218154907227, "ity, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resource policy.\nQuestions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, Heather \nSchwartz (Heather_Schwartz@rand.org). For more information about RAND Infrast"]
[3.9071171283721924, 18.267370223999023, ".......... 42\nNetworking Large Nonprofit Preservation Owners: Stewards of Affordable Housing for the  \nFuture  ....................................................................................................... 48\nLocal Partnerships: The Preserva"]
[3.9032206535339355, 18.2427978515625, "ally Reinforcing  ....... 33\n 5.1.  Number of States with Preferences for Preservation  .......................................... 90\n 5.2.  Dollar and Share of Tax Credit Investments in Preservation  ................................. 91\n 5.3.  Numbe"]
[3.920379400253296, 18.284643173217773, "e Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\n 4.4.  Overview of Three Grantees\u2019 Accomplishments  ............................................... 70\n 5.1.  Outcomes from Window of Opportunity  ................................................"]
[3.9229209423065186, 18.324033737182617, " and grants to a wide range of recipients, including nonprofit developers, loan funds, networks of non -\nprofit owners of affordable rental housing, advocacy organizations, state and local government agencies, and researchers. The foundation\u2019s ultima"]
[3.9327666759490967, 18.320772171020508, "cy framework to achieve preservation of 1 million affordable rental homes by 2020 Modest yes\na. Increased resources for preservation Yes\nb. New regulations and legislation for preservation Modest yes\nc. New federal incentives for preservation No\n4. G"]
[3.9213030338287354, 18.318647384643555, "aterialize, nor have there been new federal laws or regulations \nto promote preservation. \n\u2022 More groups have become involved in preservation than before WOO began in 2000. \nInterviewees credited WOO with accelerating changes ongoing within the affor"]
[3.9264039993286133, 18.325254440307617, "ing their assets to pro -\nduce cash flow, building databases, and buying out co-general partners to become sole owners of properties they intended to preserve. \nA third feature of WOO is that the MacArthur Foundation\u2019s two competitive solicita -\ntion"]
[3.921907901763916, 18.31869125366211, "h as housing \nare vulnerable to significant macro-economic forces  that affect the broader market. The Great \nRecession that started in 2007 fueled significant declines in the development and preservation \nof affordable rental housing, and it slowed "]
[3.894685983657837, 18.31459617614746, "bills related to preservation, each of which died in committee. Such federal action would have likely have caused much more preservation \nactivity. xvi    Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\nA fourth reason"]
[3.925065755844116, 18.295373916625977, "iew by Jeffrey Lubell (Abt Associates). The two reviews helped us improve the report. Finally, we would like \nto acknowledge the publishing contributions of James Torr for editing the report and Sandy Petitjean for creating and helping design the fig"]
[3.9232213497161865, 18.313064575195312, "s to put in place a policy framework\u2014i.e., laws and regu -\nlations, incentives, and funding\u2014that would enable the preservation of 1 million affordable \n1 Preservation can also include public-sector-owned housing, such as public housing, but the MacAr"]
[3.9357218742370605, 18.314409255981445, "ement \nof its other philanthropic initiatives. The report\u2019s overview of preservation and the evolution \nof practices to preserve affordable rental housing is also intended for developers/owners, advo -\ncates, and policymakers who work on affordable r"]
[3.9191975593566895, 18.337501525878906, "ivity post-WOO and to identify lessons learned that might inform other jurisdictions interested in replicating similar initiatives.\nLimitations \nThere are two primary limitations to this evaluation. The first and most important one is \nthat we do not"]
[3.9059603214263916, 18.29806137084961, "on defined preservation as \u201cAffordable rental housing is preserved when an owner acts to keep rents affordable for low- and moderate-income house-\nholds while ensuring that the property stays in good physical and financial condition for an extended p"]
[3.927504301071167, 18.285789489746094, "rks, and types of preservation activity from the 1980s to 2015. Even though Window of Opportunity focused largely (but not exclusively) on the pres -\nervation of multifamily rental housing (defined as five or more rental units per property), we inclu"]
[3.882871627807617, 18.060178756713867, "f federal housing subsidies go to them. \nThe set of U.S. federal housing policies to promote rental housing has been and remains \nfar less than the large federal apparatus to support homeowners. Policies and programs that \npromote homeownership inclu"]
[3.7946953773498535, 17.842010498046875, " we select a relatively low income of 50 percent of the area median income as a \nbenchmark. By this metric, Census data indicate that 68 percent of the 34 million rental units \n(which is a little over 23 million homes) occupied in 1990 were affordabl"]
[3.7948663234710693, 17.84222412109375, "tion within their MSA. We repeat that same matching of income percentile to rent percentile for the 40th, 60th, and 80th \npercentiles.\n5 \n3 The 30 percent threshold is a common threshold for the appropriate share of income a household should devote t"]
[3.809412717819214, 17.87180519104004, ", and more than 50 percent in none. Affordability conditions were acceptable in all but 3 out of 238 \nMSAs at the 60th percentile. Those at the 80th percentile of the income distribution could \nafford an 80th percentile rental unit in all the MSAs as"]
[3.8089168071746826, 17.87555694580078, " \nwhite decreased. As a result, the five percentage point decrease in the share of the population that was white over the 1990s, combined with the differences in homeowner and renter pro -\nfile for white and nonwhite households, increased the nationa"]
[3.8090145587921143, 17.882476806640625, ". The net impact of the demographic changes was a slight uptick in the share of households demanding \nownership compared with rental housing. At the same time, the U.S. population grew, and \nthe growth in the total number of renter households from 19"]
[3.8386824131011963, 17.88727569580078, " 2000 that many \nof the lowest-income renters would have had to pay more than 30 percent of their income to rent a home at a corresponding percentile of rental prices. Those at the 20th percentile of the \nrental income distribution for their MSA woul"]
[3.8757400512695312, 18.067411422729492, "ffordable; it can become unaffordable due to increased rent \nlevels; it can become owner-occupied housing; it can become vacant; or it can fall out of the \nstock. For the current analysis, we apply this methodology to the AHSs of 1991 and 2001 and tr"]
[3.910026788711548, 18.25977897644043, "or preservation \nbecause of the expiration of rent restrictions on units produced with some sort of federal rental \nsubsidy. To understand the supply of affordable housing, we look at changes in rents, renters\u2019 \nincomes, and rent-to-income ratios ove"]
[3.906217575073242, 18.257762908935547, "d LIHTC programs, administered by HUD and by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), respectively, are relevant from a preservation \nperspective, as each provides financing for private developers and owners, and in return the \nowners agree to maintain th"]
[3.9598567485809326, 18.155067443847656, "portive Housing for the Elderly loan program (HUD)Low-interest 40\u201350-year loans to nonprofit owners in exchange for affordability restrictions on rents. Income eligibility rules have changed over time, but generally for low-income elderly. As of 1990"]
[3.904837131500244, 18.272722244262695, "nded, \ncodified at 42 U.S.C., Section 1485. Section 521  refers to that section of the Housing Act of 1949, as amended, \ncodified at 42 U.S.C., Section 1490A.18    Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\nized i"]
[3.8801212310791016, 18.277021408081055, "bsolescence and potential demolition. \nThis simple characterization captures a large majority, but not all, types of preservation \nactivities, which are difficult to include in a single universal definition because of the wide vari -\nety in the types"]
[3.880815029144287, 18.269275665283203, "tention. \nHow Does Preservation Work?\nAs noted, there are three distinct channels by which preservation can become a need: strong \nmarket conditions, subsidy opt-out or expiration, and building obsolescence. In this section, \nwe describe these channe"]
[3.9017956256866455, 18.286020278930664, "idy and the affordability period both typically \nhave a set term. For example, the subsidy and affordability requirements for a Project-Based Section 8 property continue for 20 years. For an LIHTC property, the subsidy is provided over \n10 years, and"]
[3.873295307159424, 18.276714324951172, "able rentals to households \nat income levels previously served by that property, 14 percent were mixed-income rentals, and only 16 percent became unaffordable rentals (Blanco et al., 2015). \nThe Dynamics of Preservation: Building Obsolescence\nBuildin"]
[3.8978397846221924, 18.26849365234375, "d means (e.g., market-rate loans for rehabilitation), although the added \ncost of doing so must presumably be recaptured in the form of at least modestly increased rents that could nonetheless remain affordable. \nRegardless of whether preservation oc"]
[3.929729461669922, 18.256412506103516, " down-side risk, 5 percent have an up-side risk, and so every year you should find \na way to deal with the \u201cX\u201d percent that are rolling into their risk profile. These come in \ncohorts or waves that are reasonably predictable.\nPreservation from the 19"]
[3.9078590869903564, 18.255470275878906, "converting to unaffordable market-rate rents\u2014as one HUD field staff person put it, \u201cconvincing owners to stay in, or [else convincing] \nowners [to sell] projects to other entities that would keep them affordable.\u201d By the mid-1990s, \nfunding through t"]
[3.9048197269439697, 18.259706497192383, "edits, and volume cap \nbonds. Compared with the 1990s, preservation \u201cgrew up\u201d and got ahead of the curve by antici -\npating upcoming expirations or opt-out periods and re-underwriting properties to infuse them \nwith capital for building system renewa"]
[3.9027209281921387, 18.275779724121094, "nd this only increased to seven states as of 2000. (We revisit these data to examine 2000\u20132010 in Chapter \nSix.)Rental Housing and the Role of Preservation    25\nConclusion\nThe landscape for affordable rental housing in the years leading up to the st"]
[3.940473794937134, 18.303606033325195, "n illustrates four of these strategies via case studies. \nOverview\nThe Launch of Window of Opportunity\nThe MacArthur Foundation first learned of the importance of preservation in 1999 when a \nprogram officer attended a Chicago symposium at which a pa"]
[3.9417855739593506, 18.31549072265625, "is tour that it could issue PRIs to finance products \nsuch as loan funds and for \u201cwalking around [predevelopment] money\u201d for nonprofit developers/\nowners to compete for with for-profit developers who had deeper pockets that enabled them to more quick"]
[3.9403319358825684, 18.320363998413086, " the largest \nsingle source of subsidy for the construction and preservation of affordable rental housing in the United States. State hous -Window of Opportunity    29\nfrom a wide variety of housing markets that could influence preservation policy re"]
[3.946647882461548, 18.338848114013672, "ts.\n\u2022 2002: MacArthur issues regional preservation leaders RFQ to select ten regional non -\nprofit owners.\ning finance agencies must allocate the tax credits to developers through a competitive process specified in their state-created \nqualified allo"]
[3.959181308746338, 18.324308395385742, "s of affordable rental housing from 2003 through 2013, according to the Joint Center for Housing Studies (1999). \nIn recognition of the stronger focus on policy, the second iteration of the initiative dou -\nbled the budget (from $5 million to $10 mil"]
[3.9250595569610596, 18.3176326751709, "n strategies is provided in another section below.\nTo achieve the outcomes shown in the right-hand column of Figure 3.1, the WOO initia -\ntive has ultimately adopted both a bottom-up and a top-down approach by funding actors who worked at state, mult"]
[3.9118592739105225, 18.311857223510742, "isits, \nidenti/f_ied: \n(1) lack of working capital as a barrier for nonpro/f_it owners; (2) need \nfor regulatory \nand legislative change to ease preservation;  and (3) variety of housing types in need of preservation.\n\u007f Vetted strategy \nin 2001 with "]
[3.945493459701538, 18.308439254760742, "/f_ication \n(1999\u20132001)Designing the\ninitiative \n(1999\u20132007)The strategies of window of opportunity\n(2000\u20132020)Desired\noutcomesWindow of Opportunity    33\nInvestments Made Through Window of Opportunity\nAs shown in Figure 3.1, there were ultimately se"]
[3.921579599380493, 18.335079193115234, "State and\nlocal\ngovernmentsNetworks\nof\nownersRegional \npreservation \nownersFederal\ngovernment\u007f Seed loan funds and /f_inancial \nvehicles for preservation\n\u007f Increase private and public \ncapital for preservation34    Preservation of Affordable Rental H"]
[3.929598093032837, 18.31586265563965, "o build \na cadre of large nonprofit owners started with the MacArthur Foundation issuing an RFQ in 2002 for regional nonprofit preservation leaders. The intention of the open-call request (as \nopposed to inviting only particular developers to apply) "]
[3.944659948348999, 18.32084083557129, " (SAHF), the Housing Partnership Network, and \nNeighborWorks (to form Strength Matters). Ultimately, the MacArthur Foundation awarded \n22 grants to these three networks amounting to $4.6 million during the period from 2002 to 2014. In this manner, WO"]
[3.9345998764038086, 18.32398796081543, "the New York City Acquisition Fund or to preservation owners \nfor the preservation of affordable rental housing in the Chicago area. \nReflecting the interagency structure of the The Preservation Compact (described in more \ndetail in a case study in C"]
[3.9269189834594727, 18.319562911987305, "erences on preservation\n\u2022 create or expand state or city databases of subsidized rental properties\n\u2022 develop early warning systems\n\u2022 provide access for grantees to a subscription-based web mapping tool\n\u2022 conduct studies of local housing markets\n\u2022 cre"]
[3.9117000102996826, 18.32799530029297, " words, was putting preservation at the center of a state and local agenda. As a \nMacArthur staff person put it, \u201cAre you making people say, \u2018What about preservation? How \ndo we need to work together in a different way on it?\u2019\u201d\nThe foundation\u2019s goals"]
[3.931077241897583, 18.322612762451172, "at risk of converting from subsidized to unsubsidized rental housing.\nStrategy to Improve Funding, Regulatory, and Legislative Context for Preservation \nThis strategy is the collection of the previous six strategies, plus the 20 general operating gra"]
[3.9343199729919434, 18.337875366210938, "er what those \nstrategies involved. We selected activities that we or the MacArthur Foundation believed were \nsuccessful and had the potential to be sustained post-WOO. But the chief aim of the case studies is to identify the structural features that"]
[3.9753904342651367, 18.30105209350586, "tive\ntion Compact (TPC) and the state and local initiatives studied. These themes are discussed in \ndetail in each section, and summarized at the end of this chapter.\nSeeding Innovative Preservation Finance Vehicles: Housing Partnership \nEquity Trust"]
[3.9924004077911377, 18.276453018188477, "l $75 million. Prudential agreed to provide $10 million in \npreferred equity, and Citibank agreed to provided $65 million in debt financing. \nHaving raised the $100 million, HPET management sought to deploy it by purchasing \nproperties that meet the "]
[4.00323486328125, 18.26787567138672, "ommitment had been secured. HPET approached Prudential\u2019s social investment division about the possibility of obtaining $10 million in mezzanine debt.\n1 Pruden -\ntial was not interested in providing a loan: According to our interview with this investo"]
[4.0368170738220215, 18.228681564331055, " costs \nthan the HPET deals, the development fees associated with such deals are higher. \nThe Housing Partnership Equity Trust Has Been Able to Close Deals Quickly\nInterviewees frequently noted the speed at which HPET was able to close deals. In the "]
[4.002872943878174, 18.264366149902344, "reholder, and HPET must provide an equity return to its common shareholders. The key distinction between HPET and the typical REIT is that enti -\nties investing in HPET are looking to profit\u2014just not by as much as if they invested elsewhere.\nThe key "]
[4.066788673400879, 18.21027946472168, "s $127,140 per unit for this property. In other words, HPET would be willing to purchase the property at a price up to $127,140 per unit. \nIn contrast, the benefits from a LIHTC deal come largely from the credits themselves, as \nwell as from financin"]
[4.1220831871032715, 18.159578323364258, "ties. Thus, \nthe investor in the LIHTC requires an 8 percent rather than a 6 percent return. Now we can \ncompute the costs that a developer is willing to pay in exchange for $7,628 in rent per year:\n\u2022 $7,628/0.08 capitalization rate = (hard construct"]
[3.9711754322052, 18.288776397705078, "n \nthose of alternative real estate investments.\nLessons Learned\nThis case study has highlighted the structural features of HPET that have helped it recalibrate the balance of competitive power between nonprofit and for-profit developers interested i"]
[3.8934879302978516, 18.36190414428711, "n transactions, while also increasing standardiza -\ntion of practices among preservation owners, which could ultimately help owners access larger \namounts of funding and more diverse types of private capital.\nSAHF is a structure that enables informat"]
[3.902491569519043, 18.355138778686523, "worked with more than one mayor, more than one HUD office, [and] generally in more than \none state.\u201d The organizational scale of the owner members gives them the resources to frame \nand address policy questions and to execute longer-range planning, w"]
[3.8968665599823, 18.35613250732422, "f Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\ning HUD, write regulations that are conducive to good preservation work has been one of \nthe strengths of SAHF. \nA nonmember explained that SAHF has a \u201cunique ability as a union of the"]
[3.884395122528076, 18.368244171142578, "ta collection about resident services and resident outcomes with an emphasis on identifying potential innovative funding sources for resident services.2012\nAcquisition of National Affordable Housing Trust:  This financial intermediary and advisory fi"]
[3.891206979751587, 18.35710906982422, " of transactional problems required technical knowledge \nby SAHF staff, as discussed in more detail below. Staff\u2019s ability to facilitate SAHF member conversations required understanding the history of the \u201cold [housing subsidy] programs,\u201d \nas well as"]
[3.8774185180664062, 18.357501983642578, "p Network (described in the first case study in \nthis chapter) and the Data Warehouse through Strength Matters. SAHF\u2019s participation in Strength Matters gave other nonprofits a link to the property management and portfolio \ndata of some of the larges"]
[3.914931297302246, 18.33953857421875, "with large \nmemberships, SAHF has not had to bridge disparate members\u2019 concerns and interests. \nSAHF members share an orientation toward the use of metrics, business analytics, and \ndata to run more effective businesses. This orientation propels an i"]
[3.8536884784698486, 18.40062141418457, "\nwould have had anything like the impact we had. In the absence of adequate support, we \n6 As of February 2015, SAHF\u2019s mission statement is \u201cto lead policy innovation and advance excellence in the delivery of \naffordable rental homes that expand oppo"]
[3.9243459701538086, 18.368932723999023, "own organizational practices, and sets the stage \nfor the participation of other partners, industries, and stakeholders, through such means as pay-for-success programs. Another example, according to an SAHF member, is SAHF\u2019s opera -\ntions and mainten"]
[4.012196063995361, 18.287031173706055, "pri -\nvate, and nonprofit sectors established to coordinate and prioritize preservation efforts and to increase awareness of the importance of affordable rental housing preservation in Cook \nCounty. Its central features include interagency coordinati"]
[4.013495445251465, 18.29648780822754, " TPC\u2019s goal was to devise solutions and implement strategies that could assist developers, owners, tenants, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations concerned with preserv -\ning affordable rental housing and to develop a policy framework for "]
[4.025661468505859, 18.281509399414062, "he 2008 recession, the housing market collapsed, and neighbor -\nhoods struggled with foreclosed and abandoned housing. Although real estate values declined across Chicago about 35 to 38 percent on average during the recession, in communities with \na "]
[4.049642562866211, 18.268653869628906, "and \ntheir primary accomplishments. Below we discuss in detail two of the strategies often cited as \nkey accomplishments of TPC.\nKey Accomplishments of the Preservation Compact\nOf the strategies listed in Table 4.2, there are two particular initiativ"]
[4.02004861831665, 18.274423599243164, "vers Loan fund.Case Studies of Window of Opportunity    59Table 4.2\nThe Preservation Compact\u2019s Strategies, Actions, and Accomplishments\nChallenge and Resulting Strategy Actions Accomplishments\nChallenge: High operating costs.\nStrategy: Manage operati"]
[4.027317523956299, 18.277488708496094, "using Studies, TPC working groups monitor subsidized properties and intervenes when contracts are expiring or when building condi -\ntions deteriorate.\n\u2022 For properties with building condition problems, or if contracts are at risk of being lost in str"]
[3.9812095165252686, 18.285015106201172, "mily rentals are an underserved but significant share of the affordable housing market. Provide assistance to 1\u20134-unit property owners:\n\u2022 Analysis by DePaul University showed that 1\u20134-unit properties comprised 48 percent of Chicago\u2019s rental stock. \n\u2022"]
[4.37639045715332, 18.0927791595459, "s required to invest in energy efficiency upgrades. \nThe Energy Savers Program was able to address some of these challenges through its pro -\ngram delivery method. TPC created a working group to further expand resources for multi -\nfamily retrofits a"]
[3.9797825813293457, 18.21649169921875, "analysis surprisingly showed that approximately 33 percent of the rental \nhousing stock in Cook County was composed of 2\u20134-unit buildings (DePaul University, \n2012). In light of the 2008 recession, these buildings also accounted for a large portion o"]
[3.9716286659240723, 18.31120491027832, "ail -\nable to rehabilitate and preserve groups of 1\u20134-unit buildings as affordable rental housing. The program is intended to help finance clusters of distressed 1\u20134-unit buildings in neighbor -\nhoods by providing a takeout term loan for groups (9-un"]
[4.035351276397705, 18.273488998413086, " long-\nterm funding commitment of the MacArthur Foundation. This long-term funding allowed \nTPC to convene the diverse group of government agencies, nonprofits, building owners, tenant \nadvocates, and other housing stakeholders many times over severa"]
[4.0340704917907715, 18.272769927978516, "ressing energy efficiency; the interviewee noted that the Energy Savers Program is now the largest energy conservation program of its kind in the coun -\ntry, and other jurisdictions are replicating it. The PRI also enabled the Energy Savers Program t"]
[3.9392635822296143, 18.30592155456543, "vation of Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\n1. Seek a founding funder, such as a foundation or other entity, that is seen as a neutral \nand respected broker. It is important to bringing a diverse set of stakeholders to t"]
[3.8939974308013916, 18.355619430541992, ", tax credits, real estate transaction-related surcharges and user fees, trust funds, \nguaranty products and bond insurance programs.\nThe MacArthur Foundation also gained a deeper understanding over the course of the \nWindow of Opportunity initiative"]
[3.9322073459625244, 18.3200740814209, "the \ncoordinated preservation efforts of several state and city actors would both deepen their under -\nstanding of the importance of preservation and elevate its priority in the state\u2014changing the general climate and culture around preservation. The "]
[3.9348013401031494, 18.294921875, "dized properties throughout their \nstates. Prior to their work, there was no single source in Ohio that stored the location of all the \nsubsidized properties in the state. Developers can now search for properties by city, and both Ohio and Oregon/Por"]
[3.9275617599487305, 18.311811447143555, "llion\nVermont Accelerate preservation of and reinvestment in affordable rental housing through targeted outreach and technical assistance for private owners and nonprofits, energy efficiency, predevelopment, bridge loans, and a demonstration using Me"]
[3.9350037574768066, 18.33415985107422, "ation in the Minnesota metropolitan area. Groups meet \nmonthly (in Minnesota) to quarterly (in Ohio) to biannually (in Oregon/Portland). Members of these working groups tend to be similar in each of the three states. State finance agencies, \nHUD, USD"]
[3.9532148838043213, 18.321985244750977, "s. No program has come out of this work yet, but the Family \nFund and the Greater Minnesota Housing Fund have developed a joint work plan to further \ninvestigate capacity building, data, financing, policy, and other tools to support unsubsidized affo"]
[3.9823856353759766, 18.280672073364258, " it has also led to funders now consistently applying capital needs assessments and coordinating on appraisals. \nOutcomes\nWe now turn to the outcomes grantees realized during their tenure in the State and Local Housing Preservation Leaders initiative"]
[3.9671027660369873, 18.311532974243164, "ars to continue the preservation work at the Net -\nwork for Oregon Affordable Housing. In 2012, this Network received a $3 million HUD \nEnergy Innovation Fund grant to support the MPower program, a wholly owned subsidiary \nthat provides financing to "]
[3.947391986846924, 18.319528579711914, "g even before they were awarded the MacArthur Foundation funding. Minnesota started to focus on preservation in \nthe late 1990s as some of the earliest LIHTC developments, which had been allocated relatively \nsmall tax credit awards, began to physica"]
[3.969874858856201, 18.300310134887695, "ter-organizational group would not have been as successful without the funding for Network for Oregon Affordable Housing to ensure that \nthe group met on a regular basis. An Ohio interviewee noted that the operational funding \nthere also led them to "]
[3.954111099243164, 18.313302993774414, "\u201d Oregon/Portland inter -Case Studies of Window of Opportunity    75\nviewees highlighted the trust that had developed among both staff and management group \nmembers. Some wondered if excluding owners from these working groups had helped to build \nthi"]
[3.95455265045166, 18.312467575073242, "at although this may be the case, there are not enough non -\nprofit developers to do the \u201cmore difficult-to-develop projects,\u201d and that the projects they need \nto now address, which include \u201cold HUD programs and old tax credit properties,\u201d are more \n"]
[3.943042278289795, 18.3046817779541, " \npreservation through either a set-aside in their QAP or a point system similar to the one used in Minnesota. The balance Minnesota Housing has struck between the burden \nplaced on developers to demonstrate property risk and rewarding points toward "]
[3.926194429397583, 18.331783294677734, "t the benefits of investing in a research and development function of the network, with staff explicitly tasked with time to pool data across member organizations, conduct analyses, and structure pilot programs for members to test. State housing fina"]
[3.9254519939422607, 18.323232650756836, "ils about the interviews and the methods for analyzing their themes are included in Appendix A.\nWe augmented our interviews with secondary data to the extent that they were available. \nTo understand whether WOO recipients preserved the desired number"]
[3.9398884773254395, 18.296350479125977, "\nIncreased Organizational Size\nNonprofit real estate developers\u2019 growth in size has been fueled partly by mergers and the acquisition of property for preservation. Those with whom we spoke stressed the importance \nof these changes with phrases such a"]
[3.953396797180176, 18.29482078552246, "tead of one, or internal bridge \nfunds can be drawn on for quick acquisition. Interviewees stressed that timing is everything; as one expert noted, \u201cFlexible and nimble and speedy tends to win the day.\u201d \nBetter Ability to Partner with Resident Servic"]
[3.928112745285034, 18.288591384887695, "rviewees wrestled with the question of who is the ideal organization to preserve affordable rental housing. In general, experts we spoke with described a changing nonprofit developer/\nowner industry that is shedding small CDCs and moving away from a "]
[3.925921678543091, 18.3035888671875, "lly painful to have to move up the income stream because you\u2019re moving away from mission for the financial benefits. And it\u2019s true; \nit does move you away from mission, and yet you just can\u2019t grow without that rebalancing. \nInterviewees expressed con"]
[4.005263328552246, 18.284404754638672, "helped them shift into more financially sustainable \npractices with greater clout and policy influence. Notably, only one of the 30 owners provided 84    Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\na PRI defaulted;"]
[3.9601614475250244, 18.312515258789062, "ting out there is for sophisticated groups, the kind of money that we really need.\nThe intermediate objective of the PRIs was to build better-capitalized, more-durable, \nmore-scaled nonprofit organizations that can, in turn, preserve more units. Inte"]
[3.994845151901245, 18.304378509521484, " an avenue by which MacArthur hoped owners could influence policy through large nonprofit owners\u2019 practices. Interviewees felt that Mac -\nArthur\u2019s investment in both individual nonprofit developer/owner organizations and in owner networks were mutual"]
[3.9390084743499756, 18.32622528076172, "e. As one interviewee noted, \u201cthere is an increasing amount of \nintent at least to standardize processes and other tools of business\u201d as a means to become more \nefficient and to access more capital. Importantly, networks can serve this information-sh"]
[3.941026449203491, 18.324193954467773, "of acquisition \nand predevelopment funds for affordable housing developers. Several large nonprofit develop -\ners with whom we spoke indicated that predevelopment funding is no longer in as short supply, although permanent sources of capital are stil"]
[3.980609178543091, 18.28403091430664, "tion Loan Fund; Southland Community Development Loan Fund (Chicago); Mas -\nsachusetts Preservation Loan Fund (WOO); Vermont Loan Fund (WOO); Family Housing Fund (Minneapolis; WOO); Preservation Compact Fund (WOO); and Ohio Preservation Loan Fund (WOO"]
[3.907860279083252, 18.312562942504883, "be below. \n3 Section 8 overhang refers to the potential for revenue loss for a property if Section 8 rents are not recognized in locali -\nties where rent levels paid through Section 8 are substantially higher than the maximum rent levels allowed thro"]
[3.891517162322998, 18.274002075195312, "ty of funding to increase the preservation of affordable rental housing \nthroughout the WOO years (Schwartz, 2015; National Housing Law Project, 2003) likely influenced the perspective of respondents. There was broad consensus that permanent sources "]
[3.941377878189087, 18.32200050354004, "d from 2008 to 2010 and then peaked in 2011. There are many factors that could explain this dip between 2008 and 2010, not the least of which is that the odds of an owner \ntrying to leave a subsidy program during this time were likely less due to the"]
[3.942061424255371, 18.323049545288086, "ousing Trust, many interviewees who were familiar with \nWOO credited the MacArthur Foundation for funding high-impact national advocacy orga -Figure 5.2\nDollar and Share of Tax Credit Investments in Preservation\nSOURCE: Data from the National Housing"]
[3.9003283977508545, 18.343225479125977, " 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Outcomes of Window of Opportunity    93\npreservation-related changes at the agency. Interviewees credited HUD with substantial, if \n\u201cincremental,\u201d progress under the Obama administration to make preservation easier. \nWh"]
[3.929631471633911, 18.320920944213867, " persistently advocated for preservation policies that were in a bill called the Housing Preservation and Tenant Protec -\ntion Act, sponsored by Barney Frank, that had been repeatedly introduced over several years but died in the House Financial Serv"]
[3.8853936195373535, 18.374488830566406, "nt for advancing preservation. Given the central role \nplayed by state and local government\u2014especially housing finance agencies\u2014in preservation, one interviewee told us that this particular strategy was the foundation\u2019s \u201cbest bet\u201d to change \nthe fiel"]
[3.918945550918579, 18.321903228759766, "\ntwo questions. First, was the affordable housing preservation sector larger after WOO\u2019s 14 \nyears of existence than it was before WOO began in 2000? If yes, the second question was whether WOO contributed to this growth. As was the case for the othe"]
[3.885287284851074, 18.337608337402344, " years for a profit \u201cbefore the roof caves in,\u201d without recapitalizing the property. Interviewees worry that such buyers, with their \u201cshort-sighted dumb money,\u201d are \ndoing a \u201cdisservice\u201d to the subsidized inventory, leaving a mess for future preserva"]
[3.91517972946167, 18.328073501586914, "uncil of State Hous -\ning Agencies) were the second most frequently named, each with 18 mentions. \nSeveral interviewees concluded that the majority of champions are at the local level\u2014\nmany of them MacArthur WOO grantees or borrowers\u2014which is where t"]
[3.8801889419555664, 18.29094696044922, "rvation, if not general appreciation of renting, to \u201cbalance\u201d housing policy. We found a diversity of views about preservation\u2019s definition and importance, suggesting that awareness of \npreservation did not result in a unified understanding of the co"]
[3.8862977027893066, 18.317672729492188, "ndents saying they aspired to homeown -\nership (Hart Research Associates, 2015). While \u201cthe infatuation with ownership as the means of wealth accumulation\u201d might be over, opined one interviewee, \u201cthe love affair with home ownership is ready to burst "]
[3.9257287979125977, 18.327302932739258, "among state and federal government \nemployees to WOO advocates\u2019 education of state housing finance agencies, a greater awareness of the scope of the problem due to data advances, the proliferation of examples of preservation \ndone well, a greater und"]
[3.8640573024749756, 18.338193893432617, "policymakers that preservation of that stock was important, because there was not stock like that being built, and so you have to save it like an endangered species or else it will be gone. \nGrantees described a two-step process to first try to ident"]
[3.8766140937805176, 18.276559829711914, "xisting subsidized rental housing stock. \nSeveral interviewees also praised HUD for putting out more information (and more fre-\nquently updated information) about subsidized rental housing through the national LIHC database (HUD PD&R, no date-a), the"]
[3.8909549713134766, 18.29009246826172, "ouse-\nholds. This discussion covered the same terrain as the trade-offs of targeting housing aid, \nwhich we discuss in Outcome 1 regarding nonprofit owners\u2019 struggle to \u201cmaintain mission\u201d while running a financially sound, sustainable business. \nWher"]
[3.8829619884490967, 18.28534698486328, "gree with me \non that. A lot of the people, even on the rural preservation working group call, they \nwant project-based rental assistance for forever. It doesn\u2019t always make sense.\u201d\n3. Prioritize preservation of properties in \u201copportunity-rich areas."]
[3.8777709007263184, 18.285594940185547, "nging \nfrom the economic, to the moral, to the politically expedient. These reasons, along with exam -\nples, are listed in Table 5.2. Among the 15 justifications, cost-effectiveness was the most com -Outcomes of Window of Opportunity    103\nTable 5.2"]
[3.8710145950317383, 18.28818130493164, "cause of physical deterioration.\u201d\n\u2022 \u201cThe risk in preservation environment is, I got housing authorities who are incompetent, I got 515 projects that have obsolete owners. I\u2019ve got 202s and other very old properties that need renovation and reinvigora"]
[3.87559175491333, 18.288728713989258, "d-ism] quite as frontally.\u201d\n\u2022 \u201cPreservation of existing [housing] is an easier path than getting a re-zoning and going through a public process around affordable [housing]\u2026.\u201d \n9. Tenants, particularly seniors, can remain in place.\u2022 \u201cIt just makes so "]
[3.8749940395355225, 18.29031753540039, "o, you know, it\u2019s just more efficient to get control of it rather than let it get lost and gone forever.\u201d\n14. Preservation is less risky than new construction.\u2022 \u201cWe do not have entitlement risk. We do not have construction risk. We do not have demand"]
[3.8838350772857666, 18.288990020751953, "ation means ten years into it.\u201d The \nclosest interviewees came to a distilled schematic for preservation is the \u201cbifurcated challenge\u201d of, on the one hand, the upside risk of displacing low-income residents due to owners opting \nout of maintaining th"]
[3.917050838470459, 18.32221031188965, "t \nan issue? Are they campaigning for Grandma? Is it poor people? I mean it\u2019s very retail, very \nbasic, political.\nThe relative invisibility of preservation and its inherent variation, which depends on local \nmarket conditions, tenant mix, ownership "]
[3.9212217330932617, 18.310047149658203, "y homeless. \nNote that we do not know how many of these units would have been lost from the afford -\nable stock if not for WOO. And three interviewees questioned whether WOO substantially increased the number of units preserved. Despite the wide agre"]
[3.906783103942871, 18.267601013183594, "himberg Center and the Furman Center, have better approximations of which owners \nrenewed their subsidies, with and without a repositioning, as far back as 2004 and 2002, \nrespectively, but not before then and not on a national level. \nIn light of th"]
[3.920792818069458, 18.33028221130371, "Units out that year \nUnits out that year as a share of existing units\nCumulative units out as a share of units ever built\n1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Outcomes of Window of Opportunity    109\nwas sem"]
[3.9132769107818604, 18.320579528808594, "ded to change housing pol -\nicies and practices to facilitate more preservation of affordable rental housing. The MacArthur \nFoundation identified five principal barriers to achieving this goal: \n\u2022 too few significant nonprofit owners who had made pr"]
[3.931077718734741, 18.3415470123291, "oritized changing the nonprofit owner industry, not the much larger for-profit owner industry, \nand it prioritized the policy environment over the unit count.\nInterviewees continue to grapple with fundamental questions about preservation. These \ndile"]
[3.8867058753967285, 18.28386688232422, "ver, these accomplishments did not resolve structural problems for preservation that \nwe believe inhibited WOO\u2019s ability to achieve impacts at the desired scale. The largest inhibi -\ntor of preservation was the economic downturn in the WOO years. Due"]
[3.904653549194336, 18.28583335876465, " choice by the \nfoundation to focus on large nonprofit preservation-oriented owners who, by and large, were preserving subsidized rental housing, which is most often in multifamily dwellings. The ratio -\nnale for focusing on large nonprofit preservat"]
[3.8948781490325928, 18.2847843170166, "hereby expanding the resources devoted to preservation.\n\u2022 Few funding vehicles and policy efforts to engage the largest owner type of affordable \nrental housing: for-profit owners of small numbers of units.\n\u2022 A lack of significant new funding sources"]
[3.886261224746704, 18.281633377075195, "nsensus policy motivation for, preservation. That the initiative is not likely to reach its goal to catalyze major preservation-related policy changes speaks to the limitation of a single philanthropic initiative targeting a massively large asset suc"]
[3.923089027404785, 18.336061477661133, "w subsidized rental housing for lower-income families. \nLessons for MacArthur and Other Philanthropies\nThrough our review of WOO and its outcomes, we conclude with six lessons for philanthropies \nas they consider the design of future initiatives.\nLes"]
[3.993901491165161, 18.302019119262695, "ditional funds on it. The designated beneficiaries of WOO were accorded an advantage \nthat helped to attract outside dollars. 116    Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\nAlso, in selecting a relatively narro"]
[3.9042160511016846, 18.35188865661621, "ard goals. A fourth challenge is the continued lack of data to mea -\nsure preservation activity and resources to quantify changes over time. The four challenges, in combination, prevented the foundation from knowing empirically along the way whether "]
[3.809536933898926, 17.86134147644043, ". population. The IPUMS is a series of data compiled by the Univer -\nsity of Minnesota that allows us to follow the evolution of metropolitan area characteristics, \nkeeping boundaries constant. \nWe looked at homeownership by marital status, race/ethn"]
[3.8062291145324707, 17.867984771728516, " income is matched with the unit having the second-lowest rent, and so forth, \nuntil we reach the 20th, 40th, 60th, and 80th percentiles. Consider a household with income at the 20th percentile of the income distribution. The perfect distributional m"]
[3.837796926498413, 17.921419143676758, "ille\u2212Cocoa\u2212Palm Bay, FL\nColumbus, OH\nAlbuquerque, NM\nSanta Fe, NM\nSan Jose, CA\nNorfolk\u2212VA Beach\u2212Newport News, VA\nTacoma, WA\nFort Collins\u2212Loveland, CO\nSalt Lake City\u2212Ogden, UT\nDayton\u2212Spring/f_ield, OH\nColumbia, SC\nMacon\u2212Warner Robins, GA\nSpring/f_ield"]
[3.805824041366577, 17.868619918823242, "oga, TN/GA\nKilleen\u2212Temple, TX\nColorado Springs, CO\nIndianapolis, IN\nHouma\u2212Thibodaux, LA\nHickory\u2212Morgantown, NC\nLancaster, PA\nHouston\u2212Brazoria, TX\nAnchorage, AKMethods for the Evaluation of Window of Opportunity    123\nFigure A.5\nRent-to-Income Ratio "]
[3.795605421066284, 17.873136520385742, "015).\nNOTE: Figure shows the ratio of 60th percentile gross rent to 60th percentile income in 1990.\nRAND RR1444\u2013A.780 60 40 20 100 0\nPercentageMetropolitan Statistical Area\nBryan\u2212College Station, TX\nMiami\u2212Hialeah, FL\nBridgeport, CT\nFlint, MI\nDaytona "]
[3.8381285667419434, 17.940120697021484, "L\nDanbury, CT\nAkron, OH\nKnoxville, TN\nSouth Bend\u2212Mishawaka, IN\nCharleston\u2212N. Charleston, SC\nMontgomery, AL\nGalveston\u2212Texas City, TX\nAnniston, AL\nReno, NV\nRichmond\u2212Petersburg, VA\nGreensboro\u2212Winston Salem\u2212High Point, NC\nYoungstown\u2212Warren, OH\u2212PA\nOklahom"]
[3.971773147583008, 18.25276756286621, "\u2212PA\nSpring/f_ield, IL\nJoplin, MO\nLongview\u2212Marshall, TX\nWausau, WI\nBenton Harbor, MI\nAppleton\u2212Oshkosh\u2212Neenah, WI\nJohnstown, PA130    Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\nFigure A.12\nRent-to-Income Ratio for t"]
[4.033234596252441, 18.29006576538086, "fit into \nthese changes\n\u2022 key remaining challenges facing the field of affordable rental housing preservation.\nAll interviews were audio-recorded, and virtually all were subsequently transcribed. At \nthe end of each interview, interviewees were asked"]
[3.956296920776367, 18.32307243347168, "ere confidential. In this report, interviewee comments and opinions are not attributed to specific individuals unless permission was explicitly sought \n(as was done for the case studies).\nSelection of Case Studies\nWe worked with the MacArthur Foundat"]
[3.957530975341797, 18.31932258605957, "in 2007 and continues to be an important organization for addressing preservation issues in Cook County. In addition to grants supporting the establishment and coordination of TPC \nand participation in it, the MacArthur Foundation has funded between "]
[4.018458366394043, 18.282100677490234, "ity Initiative\nin Chapter Five), and they were also asked for permission to audio-record the interviews. All \nof the interviewees consented to having their interview audio-recorded. The audio-recordings \nwere transcribed for use only by the research "]
[3.9753401279449463, 18.315200805664062, " asked questions about SAHF and peer networks of each interviewee. The spe-\ncific interview protocol for this case study covered the following topics: (1) perceptions of the most significant accomplishments of SAHF, (2) whether SAHF enabled members t"]
[3.956416368484497, 18.303272247314453, "\nState and Local Housing Preservation Leaders Initiative Interviews \nFor this case study, we interviewed Robyn Bipes, director of programs and lending, Greater \nMinnesota Housing Fund; Anne Heitlinger, preservation manager, Minnesota Housing; \nRobert"]
[3.9899849891662598, 18.24976921081543, "nergy\n\u2022 Francie Ferguson, director of the Multifamily Initiative, NeighborWorks 138    Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\n\u2022 James Grow, deputy director and senior staff attorney, National Housing Law Proje"]
[4.0829596519470215, 18.216182708740234, "isors\n\u2022 James Logue, chief operating officer, Great Lakes Capital \n\u2022 John Markowski, president, CIC (interviewed with Stacie Young)\n\u2022 Patrick Nash, managing director, JP Morgan Capital Corporation\n\u2022 Daniel Nissenbaum, managing director, Goldman Sachs"]
[4.001410961151123, 18.273040771484375, "mpact\u2019s List of Events (2009\u20132014)\nTable C.1 \nThe Preservation Compact\u2019s List of Events (2009\u20132014)\nEvent Title Purpose\nGreen Retrofit Program \nWorkshop\nMay 2009\n(50 attendees)A workshop to market the Green Retrofit Program, a program created with fe"]
[4.00434684753418, 18.248291015625, "vation of Affordable Rental Housing: The Window of Opportunity Initiative\nEvent Title Purpose\nPreserving Chicagoland\u2019s \nSmall Multifamily Housing \nStock\nMay 22, 2014(75 attendees)The forum examined the stock of 5\u201349-unit rental properties in the Chic"]
[4.098034858703613, 18.130481719970703, "Housing in Cook County: \nCurrent Conditions and Forecast , Chicago.: DePaul University Real Estate Center, 2007. As of April 20, 2016: \nhttps://www.macfound.org/media/article_pdfs/REPORT_STATE_OF_RENTAL_HOUSING_1.PDF\nChetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, a"]
[4.019035816192627, 18.110431671142578, "icy Development and \nResearch.IPUMS\u2014 See Ruggles, Steven, Katie Genadek, Ronald Goeken, Josiah Grover, and Matthew Sobek, \nIntegrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 6.0 [Machine-readable database], Minneapolis: University of \nMinnesota, 2015.\nJ"]
[3.9757649898529053, 18.193857192993164, "w.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/crsreports/crsdocuments/RL34728_01282013.pdf\nPreservation Compact, \u201cStrategies That Work: Preserving Affordable Rental Housing,\u201d Chicago, 2014. As of \nApril 20, 2016: http://www.preservationcompact.org/wp-content/uploads/"]
[4.06217098236084, 18.093847274780273, "er 8, Low-Income Housing, Subchapter I, General \nProgram of Assisted Housing, Section 1437f, Low-Income Housing Assistance, January 3, 2012. As of April 22, 2016: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/USCODE-2011-title42/USCODE-2011-title42-chap8-subchap"]
[4.592377662658691, 8.572980880737305, "CORPORATION\nDriving to Safety\nHow Many Miles of Driving Would It Take to Demonstrate \nAutonomous Vehicle Reliability?\nNidhi Kalra, Susan M. Paddock\n\u2022 Autonomous vehicles would have to be driven hundreds \nof millions of miles and sometimes hundreds of"]
[4.672171115875244, 8.418741226196289, "for autonomous vehicles, as well as for human drivers, and autonomous vehicles might perform worse than human drivers in some cases (Gomes, 2014). There is also the potential for autonomous vehicles to pose new and \n1 This does not mean that 53.5 per"]
[4.598962306976318, 8.570423126220703, "enables laboratory testing and verifi-cation. Curtain-style air bags, for example, are tested with a combina-tion of component tests to assess inflation time, fill capacity, and other responses in a range of temperature conditions and impact configur"]
[4.590470314025879, 8.576764106750488, "rt assess the miles needed to demonstrate the reliability of this last class of fully autonomous vehicles. Therefore, we use the total fatality, injury, and crash rates of human drivers in the United States as benchmarks against which to compare auto"]
[4.586059093475342, 8.585716247558594, " driven \nautonomous vehicles for a certain number of failure-free miles \nand wishes to know the reliability (or, equivalently, the failure rate) that can be claimed at a particular level of confidence. Alternatively, for a given confidence C and reli"]
[4.587284564971924, 8.584519386291504, "It is also known that injuries and crashes may be \nsignificantly underreported; one study suggests by 25 percent and 60 percent, respectively (Blincoe et al., 2015). Therefore, we have also shown reference lines that could reflect a truer estimate of"]
[4.5878005027771, 8.582881927490234, "ere      is 100(1 \u2212\u03b1/2)th quantile of standard normal \ndistribution.10 The half-width of the CI, provides \nan estimate of the precision of the failure rate estimate,   \nWe can calculate the precision relative to the failure \nrate estimate:\nwhich simp"]
[4.587449073791504, 8.5799560546875, ". The 8.8-billion mile data point corresponding to this example is annotated in Figure 2.\nThese results show that it may be impossible to demon -\nstrate the reliability of high-performing autonomous vehicles (i.e., ones with failure rates comparable "]
[4.58357048034668, 8.588608741760254, "ct, \u03bb\nalt. We set \n12 The subscript on z is 1\u2212 \u03b1 here because this is a one-sided hypoth-\nesis test.Figure 2. Miles Needed to Demonstrate Failure Rates to a Particular Degree of Precision\nFailure rate (failures per 100 million miles)Miles needed to b"]
[4.58465051651001, 8.586323738098145, "te of autonomous vehicles. This is shown on the horizontal axis and de/f_ined as a percent improvement over the human driver failure rate. The comparison can be made to the human driver fatality rate (blue line), reported injury rate (purple line), e"]
[4.595396518707275, 8.568146705627441, "take 518 years\u2014about a half a millennium.\nFigure 4 shows how many miles fully autonomous vehicles \nwould have to be driven to demonstrate with 95% confidence and 80% power that their failure rate is A % better than the \nhuman driver failure rate. The"]
[4.585938930511475, 8.58626937866211, "f human driver failures. Second, injuries and crashes are significantly underreported and there is conflicting evidence about the rate of underreporting. Experiments in which injuries and crashes are accurately recorded could yield different rates. T"]
[4.590676307678223, 8.57518482208252, "esting (Nelson, 2009), virtual testing and simulations (Chen and Chen, 2010; Khastgir et al., 2015; Olivares et al., 2015); mathematical modeling and analysis (Hojjati-Emami,  Dhillon, and Jenab, 2012; Kianfar, Falcone, and Fredriksson, 2013); scenar"]
[4.588850975036621, 8.581786155700684, "es?\n(1) without failure to demonstrate with 95% confidence that their failure rate is at most\u2026275 million miles  \n(12.5 years)3.9 million miles  \n(2 months)1.6 million miles  \n(1 month)\n(2) to demonstrate with 95% confidence their failure rate to wit"]
[4.4101176261901855, 7.954357624053955, "ashes 2010 (Revised) , Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety \nAdministration, DOT HS 812 013, 2014, revised May 2015. As of March 3, 2016: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pubs/812013.pdf\nBureau of Transportation Statistics, Motorcycle Rider "]
[4.673346996307373, 8.02038288116455, "logy & Therapeutics, Vol. 97, No. 3, March 2015, pp. 234\u2013246. As of April 1, 2016: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.59\nFagnant, Daniel J., and Kara Kockelman, \u201cPreparing a Nation \nfor Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendatio"]
[4.589739799499512, 8.015376091003418, "ons, 1982. Mathews, Paul, Sample Size Calculations: Practical Methods for \nEngineers and Scientists , Fairport Harbor, Ohio: Mathews, Malnar, \nand Bailey, Inc., 2010. \nMisra, Krishna B., ed., Handbook of Performability Engineering , New \nYork: Spring"]
[4.595421314239502, 8.058690071105957, "is a senior information scientist at the RAND Corporation, a codirector of RAND\u2019s Center for Decision Making \nunder Uncertainty, and a professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. Her research addresses energy, environment, \nand science and technolo"]
[13.807023048400879, 4.635661602020264, "science and technology, and the concurrent effects that science and technology have on policy analysis and policy choices. The program covers such topics as space exploration, information and telecommunication technologies, and nano- and biotechnolog"]
[17.481037139892578, 5.701759338378906, "Programs for Incarcerated \nParents\nPreliminary Findings from a Pilot Survey\u2014 \nAppendixes\nDIONNE BARNES-PROBY, CELIA J. GOMEZ, MONICA WILLIAMS,  \nMATT STRAWN, ISABEL LEAMON\nCORPORATIONFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA1"]
[17.48348617553711, 5.701000213623047, "and their children; however, little is known about exactly what programs exist, how they are implemented, and the extent to which incarcerated parents participate. In this pilot study, RAND researchers sought to explore and describe the current lands"]
[17.4837703704834, 5.705441474914551, " understandable, organized, relevant, and straightforward; to evaluate respondents\u2019 ability to recall information and answer survey questions; to assess the ease of following skip patterns within the survey; and to confirm projected time estimates to"]
[17.48800277709961, 5.699962615966797, "cation (e.g., courses designed to improve parenting skills); literacy development and/ or book reading programs (e.g., activities designed to connect incarcerated parents and their children through shared reading and literacy activities); written com"]
[17.496633529663086, 5.6997456550598145, "f that is applicable)? (enter a number) \n1. Box that accepts integers  \n\u2022 No \n [If yes, move on to \u201cProgram Name and Description\u201d section]  [If no, show text below]  \nSome facilities do not have parenting programs that meet our definition, but they m"]
[17.49839973449707, 5.698279857635498, " (select all that apply) \n\u2022 Child development \n\u2022 Parenting techniques \n\u2022 Communication with child \n\u2022 Anger management \n\u2022 Co-parenting \n\u2022 Parenting self-esteem or self-efficacy \n\u2022 Plans to re-enter child\u2019s life upon release \n\u2022 Other (specify): \n 10. D"]
[17.502220153808594, 5.697137355804443, " children: \n(e.g., children participate in monthly support groups) \n1. Free response \n 16. Does [PROGRAM NAME] include any of the following general education courses or job training specifically for parents in the program? (select all that apply) \nOn"]
[17.50615119934082, 5.70249080657959, "eligibility requirements (e.g., only biological or adoptive parents are eligible for the program, or only parents with children of a certain age are eligible for the program)? (select one response) \n\u2022 Yes  9 \u2022 [If yes, appears on next screen] Please "]
[17.50566864013672, 5.698627948760986, " length varies \n(e.g., Some parenting classes last for one month; some reading and literacy \nactivities last for three months) \n\u00a7 Free response \n\u2022 Don\u2019t know \n \n30. Does [PROGRAM NAME] include any supports or services for parents after they have \nlef"]
[17.49640464782715, 5.699857711791992, "ls, Wi-Fi) used for [PROGRAM \nNAME]:  \n\u00a7 Free response \n\u2022 Classroom space \n\u2022 Visitation space \n\u2022 Other resources (specify): \n \n[Perceptions of Program] \n37. To what extent do you agree that [PROGRAM NAME] is meeting its goals and \nobjectives? (select"]
[17.49354362487793, 5.701773643493652, "tion about other parenting programs or services, supports, or resources for \nincarcerated parents that were not captured in the survey. If you do not have \nadditional information to share, select next. \n\u2022 Free response box \n "]
[0.27371132373809814, 20.767133712768555, "A Green\nCosta Rican COVID-19 Recovery\nDavid G. Groves, Edmundo Molina-Perez, James Syme, and Gabriela Alvarado\n(RAND Corporation)\nFelipe De Le\u00f3n Denegri\n(Ministry of Environment and Energy, Climate Change Directorate)\nJuan Daniel Acu\u00f1a Rom\u00e1n and Agri"]
[0.25238803029060364, 20.744857788085938, "s is authorized, without any special \npermission of the owner of rights, provided that the source is indicated. UNDP-Costa Rica will appreciate a copy of any text prepared \nbased on t his publication.\nTelephone: (506) 2 2961544\nhttp://www.cr. undp.or"]
[0.2949781119823456, 20.786510467529297, "COVID-19 has had a significant impact on prevailing economic conditions, particularly for vulnerable indi -\nviduals and households. From 2019 to 2020, the pandemic led to a sharp increase in unemployment, from about 12 percent to more than 24 percent"]
[0.3145489990711212, 20.803829193115234, " and governmental responses \nin 2020. We then use a general equilibrium model of the Costa Rican economy\u2014Plataforma de Modelaci\u00f3n Econ\u00f3mico-Ambiental Integrada (Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling [IEEM]; Banerjee and Cicowiez, 2020a, 2020b; B"]
[0.36248070001602173, 20.849029541015625, " The numbers in each chart indicate the percentage change relative to the no COVID-19 baseline case. The results for employed \nworkers are based on a calibration optimized for employment; results for value added are based on a calibration optimized f"]
[0.34517112374305725, 20.83448028564453, " five-year recovery trajectory; the numbers in each chart indicate the percentage change relative to the baseline. The results for employed workers are based on a calibration optimized for employment; results for value added are based on a calibratio"]
[0.2866508960723877, 20.784048080444336, "We mapped low-productivity jobs to low-wage and low- and mid-skilled jobs, which we refer to as \u201clower-skilled\u201d jobs in this figure. Green bars represent women; orange bars represent men. Results are based on a five-year recovery trajectory and calib"]
[0.296400249004364, 20.78974151611328, "show that upfront decarbonization investments of the scale \nrequired to implement the NDP could accelerate employment and economic recovery from COVID-19, and these investments would lead to higher employment and value added by 2025 than would have o"]
[0.30198100209236145, 20.792448043823242, "or a green transition are very often different from current employment opportunities, and workers will require training to transition to these new jobs. \n\u2022\n Co\nsta Rica should continue to develop an analytical framework for identifying, measuring, an"]
[0.29601430892944336, 20.78780174255371, "nization Investments Will Vary Across Sectors and Socioeconomic Groups  .............. 37\nCHAPTER FIVE\nAligning Decarbonization with Broader Sustainable Development Goals  ....................................... 45\nCHAPTER SIX\nConclusion  ..........."]
[0.3273247480392456, 20.81694221496582, "r the National Decarbonization Plan, by Lines of Action,  \nfor the First Five, Ten, and 15 Years from the Benefits and Costs of Decarbonization Study  ....... 13\n 2.\n1. Va\nlue Added by Sector as a Percentage of GDP, 2019  ............................"]
[0.3413080871105194, 20.831083297729492, "nd Gender, in 2025, Relative to the  \nN\no COVID-19 Baseline  ....................................................................................... 40\n 4.\n5. Di\nfference in Low-Wage Jobs, by Wage and Gender, in 2025, Relative to  \nthe No COVID-19 Ba"]
[0.32196176052093506, 20.814563751220703, "e Development Goals for Each Nationally Determined Contribution \nDecarbonization Action  ...................................................................................... 661CHAPTER ONE\nIntroduction\nCOVID-19 in Costa Rica\nOn January 30, 2020, th"]
[0.312032014131546, 20.80331039428711, "al Response to the Pandemic\nAt the onset of the pandemic, the Costa Rican government imposed numerous measures to reduce mobility and slow the spread of COVID-19, such as\n\u2022\n Wo\nrkplace closings:  On March 9, 2020, public sector workers were asked to "]
[0.31450989842414856, 20.805675506591797, "es, and it was considerably more stringent than Nicara-gua\u2019s. In each country, stringency was highest during the early period of the pandemic\u2014April to June 2020\u2014and then it gradually declined to a steady state through the deployment of vaccinations ("]
[0.34171509742736816, 20.829851150512695, "wever, declined by 4.1 percent, a loss of 1.76 trillion Costa Rican colones (about $3 billion U.S. dollars [USD]), according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF, undated; see Figure 1.4). In the early months of the pandemic, a report by the Minis"]
[0.42606601119041443, 20.913389205932617, "Category 2019 2020Total Job Loss  \n(%)a2019 Jobs  \n(%)b\nFemale Low-skilled  182,208  155,534 \u201326,673 9.3 14.6 \nMid-skilled  436,023  341,200 \u201394,823 33.1 21.7 \nHigh-skilled  220,574  193,251 \u201327,323 9.6 12.4 \nSkill not specified  3,417  2,725 \u2013692 0."]
[0.34693676233291626, 20.826229095458984, "lined only modestly. The exact source of this discrepancy is not yet known but could be due in part to FIGURE 1.4\nAnnual Change in GDP, 2010\u20132020\nYearAnnual GDP change (%)\nAnnual GDP (trillion colones)\nSOURCE: Author analysis of preliminary figures f"]
[0.32650572061538696, 20.81587028503418, "llions)\u201320 \u201340 \u201360 0 0 \u201310 \u201320 \u201330 \u201340 20All sectors (\u20133.8, \u20132.8)\u201317 (\u201325.9)\n\u201316 (\u201318.9)\n\u201312 (\u20135.8)\n\u201312 (\u201327.1)\n\u201312 (\u201336.6)\n\u201312 (\u201362.8)\n\u20137 (\u201317.5)\u201325 (\u201335.2)\n\u20133 (\u20137.0)\u201310 (\u2013237)\n\u201321 (\u2013498)\n\u20134 (\u2013111)\n1 (103)\n0 (\u201310)\n\u20135 (\u2013455)\n0 (10)\u201340 (\u2013692)\u201332 (\u201349."]
[0.26799482107162476, 20.780349731445312, "owners, the government also temporarily reduced the origi -\nnal rate of social security taxes by 5 percent. \nCosta Rica\u2019s Performance on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals\nThe United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs), adopted"]
[0.2991209030151367, 20.790081024169922, "ic activity, are likely to be long-lasting without mitigation. Green government investment and policies, when properly directed, can increase employment and economic development (Ianchovichina et al., 2012). These green industrial policies are sector"]
[0.22219108045101166, 20.709693908691406, ", or a strong state, these policies can also lead to inefficiencies and corruption (Acemoglu and Robison, 2012, 2019). There are numerous benefits to public infrastructure investment, including increased private sector productivity, a higher rate of "]
[0.2471284121274948, 20.735870361328125, " S.1.A Green Costa Rican COVID-19 Recovery: Aligning Costa Rica\u2019s Decarbonization Investments with Economic Recovery\n12economic and infrastructure sectors of Costa Rica\u2019s economy. Table 1.3 summarizes these investments, and \nTable C.1 (in Appendix C)"]
[0.2519752085208893, 20.740270614624023, " as well as in transport and circular economy (Figure 1.8). \nMore recent estimates of the total investment required to both support ongoing economic development \nand decarbonization in the transport sector (South Pole Carbon Asset Management [hereaft"]
[0.3070621192455292, 20.796375274658203, "e Effect of COVID-19 and \nDecarbonization Investment on Costa Rica\u2019s Economy\nCosta Rica\u2019s Economy: More Than Just Tourism \nCosta Rica\u2019s economy is ranked 13th out of 40 in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a GDP of $63.9 bil -\nlion in 2019 (World"]
[0.3238006830215454, 20.812183380126953, "a). Petroleum oil and diesel accounted for about $1.4 billion of imports, followed by textiles and clothing, medications, and automobiles at around $500 million each. Most employment comes from commercial (retail trade) and ser -\nvice provision secto"]
[0.32826530933380127, 20.81615447998047, "l Costa Rican market. This distinction is relevant because it deter -\nmines how much an economic sector can expand in response to higher capital investments; export-oriented \n1 IEEM was provided to the study team by BCCR, through a partnership with O"]
[0.33604446053504944, 20.821186065673828, "is report.A Green Costa Rican COVID-19 Recovery: Aligning Costa Rica\u2019s Decarbonization Investments with Economic Recovery\n18would incorporate additional information about how the relative share of jobs for women and men within \na sector might change "]
[0.3303242325782776, 20.81767463684082, ", we assume that these parameters are exogenously determined even though these parameters are deter-\nmined by economic conditions and policies. Such consideration falls outside the scope of this study. FIGURE 2.2\nFramework for Modeling COVID-19 Effec"]
[0.3526146709918976, 20.839506149291992, "metric it was possible to match the behavior of the \nmodel to the statistical reports produced by INEC. Future work can take this approach further to consider both value added \nand the demand for intermediary inputs as metrics for calibration. This a"]
[0.3360128104686737, 20.8245792388916, "use existing prepandemic economic models have been configured and calibrated to account for more-common economic conditions. Further research and model development will allow IEEM and similar models to reflect COVID-19 effects more closely. Despite t"]
[0.3331277668476105, 20.821691513061523, "tion and the economic census data. Estimated changes in these economic indicators using the economic census data are calculated by comparing census data between 2019 and 2020. Estimated changes in these economic indicators using the numerical results"]
[0.27866896986961365, 20.772130966186523, " collaboration of multilateral organizations, such as multilateral development banks or the Green Climate Fund. However, further research is needed to understand in more detail how these investments can be incentivized through the deployment of publi"]
[0.230220764875412, 20.71678924560547, "). \nThe South Pole studies estimate total investment costs for the NDP, including those that would have been \notherwise incurred in BAU conditions; they do not specify the incremental costs associated with implement -\ning the NDP. For the transport l"]
[0.2915140390396118, 20.778905868530273, "\nCircular economy 1.20a1.20a1.20a\nLivestock 0.06a0.78c1.56d\nAgriculture 0.08a0.42c0.84d\nForestry 0.12a0.92c1.84d\nTotal 4.85 6.17 8.29\na Cost derived directly from Groves et al., 2020. \nb Transport NDP net cost based on South Pole, 2019, estimates of "]
[0.37106722593307495, 20.858963012695312, " -\nanced calibration case, which simulates lower employment losses. In both cases, the differences in employ -\nment between no COVID-19 and with COVID-19 conditions lessen over time inversely proportional to the \nassumed recovery time. For both calib"]
[0.38215669989585876, 20.870086669921875, "y to leave the workforce to care for sick family members or to support children who are no longer going to school due to school closures.\nTo better visualize the changes in employment by skill classification and gender, we show total employed \nworker"]
[0.3841716945171356, 20.87163543701172, "Between COVID-19 Conditions and the No COVID-19 Baseline, by Gender and Skill Classification\nGender Skill ClassificationDifference in 2020 \nJobs Compared \nwith 2019 Jobs\n(Absolute and \nPercentage)Difference in Jobs in 2025 Compared with the No COVID-"]
[0.3738948404788971, 20.861679077148438, " as measured by value added (i.e., a decline of 4.3 percent in 2020 versus the Central Bank\u2019s estimated FIGURE 3.4\nLower-Skilled Jobs, by Gender, and Change in Lower-Skilled Jobs, by Gender, 2019\u20132020 and \n2025, With and Without COVID-19\nScenario\nNo "]
[0.36920085549354553, 20.856863021850586, "s: \n\u2022 The significant declines in employment due to the COVID-19 pandemic that have been observed in \n2020 and replicated by our models will largely recover; however, there will be slightly fewer total jobs in 2025 than there would have been without "]
[0.3657374382019043, 20.854267120361328, "m COVID-19.\n\u2022 De\nclines in economic activity, measured by value added, are modeled to mostly recover by 2025, regard -\nless of the recovery time frame. \n\u2022 In 2\n025, value added would be 0.5 percent lower under a five-year recovery trajectory than it "]
[0.364082932472229, 20.85354232788086, "it would have been without COVID-19 and decarboniza -\n1 Higher productivity is positively correlated with higher wages in the job market, and higher wages increase the probability \nof workers saving the financial resources needed to deal with unexpec"]
[0.345572292804718, 20.834566116333008, " a calibration that \nbalances model performance across employment and value added. The value labels indicate the percentage change relative to the no COVID-19, no investment baseline.Employment calibration\n0\n\u2013100\n\u2013200\u2013300Difference in number of emplo"]
[0.324813574552536, 20.812164306640625, "n COVID-19 Recovery: Aligning Costa Rica\u2019s Decarbonization Investments with Economic Recovery38economy, because these investments will change its underlying structure. Figure 4.3 shows how employment \ncould differ from the conditions in 2025 that cou"]
[0.3341696858406067, 20.824066162109375, "r employment than otherwise would have occurred without decarbonization spending is seen in \nall but one sector and funding scenario.\n3 The most significant effect is seen in the construction sector, which \ncould experience between 7.3 percent and 13"]
[0.37936148047447205, 20.86797332763672, "s of female workers, such as commerce, home employees, and hotels and restaurants. The higher spending sce -\nnarios show continued employment gains by lower-skilled female workers and even greater gains by lower-skilled male workers.\nThis modest incr"]
[0.349420428276062, 20.839515686035156, ". We mapped low productivity to low-wage and low- and mid-skilled jobs, which we refer to as \u201clower-skilled\u201d jobs in this figure. Results are based on a five-year recovery trajectory and calibration optimized for employment.Decarbonization \ninvestmen"]
[0.3386475741863251, 20.828868865966797, " of these decarbonization investment scenarios as follows:  \n\u2022 Decarbonization investments induce a faster COVID-19 recovery in terms of employment and value \nadded by about two years.\n\u2022 Decarbonization investments lead to improved recovery outcomes "]
[0.26846858859062195, 20.76095199584961, "e investments. \n\u2022 As c\nurrently modeled, decarbonization investment only slightly reduces existing gender inequalities in \nCosta Rica\u2019s labor market because many of the jobs needed for decarbonization are from sectors with a larger share of male work"]
[0.25006863474845886, 20.748029708862305, "ong link between NDP benefits and SDGs, we describe how the modeled NDP benefits would contribute to or work against progress toward the SDGs. We summarize this analysis in Table 5.1 and in our subsequent discussion.\n1 See the performance-by-indicato"]
[0.22236359119415283, 20.716392517089844, "021\u20132050 due to reduced transportation pollution is valued at nearly $1.6 billion. \nIncreased freight transport efficiencySDG 9\n(industry, \ninnovation, and \ninfrastructure)Logistic Performance Index: Quality of trade and transport-related infrastruct"]
[0.22991064190864563, 20.733139038085938, " connected to treated water supplies and wastewater systemsSDG 6\n(clean water \nand sanitation)Population using at least basic drinking water and sanitation services (%)The NDP would ensure that all households have access to clean water and that 80% o"]
[0.24012641608715057, 20.73796272277832, "rban solid waste generated by cities (11.6.1)\na The NDP would increase trash collection and treatment by 20% and increase the share of recyclable materials recycled 11-fold. \nAgriculture Improved agricultural practices to reduce emissionsSDG 2\n(zero "]
[0.25353768467903137, 20.762516021728516, "rted by the most decarbonization actions are SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), and SDG 3 (good health and well-being). This reflects the significant investment in the circular economy and the ec"]
[0.27117255330085754, 20.764856338500977, ", Afrodescendants, and other local communi -\nties. In addition, with billions of dollars of spending required to implement the NDP, Costa Rica will need to ensure that graft and other forms of corruption are limited. The potential for special interes"]
[0.24591928720474243, 20.736141204833984, "chnical decarbon -\nization trajectories laid out in the NDP and provide a framework for just decarbonization centered on the most-vulnerable people, communities, and ecosystems. \nOur analysis shows that the upfront decarbonization investments based o"]
[0.25453847646713257, 20.746166229248047, "i -\ntional research is needed to improve understanding for informed policymaking:\n\u2022 Co\nsts of decarbonization. Detailed estimates of the upfront costs of decarbonization have yet to be \ndeveloped for all parts of the NDP. New action-by-action estimat"]
[0.2614167034626007, 20.759109497070312, "ining of vulnerable groups (lower-skilled workers, racial/ethnic minority groups, and women) when meeting the employment requirement of decarbonization.\nNext, we suggest that employment outcomes across the sectors be carefully monitored as NDP invest"]
[0.290020227432251, 20.77792739868164, "rofesionales y administrativas de apoyoCommerce\na\nProfessional servicesa\nCommunication and services, public administration and othersOtrosAdministraci\u00f3n p\u00fablicaComunicaci\u00f3n y otros serviciosNo especificadoOther servicesPublic administration\na\nConstru"]
[0.24667353928089142, 20.735551834106445, "ees ls_a-domest (domestic services)0.85 0.88 1.04 0.96 1.05\nHotels and restaurantsls_a-hotelrest (hotels and restaurants)0.85 0.86 0.87 1.00 1.05A Green Costa Rican COVID-19 Recovery: Aligning Costa Rica\u2019s Decarbonization Investments with Economic Re"]
[0.2990444600582123, 20.788732528686523, "-IDPM and indicates the cost drivers that are multiplied by cost factors to estimate costs.\nIn general, costs are not estimated based on specific investments or programs, but instead they are based \non cost factors applied to sector-specific cost dri"]
[0.2543894648551941, 20.743648529052734, " Investments to Sector Capital Stocks\nTable B.4 shows how we linked the capital investments for the different NDP lines of action (columns) \nwith private investment levels, as represented in IEEM across different economic activities (rows) in Costa \n"]
[0.2175329029560089, 20.70855712890625, "ts and urban areas.\n\u2022\n By 20\n50, have highly efficient \nfreight transport with 20% reduced emissions compared with 2018 emissions.\nNOTE: LPG = liquified petroleum gas; PT = public transport.A Green Costa Rican COVID-19 Recovery: Aligning Costa Rica\u2019s"]
[0.2476995289325714, 20.760574340820312, "\nally Determined Contribution (INDC) previously commissioned by the Climate Change Directorate with \nsupport from the German Agency for International Cooperation.1 That effort used document review, aug -\nmented by interviews with subject-matter exper"]
[0.23609891533851624, 20.75046730041504, "s of the well-being of people and ecosystems.SDG1, SDG2, SDG3, SDG4, SDG5, SDG6, SDG7, SDG8, SDG9, SDG10, SDG11, SDG12, SDG13, SDG14, SDG15, SDG16, SDG17\n0.2By 2022, Costa Rica will have carried out an analysis of Costa Rican green and blue jobs, whi"]
[0.22495593130588531, 20.739225387573242, "bution Decarbonization Actions to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals67NDC Action Relevant SDG\n1.5By 2030, the infrastructure will have been expanded and improved to increase non-motorized \nmobility trips (including pedestrian and bicycl"]
[0.23379822075366974, 20.748138427734375, "d intersectoral planning of the process of electrification of energy demand, which will incorporate the needs of the various sectors and the diversity of renewable energy sources available in the different regions of the country. SDG3, SDG7, SDG8, SD"]
[0.23487989604473114, 20.74938201904297, "area of industry, trade, and services will have innovative production models from \u201ccradle to grave\u201d or with a circular economy approach in the main productive chains of agroindustry, services, construction, and creative and cultural economy, among ot"]
[0.22397126257419586, 20.726802825927734, "e, livestock, sugar cane, rice, and bananas will apply production systems that are low in GHG emissions both at the farm level and at the processing stage level.SDG2, SDG6, SDG7, SDG8, SDG12, SDG13, SDG15\n7.2In 2025, the country will promote a circul"]
[0.23216018080711365, 20.746461868286133, "he Payment for Ecosystem Services program, including other services and ecosystems not covered so far, including as a priority soils, peatlands, and other ecosystems with high potential for carbon sequestration, identifying and increasing the funding"]
[0.23231007158756256, 20.746675491333008, "ontribution Decarbonization Actions to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals71NDC Action Relevant SDG\n9.5The country will protect and conserve 100% of the coastal wetlands included and reported in the \nNational Inventory of Wetlands (in th"]
[0.23684853315353394, 20.751041412353516, " with Economic Recovery72NDC Action Relevant SDG\n10Action for climate empowerment\n10.1 In the first two years of the implementation period of this contribution, a national strategy for \nclimate empowerment will be in operation with actions in educati"]
[0.2327551245689392, 20.74700927734375, ", SDG10, SDG11, SDG12, SDG13, SDG16, SDG17\n10.5 By 2030, the capacities in mitigation and adaptation to climate change of decisionmakers at different levels of government, as well as community leaders and young people, have been strengthened in a man"]
[0.21247652173042297, 20.72703742980957, " 2022, Costa Rica will have established processes and institutional arrangements that allow it to have a permanent capacity for analysis, prospecting, and independent technical publication on climate action. SDG3, SDG5, SDG6, SDG7, SDG8, SDG9, SDG12,"]
[0.2301446944475174, 20.752958297729492, "ated, including \nthe platform of the National System for Monitoring Cover and Land Use and Ecosystems (SIMOCUTE) and its link with the National System of Climate Change Metrics (SINAMECC) and other national environmental reporting systems and their s"]
[0.2310417890548706, 20.74671173095703, "c Plan as long-term planning instruments aimed at achieving inclusive and decarbonized economic development.SDG1, SDG2, SDG3, SDG4, SDG5, SDG6, SDG7, SDG8, SDG9, SDG10, SDG11, SDG12, SDG13, SDG14, SDG15, SDG16, SDG17\n13.2 The country undertakes to ta"]
[0.23619727790355682, 20.74427032470703, "priority adaptation measures are identified for each region, as well as the institutional arrangements necessary for its implementation. SDG3, SDG5, SDG6, SDG9, SDG11, SDG13, SDG14, SDG15, SDG16, SDG17\n13.10 By 2030, adaptation criteria and guideline"]
[0.29024457931518555, 20.77657699584961, "ouse UK, 2019.Aghion, Philippe, Jing Cai, Mathias Dewatripont, Luosha Du, Ann Harrison, and Patrick Legros, \u201cIndustrial \nPolicy and Competition,\u201d American  Economic  Journal: Macroeconomics , Vol. 7, No. 4, October 2015, pp. 1\u201332.\nAyA (Instituto Cost"]
[0.30571097135543823, 20.798139572143555, "pandemia,\u201d  \nLa Naci\u00f3n , January 20, 2021.\nCosta Rican Ministry of Health, \u201cNational COVID-19 Situation,\u201d webpage, undated. As of December 27, 2021: https://www.ministeriodesalud.go.cr/index.php/centro-de-prensa/noticias/741-noticias-2020/  \n1532-lin"]
[0.27291786670684814, 20.751251220703125, "orld \nBank Policy Research Working Paper No. 6677, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2013. \nIanchovichina, Elena, Antonio Estache, Renaud Foucart, Gr\u00e9goire Garsous, and Tito Yepes, \u201cJob Creation \nThrough Infrastructure Investment in the Middle East and N"]
[0.19325700402259827, 20.763731002807617, "156.\nMazzucato, Mariana, Governing Missions : Governing Missions  in the European  Union , Brussels: European \nCommission, June 2019.\nMazzucato, Mariana, and Gregor Semieniuk, \u201cFinancing Renewable Energy: Who Is Financing What and Why \nIt Matters,\u201d T"]
[0.26406556367874146, 20.758237838745117, " del Plan  Nacional  de Descarbonizaci\u00f3n  2018 \u20132050  de Costa  Rica : \nEstimaci\u00f3n  de costos  y necesidades  para  la consecuci\u00f3n  de las 24 medidas  de descarbonizaci\u00f3n  dispuestas  en sus \nejes 8, 9 y 10 , Zurich, September 2021.\nState of the Nati"]
[0.2715842127799988, 20.764110565185547, "ic, however, led to a sharp increase in unemployment; \nthe number of unemployed workers increased by over 240,000 people between February and June 2020, and the unemployment rate peaked at over 24 percent, exacerbating prepandemic inequities.\nIn this"]
[13.158966064453125, 7.463777542114258, "Sponsored by Arnold VenturesProviding Another Chance\nResetting Recidivism Risk in Criminal Background \nChecks\nSHAWN D. BUSHWAY, BRIAN G. VEGETABILE, NIDHI KALRA, LEE REMI, \nGREG BAUMANN\nCORPORATIONFor more information on this publication, visit www.r"]
[13.1521635055542, 7.477811336517334, "ch the individual has lived in the community without a new conviction. Given that recidivism risk declines the longer a person lives in a community without a new conviction, risk assessments that omit this information may make people look riskier tha"]
[13.157244682312012, 7.476894855499268, " and weaknesses of various kinds of criminal history record searches. We thank reviewers Greg Ridgeway, Matt Cefalu, and James Anderson for suggestions that greatly improved the work. We are enormously grateful to all the workshop speakers and attend"]
[13.145627975463867, 7.480035305023193, " and others can use to assess recidivism risk, they may offer a more accurate way to distinguish candidates\u2019 risk of recidivism. Thus, they may offer many with criminal histories a way to demonstrate that they should be offered another chance. \nThis "]
[13.151148796081543, 7.472130298614502, "t a conviction. \n\u2022 After a sufficient period without a new conviction, even people initially deemed to be at \nhighest risk for reoffending (such as those with a more extensive criminal background) transition to risk levels that appear similar to thos"]
[13.155933380126953, 7.475482940673828, "ermine who actually get hired. Evaluating the hiring threshold also helps anchor the decision relative to current practices\u2014an important feature of any evaluation.   viii Implication: Data Quality Can Limit the Development of Successful Recidivism Ri"]
[13.154419898986816, 7.476906776428223, "bug but rather a feature of signaling systems that use information to systematically make inferences about an unobservable characteristic, such as recidivism risk or desistance (Bushway and Apel, 2012).   ix Implication: Exploring and Stressing Model"]
[13.155341148376465, 7.475393295288086, "f techniques and data sources is required before models can be integrated into tools actually used in any given context. For example, we developed our model for the employment context, and therefore designed a model that can be validated under the EE"]
[13.088134765625, 7.421588897705078, "................... 25 \nConsideration 2  ....................................................................................................................................... 32 \nConsideration 3 ....................................................."]
[13.133739471435547, 7.483523845672607, ".................................................................... 75 \nAbbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 77 References ...................."]
[13.143251419067383, 7.490868091583252, "tional Information on Example 1\u2019s Criminal  \nDemonstrating Offense Codes That Occur Through Time ................................................... 62 \nFigure A.3. Example 2 of an Individual\u2019s Sentencing History, Including  \na Subset of Covariate In"]
[13.153186798095703, 7.477766990661621, "pproaches can ignore valuable information that a person has signaled about their propensity, or lack thereof, to reoffend between the time of their last major interaction with the criminal justice system and when they apply for a job. The predictive "]
[13.19300365447998, 7.485272407531738, "trictions than individuals who do not have records (Pager, 2003; Pager, 2007). Most employers report that they would not knowingly hire applicants with criminal records (Pager, 2007). Employers also worry about legal liability if the job candidate go"]
[13.153485298156738, 7.47942590713501, "d information be used to differentiate between applicants with \nrecords in terms of their levels of recidivism risk? \nThe answer to the first question is undoubtedly no (Bushway, Nieuwbeerta, and Blokland, 2011; \nEEOC , 2012). The answer to the secon"]
[13.152487754821777, 7.480573654174805, "lid ones that motivate employer decisionmaking.  \nTo help readers understand the potential effect of our ideas on how background checks \nshould be conducted, we introduce a hypothetical employment scenario grounded in actual   4 reentry policy. Suppo"]
[13.142391204833984, 7.475363254547119, "the use of predictive risk models in \nthis context. A statistical tool used to eliminate some subjective human biases could unintentionally perpetuate other unfair practices and biases. Even algorithms designed to avoid unfairness can result in inequ"]
[13.153136253356934, 7.497137069702148, "021 (when we \ndownloaded the data). Table 1.1 shows an overview of the files used and their relevant information. \n \n \n3 See NCDPS, undated -a. This portal provides access to the data files , which  can be downloaded for  research \npurposes : \nThe fi"]
[13.16060733795166, 7.47614860534668, "cks. This workshop featured a speech by EEOC chair Charlotte Burrows and a series of discussions about this report. Chapter 7 discusses the implications of this report and points for policymakers to consider as they move forward with new policies on "]
[12.804147720336914, 3.622689723968506, "entary ranking of risk among people with different risk factors. The most formal form of this approach is a risk score known as the Burgess tool (Burgess, 1928). The approach makes no claim that the given factors are strictly predictive in any partic"]
[13.1580171585083, 7.471229076385498, "riminal history information to predict risk is framed by the \nfederal regulations arising from the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII of this act prohibits employment practices that have a disparate effect on minorities, unless the employer can show"]
[13.157992362976074, 7.477888584136963, "trix to produce a recommendation about whether to hire someone. This recommendation can often be adjusted by an expert within the hiring company who is tasked with making the final decision. In general, this approach meets many of the objectives of a"]
[13.163713455200195, 7.481386184692383, "b was performed without \nincident following the most recent conviction  \n5. evidence of rehabilitation and references  \n6. participation in a government bonding program.  \nThe EEOC\u2019s new guidance further notes that, where a plaintiff in litigation es"]
[13.160096168518066, 7.477553367614746, " studies that assess whether  convictions are linked to future \nbehaviors, traits, or conduct with workplace ramifications,  and thereby provide a framework for \nvalidating some employment exclusions, such studies are rare at the time of this draftin"]
[13.153168678283691, 7.471161842346191, "representing the employer\u2019s own experience and the criminological literature assessment of relative risk. A cutoff point would then be set, allowing anyone who received a risk score below that cutoff to be hired and moving those with a score above th"]
[5.791506767272949, 3.831019878387451, "rsonnel selection psychology (American Psychological Association, 2018). These tests could \nbe then statistically linked to outcomes using the three kinds of validity checks described in the Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures written"]
[13.163392066955566, 7.458090782165527, "iction models of the kind currently in use, and the guidelines should be updated to reflect this new approach (Maurer, 2020).  \n \n7 The Uniform Guidelines identif y construct validity as a distinct validation approach. Construct validity  involves \nt"]
[13.139835357666016, 7.459144115447998, "2016). The second deals with transparency. Regarding the first, a broad concern around algorithmic hiring tools is that measures of job performance in discriminatory workplaces will be biased. Creating tools that predict job performance in discrimina"]
[13.142322540283203, 7.483068466186523, " able to consider the relative risk of a new conviction over some period both for people who have just been convicted and for people who were convicted many years ago. \nThis principle is easy to state and explain but surprisingly difficult to impleme"]
[13.12304973602295, 7.480645179748535, "methods from \nstatistics known as survival analysis or, more generally, time-to-event analyses. To help readers understand simple ideas from survival analysis, we will provide a brief primer on concepts via figures in the remainder of the report.  \nA"]
[13.127419471740723, 7.487039566040039, "ine event .\u201d That is, typical survival functions evaluate risk  only as anchored from the \nbaseline event.  This figure represents the one -year survival probability . \n  19 Now consider the goal of comparing the risk level of individuals A and B usi"]
[13.129697799682617, 7.482110500335693, " baseline. The  last graph  demonstrates \nhow, with differing times for when their respective background check s occur, individual A is now slightly lower risk \nthan individual B. \n  21 Demonstrating the Reset Principle in the North Carolina Data Set"]
[13.129363059997559, 7.486226558685303, "t, if we consider risk, two individuals may now represent equivalent \nrisk if we match them on their prior number of convictions and respective update times. This \nmeans the risk profiles of individuals with more than ten prior convictions may look s"]
[13.136289596557617, 7.475608825683594, " context to the literature. The primary considerations are outlined in Figure 4.1, and many should be intuitive to those familiar with research design.  \nNote that the last estimation consideration, which focuses on the external validation of the \nri"]
[13.141681671142578, 7.486024856567383, "l. , 2014, posited the choice of population as p erson -based v ersus event- based \nsamples  but is only part of the estimation problem. As a result, although we use Rhodes et al., 2014, as an exemplar \nfor the idea that population matters, we start "]
[13.1400785446167, 7.487250328063965, "though this ideal setting is clearly impossible to obtain (for both \nimplementation reasons and obvious ethical concerns), a failure to attempt to construct a sample \nto estimate models as similar as possible to this ideal setting can lead to bias or"]
[13.129772186279297, 7.494494438171387, "how risky specific individuals are for any \n  29 given opportunity.4 Additionally, it allows us to assume that we are following a specific \u201cgroup\u201d \nof independent individuals through time, as we will only observe their events. \nTo further demonstrate"]
[13.138068199157715, 7.491706848144531, " in prison or jail are generally not facing background checks by employers, volunteer organizations, or landlords. Unfortunately, this reasonable consideration creates a difficult data requirement. Most formal state criminal record repositories (i.e."]
[13.135290145874023, 7.487921237945557, "owest risk, but there are no longer flat spots in the estimated survival function. We caution readers not to take away a causal relationship between length of sentence and risk profile at a given point in time from this figure; the differences among "]
[13.175228118896484, 7.47150182723999, "lected in data from discriminatory environments. The criminological literature is quite clear that there is less evidence for racial bias in convictions than in arrests. It is now a routine finding that white people are more likely to be convicted af"]
[13.097743034362793, 7.5110697746276855, " an \nupdated one-year survival probability requires at least ten years of data. An inspection of the \nNorth Carolina data demonstrates that this choice has at least face validity. Additionally, a closer look at Figure 4.7 shows that the survival curv"]
[13.127931594848633, 7.496335506439209, "demonstrate the validity of our modeling approach to creating estimates that could be used in the background check context. It is important to note that we acknowledge that there are other approaches and models that could also be created to follow th"]
[13.103147506713867, 7.4818878173828125, "in the machine learning community (Bennis, Mouysset, and Serrurier, 2020; Eri\u015fo\u011flu, Eri\u015fo\u011flu, and Erol, 2011; Kuo and Peng, 2000; Nagpal et al., 2019; Raman et al., 2010). These models create estimates through a weighted average of many underlying fu"]
[13.112154006958008, 7.480288505554199, "ellow, Bengio, and \nCourville, 2016, chapter 5, for a methodological introduction to machine learning basics, and Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman, 2009, chapter 7, for a thorough overview on model assessment and selection). \nReaders might note that "]
[13.112659454345703, 7.489264011383057, "different points in time for each \ndata set to illustrate performance of the estimated risk scores through time. The \ud835\udc50-index is a \nmeasure of discriminatory ability of a risk score and provides an assessment of the number of \u201cconcordant pairs\u201d when c"]
[13.112161636352539, 7.488999366760254, "re the survival probability is also 0.5. The results also present variation in predictions across wide time ranges. See Appendix D for additional calibration curves for one-year, ten-year, and 20-year survival probability estimates.    40 Figure 5. 2"]
[13.13760757446289, 7.490816593170166, "ic groups of columns as presented in the rest of the table. We see that current prison information changes performance the most (about 8 percent decrease in performance), followed by information related to current number of conviction s \n(about 6 per"]
[13.166252136230469, 7.470172882080078, "al background checks.  \nIn the employment context, the additional factors not included in the first step of the formal \nbackground check are brought into play through an appeals process initiated by a person challenging an employment decision. It can"]
[13.17184066772461, 7.470315456390381, " of background checks. Charlotte Burrows, \nchair of the EEOC, then delivered the keynote address, which is summarized in the next section of this chapter. Nina Hicks, the Detroit director of the Center for Employment Opportunities, provided insight a"]
[13.163406372070312, 7.477983474731445, " the hiring process? \n\u2022 How can information generated during the time gap between a candidate\u2019s last conviction \nor release from prison and when a candidate applies for a job be used to improve \nemployers\u2019 understanding of a candidate\u2019s recidivism ri"]
[13.159052848815918, 7.473174095153809, "said that, in order for risk-prediction models that adhere to \nthe reset principle to succeed, innovation is needed in the data and policy environments. These discussions highlighted concerns about data quality that were not featured heavily in this "]
[13.153367042541504, 7.476875305175781, "sfy the reset principle). Current record-compilation efforts focus on finding out when the offense occurred, and there is not currently a policy motivation to look beyond that. The industry itself, she explained, does not have the experience or the d"]
[13.157052993774414, 7.476038455963135, "sk (Bushway and Kalra, 2021), then risk assessment itself is not the key to solving the problem. Instead, the goal needs to be structuring negligent hiring liability so that companies can tolerate more risk in their hiring practices.  \nRegarding fact"]
[13.16114616394043, 7.474641799926758, "en case. The court recognized the three main factors that should be used by employers when considering a candidate with a criminal record history: type of job, type of crime, and time since last conviction. \nLopez asserted that this research was impo"]
[13.207694053649902, 7.449182987213135, "l history records.  \n    50 Table 6.1. Workshop Agenda  \n11:00 a.m. Welcome Remarks  \nLee Remi, project m anager, RAND Corporation  \nShawn Bushway ( https: //www.rand.org /about /people/b/ bushway_shawn.html ), senior policy  \nresearcher, RAND Corpor"]
[13.167101860046387, 7.4725728034973145, "loyers and Employees  \n Moderator: Esta Bigler  (https: //www.littler.com /people/ rod-m-fliegel), d irector, Labor and \nEmployment Law Program, Cornell School of Industrial and Labor Relations  \nPanelists:  \nRod Fliegel  (https: //www.littler.com /p"]
[13.136754989624023, 7.470455646514893, "olunteer screening. In Chapter 4, we discussed empirical considerations for researchers interested in building a risk-prediction model. In Chapter 5, we demonstrated the viability of creating a risk-prediction model that respects the reset principle "]
[13.157661437988281, 7.471296310424805, "riginally high-risk individuals can signal to employers through their behavior after a conviction that they are actually less risky than others. \nModels Can Be Used to Predict Risk of a New Conviction \nThe EEOC worried that it would be impossible to "]
[13.153303146362305, 7.467907905578613, " individuals. \nThe next step is for an employer to define whether the level of risk is acceptable or low enough \nfor a particular job. Recidivism risk models do not include characteristics of the job as a parameter because recidivism risk is not job-"]
[13.150222778320312, 7.4620771408081055, "e same throughout the \nentire distribution of risk, a situation that is unlikely to occur.    55 of model we developed requires a comparison with the current state. We discuss this issue in the \nnext section. \nData Quality  Can Limit the Development "]
[13.148557662963867, 7.480379581451416, "or the Criminal Justice Administrative Record System  \n(CJARS), an effort to combine administrative criminal justice data with data from the U.S. Census Bureau . The \nresearchers who built CJARS have had to address many of the same issues that we add"]
[13.150955200195312, 7.485434532165527, "nce is \u201cThe Time That Has Passed Since the Offense, Conduct and/or Completion of the Sentence\u201d (EEOC, 2012). There is no discussion about what the relevant frame of reference is or whether this information was available, but in the end, the lack of i"]
[13.15237808227539, 7.44289493560791, "art, on the job. If these characteristics are static, then there will be nothing that the applicant can do except wait. However, if dynamic characteristics are included, then applicants interested in employment could take steps to reduce their percei"]
[13.169629096984863, 7.462362766265869, "need for new tools is urgent given the number of people who have convictions in the United States, and we look forward to an active discussion about the fairness and equity of models and tools anchored in the reset principle. \nRisk of Recidivism Is N"]
[13.140654563903809, 7.483410835266113, " frames, modeling architecture, and variable measures initially created for the criminal justice context rather than the background check context. This report\u2019s development of the reset principle makes a clear statement that there needs to be a new s"]
[13.1388521194458, 7.492809295654297, "history data: \n1. How convictions \u201ccluster\u201d on particular days and how this affects analysis. \n2. How the longitudinal structure of the data necessitates complex decisions in defining \ndifferent discrete \u201cevents\u201d (conviction, release, etc.) and conti"]
[13.136636734008789, 7.501410484313965, "er precision for predicting an individual\u2019s time to their next conviction.  \n \n3 Although  these figures demonstrate many events for each individual, we note that many individuals actually  have \nonly one sentencing record in the data set (a fact tha"]
[13.139236450195312, 7.494417190551758, " arises related to time spent in county jail rather than state prison: The NCDPS data sets do not contain direct information on county jail incarceration. This problem will appear in many data sets and may cause issues for accurately quantifying risk"]
[13.14460277557373, 7.495485782623291, "For example, in the criminal justice system, sen tences often may be \nsuspended and a conviction will not immediately send an individual to prison (see third row of Figure A.5). How we choose to define events, transitions among states, and timing bet"]
[13.131590843200684, 7.482346057891846, "re split into different levels (I through V) to capture the severity of the offense. Such alterations in scope and distinctions of offenses are expected to continue sporadically through time as laws and norms change in society. These changes can caus"]
[13.12395191192627, 7.488767623901367, "as \ud835\udc46!(\ud835\udc61), and represent the \nprobability that the next event time occurs after some time as \ud835\udc61, i.e., \ud835\udc47!>\ud835\udc61, from a baseline \nevent. This is represented mathematically as \ud835\udc46!(\ud835\udc61)\u2261Pr(\ud835\udc47!>\ud835\udc61). \nIn the case of the criminal background-check context, survival f"]
[13.112290382385254, 7.486868381500244, "reshold of acceptable risk \n\u211b9? This last query may be similar to what was \ndesired in El v. SEPTA, an absolute standard of risk (Douglas El v. Southwestern Pennsylvania \nTransportation Authority, 2005), and could prompt a future policy discussion ab"]
[13.066884994506836, 7.524036884307861, "es that are similar to this form of the model that allow both \ncomponents to be functions of \ud835\udc65, but we do not consider them here.  \nTo estimate the weights \ud835\udc64\"(\ud835\udc65|\ud835\udefe), we used neural networks (see Goodfellow, Bengio, and \nCourville, 2016, for a methodol"]
[13.138347625732422, 7.494354248046875, "s were estimated on a subset of data from the NCDPS data set. \nThe data are restricted to those events occurring after 1995 until April 8, 2021 (when the data were downloaded), events for individuals who are between 18 and 70 years of age, and people"]
[13.150559425354004, 7.495819568634033, " date \nCurrent event \ninformation  Convictions on date Number of convictions that align on this event date  \nNumber of felonies  Of the number of convictions, how many were felonies?  \nNumber of \nmisdemeanors  Of the number of convictions, how many w"]
[13.11435317993164, 7.47276496887207, "exual assault  \nViolation of sexual offense conditions  \nWeapons offenses  \nWorthless checks \n \n    75 Appendix D . Additional Model Calibration Curves  \nAs described in the main body of the report, calibration assesses how well probability \nestimate"]
[14.191635131835938, 3.696457862854004, ".pdf \nBarocas, Solon, and Moritz Hardt, \u201cNIPS 2017 Tutorial on Fairness in Machine Learning,\u201d paper \npresented at NeurIPS 2017, Long Beach, Calif., December 4, 2017. As of November 30, 2021: https://fairmlbook.org/tutorial1.html \nBarocas, Solon, and "]
[13.22297477722168, 7.471017837524414, "2d 1290 (8th \nCir. 1975), U.S. Court of Appeals, 8th Circuit, July 23, 1975. As of November 30, 2021: https://casetext.com/case/green-v-missouri-pacific-railroad-company \nBurgess, Ernest W., \u201cFactors Determining Success or Failure on Parole,\u201d in Andr"]
[14.187116622924805, 3.6875317096710205, "7, 2013, pp. 971\u20131005. As of November 30, 2021: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151523478.pdf \nCorbett-Davies, Sam, Emma Pierson, Avi Feller, and Sharad Goel, \u201cA Computer Program Used \nfor Bail and Sentencing Decisions Was Labeled Biased Against Blac"]
[14.183963775634766, 3.683807373046875, "big-data-workplace-examining-\nimplications-equal-employment/dunleavy%2C%20phd \nDwork, Cynthia, Moritz Hardt, Toniann Pitassi, Omer Reingold, and Richard Zemel, \u201cFairness \nThrough Awareness,\u201d Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer "]
[14.024701118469238, 3.7246720790863037, "ications,\u201d Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 52, No. 1, January 2006, pp. 178\u2013200. As of April 19, 2021: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128705281748 \nGriggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424 (1971), U.S. Supreme Court, March 8, 1971. As of \nDecember 2, 2021: ht"]
[13.122323989868164, 7.4506940841674805, ", and Melvin L. Moeschberger, Survival Analysis: Techniques for Censored and \nTruncated Data, 2nd ed., New York: Springer-Verlag, 2003. As of November 30, 2021: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387953991 \nKuo, Lynn, and Fengchun Peng, \u201cA Mixture-"]
[14.130979537963867, 3.7306129932403564, " 2010. As of December 1, 2021: https://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/sp/Justice-for-All -Challenging-Racial-Disparities-in-the-\nCriminal-Justice-System.pdf \nMaurer, Roy, \u201cAI-Based Hiring Concerns Academics, Regulators,\u201d Society for Human Resource \nManag"]
[14.170586585998535, 3.717623710632324, "er/files/pager_ajs.pdf \nPager, Devah, Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration, \nChicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.  \nPennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, Interim Report 4: Development of Risk Assessment \nScale"]
[13.291739463806152, 7.503108024597168, "r Uggen, Jason Schnittker, Melissa Thompson, Sara Wakefield, \nand Michael Massoglia, \u201cThe Growth, Scope, and Spatial Distribution of People with Felony Records in the United States, 1948\u20132010,\u201d Demography, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2017, pp. 1795\u2013  88 1818. As"]
[13.296045303344727, 7.49995756149292, " 42, The Public Health and Welfare; Chapter 21, Civil Rights; Subchapter VI, \nEqual Employment Opportunities; Section 2000e-2, Unlawful Employment Practices. As of December 2, 2021: https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/2000e-2 \nU.S. Code, Title"]
[18.760906219482422, 17.19130516052246, "Sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and TechnologyThe National Institute \nof Standards and Technology\u2019s Impact on Fire Safety Standards\nBENJAMIN M. MILLER, TOM LATOURRETTE, DRAKE WARREN, DAVID METZ\nC O R P O R A T I O NFor more informati"]
[18.75876235961914, 17.195831298828125, "T\u2019s research  contributing to p articular fire \nsafety standards. The original ob jectives of the project were to (1) document the role of the NIST \nin the standards development pro cess, (2) estimate the value th ese standards provide to society, \na"]
[18.76056671142578, 17.192520141601562, "....................................................................................................... xv  \n1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................."]
[18.737064361572266, 17.193647384643555, "........................................................................... ........................... 37  \n5. Wildland-Urban Interface Standards ......................... ............................................................... 38  \nCase Stu"]
[18.761640548706055, 17.19341278076172, "y\u2019s Fire  \nResearch Division ............................................. ...................................................................... 8  \nFigure 2.2. Standards Development Organizations\u2019 Roles Held by Researchers in the  \nNational Institu"]
[18.73201560974121, 17.22403335571289, ".......... 50  \nFigure 6.4. Average Year Built f or Single-Family Homes ........ ................................................... 52  \nFigure 6.5. Number of Decades Represented by the Year Housing w as Built ............................. 53  \nFigu"]
[18.75247573852539, 17.200170516967773, "ne of Key Wilder ness Urban Interface Codes ... ................................................ 41  \nTable 5.3. The National Institut e of Standards and Technology\u2019s  Involvement in Wilderness \nUrban Interface Standards Develo pment Organization (an"]
[18.761735916137695, 17.194353103637695, "ds. This report pr esents results for  the first two \nobjectives. Given that NIST\u2019s contribution is one of several in puts combining to  create these \nstandards, NIST\u2019s share of the credit for their value could not  be quantified. \nOur analysis focus"]
[18.758563995361328, 17.19878578186035, "t and perfo rmance. One area of research \nfocused on revisiting smoke ala rm design and testing in light o f the shift to the use of largely \nsynthetic materials in upholstered furniture  versus natural fur nishing materials for which early \nsmoke al"]
[18.74619483947754, 17.204736709594727, "sance alarms, as well as test ing requirements, system \ninterconnection, notifi cations targeting ch ildren, and other topics. A nationally representative \nsurvey of American h ouseholds conducte d by RAND in March 2020 f ound that 36 percent of \nhou"]
[18.741958618164062, 17.21213722229004, "ng the 2018 \nCamp Fire in Paradise, Californi a. Our results suggest that the  survivability of houses has \ngenerally been improving over time . This result is consistent w ith steady improvements in \nstandards and the associated cha nges in building"]
[18.760461807250977, 17.195674896240234, "he active researc h stages, and the biggest benefits are  likely yet to be \nrealized. In both cases, we disc uss clear evidence of steady sa fety improvements over time and \nsuggest that those steady improve ments may be largely or partly  attributed"]
[18.75611686706543, 17.197629928588867, "ata at truly astounding speed. \nWe again find ourselves thanking NIS T staff, David Butry and Douglas Thomas, who shared \ncode and insights from their wor k, which served as an inspiration for our approach to weighting \nNFIRS responses. On the WUI si"]
[18.76045036315918, 17.19514274597168, "it as the U.S. g overnment\u2019s primary agency for shaping and \ninfluencing the development of m easurement stand ards, both nati onally and internationally.  \nAs evidenced in this r eport, NIST plays a un ique and critical r ole in the development of \n"]
[18.754981994628906, 17.196945190429688, "day-to-day life. Standards affect food production, \ntransportation services, building design, and consumer products  and services of all types. For more \nthan a century, national and international SDOs have been developing detailed specifications  an"]
[18.754533767700195, 17.192243576049805, "rocesses and production methods, and related managemen t systems practices.\u201d \nWhile NIST develops standard ref erence materials internally, in  general its research in the \ndevelopment of standards suppor ts the development of voluntary consensus sta"]
[18.756486892700195, 17.197566986083984, " competitiveness, and effici ency. In some cases VCSs are \nadopted internationally. In addition, VCSs are often incorporat ed into government regulations \nsuch as building codes or other le gal instruments, thus shiftin g a voluntary standard to a \nm"]
[18.75892448425293, 17.196012496948242, "o Economic Impacts \n \nstandards development process as  well. Other federal government agencies, as well as state and \nlocal government entities, often provide subject matter experti se or technical knowledge on \nstandards related to their mission or"]
[18.757946014404297, 17.196813583374023, "upled together\u201d (Gross, 1991, p. 119).4 Foreshadowing its con tinued standard-based \napproach for add ressing fire safety challenges, NIST worked wit h NFPA to create a national \nstandard for couplin g hoses and fire hydrants. In 1914, a Fire Resista"]
[18.77802276611328, 17.17877197265625, "ams at  NIST and also established the \nNational Commission on Fire Pr evention and Control. In 1973, the commission published its \nfamous report, America Burning, which included several reco mmendations related to expanding \nfire research at NIST.6 T"]
[18.762741088867188, 17.193466186523438, "4, including \u201cnew standards on firebrand penetration of vents; firebrand ignition of \nroofing, siding, window glazing,  and decks; window vulnerabilit y to firebrand assault\u201d (Hamins et al., 2012). The \nsecond is replacing or improving test methods f"]
[18.76616096496582, 17.19028663635254, "RAND survey of researchers in NIST Fire Research Divisi on, September 2019. \nRAND spoke with representatives from NFPA, ASTM, Underwriters Laboratories, and ICC \nabout their standards development procedures and NIST\u2019s involve ment, obtained and revie"]
[18.7828426361084, 17.173765182495117, "ess, \npresent research findings at SDO events, and communicate with S DO committee members about \nstandards. Figure 2.4 shows res ponses from our survey of the nu mber of NIST Fire Division \nresearchers who have submitted for mal proposals, revisions"]
[18.767438888549805, 17.18914222717285, " 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6Less than 1 year1 to 3 years3 to 5 yearsMore than 5 years \n13 Division includes over a dozen current sta ff who have been enga ging with SDOs for more than \nfive years, and emeritus staff al so have a lengthy record of en gagement wit"]
[18.762773513793945, 17.193462371826172, " unique \norganization, with other research organizations often benefitin g from that work. \n   \n14 3. Smoke Alarm Standards \nAs introduced in Chapter 1, two of the case studies we used to examine the impacts of fire \nsafety standards focus on standar"]
[18.759611129760742, 17.1970272064209, " to a broad er understanding of the benefit of home smoke alarms, their \nwidespread adoption, and developmen t of the first smoke alarm d evice standard. Table 3.1 \nsummarizes several important stu dies and milestones, which are discussed below. \nAn "]
[18.75977325439453, 17.197086334228516, "he next few years showed remarkable benefits from the smoke al arms\u2019 installation: while the \nnumber of fires was no different f rom expected fire rates for m obile homes without smoke \nalarms, the number of deaths and injuries from these fires was f"]
[18.760711669921875, 17.196842193603516, "is further bolstered the ca se for the benefits of \nsmoke alarms. \n\uf0b7 the observation that smoke alar ms on the second floor of a home  had marginal performance \nfor fires on the first floor. At the time of the tests, the sta ndard on smoke alarm plac"]
[18.765544891357422, 17.19154167175293, "ial smoke alarms, which revealed the need for a  device standard. Although \ntechnically at UL at the time, Richard Bukowski worked with NIS T (and in residence at NIST \nfor part of the time) on smoke alarm research that led to the d evelopment of UL "]
[18.766756057739258, 17.1905574798584, "e Event NIST Role Impact \n2000\u20132004; \n2008 Home Smoke Alarm Tests\n Research experiments on smoke alarm performance  \nwere conducted from 2000 to \n2002; NIST published the \noriginal report in 2004, and a \nrevised version in 2008 Measurement of smoke p"]
[18.787538528442383, 17.17038917541504, "nsitivities of  photoelectric and \nionization detectors to smolder ing and flaming fires, respectively. Performance of commercially \navailable smoke alarms of either  type was nonetheless generally  sufficient to provide adequate \nescape time. \nA sec"]
[18.764713287353516, 17.192407608032227, "ff and \nresearch were central to their work. The process was marked by disagreement among the UL 217 \nStandard Technical Panel members, and multiple proposals failed . NIST research, particularly  \nby Cleary (2014), played a pivotal role in reaching "]
[18.802658081054688, 17.15508270263672, "ot allowed withi n 3 feet of a door to a kitchen or bathroom containing a shower or tub \n\uf0b7 Smoke alarms not allowed within 3 feet of supply registers of a forced air heating or cooling system \n1999 NFPA 72 \n\uf0b7 If within 20 feet of a cooking appliance,"]
[18.769378662109375, 17.188032150268555, "researcher Richard Bukowski was an active member of the UL 217/268 Standard Technical \nPanel and of NFPA 72 Technical  Committees throughout his career, starting in the 1970s until  \nhis retirement in the late 2000s. Thomas Cleary of NIST phased into"]
[18.778167724609375, 17.181108474731445, "esearch reports have been cited in NFPA 72 since 1990. \nConclusion \nNIST research and other activit y summarized in Tables 3.1, 3.3,  and 3.5 provided important \ncontributions to our understanding o f the effectiveness of smok e alarms, the developme"]
[18.754911422729492, 17.201921463012695, "  enforced, and effective, their \nadoption is of no consequence. \n                                                 \n14 Most building codes apply to new construction only, so they wo rk their way into the building stock through \naddition or replacemen"]
[18.75909996032715, 17.198305130004883, "ectiveness Gradi ng Schedule is available at Thomure (undated). \nMore information about ISO\u2019s meas ure of states\u2019 fire protection  capabilities is available at ISO (undated), \n16 See also IBHS (undated a). \n17 See also IBHS (undated a).  \n27 This app"]
[18.7489070892334, 17.207860946655273, "or infers that this so mewhat surprising finding results from occupants preferentially \n                                                 \n18 As long as the number of fatalities per fatal fire is the same  in cases with and without smoke alarms, both "]
[18.75963020324707, 17.197463989257812, "for \nexample, factors other than smoke alarms that influence the ris k of fire fatalities (e .g., construction,  \n29 furnishings, occupant behaviors) differ systematically between homes with and without smoke \nalarms, then the actual effect of smoke "]
[18.75853157043457, 17.1971492767334, "\u2014was first published in 1945 by \nthe Southern Building Code Congress International and used main ly in the southern states. The Building Officials \nConference of America, later know n as the Building Officials an d Code Administrators International, "]
[18.758718490600586, 17.19881820678711, "s to answer the following question: Are more c urrent smoke alarm \nstandards in statewide minimum  building and residential codes associated with improved fire \noutcomes? To answer this question,  we examine the relationship between the smoke alarm \n"]
[18.740577697753906, 17.215234756469727, "dopted those standards into their statewide \nbuilding codes. Further, because building codes are rarely retroactive, the proportion of a state\u2019s \nhousing stock built after the code was adopted serves as a reasonable proxy for the proportion of \nhouse"]
[18.737333297729492, 17.217723846435547, "tandards. \n23 We are unable to do a within-sta te analysis for two reasons. First, individual localities sometimes have additional \ncode requirements beyond the state level, and there is no datab ase documenting how thes e local codes change over \nti"]
[18.73393440246582, 17.2225399017334, "mes increased. The increase in low-severity \nfires (i.e., fires confined to t he object of origin) is surpris ingly large. An incre ase in the number \nof low-severity fires would not be s urprising if there was a co rresponding decrease in high-\nseve"]
[18.737178802490234, 17.217655181884766, "rtion  of houses subject to statewide \nminimum residential building code  updates correla tes with stati stically significant reductions  \n(or increases) in the number of f ires, injuries, or fatalities reported to NFIRS. We speculate that \nthese res"]
[18.760791778564453, 17.19690704345703, "t o f 2,389 for Q2 (only  asked if the respondent \nanswered \u201cYes\u201d to Q1), 2,386 ou t of 2,389 for Q3 (only asked if  the respondent \nanswered \u201cYes\u201d to Q1), and 2,484 out of 2,488 for Q4. \nAs we speculated previously, one reason we find no evidence of"]
[18.758913040161133, 17.19870376586914, "by events such as by certain cooking acti vities\u2014are also common. A \nhomeowner might disable a smoke alarm to prevent these nuisance  alarms, such as by removing \nthe smoke alarm batteries. Our ALP survey found that more than one-third of households "]
[18.766069412231445, 17.191226959228516, "g code  updates is correlated with statistically significant reductions \n(or increases) in the number of reported fir es, injuries, or fa talities. We specul ate that these \nresults may reflect the largest gains having occurred prior to 2003 and the "]
[18.762025833129883, 17.1938533782959, "s an extension of its general fire efforts through the \nNational Fire Research Laboratory. NIST WUI work appears to be motivated in part by large \nwildland fires that occurred in the 1990s and early 2000s, such  as the 1991 Oakland Hills Fire, the \n2"]
[18.76666259765625, 17.190420150756836, "of test methods and apparatuses, such as the NIST \u201c Dragon,\u201d\n which generates \nstandardized firebrands for use in tests. \nAnother line of effort is collecting data on historic fires, ty pically in the immediate aftermath \nof the fire when data are be"]
[18.765554428100586, 17.191377639770508, "rand-driven ignition. M ost notably, the ten firebran d generators used during IBHS \nexperiments are based on the des ign of the NIST Dragon, with mo difications to automate fuel \ndelivery (Standohar- Alfano et al., 2017, p. 14). To motivate th e nee"]
[18.75617027282715, 17.19820213317871, " focused on requirem ents for structures and other development (e.g., camps) in \nforests. In 1953 it was renamed Fi re Prevention Standards for H omes and Camps in Forested \nAreas, in 1962 it was renamed Rec ommended Good Practice for Hom es and Camp"]
[18.753646850585938, 17.198680877685547, "and \nInternational Fire Code by miti gating the hazard of wildfires t hrough model code regulations, \nwhich safeguard the public health and safety in all communities , large and small\u201d  \n(ICC, 2014, p. iii). \nIWUIC is a model code providing requireme"]
[18.766298294067383, 17.18976593017578, " codes. In 1997, ICC and NFPA agreed to c ollaborate on fire codes, but by 1999 t he agreement had ended in \nlawsuits between the two organi zations and real ignments of them . In the aftermath IC BO acquired full rights to IFCI \ncodes, and IFCI appa"]
[18.761655807495117, 17.194263458251953, "enced those SDO\u2019s efforts since at least the late 1990 s. Past NIST work specifically \nfocused on WUI codes and standards  by leveraging NIST researche r participation on SDO \ncommittees and sharing NIST resear ch results in forums such as NIST-led w"]
[18.753053665161133, 17.20016098022461, "N/A  2015\u20132017d \nASTM  Various standards  Subcommittee E05.14 on \nQuantification of Exterior \nFire Exposures  Member  N/A  As of 2019e \nISO  N/A (technical report \nin development)  ISO Technical Committee \n92 Working Group 3 (ISO/TC 92/WG 14) on \nLar"]
[18.74325942993164, 17.21259117126465, "d Codes \n \nEstimating the causal impact of standards and codes in reducing  wildfire damages, injuries, \nand fatalities is difficult for several reasons. First, complia nce with and enforcement of building \ncodes may vary. Second, it is not  always c"]
[18.74730110168457, 17.206029891967773, " \nthe design of buildings that ignited with those that survived. Collection of such data could greatly improve the development of WUI standards identifying specific b uilding designs that support \nhousing survivability in wildfires. \nPrevious Studies"]
[18.7436580657959, 17.212831497192383, "d versus only 18 percent of the homes built prior to 2008. \nThe Kasler and Reese analysis i s illuminating since it used a l arge number of observations \nfrom a complete population of str uctures. An important limitati on of their analysis is that it"]
[18.739965438842773, 17.21590232849121, "re smoke and unburned can opies may obscure aerial views \n(see Kolden and Wiesberg, 2007, pp. 23\u201324, 29\u201330). Errors in th e fire perimeter seem less  \nlikely once the fire has been c ontained, especially in develope d areas, where houses are closely "]
[18.74022674560547, 17.215959548950195, "ounts and Damage Lev els of Houses in the 2018 Camp Fire \n Year Built \nBefore 2008 2008 or Late r\nPermanent homes: undamaged 1,790 138 \nPermanent homes: partially damaged 401 31 \nPermanent homes: destroyed 9,525 143 \nPermanent homes: total 11,716 312"]
[18.74226951599121, 17.214197158813477, "may be correlated with factors \nthat affect survivability be yond building construction or desig n. Factors such as topography, \nvegetation, and housing density (which can depend on lot size) all affect the probability of a \nhome\u2019s survival, and thes"]
[18.745344161987305, 17.210527420043945, "area are largely assessed \nto be very high risk, while most of Paradise is high to very hi gh risk. Areas directly east and west of Paradise, where \nmany of the more isolated homes t end to be located , are largely  assessed as moderate risk . CAL FI"]
[18.741071701049805, 17.215173721313477, "ty (Marangh ides, et al., 2015). These studies \nwere further validated when the C amp Fire was observed as sprea ding from structure to structure \n(Curwen and Serna, 2018). \nHowever, low density can also be  associated with risks. Syphard  et al. (20"]
[18.73903465270996, 17.216318130493164, "ors with \ndifferent outcomes that fell ac ross cell boundaries. Another st rategy suggested by a reviewer that could be pursued \n  \n55 Figure 6.6. Density of Single-Family Housing \n \nNOTES: Density is calculated as the number of single-family hou ses"]
[18.744403839111328, 17.209091186523438, "uals. We refer to these \ntwo approaches as a \u201cstatic\u201d mode l and a \u201crecursive\u201d model. We present both approaches \nbecause neither is inherently superior to the other. \nThe static model treats the unobs erved local risks proxied by n eighboring houses"]
[18.739059448242188, 17.216236114501953, "r observation, the probit must be calculated using a simultaneous \nequations approach, which essentially iterates over possible co efficient values until it converges \non a stable solution. The main benefit of this approach is that  it accounts for c"]
[18.741252899169922, 17.214874267578125, " s urvivability between the 1950s \nand 2000s, then a reduction in survi vability in the 2010s. As shown in Figure 6.1, there are fewer \nhouses on which to base estimates prior to 1940 and after 2010. The standard errors on the static \nmodel are espec"]
[18.740224838256836, 17.21592903137207, "nstruction (beyond those \nrequired by codes) may change over time in ways that may be cor related with fire risk. \nFor example, a Headwaters Ec onomics/IBHS report on building wil dfire-resistant homes \nrecommended installing weed- and erosion-contro"]
[18.742435455322266, 17.213842391967773, "n  \nthe Waldo Canyon Fire (Maranghide s et al., 2015). However, this  strong correlation between \nneighboring houses\u2019 outcomes could also reflect neighboring hou ses sharing other high-risk \ncharacteristics. Collecting a nd analyzing additional data "]
[18.740676879882812, 17.215778350830078, " in our hypothetical estimate)  is similar to that of the  \nsingle-family homes examined in our analysis. \nTable 6.3 shows that, under these assumptions,  the static model  estimates the damage \naverted to be $ 600 million if all  houses had the same"]
[18.755802154541016, 17.19978141784668, "des over time have led \nto (or occurred alongside) changes in building designs and mate rials that have improved the \nsurvivability of houses to fire. However, our results do not find a statistically significant increase in survivability following th"]
[18.758752822875977, 17.196910858154297, "activit ies \nNIST research is also instrumental in the development and desig n of standardized tests that \nare used to systematically eva luate technologies and to confirm  compliance with standards. \nIndeed, the need for nationally s tandardized met"]
[18.766077041625977, 17.19129180908203, "d n eeds-driven approach  to selecting resear ch topics, and  \nits credibility for conducti ng objective, high quality research  make it a crucial contributor in the \ndevelopment of fire safety sta ndards. If NIST were to become un able to perform it"]
[18.765426635742188, 17.191457748413086, "rns, please contact Nelson Bryner, Chief of the\nNIST Fire Research Division (nelson.bryner@nist.gov) or Ben Miller, co-project leader at\nRAND (bmiller@rand.org). Thanks in advance for taking a few moments to help us with thisimportant work.\n1.\nHave y"]
[18.778432846069336, 17.177656173706055, "oke Alarms\nUsing Scattered Light, Transmitted Light or Ionization (2010)\nNEMA SB-11: Guide for Proper Use of System Smoke Detectors\nNFPA 72: National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code\nNFPA 101: Life Safety Code\nNFPA 1141: Standard for Fire Protection Inf"]
[18.72490119934082, 17.21771812438965, "ncident data repor ted in the National Fire Incident \nReporting System (NFIRS) to depict fire activity in non-reporti ng cities.\u201d48 We apply an approach \nthat is similar in spirit, although ours is designed to ensure \u201crepresentativeness\u201d at the indiv"]
[18.705488204956055, 17.237770080566406, "90 percent of the 2017 NFIRS records to a \ndepartment, and 75 perc ent of departments to  at least one NFIRS  record. Of the departments \nthat we can match to NFIRS records , we are able to identify or estimate a headquarters zip code \nfor almost all"]
[18.68194580078125, 17.255107879638672, "92 4,066 342.5 \nPercentage owne r-occupied 62% 58% 271.9 \nPercentage vacant 16% 20% 398.4 \n     Department Percentage that are a local department 98% 92% 480.1 \nPercentage that are the pr imary agency 33% 17% 663.7 \nPercentage that are a purely volun"]
[18.730119705200195, 17.22347640991211, "the number of \ninjuries and fatalities, from th e department level to the state  level. The propensity scores \ncalculated in Step 1 of our analysi s are used to construct the probability weights used in this \naggregation.54 Because states vary consid"]
[18.736181259155273, 17.21949005126953, "nalysis of the \npotential impact of WUI standards.  \n74 Figure B.1. Outliers in the Number of Fires per Capita \n  \n  \n \nis arbitrary and used for examp le purposes). Some observations clearly stand out as separate \nfrom the rest. For the highest seve"]
[18.7371883392334, 17.218753814697266, " r esults for injuries and fata lities with outliers  included. Here \nthe coefficients on the number of  firefighter injuries per capi ta are larger but still statistically \ninsignificant. The results are  again otherwise similar. \nTable B.2. No Stat"]
[18.739070892333984, 17.217239379882812, "ires per c apita had radically decreased \nprior to 2003, there is still a slight decrease over time and n otable year-by-year variation in the \nnumber of fires. Year fixed effects ensure we separate safety i mprovements experienced by all \nstates fro"]
[18.739377975463867, 17.216997146606445, "ary indicators for the decade in which a house was built, an  indicator for whether the home is \npermanent versus manufactured, and measures of \u201cdensity\u201d (the n umber of surrounding homes). \nWe estimate this probit model in two different ways, each o"]
[18.739431381225586, 17.21703338623047, "h house, all variables are \nzero except for the decade in which the house was built, which is 1. For example, a house that is \nbuilt in 1984 has \ud835\udc35\ud835\udc48\ud835\udc3c\ud835\udc3f\ud835\udc471980 \u0bdc\u0d4c1, and all other variables are zero. \nThe analysis discussed in Chapter 6 showed that newer h"]
[18.748371124267578, 17.208499908447266, "relatively straig htforward. If den sity were not \nincluded separately, the impacts would likely increase the impo rtance of the spatial lag term, \nthereby exaggerating the positive feedback loop. \n  \n                                                 "]
[18.76336097717285, 17.19374656677246, "d Products Using a n Oxygen Consumption Calorime ter,\u201d webpage, undated c. \nAs of November 1, 2019: https://www.astm.org/Standards/E1354 \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cASTM E2632/E2632M-13 Standar d Test Method for Evaluating the Under-Deck Fire \nTest Response of Deck Mater"]
[18.75472068786621, 17.19939422607422, "o logy, \n1455-1, 2008. As of April 2021: https://www.nist.gov/publications/performance-home-smoke-alarms -analysis-response \n-several-available-technologies  \nBukowski, Richard W., Thomas E . Waterman, and W. J. Christian, Detector Sensitivity and \nS"]
[18.757631301879883, 17.197277069091797, "1986, pp. 445\u2013448. \nC.F.R.\u2014 See Code of Federal Regulations.  \nCleary, Thomas G., Improving Smoke Alarm Performance \u2013 Justification for New Smoldering \nand Flaming Test Performance Criteria , NIST Technical Note 1837, Gaithersburg, Md.: \nNational Ins"]
[18.744871139526367, 17.205339431762695, ", February 2 020. As of April 22, 2021: \nhttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/File s/News-and-Research/Fire-stati stics-and-reports/ \nEmergency-responders/osfdprof ile.pdf and https://www.nfpa.org//-/media/Files/News-and \n-Research/Fire-statistics-and-re por"]
[18.7471923828125, 17.20333480834961, "ural-Strength-Ex ecutive-Summary_IBHS.pdf  \n88 Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety\u00ae, \u201cPost-Hurrican e Investigations,\u201d webpage, \nundated a. As of April 22, 2021:  \nhttps://ibhs.org/wind/post -hurricane-investigations/ \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Rating the Stat"]
[18.74568748474121, 17.203981399536133, "nce , July 7\u20139, 1999, A lbury, N.S.W.,  pp. 219\u2013225. \nL\u00f6w, Petra, \u201cThe Natural Disaster of 2018 in Figures: Losses in  2018 Dominated by Wildfires \nand Tropical Storms,\u201d Munic h RE, August 8, 2019. As of April 17, 2020: \nhttps://www.munichre.com/topi"]
[18.747940063476562, 17.203750610351562, "ber Exposure Zones Using a WUI \nHazard Scale , Gaithersburg, Md.: National In stitute of Standards and Techno logy, Technical \nNote 1748, January 14, 2013. \nMaranghides, Alexander, William Mell, Karen Ridenour, and Derek McNamara, Initial \nReconnaiss"]
[18.755186080932617, 17.198514938354492, "ttps://www.nfpa.org/-/media/File s/News-and-Research/Fire-stati stics-and-reports/ \nDetection-and-signaling/Task-Group-on-Smoke-Detection-Followup- Final-Report-July \n-2009.ashx?la=en \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNFPA 1141: Standard for Fire Protection Infrastructure fo r"]
[18.743385314941406, 17.20732879638672, " and Other L ocal Agencies) F ire Hazard Se verity Zone Maps and \nAdopted State Responsibility Ar ea Fire Hazard Severity Zone Map s,\u201d webpage, undated.  \nAs of March 26, 2020:  \nhttps://osfm.fire.ca.gov/division s/wildfire-planning-engineerin g/wild"]
[18.746353149414062, 17.204517364501953, "ompt roller General of the United S tates, \nWashington, D.C.: Government Accountability Office, PSAD-76-173 , 1976.  \nhttps://www.gao.gov/assets/120/117465.pdf \nStandohar-Alfano, Christine D., Heather Estes, Tim Johnston, Mu rray J. Morrison, and Tan"]
[18.76538848876953, 17.192411422729492, "Gaithersburg, Md.: \nNational Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST BSS 179, 2 003. As of September 23, \n2021: https://www.nist.gov/publications/building-a nd-fire-research-nb snist-1975-2000 "]
[16.066205978393555, 14.450845718383789, "Public Health and Soft Power: The Republic of Korea\u2019s Initial COVID-19 Response and Its Implications for Health Diplomacy BOUEY ET AL.$19.50During the early days of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) \npandemic in 2020, the Republic of Korea (ROK"]
[16.066421508789062, 14.44792366027832, "rofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the \npublic interest. To learn more about RAND, visit www.rand.org.\nResearch Integrity\nOur mission to help improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis is enabled through our core values of qual"]
[16.064224243164062, 14.448841094970703, "onal relationship for additional insights and guidance on the analysis. The Korea Foundation provided the funding for the project from 2021 to 2022. The research will be of value to policymakers who are interested in the subject of strengthening soft"]
[16.066434860229492, 14.450191497802734, "educe conflicts. In this report, we identify the characteristics of the ROK government\u2019s initial response to COVID-19 and assess how these characteristics might be translated into soft power assets despite the limitations and risks of health diplomac"]
[16.066570281982422, 14.451448440551758, "tic tools, establish response plans, and secure human resources for the epidemic control even before the country\u2019s first outbreak. 2. A centralized hierarchical response system to coordinate pandemic resource allocation and risk communication. As soo"]
[16.066394805908203, 14.45019245147705, " leverage its success with the initial response to COVID-19 to demonstrate soft power assets that span multiple domains identified by a theory-based soft power index Soft Power 30, including (1) digital resources and technological advancement, (2) pr"]
[16.066394805908203, 14.45016098022461, " power through civil society and governmental exchange programs. The ROK\u2019s success in the COVID-19 response illustrates that the democratic system does not necessarily cause disputes over public health mandates. Decentralized civil organization excha"]
[16.06614112854004, 14.450082778930664, "VID-19 ......................................................................................... 7\tSix Features of the Initial Response to COVID-19 ................................................................................... 8\tA Sensitive Pand"]
[16.065887451171875, 14.449453353881836, "....................................... 26\tConclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 28\t ix Appendix. Methodology ......................."]
[16.05864143371582, 14.446418762207031, "idence rate of COVID-19 until the fall of 2020, when the pandemic entered a new stage, with vaccines in the last stages of clinical trials and new variants of the virus spreading. The ROK government\u2019s proactive \u201cthree T\u201d strategy for nonpharmaceutica"]
[16.06418228149414, 14.448835372924805, "soft power asset analysis by examining the cultural and health system foundations of the response. Chapter 5 provides policy recommendations.  Our approach included a comprehensive literature review of the response in the ROK and a few other Asian co"]
[16.063968658447266, 14.44990062713623, "ndex, SP30 added digital media and combines analysis of standard databases and a multicountry polling score. The global polling focuses on subjective impressions of foreign policy, friendliness, culture, technology products, cuisine, livability, and "]
[16.0634765625, 14.448180198669434, " States should invest in global health to \u201cstrengthen fragile and failing states, to promote social and economic progress, and to protect U.S. security\u201d (Global Health Europe, 2010). Western democratic allies are not the only nations that have recogn"]
[16.064319610595703, 14.448590278625488, "oercion (Shakeel et al., 2019). Similarly, some countries lauded China\u2019s medical team, vaccine, and mask diplomacy efforts during COVID-19 (e.g., Serbia, Italy, Spain, and Netherland), but the efforts caused controversy in others (e.g., Turkey, becau"]
[16.066293716430664, 14.449816703796387, "t overall soft power ranking (SP30, 2019).2 According to the SP30 index, between 2016 to 2019, the ROK improved its government subindex related to effectiveness and individual freedoms. Meanwhile, the country\u2019s extensive tourism campaign, led by K-po"]
[16.064619064331055, 14.449942588806152, "omestic product contracted by only 1 percent, compared with 5.3 percent in Japan, 3.7 percent in the United States, and 11.2 percent in the United Kingdom. The overall unemployment rate increased 1 percent relative to the estimated rate before the pa"]
[16.066051483154297, 14.449675559997559, "ntine and screening at the country\u2019s border expanded, while epidemiologic studies were conducted to trace the contacts of the index case (Moradi and Vaezi, 2020). By January 30, 2020, when WHO first labeled COVID-19 as a public health emergency, the "]
[16.066373825073242, 14.449996948242188, "ed; and level 4, the nationwide response system is activated. See Moradi and Vaezi, 2020.   10 distancing, and quarantine (Lee and Lee, 2020). As a result, no national lockdown was initiated, and localized lockdowns were implemented only in highly in"]
[16.066057205200195, 14.44997501373291, "pacity had been high pre\u2013COVID-19, and some even considered this to be overcapacity. The ROK\u2019s national health insurance system provides disproportionate reimbursement for the testing in clinical settings, which protects the robust testing infrastruc"]
[16.060962677001953, 14.464558601379395, "ing Pandemic Information for the Public Infection Risk to Potential Contacts Contacts Tracing Detection of Imported Border Control and Tracking Voluntary or Involuntary Isolation Cellular Broadcasting  Service                   Artificial Intelligenc"]
[16.066577911376953, 14.451258659362793, "erted into temporary clinics as accommodation support centers (also called community treatment centers, residential treatment centers, or living treatment centers) (Yang, Kim, and Hwang, 2020; Kang et al., 2020). Foundations of Success The literature"]
[16.066490173339844, 14.451451301574707, "at the ROK\u2019s pandemic response system pre\u2013COVID-19 received higher scores than those of Indonesia and United States in many items. The table also highlights the ROK\u2019s superb readiness in its emergency operation programs and activation mechanisms; its"]
[16.067033767700195, 14.450843811035156, " Dynamic listening and rumor management 4 4 4 SOURCES: WHO, 2016; WHO, 2017a; WHO, 2017b; attribute wordings adapted from these sources. NOTES: The scores are   1 = No capacity: Attributes of a capacity are not in place.  2 = Limited capacity: Attrib"]
[16.066858291625977, 14.45144271850586, "ith MERS; significant economic power; and a governing style that includes strict penalties for policy violations were contributing factors.  Other reports support the ROK\u2019s success in establishing transparent and effective government-public communica"]
[16.065988540649414, 14.450778007507324, "Other Asian Countries As a comparison, we also looked into India and Indonesia\u2019s approaches to COVID-19 to reflect on the challenges and barriers for disease containment. Our comprehensive literature review did not provide many in-depth studies on th"]
[16.065919876098633, 14.450017929077148, "s, competent government communication and centralized command, a relatively well-trained government and public health workforce, a collective yet democratic culture, and resilience in health care capacity during a crisis. Many of these features could"]
[16.066801071166992, 14.450566291809082, "search \u2022 Transferring technology and donating digital devices \u2022 Contributing to regional supply and infrastructure  \u2022 Concerns exist about government violation of citizens\u2019 privacy. \u2022 This can be perceived a market coercion or competition. \u2022 Digital "]
[16.066648483276367, 14.45054817199707, " could be viewed as working against personal freedom and would not be desirable in some countries. \u2022 Explanations should target the rationale for the collective actions during COVID-19. Engagement activities COVID-19 prompted the ROK to be more engag"]
[16.06641960144043, 14.450248718261719, "ss friendliness, and capacity for innovation. One highlight of the ROK\u2019s initial success in responding to COVID-19 is the ample supply of testing kits before the first outbreak in February 2020. The speed of testing kit development, approval, and pro"]
[16.066364288330078, 14.450371742248535, " East Asia). However, highlighting such cultural attributes in countries that focus on individual freedom may risk backlash.  In stakeholder interviews, experts pointed out that the ROK\u2019s success in technology development and industrialization is wel"]
[16.066574096679688, 14.4501953125, "he pharmaceutical and medical device industries, and international collaborations over the long term. Regarding the second concern, while soft power may be on the main agenda of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, other ministries (Ministry of Health an"]
[16.06670570373535, 14.449562072753906, "nd centralized coordination in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic\u2019s destructive path in 2020. The ROK\u2019s COVID-19 response model, which is based on the confluence of communal culture, a strong public health foundation, and democratic institutions, offe"]
[16.067556381225586, 14.450789451599121, "edical devices. Vaccine and medical supply manufacturers can collaborate with regional partners to expand vaccine capacity and establish the ROK as a global vaccine production hub. The government can assist multilateral organizations in engaging with"]
[16.063892364501953, 14.44979476928711, "presenting the will of the people, and those that favor the rule of law.  - While government-sponsored civil organization exchange programs can benefit from the involvement of ROK embassy support, a decentralized civil society engagement strategy can"]
[16.005382537841797, 14.4219388961792, "related keywords (limit to title or abstract), including \u201claboratory testing,\u201d \u201csurveillance system,\u201d \u201ccontact tracing,\u201d \u201cpublic communication,\u201d and \u201cquarantine.\u201d  The PubMed search for material related to COVID-19 responses after the year 2020 retur"]
[16.06661033630371, 14.451598167419434, "nd sought feedback after we shared a preliminary draft of findings and the policy recommendations. Experts from India and Indonesia also provided information to supplement the limited literature we could collect. This method ensured that the literatu"]
[16.061429977416992, 14.44883918762207, " 2022, we followed up with experts via emails and collected their feedback on our preliminary analysis and their opinions on our policy suggestions. We then used selective coding to analyze the qualitative data from follow-up interviews to develop ou"]
[16.0635986328125, 14.448752403259277, "World in Data, undated. As of July 26, 2022: https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus Demir, Emre, \u201cChina\u2019s Wavering COVID-19 Vaccine Diplomacy in Turkey,\u201d webpage, Global Voices, August 13, 2021.  https://globalvoices.org/2021/08/13/chinas-wavering-co"]
[16.063962936401367, 14.449292182922363, "OVID-19 Outbreak: A Real-Time Analysis,\u201d International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, No. 24, December 21, 2020.  Kang, JaHyun, Yun Young Jang, JinHwa Kim, Si-Hyeon Han, Ki Rog Lee, Mukju Kim, and Joong Sik Eom, \u201cSouth "]
[16.06416893005371, 14.448668479919434, "nter on Public Diplomacy, May 2021. McGinnis, Michael D., and Elinor Ostrom, \u201cSocial-Ecological System Framework: Initial Changes and Continuing Challenges,\u201d Ecology and Society, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2014.  Monocle, \u201cSoft Power Survey 2017/18,\u201d video, Dec"]
[16.064008712768555, 14.44866943359375, " Soft Power 30, \u201cSouth Korea: 2019 Overview,\u201d webpage, 2015\u20132019. As of July 26, 2022: https://softpower30.com/country/south-korea/ SP30\u2014See Soft Power 30. Verma, Raj, \u201cChina\u2019s \u2018Mask Diplomacy\u2019 to Change the COVID-19 Narrative in Europe,\u201d Asia Europe"]
[11.527924537658691, 5.35629940032959, "Prepared for the City of CharlotteSAFE Charlotte\nAlternative Response Models and Disparities in \nPolicing\nMOLLY M. SIMMONS, DANIEL TAPIA, RICHARD H. DONOHUE, DENIS \nAGNIEL, MATTHEW L. MIZEL, LISA WAGNER, AMANDA CHARBONNEAU, DANIELLE SOBOL\nCORPORATION"]
[11.533431053161621, 5.352299690246582, "and Accountability for Everyone, a report published by a team of city council members, the city manager, city leaders, and city government staff (City of Charlotte, 2020).\n1 The three SAFE recommendations addressed in this report are \n\u2022 Recommendatio"]
[11.513572692871094, 5.359955310821533, "Council members, the city manager, city leaders, and city government \nstaff, contained six proposed recommendations (City of Charlotte, 2020). The SAFE Charlotte recommendations were created with the purpose of improving the quality of public safety "]
[11.515909194946289, 5.361647129058838, "ord and Bjerregaard, 2014), many of the alternative response models concentrate on mental health services. Several police departments provide specialized training and deploy crisis intervention teams (CITs) of frontline officers directly to provide c"]
[11.509756088256836, 5.363266944885254, " a map of the number of flagged calls by neighborhood (numbers on the map represent neighborhood statistical areas): \nFigure S.1. The Number of Flagged Calls (Relating t o Substance Abuse, Mental Health, and \nHomelessness) in Each Neighborhood , with"]
[11.50776481628418, 5.363770961761475, "ilot of civilian responders for low-risk, \nlow-priority calls): Approximately $1.4 million to $1.85 million for the first year.  \n \n4 Respondents were asked about varying levels of specialized civilian models and provided input on a range o f \nconsid"]
[11.495915412902832, 5.378262996673584, " six  months during the \npilots and at the completion of the pilots.  \n\u2022 In addition to the recommended programs, Charlotte needs to develop a strong triage \nmodel to identify individuals in crisis. This is just one aspect of the continuum of care fo"]
[11.069868087768555, 5.754166126251221, "imilar schedule or patrol area and giving those with the most similar profiles higher weights. We then estimated regressions with relevant control variables to identity each officer\u2019s unique coefficient that \ndescribes the extent of their deviation f"]
[11.01606559753418, 5.801815032958984, "tion of \nCharlotte  \n\u2022 Lower corresponding rate of being stopped for Asian drivers \ncompared with White drivers \n\u2022 Higher rate of being stopped for Black drivers compared with White \ndrivers, when rates are computed with respect to the population of "]
[11.044004440307617, 5.77903938293457, "rienced a use of force compared to White arrestees was inconclusive.  \n\u2022 Lower odds of Hispanic arrestees to experience a use of force relative to non -Hispanic arrestees \nSeverity of force \u2022 When  force  was used against a pedestrian or driver , the"]
[11.463003158569336, 5.413067817687988, " data. The ability to connect CAD events to \nuse-of-force incidences would facilitate analysis of uses of force. This includes validating \ndata entry between different data set s to ensure that the correct information is available \n(e.g., linked use-"]
[11.519649505615234, 5.3605875968933105, "affic \nstops and enforcement to focus on crash reductions and moving violations can reduce disparities, improve public safety, and enable a move away from aggressive or zero-\ntolerance models, as appropriate. More details on these interventions can b"]
[11.512856483459473, 5.361613750457764, "..................................................................................................................... 10 \t\nStakeholder Input and Implementation Considerations ...................................................................... 30 \t"]
[11.512011528015137, 5.364450931549072, ".................................................................................... 100 \t\nPerformance Measures ..................................................................................................................... 102 \t\nJob Descriptio"]
[11.484086036682129, 5.3885674476623535, "of Flagged Calls (Relating to Substance Abuse, Mental Health, and \nHomelessness) in Each Neighborhood, with the Top 20 Neighborhoods Identified ............ vii\t\nFigure 2.1. Routine-Priority Calls by Hour of the Day .................................."]
[11.018949508666992, 5.798701286315918, "Figure 3.6. Histogram of Officer Coefficients, Stopped White Individuals ................................. 78\tFigure 4.1. Pilot Timeline ........................................................................................................... 110\tF"]
[11.041280746459961, 5.77964973449707, "................................................................................................................................ 22\t\nTable 2.13. Flagged Call Volume and Proportion for the 20 Neighborhoods with the Most \nFlagged Calls ................"]
[11.01379108428955, 5.802240371704102, " Stop by Race/Ethnicity, White Community \nMember and No-Action Stops as Baseline ........................................................................... 59\t\nTable 3.15. Odds Ratios for Result of Pedestrian Stop by Race/Ethnicity, White Community "]
[11.50765609741211, 5.368825435638428, " Top Ten NSAs for Priority 5 Calls, 2015\u20132020 .......................................................... 89\t \n xx Table 4.2. NSAs with Highest Average Homelessness, Substance Abuse, and Mental Health \nLow-Priority Calls per Week, 2015\u20132020 .........."]
[11.004948616027832, 5.808194160461426, "sults ............................................................................. 133\tTable C.9. Contraband Discovery Rate, Pedestrian Results ....................................................... 134\tTable C.10. Contraband Discovery Rate, Vehicl"]
[11.515142440795898, 5.364894390106201, "................. 158\tTable C.31. Logistic Regression, Officer Characteristics and Citations .................................... 159\tTable C.32. Logistic Regression, Officer Characteristics and Arrests ....................................... 160\tTab"]
[11.52765941619873, 5.35573148727417, " in securing witnesses in the aftermath of a 2020 mass shooting event (Foster, 2020), and videos that appear to show CMPD officers intentionally cornering protesters and firing tear gas on them during a summer 2020 protest highlight these tensions (K"]
[11.531713485717773, 5.350705623626709, "mmitted to the hospital, and patients are \nsometimes restrained inside the police vehicle. This process introduces an interaction with the carceral system and could be traumatic for patients, some of whom have willingly checked in for care (Knopf, 20"]
[11.546140670776367, 5.346534252166748, "s, we also conducted a literature review on alternative response models for individuals in crisis.  \n2.2. Background on Alternative Response Models  \nTo develop recommendations for Charlotte and draw on existing knowledge about crisis \nresponse, we c"]
[11.516962051391602, 5.3586626052856445, " MCAT pilot to interagency communication and dialogue, particularly the ability to utilize the systems and software of multiple agencies to compare criminal justice and health care records when dispatching to the scene of an emergency. The biggest ba"]
[11.541234970092773, 5.347812652587891, "l., 2021).\n6 This program is still in a pilot phase.  \nIn some cases, mental health crisis response units respond to calls for service that involve co-\noccurring substance use disorders and/or homelessness (Reuland, 2010), or they take on calls and \n"]
[11.524331092834473, 5.355556488037109, "d Community Responders for Equity, Safety, and \nService (CRESS) composed of peer specialists to respond to \npolice calls; additional details unclear.  \nFort Worth , Texas Low-level \nincidents  First group of responders trained and deployed in 2021 to"]
[16.14168930053711, 9.84156608581543, "ope, 2020). The lessons from the existing research helped us to execute this study and shaped our recommendations.  \n2.3. Methods  for Recommendations 2 and 4  \nWe approached Recommendations 2 and 4 by conducting a formative evaluation. A \nformative "]
[11.512351036071777, 5.364785194396973, "wed the call code in the computer-aided dispatch (CAD) system. The first step \nconsisted of identifying the CAD code for the call for service. This was done by \nexamining the TYPE_CODE_ORIG_DESC (the type of the call code by its original description)"]
[15.11595344543457, 13.48084545135498, "oject, and snowball sampling is when additional participants with particular knowledge \nrelevant to the project are identified during the course of research (Yin, 2015). We worked with \nthe city to identify the purposeful sample. We then ask ed enrol"]
[11.491400718688965, 5.39221715927124, "by a primary coder, with spot checks by an experienced coder.  \nWe also used the interviews, targeted Google searches, and two community tools (the ONE \nCharlotte Health Alliance website and NC211.com) to develop an asset map of mental health, \nsubst"]
[11.474095344543457, 5.381972789764404, "es, with the frequency and percentage of all routine-priority calls, are included.  \n \n  \n 12 Table 2.4. The 20 Most-Frequent R outine -Priority ( Priority 5) Call Types, with F requency and \nPercentage  \nCall Type  Total Number  of \nRoutine Calls  P"]
[11.475707054138184, 5.386427879333496, "in the number or proportion of calls by day of the week \nor by month. See Figures 2.2 and 2.3. In each figure, the top panel shows the number of routine-priority calls, and the bottom panel shows the proportion of all calls on that day of the week or"]
[11.480534553527832, 5.38862943649292, "riginal Call Type  Low-Risk \nPercentage  Priority \nEscalation \nPercentage  Percentage  That \nRequired \nMultiple Units  Total Calls  \nIllegal parking 85.12 3 0.048  14.349  28,991 \nFound property  83.78 0.071  15.36 5 14,032 \nNotify  82.677  4.578  12"]
[11.48664665222168, 5.389476776123047, " \nAssist medic  985 1.1%  \n \nCalls flagged as potentially related to mental health were overwhelming ly welfare checks. \nSee Table 2.10. All call types accounting for more than 1 percent of calls flagged for mental health are included.  \n 22 Table 2."]
[11.493120193481445, 5.391644477844238, "ikely in the afternoon, particularly on Monday.  \n \n 25 Figure 2.8. Flagged Calls (Relating t o Substance Abuse, Mental Health, and Homelessness) by \nHour of Day and Day of Week   \n \nFlagged calls tended to be more frequent during warm-weather months"]
[11.522783279418945, 5.358287334442139, "tion climate and identify barriers and facilitators to implementation. This section is divided into two subsections. First, we will discuss our findings \non civilian/co-response models for mental health, homelessness, and substance use, and then we w"]
[11.52294921875, 5.368422031402588, "his has been applauded by community members; however, it was noted that they are not available 24 hours a day. Furthermore, these individuals are likely to be needed at night, but they currently work only during the day.  \nBecause of this tension, ou"]
[11.56530475616455, 5.333676338195801, "h as musicians and athletes, discuss mental illness and crisis intervention and share a nonemergency number in an effort to disseminate information about CPCRT.  \nAnother major issue in Charlotte, which community organizations who provide services ca"]
[11.512258529663086, 5.357993125915527, "y are not available 24 hours a day is problematic. Respondents reported that \nthis meant that even those who know about CPCRT teams can be reluctant to request them through 911 because they know that there is going to be a delay. Furthermore, limitin"]
[11.51342487335205, 5.36079740524292, "re were some potential benefits to civilian responders, there \nwere also potential problems. In this section, we will discuss the model of civilians who respond  \n 34 to low-risk situations. We identified several themes. Most prevalent were concerns "]
[11.511910438537598, 5.362569332122803, "s stigma within CMPD. As one participant stated, \u201cSome police feel \neither you\u2019re a badge or you\u2019re not. So, we need to show civilians can do stuff too and can represent the department in a great way. So, house them together, so sworn can see amazing"]
[11.585203170776367, 5.392284870147705, "Our search focused on crisis services and accessible ongoing support services for mental health needs (80 resources), substance abuse disorders (47 resources), and housing and homelessness services (41 resources). We did not include private practices"]
[11.542825698852539, 5.360757350921631, "e fall into the early \nintervention area of the continuum. Seventy-six of these resources provide counseling services and support groups, and roughly one-third of these are offered through private, for-profit organizations or individuals. Although it"]
[11.519868850708008, 5.366063594818115, "ovides a mix of services in vivo, meaning in the setting and context in which problems arise, as opposed to in a clinical setting [Phillips et al., 2001]). Charlotte has a limited number of transition support resources, with two providers of ACT and "]
[11.081080436706543, 5.749879837036133, "aged an established framework that uses an internal benchmarking approach for identifying outlier officer behavior. Briefly, this approach evaluates a given officer by comparing them with a weighted combination of all other officers, where the weight"]
[11.049454689025879, 5.777638912200928, "termine whether any individual is acting on racial bias. Racial bias is an issue that has been identified as problematic in police\u2013community member contact. That said, disparities can, in principle, be estimated.  \nWe cannot rule out the possibility "]
[11.027791976928711, 5.792969226837158, "tation in the \npopulation when controlling for neighborhood context (e.g., crime, poverty)? \nx. Is the frequency of pedestrian stops by perceived race/ethnicity equivalent to the proportion of those races/ethnicities represented in the community when"]
[11.041107177734375, 5.779086112976074, " make no difference in the numbers of drivers being stopped, then that \nwould suggest that there is no disparity. \nFinally, for question v, we analyzed the yield rates of searches by different perceived racial \ngroup; yield rates are taken as proxies"]
[11.015089988708496, 5.801915645599365, "gistic  Stop data, CAD data, quality -\nof-life data \nPoint viii. Racial disparities in rate of \nconsent given to search  Binary logistic  Stop data, CAD data, quality -\nof-life data \nPoint ix. Racial disparities between the \nnumber of vehicles  stops"]
[11.03350830078125, 5.785563945770264, " of use-of-force incidents during police stops, we also evaluated the \nuses of force on individuals who were arrested. This decision was based on the understanding \nthat use of force during stops represents a small proportion of all uses of force and"]
[11.05724811553955, 5.773041725158691, " variable\u2014here, White versus non-White identity for arrestees.\n10 When the two groups have similar values for all variables we \ndecide to control for, we consider the data balanced. The specific matching technique we use is coarsened exact matching, "]
[11.090639114379883, 5.743832111358643, "ddress Outliers Who Could Exhibit Bias   \nOur methodology described here has been employed in other cities  for outlier detection. We \nemployed an internal benchmarking method to identify officers who were outliers compared with \ntheir peers in terms"]
[11.085667610168457, 5.732718467712402, "rom the group. The first method is through \nweighting more- similar observations higher with propensity score weighting, while the second method is to include \nadditional variables in regressions to control for the influence of other factors (e.g. , "]
[11.012709617614746, 5.802908897399902, "r rate of being stopped for Black drivers compared with White drivers, \nwhen rates are computed with respect to the population of the \nneighborhood where the stop took place  \n\u2022 Lower corresponding rates for Asian d rivers and drivers of other \nraces"]
[11.021732330322266, 5.796544075012207, "of force relative to \nnon-Hispanic arrestees \nSeverity of force  \u2022 When force was used against a pedestria n or driver, there was a greater \nprobability that lethal force (firearms) or less -lethal force (tasers, batons, \nsprays) was used instead of "]
[11.015626907348633, 5.799957275390625, "es of experiencing the outcome as White \nindividuals. If the OR for use of force corresponding to Asian motorists is estimated to be 1.50, it \ncan be interpreted as follows: When stopped, the odds of an Asian individual being subject to a \nuse of for"]
[11.012482643127441, 5.803123950958252, " which different racial/ethnic groups were subjected to stops, \nwe conducted several analyses. The first analyses used Poisson regression to estimate how the rate of stops differed between racial/ethnic groups after accounting for the neighborhood ch"]
[11.018964767456055, 5.801268100738525, "ian residents.  \n \n13 Two neighborhoods were missing racial/ethnic population data altogether . Among the rest, five neighborhoods (1  \npercent ) had 0 White population, 27 (6 percent ) had 0 Black population, 49 (11  percent ) had 0 Hispanic populat"]
[11.011800765991211, 5.802905559539795, "th respect to all city residents of a particular racial/ethnic group, and then we analyzed rates with respect to residents of a particular racial/ethnic group within the neighborhood of the stop. Full results are given in Tables 3.5 and 3.6.  \nWe est"]
[11.009933471679688, 5.805491924285889, "cal to the analysis of all stops (vehicle and pedestrian) above. We  \n 55 include the tables for vehicles stops here in Tables 3.7 and 3.8. All effect estimates and \nconclusions are similar to the analysis above. \nTable 3 .7. Rates of Vehicle Stops b"]
[11.007109642028809, 5.806361198425293, "statistical significance . CIs \nare in parentheses.  \n* We included Native Americans in the other/u nknown category in regressions given their small sample \nsize. \nFrequency of No-Action Stops  \nFor this analysis, we focused on stop data to analyze t"]
[11.008383750915527, 5.806327819824219, ": We used c lustered standard errors by NSA. Bolded text indicates statistical \nsignificance . CIs are in parentheses.  \n* We present Native Americans as a category separately here but included them  with the \nother/u nknown category in regressions g"]
[11.011775970458984, 5.802841663360596, " Hispanic  \n 59 individuals had 20.0 percent lower odds (95-percent CI 12.7\u201326.6) of receiving a written \nwarning rather than no-action stop and 1.550 times the odds (95-percent CI 1.454\u20131.653) to receive a citation rather than a no-action stop compa"]
[11.011177062988281, 5.801614284515381, "iven small sample size.  \nRequests to Search D uring S tops \nIn total, White motorists received a total of 1,230 requests for consent to search out of a total \nof 134,487 total stops that could be linked to CAD data, corresponding to 0.91 percent of "]
[11.00501537322998, 5.807328701019287, "dications that the type of search was \u201cConsent,\u201d but we had no indication from the request data that consent to search was requested. Conversely, there were many instances where a consent to search was requested but a different search type was listed"]
[11.008294105529785, 5.805483818054199, "16) \nNative American  14 5 45.0%  NA \nWhite  3,182  1,421  44.7%  NA \nNOTES: We used c lustered standard errors by NSA. Bolded text indicates statistical significance . CIs are in \nparentheses.  \n* We present Native Americans as a category separately"]
[11.009275436401367, 5.803224086761475, "47 (0.455 \u20135.256)   \nBlack  259,983 206 1.944 \n(1.301\u2013\n2.905) 1.599 (1.060 \u20132.411)  \nHispanic  49,722  21 1.023 \n(0.574\u2013\n1.822) 1.167 (0.651 \u20132.089)  \nOther/ unknown 9,763*  2 0.649 \n(0.154\u2013\n2.741) 1.001 (0.236 \u20134.241)  \nNative \nAmerican*  320 0 NA N"]
[11.015222549438477, 5.801090240478516, "rors because all males and females across all duplicates shared the same age. For arrest data, we identified 2,657 nonunique rows on the basis of subject demographics out of the total arrest data set of 95,793. To justify the merger of these two data"]
[11.031457901000977, 5.786163330078125, "nstruct the 95% CIs.  \n \n17 This could be problematic for our conventional logistic regression analysis if the accurac y of data entry is \ncorrelated with other variables (e.g. , race, age, type of crime) because this would ultimately produce a biase"]
[11.016806602478027, 5.798520565032959, "e interactions where force was used, those involving White civilians were the \nleast likely to involve more-than-physical force (21 percent of 600 force episodes) and the least \nlikely to involve lethal force (0.7 percent). The proportion of incident"]
[11.010116577148438, 5.801896095275879, "1 16 51.6%   28.02 (11 .66\u2013\n44.66) 3 9.7% 8.43 (2.41 \u2013\n22.93)  \nWhite ** 601 123 20.5%  \u2013- 4 0.7%  \u2013- \nNOTES: CI s are in parentheses.  Bolded text indicates significance . \n* Grouped with \u201cOther\u201d in logistic regression models.  \n** Reference group ."]
[11.024757385253906, 5.7925567626953125, "plaints was estimated to increase by about 16 percent (95-percent CI 12\u201321). These rates were virtually unchanged when adjusting for neighborhood characteristics. \nRacial/ Ethnic Profiling Co mplaints in Communities  \nWe examined all of the descripti"]
[11.062141418457031, 5.765017509460449, "threshold near the center of the distribution, most of the officers we identified as outliers would be \u201cfalse discoveries\u201d or not truly outliers. Our threshold would identify the number of cases that have a fdr of less than 0.20.  \n \n18 While this me"]
[11.012591361999512, 5.803013801574707, "is area is Asian ) and Westover \n(18.8 percent of the stops of Asian drivers by this outlier group took place in Westover; 3.3 percent of the population in this area is Asian ). This should also serve to convey the point that \nalthough this method is"]
[11.005781173706055, 5.8068928718566895, "up took place here; 17.1 percent of the population in this area is Hispanic), South (19.8 percent of the stops of Hispanic drivers by this outlier group took place here; 7.5 percent of the population in this area is Hispanic), and Hickory Grove (18.9"]
[11.012372970581055, 5.8034281730651855, "anic drivers. For White individuals, we detected 17 outliers, 15 of whom stopped more White drivers than their peers. For the two  outliers who stopped fewer White drivers than \ntheir peers, most of their stops occurred in Eastway (53.2 percent of th"]
[11.009333610534668, 5.804895877838135, "1  9.389  0.149  0.594  \nCentral  58.919  24.744  4.734  6.851  0.027  0.585  \nAirport  18.559  60.795  3.103  14.497  0.001  0.574  \nSouth  70.808  8.672  9.618  7.520  0.241  0.476  \nProvidence  70.233  20.311  3.008  4.092  0.009  0.463  \nMetro  1"]
[11.00456714630127, 5.806161880493164, " 292 \n(1.2%)  14,836 \n(63%) 2,142 (9.1%)  692 (2.9%)  3,964 (16.8%)  \nAvg. \n(882)  1,703 (1.7%)  2,549 \n(2.6%)  7,346 (7.5%)  599 \n(0.6%)  27,721 \n(28.4%)  13,679 \n(14%) 10,174 \n(10.4%)  33,702 (34.6%)  \nLow \n(2) 4 (0.5%)  3 (0.4%)  31 (4.2%)  19 \n(2"]
[11.007987976074219, 5.803834438323975, "or stops often occur when an outstanding warrant for the stopped driver is discovered. Asian officers (OR 1.719, 95-percent CI 1.341\u20132.202) and Black officers (OR 1.3, 95-percent CI 1.174\u20131.439) more often issued a citation as a result of a stop comp"]
[10.993992805480957, 5.817141056060791, "14 0.821 0.753 0.895 18 0.943 0.567 1.567 \nOfficer, \nmale  10,764 1.328 1.22 1.446 191,571 0.806 0.763 0.85 229 0.854 0.515 1.415 \nOfficer, \nWhite  8,395    138,969    179    \nOfficer, \nfemale  929    15,990    21    \nOfficer \nage  0.976 0.972 0.981 "]
[11.346354484558105, 5.522907257080078, " Policies and Strategies That Could Be Affecting Disparities \nGiven our identification of statistically significant racial/ethnic disparities, we considered \nwhether any policies or strategies could be driving these results. We reviewed CMPD\u2019s curren"]
[11.475627899169922, 5.405025005340576, "anctity of life is consistent with the Police Executive Research Forum\u2019s first guiding principle on use of force (Police Executive Research Forum, 2016). However, CMPD might want to reconsider the use of the term warrior, as it could inoculate office"]
[11.505428314208984, 5.370397090911865, "kely to \nlead to significant cost savings from reducing patrol staffing. In fact, depending on the efficiency with which nonsworn staff clear specific calls, reallocation efforts could lead to a cost increase stemming from fielding additional staff. "]
[11.505298614501953, 5.368275165557861, " are based on information and data from stakeholders, as well as on our analysis. Our primary recommendation related to SAFE Charlotte\u2019s Recommendations 2 and 4 is to establish a pilot program that, if successful, could be tailored for expanded use i"]
[11.505921363830566, 5.368481636047363, "ng property damage, or other property crimes. However, some Priority 5 calls with a higher likelihood to escalate might be best left to sworn officers, even if they are relatively low priority (e.g., intoxicated individuals, suspicious persons or veh"]
[11.504522323608398, 5.364480495452881, "tempted to separate themselves from the police department have not been successful at coordinating response services and avoiding jail or hospitalization for community members (Witzberger and Megas-Russell, 2020).   \n 89 Geographic Location for Pilot"]
[11.508370399475098, 5.360838890075684, "kers with feedback from community representatives.  \nTable 4.2. NSAs with Highest Average Homelessness, Substance Abuse, and Mental Health Low -\nPriority Calls per Week, 2015 \u20132020 \nHomelessness  \nNSA Divisions  Neighborhood  Count  Approx imate  \nCa"]
[11.503748893737793, 5.3695573806762695, "d in the development of the cost-benefit analysis for the pilot programs. \nTable 4.3. Program Inputs and Change Relative to Status Qu o \nInput  Projected Change  Considerations  \nPersonnel  Savings  \u2022 Salary and benefits \n\u2022 Shifts covered  \n\u2022 Number "]
[11.505199432373047, 5.366928577423096, "ority 5 call, assuming twice the status quo response duration (148 minutes). This scenario is also likely when there is a two-person civilian response team handling a call for service. In co-responder programs, \nsuch as CPCRT and others across the co"]
[11.50503921508789, 5.350594520568848, " a two -person nonsworn \nteam (Blick et al., 2021).  \n29 City stakeholders stated that police investigative technicians would have a salary similar to the proposed \nnonsworn responders .  \n 94 Table 4.5. Wages by Scenario Relative to Status Quo ($/Ca"]
[11.457523345947266, 5.344351768493652, " to two civilians  \n 95 responding in place of one officer. Scenarios 1 and 2 then lend useful information for planning \npurposes. Under Scenario 1, where two civilians respond and take the same amount of time as an officer, the costs are higher, lea"]
[11.492474555969238, 5.342323303222656, "addition, community/police relations improve with the interactions from  a Community Service Officer answering \nnon-violent calls. It is a softer approach for the community to receive basic police services such as completing \nreports, information req"]
[11.508277893066406, 5.338755130767822, "following (City of Ithaca and Tompkins County, 2021): \n\u2022 $75,500 salary and benefits for each Ithaca Community Solutions Officer (includes $500 \nfor uniform), exact number of officers to be determined \n\u2022 $70,320.18 salary and benefits for civilian st"]
[11.504684448242188, 5.363781929016113, "cost is additional time spent rather  than hiring of \nadditional staff. CMPD will need to consider whether additional officers are required to meet increased call load associated with hiring of additional clinical staff.  \nc A SAFE presentation notes"]
[11.501116752624512, 5.360598564147949, "wheelchair lifts) \n\u2022 Maintenance  \n\u2022 Sprinter crew vans start at $41,375  (Mercedes -Benz, 2021)  \nResponse duration  Potential savings \u2022 Shorter response duration in Denver pilot (25 vs. 34  minutes; \nBlick et al., 2021 ) \nJail time  Savings  \u2022 No c"]
[11.492741584777832, 5.361501693725586, "talization and crime \nvictimization  \nMetro areas in \nMidwest  (Washington \nState Institute for \nPublic Policy, 2019; \nWashington State Institute for Public Policy, 2014 )\n  Benefit to cost ratio = $1.16, or \n$201 per person \u2022 Specific to psychiatric"]
[11.502248764038086, 5.365016460418701, " estimates from cities with long-standing programs provide concrete information about ongoing costs and sustainability that may might be incorporated in a simple tally of cost information. \nAdditional Considerations for Cost -Benefit Analysis  \nThe C"]
[11.50993824005127, 5.363327503204346, "bined with outputs from the early stages of the pilot, should guide this effort in the future.  \nHowever, our interviewees indicated that enmeshing mental health providers within the \ncommunities they serve is essential. This means that it would be b"]
[11.522063255310059, 5.35694694519043, "partment of Recreation and Human Services, 2021), and relevant academic articles (Bailey et al., 2018; Currier, Fisher, and \nCaine, 2010; Dyches et al., 2002; Scott, 2000; Guo et al., 2001). These are supplemented by the \nmaterials and data provided "]
[11.508734703063965, 5.361494541168213, "-level training for the clinician roles. \nA review of other similar models, co-response models, and interviews highlighted the need \nfor team members to have knowledge and ties to Charlotte and the neighborhoods in which they will work, strong commun"]
[11.516629219055176, 5.358642101287842, "ch include a \nreporting/discussion of cases. CAHOOTS safety training includes scene awareness, risk identification, \ncommunication with work partners, radio communication, defensive driving, de -escalation, self -\ncare/clinical debrief, intuition, an"]
[11.512168884277344, 5.360478401184082, " team options and \ndefinitions . \n600 Operations  Clear ly incorporat e all new models into operations . \n800-001 Use of Public Records and \nDepartment Information  Clarify whether civilian responders can access records . \n800-002 Media Relations  Cl"]
[11.515411376953125, 5.3538336753845215, ", Texas, uses a crisis call diversion program (Houston Police Department, undated), in which calls come in to 911, but specially trained staff have the ability to handle and assist callers.\n34 The Vera Institute for Justice also outlined how \nservice"]
[11.502212524414062, 5.368017196655273, "his engagement. For example, we included time at the beginning of the pilot in case new radios and vehicles need to be procured. During the first six time units, Charlotte and CMPD should also make the public aware of the programs being piloted. The "]
[11.507769584655762, 5.365927696228027, " areas, these \nunits should start with ten to 12 personnel each. Our estimates show that teams could \n \n 111 handle between 81 and 105 calls per week. These figures should be consistently \nevaluated and monitored as the program matures. \n\u2022 The volume"]
[11.516901969909668, 5.354223251342773, "and education for other sworn and nonsworn staff; and convene a citizen advisory committee to assist with \nimplementation decisions. These efforts are expected to take approximately six months. \nFollowing this period, we suggest an initial time frame"]
[11.38776969909668, 5.488861083984375, "e police outcomes of interest (e.g., use of force, complaints) could not be connected to CAD event data. Although it is possible to link some CAD events and arrests to use-of-force incidents, not all were an exact match. Establishing some internal me"]
[11.490368843078613, 5.384727478027344, " clarify policies or set guidelines so that current and future officers are less likely to demonstrate outlier behavior. This would enable a feedback cycle in which CMPD is consistently monitoring officers, addressing outlier behavior, and establishi"]
[11.49152946472168, 5.3774094581604, "devices as a condition of their release as they await trial. These persons are suspects in crimes that often involve violence; shifting these duties could present a threat to public safety. Lastly, the Passenger Vehicles for Hire Office generally sup"]
[11.52270221710205, 5.357867240905762, ". More details on these interventions can be found in RAND\u2019s Better Policing Toolkit (Hollywood et al., 2018).\n36 These interventions can assist CMPD in focusing on crime and public safety while also \nimproving relations with and engaging the communi"]
[11.51355266571045, 5.361258506774902, "ndations of the SAFE Charlotte report was to develop a model to \nconvert low-ris k sworn duties to nonuniform units. To address this recommendation, we are \nworking with Charlotte to create safe roles for nonuniform representatives to respond to lowe"]
[11.524609565734863, 5.354509353637695, "are not?  \no Walk me through what they a re doing now.  \n\u00a7 How common are they?  \no What has been the community response?  \no Walk me through how you would like to see them function from a practical perspective  \n \n4. How would you like the city to e"]
[11.514347076416016, 5.36016321182251, "ric or \nfamily intervention and can assist officers or families with involuntary commitments.] \n \n2. [POLICE, first ask: Do you work with Community Policing Crisis Response Teams?] What are \nyour thoughts on Community Policing Crisis Response Teams? "]
[10.992024421691895, 5.816376209259033, "wledge  \no Individual characteristics  \no Intervention characteristics  \no Outer settings  \no Inner settings  \no Process  \n\u2022 General implementation  \no Overall thoughts/perspective/experience/knowledge  \no Individual characteristics  \no Intervention "]
[10.989996910095215, 5.8206586837768555, "r age 1.012 1.002 1.023 \nDriver male  1.226 0.916 1.64 \nOther reason  1.061 0.569 1.977 \nSafe movement  0.607 0.298 1.237 \nSeat belt  0.491 0.111 2.175 \nSpeeding 0.708 0.412 1.216 \nStoplight/stop sign  0.889 0.5 1.582 \nVehicle equipment  0.803 0.483 "]
[10.993929862976074, 5.826383590698242, "rime rate , patrol division  0.952  0.863  1.049  \nViolent crime rate , patrol division  0.708  0.381  1.314  \nN = 191,998    \nMcFadden\u2019s R -squared =  0.432   \n  \n 127 Figure C.1 presents the results of our coarsened exact matching for Black arreste"]
[11.007471084594727, 5.836375713348389, "ns\ncrimeDisorderly Conduct\ncrimeDistribution Drugs, Controlled Substances\ncrimeDriving While Impaired\ncrimeHit and Run, Traffic FatalitycrimeLiquor Violation\ncrimeMurder & Non \u2212negligent Manslaughter\ncrimeNon \u2212aggravated Assault\ncrimePossession, Drug"]
[10.988058090209961, 5.822939872741699, "iolent_div\n0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3\nAbsolute Standardized\nMean Difference\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\n\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\u25cf\n\u25cf\n\u25cfAll\nMatched \n 131 Table C.6. Results of Logistic Regression , White Arrestees and Force, Matched Data  \nVariable  Est"]
[10.990446090698242, 5.820383071899414, "ic  1.3277 0.6633 2.6576 \nOther  4.9918  0.6173  40.3689  \nPedestrian age 0.9871  0.9699  1.0045  \nPedestrian male  0.4694  0.2617  0.842  \nCrime in progress  1.8054  1.0582  3.0802  \nOther reason  0.4919  0.2893  0.8362  \nJob density  0.9912  0.9783"]
[10.990939140319824, 5.8190741539001465, " \nSeat belt  0.2808445  0.2300314  0.3428821  \nSpeeding 0.1761901  0.1552195  0.1999939  \nStoplight/sign 0.1252887  0.1090538  0.1439405  \nVehicle equipment  0.1436072  0.128227  0.1608322  \nVehicle regulatory 0.1673259  0.1514644  0.1848484  \nJob de"]
[10.991026878356934, 5.819108486175537, " equipment  1.407447  0.9611296  2.06102 \nVehicle regulatory 1.676189  1.144428  2.455034  \nJob density  0.9941746  0.9864953  1.001914  \nEmployment rate 0.9891163  0.9693219  1.009315  \nHousehold income  1.000003  0.999999  1.000007  \nPublic nutriti"]
[10.990156173706055, 5.821248531341553, "026707  \nHispanic population (%)  0.9825777  0.9405823  1.026448  \nWhite population (%)  0.9629205  0.9226955  1.004899  \nIntercept  2.705183  0.0071585  1022.279  \nNo action taken  (Base \noutcome)    \nN 2,919   \nMcFadden\u2019s R -squared  0.2138   \n \n  "]
[10.990653038024902, 5.819627285003662, "8364  2.0782866  \nYear, 2018 1.6661202  1.5190788  1.8273947  \nYear, 2019 1.9600431  1.7479300  2.1978963  \nYear, 2020 1.2494282  1.1219752  1.3913594  \nDisorder call rate  0.9997452  0.9991220  1.0003689  \nEmployment rate 0.9990581  0.9866683  1.011"]
[11.000828742980957, 5.811619281768799, "n  \nVariable  Estimated Odds Ratio  Lower Bound  Upper Bound  \nAsian  0.383 0.337 0.436 \nBlack  1.942 1.690 2.233 \nHispanic  0.989 0.868 1.127 \nOther  0.705 0.600 0.829 \nFebruary  0.929 0.904 0.955 \nMarch  0.934 0.904 0.964 \nApril 0.860 0.831 0.891 \n"]
[10.988438606262207, 5.820650577545166, "91020e -02 2.054681e -01 \nBlack  2.066522e+00  1.614129e+00  2.645707e+00  \nHispanic  6.620365e -01 4.788457e -01 9.153100e -01 \nOther  4.322486e -01 2.617512e -01 7.138034e -01 \nFebruary  1.323864e+00  1.015536e+00  1.725802e+00  \nMarch  1.051136e+0"]
[10.98947811126709, 5.82161283493042, "pline 6  0.913  0.645  1.292  \nOther reason for stop 1.226  0.675  2.226  \nSafe movement  1.714  1.094  2.684  \nSeat belt  1.585  0.745  3.371  \nSpeeding 1.686 1.112 2.558 \nStoplight/sign  1.725  1.107  2.689  \nVehicle equipment  1.302  0.852  1.992 "]
[10.988518714904785, 5.822138786315918, "  \nDaylight  0.991  0.985  0.997  \nSpline 1  1.001  0.988  1.015  \nSpline 2  1.025  1.004  1.046  \nSpline 3  1.015  0.993  1.036  \nSpline 4  1.002  0.986  1.018  \nSpline 5 1.012 0.987 1.039 \nSpline 6  0.996  0.984  1.008  \nN 74,254    \nMcFadden\u2019s R -"]
[10.996196746826172, 5.82705545425415, "opulation (%)  0.993  0.984  1.003  \nYouth  population  (%) 1.01 1.003  1.016  \nVacant  land (%) 0.993  0.982  1.003  \nPublic nutrition assistance 1 1 1 \nHousehold income  0.999  0.993  1.005  \nJob density  1.009  0.997  1.021  \nEmployment rate  0.99"]
[10.987859725952148, 5.825249195098877, "1.010 \nPublic nutrition \nassistance  0.997 0.975 1.019 \nProperty crime rate  0.993 0.984 1.002 \nViolent crime rate 1.010 0.994 1.026 \nN 2,760    \nMcFadden\u2019s a djusted \nR-squared  0.3692194    \n \n   \n 159 Tables C.31 through C.35 present the logistic "]
[10.990622520446777, 5.820506572723389, "isance violations  1.002  0.999  1.005  \nProperty crime rate  0.999  0.998  1.001  \nDisorder call rate  1 1 1 \nViolent crime rate  1.007  0.999  1.014  \nN = 450,680    \nMcFadden\u2019s a djusted R -squared =  0.120   \n \n   \n 161 Table C.33. Logisti c Regr"]
[10.992441177368164, 5.818101406097412, "003     0.003     \nTable C.35. Odds Ratios, Officer Characteristics, Complaints, by Source and Type \n  External Complaint   Arrest, Search, Seizure   Use of Force  \n  Odds \nRatio \nEst. Lower \nBound  Upper \nBound   Odds \nRatio \nEst. Lower \nBound  Uppe"]
[11.557414054870605, 5.361084461212158, "\nCenter for Emotional Health  New Beginning Sanctuary NC  \nCharlotte Community Health Clinic  New Beginnings of Southern Piedmont  \nCharlotte Rescue Mission  New Leaf Adolescent Care  \nChrist Centered Community Counseling  One Love Services  \nCo-Depe"]
[11.578300476074219, 5.3459296226501465, "m  Urban League of Central Carolinas  \nRHA Health Services  Urban Ministry Center  \nS&H Youth and Adult Services (SHYAS)  With Friends Youth Shelter Services Emergency \nShelter Program  \nSafe Alliance  Women of Hope New Living \nSelf Advocates of Meck"]
[11.592466354370117, 5.323496341705322, "ness: Evidence-Based Models and Promising Practices, Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, October 2020. As of June 18, 2021: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/103158/ alternatives-to-arrests-and-police-responses-to-homelessness.pdf "]
[11.734406471252441, 5.2086358070373535, "enburg Police Department, \u201cCMPD Crisis Intervention Team (CIT),\u201d YouTube \nvideo, September 20, 2016. As of June 18, 2021: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGkgGZFb7nA&t=31s \nCharlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, \u201cCommunity Wellness: Community Polic"]
[11.764575004577637, 5.1914520263671875, "Files/Departments/ Drys/21%20DRHS%20Person%20in%20Crisis%20ERA%20format%20Plan%20FINAL%20020321.pdf \nCity of San Francisco Office of the Mayor, \u201cSan Francisco\u2019s New Street Crisis Response Team \nLaunches Today,\u201d November 30, 2020. As of June 18, 2021:"]
[11.860554695129395, 5.140605449676514, "y Epidemiology, Vol. 7, No. 1, January 20, 2020, p. 3. \nFort Worth Police Department, \u201cCCPD Budget Documents & Quarterly Reports,\u201d undated. As of \nDecember 13, 2021: https://police.fortworthtexas.gov/CCPD/ccpd-quarterly-reports  \nFoster, David, Incom"]
[11.589518547058105, 5.339450836181641, "e_Of_Force%2007102020%20v3.pdf \nIrwin, Amos, and Betsy Pearl, \u201cThe Community Responder Model: How Cities Can Send the \nRight Responder to Every 911 Call,\u201d Center for American Progress , October 28, 2020. As of \nJune 18, 2021: https://www.americanprog"]
[11.797199249267578, 5.178255558013916, " \nIssues Brief, San Francisco Department of Public Health, February 2021. As of June 18, 2021: https://www.sfdph.org/dph/files/IWG/SCRT_IWG_Issue_Brief_FINAL.pdf \nMercedes-Benz, \u201cSprinter,\u201d 2021. As of December 14, 2021:  \nhttps://www.mbvans.com/en/s"]
[12.162881851196289, 4.96710205078125, " Unit Stakeholder Report, \nCharlotte, N.C., 2021. \nRahr, Sue, and Stephen K. Rice, From Warriors to Guardians: Recommitting American Police \nCulture to Democratic Ideals, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, April 2015. As \nof June 18, 20"]
[12.838504791259766, 4.4771037101745605, "l of Darkness and Investigating Disproportionate \nImpact in Policing: When Researchers Disagree,\u201d Police Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1, March 2020, pp. 55\u201373.  \nStarr, Sonja B., \u201cTesting Racial Profiling: Empirical Assessment of Disparate Treatment by \nP"]
[11.735820770263672, 5.269883155822754, "of Labor Statistics, \u201cSocial and Human Service Assistants,\u201d last updated April 9, \n2021. As of June 18, 2021: https://www.bls.gov/ooh/community-and-social-service/ social-and-human-service-assistants.htm \nU.S. Census Bureau, \u201cAmherst Town, Hampshire "]
[12.302864074707031, 20.254377365112305, "Prepared for the California Commission on Health and Safety and Workers\u2019 \nCompensationPosttraumatic Stress \nin California\u2019s Workers\u2019 \nCompensation System\nA Study of Mental Health Presumptions for \nFirefighters and Peace Officers Under  \nSenate Bill 5"]
[12.294540405273438, 20.260923385620117, "ebate \nsurrounding the rebuttable presum ption that posttraumatic stres s disorder (PTSD) among first \nresponders is work-related and thus  eligible for full workers\u2019 compensation benefits. The main \ntasks of the mixed-methods evaluation are to (1) p"]
[12.319743156433105, 20.241090774536133, ", and Gary Briggs at RAND for helping to \nimplement NIOCCS securely in the  RAND computing e nvironment. We also wish to thank DIR \nleadership and staff for providi ng the opportunity and financial support needed to carry out this \nstudy\u2014particularly"]
[12.320891380310059, 20.281734466552734, "ing cause\u201d of th e injury and need not be the \nsole or primary cause (CHSWC, 2004). For psychiatric injuries w ithout an accompanying \nphysical injury, however, section 3208.3 of the Labor Code esta blishes a much higher \nevidentiary bar. In most cir"]
[12.324369430541992, 20.282997131347656, " passage, there were major evidence gaps \nrelated to how PTSD prevalence varies across occupations, how P TSD and other mental health \nconditions were being handled in the workers\u2019 compensation syst em, and how the bill potentially \naffects costs to "]
[12.302814483642578, 20.193389892578125, "mong First Responders \nTo estimate the prevalence of m ental health conditions and suicidality in California\u2019s first \nresponder workforce, we analyzed seven years (2013\u20132019) of dat a from the California Health \nInterview Survey (CHIS). The C HIS is "]
[12.29931354522705, 20.247514724731445, "revalence  of mental health conditions that  might obscure the harmful \nimpacts of workplace exposure to traumatic events for first res ponders. \nClaims Involving PTSD in the Workers\u2019 Compensation System \nTo understand how PTSD and other mental healt"]
[12.342962265014648, 20.32695960998535, "s  job-related. Mental health pro viders who treat first responders \nfelt that it often is feasible t o prove that a mental health condition is job-rela ted for first \nresponders and cited a number of reasons, which we discuss in C hapter 5. These in"]
[12.296664237976074, 20.281021118164062, "rior evidence, mental health stigma and a fear of professional consequences were identified as major barriers to care-seeking.  All first responders \ninterviewed indicated that thei r departments did not have the n ecessary behavioral health \nsupport"]
[12.23326587677002, 20.23976707458496, "irst responders\u2019 workers \u2019 compensation claims was \n$14,076. \n\uf0b7 In the five years from 2020 to 2024, under an assumption of hig h PTSD incidence rates \n(comparable to rates of those deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan) with intermediate \nassumptions abo"]
[12.300655364990234, 20.284069061279297, "e for Californi a to revisit the questions examined in this study at some \nfuture time that is closer to the expiration of the SB 542 pres umption\u2014perhaps in 2023. \nThat would allow analysis of the  system after the COVID-19 pand emic has (we hope) \n"]
[12.308579444885254, 20.292179107666016, "d promoting \nworkers\u2019 compensation claims, f irst responders suffering from p osttraumatic stress would be \nmore likely to receive high-qualit y care when it was needed, be fore untreated PTSD resulted in \npermanent disability, early r etirement, or "]
[12.30355167388916, 20.256572723388672, "iders should be consulted to \nidentify and evaluate various avenues for improving access to m ental health treatment for first \nresponders\u2014avenues that also focus on providing treatment more quickly (such as contractual \nagreements with unions, depar"]
[12.29310417175293, 20.217899322509766, "C Centers for Disease Control and Prevention \nCHIS California Health Interview Survey \nCHSWC \nCPI-U Commission on Health and Safety a nd Workers\u2019 Compensation \nConsumer Price Index for  All Urban Consumers \nDIR (California) Departmen t of Industrial "]
[12.259395599365234, 20.22684669494629, "...... ................... 45  \n4. PTSD in California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation System........... ................................................. 49  \nOverview of Workers\u2019 Compe nsation Claims Process ................................................."]
[12.134443283081055, 19.913022994995117, "nges in Number of W orkers\u2019 Compensation Claims Filed ............................................. 126  \nPotential Changes in Workers\u2019 Co mpensation System in Response t o Claims ................................... 129  \nRetroactive Application of S"]
[12.221936225891113, 20.21485137939453, ".................................................. 52  \nFigure 7.1. Annual Spending in 2020\u20132024 for Peace Officer PTSD  Claims: SB 542  \nHigh-Incidence Scenario Versus Pre-SB 542 Status Quo .................................................. 136  \nFi"]
[12.289739608764648, 20.23468017578125, "............................................. 66  xix Table 4.6. Employment Status at the Time a Claim Was Reported, by Involvement of \nAnxiety/Trauma Disorders, by Occupation .........................................................................."]
[12.183833122253418, 20.11366081237793, " \nTable 7.7. Number of First Responde rs Seeking Treatment and Fil ing Workers\u2019  \nCompensation Claims Annually If Nothing Changes ............... .......................................... 132  \nTable 7.8. Annual Workers\u2019 Compensation Claims Filed fo"]
[12.299851417541504, 20.247703552246094, "ponders  \nwith Claims Involving Anxiety/Trauma Disorders, by Occupation a nd Type of  \nClaims Administrator .......................................... ................................................................ 177  \nTable C.8. Paid Indemnity an"]
[12.33907699584961, 20.25522232055664, "e study goals, we conducted a mixed-methods eval uation, combining a \nnumber of quantitative and qualita tive research tasks. Quantita tive analyses included the use of \nhousehold survey data to estimate the prevalence of mental dist ress and suicida"]
[12.347654342651367, 20.327856063842773, "\uf0b7 RQ3: Are claims by firefighter s and peace officer s for mental h ealth conditions denied \nunder circumstances w here the condition app ears to be job-relat ed but the employee \nhas/d difficulty prov ing that fact, and is/was the rate of denial sta"]
[12.251691818237305, 20.267881393432617, "the retroactive application of the rules set forth in SB 542? P lease separate out firefighter \nand peace officer estimated costs. \nWhile we chose to organize our res earch report by theme, rather than following the ordering \nof the research question"]
[12.351503372192383, 20.323169708251953, "thin and support fire  \nand police departments (i.e., chiefs and claims administrators). Using 12 years of workers\u2019 \ncompensation information-system claims data, we describe the ty pes of claims filed by first \nresponders as well as the initi al and "]
[12.353160858154297, 20.331520080566406, "sent stakehold er perspectives on how to \nimprove first responders\u2019 access to mental health providers and  on general improvements to  \nthe workers\u2019 compensation system as it relates to mental health conditions and claims. \nChapter 9 concludes by rec"]
[12.291400909423828, 20.27069854736328, "dard of \nevidence required for psychiatri c injuries to be compensable, w hich was originally adopted in \n1989 as part of the Margolin-Bill Greene Workers\u2019 Compensation Act of 1989, succeeded in \ncontrolling medicolegal costs  by reducing the volume "]
[12.308956146240234, 20.297685623168945, " intended effects, we expect to see higher claim volumes, fewer claim denials, and, most importantly, more frequent and timely receipt of mental health care by \nfirst responders dealing with pos ttraumatic stress. While direc t evidence showing how c"]
[12.302480697631836, 20.28922462463379, "ity benefits. \nUnlike other presumptions for public safety workers that were e stablished in Labor Code \nSections 3212 and 3213, the presumption for PTSD established in section 3212.15 will expire in less than five years without further leg islative "]
[12.343804359436035, 20.277978897094727, "related mental health injuries and conditions across \nCalifornia. By doing so, we hoped to provide context and insigh t for the quantitative assessment \nof the prevalence and job-relatedn ess of mental health conditio ns among first responders. As ou"]
[12.372180938720703, 20.32782745361328, "  we obtained, in consultation \nwith DIR, claims data with i njury dates from 2010 to 2019 for c laims submitted to employers \nthat were fire departments or pe ace officer organizations. For each such employer, we calculated \nthe volume of all claims"]
[12.361174583435059, 20.29535484313965, "and High Denial Rates for  \nMental Health Claims High Proportion of Mental Health Claims  \nand Low Denial Rates for  \nMental Health Claims \nNorthern C A 1 Fire and 1 Police Department 1 Fire and 1 Police Department \nSouthern C A 1 Fire and 1 Police D"]
[12.36777400970459, 20.326438903808594, "partmen t, a claims administrator who s upported the department, a \nmental health provider most use d by first responders in the dep artment, and at least one first \nresponder with a mental health workers\u2019 compensation claim who worked in the departm"]
[12.354808807373047, 20.323963165283203, "ers and peace officers focused on their experiences with needing \nhelp for job-related injuries a ssociated with mental health sym ptoms; their ability to \naccess and pay for mental health support via workers\u2019 compensation; the types of mental \nhealt"]
[12.519974708557129, 20.21540069580078, " tments. We stopped recruitment of \nan applicants\u2019 attorney after five contact attempts. \nConcurrently, we also recruite d and interviewed all of the 13 f irst responders who were \nreferred to us as being interest ed in the study; this included six f"]
[12.71646785736084, 20.13423728942871, "h stakeholder \ngroup. After this initial coding e xercise, we compared the diff erences between the two coders\u2019 \napplication of codes to the int erview text and obtained the fol lowing pooled kappa coefficients: \n0.86, indicating \u201cvery good\u201d coder ag"]
[12.487000465393066, 20.27534294128418, "sponder employers. \nWe held the first TAG meeti ng (virtually) on October 13, 2020, before interviews started, to \nallow for input and feedback on the overall design and approach . The meeting was structured \nwith an agenda and included pres entation"]
[12.298669815063477, 20.371219635009766, " to participate (we had thr ee explicit department/chief refusals out of 24). As such, first \nresponders from our participati ng departments likely had a diff erent overall experience (again, at \nleast a little) than those i n nonparticipating depart"]
[12.314289093017578, 20.196048736572266, "to address many of the research \nquestions. We analyzed data from two household surveys to characterize the prevalence of \nmental health conditions and sui cidality among first responders  and workers in similar \noccupations. We also used adminis tra"]
[12.373832702636719, 20.2009220123291, "t \nof six survey items that asks respondents about the frequency w ith which they have experienced \ndifferent mental health symptom s over the past 30 days (e.g., \u201c During the past 30 days, about \nhow often did you feel hopeless\u2014all of t he time, mos"]
[12.234030723571777, 20.00934410095215, "\nalso produced similar estimates of suicide attempts in the CHIS , but very few respondents in  \nfirst responder occupations re ported any history of attempted suicide, and we considered these \nestimates too imprecise to be very  informative: we pres"]
[12.217044830322266, 20.17156982421875, " of  denials reported \non the SROI. 20 Finally, we use claims from the Medical Bill Payment files of t he WCIS to measure medical \nspending, to examine patterns of medical bill denials, and, mos t important, to identify which \nworkers have PTSD that "]
[12.283455848693848, 20.231109619140625, "r  claims in 2020 is sharply limited \n(to ten months, at most, for claims filed in January). The COVID-19 pandemic, furthermore, dramatically altered non-emergenc y health care use, reduced acc ess to in-person care, and \nincreased the use of telehea"]
[12.280291557312012, 20.214962005615234, "uding categories such as depressive disorders, other mood disorders, and personality disorders: the CCS and CCSR code s used in this definition are l isted in Table 2.2. This definition \nwas chosen to provide some estimates of the frequency of claims"]
[12.280718803405762, 20.21045684814453, " f or deriving the diagnosis code  lists necessary to identify the \nvarious presumption-covered cond itions that we examine. The CCS R algorithm was developed \nfor ICD-10 codes after AHRQ determ ined that the structure of CCS was not optimal for the "]
[12.266241073608398, 20.151552200317383, "o lifeguards. Because \nthis presumption does not apply  broadly to peace  officers or fi refighters, we omit this presumption from our study. \nThe use of medical claims to ascertain whether a worker suffers  from specific health \nconditions is necess"]
[12.430455207824707, 19.866369247436523, "t employers are pr edominantly self-insured, we \nfound very few fully insured cla ims by firefighters and peace o fficers (2.9 percent), and we do \nnot report estimates for fully insured claims. \nBecause it is somewhat complex t o identify claim reve"]
[12.520071029663086, 19.791969299316406, " Drivers \nand EMTs Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics \nEmergency Medical Technicians \nParamedics \nAmbulance Drivers and Atten dants, Except Emergency \nMedical Technicians 29-2040 \n29-2042 \n29-2043 \n53-3011 3400 9110 \nPeace Officer \nComparis"]
[12.43139362335205, 19.850149154663086, "refighters and peace officers that were composed of multiple occupations. We used data from the Occupational Information Network (O*Net) survey administered by the US DOL to rank occupations based on their similarity to firefighters and peace officer"]
[11.871037483215332, 19.094390869140625, "loyers, including th ose at the local-government level who employ most first \nresponders in California. A relat ed missing-data problem is tha t many claims with a FROI do not \nhave any medical bills in the WCIS, while many medical bills in  earlier "]
[12.273870468139648, 20.23595428466797, "Similar limitations rule out the Medical Expenditures \nPanel Survey Household Component , which also captures diagnosis  codes but includes only very \ncoarse occupation categorie s on the public-use files. \nThe K6 was not designed to measur e PTSD, s"]
[12.28211784362793, 20.239471435546875, "mitations to the WC IS analysis as well\u2014most notably  that we can ascertain the \npresence of PTSD or other medical conditions only when workers seek care for those conditions \nin the workers\u2019 compensation system. Our case-ascertainment app roach incl"]
[12.28802490234375, 20.211246490478516, "nd show the \nprevalence estimates of suici dal ideation by occupation. This i nformation answers research \nquestions 1 and 2: \n\uf0b7 RQ1: Do firefighters and peace officers have a higher incidence of  traumatic stress \ninjuries than non-public employees "]
[12.283147811889648, 20.212526321411133, "name PTSD to PTSI, to address the perceived stigma of having \nthis diagnosis and help diminish barriers to care. The rational e for this change was that the \u201cD\u201d (for \u201cdisorder\u201d) in \nPTSD is believed to increase stigma and discourage treatment-se ekin"]
[12.292397499084473, 20.20549774169922, "chs, and Ehlert, 1998). 32 A number of studies have documented rates of PTSD among firefig hters after sentinel events, \nsuch as terrorist attacks or othe r mass casualty events Berning er et al. (2010a, 2010b) reported an \nelevated prevalence of PTS"]
[12.316582679748535, 20.170618057250977, "d peace officers has not \nuniformly found elevated suicid e rates, however. Findings on oc cupation-specific suicide rates \nvary, in part because studies have used different methods and estimated different quantities. \nBroadly speaking, epidemiologis"]
[12.334718704223633, 20.072467803955078, "pations  27.4 [26.9, 27.9] 7.7 [7.5, 8.0] NOTES: Adapted from Peterson et al. (2020). a Statistically higher than the population rate (all industries or occupations) based on 95-percent confidence interval (CI) of the industry or occupational group r"]
[12.309128761291504, 20.231603622436523, "t an \nelevated risk of suicide compared with other male workers. Howe ver, the worrisome finding that \nwomen in protective service occu pations do have an elevated sui cide rate calls for further \nresearch to examine whether those rates among peace o"]
[12.288025856018066, 20.227022171020508, " to \u201cperceived\u201d \nstigma, or a fear of ostracism. F indings from the National Como rbidity Survey (NCS) suggest \nthat individuals with PTSD ma y not seek treatment largely becau se they do not perceive a need \nfor services. For example, ove r 60 perce"]
[12.308624267578125, 20.260210037231445, "ers, it was common to witness a shooting incid ent; some reported also \nseeing accidents caused by driving u nder the influence, plane c rashes, mass-murder incidents, \nand lethal-force encounters. Fir efighters described exposure to a variety of tra"]
[12.308180809020996, 20.240886688232422, "neys noted tha t first responders often respond ed to multiple traumatic \nincidents, especially shootings or other violent events. Being involved in incidents where there \nwas violence toward the first r esponder was most common among p olice officer"]
[12.279669761657715, 20.200542449951172, " go ing to bed  . . . . It is compounded by \nsleep deprivation because you have to respond to calls [on the job]. This leads to heightened \nanxiety and awareness. Every 911 call, it is like adding a file  to your rolodex. We are constantly \nin scenar"]
[12.318331718444824, 20.18964958190918, "alth provider who treats firefighters (FS-MH02)  39 In short, our interviews confirmed previous research findings that both firef ighters and  \npeace officers are frequently expos ed to traumatic events; the nature of their work also makes \ncumulativ"]
[12.34814453125, 20.129247665405273, "lifornia \nworkforce are immediately appa rent. While 46 percent of all wor kers in California are female, \nonly 15 percent of first responders  are female. First responder s are also younger than the average \nworker in California, with somewhat fewer"]
[12.312968254089355, 20.15854263305664, ". NH/PI = Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. 42 composition of first responders also differs from the overall C alifornia workforce, with higher \nproportions of White Non-Hispanics and Black Non-Hispanics and lower proportions of \nHispanics and Asian "]
[12.316444396972656, 20.19239044189453, " h insurance, compared with  \n91 percent of comparison occupa tions and 80 percent of security  guards. Peace officers are more \nlikely to be White Non-Hispanic ( 53 percent) than those in thei r comparison group (48 percent), \nsecurity guards (23 pe"]
[12.317828178405762, 20.193952560424805, "evalence of serious mental di stress (1.2 percent) than their comparison group (2.3 percent) or \nambulance drivers and EMTs (4.1 percent). Peace officers, similarly, have a lower estimated \nprevalence of serious mental distress than their comparison "]
[12.313151359558105, 20.13617706298828, " evalence of suicidality\u2014measu red primarily as any lifetime \nhistory of suicidal ideation\u2014by o ccupation. First responders ar e less likely (4.3 percent) than \nthose in comparison occupations (9.5 percent) to ever have experienced suicida l ideation"]
[12.312422752380371, 20.19581413269043, "Firefighters and  \nComparison Groups Peace Officers and Comparison Groups All \nWorkers \nOccupation First \nResponders  First \nResponder \nComparators Firefighters Firefighter \nComparators Ambulance \nDrivers and \nEMTs Peace \nOfficers Peace Officer \nComp"]
[12.345881462097168, 20.14354133605957, "mortality rates among firefighters and peac e officers or by higher suicide mortality rates among \nother protective service occupations with substantial female employment. Estimat es from household survey data that \nare representative of California s"]
[12.256579399108887, 20.282732009887695, " worriso me limitation is that first \nresponder suicides are known to be differentially underreported  (compared with other \noccupations). This underreportin g has been attributed to corone rs and medical examiners \nmisrepresenting the cause of dea t"]
[12.423227310180664, 20.40630531311035, "ra wing on a review of the rules and \nregulations pertaining to workers\u2019 compensation claims filing, we look at the mechanics and \ntimelines involved in filing and pr ocessing mental health claim s within the larger workers\u2019 \ncompensation system. We "]
[11.608097076416016, 18.261783599853516, "tus (see \nFigure 4.1). \nFigure 4.1. Workers\u2019 Compensation Claims Process \n \nSOURCE: Based on California Depart ment of Industrial Relations,  2016. \nClaims can be filed using a Divi sion of Workers\u2019 Compensation ( DWC) DWC-1 form \n(Department of Indu"]
[11.644230842590332, 18.221296310424805, " attorney who works to represent the worker, can appeal the decision to the \nWorkers\u2019 Compensation Appeals Board (WCAB). The WCAB then makes  a final determination \non the claim. See Figure 4.2 for an overview of the multiple st eps embedded within t"]
[12.359804153442383, 20.34140396118164, "ms administrator has up to  \n90 days after a claim is filed to either deny or accept it. We interviewed first responders and \napplicants\u2019 attorneys as well as  department stakeholders about their experiences with mental \nhealth claims that are de lay"]
[12.356468200683594, 20.33969497680664, "es about finances and work st atus, stigma related to having a \nmental health claim, family stre ss, and family issues that could lead to divorce. As one \napplicants\u2019 atto rney commented, \nThe workers\u2019 compensation system is so destructive to mental "]
[12.347698211669922, 20.333219528198242, " QME denied or disagreed with the mental health diagnosis \ngiven on the claim or because the Q ME or claims administrator d enied its job-relatedness. This \nviewpoint was more common among a pplicants\u2019 attorneys who represented predominantly peace \no"]
[12.350932121276855, 20.31789207458496, "r both fire and polic e departments. One police officer \nstated, \nThese claims adjustors run a business, and part of their job an d strategy is to deny things. People \nbelieve you are going to get denied. What happens if you get in to a fight with th"]
[12.349599838256836, 20.337890625, "two \nto 15 months and was roughly six months (median). This compared  with the three - to four-month \ntimeframe of filing to acceptance for the two mental health cla ims that were not denied. The first \nresponders interviewed had comp licated, drawn-"]
[12.357900619506836, 20.331743240356445, "or prior mental health treatment (not \nfor the current injury) were  documented, that this was often us ed to prove that the current mental \nhealth diagnosis was  not job-related. Appli cants\u2019 attorneys did  raise issues of a lack of medical \nmental "]
[12.355988502502441, 20.3375301361084, "\u00a0\nWe also asked claims administra tors health professionals and ch iefs of departments whether \ntheir experience was for mental health claims to be filed alone or combined with physical. \nPrimarily we heard from all thr ee groups that mental health c"]
[12.35091781616211, 20.331954956054688, "ders to repor t true claims of mental health issues. \nThe majority of those departments were police departments. One claims administrator asserted, \nIf the claim is for police officers and firefighters, we do not  really need to prove anything  \nabou"]
[12.352997779846191, 20.33608055114746, "fterwa rds that they cannot pay for \ntreatment . \u2014Northern California mental health pr ovider who treats peace officers (PN-MH02)  \nSome mental health providers i ndicated that this directive came  from the department chiefs. \nA mental health pr ovid"]
[12.308005332946777, 20.27396011352539, " the job (establishing job-relatedness) \nand that the diagnosis provided w as appropriate. If mental heal th providers do not supply \nsufficient documentation for a diagnosis, claims administrators  usually request that the injured \nworker schedule a"]
[12.291972160339355, 20.012556076049805, "erage, th ose who file workers\u2019 \ncompensation claims tend to be older and thus have an age distr ibution that is more comparable \nwith other occupations. Geographic differences across occupatio ns are also more muted among \nworkers who file workers\u2019 "]
[12.291876792907715, 20.148578643798828, "ter \nComparators Ambulance \nDrivers and \nEMTs Peace \nOfficers Peace Officer \nComparators Security \nGuards Correctional \nOfficers All  \nWorkers \nDemographics           \n% Female 13.8% 17.6% 5.4% 8.1% 36.0% 18.5% 32.8% 28.3% 26.7% 44 .0% \nMean Age 40.4"]
[12.299013137817383, 20.21466064453125, "66 152, 965 30,819 37,910 2,930,923 \nNOTES: Authors\u2019 calculations , 2008\u20132019 WCIS. Other Infectious Diseases = Lyme disease, meningitis, or tuberculosis. MRSA = Me thicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. \nSample is limited to observations  for wh"]
[12.28892993927002, 20.202299118041992, "en largely by \nclaims involving cancer, heart di sease, and, to a lesser extent , low back impairments and hernias. \nFor peace officers (22 percent of claims involving presumption conditions, compared with  \n18 percent for their comparison g roup, 17"]
[12.287354469299316, 20.185632705688477, "     \nPhysical Only 92.2% 92.9% 94.8% 95.7% 97.1% 91.1% 90.5% 93.9% 81.7% 93.4% \nMental Only 1.0% 1.4% 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 1.0% 2.2% 1.8% 2.9% 1.4% \nMental and Physical 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.6% 0.1 % 0.4% \nCumulative, N ot Otherwise \nClassi"]
[12.295321464538574, 20.232402801513672, "termination basis,  though note that the WCIS does \nnot distinguish post-termination cla ims (a legal term of art fo r claims that are filed\u2014sometimes \nin bad faith\u2014following an involunta ry job separation) from clai ms filed after job separation  \nf"]
[12.270655632019043, 20.212770462036133, "9 WCIS. Sample is limited  to observations for which ther e are valid occupation codes; wo rkers\u2019 compensation data is sourced from a \nclaims administrator who reports indemnity benefits on at least  15 percent of the total FROI subm issions and has "]
[12.271013259887695, 20.234634399414062, "fferences in benefit rece ipt between claims filed with \nTPAs and claims filed with self-ad ministered employers. In gene ral, TPAs appeared to be much \nmore likely to pay indemnity benefits than self-administered em ployers, which may suggest that \n"]
[12.268540382385254, 20.226945877075195, "ministered Total Self-Insured, \nTPA Self-Insured, \nSelf-\nAdministered Total Self-Insured, \nTPA Self-Insured, \nSelf-\nAdministered Total \n% Receiving Settled Indemnity Benefits          \nNarrow: PTSD 30.7% 3.0% 20.6% 29. 4% 0.0% 13.8% 31.0% 5.7% 24.0% "]
[12.30636215209961, 20.247312545776367, "han the 20-percent rate estimated for the peace officer compar ison group and the 17-percent rate \nestimated for security guards. Co rrectional officers had a claim denial rate (25 percent) that was \nclose to, and not statistically d ifferent from, t"]
[12.284074783325195, 20.240253448486328, "ace officers). Denial rat es for other conditions covered by \npresumptions were lower than for mental health conditions.  \n73 Table 4.9. Proportion of Claims Initially Denied (Any Final Disposition), by Involvement of PTSD, \nAnxiety/Trauma Disorders,"]
[12.332808494567871, 20.219314575195312, "ement 28.1% 15.9% 21.1% An\ny Indemnity 42.5% 37.8% 44.8% \nNot Denied    \nTD 40.7% 37.4% 42.4% \nPD 35.3% 26.4% 40.0% \nSettlement 21.1% 12.9% 25.5% \nAny Indemnity 56.3% 52.3% 58.4% \nAnxiety/Trauma Disorder Claims    \nDenied    \nTD 14.1% 17.4% 13.2% \nPD"]
[12.333444595336914, 20.278284072875977, " injuries only. Remaining claims involving anxiety and trauma-related disorders were mostly filed as cumulative injuries not otherwise classified (13.5 percent of firefighter claims and 15 percent of peace officer claims), with a small number filed a"]
[12.26285457611084, 20.205841064453125, "lving PTSD. \nThroughout the workers\u2019 compensation system, most claims (57 pe rcent) involving anxiety and \ntrauma disorders entered the system as physical-only claims. Cl aims from firefighters and peace \nofficers were less likely (51 percent each) t"]
[12.347986221313477, 20.323993682861328, "iscusses the i ssues involved in proving the job-r elatedness of mental \nhealth conditions listed on first responder claims. We first de scribe the perspectives of \nmental health professionals rega rding the feasibility of provin g or disproving the "]
[12.360939025878906, 20.336673736572266, "related  \n79 (i.e., that an injury arose out of employment or happened durin g the course of employment, \nAOE/COE) and learned what elements are necessary to establish t hat job-relatedness. \nAll of the mental health profe ssionals we interviewed ind"]
[12.353201866149902, 20.336103439331055, " is a huge change in their be havior from before to when they \nfile the claim. If it is documen ted just like other injuries, previous mental health treatment is not a \nproblem. The main thing about pr oving job-relatedness is when t he person got tr"]
[12.340214729309082, 20.32699203491211, "ts who were we ll into their careers, who \nneeded mental health treatment because of the cumulative stress  of exposure to trauma over time. \n(See Chapter 6 for further disc ussion about the timing of menta l health treatment for first \nresponders.) "]
[12.355456352233887, 20.33513832092285, "any mental health providers  that they themselves do not \nalways keep records with the deta ils needed for workers\u2019 compen sation claim requests. Claims \nadministrators also said that re ports from mental health profes sionals were lacking, citing a "]
[12.3540620803833, 20.341028213500977, " firefighters (FN-MH01) \nOne mental health pr ovider pointed out the irony in the workers \u2019 compensation system that \nchildhood history is not an issue when it is a physical injury claim for a first responder. They \nstated, \nI see a lot of back and k"]
[12.344093322753906, 20.329843521118164, " with anymore. \u2014Northern California mental health provider who treats peace officers (PN-MH10) \nThe experience of establishing the job-relatedness of mental he alth conditions was largely \nsimilar among all of the mental  health professionals in this"]
[12.361754417419434, 20.348146438598633, "e a mental \nhealth provider who says the me ntal health claim is not work-re lated, but that is not that common. \nWith sufficient medical professional support from documentation , we usually pick it up and \naccept the mental health claim. \u2014Southern C"]
[12.348681449890137, 20.33804702758789, "m \nearlier. \u2014Northern California claims admini strator for peace officers (PN-CA12)  \nClaims administrators also raise d the issue that firefighters a nd police officers alike need to \nreceive treatment from mental  health providers within the worke "]
[12.339544296264648, 20.3262996673584, "ightmares, where it is hard to see if it is job-\nrelated. Prior to 2020, police officers can be bringing somethi ng up from five to six years ago. So, \nwe have to look at the situation at that time when they were ge tting treatment. It is equally as "]
[12.3366060256958, 20.328641891479492, "licants\u2019 Attorneys \nApplicants\u2019 attorneys also ela borated on their experiences prov ing and disproving job-\nrelatedness and explained how things  may change within the cont ext of the SB 542 presumption. \nMost applicants\u2019 attorneys men tioned that, "]
[12.32066535949707, 20.315717697143555, "nied. But now with the  presumption, it makes it easier  \n87 because I need to only  get medical reports. When there was not the presumption, then there was \nmuch more to do and to substantiate with documentation. Without  the presumption, I have to "]
[12.262798309326172, 20.216279983520508, "as \ncolumn totals in Table 5.1). \nFor firefighter claims involving P TSD, the denial rate is drama tically higher for TPA claims \n(31 percent) than for those of self-administered employers (17 percent). Similar patterns are \nobserved for other presum"]
[12.25635814666748, 20.223169326782227, "idence; record s were submitted by claims admin istrators who had reliable repo rting of SROI records  and had at least one \nmedical bill reported. Estimates  are weighted to be representat ive of all FROI filed with complet e records and with occupa"]
[12.269373893737793, 20.233036041259766, "ally higher for claims \nthat are initially denied (25 percent of initially denied PTSD claims versus 20 percent of initially \naccepted PTSD claims), while even starker differences are obser ved for settlements: while  \n20 percent of initially denied "]
[12.254158020019531, 20.216093063354492, "emnity 46.9% 28.2% 39.9% 40.3% 20.6% 31.6% 49.0% 31.5% 4 2.9% \nNot Denied          \nTD 34.3% 7.8% 17.4% 33.5% 9.5% 16.8% 34.6% 6.8% 17.7% \nPD 32.6% 18.4% 23.4% 29.6% 18.5% 21.6% 33.5% 18.4% 24.3% \nSettlement 24.9% 0.3% 9.0% 18.0% 0.2% 5.4% 27.2% 0.4%"]
[12.372248649597168, 20.250513076782227, "oyers, which again stands in contrast to patterns of benefit receipt among other presumption claims filed by firefighters or other presumption claims filed by peace officers that are handled by TPAs. When we look at all claims filed by peace \nofficer"]
[12.307634353637695, 20.264772415161133, "o make sure they get the be st care they can get and \ncontinue to do the job for our city. Internally, it makes it a lot easier. \u2014Northern California \nclaims administrator for firefighters (FN-CA01)  \nI think it makes a difference if a department is "]
[12.341292381286621, 20.2957706451416, "y firefighters (or peace officers) that are subject to presumptions of compensability? NOTE: As part of the response to this question, the contractor should analyze the denial rates of claims subject to presumptions of compensability, whether denial "]
[12.33743667602539, 20.316022872924805, "ecific traumatic exposures, cumulative exposure to traumatic events, or retraumatization. Rigorous preemployment psychological screening was cited as a reason why new-onset mental health conditions among first responders could be attributed to employ"]
[12.351358413696289, 20.33414077758789, " First, they indicated that workers\u2019 compen sation claims need to define a \nspecific incident and to be file d within the year of the incide nt/injury. The fact that most first \nresponders are slow to seek car e and tend to \u201cgut it out\u201d also prolongs"]
[12.351624488830566, 20.34161949157715, " across claims administrators from depart ments with high and low denial \nrates of mental health claims. Specifically, claims administrat ors for departments with low denial \nrates indicated that first res ponder employment training and selection rul"]
[12.278541564941406, 20.237573623657227, "TSD is not included there specifically. They indicated that in time, once there are more cases, these detail s will be clarified. \nIn response to research ques tion 3, we found from the WCIS data  that claims involving \nmental health were much more l"]
[12.392716407775879, 20.366451263427734, "e tried \nto minimize the scope for bias due to data-quality differences by excluding from our sample of \nWCIS data any data from claims administrators that report suspi ciously low volumes of \nindemnity claims (a symptom of  unreliable SROI reporting"]
[12.349214553833008, 20.341856002807617, "t doing so would create \nsuch a perception, especially in the eyes of their peers or sup ervisors, that they were not able to \ndo their jobs. Many of these worke rs also noted that they were afraid of losing the ir jobs if they \nsought mental health "]
[12.34625244140625, 20.336557388305664, "ere they do not \nlet the powers that be know that they are seeking mental health  treatment on their own. Usually \nwhen it relates to alcohol or drug use, the firefighter or poli ce officer want to keep it quiet out of \nfear that their department wou"]
[12.341068267822266, 20.334522247314453, "n do not provide follow- up care or resources in the \nensuing weeks, potentially m aking the problem worse. \nIn all departments interviewe d, workers had access to an EAP pr ogram that was typically \nused as the first line of treatment for injured wo"]
[12.34970474243164, 20.336572647094727, "ovider, and they told me to work out and e at healthy . . . I am never getting \nthat type of help again. You have to know if the person is comp etent with firefighters or police \nofficers. \u2014Northern California firefighter (FN-FR01) \nThey had me conta"]
[12.340274810791016, 20.327110290527344, "e intensive programs that required significa nt funds, typica lly provided by \nthe department, and time off of  work. A few departments belonged to a program that provided \nfirst responders and their families access to mental health resources through"]
[12.339566230773926, 20.333484649658203, " ider who treats peace officers (PN-MH01) \nChiefs reported that their depa rtments had the necessary behavi oral health supports for their \nfirst responders but said ther e was work yet to be done to addr ess the stigma associated with  \n104 accessin"]
[12.336852073669434, 20.33296775817871, "re department until recently; \nI\u2019d say in about the last year. I know other people that are go ing now to see the mental health \nprovider on contract. Now we can talk about mental health and t he stress of our jobs. Nobody \ntalked about it before. It"]
[12.336442947387695, 20.325429916381836, "ok for ou tward signs of stress. \u2014Southern \nCalifornia police chief (PS-DC01)  \nRecognition of Trauma Within Departments \nDepartment chiefs discussed the a bility of their departments an d themselves to recognize \ntrauma in their first responders . N"]
[12.334696769714355, 20.331968307495117, " incident-\nspecific, the captains, fire chiefs, and other firefighters und erstand the differences in behavior of \ntheir fellow firefighter to know how that has affected a particular firefighter. Or the firefighter \nthemselves can request that they s"]
[12.33016300201416, 20.32681655883789, "s no downside. I learn \nthrough incidents. \u2014Southern California fire chief (FS-DC04) \nDepartment representatives identified two major sources of stigma that kept first responders \nfrom accessing and seeking care; namely, pride and fear of losi ng the"]
[12.33979320526123, 20.320589065551758, "n California peace officer \n(PS-FR11) \nWe as police officers don\u2019t ask for  help; people ask us for help. Police officers are used to getting \nasked for help. \u2014Northern California peace officer (PN-FR03)  \nA firefighter expounded,  \n108 It is a sign "]
[12.329171180725098, 20.304828643798828, "were veterans. \nA third of the first responders ( split across firefighters and peace officers) had also used mental \nhealth treatment in the past (un related to the claimed incident ). The PTSD-specific care provided \nto the first responders we inte"]
[12.325207710266113, 20.25727081298828, "be the r easons why respondents with unmet needs for mental health and \nsubstance use care did not recei ve treatment. The CHIS allows r espondents to name one or more \nof four specific reasons, whic h we grouped into two (non-exclusive) categories. "]
[12.330262184143066, 20.272268295288086, ".2% 2.3% 20.9% 23.2% 0 .0% 17.8% \nStigma (Not Comfortable OR Someone  Found Out) 36.3% 38.4% 3.9% 39.5%\n*** 57.2%** 83.1% 39.7%** 36.9%** 29.3% 39.5% \nNot Comfortable 29.7% 33.9% 3.2% 36.0% 53.3% 67.9% 36.1% 36.9% 29.3% 29.4% \nSomeone Found Out 11.1%"]
[12.338631629943848, 20.319093704223633, "any peace officers \nnamed cost as a barrier to receiving mental health and substanc e use treatment. We were also \nsurprised by the sharp contras t between the proportion of firef ighters and peace officers who \nnamed stigma as a reason for not r ece"]
[12.33808422088623, 20.317975997924805, "a physic al injury. Of those workers whose claims were denied, half \nsought the needed mental health treatment before receiving the denial, and half started after. This \naddresses research question 7 about  the timing of treatment and  denied claims."]
[12.34432601928711, 20.333152770996094, "health providers indicate d that on rare occasions, a first responder used employer-\nsponsored health insurance for me ntal health treatment. This wa s possible only when an injured \nworker did not yet have an accepted workers\u2019 compensation claim , h"]
[12.34432601928711, 20.32921028137207, "ere initially inve stigated. Given the difficulty with getting claims accepted and  \nthe long delays between filing and getting a final adjudication, nearly all injured workers we \ninterviewed opted to pay for thei r mental health care through s elf-"]
[12.277732849121094, 20.231212615966797, "ls for psychiatric care to \ntreat PTSD even after a claim wa s accepted. To e xplore whether claims for men tal health \nconditions were more likely to be  denied than cla ims on other t ypes of injuries, we used \nmedical billing data to summarize bil"]
[12.236525535583496, 20.202232360839844, "n Charges on Denied Bills as  % of Mean Charges, Mental Healt h \nDiagnosis 14.0% 16.9% 12.6% \nMean Paid Amount at 24 Months, Ment al Health Diagnosis on Bills  \n(Intermediate Definition) $2,032 $2,418 $1,889 \nMean Paid Amount as % of Mean Char ges, M"]
[12.280611038208008, 20.24633026123047, "lving mental  health conditions frequently also \ninvolve physical injuri es, which means not all the bills includ ed in the statistics reflect mental \nhealth care. For this reason, T able 6.2 also reports charges, denials, and payments on bills with "]
[12.336868286132812, 20.310392379760742, "out whether  others thought they could do th eir jobs, whether they would lose \ntheir jobs, and whether others in the department (including the ir very close colleagues) would \nview them negatively. Quantitat ive estimates show that about 12  percent"]
[12.350753784179688, 20.34784507751465, "ces tended to \nsupport first responders participa ting in intensive treatment, such as PTSD retreats, and provided \naccess to a confidential app for t reatment support (for first responders and their families). Most \nfirst responders, however, said t"]
[12.329626083374023, 20.31850814819336, "lth treatme nt than firefighters (although pea ce officers may have received \nmore intensive avenues of car e), delayed their care by not seek ing treatment right away, or \nsimply chose to \u201cgut it out.\u201d \nFurther, we heard that the worker s\u2019 compensat"]
[12.23716926574707, 20.240751266479492, "effect as well as the costs asso ciated with retroactive applica tion of the rules of SB 542. We \nillustrate the possible degree of variability in the estimated costs, due to changes in assumptions \nabout the true incidence rate  of PTSD; the impact "]
[12.23009204864502, 20.22886848449707, "1,950 $33,594 $47,209 $42, 200 $33,240 $40,089 $57,192 $3 3,843 $50,830 \nAnxiety/Trauma Disorders $43,20 1 $23,142 $37,399 $40,002 $31,582 $37,989 $44,470 $20,794 $37,161 \nCancer $29,865 $29,591 $29,805 $26,591 $23,862 $26,147 $32,362 $32,042 $32,280"]
[12.230757713317871, 20.226926803588867, "irst responders. This dramatic cost difference needs to be \ninterpreted with caution, how ever, as we discuss below. \nTable 7.1 indicates some other im portant facts about benefit co sts associated with claims \ninvolving PTSD. Paid benefits are prima"]
[12.243152618408203, 20.22318458557129, "rovide  more details on the costs associated with specific categories of \nindemnity benefits in Table C.8. \nTable 7.1 contains one last impor tant finding, which is that in itial claim denials are \nassociated with much lower amount s of paid benefits"]
[12.246525764465332, 20.24233055114746, "hly prevalen t health conditions (including \ncancer, heart disease, and back pa in). We saw in Chapter 4 that claims involving PTSD very \nfrequently involve multiple injuries or health conditions: the incremental cost of adding PTSD to \na workers\u2019 co"]
[12.235410690307617, 20.23587989807129, " of Claims \u00d7 Cost per Claim, \nwhere  \n126 Number of Claims = Number of Fir st Responders \u00d7 PTSD Incidence Rate \u00d7 Probability of \nSeeking Care for Those with P TSD \u00d7 Probability of Filing a Work ers\u2019 Compensation Claim for \nThose Seeking Care, \nand \nC"]
[12.267868041992188, 20.175182342529297, "al Government, BLS OES Estimates \nOccupation and Level of Government 2020 Employment \nPeace Officers   \nState 8,953 \nLocal 68,897 \nTotal (State + Local) 77,850   \nFirefighters   \nState 4,380 \nLocal 29,550 \nTotal (State + Local) 33,930 \nSOURCE: OES es"]
[12.275474548339844, 20.245834350585938, "ncidence, treatment- seeking, and recovery estimates and generates annual \nprevalence in each year. We then calculated the change in estim ated prevalence in each year . After ten years, the rate \nof change dropped to zero, and t he resulting prevale"]
[12.252914428710938, 20.24715805053711, "filing) that \nwould result from elimination or reduction of cost- and stigma-related barriers. \nWorkers\u2019 Compensation Filing Scenarios \nWe considered three potential changes in how peace officers and  firefighters with PTSD \nmight file workers\u2019 compe"]
[12.219239234924316, 20.219261169433594, "initial denial rates of \nclaims for PTSD. Table 7.5 summarizes the denial rates for each  scenario. Scenario A assumes \nthat there will be no change in t he initial denial rates, so we  used the rates described above \n(Chapter 4). Scenario B assumes "]
[12.230027198791504, 20.233858108520508, "se incidents. However, they \nmight still seek reimbursement for PTSD care that was not cover ed by workers\u2019 compensation at \nthe time.  \n131 Workers\u2019 Compensation Claim Payment Estimates \nAs we describe in Chapter 4, there  are three components for w"]
[12.227102279663086, 20.223087310791016, "because of differences in budget imp acts. We include estimates for \neach of the filing scenarios described in Table 7.4: (1) all wh o would not seek care because of \nstigma (peace officers) or access (firefighters) would seek car e and file workers\u2019"]
[12.141738891601562, 20.123798370361328, "ce \nofficers will file 5,715 workers\u2019  compensation claims over the next five years (compared with 855 \nif there is no change in the f iling rate), and firefighters wil l file 1,385 (compared  with 410 if there  \nis no change in the filing rate). The"]
[12.219355583190918, 20.210147857666016, " (5%)        \nPeace Officers State 402  239 292 131  182 182 \n(5% Incidence Rate) Local 3,099 1 ,838 2,252 1,012 1,405 1,405 \nFirefighters State 327 55 304 35 282 282 \n(11.5% Incidence Rate) Local 2, 207 378 2,056 242 1,904 1,904 \nNOTES: WC = workers"]
[12.213812828063965, 20.234477996826172, "2 NA NA \nHigh Incidence Rate      \nPeace Officers State All who seek carea $71,892,633 $75,418,333 $78,591,463 \n(5% Incidence Rate)  Elimination of barriersb $94,250,576 $99,010,271 $103,064,826 \n  Partial elimination of \nbarriersc $51,730,429 $54,19"]
[12.230973243713379, 20.23653793334961, "ge costs of claims re porting mental health as the \nnature of the injury at the time the claim was initially filed (Table 7.6). As discussed above, we \nestimated costs using this subset of PTSD claims to examine whe ther the high costs of PTSD \nclaim"]
[12.225152015686035, 20.233497619628906, " benefits and settlements on first responders\u2019 PTSD claims \ntotaled $63,049. In comparison, the average cost of paid benefi ts for all first responder workers\u2019 \ncompensation claims was $14,076. We note that other presumption  conditions, many of whic"]
[12.21477222442627, 20.23996925354004, "6,131,214 \nFirefighters State Elimination of barriersa $3,169,496 \n(11.5% Incidence Rate)  Partial elimination of barriersb $1,995,821 \n  All who seek carec $16,613,523 \n Local Elimination of barriersa $18,492,550 \n  Partial elimination of barriersb "]
[12.223520278930664, 20.227750778198242, "nonfederal peace officers and 87 percent of nonfederal \nfirefighters in California. The range of  uncertainty is very large, however: Over the 2020\u20132024 period, plausible \nassumptions about incidence rates and behavioral responses could result in ave"]
[12.229480743408203, 20.23554229736328, "e yearly statewide \nnumber of claims involving PTS D prior to SB 542 to be 80 firefi ghter claims and 168 peace \nofficer claims. Under an interme diate scenario\u2014a scenario in wh ich the true PTSD incidence \nrate among first responders is similar to t"]
[12.230156898498535, 20.235788345336914, "PTSD who did not seek t reatment due to stigma or access \nwill file. We assumed that only medical costs for claims with a  PTSD diagnosis would be  \n142 reimbursed retrospectively. If there is a reduction in barriers to treatment and if the denial ra"]
[12.30676555633545, 20.294334411621094, "ially accep ting claims that would have been \ninitially denied under the pre-SB 542 status quo. In general, the difference we observed between the average cost of accepted and denied claims reflects both th e causal effect of claim denial \n(i.e., How"]
[12.329229354858398, 20.349084854125977, "en a big differen ce with the passing of SB 542 prim arily because of the preamble of \nthe bill, as it in itself will he lp reduce the stigma associate d with PTSD and seeking treatment. \nThis was just by passing the presumption itself . \u2014Northern Ca"]
[12.311068534851074, 20.304079055786133, "support firefighters have b een getting train ing that has b een paid for by the union. It has \nbeen longer than a year, for abou t 3 years that we have had tha t peer support run through the \nunion . \u2014Southern California fire chief (FS-DC04) \nPerspe"]
[12.307785987854004, 20.293655395507812, "ed in seeking care for themselves. The problem is that no one \nwants to file the claims. . . . The best part of SB 542 is that it really makes first responder s, \nfirefighters, and police officers feel supported and heard. Tha t will help them reach "]
[12.320245742797852, 20.311908721923828, "tion would change the volume of \nworkers\u2019 compensation mental health claims. While some departme nt chiefs and claims \nadministrators thought the presum ption would increase the numbe r of PTSD claims, a few others \nthought that, ultimately, it would"]
[12.321680068969727, 20.311735153198242, "think, that is a tough pill to have to swallow. \u2014Northern California claims administrator for \npeace officers (PN-CA01) \nIn addition to impacts on the claims volume, several department  chiefs noted improvements \nin the claims process due to t he pre"]
[12.318754196166992, 20.306652069091797, "ry and undo pain  and suffering as well as fina ncial hardship to these men and \ntheir families.  . . . The bottom line is this: It has been far more cost-effective to  have PTSD \nallowed as a presumptive injury s o that the expenses of (1) QMEs, (2)"]
[12.374736785888672, 20.371723175048828, "or example, EAP \nand then, if need be, to their medical group health. \u2014Northern California mental health provider \nwho treats firefighters (FN-MH01)  \nIn addition to difficulties with rei mbursement, many mental health providers noted difficulty \nget"]
[12.33117961883545, 20.329633712768555, " All five \nof these departments discussed a  history of suicides or other a cute events that prompted chiefs \nand other officials to create mechanisms to get first responders care quickly, without having to \ngo through workers\u2019 compensation. A mental"]
[12.310598373413086, 20.297578811645508, "t the presumption woul d increase non-job-related cla ims, but nearly all departments \nnoted that the presumption has helped move claims through the s ystem faster. Having a healthy \nworkforce was noted as being amo ng the biggest cost-savers that  r"]
[12.268202781677246, 20.250320434570312, "here are poten tial arguments against continuing the presumption in  \nSB 542. It could be costly to state  and local government, altho ugh there is a lot of cost \nuncertainty due to uncertainty a bout the true prevalence of PTS D. It is also not clea"]
[12.308225631713867, 20.301395416259766, "e officers, but it is unclear \nwhether they are covered by t he presumption in SB 542. \nUnlike other workers\u2019 compensation presumptions for public safety workers in the California \nLabor Code, the presumption established by SB 542 will expire i n les"]
[12.341919898986816, 20.335851669311523, " Claims Process \nFurther in-depth study into sever al aspects of the workers\u2019 com pensation system is needed. \nBetter information about claims ad ministrator practices could b e used to develop more detailed \nguidelines as to what information should "]
[12.338090896606445, 20.333438873291016, "al health delivery s ystem facing first responders is  based on a limited number of \ninterviews and cannot be assumed to represent a statewide avera ge. That said, it should not be \nsurprising that first responders  suffering from PTSD reported g rea"]
[12.337474822998047, 20.325057983398438, "ttention to the composition of mental health prov ider networks in group health, \ncould help reduce the fragmentation of payers that was so delet erious to first responders with \nPTSD. \nThe ultimate goal of SB 542 was not just to provide workers\u2019 co "]
[12.300811767578125, 20.23866844177246, "policym akers might consider \nproviding funding for the CHIS t o add items specifically measur ing PTSD (e.g., the PCL, known  \n157 as the PTSD checklist) (Bovin et al., 2016; Weathers et al., 19 93; Weathers et al., 2013a; \nWeathers et al., 2013b); "]
[12.299911499023438, 20.271778106689453, "e \nmortality rates from the CDC do not show that male firefighters or peace officers are at elevated risk of \nsuicide compared with the overall male workforce. Women in protective service occupations did have elevated suicide mortality rates compared"]
[12.332874298095703, 20.26520347595215, "TSD is statistically significantly higher for firefighters (0.9 percent of workers\u2019 compensation claims) than for workers in comparable occupations, including ambulance drivers and EMTs (0.5 percent). For peace officers, results are mixed. Conditiona"]
[12.36820125579834, 20.332096099853516, "ion was job-related, or in cases where there was no prior treatment or diagnosis? A: In-depth interviews with firefighters, peace officers, mental health providers, applicants\u2019 attorneys, and claims administrators indicated that receipt of a PTSD dia"]
[12.231024742126465, 20.236400604248047, "vered by ESI, and the belief that ESI would not pay bills for potentially work-related health \nconditions. \nRQ11: What might the costs  to state and local governments be for each  of the next five years now that SB 542 is \nin effect? Please separate "]
[12.23225212097168, 20.235637664794922, "etroactive claims would result in payment of medical \ncare benefits, but not in new indemnity benefits , state and local governments collectively might have \nexpected to pay an average of $13 million per year for peace officer claims and $2.6 million"]
[12.372551918029785, 20.295032501220703, "ence and inform how future first responders obtain \ncare for mental health problems.  The interview is totally confi dential and separate from your employment,  \nso I won\u2019t be involved in your interview. \n \nWould you be interested in findin g out mor"]
[12.349945068359375, 20.333349227905273, "tal health support for \nemployees? Is this any  different as it rel ates to a traumatic e vent that occurr ed for several \nfirefighters/peace officers? How long has this been the approac h at your department? \nRQ3,5 3. In your opinion, does your depa"]
[12.346321105957031, 20.328161239624023, "e alth insurance? What is \nyour experience?  \nRQ6,7,10 6. What are your thought s on how to reduce denied clai ms for mental health provision for a \nfirefighter/peace officer? \n Claims Administrators \nRQ5,7,10 1. What are the main rea sons for denyin"]
[12.384208679199219, 20.292158126831055, "we \ndrew department chiefs, mental  health providers, and claims adm inistrators for interviews. \nCategories of characteristics in cluded the type of department ( i.e., fire or police), the rate of \nmental health claim denials (i.e ., high or low), t"]
[12.411200523376465, 20.236347198486328, "ty     \nUrban 3 3 50% 43% \nRural 3 4 50% 57% \nLocation      \nNorthern California 3 4 50% 57% \nSouthern California 3 3 50% 43% \nDepartment Denial Rate fo r Mental Health Claims    \nHigh 3 4 50% 57% \nLow 3 3 50% 43% \nYears as First Responder (Mean)  20"]
[12.358237266540527, 20.240774154663086, "s or fidgety? \n4. How often did you feel so depre ssed that nothing could cheer you up? \n5. During the past 30 days, about how often did you feel that ever ything was an effort? \n6. During the past 30 days, about how often did you feel worthless? \nIn"]
[12.389121055603027, 20.24811363220215, "ey think they might \nneed it. Please respond with a \u201cyes\u201d or \u201cno\u201d  to tell me whether each statement applies \nto your reason for not seeing a professional. \n\uf0b7 You were concerned about the cost of treatment. \n\uf0b7 You did not feel comfort able talking wi"]
[11.722079277038574, 19.04341697692871, "unts for the NHIS\u2019s complex survey design. \nStatistical Inference \nUsing the weights described above , we conducted tests for stati stical significan ce for both the \nbinary outcome variables (seri ous or moderate mental distress) and the continuous "]
[11.492883682250977, 19.02827262878418, "(3) self-insured, self-administered. In the empirical work, indicator variable s were created using the following logic: An individual was \nconsidered to be fully insured if they were not self-insured, as define d by an indicator variable \nsourced di"]
[12.299044609069824, 20.107383728027344, "atory disorders \n(nature-of-injury code 65); poiso ning\u2014chemical, other than meta ls (nature-of-injury \ncode 66); poisoning\u2014metal (nature-of-injury code 67); dermatiti s (nature-of-injury code \n68); radiation (nature-of-injury code 70); all other occ"]
[12.292380332946777, 20.16585922241211, " 4,235 372 124 73,936 \nTable C.3. Prevalence of Serious or Moderate Mental Distress by  Occupation, Gender, and Age, 2013\u20132019 CHIS \nOccupation Group  First Responders and \nComparison Groups Firefighters and  \nComparison Groups Peace Officers and  \nC"]
[12.267975807189941, 20.175846099853516, "6% 36.9% \nN (Unweighted) 1,170 819 2,056 238 236 494 935 583 1,565 \n   \n175 Occupation First Responders Firefighters Peace Officers \nClaims \nAdministrato r Type Self-Insured, \nTPA Self-Insured, \nSelf-\nAdministered Total Self-Insured, \nTPA Self-Insure"]
[12.271828651428223, 20.19805335998535, "tal Only 1.0% 1.4% 0.8% 0.6% 0.6% 1.0% 2.2% 1.8% 2.9% 1.4% \nMental + Physical 0.2% 0.3% 0.2%  0.3% 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.6% 0.1% 0.4% \nCumulative, N ot Otherwise \nClassified 6.7% 5.4% 4.3% 3.4% 2.1% 7.7% 7.0% 3.6% 15.2% 4.7% \nN (Unweighted) 115,347 285,11"]
[12.253279685974121, 20.22100257873535, " at 24 Months, Mental Health Diagnosis on Bills (Intermediate \nDefinition) 18.9% 34.0% 25.1% 17.6% 36.3% 27.1% 19.1% 32.7% 24.3% \nMean Count of Denied Bills as % of Mean Bill Count, M ental Health \nDiagnosis on Bills (Intermediate Definition) 17.3% 3"]
[12.227506637573242, 20.217294692993164, " total FR OI submissions and has complete \nmedical bill data. \n   \n180 Supplementary Resu lts for Chapter 7 \nTable C.8. Paid Indemnity and Medical Benefit Cos ts for First Responder Claims Involving PTSD, by Benefit Type \n First Responders Firefighte"]
[12.540299415588379, 19.765625, " Context \nMeasures \nAs discussed in Chapt er 2, we used survey d ata on working condi tions and job demands \nfrom the Occupational Informatio n Network (O*Net) program to se lect occupations to \ncompare with peace o fficers and firefighter s. To iden"]
[12.553220748901367, 19.797075271606445, "49-9096, 47-4041, 47-2111, \n47-2121, 49-9071, 49-9097, \n53-3011, 49-1011, 37-1012, \n47-4021, 47-2031, 47-2152, \n49-2022, 47-2011, 53-7121, \n17-3029, 49-9099, 47-4051, \n47-5013, 53-7071, 13-1041, \n53-1000, 33-9011, 53-2022, \n33-1011, 11-9199, 39-4031,"]
[12.545099258422852, 19.786033630371094, "game wardens; millwrights; \nother health care practitioners \nand technical occupations; \naircraft pilots and flight \nengineers; wind-turbine \nservice techni cians; heating, \nair-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and \ninstallers; riggers; haza"]
[12.550484657287598, 19.797792434692383, "icians; \nsurveying and mapping \ntechnicians; transportation, \nstorage, and distribution \nmanagers; business \noperations specialists; all \nother  \n   \n186 Occupational \nGroup (as used \nin this report) SOC Occupation Titles SOC Codes Census Occupation "]
[12.570159912109375, 19.81096649169922, ", 1965, 6765, 6750, 1430, 3830, \n7360, 3540, 9030, 7440, 7315, 7560, 6720, \n6355, 7600, 9110, 6360, 7340, 7000, 4210, \n6230, 6700, 6440, 7020, 6210, 9740, 1550, \n7630, 6730, 6800, 9650, 0565, 9000 \n   \n187 Occupational \nGroup (as used \nin this report"]
[12.550840377807617, 19.808700561523438, "sors of \nmechanics, ins tallers, and \nrepairers; miscellaneous life, physical, and social science \ntechnicians; occupational \nhealth and safety specialists; \nmorticians, undertakers, and \nfuneral arrangers; health and \nsafety engineers, except \nminin"]
[12.565786361694336, 19.80937385559082, "\ngroundskeeping workers; \ntransportation, storage, and \ndistribution managers;  \nfirst-line supervisors of \nconstruction trades and \nextraction workers; business \noperations specialists, all \nother; first-line supervisors of \nlaw-enforcement workers;"]
[12.390109062194824, 19.702606201171875, " \nElectronic Mail 4.15 3.83 3.49 3.81 0.35 \nContact with Others 4.62 4.52 4.66 4.34 0.28 \nTelephone 4.37 4.49 3.90 4.15 0.21 \nFace-to-Face Discussions 4.72 4.74 4.30 4.57 0.16 \nLetters and Memos 3.20 3.26 3.14 3.17 0.03 \nPhysical Work Conditions     "]
[12.395827293395996, 19.70534324645996, "nce  \n(firefighter minus  \nall occupations \nmean) \nImpact of Decisions on Coworkers or Company \nResults 4.26 4.22 4.38 3.84 0.42 \nFrequency of Decisionmaking 4.25 4.18 4.31 3.84 0.41 \nPace Determined by Speed of Equipment 2.07 2.30 1.59 1.93 0.14 \nSt"]
[12.389004707336426, 19.73247718811035, "ipment, Such \nas Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full \nProtection Suits, or R adiation Protection 2.84 2.09 1.22 1.37 1.69 1.15 \nIndoors, Not Environmentally Cont rolled 3.26 3.39 2.39 2.38 2.3 1 0.95 \nExposed to Contaminants 3.70 3.54 3.08 3.07"]
[12.399906158447266, 19.7425594329834, "2.95 3.05 3.42 2.71 3.10 \u20130.15 \nDegree of Automation 1.91 2.13 1.60 2.01 2.16 \u20130.26 \nPace Determined by Speed of Equi pment 1.26 1.68 1.22 1.63 1.93 \u20130.67 \nNOTES: Mean O*Net Work context r esponses for peace officers and  comparison groups examined i"]
[12.240472793579102, 20.275890350341797, "on 6.4 [data set], Min neapolis, Minn.: IPUMS, 2019. \nAs of June 22, 2021: https://doi.org/10.18128/D070.V6.4  \n198 Bovin, M. J., B. P. Marx, F. W. Weathers, M. W. Gallagher, P. R odriguez, P. P. Schnurr, and  \nT. M. Keane, \u201cPsychometric Properties o"]
[12.20119857788086, 20.275798797607422, "ty ,  \nlast update January 26, 2021. As of September 9, 2021: \nhttps://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/DWCForm1.pdf \nDepartment of Veterans Affairs a nd Department of Defense, \u201cVA/D OD Clinical Practice \nGuideline for the Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disord"]
[12.242202758789062, 20.114072799682617, "o. 4, February 15, 2016,  \npp. 737\u2013744. As of June 25, 2021: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26890595 \nJahnke, S. A., W. S. Poston, N. Jitnarin, and C. K. Haddock, \u201cHealth Concerns of the U.S. Fire \nService: Perspectives from the Firehouse,\u201d Amer"]
[12.24753475189209, 20.214746475219727, "7376669 \nKubiak, S. P., M. L. Beeble, and D. Bybee, \u201cUsing the K6 to Ass ess the Mental Health of Jailed \nWomen,\u201d Journal of Offender Rehabilitation , Vol. 48, No. 4, 2009, pp. 296\u2013313. \n\u201cLabor Code 5402: Division 4. Workers\u2019 Compensation and Insuran"]
[12.244794845581055, 20.27430534362793, " As of June 30, 2021: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31971929 \nProchaska, J. J., H. Y. Sung, W. Max, Y. Shi, and M. Ong, \u201cVali dity Study of the K6 Scale as a \nMeasure of Moderate Mental Dist ress Based on Mental Health Trea tment Need and \nUtil"]
[12.24991226196289, 20.162443161010742, "2, 2003.  \n204 Tiesman, H. M., S. Konda, D. Hartl ey, C. Chaumont Menendez, M. Ridenour, and S. Hendricks, \n\u201cSuicide in U.S. Workplaces, 2003\u20132010: A Comparison with Non-W orkplace Suicides,\u201d \nAmerican Journal of Preventive Medicine , Vol. 48, No. 6,"]
[12.202289581298828, 20.374483108520508, ", D . S. Herman, J. A. Huska, and T. M. Keane, \u201cThe PTSD Checklist: \nReliability, Validity, and Diagnostic Utility,\u201d Annual Meeting of ISTSS , San Antonio, Calif., \n1993. \nWeathers, F. W., B. T. Litz, T. M . Keane, P. A. Palmieri, B. P. Marx, and P. "]
[12.987516403198242, 4.271470546722412, "OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS.\nEFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS.\nReducing Deaths in Law\nEnforcement Custody\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs for the Criminal Justice System\nBY DUREN BANKS, MICHAEL G. PLANTY, MADISON FANN, LYNN LANGTON, DULANI WOODS, MICHAEL J.\nD. VERMEER, BR"]
[12.99210262298584, 4.260632514953613, "t occur in law\nenforcement custody to provide necessary context to understand law\nenforcement's role.\nSupport more-reliable and comprehensive reporting to existing systems\nthat rely on law enforcement participation by allocating resources to data\npro"]
[14.712151527404785, 8.611944198608398, "Sponsored by Ascendium Education GroupEvaluation of the Minnesota \nDepartment of Correction\u2019s Career Navigators Program\nFinal Report\nLOIS M. DAVIS, MICHELLE C. TOLBERT, SUSAN TURNER\nCORPORATIONFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand."]
[14.710055351257324, 8.61204719543457, "incarcerated individuals.\nThe Minnesota Department of Corrections (MNDOC) recognized a key gap in its education strategic \nplan\u2014the lack of career navigators\u2014and conceived the Career Navigators (CN) program to address this gap. The Ascendium Educatio"]
[14.707891464233398, 8.616615295410156, " of Justice \nfor their thoughtful review of this report.vSummary\nIntroduction\nCareer navigators assist individuals with college and training opportunities when they return to the commu -\nnity and at the front end of the corrections process (while the"]
[14.712006568908691, 8.614041328430176, "ted with other state staff in its design of the CN program, those who \noversaw the EMPLOY\n1 and transition coordinator programs felt that they should have been more involved \nin identifying gaps in services, determining how best to avoid duplication,"]
[14.717698097229004, 8.615334510803223, " to include a greater emphasis on supporting transition to postsecondary education after release. The CN supervisor also hoped the career navigators could begin supporting the American Job Centers in the facilities. However, the CN program was unable"]
[14.714689254760742, 8.615923881530762, "ntation and by the early termina -\ntion of the program. As a result, we were unable to conduct a robust outcomes evaluation of the CN pro -\ngram. Although we were unable to measure the effectiveness of the CN program in the context of no signifi -\nca"]
[14.710354804992676, 8.619216918945312, "oject Timeline  ....................................................................................................... 13\nCareer Navigators  ..................................................................................................... 13\nPro"]
[14.711901664733887, 8.61573600769043, "............................................................... 35\nProcess Evaluation Findings  ......................................................................................... 35\nComparison of the MNDOC\u2019s Career Navigators Program with Othe"]
[14.71366024017334, 8.611873626708984, "programs that align with their interests and that will enable them to earn certificates or degrees in their chosen fields. In recent years, career navigators have been increasingly viewed as being an important part of correctional education, particul"]
[14.711112976074219, 8.614094734191895, "als and Approach\nThe process and outcomes evaluations assessed the implementation of the CN program, including who \naccessed career navigator services, how successful incarcerated individuals were in developing education and CTE plans and in completi"]
[14.72179126739502, 8.614480972290039, "ll its female offenders at this facility. \nMoose Lake/Willow River\u2022\n Cu\nstody level: Level 3 medium, Level 2 minimum\n\u2022 Th\nere are more than 1,000 male inmates at a Level 3 medium security prison off Highway 73 in \nMoose Lake and another 180 minimum-s"]
[14.724993705749512, 8.597668647766113, "ed post-release recidivism. The outcomes evaluation involved working closely with MNDOC to identify key outcome measures and to undertake data collection for the outcomes study. The primary outcomes of interest post-release from prison were (1) emplo"]
[14.728558540344238, 8.61378288269043, "erating over a stable period of time, with outcomes examined for a robust sample. We were, however, able to document key implementation experiences and challenges and provide short-term outcome information for a number of program participants.\nRoad M"]
[14.735745429992676, 8.61303997039795, "e used for the \noutcomes evaluation results presented in Chapter Five. Specifically, we present the descriptive statistics on the background characteristics of the CN program participants and the comparison group.\nMethods\nFor the comparison of backgr"]
[14.733880996704102, 8.613393783569336, " The vast majority of CN program participants were not married (92.2 percent). Almost all CN program participants had completed a secondary education degree, with almost three-quarters having a postsecondary degree. Although the CN program was provid"]
[14.738774299621582, 8.611891746520996, "r of CN program participants \nwere represented in the four groups defined as low, medium, high, and very high (Table 2.2).4 CN program \nparticipants have substantial prior records. More than half had 12 or more total convictions, with almost \nhalf ha"]
[14.737550735473633, 8.608414649963379, "nt \n(MNDOC, undated-b).The Sample9TABLE 2.2\nBackground Characteristics\u2014Risk, Commitment County, and Offense Categories: Career \nNavigator Program Participants and Comparison Group\nGroup\nCN Program \nParticipants  \n(N = 373)Comparison  \n(N = 298)Total "]
[14.728536605834961, 8.615118026733398, "Offense category sexual indicator  (n, %) 0.13362\n0. No 319 (85.5%) 242 (81.2%) 561 (83.6%)\n1. Yes 54 (14.5%) 56 (18.8%) 110 (16.4%)\nOffense category drug indicator  (n, %) 0.03692\n0. No 296 (79.4%) 255 (85.6%) 551 (82.1%)\n1. Yes 77 (20.6%) 43 (14.4%"]
[14.715688705444336, 8.613624572753906, "ncluding implementation challenges and lessons learned.\nContext on Career Navigators Program \nProject Timeline\nFigure 3.1 shows the project timeline, including when the career navigators were hired and trained and when \nCN services began and ended.\nC"]
[14.714184761047363, 8.612517356872559, "es, creating partnerships to further expand the employer base in several different industries, and facilitating job placement.\n1 MCEC is the organizational structure for teaching and learning in the MNDOC.FIGURE 3.1\nProject Timeline\nDecember 2018\nJan"]
[14.714344024658203, 8.611834526062012, " Education staff and other career navigators to support at-risk participants. Serve as the primary liaison between MNDOC Education, DEED, DHS, Minnesota state, and employer partners to ensure that expectations, goals, and objectives are synchronized."]
[14.707889556884766, 8.612726211547852, "in most meetings by conference call or reviewed meeting minutes. Several months after being hired, the career navigators received cell phones and laptops, which helped them collect data and communicate with their students who were in the community.\nR"]
[14.710609436035156, 8.615720748901367, " provide students with the career navigator\u2019s business cards. After release, the student was expected to call the career navigator. If that did not happen, the career navigator called them. After the initial phone call, the career navigators were req"]
[14.718232154846191, 8.611114501953125, "ors began working in the facilities and community. Because of COVID-19, however, most of the qualitative data collected came from the career navigators\u2019 experiences in the facilities.\nConception\nAs mentioned earlier in this chapter, MNDOC Education c"]
[14.709432601928711, 8.616620063781738, "integration process at the facilities and with other staff. For instance, the education staff at the facilities had to be reminded that the career navigators were part of the education program and not a separate service.\nDespite these challenges, sta"]
[14.703863143920898, 8.629106521606445, "ctional facilities, with \nthe goal of serving up to 650 participants per year. \n4 No employment code covered this type of position within the MNDOC.Evaluation of the Minnesota Department of Correction\u2019s Career Navigators Program: Final Report20workin"]
[14.70676326751709, 8.616252899169922, "Chapter Five, only 44 percent of CN program participants had been released by August 2020, when the CN program effectively ended.\nPromising Features of Career Navigators Program\nDespite the early implementation challenges, the CN program was beginnin"]
[14.708203315734863, 8.61522388458252, " providers, who recognize the value of academic and career counseling in helping students navigate the postsecondary education system. In addition, several states have also implemented these types of programs for incarcerated students. We examined ho"]
[14.699740409851074, 8.541470527648926, "w the attention of researchers and practitioners, who have documented the need for career navigators and developed resources to support these roles.\nLegislation\nThe Second Chance Act was first passed in 2007 and reauthorized in 2018 as part of the Fi"]
[14.694869995117188, 8.617086410522461, "nsure access to necessary workforce investment activities and supportive services, using, where feasible, computer-based technologies; and (B) to provide job, education, and career counseling, as appropriate during program participation and after job"]
[13.877477645874023, 8.982532501220703, "t they were most successful when they customized their services to the labor market and an individual\u2019s needs; had knowledge of education and training options; formed partnerships with community-based organizations, colleges, and employers; and were "]
[14.700990676879883, 8.6139554977417, "gram, \nwhich was designed for youth and young adults, also documented the importance of providing case management and support with navigating education, workforce development, and social services (Cramer et al., 2019).\nCareer Navigator Resources\nTo s"]
[14.703553199768066, 8.614967346191406, "ment in criminal activity.\n\u2022\n Ja\nils to Jobs initiative: Launched in 2018 and expanded in 2019, Jails to Job was created by the New York \nCity mayor\u2019s office to provide counseling support and tailored programming in the jail that continues after rele"]
[14.70772647857666, 8.613790512084961, "eeds. For example, coordinators may provide additional support to those identified as \u201cunderearners,\u201d meaning they are not making a living wage. \nHIRE staff also focus on developing and maintaining strong relationships with employers. As noted \non th"]
[14.688310623168945, 8.621424674987793, "eentry education navigators. The navigators are responsible for helping students achieve their education and career goals. They also serve as a liaison between the students, prison staff, and community college staff. In prison, the navigators work wi"]
[14.706986427307129, 8.616520881652832, " lack access to \ncritical services and supports and may be less likely to continue their education. When Knoth and Fumia wrote their report, colleges in the seven highest-return counties had navigators. According to the SBCTC policy associate who was"]
[14.702018737792969, 8.612992286682129, "sponsibilities, and Hiring and Training Practices\nCommon In-Prison Roles and \nResponsibilitiesCommon In-Community Roles and \nResponsibilitiesCommon Hiring and Training \nPractices\n\u2022 Provide academic and career \nc\nounseling.\n\u2022 En\ngage students in devel"]
[14.761124610900879, 8.61556339263916, "d Bender, 2010).\nApproach\nOur outcomes analysis examined those individuals who had been released from prison as of August 2020. Table 5.1 shows the percentage of the CN program participants and a comparison group who had been released.\nBy August 2020"]
[14.773250579833984, 8.622296333312988, " than 5 percent of all \nparticipants were returned to custody within six months of release. At one year, 8.5 percent of the CN program participants had been returned to prison, compared with slightly less than 12 percent of the comparison group. The "]
[14.74392318725586, 8.59089183807373, "er of individuals, the reported employment quarter fell during the time that the person was in prison for \nthe most recent incarceration. We did not include those earnings in our analyses.\n2 These percentages of participants who were employed and the"]
[14.732829093933105, 8.603179931640625, "5,797.2 (14,520.92) 12,995.6 (12,428.97)\nMedian 9,643.0 12,133.0 10,095.0\nRange 62.0; 63,220.0 104.0; 57,455.0 62.0; 63,220.0\nEmployment post-release (year 1 wages) with zeros0.69762\nN 165 60 225\nMean (SD) 6,674.8 (10,522.00) 7,635.3 (12,784.47) 6,93"]
[14.705686569213867, 8.615257263183594, "fying gaps in services, determining how best to avoid duplication, and leveraging existing resources. Some staff members felt that the career navigators should have focused primarily on education rather than employment because employment assistance w"]
[14.72459888458252, 8.61298656463623, " This, in turn, had implications for the outcomes analysis.\nDelays in implementing the CN program had implications for the full implementation of the CN model. \nAlthough the grant period began in 2018, the six-month delay in hiring (as a result of ad"]
[14.728667259216309, 8.61013412475586, "mpared with slightly less than 12 percent of the comparison group. The type of prison return was similar for both groups. Less than 10 percent returned in the first year after release; the vast majority of those were supervision returns. Individuals "]
[14.714533805847168, 8.611990928649902, "ITION PURPOSEThis position will work in a team setting utilizing primary partnerships with other state \nagencies, including DEED, DHS, and Minnesota state; it will also partner with MNDOC departments, including reentry, parole, case management, MINNC"]
[14.714076042175293, 8.610920906066895, " state; it will also partner with MNDOC departments, including reentry, parole, case management, MINNCOR EMPLOY, and Transitions.\nThis position exists to provide advanced, comprehensive career planning, job search, and goal setting \nwith many offende"]
[14.713689804077148, 8.61082649230957, " employer data and participant employment data. Create high levels of communication with employment groups and other state agencies on the benefits of hiring exoffenders. Work with partnering agencies and MNDOC Education, DEED, and the Transitions, a"]
[14.715104103088379, 8.611091613769531, "                          Priority    Time    Discretion\n  \n                     A       40\n%         A  \nAdvising and participant case management: Use expertise in state agency programs and resources to make appropriate referrals for all participant"]
[14.714227676391602, 8.612258911132812, "and maintain documentation and reposts that meet reentry grant guidelines. \nF. Mo\nnitor monthly progress reports, provide necessary follow-up, and enter required data into \nthe MNDOC electronic system as appropriate. \nG. Cr\neate program policies and "]
[14.71458911895752, 8.611183166503906, "d development purposes. \nE. Re\nports for duty as scheduled. Uses time wisely. Minimizes all types of waste and is conscious \nof costs. DEED Description for the Career Navigator Position45Responsibility Statement\nWorkplace values: Every individual is "]
[14.715056419372559, 8.61099624633789, "behavioral \ninterventions, community resources navigation, and employment acquisition and retention techniques\n3.\n Kn\nowledge of WorkForce Center services\n4. Kn\nowledge of the DHS program resources and services\n5. Kn\nowledge of DEED and community res"]
[14.74365520477295, 8.601642608642578, "ctly to the Education Director at the home facility and indirectly to the MNDOC Director of Career Technical Education at Central Office. Informal consultations occur as needed with seeking advice or gaining approval on such matters as how to effecti"]
[14.762094497680664, 8.576578140258789, "es)  \nwith zeros0.7174b\nN 165 60 225\nMean (SD) 2,196.7 \n(3,582.31)2,395.0 \n(4,314.87)2,249.6 \n(3,782.48)\nMedian 0.0 0.0 0.0\nRange 0.0; 19,394.0 0.0; 16,369.0 0.0; 19,394.0\nEmployment post-release (third quarter)  (n, %) 0.7233a\n0. No 103 (62.4%) 39 ("]
[14.760973930358887, 8.578601837158203, "ort52CN \n(N = 165)Comparison  \n(N = 60)Total  \n(N = 225) p value\n0. No 165 (100.0%) 60 (100.0%) 225 (100.0%)\nEmployment sector (year 1 post-release): construction  \n(n, %)0.2023a\n0. No 83 (91.2%) 24 (82.8%) 107 (89.2%)\n1. Yes 8 (8.8%) 5 (17.2%) 13 (1"]
[14.761750221252441, 8.57168960571289, "ional, scientific, and technical services  (n, %)0.6444\na\n0. No 159 (96.4%) 57 (95.0%) 216 (96.0%)\n1. Yes 6 (3.6%) 3 (5.0%) 9 (4.0%)\nEmployment sector (year 1 post-release): management of companies and enterprises  (n, %)0.3895\na\n0. No 90 (98.9%) 28 "]
[14.760101318359375, 8.577984809875488, "ration  (n, %)\n0. No 91 (100.0%) 29 (100.0%) 120 (100.0%)\nEmployment sector (year 1 post-release) with zeros: public administration  (n, %)\n0. No 165 (100.0%) 60 (100.0%) 225 (100.0%)\nEmployment post-release (first and second quarters)  \n(n, %)0.7163"]
[14.75938892364502, 8.566390037536621, "loyment sector (first and second quarters \npost-release) with zeros: wholesale trade  (n, %)0.1727a\n0. No 160 (97.0%) 60 (100.0%) 220 (97.8%)\n1. Yes 5 (3.0%) 0 (0.0%) 5 (2.2%)\nEmployment sector (first and second quarters post-release): retail trade  "]
[14.756677627563477, 8.563389778137207, "ond quarters post-release): administrative and support and waste management and remediation services  (n, %)0.3641\na\n0. No 45 (59.2%) 18 (69.2%) 63 (61.8%)\n1. Yes 31 (40.8%) 8 (30.8%) 39 (38.2%)\nEmployment sector (first and second quarters post-relea"]
[14.726384162902832, 8.5729398727417, "RRS Correctional Adult Reentry Education, Employment, and Recidivism \nReduction Strategies\nCOVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019 \nCTE career technical education\nDEED Department of Employment and Economic Development\nDHS Minnesota Department of Human Serv"]
[14.78635311126709, 8.513957977294922, "t, and Michael Rocque, The Predictive Performance of the Minnesota Screening Tool Assessing \nRecidivism Risk (MnSTARR): An External Validation , St. Paul, Minn.: Minnesota Department of Corrections, \nNovember 2019. As of December 29, 2021: https://mn"]
[14.762675285339355, 8.488643646240234, "ncarceratedinWashingtonPrisons.pdf\nLewis-Charp, Heather, Issue Brief: Moving Justice-Involved Individuals into Employment: Michigan\u2019s M-CAM \nExperience , Oakland, Calif.: Social Policy Research Associates, September 2017. As of October 4, 2021: \nhttp"]
[14.731067657470703, 8.518034934997559, "10publ199.pdf\nPublic Law 113\u2013128, Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, July 22, 2014. As of January 5, 2022: \nhttps://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-113publ128/pdf/PLAW-113publ128.pdf\nPublic Law 114\u2013224, Strengthening Career and Technical Educ"]
[6.1515278816223145, 16.440317153930664, "Can Adaptive Reuse of \nCommercial Real Estate Address the Housing Crisis in Los Angeles?\nAppendixes\nJASON M. WARD, DANIEL SCHWAM\nCORPORATIONFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA1333-1 .\nAbout RAND\nThe RAND Corporation is "]
[6.0473246574401855, 16.456836700439453, " expanding the housing supply that \nincludes increasing the production of both publicly funded affordable h ousing and market -rate \nhousing, incentivizing increased density for infill housing projects, doubling down on such \ninnovations as modular h"]
[6.026304721832275, 16.438079833984375, ".........  8 \nData Sources and Taxonomy of Commercial Real Estate  ................................ ................................ ........ 8 \nConstructing Our Analysis Data Sets  ................................ ................................ .."]
[6.032562732696533, 16.42997169494629, "....  66 \nReferences  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 67 \n \n    vi Figures and Tables  \nFigures  \nFigure A.1. Distribution of Vacancy Rates Amon"]
[6.034200668334961, 16.445711135864258, " ................................ ................................ ..........................  60 \nTables  \nTable A.1. Mean Characteristics of Underutilized Commercial Real Estate in Los Angeles  ...... 15 \nTable B.1. Common City of Los Angeles Multi"]
[6.032532215118408, 16.448646545410156, "ta cut we use is to restrict our attent ion to properties in Los \nAngeles County. The other restrictions we incorporate relate to characteristics that we \nhypothesize to be more likely to make a property amenable to adaptive reuse  (AR). We list each"]
[6.022212982177734, 16.435483932495117, "cal \narea in our analysis.  Apart from mean travel time to work, our variables of interest can simply be \nsummed across all census tracts to yield a value for the CPA or other municipal area. A similar \nprocedure is performed  for the microdata extra"]
[6.023641109466553, 16.4317626953125, "the meaning of vacancy is different for  hotel/motel properties versus office  \nand retail properties. For this class of properties, vacancy rates measure the available rooms at a \npoint in time. Furthermore, the hotel/motel sector has experienced a "]
[6.033977031707764, 16.398475646972656, "ood . Within the \nboundaries of the City of Los Angeles , we use subareas called  CPAs. These areas are \ngeographies defined in the City of Los Angeles \u2019s General Plan Land Use Element that are used \nto establish neighborhood -specific goals and plan"]
[6.0337748527526855, 16.422527313232422, "each. Although these municipalities (e.g., Torrance, Inglewood, El Segundo) are \ntechnically \u201ccontained \u201d by the narrow strip of Los Angeles linking the Port of Los Angeles to the  core of the city, \nwe viewed them as less integrated into the geograp"]
[6.053805351257324, 16.460344314575195, "(83,364)  \nNumber of observations  796 777 677  318 425 276 \nNumber of stories  2.0 2.6 1.5  2.2 2.8 1.8 \nStandard deviation  (1.2) (1.6) (0.8)  (1.5) (1.8) (1.0) \nNumber of observations  796 785 696  319 430 284 \nYear built 1962  1972  1971   1966  "]
[6.047574520111084, 16.46161651611328, " Can Have Lower Development Costs  \nHigh housing production  costs in Los Angeles have been highlighted as an important \nlimitation on future economic growth and an impediment to social mobility (Nichols, 2019; \nWoetzel et al., 2019) . Factors behind"]
[6.0437798500061035, 16.45844078063965, " the inclusion of restrictive labor \nregulations that has led to the recent failure of numerous housing -related bills (Tobias, 2021) .  \nLacking this so rt of streamlining, developers interested in pursuing the AR of CRE may need \nto rely, instead, "]
[6.040587425231934, 16.46181297302246, "30 beds under \nthe R4 use and must be a minimum of 600  feet from another shelter outside the Central City CPA). See Los Angeles \nCity Planning, 2020,  for more details.  \n \nIn many cases , however,  a change of use, even to a permitted residential u"]
[6.042129039764404, 16.46478843688965, "ible for). Properties acquired for the purpose of \ndemolition and new construction may not be used in this manner.  \nOther Incentives May Increase the Feasibility of an Adaptive Reuse Project  \nPrograms aimed at incentivizing denser housing or more -"]
[6.062275409698486, 16.467214584350586, "ng development. Such coalitions have successfully defeated numerous state -level \nupzoning measures , including the controversial SB 50, which failed to pass in 202 0 (Koseff, \n2020). \nCRE conversion may sidestep both of these strains of opposition. "]
[6.0386128425598145, 16.460424423217773, "nable to reach through email or phone messages.  \nThe group we interviewed over this period comprised  \n\u2022 three Los Angeles \u2013based architects  \n\u2022 one Los Angeles \u2013based structural engineer  \n\u2022 one Los Angeles \u2013based developer of market -rate projects"]
[6.0087361335754395, 16.44603157043457, "ince spreading the fixed costs of any AR project across more units will reduce per -unit \ncosts (as is also the case for new construction projects). However, differences in \nacquisition price and num erous other factors may affect the viability of sp"]
[5.975197792053223, 16.46823501586914, "ility upgrades. Existing utilities in commercial buildings will usually require \nsubstantial upgrades. Affected systems often include electrical service, fire and domestic \nwater pumps, f ire hydrants, sewer service , and heating, ventilation, and ai"]
[6.017801284790039, 16.460044860839844, "struction costs \nand the diversion of the entire developer fee into the p roject allowed for this project to be \ncompleted. Another expert who has worked on numerous projects in DTLA suggested \nthat a building code change that accompanied the 2000 Lo"]
[6.044999599456787, 16.474973678588867, "nt \napprovals for nonconforming conditions in a building, reducing delays and redesigns.  \n\u2022 High levels of coordination among team members.  Multiple interviewees also stressed the \nneed for a much greater  than normal level of interaction and commu"]
[6.033181190490723, 16.46017837524414, "ified as \u201chomeless\u201d under the federal McKinney -Vento Homeless Assistance \nAct (National Center for Homeless Education, undated) \u2014may complicate conversions  of these \nproperties into permanent housing. A potential upside of this phenomenon is that m"]
[6.083486557006836, 16.498645782470703, "t by a requirement that the average unit size \nof an AR project be 750 square feet. Figure B.1 demonstrates the effe ct of such an average size \nrequirement by tracing out a curve that relates the number of 450 -square-foot units included in a \n100-u"]
[6.042158603668213, 16.45785903930664, "450 Square Foot Units \n(Out of 100)\nSize of Remaining Units Required to Meet 750 Square Foot Average  28 without provisions for parking but quickly discovered that this was not an issue at all in terms of \nfinding tenants for the h ousing. Research o"]
[6.333860874176025, 16.67820930480957, "arth of larger projects and that these projects affected by the \nagreement had construction costs that were approximately 15 percent higher than projects not \naffected by the agreement. To increase the c omparability of the projects used in this anal"]
[6.383121013641357, 16.713916778564453, "since the former units are simply larger , meaning \nthat each unit costs more in materials. The inclusion of this variable along with the \nnumber of units in each project also effectively controls for the overall size of the project , \nsince the actu"]
[6.311864852905273, 16.658525466918945, "terest rate of various \nbond funding programs (for example, Proposition HHH \u2013funded projects were eligible for \na 50 percent interest rate reduction).  \n\u2022 Controls for the target population types of a project.  Specific characteristics of \nsupportive"]
[6.053692817687988, 16.469831466674805, "ese project s primarily use buildings that had some history of serving as housing or \nquasi-housing (two were apartment buildings in poor condition, two were small hospital -related \nfacilities, and one was originally a school that had also served as"]
[6.007493019104004, 16.421098709106445, ", Southgate, Downey, \nBellflower, Norwalk, Santa Fe Springs, La Habra Heights, La Mirada, Norwalk, Lakewood, \nCompton, Hawaiian Gardens, Southgate, Mayw ood, Commerce, Paramount, Artesia,  and \nCerritos; and parts of unincorporated L os Angeles Count"]
[6.033681392669678, 16.450557708740234, " excludes class A properties . \nFigure C.2 . Sale Prices for Studio Apartments and Equivalent Area in Office Properties  \nPanel A. Western Los Angeles    Panel B. Central Business District        Panel C. Southeast Los Angeles  \n \nSOURCE : Author cal"]
[6.0549211502075195, 16.440458297729492, "by about 40 percent, from an average rate of about 6.5 percent to 9 \npercent by late 2020.15 There is evidence of a broadly similar pattern in retail vacancies, but the \nmagnitude is about ha lf the size, or about 20 percent (an increase from about 5"]
[6.0418925285339355, 16.45411491394043, "effects of COVID -19 on \nthe utilization of different types of CRE. Hotel and motel vacancies reflect significant declines in \nrevenue and a higher probabili ty of fiscal distress in this property sector (Singh, 2021) . Increases \nin office vacancies"]
[6.035963535308838, 16.451112747192383, "9. Retail \nreal estate prices are likely to continue to decline because of  the pandemic (especially apparel, \nconsumer electronics, and furniture ) with a continued increase in brick-and-mortar closures \n(Wahba, 2021) . \nHotel and m otel properties "]
[6.062804222106934, 16.4630126953125, "se as interim or permanent housing \nfor people experiencing homelessness under the state of California \u2019s Project Homekey.  \nWe note again that this approach to generating an analysis sample is crude and that th e \ncomplexity that is typical of many "]
[5.997967720031738, 16.44976806640625, "nt, high -quality transit , and other \namenities, as well as addressing historic patterns of discrimination through downzoning and \nother means that have reduced social and economic opportunities for racial and ethnic minorities \nand low-income indiv"]
[6.0103759765625, 16.442232131958008, "le) ; average commute time to work  Greater proximity to high -quality transit and \nlower commute times will reduce vehicle \nmiles traveled.  \nAccess to jobs -rich areas  Number of workers per square mile  Higher numbers of worker per square mile \nin"]
[6.029371738433838, 16.43450355529785, "socioeconomic opportunities for residents. It is notable tha t most of the \nProject Homekey acquisitions we identify are within these transit corridors, reflecting the fact \nthat this criterion is part of the points system used in awarding this fundi"]
[6.0252275466918945, 16.435869216918945, "buted across areas, so certain CPAs in our analysis may have relatively high transit \nridership, while many others reflect nearly 100 percent car commutes. To the extent that transit \nusers experience longer commutes because of the  mode of transport"]
[6.036919593811035, 16.445093154907227, " lower than \ncurrent rents. Using Zillow rental cost data for City of Los Angeles single -family plus \nmultifamily properties from the beginning of 2017 (the midpoint of the time span of our Cens us   48 Bureau data) to September 2021, we calculate t"]
[6.018117904663086, 16.427221298217773, "rea comprising thousands of luxury high -rise condominium properties.    49 density for each of the 43 CPAs and municipalities to generate a single i ndex that allows these \ngeographies to be ranked by this simple proxy measure of area resources and "]
[6.013252258300781, 16.421789169311523, "he distribution of underutilized CRE \noverlaid on a map of Los Ang eles County subdivisions.  \nFigure E.5. Distribution of Underutilized Real Estate  at the County Subdivision Level,  by Mean \nTravel Time to Work   \nPanel A. Hotel/ Motel Properties  "]
[4.389317512512207, 18.102205276489258, "r this  study. I will share their contact information with you via email, text, or verbally, \nwhichever you prefer.  \n \n[Information to be provided:  \nThe RAND Human Subjects Protection Committee can be reached toll -free at (866) 697 -5620 or by \nem"]
[6.041802406311035, 16.460132598876953, "ing over lays?  \n \n3. What challenges in putting together funding are unique to adaptive reuse projects \nrelative to new construction?  \na. Potential probes: Are traditional sources of funding like LIHTC credits available \nonce rezoning has been secu"]
[6.255924224853516, 16.465517044067383, "Areas Previously Reserved for Single -Family Homes, \u201d The Oregonian , August 13, 2020. \nAs of November 30, 2021:  \nhttps://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/08/portland -changes-zoning-code-to-allow-\nduplexes-triplexes-fourplexes -in-areas-previously "]
[6.26725435256958, 16.456218719482422, " Reject Turning Parking Lot into 500 \nHousing Units, \u201d San Francisco Chronicle , October 28, 2021.  \nDuara, Nigel, \u201cNewport Beach Was Supposed to Build 2 Affordable Units in 8 Years \u2014Why So \nLittle?\u201d CalMatters , January 8, 2021 . As of October 14, 2"]
[6.313239097595215, 16.4167537689209, "view of Proposition HHH , Los Angeles: \nLos Angeles Office of the Controller, October 8, 2019. As of October 13, 2021:  \nhttps://lacontroller.org/audits -and-reports/high -cost-of-homeless-housing-hhh/ \nLall, Jessica, Marie Rumsey, Shane Phillips, an"]
[6.422043323516846, 16.263046264648438, " -2020-greater-los-angeles-homeless-count-results \nManson, Steven, Jonathan Schroeder, David Van Riper, Tracy Kugler, and Steven Ruggles, \nIPUMS National Historical Geographic Information System: Version 16.0 [data  set], \nMinneapolis, Minn.: IPUMS, "]
[6.274704933166504, 16.459434509277344, ", Mills Act Program Application \nGuide 2019 , Los Angeles: City of Los Angeles, January 2019. As of November 30, 2021:  \nhttps://planning.lacity.org/odocument/e822f19f -4756-40c8-8e41-\n27bed9057bc1/2019% 20Mills%20Act%20Application%20Guide_FINAL_1.pd"]
[6.288837432861328, 16.4523868560791, "dix D : \nHistoric Preservation , Washington, D.C., January 28, 2016 . As of February 25, 2022 : \nhttps://westladraftmasterplan.org/documentation/draft -master-plan \nWahba, Phil, \u201cUBS Sees Another 80,000 U.S. Stores Closing by 2026, \u201d Fortune, April 5"]
[12.907219886779785, 4.503515720367432, "Police Killings: Road Map of Research Priorities for Change\nIn this report, RAND Corporation researchers summarize what is currently known \nabout killings committed by police officers in the United States and identify existing \nevidence about various"]
[13.859591484069824, 4.601401329040527, "pursue transparency in our research engagements through our commitment to the open \npublication of our research findings and recommendations, disclosure of the source of funding of published research, and policies to \nensure intellectual independence"]
[13.905044555664062, 4.221046447753906, " \ndisruptive technologies on risk and security. For more information about the RAND Center for Global Risk \nand Security, visit www.rand.org/international/cgrs.html or contact the director (contact information is pro -\nvided on the webpage).\nRAND Soc"]
[12.908631324768066, 4.498752593994141, "ice violence more broadly) from a critical mass of agencies. This \nlack of data has a domino effect on research, restricting the topics that can be assessed and the rigor with \nwhich such assessments can be done. Without better evidence, the ability "]
[12.904930114746094, 4.5112152099609375, "med at reducing police violence.\nResearch Priorities\nIn each of our five main focus areas\u2014data and reporting, training, policies, technology, and consequences \nfor officers\u2014and at the foundational level, we identified several priority research topics"]
[12.90673542022705, 4.500234127044678, "for research on this topic. Also at the foundational stage is data: Before the Summaryviistate of research on police killings can truly be improved, data collection by agencies on these behaviors\u2014\nregardless of the legality or reasonableness of an in"]
[12.920154571533203, 4.482907295227051, "t effects on police violence and killings to further reduce an agency\u2019s number of incidents \ninvolving police violence.\n14. Clarify the role of policies in governing technology use, including a focus on technology \nimplementation.\nTechnology 15. Cons"]
[12.91219711303711, 4.497655868530273, "................................................................................. 1\nPrevalence of Police Killings  ............................................................................................. 2\nWhen Are Police Killings Legitimate, Le"]
[12.908219337463379, 4.508852958679199, "sequences  ....................................................................................... 39\nWhat We Know  ............................................................................................................ 39\nWhat We Don\u2019t Know  .."]
[12.910035133361816, 4.498961925506592, "ding police leadership and decisionmaking. Sherman, 2018, identified some of the most \ncommonly recommended interventions for police killings (body-worn cameras [BWCs], de-escalation train -\ning, implicit bias training, early intervention systems, an"]
[12.90963077545166, 4.488892555236816, " of the term use of force exists, it has been used to refer to a range of behaviors, from \nverbal commands to serious injury or death. With the recent scrutiny on incidents in which excessive force \nhas been used, some scholars have described use of "]
[12.961030960083008, 4.334399700164795, "heir aftermath. Chapter Two provides more detail on this issue. Despite significant data challenges, several \nmajor efforts have been undertaken to collect nationwide counts of and basic details about police killings, \nallowing estimates of prevalenc"]
[12.914448738098145, 4.486743450164795, "ns happen and how to reduce them, we must first \nrecognize that not all violence used by officers against civilians, or even all fatal police shootings of civil -\nians, are excessive, wrongful, or criminal. As Bittner, 1974, described, \u201cPolice are em"]
[12.913503646850586, 4.491595268249512, "faced by the officers\u201d (Alonso, 2018). The Graham case fur -\nther clarified that, because \u201cofficers are often forced to make split-second judgments\u2014in circumstances that Police Killings: Road Map of Research Priorities for Change4are tense, uncertain"]
[12.924002647399902, 4.464433193206787, " of force itself, and often prior to the subject\u2019s noncompliance, \nresistance, or other physical actions upon which the use of force is immediately predicated.\u201d\nThese conclusions suggest that an extensive number of factors go into officer decisionmak"]
[12.912737846374512, 4.488626003265381, "ons. \nTo narrow the scope of the literature search to the most relevant sources, we identified five high-priority \nthematic groups\u2014or focus areas\u2014that captured the most published research and the most commonly dis -\ncussed topics regarding police kil"]
[12.92013931274414, 4.501094341278076, "viewees were identified from \nthe research team\u2019s professional networks; for additional interviewees, we used snowball sampling based on \nrecommendations from previous interviewees. The interviews were semistructured, following a unified topic \nguide"]
[12.903450012207031, 4.505382537841797, "on, however, we identified three issues that are threaded through -\nout most of the literature we reviewed and that are central to understanding police violence in the United \nStates today: racial inequalities, traditional policing culture, and polic"]
[12.912066459655762, 4.49337100982666, "accuracy\u2014or lack thereof\u2014in police records in which race and ethnicity are recorded. Often, the race or eth -\nnicity of people who come into contact with police is simply not recorded. When it is recorded, the listed race \nor ethnicity is likely base"]
[12.860323905944824, 4.624110221862793, "outcomes: \u201cPolicing as a response to crime \nproblems is in itself a policy decision that has implications for communities\u201d (Weisburd and Majimundar, \n2018).\nPolice Culture\nPolice culture and police unions can work in tandem to frustrate reform effort"]
[12.878286361694336, 4.571130752563477, "; Cunningham, Feir, and \nGillezeau, 2020), although this attention to unions is relatively recent (Harris and Sweeney, 2021). Police schol -\nars have argued that some elements of police culture\u2014especially those that prevent officer accountability\u2014\nca"]
[12.905708312988281, 4.507988452911377, "e more \naccountability. For example, in Boston, the mayor-elect campaigned on police reform in 2021 and aims to \nmake changes in union contracts, which expired in 2020, to force structural change in the police department \n(McDonald, 2021).Police Kill"]
[12.874425888061523, 4.550477027893066, "rmative) where changes can be made and their implications for racial inequities.\n2. Conduct research on aspects of law enforcement that teach and reinforce traditional police cul -\nture and norms and on how reform efforts might overcome resistance st"]
[12.953044891357422, 4.364279270172119, "mmission on Civil Rights provided recom -\nmendations to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to properly collect and make available information \non police violence. This urgent call from the field has remained consistent (White, 2016). Clear dis"]
[12.963228225708008, 4.292705059051514, "ng programs. \nThe analysis found that nearly half of police killings were not captured by existing federal monitoring sys -\ntems. It confirmed the accuracy of crowdsourcing estimates that the actual number of killings in 2014 and \n2015 by police was "]
[12.960762023925781, 4.3171772956848145, "time lag between data collection and publication, making it not useful to agencies; and the lack of \nproper data collection capabilities and uniform standards. Several interviewees claimed that although previ -\nous similar efforts have failed, they h"]
[12.971725463867188, 4.302259922027588, "Texas, Colorado, and Maine also require agencies to submit use-of-force data. Interviewees recommended \nthat other states replicate these efforts. We heard that, of the states with a data mandate, Texas may have the \nbest data in the country. \nWe spe"]
[12.9595365524292, 4.328834056854248, "\nupon way to measure use of force (Shjarback, 2018). Because of this, with the exception of some states with Police Killings: Road Map of Research Priorities for Change16TABLE 2.1\nComparison of Publicly Available Databases Reporting Police Killings\nM"]
[12.959084510803223, 4.340683937072754, " enforcement officer acting in the line of duty.Data and Reporting17advanced state-level data collection efforts, it is very difficult to compare statistics across agencies. The lack \nof consistency in measurement of use-of-force research is concerni"]
[12.921404838562012, 4.468099594116211, "Agenda Priorities and Recommendations\n1. Explore additional data sources and data that could provide a more reliable representation of a \npolice violence incident.\n \u2013One possibility of additional data sources is that body-camera footage (Peeples, 202"]
[12.956632614135742, 4.391223907470703, " involved. Overall, there is not enough pressure from police department leadership to pro -\nvide complete and correct data.\n3. Put more effort into collecting data on nonfatal police violence. \n \u2013Often the difference between a fatal and a nonfatal ou"]
[13.13162899017334, 4.377213954925537, "most likely to be encountered in the real world (Dayley, 2016). \nRecent work has found that officers\u2019 physiological responses during stressful situations can affect their \ncognition and behavior, but, over time, officers can learn to adapt to the str"]
[12.910837173461914, 4.606564521789551, "horrible.\u201d\nExperts identified implicit bias training as a popular current focus in many departments. Although lim -\nited, the research on implicit bias training has thus far found a change in officer attitudes  after the training, \nbut no difference "]
[12.725955963134766, 5.054606914520264, "ilians to feel a sense of moral alignment with officers, which enhances police \nlegitimacy . . . and thereby promotes cooperation and compliance\u201d (Terrill, Paoline, and Gau, 2016). One \nelement of procedural justice involves giving citizens a chance "]
[12.902383804321289, 4.50275993347168, "in certain situations, such as if a suspect was fleeing or if the suspect had stolen \na car (Phillips, 2015). There was a positive correlation between officers who felt that it was acceptable to use \nverbal force (i.e., to swear at a suspect) and off"]
[12.939698219299316, 4.522636413574219, " for improvement in current training approaches. Perhaps the emphasis in training on use of \nforce and not de-escalation is part of the explanation for the high level of police shootings. It is no surprise, \nthen, that all of the interview participan"]
[13.101110458374023, 4.443981647491455, "making skills. \n \u2013Evaluate scenario-based training, in which officers are put through realistic role-playing exercises in \nwhich they must make choices about how to respond to the types of incidents they may face. \n \u2013Explore possible transferrable le"]
[12.886813163757324, 4.522434234619141, " developmental disabilities (Wright, 2016), mental health \nchallenges, and other conditions should be included in officer training\n \u2013More-realistic, scenario-based training could improve officer performance but needs more develop -\nment and research "]
[12.901132583618164, 4.492616653442383, "olicies in agencies across the United States (Oba -\nsogie and Newman, 2017; Sinyangwe, 2016; Alonso, 2018; Jennings and Rubado, 2017; Garrett and Stoughton, \n2017; PERF, 2016). The reviews agree that there is very little consistency in use-of-force p"]
[12.900147438049316, 4.496403694152832, "ty of human life . . . at the heart of everything an agency does\u201d (PERF, 2016, p. 34). That report also \nadvised that while agencies do not have to create policies that are stricter than the Graham  standard, they \nshould. Thirteen of the principles "]
[12.898218154907227, 4.489989280700684, "ies identified by Campaign Zero have a great deal of overlap with PERF\u2019s guiding principles. \nCampaign Zero conducted an analysis of the impacts of these policies on police killings in 91 agencies and \nfound that the two policies with the greatest im"]
[12.902541160583496, 4.490562915802002, "es found that this lack of definition made it harder to identify these use-of-\nforce incidents in event reviews and made it easier for officers to obscure such actions within reports. This \nis likely true of departments across the country with vague "]
[12.902921676635742, 4.501802921295166, "on drawing a weapon are \nnecessary for fully understanding police killings and how to reduce them (Wheeler et al., 2018)\u2014especially \nwith regards to understanding whether and the extent to which racial bias plays a role in police killings. The \nautho"]
[12.90361499786377, 4.505737781524658, " Policies29to disrupt. The findings about addressing networked misconduct echo the discussion in Walker, 2018, on the \nuse of administrative policy to chip away at the police culture in support of greater officer accountability.\nFurther working to ch"]
[12.890951156616211, 4.49578857421875, "lice killings but also demands more-specific knowledge about how these \npolicies are implemented and how they work. Campaign Zero and other policy review studies thus present a \nstarting point for additional research into specific policies, their imp"]
[12.890372276306152, 4.502152919769287, "we get agencies to change their policies? A great deal of agency resistance to change is related \nto official agency policies: Because Constitutional bare minimums for use of force are a low bar, and agencies \nare not required to abide by a standard "]
[12.885839462280273, 4.496204853057861, " easy-to-use forms. Research is needed on how such policies Policies31should be written and implemented and how best to gain officer compliance with such reporting \npolicies.\n2. Identify the mechanisms by which specific policies reduce officer use of"]
[12.941374778747559, 4.45946741104126, "-race pairs of \npolice were the least intimidating and threatening to citizens, reducing officer perceptions that force \nis necessary, and that pairing experienced and inexperienced officers together can reduce use of force. \nPolicies that formalize "]
[12.934957504272461, 4.4710564613342285, " models, taking advantage of the staggered \nrollout of BWCs across U.S. law enforcement agencies. Of the three models, two indicated significant reduc -\ntions in civilian fatalities as a result of BWC adoption. In addition, we are aware of one non\u2013pe"]
[12.926826477050781, 4.517062664031982, "2019, based on observations and interviews shows that at least \nsome officers view electroshock weapons as alternatives to lethal force, including in situations where they \nbelieve lethal force would have been justified. At the same time, the study f"]
[12.939026832580566, 4.453814506530762, "her a suspect has a weapon, officers rely on the information provided by dispatch. Incorrect dispatch \ninformation may thus lead to unnecessary use of force or a shooting. Despite evidence from these studies, \nthey were both conducted in experimental"]
[12.933125495910645, 4.464104652404785, "tal context mentioned \nabove. The first is differences in levels of cross-stakeholder integration and cooperation in relation to BWC \nimplementation (which can affect the outcomes themselves); the second is differences in methodologies and \ndefinitio"]
[12.900897026062012, 4.480950832366943, "of the \nimplications of the paper by Ba and Grogger, 2018, is that training seems to matter, although this is a sugges -\ntion based on use of force not involving firearms.\nWhat are the circumstances of less-than-lethal use of force and its potential "]
[12.929725646972656, 4.468616008758545, " use and effectiveness varies \nby officer or unit types.\n \u2013Future research studies should conduct analyses at a more granular level\u2014i.e., at a level smaller than \ndepartment-wide analyses. This approach would ascertain whether it is possible that cer"]
[12.9066801071167, 4.512524604797363, "orce used, and progression of the \nencounter since its initiation or since the officer\u2019s dispatch. \n6. Clarify the role of policies in governing technology use, including a focus on technology imple -\nmentation.\n \u2013Future studies should also examine t"]
[12.914068222045898, 4.4944376945495605, "nvolved: (1) Prosecutors are reluc -\ntant to charge police officers, (2) grand juries are reluctant to indict, (3) trial juries rarely convict officers, and \n(4)\u00a0judges punish convicted officers comparatively lightly (Rose, 2018).\nIt is extremely dif"]
[12.827495574951172, 4.8784003257751465, " of civilian oversight are increasingly used to monitor and review police departments. \nIn addition to internal review mechanisms, law enforcement agencies are also increasingly subject to various \nforms of civilian oversight (Ali and Pirog, 2019; St"]
[12.902092933654785, 4.511091709136963, "atic assessments of their effectiveness, both in general and specifically with respect to \npolice violence (Stageman, Napolitano, and Buchner, 2018; De Angelis, Rosenthal, and Buchner, 2016). A \nreview of these boards (Decker and Shjarback, 2020) ide"]
[12.90369987487793, 4.514225959777832, "bar for justifying officer actions. In this regard, individual states can adopt their own standards of reason -\nable use of force, as was recently done by California (Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training, \nundated). Understanding the po"]
[12.906712532043457, 4.5111799240112305, " \u25a0abolishing qualified immunity or introducing higher standards (Christman, 2017; Cover, 2016)\u2014\nfor instance, some locations are passing laws limiting qualified immunity and/or requiring officers \nto pay part of settlements out of their own pockets ("]
[12.91614818572998, 4.482576370239258, "ufficient, reliable, and systematically collected data that \ncan be compared with data from other agencies. Before the state of research on police killings can truly be \nimproved, data collection by agencies on these behaviors\u2014regardless of the legal"]
[12.90703010559082, 4.445694923400879, "rm efforts might overcome resistance stemming from culture and norms.\n3. Conduct research on the role of unions in preventing accountability to agency policies and in shaping \nthe outcomes of cases involving police killings.\nData 4. Explore additiona"]
[12.91253662109375, 4.478861331939697, "ous research will allow police executives to better select approaches that are best for \ntheir department, using solid evidence in their decisionmaking.\nOutlook\nThe preceding sections offer a number of research recommendations that can shed light on "]
[12.900625228881836, 4.510385513305664, "or \nagenciesConsequences\n\u2022 Role of prosecutors in \noutcomes after unjusti/f_ied \npolice killingsPolice Killings: Road Map of Research Priorities for Change46the agency or to make the agency look bad. In some instances, even when the leadership of pol"]
[12.908669471740723, 4.503927230834961, "nal important lever is pressure on local elected officials, who nominally oversee police departments \nand are thus in a position to push for change in police practices and policies. Pressure on local officials can \nalso lead to changing of the police"]
[12.912007331848145, 4.4909162521362305, " (Graham, 2021) has threatened to shift attention away from discussions on police reform. \nSome cities even increased police budgets after publicly committing to taking a hard look at police resources \nand need (Covert, 2021). So, while progress has "]
[12.886096954345703, 4.500397205352783, "magazine/newspaper sources will be included.\n\u2022 Only publications since 2018 will be included.\n\u2022 Non-empirical sources will be included.\n\u2022 Only sources focusing on the United States will be included.\n\u2022 If not describing an actual executed policy chang"]
[12.923871040344238, 4.451842308044434, " OR sheriff OR cop OR cops OR policeman OR policewoman \nOR policemen OR policewomen)\n\u2022 Google Scholar Search 9: fatal AND (police OR sheriff OR cop OR cops OR policeman OR policewoman \nOR policemen OR policewomen)\n\u2022 Google Scholar Search 10: deadly A"]
[12.933213233947754, 4.4306230545043945, "ssociation of Chiefs of Police\nLEMAS Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics\nNUFDC National Use of Force Data Collection\nNVDRS National Violent Death Reporting System\nNYPD New York Police Department\nPERF Police Executive Research For"]
[12.857418060302734, 4.582508087158203, "nie, Jonathan, and Christy E. Lopez, \u201cKeeping Each Other Safe,\u201d Police Quarterly , Vol. 20, No. 3, 2017, \npp. 295\u2013321. \nAspinwall, Cary, and Simone Weichselbaum, \u201cColorado Tries New Way to Punish Rogue Cops,\u201d The Marshall \nProject , December 18, 2020"]
[12.995792388916016, 4.3431782722473145, "=gscholar&cbl=1336360\nBuehler, Emily D., State and Local Law Enforcement Training Academies, 2018\u2014Statistical Tables (NCJ 255915) , \nWashington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2021. As of July 24, 2020:  \nhttps://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh"]
[12.874007225036621, 4.5395989418029785, "21:  \nhttps://www.cityofws.org/DocumentCenter/View/16499/4-Line-item-adopted-budget-w-notes-Police-FY-21\nCivil Rights Division, The Civil Rights Division\u2019s Pattern and Practice Police Reform Work: 1994\u2013Present , \nWashington, D.C.: U.S. Department of "]
[12.86844539642334, 4.557986736297607, "ing the Use of Force: De-Escalation Training for Police Officers , thesis, Monterey, Calif.: Naval \nPostgraduate School, 2016. As of July 24, 2020:  \nhttps://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/50529/16Sep_Dayley_Eric.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yPol"]
[12.87211799621582, 4.545106887817383, "Agency \nPolicies on Conducted Energy Device Use and Police Use of Lethal Force,\u201d Police Quarterly , Vol. 17, No. 4, 2014, \npp. 328\u2013358. \nFisk, Catherine L., and L. Song Richardson, \u201cPolice Unions,\u201d George Washington Law Review , Vol. 85, 2017, \np. 71"]
[12.894145011901855, 4.501136779785156, ", Nancy La Vigne, Jennifer Yahner, and Amanda Geller, The Science of \nPolicing Equity: Measuring Fairness in the Austin Police Department , Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 2016. \nAs of October 20, 2021:  \nhttps://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/"]
[12.863988876342773, 4.544081687927246, "olice Use of Force: \nData Quality Concerns and the Potential (Mis)Use of Statistical Evidence to Address Police Agency Conduct,\u201d \nCriminal Justice Policy Review , Vol. 27, No. 5, 2016, pp. 455\u2013479. \nHollis, Meghan E., \u201cMeasurement Issues in Police Us"]
[12.900931358337402, 4.499164581298828, "thal Force: Remedying Shooter Bias with Marial Arts Training,\u201d Law & \nContemporary Problems , Vol. 79, No. 3, 2016, pp. 145\u2013172. \nLevin, Benjamin, \u201cWhat\u2019s Wrong with Police Unions?\u201d Columbia Law Review , Vol. 120, No. 5, 2020, \npp. 1333\u20131402. \nLin, Y"]
[12.890169143676758, 4.534804821014404, "Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 2021, pp. 1\u201332. \nMoyer, Michael, Police/Citizen Encounters: An Examination of Less Lethal Weapons, Their Effectiveness, and \nOfficer Decision Making, Fayetteville, Ark.: University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 2015"]
[12.881988525390625, 4.534156322479248, "learinghouse/  \nOIG-NYC-Police_Use_of_Force_in_New_York_City.pdf\nPhillips, Scott W., \u201cPolice Recruit Attitudes Toward the Use of Unnecessary Force,\u201d Police Practice & Research , \nVol. 16, No. 1, 2015, pp. 51\u201364. \nRichardson, Joseph B., Christopher St"]
[12.87122917175293, 4.553613185882568, "Officer \nDecision-Making and Force Used or Avoided in Arrest Situations: Tulsa, Oklahoma and Cincinnati, Ohio Police \nUse of Force Narrative Data Analysis Report , Cincinnati, Ohio: International Association of Chiefs of Police/\nUniversity of Cincinn"]
[12.834503173828125, 4.704407215118408, "cy: Procedural Justice, \nUse of Force, and Occupational Culture,\u201d in Mathieu Deflem, ed., The Politics of Policing: Between Force and \nLegitimacy , Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing, 2016, pp. 59\u201376. \nThomas, Kyle J., Peter A. Collins, and Nichol"]
[12.868206977844238, 4.561479091644287, "ly Force: Reexamining the Importance of \nAdministrative Policy,\u201d Crime & Delinquency , Vol. 47, No. 1, 2001, pp. 131\u2013151. \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cTransactional Encounters, Crisis-Driven Reform, and the Potential for a National Police Deadly Force \nDatabase,\u201d Criminol"]
[13.278688430786133, 4.003778457641602, " Alexander Coppock, Evaluating the Effects of Police Body-Worn \nCameras , Washington, D.C.: The Lab@ DC, 2017. As of July 24, 2020:  \nhttps://bwc.thelab.dc.gov/TheLabDC_MPD_BWC_Working_Paper_10.20.17.pdf\nZimring, Franklin E., \u201cHow Many Killings by Po"]
[6.058137893676758, 16.463830947875977, "CORPORATIONResearch Report\nJASON M. WARD, DANIEL SCHWAM\nCan Adaptive Reuse of \nCommercial Real Estate Address the Housing Crisis in Los Angeles?\nAdaptive reuse (AR) refers to the repurposing of a building for a new, more valuable use \nwhile preservin"]
[6.039858818054199, 16.459718704223633, "rojects (Hernandez, 2018). \u2022 Los Angeles County Supervisors Hilda Solis \nand Kathryn Barger in February 2021 pro-posed that the county develop a list of unde-rutilized CRE that could be rapidly trans-formed into both temporary and long-term housing f"]
[6.042273044586182, 16.46417808532715, "tel/motel properties are primarily located in lower-ranked areas, whereas office properties are more common in higher-ranked areas. \n QInsights from a series of expert interviews with architects, developers, and engineers with AR experience \nsuggest "]
[6.042696952819824, 16.46419906616211, "ing, convert-ing an old warehouse into a dining hall, converting a hotel into housing, etc. In this report, we focus solely on the adaptive reuse of commercial build-\nings for residential purposes . More specifically, \nwe consider three types of comm"]
[6.060078144073486, 16.463756561279297, "nd publicly funded affordable housing. This dual focus is motivated by the fact that RHNA hous-ing goals are distributed according to the following household income levels used by the U.S. Depart-ment of Housing and Urban Development: very low income"]
[6.0485711097717285, 16.460834503173828, "ple index of socioeconomic and environmental factors. Section 5 looks at characteristics of AR policy through the lens of existing and proposed policies in Los Angeles, concluding with additional factors that may warrant further attention when creati"]
[6.055776119232178, 16.461627960205078, "ugh the state\u2019s Project Homekey initiative. Across the state, 94 hotels were purchased in 2020 and 2021 for this purpose, with 28 of these in the Los Angeles region (California Department of Housing and Community Develop-ment, 2021).\n3 Early evidence"]
[6.043886184692383, 16.464263916015625, "ewis, 2021).\nA 2021 report projected that, across the United \nStates, 20,000 housing units associated with AR proj-ects would come online in 2021 (Ciuntu, 2021). The same report estimated that AR projects representing another 52,700 units will start "]
[6.0377726554870605, 16.4603271484375, "sting building to be \nused in the calculated project value (or basis ), \nwhich determines the maximum award that \ncan be applied for. This is not the case when an existing building is slated for demolition. \n\u2022 Other streamlining legislation could inc"]
[6.041865825653076, 16.467021942138672, "ution\n \u2013 remediating structural deficiencies, such \nas water damage to below-grade walls, 8the presence of asbestos or lead paint, and \nunpermitted past additions or alterations that are not code compliant.\n\u2022 Although historic building status can qua"]
[6.053486347198486, 16.4752197265625, "1 provides a breakdown of the numbers of \nunderutilized CRE properties by type according to these two geographies, the total square feet of these properties, and two scenarios estimating the number of units that each property type could yield if full"]
[6.039546012878418, 16.46463394165039, "dings and $69 for residen-tial buildings (Preservation Green Lab, 2016). This amounts to 60 percent cost savings for commer-cial projects and 26 percent savings for residential projects.\nAdditional evidence on recent costs related to \nconverting hote"]
[6.050055980682373, 16.469345092773438, "er unit in total, or approxi-mately $62,000 per unit in conversion costs on top of an acquisition cost of just under $200,000 per unit (Tingerthal, 2021a). One affordable housing devel-oper we interviewed estimated that the total per-unit development"]
[6.054693698883057, 16.469820022583008, "ents that were not clear at the start of the project. Using construction \ncosts as the outcome, we found that AR projects cost 48 percent less than new construction projects ($164,000 less per unit).11Assessing Adaptive Reuse Feasibility \nUsing Marke"]
[6.040657043457031, 16.460859298706055, "Central Business District) to $185,000 per unit (West Los Angeles). These gaps suggest that a developer could spend up to this amount per unit on conversion costs (includ-ing any fees or profit) if these units could later be sold at current market pr"]
[6.029708385467529, 16.453237533569336, " office properties except perhaps in lower-cost areas, such as the Southeast Los Angeles submarket (and, even then, only for the development of studio units). FIGURE 1\nPrice Differences Between Multiunit Re sidential and Commercial Real EstateSale \u2013 "]
[6.022829532623291, 16.433406829833984, "eduction goals (Bed-sworth, Hanak, and Kolko, 2011). Fully accounting for these factors may justify the use of significant incentives or subsidies to produce housing in these high-resource areas. \nTo provide evidence on how the distribution \nof under"]
[6.012787342071533, 16.421913146972656, "sOffice Building Area\nRetail \nPropertiesRetail Building Area \nSquare  \nFeetPercentage \nof TotalSquare  \nFeetPercentage  \nof TotalSquare  \nFeetPercentage \nof Total\nWestwood 92 1 5,700 0.1 8 150,912 1.1 6 137,983 0.1\nWest Los Angeles 88 3 27,600 0.7 26"]
[6.037896156311035, 16.447982788085938, "35,050 0.9 5 91,005 0.7 4 83,778 2.9\nSouth Los Angeles 21 33 236,200 6.1 3 144,407 1.1 6 78,585 0.3\nSOURCE: Author calculations using CoStar, U.S. Census Bureau, and City and County of Los Angeles data.Table 2\u2014Continued16the city\u2019s focus on this area"]
[6.0369415283203125, 16.448728561401367, "third of the floor area of the associated room or space below it.\n\u2022 The application of alternate building codes \nand code interpretation for qualifying projects that provide greater flexibility in satisfying, for example, fire and safety requirements"]
[6.0338263511657715, 16.456148147583008, " construction. However, these standards are all written to provide (in the words of the Division 85 code) a \u201creasonable level of safety to the building occupants . . . in conformance with the provisions of California Health and Safety Code Section 17"]
[6.044344902038574, 16.46075439453125, "loping approaches to use these rankings \nto incentivize privately funded projects might prove \nmore difficult, since investors in a given project may not place specific value on the more abstract socioeconomic characteristics of a project. However, u"]
[6.059053897857666, 16.45570182800293, "of \nprojects that could produce needed market-rate hous-ing potentially being abandoned because of these requirements. The creative use of purely incentive-based mechanisms, such as time-limited property tax abatements (which would likely require sub"]
[6.033130168914795, 16.44986343383789, " a detailed descrip-tion of the data and the regression models used.\n8  We employ apartment size data from Chen, 2019, and Balint, \n2018, using 450 square feet for studio apartments, 725 square \nfeet for one-bedroom apartments, and 1,150 square feet "]
[6.1011810302734375, 16.457448959350586, "ounty the task of planning \nfor more than 340,000 units of housing for \u201cabove-moderate \nincome\u201d households (those earning more than 120 percent of the \narea median income level) over the next eight years (Southern \nCalifornia Association of Governmen"]
[6.094264984130859, 16.466012954711914, "from 2017 \nto 2021 in Los Angeles using a common set of funding sources, \nmaking them subject to many common cost-drivers, including \ncity regulations and planning requirements, regional labor and \nmaterials costs, and several funding source\u2013specific"]
[6.267994403839111, 16.433622360229492, "2021. \nBrown, Eliot, \u201cCasualty of Cities\u2019 Resurgence: The Suburban \nOffices Left Behind,\u201d Wall Street Journal , February 8, 2016. \nCalifornia Department of Housing and Community \nDevelopment, \u201cFinal Homekey Awards,\u201d data set, accessed on October 13, "]
[6.297452449798584, 16.464075088500977, "Making It Work: Legal Foundations for Administrative Reform of California\u2019s Housing Framework,\u201d Ecology Law Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4, 2020, pp. 973\u20131060.\nFrazier, Mya, \u201cWhen No Landlord Will Rent to You, Where Do \nYou Go?\u201d New York Times Magazine , "]
[6.258679389953613, 16.471158981323242, "ewis, Rebecca C., \u201cDueling Proposals to Convert Commercial \nProperties into Housing,\u201d City & State New York , April 2, 2021. \nAs of October 12, 2021: https://www.cityandstateny.com/policy/2021/04/dueling-proposals-to-convert-commercial-properties-int"]
[6.284432888031006, 16.44890785217285, "g Supply and Strengthen Accountability, Highlights Comprehensive Strategy to Tackle Housing Crisis,\u201d press release, Oakland, Calif., September 28, 2021b. As of January 31, 2022: https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/09/28/governor-newsom-signs-legislation-to-i"]
[6.333003997802734, 16.378400802612305, "to End Homelessness, August 2021a. As of October 7, 2021: https://endhomelessness.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Best-Inn-H2H-Case-Study_8-4-21.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014,  \u201cC a s a  L u n a ,  N a t i o n a l  C o m mu n i t y  R e n a i s s a n c e  (C O R E)  \nand U"]
[6.2318854331970215, 16.452392578125, "n, Tim Ward, Shannon Peloquin, Steve Kling, \nand Sucheta Arora, Affordable Housing in Los Angeles: Delivering \nMore\u2014and Doing It Faster , McKinsey Global Institute, \nNovember 2019. As of October 7, 2021: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-and"]
[6.056328773498535, 16.455364227294922, "s earning 30 percent \nto 80 percent of area median income and for the creation of 197,000 units for \nfamilies earning more than that amount. Meeting this goal would require the \nproduction of more than 100,000 homes per year over the next eight years"]
[15.019671440124512, 22.978200912475586, "Sponsored by the Mayor\u2019s Office for Economic OpportunityEvaluation of Mental Health \nFirst Aid in New York City\nAppendixes\nEUNICE C. WONG, MICHAEL STEPHEN DUNBAR, DANIEL SICONOLFI, \nANTHONY RODRIGUEZ, CHESTER JEAN, VANESSA N. TORRES,  \nROSEMARY LI, M"]
[14.993648529052734, 22.952356338500977, "ment of Corrections (DOC) \n5. Department of Education (DOE) \n6. Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) \n7. Department of Homeless Services (DHS) \n8. Department of Housing Preservation and Development \n9. Department of Information Technology "]
[14.989457130432129, 22.947481155395508, " a \nmental health problem or crisis to seek \nprofessional help  1 2 3 4 \nf Assisted a person who was dealing with a \nmental health problem or crisis to connect \nwith community, peer, and personal supports  1 2 3 4 \ng Become aware of my own views and "]
[14.945147514343262, 22.896547317504883, "Jay has been so desperate, he has been thinking of ways to end his life. \n What, if anything, do you think is wrong with Jay? Please type your answer below. [PROGRAMMER: OPEN-ENDED. ALLOW 500 CHARACTERS] SCENEA2 The next few questions contain stateme"]
[14.985932350158691, 22.94307518005371, " community feel that \nseeking treatment for mental health challenges \nis a sign of personal failure.  1 2 3 4 5 \nk Most people in my community think less of \nsomeone with a history of mental health \nchallenges.  1 2 3 4 5 \n \nMHG2 How confident do you"]
[14.9909086227417, 22.9484920501709, "ollowing questions ask about your workplace. Please indicate how much you agree or \ndisagree with each statement. \n  \n  \nStrongly \nDisagree  Disagree  Neither  \nAgree \nnor \nDisagree  Agree  Strongly \nAgree  Not \nApplicable  \na I feel comfortable util"]
[14.96937370300293, 22.923032760620117, " be most interested in learning more about? Please rank \nthem in order by entering 1, 2 and 3. \n1. Additional intervention skills \n2. Grief/bereavement \n3. Coping skills \n4. Domestic violence/intimate partner violence \n5. Eating disorders \n6. Effecti"]
[14.952831268310547, 22.905593872070312, "ther (specify) \n \n[PROGRAMMER: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY] DEM10 Are you Hispanic or Latino? \n1. Yes \n0. No \n \n[PROGRAMMER: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY] \nDEM11 Which of these groups best represents your race? (Select all that apply) \n1. American Indian or Alask"]
[14.983320236206055, 22.9400577545166, "nything, do you think is wrong with Jay? Please type your answer \nbelow.  \n Open -ended free \nwrite-in \nKnowledge of referral \nresources  I know wh ere I can refer individuals for help with their emotional or mental \nhealth challenges, including alco"]
[14.963027000427246, 22.92172622680664, " self -harm?   \n . . .encouraged to get professional mental health treatment?   \nReach Within Social \nNetwork  For each type of person, please indicate how many people you have used \nMental Health First Aid skills with in the past 6 months?   \n A fri"]
[14.988252639770508, 22.94594383239746, "ion s \nPerceptions of  \nFuture Training \nNeeds  I could use additional training to apply MHFA skills in my workplace  1 = Strongly \ndisagree; 5  = \nStrongly agree  I could use additional training in other mental health skills/topics (different \nthan "]
[14.946808815002441, 22.902313232421875, " or crisis  Asked a person \nwhether they are \nconsidering killing \nthemselves  Actively and \ncompassionately \nlistened  Offered basic \u201cfirst \naid\u201d and \nreassurance  Assisted with \nseeking \nprofessional help  Assisted with \nconnecting to \ncommunity \ns"]
[14.95724868774414, 22.91317367553711, " . \u201d (response options , never to frequently). Dichotomized for analysis as 1  = occasionally or \nfrequently, 0 = never or rarely . \nCI = confidence interval. MHFA = Mental Health First Aid. OR = odd s ratio.  \n(--) denotes no follow -up contrast tes"]
[14.95560359954834, 22.912555694580078, "  Offered basic \u201cfirst \naid\u201d and reassurance  Assisted with \nseeking professional \nhelp Confidence in \nhelpingb Knowledge of \nreferral \nresourcesc \n Main effect p -value \nGroup contrasts (OR, 95% CI)  \nAgency affiliation  p = 0.35  p = 0.59  p = 0.04"]
[14.951746940612793, 22.90784454345703, "Public safety/ criminal justice  -- -- -- 0.63 (0.34, 1.16)  -- \n \nSOURCE: RAND MHFA web survey, summer 2021 . \n  25 NOTE: This table shows estimates of associations between agency affiliation and agency group characteristic variables and responden t"]
[14.94898509979248, 22.904695510864258, "%  60.31%  59.24%  \nAnother identity  66.10%  37.29%  NR 62.71%  66.10%  62.71%  \nSexual orientation        \nStraight  67.54%  29.58%  86.86%  67.95%  64.51%  63.49%  \nOther sexual orientation  71.33%  30.12%  89.16%  67.47%  65.78%  66.99%  \nRace/ e"]
[14.949541091918945, 22.905305862426758, "ntly  \nFluent in a language \nother than English  69.68%  30.74%  88.52%  68.76%  65.64%  66.42%  \nSOURCE: RAND MHFA web survey, summer 2021 . \na \u201cAs a result of the Mental Health First Aid training, I have  . . . \u201d (response range : never to frequent"]
[14.944206237792969, 22.899736404418945, " -- -- -- (ref) -- \nBronx  -- -- -- 1.58 (1.20, 2.10)**  -- \nBrooklyn  -- -- -- 1.04 (0.80, 1.34)  -- \nOther/unknown  -- -- -- 1.11 (0.82, 1.50)  -- \nQueens  -- -- -- 0.98 (0.74, 1.30)  -- \nStaten Island  -- -- -- 1.17 (0.74, 1.87)  -- \nEducation  p "]
[14.939997673034668, 22.89561653137207, "1.04)  0.86 (0.57, 1.3 0) -- -- -- -- \n26\u201335  0.96 (0.75, 1.23)  0.78 (0.61, 1.01)  -- -- -- -- \n50\u201364  1.02 (0.83, 1.25)  1.03 (0.84, 1.25)  -- -- -- -- \n65+  0.63 (0.47, 0.84)**  0.67 (0.49, 0.93)*  -- -- -- --  \n     \n \nSexual orientation  p = 0.1"]
[14.947037696838379, 22.902799606323242, "ely and \ncompassionately \nlistened  Offered \u201cfirst aid\u201d \ninformation and \nreassurance  Assisted with \nseeking professional \nhelp Assisted with using \npersonal, peer, or \ncommunity support  \n Main effect p -value \nGroup contrasts (OR, 95% CI)  \nEnglis"]
[14.952207565307617, 22.908475875854492, "42)   0.52 (0.36, 0.74)***   \nNon-Hispanic Black only\u2009\u2009   -- 1.27 (1.00, 1.60)*  1.30 (1.03, 1.64)*  1.71 (1.32, 2.22)***  0.91 (0.70, 1.19)  \nNon-Hispanic NH/PI only\u2009\u2009   -- (not estimated)\u2009  (not estimated)  (not estimated)  (not estimated)\u2009  \nNon-H"]
[14.964973449707031, 22.921403884887695, "ent at all to very confident). Dichotomized for \nanalysis as 1 = very confident, 0 = fairly confident, slightly confident, or not confident at all.\u2009   \nc \u201cI know where I can refer individuals for help with their emotional or mental health challenges,"]
[15.033376693725586, 22.992565155029297, "t some community members did not participate? \n Effectiveness \n8. What aspects of MHFA have been most helpful in your community? \n9. In general, do you know whether and how your community members have used their MHFA knowledge and skills? [Remind par"]
[15.011590957641602, 22.970434188842773, "ctured Protocol for Post-Implementation Evaluation with Participants (RE -AIM, \n2021)  \n \nPrior to the interview:  \n\u2022 Review the consent forms with all participants and provide hard copies of the \nconsent form for individuals\u2019 personal records. \n\u2022 Co"]
[15.010237693786621, 22.969881057739258, " health knowledge/attitudes/stigma within your \nagency?  \n14. How has MHFA changed staff awareness of mental health resources available to clients, to City employees, and to New Yorkers in general?  \n Implementation  \n15. The 8-hour training was offe"]
[15.005683898925781, 22.96440887451172, "Sponsored by the Mayor\u2019s Office for Economic OpportunityEvaluation of Mental Health \nFirst Aid in New York City\nEUNICE C. WONG, MICHAEL STEPHEN DUNBAR, DANIEL SICONOLFI, \nANTHONY RODRIGUEZ, CHESTER JEAN, VANESSA N. TORRES,  \nROSEMARY LI, MICHELE ABBO"]
[15.032682418823242, 22.992021560668945, "rofits, and community-based organizations in 2015 to support the mental health of all New Yorkers through 54 priority initiatives. One of these initiatives involved the provision of in-person Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) trainings, first to staff a"]
[15.026570320129395, 22.985855102539062, "ations of the evaluation plan. We would like to acknowledge Annie Chen (who assisted with Chinese translation) and Ninna Gudgell (who assisted with Spanish translation) for their contributions to study recruitment materials for the focus groups. Addi"]
[15.029529571533203, 22.988758087158203, " suspended.  \nDuring the March 2020 COVID-19 shutdown, planning for an independent evaluation of the \nMHFA program was underway but had not yet been launched. In November 2019, the Mayor\u2019s Office for Economic Opportunity (NYC Opportunity), in collabo"]
[15.020346641540527, 22.978492736816406, "re (16 percent), law enforcement/public safety (2 percent), other (26 percent), or no occupation (15 percent). Because city agency employees were prioritized for MHFA training and were a primary group of interest (because of OCMH\u2019s focus on changing "]
[15.030007362365723, 22.98894500732422, "ty]) \n\u2022 city agency employee frontline staff (participation was only possible from the Human Resources Administration/Department of Social Services, a city agency with high survey response rates). \nA total of five focus groups (four CBO groups and on"]
[15.019129753112793, 22.978315353393555, "A skills. \n\u2022 Most survey respondents (90 percent) were correctly able to identify depression \nsymptoms from a vignette, but performance on a general knowledge test of MHFA \ncontent was low (50 percent on average), indicating room for improvement in s"]
[15.052709579467773, 23.012516021728516, "of CBOs viewed MHFA as well-aligned with their organizational and \nprogramming priorities, and some alluded to cultural shifts within their organizations.  \n\u2022 Mental health stigma was identified by focus group participants as a potential barrier to \n"]
[15.031583786010742, 22.99081802368164, "ed with  those who had completed MHFA training more recently (within the past \ntwo years), respondents who had completed training three or more years ago were less likely to engage in certain helping behaviors (e.g., active listening, assistance with"]
[15.04276180267334, 23.001859664916992, "f mandatory training could be explored further with a range of stakeholders with distinct vantage \npoints (e.g., city leadership, MHFA implementors, city agency leadership, city agency \nstaff, and agency clients). The three city agency employee focus"]
[15.05490779876709, 23.014787673950195, " their \ncommunities. \nOverall Acceptability of MHFA Training Was High, But Areas for Further Cultural \nAdaptation Were Identified \n\u2022 Survey respondents indicated overwhelmingly favorable attitudes toward MHFA training \nwith respect to its utility, co"]
[15.031429290771484, 22.99064826965332, "ss. xiii Although those who had completed training three or years ago were less likely to engage \nin certain helping behaviors compared with those who had completed training within the \npast two years of the survey, the continued application of many "]
[15.023199081420898, 22.981746673583984, "............................ 3 \t\nReport Structure  ........................................................................................................................................ 4 \t\nChapter 2. Methods ......................................."]
[15.007214546203613, 22.966035842895508, "................................................................................................................ 30 \t\nWhat Was the Impact on Mental Health Service Use Among Recipients of MHFA?  ........................... 32 \t\nWhat Was the Impact of "]
[15.009355545043945, 22.967681884765625, "and Comp arisons with \nCommunity -Based Trainees  ............................................................................................................. 50 \t\nUse of MHFA Skills  ................................................................."]
[14.979454040527344, 22.935958862304688, "........................................................................................... 63\t\nSummary of Sociodemographic and Community Group Differences  .................................................... 64 \t\nAge ..............................."]
[15.042154312133789, 23.001731872558594, "n  ...................................................................................................... 87 \t\nMaintenance  .............................................................................................................................."]
[15.011165618896484, 22.969999313354492, "ified Needs and Fortify \nHelping Behaviors  ........................................................................................................................ 97 \txvii Assess Whether MHFA or Similar Trainings Could Serve as a Promising Tool to "]
[15.005712509155273, 22.9643611907959, " ..... 30\t\nFigure 3.5. Types of Individuals with Whom Respondents Used MHFA Skills in the Past  \nSix Months ............................................................................................................................ 31\t\nFigure 3.6. P"]
[15.016572952270508, 22.975677490234375, "ferences in Perceived Future Training Needs by Agency Affiliation and \nCharacteristics ....................................................................................................................... 59\t\nTable 5.1. Differences in Confidence, K"]
[15.009218215942383, 22.968032836914062, " of suicide or harm, listen nonjudgmentally, give reassurance and information, encourage appropriate professional help, and encourage self -help and other support strategies (Forthal et al., 2022). \nMHFA has a standard adult course that focuses on ho"]
[15.031749725341797, 22.9910888671875, "s a limitation in the research literature (Hadlaczky et al., 2014; Narayanasamy et al., 2018). A systematic review of mental illness stigma interventions in the workplace (which included MHFA) noted the lack of high-quality evidence (e.g., lack of RC"]
[15.038459777832031, 22.997426986694336, "ortunity), in collaboration with \nDOHMH and OCMH, commissioned the RAND Corporation to conduct an independent evaluation of the MHFA program. At the time of the COVID-19 shutdowns, planning for a full-scale evaluation of NYC\u2019s MHFA trainings was unde"]
[15.033857345581055, 22.99296760559082, "ings from focus groups conducted with CBOs and a city agency involved in facilitating MHFA training.  \nIn Chapter 3, the individual-level impact of MHFA and training needs are examined by \naddressing the following questions: \n\u2022 How are trainees curre"]
[15.040694236755371, 22.999649047851562, "ctivities: a web-based survey of those who had received training since the \nprogram\u2019s launch in 2015 and a series of focus groups composed of community leaders and select staff from a city agency. This chapter describes the methodological decisions a"]
[15.01123332977295, 22.969532012939453, "nt) and those who had no work affiliation (23 percent). Community-based trainees also represented a variety of occupational fields, including mental health and social services (19 percent), education (17 percent), health care (16 percent), and law en"]
[15.011178016662598, 22.970186233520508, " survey assessed MHFA training-related outcomes that have been widely documented in \nthe literature (Hadlaczky et al., 2014; Morgan, Ross, and Reavley, 2018). Specifically, the \nprimary MHFA training-related outcomes include trainees\u2019 mental health k"]
[14.995392799377441, 22.954267501831055, "asured with a single item that has been found to be longitudinally \npredictive of subsequent application of MHFA skills (Morgan, Ross, and Reavley, 2018). \nSelf-perceived impact of MHFA on helping behaviors measures the frequency with which \ntrainees"]
[14.987792015075684, 22.94686508178711, " within trainees\u2019 social networks, respondents were asked to \nindicate in the past six  months the number of people they applied MHFA skills to for six  types of \nmembers within their social network (e.g., friend/family member, neighbor) (Ashoorian e"]
[15.001151084899902, 22.959732055664062, "resentative survey of U.S. adults that was sponsored by the American Psychiatric Association (American Psychiatric Association, 2020). Items measured levels of comfort with discussing mental health with coworkers and supervisors and seeking mental he"]
[15.009925842285156, 22.968170166015625, "encies, agency affiliation was \ntreated as a single categorical variable (i.e., affiliations were treated as mutually exclusive). Individuals who indicated being affiliated with multiple agencies were re-coded as \u201cmultiple agencies.\u201d Data for agencie"]
[14.98412036895752, 22.94248390197754, "blic safety /criminal justice  \nDepartment of Information \nTechnology & \nTelecommunications (DoITT)  Medium Low Housing /transportation/infrastructure  \nDepartment of Probation (DOP)  Medium Medium  Public safety/criminal justice  \nDepartment of Tran"]
[15.024771690368652, 22.982818603515625, " for analysis as Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan [reference category], Queens, Staten Island, or other).  \nAnalyses \nWe first examined item-level univariate descriptive statistics (means; frequencies) to \ncharacterize participant responses in the pooled s"]
[15.016572952270508, 22.974945068359375, "ttan, 20 versus 21 percent Queens, 4 versus 4 percent Staten Island, 14 versus 12 percent other), gender (78 versus 73 percent female), and ethnicity (24 versus 27 percent Hispanic).  \nHowever, differences were observed with respect to age distributi"]
[15.049214363098145, 23.008882522583008, "ty?  \n\u2022 How, if at all, have community members who have been trained in MHFA shared their MHFA knowledge or skills with other community members who did not \nreceive MHFA training?  \n\u2022 How has MHFA changed mental health \nknowledge/attitudes/stigma wit"]
[15.03916072845459, 22.9888916015625, "ion. Recruitment emails to Latinx community leaders included both English and Spanish translations, and emails to Chinese community leaders included both English and Simplified Chinese translations. Following these initial emails, RAND staff also att"]
[15.044912338256836, 22.99517059326172, "based leaders (July 2021)  11 4 4 4 \nLatinx community leaders (August 2021)  10 4 3 3 \nLGBTQ+ community leaders (September 2021)  7 5 3 3 \nHRA/DSS agency staff (November 2021)  4,995  14 5 3 \na Invitations were sent by email from NYC governmental/age"]
[15.126442909240723, 13.617144584655762, "taff debriefs held after each focus group, and review of the final transcripts (Guest, MacQueen, and Namey, 2012; McMahon and Winch, 2018; Nowell et al., 2017; Braun and Clarke, 2006). Together, this process generated theory-based codes (i.e., codes "]
[15.004571914672852, 22.963159561157227, "use among recipients of MHFA? \n\u2022 What was the impact of MHFA on trainees\u2019 well -being? \n\u2022 How are training experiences (i.e., time since completed training; MHFA trainer status, number of MHFA courses completed; receipt of additional non-MHFA mental "]
[14.996166229248047, 22.9541072845459, "HFA required for job    \nYes 814 30.85 \nNo 1,722 65.25  \nI don \u2019t know/not sure  103 3.90 \nOccupation    \nMental health and social services  586 22.21  \nFaith based  86 3.26 \nEducation  558 21.14  \nHealth care 371 14.06 \nLaw enforcement/public safety"]
[15.006983757019043, 22.965763092041016, "le and administrative data across most sociodemographic variables of interest. For example, survey respondents were well matched to trainees represented in administrative data in terms of borough of home residents, gender (e.g., survey: 78 percent fe"]
[14.96265983581543, 22.920995712280273, "gh (home residence)  \nBronx  16.29 17.68 \nBrooklyn  28.57 29.58 \nManhattan  17.32 15.11 \nOther  13.83 12.29 \nQueens  20.12 20.91 \nStaten Island 3.87 4.42 \nMissing  0.00 -- \nSOURCE S: RAND MHFA web survey, summer 2021, and DOHMH administrative data . "]
[14.99174690246582, 22.95026397705078, "ercent) agreed or strongly agreed that most people in their community think less of someone with a history of mental health problems.  \nHelping Behaviors \nRespondents reported on their confidence in helping others with a mental health problem, \nwhich"]
[14.998780250549316, 22.957477569580078, "and assess for risk of suicide or harm; listen nonjudgmentally; give reassurance and information; \nencourage appropriate professional help; encourage self -help and other support strategies . For more information on \nthe MH FA Action Plan, see Mental"]
[14.996757507324219, 22.956212997436523, "th whom trainees use MHFA to help others in the community, \nrespondents reported on their recent interactions with individuals who had a possible mental \nhealth problem, as well as their application of various MHFA skills with different types of indi"]
[14.996455192565918, 22.955537796020508, "ighbor or someone from my communityCo-worker/someone who I  see as part of my jobClient/someone I provide services as part of my jobFriend/family member\n% respondents32 Table 3. 3. Estimated Num ber of Individuals with Whom Respondents Used  MHFA Ski"]
[14.989913940429688, 22.9486083984375, "ting rarely (12 percent) or never (6 percent) using skills to help themselves. Many respondents (39 percent) also endorsed having frequently (20 percent) or occasionally (19 percent) used MHFA skills or knowledge to get counseling or therapy for thei"]
[14.999722480773926, 22.958232879638672, "th respect to the types of mental health training \nreceived, which could be associated with variations in MHFA training-related outcomes. For example, individuals in occupations that are often characterized by the receipt of professional education in"]
[14.967053413391113, 22.92416763305664, "gnificantly more likely to report being very confident in helping someone with a mental health problem (OR = 3.67, 95% CI 2.56\u20135.25, p < 0.001), to endorse knowledge of referral resources (OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.06\u20132.72, p < 0.05), and to endorse occasi"]
[14.988338470458984, 22.946582794189453, "ector) was significantly associated with confidence, \nknowledge of resources, and helping behaviors. Although the magnitude of differences varied slightly across specific outcomes, individuals in nearly all job types/fields show ed consistently \nlowe"]
[14.942439079284668, 22.900142669677734, "\nGroup contrasts (OR, 95% CI)  \nOccupation type (employment \nsector)  p = 0.001 p < 0.0001  p < 0.0001  p < 0.0001  p = 0.003 \nMental health and social \nservices  (ref) (ref) (ref) (ref) (ref) \nFaith based  0.64 (0.32, 1.28)  0.85 (0.5 0, 1.45)  0.39"]
[15.011674880981445, 22.970863342285156, " related to mental health literacy could be augmented to best meet the needs of New Yorkers. This section provides information regarding respondents\u2019 perceptions of MHFA training and future training needs.  \nPerceptions of MHFA Training  \nRespondents"]
[15.001599311828613, 22.960432052612305, "meone in distress, and more than two-thirds (68 percent) occasionally or frequently offered first aid information and reassurance. Despite the fact that virtually all trainees had completed city-sponsored MHFA training more than one year prior to com"]
[15.00400161743164, 22.962909698486328, "lem in the past six months. This is slightly higher than rates of such contacts reported in other studies of MHFA trainees. For example, among government employees in Australia, Kitchener and Jorm, 2004, reported that approximately 72 percent of MHFA"]
[14.996891021728516, 22.955806732177734, "Being \nOver 80 percent of survey respondents endorsed occasionally or frequently using information \nfrom MHFA training to support their own well-being. Of significant note, approximately 40 percent indicated obtaining counseling or therapy for their "]
[15.016072273254395, 22.975311279296875, "cency of MHFA Training \nWere Associated with a Greater Likelihood of Applying MHFA Skills, But Employer-\nRequired MHFA Training Was Unrelated to Skill Application  \nAttaining certification as a MHFA trainer, completing more than one MHFA course, and "]
[15.01702880859375, 22.976116180419922, "dorsed Community Mental Health Stigma as a Problem  \nAlthough most respondents did not endorse beliefs that mental health problems reflect \npersonal weakness (i.e., suggesting low personal stigma), perceptions of community attitudes \ntoward mental he"]
[15.028839111328125, 22.988330841064453, "s correctly identified symptoms of depression after completing online MHFA training.  \nHowever, performance in this study on other training-related targets indicated potential room \nfor improvement. For example, on a test of MHFA knowledge correspond"]
[15.000150680541992, 22.9588680267334, "n the ongoing application of MHFA and related skills to help others in their communities.  47 Chapter 4 . Survey Results  Among Subset of City Agency \nEmployee Respondents   \nBecause of OCMH\u2019s focus on changing the culture of government agencies, pro"]
[15.000627517700195, 22.959026336669922, "sion  1.29 \nDepartment of Veterans\u2019 Services  <1.0a \nDepartment of Corrections <1.0a \nDepartment of Housing Preservation and Development  <1.0a \nDepartment of Information Technology & Telecommunications  <1.0a \nDepartment of Probation  <1.0a \nDepartm"]
[15.002901077270508, 22.96153450012207, " transportation/infrastructure  \nHuman Resources Administration \n(HRA) Large Medium Health, community, social, or human \nservices  \nOffice of Labor Relations  Large Medium Other  \nPolice Department (NYPD)  Large Medium Public safety/criminal justice "]
[14.99642562866211, 22.954994201660156, "ks.  \nFinally, we assess differences in use of MHFA skills among city agency employee \nrespondents by agency affiliations and agency characteristics. To address questions related to differences in MHFA training-related outcomes across city agencies a"]
[14.998452186584473, 22.957338333129883, "1 5.36 \nOffered a distressed person basic \u201cfirst aid \u201d \nlevel information and reassurance about mental \nhealth problems  22.37 44.55 18.58 14.51 \nAssisted a person who was dealing with a \nmental health problem or crisis to seek professional help  24."]
[14.993534088134766, 22.952280044555664, "lls with clients in social services or health care settings), we also explored whether groups differed by self-reported occupation type to help contextualize findings related to use of MHFA skills with different types of individuals. City agency empl"]
[14.98793888092041, 22.946800231933594, "02). Compared with  individuals affiliated with agencies that provide \nhealth, community, and social/human services (reference category), respondents were significantly less likely to endorse being very confident in helping others with a mental healt"]
[15.004220008850098, 22.96292495727539, " those who worked in agencies focused on education (OR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.49\u20130.88, p = 0.005), housing, transportation, and infrastructure (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.18\u20130.61, p = 0.0003), public safety/criminal justice (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.30\u20130.97, p = 0.04)"]
[15.00883674621582, 22.96741485595703, "gh their employer. In contrast, fewer city agency employee respondents \u2014but notably more than one in ten (11 percent)\u2014indicated concerns about employer retaliation or fear of being fired if they were to seek mental health care. 57 Figure 4. 3. City A"]
[15.000624656677246, 22.9593505859375, "kely to \nagree or strongly agree that they could discuss mental health openly and honestly with coworkers (OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.42\u20130.82, p = 0.002). \nPerceived Need for Additional Training  \nTo assess the extent to which city agency employee responden"]
[14.982336044311523, 22.940914154052734, "Department of Housing Preservation and \nDevelopment  -- -- \nDepartment of Information Technology & \nTelecommunication  -- -- \nDepartment of Parks & Recreation (DPR)  -- -- \nDepartment of Probation (DOP)  -- -- \nDepartment of Transportation (DOT)  -- "]
[14.97821044921875, 22.937070846557617, " \nAmong those affiliated with a city agency, more than half of respondents indicated that they \nfelt comfortable discussing mental health with coworkers (65 percent) and supervisors (58 \npercent). Similarly, most indicated that they would feel comfor"]
[15.054738998413086, 23.01384735107422, "dose agencies may be less inclined to want more training because training principles are infused throughout the organization. It is also possible that individuals in higher-dose agencies have greater access or exposure to refresher trainings or relat"]
[15.000555992126465, 22.95928382873535, "a survey of educators in both rural and urban settings, Moon, Williford, and Mendenhall, 2017, found that 96 percent of respondents reported that they were likely or very likely to encounter students with mental health issues in their work, and 97 pe"]
[14.967070579528809, 22.923845291137695, "or multiple tests. Additionally, we conducted sensitivity analyses to examine whether group differences \npersisted after accounting for training and occupation-related factors (see Chapter 3). As detailed in Chapter 3 of this report, the effective su"]
[14.954679489135742, 22.911457061767578, "kely to report being very confident compared with  those who identified as non-Hispanic White. With respect to 65 knowledge of resources (agree or strongly agree with the statement \u201cI know where I can refer \nindividuals for help with their emotional "]
[14.941631317138672, 22.898775100708008, "Group Differences Adjusting for Training and \nOccupation-Related Covariates \nTo assess whether sociodemographic group differences from bivariate models persisted after \naccounting for training and occupation-related factors found to correlate with MH"]
[14.931913375854492, 22.88846778869629, "al/  \nstraight  -- -- -- -- -- \nOther sexual \norientation  -- -- -- -- -- \nGender identity  p = 0.02 p = 0.36  p = 0.06 p = 0.21 p = 0.96 \nWoman  (ref) -- -- -- -- \nAnother \nidentity  0.74 (0.36, 1.53)  -- -- -- -- \nMan  0.69 (0.52, 0.90)**  -- -- --"]
[14.973145484924316, 22.930776596069336, "hic group variables and respondents \u2019 self-perceived frequency of engaging in helping \nbehaviors \u201cas a result of Mental Health First Aid training, \u201d confidence in helping others with a mental health problem, and knowledge of mental health treatment o"]
[15.044256210327148, 23.0040340423584, "onal help). Hispanic and Black respondents were also more likely than their non-Hispanic White counterparts to agree that MHFA training address es topics important to their \ncommunity. Moreover, compared with  respondents who identified as non-Hispan"]
[15.039993286132812, 22.996423721313477, "address the specific needs of their communities in a culturally appropriate manner. These findings should be considered in the context of some limitations. For example, respondents differed from the broader population of trainees on some characterist"]
[15.047955513000488, 23.006587982177734, "mi -structured focus groups, one for each population, guided \nby the RE-AIM (Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) domains. These domains are described in more detail in Table 2.3 (Chapter 2) and were used to organize the f"]
[15.055185317993164, 23.015352249145508, " subsequently contacted MHFA coordinators to implement the training in their community. \nStakeholders in the Chinese, African American, and SGM groups explicitly described how \noffering MHFA training was aligned with their organizations\u2019 existing mis"]
[15.058072090148926, 23.01546287536621, "their hope was that the MHFA training would allow trained community members and volunteers to serve as a \u201cfirst step\u201d and \u201ca bridge\u201d to formal services:  \nthey can be able to give better suggestions, and they encourage them [persons \nwith mental heal"]
[15.058802604675293, 23.018638610839844, ", I think it \u2019s still \u2014for a short time we \u2019ll have to change the thousand years \nof these cultural barriers is not that easy. So we try to open up the dialog to \nencourage people, as many a s we can, to participate in the event. Of course, there \nar"]
[15.054424285888672, 23.013235092163086, "ty leaders described how trainees were using MHFA-related knowledge and skills. \nThey also identified specific aspects of MHFA training that they or their community members \nperceived to be helpful or unhelpful. \nTrainees \u2019 Use of MHFA Knowledge  and"]
[15.062971115112305, 23.022926330566406, "e on.\u201d They continued, \u201cWe\u2019re \nable to use a label and say this is what it is. It\u2019s mental health.\u201d Similarly, a Latinx community leader explained, \u201cIdentificamos muchas cosas que quiz\u00e1s antes, nosotros dir\u00edamos, \u00ab\u00bfqu\u00e9 es lo que est\u00e1 pasando?\u00bb.\u201d [\u201cWe"]
[15.074112892150879, 23.033506393432617, "hat the difference between depression, \nschizophrenic, you know, bipolar and all of those things made it a little \u2014it was \nhelpful for them to understand when their \u2014especially when their family \nmembers got a diagnosis, they could kind of put \u201cOh, t"]
[15.059122085571289, 23.01896095275879, "al for diffusion was cited by one leader in the African American community as a motivator for offering MHFA training to their constituents. \nOther aspects of diffusion were also identified. For example, an African American leader \ndescribed conductin"]
[15.061174392700195, 23.02104949951172, "ations in families, and the workshops created \u201cel canal de apertura\u201d [\u201can opening channel\u201d] to talk about mental health. \nLeaders from the SGM community perceived that MHFA had empowered staff to better \nserve their organizations\u2019 clients. As one lea"]
[15.073780059814453, 23.033981323242188, ". So they knew the topic and had empathy with the people, and they had\u2014 They were very flexible. . . . So they selected the staff very well. ] \nIn one case, a leader from the Chinese community noted that some trainers would benefit \nfrom a less \u201ctech"]
[15.058622360229492, 23.018260955810547, " that their constituents were unlikely to be accessing web sites that advertise the trainings, and they recommended \u201ccreando alianzas con todas las organizaciones de las ciudades donde van a presentar estos talleres y las organizaciones hacer la invi"]
[15.058696746826172, 23.018783569335938, "ing like that. It could last two or three hours. It would make \nit easier for the people to participate. ] \nA leader from the Chinese community said that they had initially planned to offer the standard \neight-hour training but ultimately offered it "]
[15.071961402893066, 23.031696319580078, "ese lines, a leader from the Chinese community group expressed a desire for 84 more \u201ccase stud[ies]\u201d during the training, which would \u201chelp people to understand the theory of \nthe situations,\u201d although it was not clear whether this was referring to m"]
[15.056266784667969, 23.015853881835938, "roups overwhelmingly asked for more MHFA trainings and were hopeful that MHFA 85 would eventually resume. As described earlier, SGM leaders expressed a desire for more \nculturally tailored MHFA, if it were to be offered in the future. \nLeaders in the"]
[15.061436653137207, 23.020362854003906, "omes, and participation barriers and facilitators. We remind 86 readers that findings from this group represent the perspectives of only three staff members; \ntherefore, they should be generalized to other agency employees with extreme caution. \nMoti"]
[15.021576881408691, 22.980697631835938, "nd then the agency as an organization could follow up by identifying and codifying best practices for working with clients. Finally, to promote participation in future MHFA-like initiatives, one of the participants pointed out the advantage to 87 \u201ca "]
[15.051504135131836, 23.010272979736328, "that the dual-trainer approach led to clashes in style. One of them elaborated: \nthe way their style comes across, like, or the way that the information comes \nacross or is delivered to  you, it\u2019 s like, it \u2019s totally different. . . . one is believab"]
[15.057823181152344, 23.017967224121094, "ligned with Community Organizations\u2019 Needs \nLeaders of community organizations in all four populations were aware of long-standing \nmental health needs in their communities, and this was a significant motivator to offer MHFA \ntraining to their commun"]
[15.056229591369629, 23.01620101928711, " al., 2017) and as articulated by \ncommunity leaders, stigma and shame are barriers to accessing mental health treatment. Prior \nresearch suggests that aspects of stigma, specifically negative attitudes toward help-seeking and greater self-stigma, ar"]
[15.061137199401855, 23.020729064941406, "demic-\nrelated disruptions to community activities and resource constraints. If MHFA or similar trainings are offered again in the future, city implementors might consider engaging communities in developing formal maintenance plans. For example, impl"]
[15.061366081237793, 23.021535873413086, "y integrated other ministry activities in the course of the MHFA training day and offered breakfast and lunch as part of the training. There may be other considerations or supports (e.g., providing child care resources) that would promote participati"]
[15.050041198730469, 23.009641647338867, "d for \nvideoconference trainings (e.g., for persons who could not travel, or persons with compromised immune systems). For context, we consider this finding in light of what is known from prior research examining differences in MHFA delivery and the "]
[15.047006607055664, 23.006263732910156, "Participants Identified Priority Areas for Future Trainings and Other \nResources \nLeaders in the Chinese, Latinx, and African American communities all desired a continuation \nof MHFA trainings, and SGM leaders also expressed a desire for MHFA trainin"]
[15.027793884277344, 22.987085342407227, " participants did not appear to know each other prior to \nparticipation, and therefore they may have been uncomfortable or unwilling to spontaneously disclose how training impacted their own mental health. We did not explicitly ask workers about the "]
[15.024808883666992, 22.984092712402344, "orted using the \nknowledge or skills learned in MHFA to help support their own well-being. This paralleled feedback from some focus group participants, who felt that MHFA training had a positive impact on their personal well-being. These findings are"]
[15.056410789489746, 23.016403198242188, "n-focused agencies.  \nCommunity \nMHFA trainings were offered in multiple CBOs and other publicly accessible venues \nthroughout the city in order to maximize training accessibility and extend the reach of MHFA to \nall New Yorkers, including those from"]
[15.004256248474121, 22.9637451171875, " of MHFA training in their native language was a major facilitator of MHFA\u2019s success in their communities. In this respect, focus group feedback revealed potential opportunities to improve reach and perceived benefits of MHFA training in diverse comm"]
[15.008075714111328, 22.967437744140625, "\u2022 Survey respondents presented with documented mental health needs, with over 50 percent reporting needing help for emotional or mental health problems in the past year and 8 percent meeting criteria for serious psychological distress in the past 30 "]
[15.056679725646973, 23.016740798950195, "respondents indicated the presence of community stigma\u2014\nagreeing that their community thinks less of someone with a history of mental health problems and that seeking treatment is seen as a sign of personal weakness. \n\u2022 CBO leaders in the focus group"]
[15.058745384216309, 23.018774032592773, "arency and reproducibility. A range of adaptation frameworks exist, and these \ntypically share common steps (Escoffery et al., 2019). The most relevant frameworks for \nadaption of MHFA training in this context may be those frameworks that explicitly "]
[15.01438045501709, 22.97379493713379, "hifting community norms around mental health. Social \nmarketing campaigns have gained traction as a tool to counter public stigma, but \nreductions in stigma tend to be strongest among persons reporting awareness of the \ncampaign rather than among the"]
[15.041884422302246, 23.000532150268555, "d to design and apply survey weights, the use of an English-language\u2013only survey, and the closing of the survey when the target number of community-based trainee respondents was reached. Although the survey sample was broadly representative of the po"]
[15.036812782287598, 22.995559692382812, "rying \nexposure to MHFA training, as well as population-level outcomes (e.g., workplace absenteeism \nand climate; community rates of unmet mental health need and discrimination). \nSeveral limitations are specific to the focus groups. First, participa"]
[15.019560813903809, 22.978734970092773, "orks, organizations, and communities that are primed to recognize and come to the aid of those who are in need of assistance. The positive findings must be tempered by the fact that this evaluation is limited in its ability to causally link the self-"]
[14.979394912719727, 22.938705444335938, "-MFANYC, 2018. As of June 7, 2022:  https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2497.html \nBanh, M. K., J. Chaikind, H. A. Robertson, M. Troxel, J. Achille, C. Egan, and B. J. Anthony, \n\u201cEvaluation of Mental Health First Aid USA Using the Mental Hea"]
[14.97024154663086, 22.929317474365234, "pp. 1\u201310.  \nCrisanti, A. S., L. Luo, M. McFaul, H. Silverblatt, and C. Pyeatt, \u201cImpact of Mental Health First \nAid on Confidence Related to Mental Health Literacy: A National Study with a Focus on Race-Ethnicity,\u201d Psychiatric Services, Vol. 67, No. 3"]
[14.998856544494629, 22.958053588867188, "e with a 20-Year Review,\u201d Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 7, 2019, p. 64.  \nGrant, J. Busby, C. P. Bruce, and P. J. Batterham, \u201cPredictors of Personal, Perceived and Self-\nStigma Towards Anxiety and Depression,\u201d Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"]
[14.997662544250488, 22.957019805908203, "g Messages in New \nZealand\u2019s Like Minds Campaign and Its Effect on Stigma,\u201d Social Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 2, June 2021, pp. 82\u201398.  \nKessler , R. C., P. R. Barker, L. J. Colpe, J. F. Epstein, J. C. Gfroerer, E. Hiripi, M. J. Howes, S. \nL. "]
[15.002461433410645, 22.961610794067383, "tal Health Systems, Vol. 3, No. 1, September 7, 2009, p. 19. 110 Mohatt, Nathaniel Vincent, Robert Boeckmann, Nicola Winkel, Dennis F. Mohatt, and Jay \nShore, \u201cMilitary Mental Health First Aid: Development and Preliminary Efficacy of a \nCommunity Tra"]
[15.010002136230469, 22.968524932861328, "hief Technology Officer, \n2018.  \nNYC Mayor\u2019s Office of ThriveNYC, \u201cThriveNYC: Promoting Mental Health for All New \nYorkers,\u201d 2021.  \nOlfson, Mark, Shuai Wang, Melanie Wall, Steven C. Marcus, and Carlos Blanco, \u201cTrends in \nSerious Psychological Distr"]
[15.000670433044434, 22.957929611206055, "cial Determinants of Mental \nHealth Among New York City Adults, New York: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2019.  \nWang, Philip S., Patricia Berglund, Mark Olfson, Harold A. Pincus, Kenneth B. Wells, and \nRonald C. Kessler, \u201cFai"]
[17.318727493286133, -0.08432469516992569, "CORPORATION\nSAMUEL PETERSON, BRIAN A. JACKSON, DULANI WOODS, ELINA TREYGER\nFinding a Broadly \nPractical Approach for \nRegulating the Use of \nFacial Recognition by \nLaw EnforcementResearch ReportFinding a Broadly \nPractical Approach for \nRegulating th"]
[17.3137149810791, -0.07812107354402542, "gislators and policymakers, criminal justice offi -\ncials, and society in general that should be understood, and further developments need to include efforts to \nmaximize the benefits of such technology while limiting the potential risks. This report"]
[17.383543014526367, -0.14984716475009918, "Approach for Regulating the Use of Facial Recognition by Law Enforcementivofficer, Clearview AI). We would also like to thank our peer reviewers, Kristin Warren from RAND and \nKatie Kinsey from the Policing Project, who provided valuable feedback tha"]
[17.394222259521484, -0.1615283489227295, "uracy complicated by the true positive not \nbeing included in the gallery (testing always includes correct answer)?\n\u2022 What is the additive or interactive effect of human and algorithm error on overall accuracy?Finding a Broadly Practical Approach for"]
[17.389724731445312, -0.155528262257576, "s That Might Come from \nFacial Recognition Use\n\u2022 Could FR use change police investigations by overemphasizing video evidence or diminishing other \ninvestigative skills to solve crimes?\n\u2022 Could the community view FR results as definitive or reduce rep"]
[17.378070831298828, -0.14666885137557983, "  .................................................................................. 24\nWhat Happens After the Facial Recognition Search?  ............................................................... 34\nLegal and Ethical Implications of Facial Rec"]
[17.37761116027832, -0.14524033665657043, " ............................................................................... 15\n 3.1.  Three Groups with Perspectives on Facial Recognition  .................................................. 22\n 3.2. Factors in the Facial Recognition Search Proc"]
[17.398656845092773, -0.16424232721328735, " willingness to exercise constitutional rights (e.g., because of \nfears of state surveillance and the abuse of power), the potential for FR systems\u2019 errors to lead to miscarriages \nof justice, and analyses that have suggested that biases embedded in "]
[17.399580001831055, -0.1635330319404602, " resources if technology acquisition efforts are disrupted or canceled; may \ncreate societal harms from lack of restriction on inappropriate use of these technologies, given uncertainty in \nmanagement structures and oversight; and may sacrifice the o"]
[17.393634796142578, -0.16110759973526, " to address \nthose concerns effectively. \nThis report is intended as a first step in accomplishing those goals. We examine, objectively, the various \ndimensions along which use of FR for law enforcement purposes can be considered. We also summarize \n"]
[17.393815994262695, -0.1603795439004898, "o note that each of the above methods of identification\u2014both the primary and \nsecondary\u2014has accuracy limitations that we will not discuss further in this report. \nFR can be viewed as a key advancement in methods of identification, with characteristic"]
[17.38990592956543, -0.15863941609859467, "e database, FR algo-\nrithms calculate the similarity in faces represented by pairs of images. Early geometry-based approaches \nplotted points on faces (see Figure 1.2) to measure the distances between facial features. Recent advances \nhave used deep-"]
[17.39165496826172, -0.15972815454006195, "ion)\n\u2022 Many \n(identification/ \nsurveillance)Probe image\n\u2022 One (verification/ \nIdentification)\n\u2022 Many \n(surveillance)Review\n\u2022 Trained examiner\n\u2022 Peer review\n\u2022 Decision\n\u2022 Submission of \nanother image FR comparison and \nsimilarity scoresIntroduction: Th"]
[17.387178421020508, -0.15373167395591736, "inding a Broadly Practical Approach for Regulating the Use of Facial Recognition by Law Enforcement6fidence score at which they would like the software to return results. This is set typically to limit the number \nof false positives. The software can"]
[17.395658493041992, -0.15972720086574554, "survey show that those who trust the police more also support police using FR technologies (see \nFigure 1.4). When there is lower trust among the community members, there is also lower acceptance of the \nuse of these technologies (dark blue in Figure"]
[17.39635467529297, -0.16248896718025208, "g and how \nFR could exacerbate both. In the most extreme application, a law enforcement organization, if given access to \na large-enough network of cameras equipped with FR, could track everyone\u2019s public movements extensively \nand with much less effo"]
[17.387107849121094, -0.1556350588798523, "gh-trust respondents\nLow-trust respondents\nHigh-trust respondents\nLow-trust respondentsIntroduction: The Use of Facial Recognition by Law Enforcement9historical reasons, there are racial disparities in arrests and therefore an overrepresentation of r"]
[17.379487991333008, -0.1490246206521988, "bout \nthe practical implications of small differences in accuracy (e.g., 0.06 percent or lower depending on the \napplication).12 Questions of how well these tests generalize to real-world conditions also need to be answered. \n12 Testing of demographi"]
[17.391597747802734, -0.16351091861724854, "moratoria are often temporary. Indeed, of the two states that had enacted full bans, Vir -\nginia has recently enabled use through regulation (the other state being Vermont). \nWhere FR is allowed, a more standardized approach would be of interest to a"]
[17.398527145385742, -0.165280282497406, "tant features of different types of FR use; the risks, benefits, and trade-\noffs; and policy guidelines that might address those risks. This description is intended to reflect the state of \nknowledge and practice at present, in an effort to summarize"]
[17.401166915893555, -0.16722342371940613, " Law Enforcement12Broader Concerns About Pervasive Surveillance and Artificial Intelligence \nThe technological capability to surveil large areas or track people across several areas using FR or other sur -\nveillance technologies already exists today."]
[17.393352508544922, -0.16029348969459534, "e questions as part of RAND\u2019s ongoing American Life Panel survey, which periodically surveys a nation -\nally representative panel of Americans. In particular, we were interested in how trust in law enforcement \nmight be affected by people learning th"]
[17.389404296875, -0.15831321477890015, "eir applications \nby individuals and organizations. A use case is defined generally as an example application of a technology or \nsystem to perform a specific task or achieve a specific goal (see, e.g., Brush, 2022). Often applied in the devel -\nopme"]
[17.396154403686523, -0.16220732033252716, "volve a system of inputs and outputs involving both human decisions (e.g., as influ-\nenced by policy, training, and experience) and FR software (e.g., data inputs, algorithm quality, software \nsettings). The entire system involved in any given use of"]
[17.39987564086914, -0.16133590042591095, "ddresses) of romantic interests, ex-partners or their \nnew partners, and celebrities. Officers could use the technology to identify both personal information and \npersonal locations or travel patterns, clear examples of misuse. Finally, another clear"]
[17.396331787109375, -0.1608334630727768, "igh-resolution images, \nmeaning that there are multiple potential ways to enhance an image, and it would not be clear which is cor -\nrect (Menon et al., 2020). Thus, the choices made in image modification could vary with unknown impact \non the final "]
[17.3981876373291, -0.1575135737657547, "count for. \n2 In this case, the FR algorithm would return the top-ranked results in terms of similarity or confidence score. This might be \nused in an exploratory way but could return low-quality results. \n3 We borrowed the label for this category fr"]
[17.395200729370117, -0.16066452860832214, "s (repeat); and providing private security, safety at \npublic events, and safety in public spaces\u2014including automated CCTV and movement tracking, police body \ncameras, and student-attendance tracking. \nUse and Misuse Cases in the Current Study\nMany o"]
[17.4062442779541, -0.17543691396713257, " 2.1\nHypothetical Use Cases for Interviews with Subject-Matter Experts\nType Description\nInvestigative use for theft CCTV images of a jewelry theft suspect are captured from multiple private businesses in the \nsame area. Police use multiple still imag"]
[17.400318145751953, -0.16412866115570068, "olars ( n = 5), researchers or oversight officials with expertise on FR use by \nlaw enforcement ( n = 3), and FR software company representatives ( n = 4). \nRecruitment \nWe used a combination of independent outreach, referrals from existing contacts,"]
[17.395299911499023, -0.162098228931427, "ne to many, or many to many? \nData sharing What type of data are being shared? With whom and for what purposes? \nPracticality Would other means of identification be overly burdensome, or is the situation time \nsensitive? What other biometric identifi"]
[17.39681625366211, -0.1611686497926712, "ntifying individuals and concerns from civil \nsociety groups stems partly from different emphases on the risks and benefits of using FR. Legal and policy \nactions in reaction to FR use or proposed FR use can respond to those risks and benefits, seeki"]
[17.394865036010742, -0.15936937928199768, "\ncentage of crimes for which a suspect is identified and arrested is quite low (e.g., homicide clearance rates \nare near 50 percent nationally and decreasing over time; Braga and Dusseault, 2018; Ousey and Lee, 2010; \nRodricks, 2021). However, the us"]
[17.395402908325195, -0.16295582056045532, "e of FR, risks mostly outweigh any benefits. These \nindividuals fall into two groups: individuals whose photo is taken in a particular location and submitted to a \nFR system for identification and the larger number of people whose photos are included"]
[17.397035598754883, -0.16140232980251312, "ot necessarily require malfeasance by investigators. Mental biases \ncan lead individuals to seek out information that confirms or reinforces their existing beliefs and theories, and such biases \ncould shape how investigators collect and use data in c"]
[17.40052032470703, -0.1574822962284088, ", and \nincreases resources to the criminal justice system. Perceptions of or actual misuse or wrongful arrests could \nnegatively shift societal approval. Some less serious types of crime may disproportionately be committed by \npoor or marginalized gr"]
[17.395523071289062, -0.16157115995883942, "citated or missing carries similar risks \nand benefits. One key question for this group is whether FR results can be used against the subject being \nscanned (e.g., the subject has an open warrant). This also applies to victims, witnesses, and associa"]
[17.395061492919922, -0.16527412831783295, "s are chosen and that features of the photos themselves are similar (e.g., lighting, pose, size), so as \nto reduce the chances of a false identification, although there are arguments that selecting lineups by similar \nfacial features using FR could i"]
[17.39551544189453, -0.1619926244020462, "oint often means that less intrusive means have been explored or are determined to be likely to fail. Concerns about whether FR use by law enforcement is justified across a variety of \nsituations:\n\u2022 Will police use FR for minor crimes?\n\u2022 Will FR use "]
[17.385629653930664, -0.15515604615211487, "any searches that are worth distinguishing. First, with aggrega -\ntion, law enforcement is using archival or stored data to search many unknown faces and compare them to \ngallery images. In this case, law enforcement might be going back through video"]
[17.403907775878906, -0.15532249212265015, "e of the search moves from one-to-one, to one-to-many, to many-to-many applications, the \nlevel of individualized suspicion decreases, and FR is then being used more as a dragnet than a focused tool \nthat maximizes the benefit of its use. Additionall"]
[17.39212417602539, -0.15891550481319427, "lice by efficiently establishing subject identity, possibly improv -\ning officer safety, or ensuring that the right person is released from custody. \nDespite substantial improvements in accuracy since even the late 2010s, there are still areas that n"]
[17.395090103149414, -0.1609039157629013, "k, and \nWhite, 2019). Some of research in this area notes the importance of confidence judgments in assessing the \nquality of the positive identification and finds that facial examiners are more consistent as a group, suggest -\ning the importance of "]
[17.39520263671875, -0.16138921678066254, "of our interviewees, however, had reserva-\ntions about making image alterations beyond cropping and basic image edits, such as brightness, contrast, \nand sharpness. Making more-drastic changes, such as closing mouths, opening eyes, or mirroring image"]
[17.392807006835938, -0.1605873703956604, "negative \nidentification rate) but produce weaker results because a top result can be returned that would not have met \nthe threshold had it been applied (Grother, Ngan, and Quinn, 2017). This is because although the top-ranked \ncandidate may be corr"]
[17.362680435180664, -0.13015729188919067, "t answer)?\n\u2022 What is the additive or interactive effect of human and algorithm error on overall accuracy?Finding a Broadly Practical Approach for Regulating the Use of Facial Recognition by Law Enforcement32Accuracy: Sources of Bias \nConcerns about t"]
[17.3978214263916, -0.15939471125602722, "n\n\u2022 Contains preexisting biases (e.g., disparities in arrests)\nProbe images\n\u2022 Potentially more likely to reflect crimes committed in public\n\u2022 Potential disparities in CCTV placement \nHuman \ndecisionmakingImage submission\n\u2022 Requires deciding which ima"]
[17.39510726928711, -0.16038626432418823, "erns about accu -\nracy (Grother, Ngan, and Hanaoka, 2019a). The larger the gallery, the likelier that more nonsuspects will \nshow up in FR searches and the lower the accuracy. Moreover, larger databases mean that more people will be \nmatched on a mul"]
[17.39410400390625, -0.16114214062690735, "eir images from the internet, when companies collect these data, they remain at a level of permanence that \nprevents individuals from being in control of their image. \nA key question for data sources, particularly when it comes to size, is the exact "]
[17.395597457885742, -0.16261319816112518, "nding the Landscape of Concerns35subject.13 In this application, the first step will be to look for any other supportive or disqualifying informa -\ntion, including, but not limited to, whether the subject has a twin, whether the subject was out of to"]
[17.412261962890625, -0.17343807220458984, "everal steps, such as legislation, policy, training, and checks and balances (e.g., internal auditing, external auditing). \n14 Ongoing tests in London do not appear to have shown improvement (Rollet, 2022). Concerns about what happens after police us"]
[17.378190994262695, -0.1880255490541458, "some police departments have come under \nscrutiny for using FR on protestors, leading to concerns about retaliation, due-process violations, and First \nAmendment violations.16 This also recalls the previous discussion on the scope of the search or th"]
[17.35438346862793, -0.22776907682418823, "stitutes a search, \nand is therefore subject to the reasonableness standard, depends in part on whether it violates \u201creasonable \nexpectations of privacy\u201d ( Katz v. United States , 1967). Fourth Amendment jurisprudence has long held that \ngovernment\u2019s"]
[17.39617919921875, -0.16367673873901367, "in court without \nthat expert\u2019s appearance ( Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts , 2009; Bullcoming v. New Mexico , 2011). Similarly, \nintroducing FR evidence, which could contain statements describing the results of FR analysis by the indi -\nvidual that "]
[17.387001037597656, -0.1585591733455658, "rors that also have higher confidence. Jackson (2019) explores this idea, but more research is needed, \nas is more research on human-machine interactions and how they affect decisionmaking (Peeters, 2020). \nA second due-process concern FR raises is r"]
[17.394990921020508, -0.1633549928665161, "he Due Process Clause calls for a preliminary judicial inquiry into \nthe reliability of that eyewitness identification. Understanding the Landscape of Concerns39defendant. Some cases (e.g., People v. Beckley , 2010) have rejected photographs from the"]
[17.39578628540039, -0.16259749233722687, " \nspecific individuals and their locations, which makes tracking and surveillance applications more efficient \nand increases risks of pervasiveness. If these data are kept long term, there would be historical records for law \nenforcement to access at"]
[17.39875602722168, -0.1598285287618637, "of potential matches is more invasive than just having your image \nincluded in a search. Next, most people are not aware that their images are included in gallery data, and there \nare questions about whether there should be automatic notice. There ar"]
[17.40487289428711, -0.15420040488243103, " FR searches, meaning that \nFR use is more easily tracked and authorized users can develop more-specialized expertise. \nData Quality\nNext, data-quality variation is a potential concern. There is little known about how image quality, the most \nimporta"]
[17.400909423828125, -0.16020280122756958, "us on, leading them to overlook other potential suspects or types of informa -\ntion that could aid the investigation. Unintentionally, continued reliance on FR could lead to diminishing \ninvestigative skills over time. If a large part of the job is u"]
[17.397991180419922, -0.16186940670013428, "R, developing policies that balance the \nrisks and benefits of FR use by law enforcement will likely be a location- and jurisdiction-specific endeavor. \nIn this chapter, we present a road map for developing that path\u2014looking at the different componen"]
[17.400577545166016, -0.16523152589797974, "nterviews. The options fall \nbroadly into the categories shown in Figure 4.1, with community approval being an overarching factor for the \nother categories. Different options in each category are responsive to different concerns about risks affect -\n"]
[17.398231506347656, -0.1639430671930313, " consequences if \nimplementation deviates \nfrom intent\nCommunity buy-in pre-FR implementationCan support\naccountabilitySupports\nappropriate \nuseDeveloping a Policy Road Map to Help Navigate the Landscape of Concerns About Facial Recognition45the basi"]
[17.395896911621094, -0.16233959794044495, " the more intangible effects (both on direct victims and others around them, such as their families) \nof violent crimes is more difficult. Nonetheless, estimates done by a variety of methods can provide some \ninsight. Figure 4.2 shows approximate val"]
[17.43258285522461, -0.19882650673389435, "e means that there is a reasonable basis based on the totality of circumstances to believe that a crime \nhas been committed or evidence of a crime exists. Probable cause is required for searches or arrests. FIGURE 4 .2\nRelative Estimates for the Cost"]
[17.396713256835938, -0.1625860333442688, "ement \nhas sought to identify large numbers of individuals present in a given area\u2014from mass detentions during \nprotests where there were some violent participants to the use of geofence warrants to identify all of the \ncell phones present in an area"]
[17.398130416870117, -0.16495758295059204, "on data and, therefore, the ability to track specific vehicles visiting locations that reveal \npotentially sensitive information about their owners.8 \nProhibitions or restrictions on the scope of FR use could therefore be elements of a policy approac"]
[17.398605346679688, -0.1634962111711502, "\n9 Reportedly, some states have prohibited the combination of FR with police body-camera footage, which would be a broad-\nscope application with officers moving among the population in many areas during the course of their daily activities (Slaight \n"]
[17.39616584777832, -0.16438250243663788, "fit of a specific case being closed being better positioned to assess the overall benefits \nand risks of use.10\nCentralized decisionmaking about use can also help support external accountability, since patterns of \nuse and misuse could be more easily"]
[17.396282196044922, -0.1635485291481018, "ecurity and Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice (2017, p. 17) for a reflec-\ntion of some of these issues in a model policy document.\n13This is the level of external control proposed in Lynch, 2019, and similar to the enacted Mass"]
[17.40262794494629, -0.1570841670036316, "oth from practical constraints, including the \nconditions in which a photo of a criminal incident was recorded or the quality of the camera doing so, 16\nbut also from manipulation of photos by users before submission (e.g., mirroring a partial photo,"]
[17.409072875976562, -0.15377584099769592, "in the outcome of FR systems, since there may be racial, socioeconomic, and other factors that \naffect the likelihood of an individual being arrested (and therefore photographed at booking) during an \nencounter with police (Slaight and LeCloux, 2020)"]
[17.399219512939453, -0.16268333792686462, "\nthe results) and how results should be returned (number and ranked or unranked) are important factors, but \ndifferent agencies appear to be using different approaches. \nWith the development of independent testing, quality levels for different algori"]
[17.404447555541992, -0.15454383194446564, "ner knowing that some of the individuals returned by the system committed crimes \npreviously may create a confirmation bias and skew the examiner\u2019s assessment of whether those individuals \nmatch the photo associated with the new criminal incident. An"]
[17.420238494873047, -0.14459961652755737, "or retrospective tracking \nof one\u2019s movements and activities could chill important activities and degrade individual rights. Retention of \njust FR matches is potentially problematic from a risk perspective, since not retaining the associated images \n"]
[17.414432525634766, -0.15259584784507751, "stan -\ndards for the types of action that can be taken at different levels of match quality or certainty\n\u2022 limits on how long individuals\u2019 photos can be stored in FR databases used in the jurisdiction and how \nlong data on matches from past searches "]
[17.402557373046875, -0.1572093963623047, "stored (e.g., security), managed, shared, retained, and purged. \nThis would provide critical feedback as to how well this biometric information is being handled and uncover \npotential risks in the data life cycle. Accuracy audits might select a rando"]
[17.39662742614746, -0.16383519768714905, " to whatever path a jurisdiction has set for use of FR, there should be conse -\nquences for straying from that path. Without some consequence associated with policy violation, there is real \nrisk that the perceived benefits to individual officers or "]
[17.399150848388672, -0.16345344483852386, "dministered may effectively regulate officer use of FR, it may not have significant \nexternal trust value if skeptical audiences cannot see its results.23\nAny discussion of the regulation of law enforcement use of technological or other capabilities "]
[17.423547744750977, -0.1784081906080246, "nd when police should use FR is public concern that the \nrisks of such use may outweigh its benefits, what the public knows about law enforcement utilization of FR \nand whether the public authorizes or approves of that use matter. Members of the publ"]
[17.401283264160156, -0.1651521772146225, "p. 7, \nemphasis added).Policy and law should define\n\u2022 what the penalties are at both the individual and agency levels when use deviates from approved use \ncases\n\u2022 what types of exigent circumstances justify relaxation of jurisdiction-level restrictio"]
[17.450899124145508, -0.11072946339845657, "d not utilize FR: Then, inappropriate use would become a substantial liability \nfor such cases, balancing out any perceived value that using FR could let investigators close the case \nmore quickly. Disclosing the quality of matches could also manage "]
[17.4000301361084, -0.16352412104606628, "s mistrust and opposition to the technology. However, more-substantial \ncommunity involvement  in authorizing FR use, as well as development of the ground rules for its use, could \n31 Although not framed in the context of transparency or making their"]
[17.399885177612305, -0.16343647241592407, "y being measured in FR use?), trans -\nferring inequity (e.g., do the data being used have embedded inequity?), exacerbating inequitable harms (e.g., \nis FR used in a way that enhances current inequities?), or compromising inequity oversight (e.g., ar"]
[17.432214736938477, -0.17821992933750153, "ays that maximize benefits and \nminimize risks, along with careful review to ensure that these regulations were upheld. This narrowing could \nconsist of limiting FR to investigating serious crimes, increasing the level of authorization required, redu"]
[17.397628784179688, -0.16206517815589905, "imit susceptibility to improper interpretation or application of FR results. The next section (green section) \naddresses some of the features of FR systems as they are applied in law enforcement settings, which always \ninclude a combination of comput"]
[17.397613525390625, -0.16231593489646912, "gencies use FR. Moreover, were there accepted standards, software companies could create \nsoftware, interfaces, and settings that adhere to those standards and could not be manipulated by individual \n1 Stanford University\u2019s Institute for Human-Center"]
[17.372434616088867, -0.15335215628147125, "forcement, but it would theoretically be a valuable alternative method \nof remote biometric identification in cases in which there is no usable image of a suspect\u2019s face or could be \ncombined with FR to strengthen identification. Object recognition, "]
[17.397611618041992, -0.16228772699832916, "sted above (A, B, C). In this order, the question about FR systems were presented \nbefore questions about trust in police. The second group received the questions about police using FR sys -\ntems first, followed by the question on trust in police (sp"]
[17.42606544494629, -0.1872960478067398, " priority of this section):\n\u2022 What are the necessary regulatory or oversight elements that should govern the use of this technology? \n \u2013Would certification be a potentially useful route to ensure ongoing regulation? \n \u2013What about limits to access? \n "]
[17.33668327331543, -0.10652714222669601, "g/en/latest/news/2021/06/scale-new-york-police-facial-recognition-revealed/\nangus mcdiarmid, \u201cJoseph C Ilacqua,\u201d October 28, 2012. As of January 20, 2023: \nhttps://www.flickr.com/photos/angusmcdiarmid/8130830700\nAnwarul, Shahina, and Susheela Dahiya,"]
[17.327253341674805, -0.09702584892511368, "\nthe Impact of Citizen Complaints and Crime Rates on Drug Arrests,\u201d Criminology and Public Policy , Vol. 11, \nNo. 4, November 2012.\nFacial Identification Scientific Working Group, \u201cPublished Documents,\u201d webpage, undated. As of September 4, \n2022: \nht"]
[17.33111572265625, -0.10037772357463837, "meras-\nbc9036918ae0 \nGoldberg, Rebecca Darin, \u201cYou Can See My Face, Why Can\u2019t I? Facial Recognition and Brady ,\u201d\u00a0HRLR Online , \nVol. 5, 2020.\nGRC World Forums, \u201cCan European Regulators Stop Clearview AI?\u201d May 27, 2022. As of January 10, 2023: \nhttps:"]
[17.323244094848633, -0.09358803182840347, "ala, and Li Fei-Fei, \u201cEvaluating Facial Recognition Technology: A \nProtocol for Performance Assessment in New Domains,\u201d Denver Law Review , Vol. 98, 2020.\nHoward, John J., Laura R. Rabbitt, and Yevgeniy B. Sirotin, \u201cHuman-Algorithm Teaming in Face Re"]
[17.30326271057129, -0.0725603923201561, "Vol. 39, No. 4, 2022.\nKahn, Jeremy, \u201cAfter Roe, Fears Mount About A.I.\u2019s Ability to Identify Those Seeking Abortions,\u201d Fortune , \nJune 28, 2022. \nKatz v. United States , 389 U.S. 347 (1967). \nKindt, Els J., \u201cTransparency and Accountability Mechanisms"]
[13.41276741027832, 3.716503620147705, "e Effectiveness of an Acoustic Gunshot Location System in \nSt. Louis, MO,\u201d\u00a0Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice , Vol. 6, No. 1, 2012.\nMares, Dennis, and Emily Blackburn, \u201cAcoustic Gunshot Detection Systems: A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation \nin "]
[17.331579208374023, -0.1022886410355568, "itimacy and Social Networks on Active Gun Offenders,\u201d\u00a0Journal of Criminal Law and \nCriminology , Vol.\u00a0102, No. 2, Spring 2012.\nPayal, Parekh, and Mahesh M. Goyani, \u201cA Comprehensive Study on Face Recognition: Methods and \nChallenges,\u201d Imaging Science "]
[17.32860565185547, -0.09827610105276108, " Baltimore \nSun, March 9, 2021. \nRodriguez, Roger, \u201cFacial Recognition: Art or Science?\u201d Vigilant Solutions, undated. As of September 2, 2022: \nhttps://www.sheriffs.org/sites/default/files/Whitepaper%20Facial%20Recognition.pdf\nRollet, Charles, \u201cLondo"]
[17.325836181640625, -0.09505091607570648, "Ester Gonzalez-Sosa, and Julian Fierrez, \n\u201cDeepFakes Detection Across Generations: Analysis of Facial Regions, Fusion, and Performance Evaluation,\u201d \nEngineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence , Vol. 110, April 2022. \nTurner v. United States "]
[13.916841506958008, 4.18621826171875, "leted his Ph.D. in criminal justice at the University of Cincinnati.\u00a0\nBrian A. Jackson is a senior physical scientist at the RAND Corporation. His research focuses on homeland \nsecurity, criminal justice, and emergency preparedness. Jackson received "]
[6.580160140991211, 15.990300178527832, "CORPORATIONResearch Report\nJASON M. WARD, RICK GARVEY, SARAH B. HUNTER\nRecent Trends Among the \nUnsheltered in Three Los Angeles Neighborhoods\nAn Annual Report from the  \nLos Angeles Longitudinal  Enumeration and Demographic Survey (LA LEADS) Project"]
[6.582939147949219, 15.977046966552734, "bservation period, these activities did not result in longer-term decreases in the overall levels of unsheltered people, vehicles, and encampments. \n QOur counts and Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority (LAHSA) annual point-in-time count data from"]
[6.595126628875732, 15.974125862121582, "c-tive allocation of resources for addressing the city\u2019s homelessness crisis.\nStudy Geography\nFor this study, we selected three neighborhoods\u2014Hollywood, Skid Row, and Venice\u2014partly because of their historically high rates of unsheltered home-lessness"]
[6.562572002410889, 15.99013900756836, "ull 4and Venice. We alternated the timing of these counts \nbetween early-morning hours (6 to 9 a.m.) and night-time hours (9 p.m. to midnight) to allow us to assess whether there was significant variation in population counts depending on the time of"]
[6.579505920410156, 15.954495429992676, "ility Criteria\nEach potential respondent was screened for eligibil-ity with two questions. The first question was taken from the LAHSA demographic survey and asked where the individual had spent most of their nights over the past 30 days. The second "]
[6.589666843414307, 15.972383499145508, "ce by using signs suggesting the vehicle was not being regularly moved (such as low tire pressure) and other signals, such as having covered windows, fogged up windows, or large amounts of possessions in or around the vehicle. Additionally, several o"]
[6.59077787399292, 15.972636222839355, "spent most of the \npast 30 nights. If a screened individual answered that they had been staying in one of our specified infor-mal shelter types (a car, van, RV, tent, or makeshift structure), then we asked them how many people they shared this shelte"]
[6.586299419403076, 15.976418495178223, "ltipliers are not directly compara-ble, but we reproduce the relevant LAHSA multipliers alongside the more aggregated LA LEADS multipli-ers to give a sense of how they compare with one another. In general, our multipliers are slightly larger than the"]
[6.58695650100708, 15.976696014404297, "n the relative shares of individuals, cars, vans, RVs, tents, and make-shift shelters. For example, if an area were counted and found to have 90 individuals and 10 tents and we applied a multiplier for the tents of 1.5 (suggesting that every other te"]
[6.589600086212158, 15.97903060913086, "ounting t he weeks \nof our study period beginning with the last week of September 2021, the date of our first enumeration of Skid Row. The annual p ercent-\nage change value given in the table is scaled from the change-per-week point estimate to refle"]
[6.581876277923584, 15.981356620788574, "ge share of each category of informal shelter (cars and vans, RVs, or tents and m akeshift  \nshelters) in our enumerations by neighborhood across the 12 months of data collection. The \u201cUnadjusted\u201d column presents the act ual sum  \nof individuals and "]
[6.579852104187012, 15.984010696411133, "January 2022February 2022March 2022April 2022 May 2022 June 2022 July 2022\nAugust 2022\nSeptember 2022October 2022\nUnadjusted count Range of adjusted estimates11FIGURE 4\nSkid Row Unsheltered Population\nCOVID-19 testing operation in area on day of enum"]
[6.593310356140137, 15.973273277282715, "nt); in Hollywood and Venice, one-quarter of respondents reported that their current spell was drawing individuals to the area from elsewhere and \npotentially drawing individuals onto the streets from the considerable stock of permanent support-ive h"]
[6.6129326820373535, 16.00588607788086, "(81 percent) among respondents in Skid Row. The length of these TABLE 3\nDemographic Characteristics of Survey Participants (percentages)\nParticipant CharacteristicAll\n(N = 418)Hollywood\n(n = 104)Skid Row\n(n = 211)Venice\n(n = 103)\nAge\n18\u201324 5 5 2 9*25"]
[6.597524642944336, 15.970451354980469, "ods for each category by creating indicator variables for membership in each group (e.g., age 18\u201324) and regressing each indi cator variable on indica-\ntor variables for the Hollywood and Venice neighborhoods (with Skid Row as the omitted neighborhoo"]
[6.6020917892456055, 15.973753929138184, " homeless in Los Angeles 40 38 38 43\nFactors that prevented housing move-in\nNever contacted for move-in 44 36* 47 45\nLack of privacy 40 49* 38 35\n+\nHousing safety 35 45* 31 33+\nPaperwork issues 29 31 27 29Hours or curfew 25 23 23 33*\nHousing location"]
[6.585582733154297, 15.974624633789062, "tistically significantly different from Hollywood at the 90-percent confidence level are indicated with a plus sign  (+). \na Of respondents not answering \u201cyes\u201d to this question, one-half (5 percent of the total) answered \u201cmaybe\u201d in a similar pattern "]
[6.595772743225098, 15.967459678649902, "provide follow-up for housing placements because of the forced relocation of people experiencing home-lessness (Cohen, Yetvin, and Khadduri, 2019). About 40 percent of respondents were concerned with a lack of privacy offered in the housing options a"]
[6.593795299530029, 15.972742080688477, "ey is conducted in each neighborhood only over a few days. Thus, leaving aside any differences arising from the use of weighting, the LAHSA data may more strongly reflect short-term population characteristics while the LA LEADS data may reflect longe"]
[6.595613479614258, 15.948790550231934, "mates of age shares differ in several \ncases. For example, our share of survey respondents who were 18 to 24 years old in Venice was more than double the LAHSA estimate. On Skid Row, we surveyed considerably fewer 25- to 54-year-olds and more individ"]
[6.590903282165527, 15.982294082641602, "nsus tracts as our blocks), matches that are exact over multiple census tracts (where, for example, three to six census tracts might equal two of our blocks), and very close area matches across multiple LA LEADS sub-geographies or census tracts where"]
[6.5927653312683105, 15.970803260803223, "o better understand the extent of such mecha-\nnisms affecting the accuracy of the annual count, we generated small-area comparisons of our own count data occurring prior to and following the LAHSA PIT count data collected in late Febru-ary 2022. Our "]
[6.629659175872803, 15.932421684265137, "191203, and 191204 in Hollywood\n020406080100120140160Individuals\nJanuary February March April May0510152025303540Cars and vans\nJanuary February March April May\n05101520RVs\nJanuary February March April May020406080100120140160180Tents and makeshift sh"]
[6.591499328613281, 15.971948623657227, "s, and RVs. The LAHSA count for tents in these tracts is similar to our count from around one month before but sig-nificantly higher than our result from approximately one week later. However, it is possible that such a discrepancy could be explained"]
[6.590856075286865, 15.974044799804688, "eks. \nWe observe a similar pattern for the area \nimmediately to the south, shown in Figure 9. Again, the discrepancy for cars and vans may relate to a similar modest geographic difference in the com-parison areas (LA LEADS geography is similarly slig"]
[6.590909481048584, 15.974413871765137, " match except that we count one  block farther north to Marine Street west of Sixth Avenue and Ozone Street between Lincoln Boulevard and Sixth Avenue.LA LEADS LAHSA\nFIGURE 12\nComparison of LA LEADS and LAHSA Unadjusted Count Data for Census \nTract 2"]
[6.589958667755127, 15.9739990234375, "informal overnight shelter. However, this distinction is unlikely to explain the higher number of RVs (26 versus our surrounding counts of 7 and 15), which are much more likely to actually be overnight shelter, conditional on being on the street in t"]
[6.58560037612915, 15.98044490814209, "being used as shelter. \nThese comparisons also suggest potentially \nimportant differences in the way tents are counted (for example, whether long, contiguous makeshift shel-ters are counted as a single unit or multiple segments and how tents obviousl"]
[6.580049514770508, 15.99051284790039, "peated \nenumerations suggest that outlier events\u2014such as \ncleanup activities, inclement weather, or other one-\noff occurrences\u2014can meaningfully influence esti-mates of this hard-to-track population. \nOur exploration of multiple approaches to the \napp"]
[6.583919048309326, 15.979989051818848, "\nhousing receipt may yield large dividends in \nhousing those most in need.Notes\n1  We also included the Veterans Row encampment along San \nVicente Boulevard in front of the West Los Angeles Veterans Affairs campus in our early survey and enumeration "]
[6.556269645690918, 16.025590896606445, "IT on \nthese nights also likely leads to a large, systematic undercount \nbecause of the increased likelihood that people will attempt to \nshelter out of sight for increased protection from the elements \n(Boone, 2019). 30LeGras, Christopher, \u201cI Partic"]
[6.513162612915039, 16.094606399536133, "e, Seung Choi, et al., \u201cInitial Item Banks and First Wave Testing of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Network: 2005\u20132008,\u201d Journal of \nClinical Epidemiology , Vol. 63, No. 11, 2010, pp. 1179\u20131194.\nCenters for Dise"]
[6.56734561920166, 15.984962463378906, "D Corporation, RR-A1890-3, 2023. As of \nJanuary 20, 2023: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1890-2.html\nWeare, Christopher, Counting the Homeless: Improving \nKnowledge of the Unsheltered Homeless Population , Goldman \nSchool of Public Pol"]
[6.584452152252197, 16.00753402709961, "w.rand.org/about/research-integrity.\nRAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily \nreflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. \n is a registered \ntrademark.\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis publication and trademark(s) c"]
[6.564383029937744, 15.955272674560547, "Sponsored by the Lowy Family GroupRecent Trends Among the \nUnsheltered in Three Los Angeles Neighborhoods: An Annual Report from the Los Angeles Longitudinal Enumeration and Demographic Survey (LA LEADS) Project\nAppendixes\nJASON M. WARD, RICK GARVEY,"]
[6.576445579528809, 15.97049331665039, "systematic effort to monitor changes in the number of people living unsheltered over a full year, helping to bolster what is captured by the annual Los Angeles County point-in-time count, which provides a snapshot in time of this population. The rese"]
[6.593558311462402, 15.970321655273438, " the project. We also thank Heather Schwartz at RAND and Nichole Fiore at Abt Associates for providing peer review for this report.  \n \n   v Contents, Figures, and Tables  \nContents  \nAbout This Report ................................................"]
[6.590170860290527, 15.976407051086426, "Poinsettia\nRecreation\nCenterBarnsdall\nArt Park\nWilshire\nCountry ClubN. Fuller Ave.N. Fuller Ave.N. Martel Ave.N. Vista St.\nRomaine St.190401\n18920 1 189201\n.e.....Fountain Ave.190402 1190301 b\n191204191203191301a9 a\n191301 b\n191000c\n1910000aa00191520"]
[6.578843593597412, 15.9651460647583, "/22 (PM)  341 82 32 80 74 145 754 1,054 834 \n02/17/22 (AM)  213 76 25 84 62 110 570 842 705 \n03/16/22 (PM)  294 108 30 66 64 98 660 939 749 \n04/11/22 (AM)  339 95 37 98 53 90 712 995 776 \n05/18/22 (PM)  338 86 32 88 71 92 707 987 769 \n06/09/22 (AM)  "]
[6.512484550476074, 15.87653636932373, "191 85 60 33 45 654 995 804 \n08/23/22 (PM)  269 173 56 57 31 80 666 1,007 792 \n09/15/22 (AM)  226 166 64 52 28 65 601 917 737 \nTable B.4. Enumeration Totals by Category: Veterans Row  \nDate and Time  People  Cars and Vans  RVs Small Tents  Medium Ten"]
[6.600780487060547, 15.972208023071289, " Annual Report from the Los Angeles Longitudinal Enumeration and Demographic Survey (LA \nLEADS) Project , RAND Corporation, RR -A1890 -2, 202 3. As of January 15, 2023: \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1890 -2.html   8 Table C .1. Full "]
[6.597583770751953, 15.971894264221191, "on tests differences between Venice \nand Hollywood (omitting Hollywood). Results for Hollywood and Venice that are statistically signif icantly different from \nSkid Row at the 90 -percent  confidence level are indicated with a star (*). Results for V"]
[6.598048210144043, 15.969084739685059, "\npercent  confidence level are indicate d with a plus sign (+).   11 Table C.3. Housing Needs and Preferences of Survey Participants , with Recoded \u201c Other\u201d \nResponses Included  (percentages ) \nNeed or Preference  All \n(n = 430) Hollywood \n(n = 104) "]
[6.599169731140137, 15.974469184875488, "liness  50 49 51 49 50 \nNegative interactions with staff 42 35 41 50+ 42 \nHours or curfew  35 40* 29 44* 33 \nOther rules  26 23 26 30* 33 \nOthera 4 5 2 8* 0 \nNOTE:  Mutually exclusive percentages may not sum to exactly 100 due to rounding. We perform"]
[6.600154399871826, 15.965619087219238, "s stopped you from moving into housing in \nLA?\u201d (see the row labeled \u201cFactors that prevented housing move -in\u201d in Tables  5 and C.3) on answering \u201cyes\u201d to \nthe question , \u201cSince you have been homel ess in LA, have you been offered housing?\u201d  Mutually"]
[9.524077415466309, 23.7669734954834, "Sponsored by Adagio HealthA Needs Assessment \nof Women Veterans in Western Pennsylvania\nFinal Report to Adagio Health\nDANA SCHULTZ, SUSAN L. LOVEJOY, KAYLA M. WILLIAMS, KERRY \nLINDQUIST, TEAGUE RUDER\nCORPORATIONFor more information on this publicatio"]
[9.528116226196289, 23.770830154418945, "er understanding of the needs of women veterans and the extent to which these needs are being met will help veteran-serving organizations provide the best support possible to women who served.  \nAdagio Health, a health care provider based in Western "]
[9.523334503173828, 23.76445770263672, "hose of men, and women veterans \nalso differ in significant ways from their nonveteran counterparts. Few studies have explored these variations, and this has translated to potentially missed opportunities to improve support for women during and after"]
[9.526960372924805, 23.75586700439453, "r complicate women veterans\u2019 treatment needs. \nOur assessment of the needs of women veterans in Adagio Health\u2019s service area drew on \nnational and regional survey data and patient data from Adagio Health. We supplemented this information with a revie"]
[9.540265083312988, 23.740802764892578, "nuary 2018 \nand April 2022 differed somewhat from the nonveteran women in its service area. Specifically, they tended to be older and higher earning than their nonveteran counterparts and were more likely to be White and married. However, the two gro"]
[9.527132987976074, 23.758806228637695, "Q -9), which assesses depression \nseverity, and the Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye -opener Adapted to Include Drugs (CAGE -AID) tool, which \nassesses substance use.  p = 0.001 for any positive SBIRT prescreen; n ot significant  (n.s.) for any pos"]
[9.521482467651367, 23.7684383392334, "o Health service area face in navigating services and benefits and accessing the support they need. Interviewees noted that these challenges are often interconnected. For example, women veterans who are unable to access adequate care for mental healt"]
[9.522675514221191, 23.766742706298828, "d them or to address the needs of women veterans specifically.  \nOpportunities to Address Challenges and Improve Supp ort for Women \nVeterans  \nSince launching its Women Veterans Initiative in 2018, Adagio Health has made strides in \naddressing the c"]
[9.529930114746094, 23.770648956298828, "s for reproductive health care and increase its own capabilities for providing and referring for infertility care.  \nProvide Multiple Channels to Ensure That Women Veterans Are Aware of Available \nServices and Supports \nWomen veterans noted that thei"]
[9.525626182556152, 23.766273498535156, "es veteran engagement training to providers and staff, but there are still opportunities to improve the identification of women veterans with trauma histories through routine screenings and to ensure seamless care transitions to strengthen trust when"]
[9.526211738586426, 23.76789093017578, ".................................................................................................. 15 \t\nChapter 3. Needs Assessment Components and Approach ........................................................... 19\t\nLiterature Review  ..........."]
[9.528029441833496, 23.76497459411621, ".......................................................................... 61\t\nChallenges Faced by Women Veterans  ................................................................................................... 62 \t\nOpportunities to Improve Suppo"]
[9.529621124267578, 23.760587692260742, "gure 5.1. Marital Status of Women Served by Adagio Health ............................................. 36\tFigure 5.2. Family Size of Women Served by Adagio Health ................................................ 36\tFigure 5.3. Family Income of Women"]
[9.528217315673828, 23.754199981689453, ".............................. 42\tTable 5.10. Pregnancy Testing for Women Served by Adagio Health ................................... 45\tTable 6.1. Resources in the Adagio Health Service Area for Women Veterans ..................... 48\tTable 6.2. Men"]
[9.52368450164795, 23.764781951904297, "............................................... 134\t\nTable B.5. Characteristics of Substance Use Disorder Facilities in the  \nAdagio Health Service Area .......................................................................................... 137\t\nT"]
[9.528051376342773, 23.74757194519043, " 2022). Furthermore, as of 2017, women who served in the post-9/11 era accounted for more than one-third of all women veterans (see Figure 1.1).   2 Figure 1.1. Service Era Percent age of Women Veterans  \n \nSOURCE: Features data from National Center "]
[9.520381927490234, 23.764535903930664, "owever, these rates are lower than for nonveteran women, 13.7 percent of whom live in poverty \n(National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, 2019). \nIn terms of health status, veteran women nationally reported having more days of poor \nphysi"]
[9.51992130279541, 23.764896392822266, "of the health status of veterans, VA conducted a \n2012\u20132014 follow-up study of Gulf War\u2013era veterans (Dursa et al., 2019). Among women veterans who had deployed during that conflict, the most-prevalent physical health conditions 61%\n30%\n25%22% 21% 20"]
[9.520503997802734, 23.765562057495117, "s), and health care utilization (Creech et al., 2021).  \nFor the reproductive health of veteran women, there is mixed evidence on whether women \nveterans have higher rates of stillbirth, miscarriage, birth defects, and other birth outcomes than nonve"]
[9.520792007446289, 23.762216567993164, "ith annual estimates of PTSD ranging from 11 to 20 percent (National Center for \nPTSD, undated). Both military women and men have experienced combat trauma, an important predictor of both PTSD and depression. Almost 75 percent of Iraq and Afghanistan"]
[9.520206451416016, 23.76473045349121, "al support exacerbated mental health problems, particularly for those with complex trauma histories (Scoglio et al., 2022). Another study noted the challenges women veterans face in engaging with social support networks because of mental health issue"]
[9.536465644836426, 23.752458572387695, " progress (Pub. L. 117-135, 2022). \nDespite these efforts, women veterans continue to have unmet health care needs, including \nfor mental health and family planning services.  \nVeteran women are less likely than veteran men to receive evidence-based "]
[9.522778511047363, 23.764619827270508, "nt rate for veteran women \nwas 4.2 percent, which is lower than the rate for both veteran men and nonveteran women (Diaz , \n2022). Confounding factors, such as MST and IPV, are related to worse occupational functioning for veteran women compared with"]
[9.524412155151367, 23.764360427856445, "sent a greater proportion of \nthe military population than the general population (10.7 percent versus 4.2 percent), there is \nlittle information about this population of women veterans (Lehavot and Simpson, 2013). Some studies have examined whether "]
[9.523402214050293, 23.766878128051758, "\nAdagio Health asked the RAND Corporation to conduct a community health needs \nassessment to characterize the needs of women veterans in the Adagio Health service area, the extent to which existing services and supports meet their needs, gaps in the "]
[9.52448844909668, 23.773027420043945, "lth to launch its Women Veterans Initiative in 2018. The initiative has four primary objectives: \n\u2022 to make Adagio Health a significant provider of non-VA health care for women veterans \nin the areas it serves \n\u2022 to position Adagio Health  as part of"]
[9.522631645202637, 23.76760482788086, "h care with physical health care \nservices for all patients, but it was motivated in large part by the needs of women \nveterans. Staff were trained in the Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to \nTreatment (SBIRT) model, as well as motivationa"]
[9.523971557617188, 23.766420364379883, " vet centers, which provide counseling and intervention for veterans and service \nmembers who have deployed to a combat theater or experienced MST, including many \nwho are otherwise ineligible for VA care. \nOutreach, Education, and Awareness \nRegiona"]
[9.525825500488281, 23.7666015625, "ssess the local availability and capacity of different programs, services, and supports for women veterans. Finally, we describe our approach to the qualitative assessment of women veterans in the Adagio Health service area. \nLiterature Review  \nIn o"]
[9.527960777282715, 23.76177978515625, "tinuous variables and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. \nPatient  Data  Analysis \nAdagio Health provided us with deidentified individual-level data from its Enterprise \nPractice Management and electronic health record systems.  \nThis combi"]
[9.516938209533691, 23.75898551940918, "dagio Health \nservice area.  \n\u2022 United Way of Southwestern PA 211 is an online search engine for resources available in Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Fayette, Greene, Indiana, Lawrence, Mercer, Washington, and Westmoreland counties. It includ"]
[9.524906158447266, 23.74856948852539, "nt identification and recruitment, capacity, needs of women veterans, barriers to providing services, coordination of services, client engagement with services, and advocacy.  \nWe then conducted phone interviews with 12 women veterans. Adagio Health "]
[9.548786163330078, 23.68488883972168, ".0001 . \n \nVeteran women in the Adagio Health service area are less often White than nonveteran \nwomen (81.5 percent versus 89.7 percent), whereas the percentages of Hispanic or Latino are similar between the two groups (see Table 4.2). This racial a"]
[9.540375709533691, 23.71059799194336, "f rounding . Missing, refused, or unknown not shown.   \np < 0.0001.  \nThere are no differences in the employment status of veteran and nonveteran women in the \nAdagio Health service area. Fifty-seven percent of veteran women and 55 percent of nonvete"]
[9.544713020324707, 23.68593978881836, "n  \nWomen  Veteran \nWomen  Nonveteran  \nWomen  \nHearing difficulty  2.5%  0.8%  3.7%  2.6%  13.7%  12.3%  \nSelf-care difficulty  3.2%a 0.8%  3.6%  3.2%  11.3%  10.0%  \nVision difficulty  4.1%b 1.3%  4.0%  2.7%  4.8%  7.0%  \nIndependent living difficu"]
[9.53409194946289, 23.73366355895996, "and April 2022, Adagio Health served 26,736 women, including  \n890 women veterans. The data in the table and figures presented here are the deidentified \nindividual-level data that Adagio Health provided and include the entire January 2018 to April 2"]
[9.571683883666992, 23.699983596801758, ". Race  and Ethnicity of Women Served by Adagio Health  \nRace  and Ethnicity  Veteran  Women  Nonveteran  \nWomen  \nRacea   \nWhite  alone  86.0%  81.3%  \nBlack or African American  alone  11.5%  13.2%  \nAsian alone  0.3%  0.9%  \nAmerican Indian or Ala"]
[9.535721778869629, 23.732994079589844, "e 50 and over age group had a single visit. We also looked at counts of patients and visits by month and quarter and did not see any strong trends across the two groups. There was a small uptick in veteran utilization around COVID-19, but that appear"]
[9.531039237976074, 23.7424259185791, "em visit.  \na p = 0.014.  \nb p = 0.040.  \nc p = 0.004.  \n Initial birth control methods were similar for veteran women patients and nonveteran women \npatients (see Table 5.6). About 22 percent of both groups used oral contraceptives, a patch, or a \nv"]
[9.533793449401855, 23.74308967590332, "ve health \neducationb 26.6%  36.9%  \nSmoking cessation counseling  10.2%  12.0%  \nPregnancy options counseling  3.5%  4.4%  \nOther counselingc 22.1%  28.8%  \na p = 0.026.  \nb p < 0.001.  \nc p < 0.001.  \n Around 38 percent of veteran women patients ha"]
[9.540181159973145, 23.737512588500977, " screened positive on the PHQ-9  43 with a score of 10 or higher. For the CAGE-AID questionnaire, similar percentages of veteran \nand nonveteran women patients received a clinically significant score of two or higher. \nFigure 5.5. Positive Behavioral"]
[9.52131175994873, 23.76240348815918, "counseling during an Adagio Health visit. Thirty-one percent of women patients with a positive pregnancy test had at least one prenatal visit at Adagio Health.  \nWe also looked at contraceptive care for women patients who had a negative pregnancy tes"]
[9.526664733886719, 23.766826629638672, ", the regional resources in the inventory are either exclusively for \nveterans and their family members or are programs or organizations that serve broader populations but offer veteran-specific programs (see Appendix B, Table B.1). Of the 63 resourc"]
[9.534409523010254, 23.77418327331543, "le 6.1. Resources  in the Adagio Health Service Area  for Women Veterans  \nCategory  Types of Services  Number of \nRegional \nPrograms or \nProviders  Number of \nNational \nOnline \nResources  \nMental health and \nsubstance use Treatment facilities; suici"]
[9.522793769836426, 23.764495849609375, " facilities. Furthermore, completion of the surveys on which the data are based is entirely voluntary, so some facilities may not be represented, or their responses may not be complete. The survey results indicated that, of the 138 mental health trea"]
[9.52851390838623, 23.772932052612305, "e an hour of their time each week to provide free counseling sessions to \nservice members and their families as part of the Military and Veterans Program. \nPotential clients may submit a request for an in-person, telephone, or video meeting; \nreview "]
[9.530618667602539, 23.7758846282959, "eriences, Trips, and Gifts  for Veterans \nThis group of 25 programs and services includes those that we deemed lower priority for \nreferrals by Adagio Health care navigators for various reasons, such as a low probability of \nselection for the program"]
[9.521692276000977, 23.764249801635742, "auma in the women veteran population emerged as a salient theme. This includes not only high rates of MST but also combat trauma and other types of traumas encountered before, during, or after military service. This history of trauma and possibly rel"]
[9.524138450622559, 23.76631736755371, " being implicitly given that message when a veterans\u2019 service organizations offered her the application for auxiliary rather than the regular membership when she inquired about joining. Another stakeholder said , \u201cWe\u2019re kind of \ninvisible. Women don\u2019"]
[9.525786399841309, 23.77032470703125, "facilities would not serve them, \u201cI thought, I\u2019m not going to file a claim. Claims were for guys who lost their arms or legs.\u201d \nThe group of women veterans we interviewed learned through word of mouth from other \nveterans that VA care may be an optio"]
[9.524789810180664, 23.766727447509766, "w to help us care for you better?\u201d to open space for women veterans to request any accommodations they may need or find helpful without specifically asking them to retell\u2014and perhaps reexperience\u2014traumatic events from their past. Another recounted wi"]
[9.523517608642578, 23.7664794921875, " identified by stakeholders is growth in nontraditional families seeking housing support, including family units with adult children and/or grandchildren. Single-room occupancy emergency housing programs are often unable to support women veterans and"]
[9.523670196533203, 23.766096115112305, "fy women veterans who may be in need; ensure they are made aware of services that can support them and their families; and engage them in these programs, services, and support. This is often a highly personalized, labor-intensive process that many or"]
[9.52783203125, 23.7696590423584, "g on-site child care or supporting telehealth appointments with an \niPad, hot spot, or other resources to promote widespread internet access. One woman veteran said that she would have taken advantage of telehealth but she did not own a working compu"]
[9.526741981506348, 23.76495933532715, "ts for those age 50 and older (24.6 percent versus 20.4 percent). When it came to behavioral health screenings conducted during office visits, veteran women patients were more likely to respond positively on the SBIRT prescreening than nonveteran wom"]
[9.523565292358398, 23.76588249206543, "ny of the national online resources align with the issues and challenges faced by women \nveterans. The inventory includes 32 national online resources that focus on employment and career development, 31 that offer individual and family support, 20 th"]
[9.523277282714844, 23.760618209838867, "atients with resources and services in the community through outreach activities and strategic partnerships with veteran-serving organizations. With these efforts, Adagio Health made strides toward addressing the issues and challenges that women vete"]
[9.507949829101562, 23.73673439025879, "f available resources combined with trust issues. Through its Women \nVeterans Initiative, Adagio Health has made strides in establishing relationships with veteran-serving organizations, such as PAServes, VA vet centers, and VLP. Despite these effort"]
[9.52583122253418, 23.763412475585938, " the qualitative assessment, we learned that it is important to recognize that partner agencies may face challenges with staff turnover and continuity of care, which might interfere with their ability to effectively serve their clients. Adagio Health"]
[9.526437759399414, 23.762874603271484, "\nMany women veterans lack knowledge about services and supports available to veterans. \nWith transition support that was overwhelming, not individually tailored to their needs, or many \nyears in the past, there can be a vacuum in women veterans\u2019 awar"]
[9.554978370666504, 23.73401641845703, " could \npartner with another agency to provide activities, such as cooking or yoga classes, at Adagio Health  office locations. For example, Adagio Health could partner with the Veterans Yoga \nProject to offer yoga classes at an Adagio Health locatio"]
[9.528938293457031, 23.77046012878418, "erans with mentors (e.g., eMentor, VETS\u2014Beyond the Uniform, American Corporate Partners, and Stand Beside Them), assist ing with resume preparation (e.g., Military \nand Veterans Appreciation Trust Foundation, O*NET Online\u2014Military Crosswalk, and Skil"]
[9.537123680114746, 23.720386505126953, " time to build \ntrusted relationships with underserved populations. \n\u2022 Systematic, ongoing data collection will help identify unmet needs and gauge the progress of improvement efforts. \n\u2022 Explore additional opportunities to solicit input and feedback"]
[9.577226638793945, 23.543386459350586, "6%  11.6%  8.1%  \nDivorced  13.1%  12.9%  23.1%  11.9%  11.7%  22.5%   72    Women in  \nthe United States  Women in the Adagio Health Service Area  \nCharacteristic  All Nonveterans  Veterans  All Nonveterans  Veterans  \nHousehold Type        \nMarried"]
[9.582986831665039, 23.503704071044922, " 3.7%  7.2%  5.0%  5.0%  8.9%  \nAge 40 \u201364       \nHearing \ndifficulty  2.2%  2.2%  3.9%  2.6%  2.6%  3.7%  \nSelf-care \ndifficulty  2.8%  2.8%  3.7%  3.2%  3.2%  3.6%  \nVision difficulty  2.7%  2.7%  3.3%  2.7%  2.7%  4.0%   74    Women in  \nthe Unite"]
[9.587393760681152, 23.48810577392578, "usehold  49.7%  49.7%  44.9%  \nCohabiting -couple household  2.5%  2.5%  3.0%   76  Women in Allegheny County  \nCharacteristic  All Nonveterans  Veterans  \nNo spouse or partner  30.8%  30.7%  34.3%  \nHousehold Size     \n1 or more under 18  26.2%  26."]
[9.587068557739258, 23.48687744140625, " private coverage  19.2%  19.1%  30.1%  \nNo health insurance coverage  3.4%  3.4%  2.7%  \nSOURCE: Features data from the five -year ACS data file (2016 though 2020) from \nU.S. Census Bureau, undated.  \nNOTE: Some percentages do not sum to 100 because"]
[9.586675643920898, 23.490121841430664, "%  78.2%  74.9%  \nMean percentage of income spent on \nhousing  21.8% 21.8% 22.8% \nDisability Status     \nAge 20 \u201339    \nHearing difficulty  0.4%  0.4%  0.0%  \nSelf-care difficulty  0.7%  0.7%  0.0%  \nVision difficulty  1.5%  1.5%  0.0%  \nIndependent "]
[9.58767318725586, 23.48431396484375, ".0%  \nHousehold Size     \n1 or more under 18  30.8%  30.9%  17.8%  \nAverage household size  2.68 2.68 2.84 \nAverage family size  3.11 3.11 2.99 \nAverage number of children  0.51 0.52 0.39 \nEducational Attainment     \nLess than 9th grade  0.0%  0.0%  "]
[9.588132858276367, 23.47768211364746, "dated.  \nNOTE: Some percentages do not sum to 100 because of rounding.  \n \n   87 Table A.5. Characteristics of Women Veterans in Fayette County  \n Women in Fayette County  \nCharacteristic  All Nonveterans  Veterans  \nAge     \n20 to 24 years  6.2%  6."]
[9.584134101867676, 23.498918533325195, "ion difficulty  2.2%  2.2%  0.0%  \nIndependent living difficulty  5.4%  5.4%  0.0%  \nAmbulatory difficulty  3.2%  3.2%  0.0%  \nCognitive difficulty  7.4%  7.4%  0.0%  \nAge 40 \u201364    \nHearing difficulty  2.8%  2.8%  0.0%  \nSelf-care difficulty  5.2%  "]
[9.586959838867188, 23.485116958618164, " Attainment     \nLess than 9th grade  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  \n9th\u201312th grade, no diploma  6.5%  6.6%  0.0%  \nHigh school graduate  40.2%  40.4%  28.9%  \nSome college, no degree  16.4%  16.4%  20.2%  \nAssociate \u2019s degree  11.3%  11.2%  22.0%  \nBachelor \u2019s "]
[9.586941719055176, 23.485227584838867, "acteristic  All Nonveterans  Veterans  \nAge     \n20 to 24 years  6.2%  6.2%  4.1%  \n25 to 34 years  12.7%  12.7%  10.8%  \n35 to 44 years  13.2%  13.2%  11.5%  \n45 to 54 years  16.8%  16.8%  19.8%  \n55 to 59 years  9.8%  9.8%  8.8%  \n60 to 64 years  1"]
[9.586769104003906, 23.485551834106445, "  \nAge 40 \u201364    \nHearing difficulty  2.1%  2.0%  8.4%  \nSelf-care difficulty  2.7%  2.7%  3.0%  \nVision difficulty  2.8%  2.8%  1.9%  \nIndependent living difficulty  6.3%  6.2%  9.6%  \nAmbulatory difficulty  9.1%  9.1%  11.2%  \nCognitive difficulty "]
[9.586806297302246, 23.486093521118164, "raduate  37.8%  38.0%  21.8%  \nSome college, no degree  19.8%  19.6%  33.7%  \nAssociate \u2019s degree  11.3%  11.4%  7.0%  \nBachelor \u2019s degree  15.9%  15.8%  23.1%  \nGraduate or professional degree  8.3%  8.3%  9.8%  \nMissing or unknown  1.8%  1.8%  1.8%"]
[9.587038040161133, 23.487089157104492, "5 to 34 years  13.5%  13.6%  3.6%  \n35 to 44 years  14.3%  14.4%  7.5%  \n45 to 54 years  16.8%  16.7%  24.4%  \n55 to 59 years  9.9%  9.8%  13.6%  \n60 to 64 years  9.9%  9.9%  10.4%  \n65 to 74 years  15.4%  15.4%  17.0%  \n75 to 84 years  8.4%  8.4%  1"]
[9.58696174621582, 23.485876083374023, "care difficulty  2.9%  3.0%  0.6%  \nVision difficulty  3.0%  3.0%  0.6%  \nIndependent living difficulty  6.1%  6.1%  0.9%  \nAmbulatory difficulty  9.5%  9.6%  6.3%  \nCognitive difficulty  6.1%  6.2%  2.8%  \nAge 65+     \nHearing difficulty  12.5%  12."]
[9.586729049682617, 23.486644744873047, " degree  17.2%  17.1%  23.7%  \nAssociate \u2019s degree  9.2%  9.2%  9.4%  \nBachelor \u2019s degree  13.3%  13.3%  9.7%  \nGraduate or professional degree  8.0%  8.0%  11.3%  \nMissing or unknown  3.3%  3.4%  0.0%  \nHigh school graduate or higher  91.5%  91.4%  "]
[9.585752487182617, 23.491254806518555, " \n25 to 34 years  12.7%  12.7%  10.1%  \n35 to 44 years  13.4%  13.3%  26.5%  \n45 to 54 years  17.3%  17.2%  26.2%  \n55 to 59 years  10.3%  10.3%  12.5%  \n60 to 64 years  9.6%  9.6%  10.7%  \n65 to 74 years  15.4%  15.5%  5.5%  \n75 to 84 years  9.9%  1"]
[9.589250564575195, 23.474504470825195, "40 \u201364    \nHearing difficulty  3.4%  3.4%  5.5%  \nSelf-care difficulty  3.5%  3.5%  9.6%  \nVision difficulty  3.3%  3.3%  1.5%  \nIndependent living difficulty  7.1%  7.1%  10.5%  \nAmbulatory difficulty  12.1%  11.9%  30.0%  \nCognitive difficulty  7.9"]
[9.587392807006836, 23.48328971862793, "Less than 9th grade  0.0%  0.0%  0.0%  \n9th\u201312th grade, no diploma  5.3%  5.4%  1.5%  \nHigh school graduate  46.7%  46.9%  34.6%  \nSome college, no degree  14.8%  14.8%  20.5%  \nAssociate \u2019s degree  10.8%  10.8%  17.8%  \nBachelor \u2019s degree  12.5%  12"]
[9.58728313446045, 23.483118057250977, "ndiana Counties  \n Women in Armstrong and Indiana \nCounties  \nCharacteristic  All Nonveterans  Veterans  \nAge     \n20 to 24 years  10.2%  10.3%  0.0%  \n25 to 34 years  12.7%  12.7%  10.9%  \n35 to 44 years  13.0%  13.0%  13.3%  \n45 to 54 years  15.9% "]
[9.567673683166504, 23.572620391845703, "2.4%  6.6%  \nAmbulatory difficulty  1.5%  1.5%  0.0%  \nCognitive difficulty  3.3%  3.3%  6.6%  \nAge 40 \u201364    \nHearing difficulty  2.7%  2.7%  2.3%  \nSelf-care difficulty  2.2%  2.2%  0.0%  \nVision difficulty  3.6%  3.5%  18.5%  \nIndependent living d"]
[9.52820110321045, 23.78143310546875, "ng  \nArmstrong County \nVeterans Affairs  Helps veterans and their survivors file claims for state and \nfederal veteran  benefits  Armstrong  \nBalanced Heart Healing \nCenter  \u2022 Offers group and individual health education and \nhealing services by ment"]
[9.535715103149414, 23.787954330444336, "ois Vet Center  \u2022 Offers confidential free help for veterans, service \nmembers, and their families in a nonmedical setting  \n\u2022 Includes counseling services for such needs as depression, PTSD, and the psychological effects of \nMST \n\u2022\n Offers a Women \u2019"]
[9.531250953674316, 23.784568786621094, "utic needs  Allegheny \nJefferson County Veterans \nAffairs  Provides referrals for benefits, employment, financial \nassistance, mental wellness and substance use, \nposttraumatic stress, and more  Jefferson  \nLawrence County \nCommunity Action \nPartners"]
[9.533819198608398, 23.787006378173828, "Provides homes in Pittsburgh to help homeless \nveterans with transitional housing  All \nPennsylvan ia CareerLink  Connects veterans with employment representatives at any \nof the statewide Pennsylvania CareerLink offices to receive free job counselin"]
[9.5368013381958, 23.77924346923828, "he greater Pittsburgh and Western Pennsylvania area \nthroughout their transition and after  Allegheny \nVenango County Veterans \nAffairs  Provides referrals for benefits, employment, financial \nassistance, mental wellness and substance use, \nposttraum"]
[9.523980140686035, 23.77451515197754, "egheny Health Network Department of Psychiatry  Pittsburgh  Allegheny \nEast End Behavioral Health \nHospital  Pittsburgh  Allegheny \nGlade Run Lutheran Services  Pittsburgh  Allegheny  \nJefferson Hospital  Behavioral Health Inpatient  Clairton Alleghe"]
[9.522473335266113, 23.774322509765625, "llsville Fayette  \nFamily Behavioral Resources  Outpatient Mental Health Clinic  Uniontown  Fayette  \nSouthwest Behavioral Care, Inc.   \nUniontown  Fayette  \nCornerstone Care  Waynesburg  Waynesburg  Greene  \nCornerstone Care  Mount Morris  Mount Mor"]
[9.524136543273926, 23.76852798461914, " \nPartial hospitalization or day treatment  18 \nFederally Qualified Health Center  10 \nPayer or payment information   \nCash or self -payment  73 \nMedicaid  76 \nMedicare  64 \nState -financed health insurance plan other than Medicaid  68 \nPrivate healt"]
[9.523147583007812, 23.77450180053711, "burgh  Allegheny  \nUPMC McKeesport Hospital   \nMcKeesport  Allegheny  \nUPMC Mercy Hospital  Acute Medical Detox  Pittsburgh  Allegheny  \nUPMC Western Psychiatric Hospital  Narcotic Addiction Treatment Program  Pittsburgh  Allegheny  \nVA Pittsburgh He"]
[9.523642539978027, 23.7703914642334, "id \nSociety   \nFranklin  Venango  \nFamily Services and Children \u2019s Aid \nSociety   Oil City  Venango  \nOil Region Recovery   \nFranklin  Venango  \nDeerfield Centers for Addictions \nTreatment   Warren  Warren  \nFamily Services of Warren County   Warren "]
[9.544536590576172, 23.79053497314453, "0 \nFederally certified opioid treatment program  15 \nCognitive behavioral therapy  68 \nIndividual counseling  69 \nGroup counseling  68 \nFamily counseling  66 \n12-step facilitation  56 \nBrief intervention  54 \nContingency management and motivational i"]
[9.545432090759277, 23.797975540161133, "mprehensive \nprocess of medical care, rehabilitation, and professional development  \nArmy Resilience \nDirectorate  Provides policy, resources, and capabilities for soldiers and U.S. Army \nleaders to increase their r esilience and readiness  \nArmy Wom"]
[9.54205322265625, 23.79483985900879, "eer transition advice \nand resources (online mentoring program)  \nEsposas Militares \nHispanas USA Armed \nForces  Supports Hispanic military spouses through awareness and information in \nSpanish about everything that surrounds them in the military tha"]
[9.549966812133789, 23.80491828918457, "ry -friendly \nemployers by industry, function, and location  \nHire Heroes USA  Provides free employment assistance to help veterans and military spouses \nget hired, and helps companies hire and retain them  \nHire Veterans  Connects veterans with civi"]
[9.537528991699219, 23.794727325439453, " \u2022 Offers a blog for service members and veterans to help them take \nadvantage of their military benefits and achieve financial independence  \n\u2022 Offers articles on military life, including military pay and bene fits, \ninsurance, money management, and"]
[9.551263809204102, 23.80506134033203, " \nobtaining VA benefits and participating in local and national issues pertaining \nto all women veterans  \nNetwork of Care for \nVeterans, Service Members, and Their \nFamilies  Provides an interactive web portal for service members, veterans, their \nf"]
[9.549515724182129, 23.8070068359375, ", and support  \nProject Welcome Home \nTroops  Provides techniques for stress relief, greater health, and well -being and \nempowerment to improve the quality of life for returning veterans and their \nfamilies  \nPurple Heart Foundation  \u2022 Supports prog"]
[9.547789573669434, 23.800949096679688, "agement, referral services, and temporary \nfinancial assistance for housing to veterans facing homelessness  \n\u2022 Provides an opport unity for a veteran to meet with staff at a location \nconvenient for the veteran  \nSplunk  Offers access to e -learning"]
[9.557841300964355, 23.81245994567871, "to the U.S. Court of \nAppeals for veterans \u2019 claims  \nVeterans Employment and \nTraining Service  Offers employment service s, programs, and resources to help veterans, \nservice members, and military spouses get jobs  \nVeterans in Pain \u2022 Provides a na"]
[9.559081077575684, 23.823318481445312, "njured in Combat  Offers peer support groups, retreats, military sexual trauma intensive therapy \nretreats, workshops, summits, and more in partnership with Challenge \nAmerica  \nWomen Veterans Call \nCenter  Provides a call center dedicated to answeri"]
[9.552123069763184, 23.806949615478516, "are gifted homes  \nCanines for Service  Provides veterans from all conflicts with service -connected mobility \nchallenges, PTSD, TBI, and MST with highly trained service dogs at no \ncost or promotional consideration  \nFreedom Hunters  Offers therapeu"]
[9.57221794128418, 23.822444915771484, "o teach fly -fishing and fly -tying techniques to \ndisabled service members and veterans  \nSierra Club \u2014Military Outdoors  Provides veterans with the opportunity to get outdoors when they return \nhome after service  \nSisterhood 4 Vets Provides vacati"]
[9.59676742553711, 23.85026741027832, "r health care professionals  \nVA Blind Rehabilitation \nServices  Supports blind and low -vision veterans and active -duty service members \nin regaining their independence and quality of life to enable their \nsuccessful integration into family and com"]
[9.555432319641113, 23.808815002441406, "ervice- connected disabilities to build, remodel , or purchase an adapted \nhome  \nVA Suicide Prevention Helps veterans find local mental health and suicide prevention resources, \nfamily and friends connect to care and resources for coping with a suic"]
[9.492865562438965, 23.732398986816406, "ance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration \nSBIRT Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment \nSTI sexually transmitted infection \nTBI traumatic brain injury \nUMPC University of Pittsburgh Medical Center \nVA U.S. Department of "]
[9.523873329162598, 23.763736724853516, "Sciences, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2017. \nCreech, Suzannah K., Carey S. Pulverman, Jennifer N. Crawford, Ryan Holliday, Lindsey L. \nMonteith, Keren Lehavot, Jennifer Olson-Madden, and Ursula A. Kelly, \u201cClinical Complexity in Women Veterans: A Systematic Review"]
[9.521800994873047, 23.761653900146484, "ison B., Ines Poza, Vivian Hines, and Donna L. Washington, \u201cBarriers to \nPsychosocial Services Among Homeless Women Veterans,\u201d Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2012. \nHenry, Meghan, Tanya de Sousa, Caroline Roddey, S"]
[9.467488288879395, 23.70895004272461, "w American Security, November 17, 2015.  \nLehavot, Keren, Jodie G. Katon, Jessica A. Chen, John C. Fortney, and Tracy L. Simpson, \u201cPost-\nTraumatic Stress Disorder by Gender and Veteran Status,\u201d American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 54, No. 1,"]
[9.517070770263672, 23.756174087524414, "st updated September 7, 2022. \nOffice of People Analytics, 2021 Workplace and Gender Relations Survey of Military Members: \nOverview Report, U.S. Department of Defense, September 2022. \nOrshak, Jennifer, Lacey Alexander, Andrea Gilmore-Bykovskyi, and"]
[9.517845153808594, 23.757474899291992, "visible Wounds of War: Psychological and Cognitive \nInjuries, Their Consequences, and Services to Assist Recovery, RAND Corporation, MG-720-CCF, 2008. As of February 26, 2023: https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG720.html \nU.S. Census Bureau, \u201cAmer"]
[0.8907703161239624, 12.28282642364502, "Sponsored by Westlands Water DistrictGrowing Toward a  \nLow-Carbon Future\nEstimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions in \nCalifornia\u2019s Westlands Water District\nMICHELLE E. MIRO, NIDHI KALRA, JONATHAN LAMB, NIHAR CHHATIAWALA\nCORPORATIONFor more information on"]
[0.8678695559501648, 12.285346984863281, "work has been informed through structured collaboration with Westlands staff and key interested parties. This report will be of interest to Westlands and other irrigation and agricultural districts in California, as well as various natural resources "]
[0.8926336169242859, 12.282294273376465, "ount for the most and least GHG emissions? \n\u2022 How do GHG emissions from crop production and related land uses change under climate change? \n\u2022 How would changes in crop production and related land use practices impact GHG emissions and key resource tr"]
[0.8528594374656677, 12.300371170043945, "............................................................................................................................ iv\t\nFigures.................................................................................................................."]
[0.8955750465393066, 12.284008026123047, "............................................................................................. 36 \t\nChapter 4. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 39\t\nImplicatio"]
[0.8950502872467041, 12.277158737182617, "or Irrigation from Groundwater Wells ........................................................... 27\tTable 2.7. Model Validation of GWP Outputs ............................................................................. 29\tTable 3.1. Average Annual "]
[0.9007995128631592, 12.275404930114746, " and sequestering carbon dioxide (CO 2) when land is converted to and from \ncropland or grassland, and from carbon stocks stored in those lands, resulti ng in net emissions of approximately 12.1 \nMTCO2e q. The net emissions are the sum of fluxes in f"]
[0.9061633944511414, 12.273890495300293, "ent of Conservation, undated). \nCalifornia crop emissions have already declined over time, in part because of (1) a reduction \nin acres cultivated, resulting in a decrease in synthetic fertilizer use, and (2) an uptake of drip and sprinkler irrigatio"]
[0.8774933815002441, 12.284573554992676, "gy, and climate\u2014and addressing them requires a cross-sectoral approach to policy and planning. Furthermore, prioritizing and implementing changes in agricultural practices must account for future uncertainty that would affect the trade-offs presented"]
[0.8963679671287537, 12.280195236206055, "tural GHG emissions and strategies to reduce emissions. Chapter 3 presents findings of our integrated model, and Chapter 4 offers conclusions and recommendations for California agriculture and water management based on our findings.    \n 5 Chapter 2."]
[-0.26634910702705383, 12.64030933380127, "round the world, in such works as Johnson et al., 2016; Dyer et al., 2017; Halverson et al., 2012; De Gryze, 2011; Necpalova, 2016; Weiler et al., 2017; Lemma et al., 2021; Sanz-Cobena et al., 2017; and Afroz et al., 2021. \nConsidering Future Uncerta"]
[0.8825914859771729, 12.285880088806152, "ied a number of alternative practices that might reduce GHG emissions from Westlands, as shown under \u201cPolicy Levers\u201d in Table 2.2. We also identified a number of metrics relevant to Westlands to evaluate these options (see \u201cPerformance Metrics\u201d in Ta"]
[0.8831713795661926, 12.288227081298828, "d land use practices that are most similar to current conditions in \nWestlands. The baseline scenario assumes no change in the mix of crop types and no expansion or reduction in land used for solar energy generation. To be able to isolate the relativ"]
[0.8310728669166565, 12.308908462524414, "e and Precipitation Values for  GCMs  and Clima te Scenarios  \n \nLand Use Model  \nOverview \nEmissions from soil and field management practices were estimated with a dynamic Land \nUse Model adapted from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (I"]
[0.867416262626648, 12.303962707519531, "ng of native grassland, or kept fallowed), and an equal area assumed to be permanently fallowed. All crop characteristics required to simulate the carbon and nitrogen cycle per IPCC guidelines, including assumptions related to crop yield, were either"]
[0.8905087113380432, 12.284354209899902, "or each crop, we gathered estimates of the carbon, nitrogen, and lignin content of above- and below-ground dry mass, as well as any trimmings or deadfall, to calculate nutrient inputs each period (shown in Table 2.3). Soil carbon was divided between "]
[0.8940743803977966, 12.288948059082031, "re uniform across the district each year (silt and clay composition were not utilized in the model calculations). The net change across all three pools results in a positive or negative carbon \nflux in units of carbon, which, following IPCC guideline"]
[0.904193103313446, 12.273993492126465, "ndergo some form of rotation to maintain soil health and \nimprove crop yield. Because these vary by grower, year, and other conditions outside of our \nmodeling framework, we applied a crop rotation scalar to emissions to account for reductions in emi"]
[0.9151125550270081, 12.264402389526367, "ed data carry their own assumptions around data \nrelevance (for example, crop yields vary with time, agricultural practices, etc.), we attempted to pull as many data from similar sources as possible. Unless explicitly described in the \u201cModeling Alter"]
[0.9085045456886292, 12.267284393310547, " Acreage Category  Lifespan\u1d43  \n(years)  Annual \nIrrigation \nMonths\u1d43  Annual \nIrrigation\u1d47  \n(AF) Equipment \nEmissions\u1d43  \n(lbs./acre ) Annual Fertilizer \u1d43 \n(lbs. \nnitrogen/ acre) Yield\u1d9c  \n(lbs./acre ) \nBroccoli  1 4 1.8 5,148 170 16,000 \n(U.S. Departme"]
[0.9090462327003479, 12.268040657043457, "we used the following hierarchy for yield estimates: \n1. yield reported by Westlands (Cartwright, 2022) \n2. recent yield figures from Fresno County Department of Agriculture, 2020 \n3. California-specific yield from U.S. Department of Agriculture Nati"]
[0.9291348457336426, 12.26107120513916, "iang and Noble, \n2019)  7.5%  \nOnions ( fresh) 4,636 0 1,043 43.0%  38.2%  3.2%  \n(Geissler, 2016)  0.5%  0.5%  15.1%  \nSweet corn 15,867 0 5,829 47.1%  47.1%  0.8%  \n(Liang and Noble, \n2019)  0.6%  \n(Liang and Noble, \n2019)  0.7%  \n(Liang and Noble,"]
[0.9070069789886475, 12.269540786743164, "7,572 37,861 2,095 46.0%  46.0%  0.4%  0.4%  1.1%  28.0%  \nOats 3,113 0 2,077 43.0%  38.2%  3.0%  \n(University of \nArizona, 2022)  0.7%  \n(Liang and Noble, \n2019)  0.8%  \n(Liang and Noble, \n2019)  4.7%  \nCherries  1,448 8,690 378 47.5%  46.6%  0.9%  "]
[0.11580131947994232, 12.400861740112305, "om historical data and management practices. It is intended to capture (1) the \ncrop water demand and resulting energy use from pumping for irrigation and (2) fluctuations in water available for irrigation and, thus, the irrigated acreage of Westland"]
[0.6992573738098145, 12.36915111541748, "\nIn addition to reporting the annual water supply and demand, the Water Use Model passes \nkey information to the other two models. The amount of groundwater and surface water used in a given year is passed to the Energy Use Model to calculate emissio"]
[0.85292649269104, 12.291348457336426, "er is used and 270,000 AF of groundwater is used under the current-state scenario, the average water EF is calculated in Equation 1. \n \n(0\n.38)\u2219(504)+(0.62)\u2219(9.7)=\t197.5\tlbs\tCO#\tAF%\"  (1) \nFarm Fuel Consumption  \nUC Davis Cost Studies, 2022, includes"]
[0.8988971710205078, 12.278987884521484, "rbon intensity of the California grid is then estimated  by Equation 3, where CI is \ncarbon intensity.  \n\ud835\udc36\ud835\udc3c&)&*+!,-\n)./=\ud835\udc41\ud835\udc3a%&\u2217450)&*+!,-\n)./\t+(1\u2212\ud835\udc41\ud835\udc3a%&)\u22177)&*+!,-\n)./  (3) \n \nTo calculate the offset of solar for Westlands, we used Equation 4, where \ud835\udc46\ud835\udc36\ud835\udc3c i"]
[0.9113970398902893, 12.276741981506348, " those authors validated their own results based on previously measured California data because of the similarities in climate between Greece and California. The study by Steenwerth et al., 2015, simulates wine grape cultivation in Central California"]
[0.828420877456665, 12.317649841308594, "d is assumed to remain \nfallowed. The restoration case converts the land to a composite native grassland. Each \nsolar case converts the area from fallowed to utility-scale solar in the indicated year \n(2025, 2035, or 2045). \n\u2022 Energy use options: Thi"]
[0.8948127627372742, 12.27824592590332, "cycle processes. During dry years, less precipitation is available, and CVP allocations may be reduced. This requires more land to be fallowed or more water to be pumped from groundwater if crop water demands exceed available water supply. Fallowing "]
[0.905811607837677, 12.277230262756348, "re \npositive when tree crops turn over. On average, this results in net positive emissions under the assumptions of this model, but CO\n2 emissions are likely sensitive to the initial and final age \ncomposition of orchards. We can also see that per-ac"]
[0.8654376864433289, 12.310698509216309, "ertain crops. However, if all farms in the district moved from current tillage practices to a no-till system, net emissions would be reduced to approximately 70,000 MtCO2eq annually. According to our model, this reduction would not require changes in"]
[0.8967862725257874, 12.282395362854004, "d or no tillage might have additional benefits in the reduction of crop water \ndemand, but modeling these was beyond the scope of this study.   \n 38 as opposed to 2033 in the current system. Solar 2035 only provides marginal emissions \nreductions, an"]
[0.8953915238380432, 12.282309532165527, " in this study was further expanding solar in the district by converting a portion \n \n16 We account ed only for future climate change and future changes in the carbon intensity of California\u2019s electricity \ngrid. Other future sources of change were no"]
[0.9014266133308411, 12.27833366394043, "es are not altered. It suggests that introducing no-till tillage practices can significantly reduce emissions by retaining more carbon in soils and reducing the amount of on-farm equipment needed for full tillage. This practice, according to our \n \n1"]
[0.9138687252998352, 12.272449493408203, " to the crops shown in this study, such as processing tomatoes, rotations of row crops could result in emissions reductions of around 25 percent or more. Each of these strategies offers additional co-benefits for agriculture and the environment not c"]
[0.9203321933746338, 12.276759147644043, "ic \nlightning, the decomposition of prior crop residues, animal droppings, and applied fertilizers. However, this is typically in the form of nitrites (NO\n2-) and ammonia or ammonium (NH 3, NH 4+) \nthat cannot be used directly by plants. Nitrifying b"]
[0.9281979203224182, 12.25499153137207, "JV South; \nFresno County  2018 Yes Cited cost study is current and geographically comparable.  \nPistachios  Baldwin et al., 2020  SJV South  2020 Yes Cited cost study is current and geographically comparable.  \nPima cotton  Hutmacher et al., 2012a  S"]
[0.9311162829399109, 12.25435733795166, "92 No There is no current comparable cost study or alternative \nsource, so an older study was applied.  \nPomegranates Day, Klonsky, and \nMoura , 2010  SJV South  2010 No There is no current comparable cost study  or alternative \nsource, so an older s"]
[0.8723369240760803, 12.268675804138184, "ramento \nValley  2015 Yes Estimates combine data from both cost studies, utilizing a \nrepresentative value across both studies when possible.  \n  \n 47 Abbreviations  \nAF acre-feet \nCDFA California Department of Food and Agriculture  \nCH 4 methane \nCO"]
[0.9301655292510986, 12.255285263061523, "t Hembree, Craig E. Kallsen , Giulia Marino, Blake Sanden, Themis J. Michailides, Florent Trouillas, Daniele \nZaccaria, Linda Harris, and Donald Stewart, Sample Costs to Establish and Produce Pistachios, University of California Agriculture and Natur"]
[0.924626886844635, 12.260201454162598, "s Greenhouse Gas Inventory,\u201d \nwebpage, September 6, 2021b. As of February 7, 2023: https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/ghg-inventory-doc/doc/docs3/3c4_agsoilmanagement_direct_cropresiduenitrogen_n2o_2019.htm  \n 51 California Climate Investment"]
[0.9244001507759094, 12.263551712036133, "house Gas Inventories, 2019. \nChao Liang, Joshua P. Schimel, and Julie D. Jastrow, \u201cThe Importance of Anabolism in \nMicrobial Control over Soil Carbon Storage,\u201d Nature Microbiology, Vol. 2, No. 8, 2017. \nChristensen, Libby O., Ryan E. Galt, and Aliss"]
[0.931082546710968, 12.254456520080566, "isleading Trends in Sustainability Attributes of No-Till,\u201d Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, No. 6, 2020. \nDay, Kevin R., Karen M. Klonsky, and Richard L. De Moura, Sample Costs to Establish and \nProduce Pomegranates, U.C. Cooperative Extension, 2010. "]
[0.931304931640625, 12.25289535522461, "roduce Table Grapes\u2014Scarlet Royal-Mid-Season Maturing, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Cooperative Extension, Agricultural Issues Center, UC Davis Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2018b. As of February 7, "]
[0.9352220296859741, 12.25239086151123, "ram, Josh Davy, Glenn Nader, Karen Klonsky, and Don Stewart, \nSample Costs to Establish or Reestablish and Produce Pasture, U.C. Cooperative Extension, 2015b. As of February 7, 2023: https://coststudyfiles.ucdavis.edu/uploads/cs_public/b2/a9/b2a91349"]
[0.9313129782676697, 12.253026008605957, "ricultural Issues Center, UC Davis Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2017a. As of February 7, 2023: https://coststudyfiles.ucdavis.edu/uploads/cs_public/65/6c/656ce5fa-f4f9-4e95-99fe-a01c1ea8a7a4/2017peachsvsjv-ecling-final_draft2.pd"]
[0.9321922063827515, 12.252967834472656, " from US Grain Farms,\u201d\u2009Journal of Crop Improvement, Vol.\u200930, No. 4, 2016. \nJuhos, Katalin, and L\u00e1szl\u00f3 T\u0151kei, Carbon Content of the Biomass of Vineyards and Orchards in \nHungary: An Assessment Based on Large-Scale Field Measurements, Case Studies and "]
[0.9497761726379395, 12.271615982055664, "lik , Ashish A., Somak Chowdhury, Veronika Schlager, Anna Oliver, Jeremy Puissant, Perla \nG. M. Vazquez, Nico Jehmlich, Martin von Bergen, Robert I. Griffiths, and Gerd Gleixner, \u201cSoil Fungal:Bacterial Ratios Are Linked to Altered Carbon Cycling,\u201d Fr"]
[0.9229851365089417, 12.263310432434082, "eet Orange Tree Growth,\u201d Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, Vol. 131, No. 1, 2006. \nMuhammad, Saiful, Blake L. Sanden, Bruce D. Lampinen, David R. Smart, Sebastian Saa, \nKenneth A. Shackel, and Patrick H. Brown, \u201cNutrient Stor"]
[0.9309215545654297, 12.258309364318848, "erry as Influenced by Timing of \nFertilizer Application,\u201d Scientia Horticulturae, Vol. 126, No. 1, August 2010. \nSanden, Blake L., Bruce A. Roberts, Stephen R. Kaffka, Karen M. Klonsky, and Richard L. De \nMoura, Sample Costs to Produce Safflower, U.C"]
[0.932644784450531, 12.25095272064209, "adedf/tomatofrmktsj07.pdf  \nSutter, Steve, Ron Vargas, Steve Wright, Karen Klonsky, and Pete Livingston, Sample Costs to \nProduce Double Cropped Barley in the San Joaquin Valley, U.C. Cooperative Extension, 1990. As of February 7, 2023: https://costs"]
[0.9304207563400269, 12.25827407836914, "\u201cCarbon to Nitrogen Ratios in Cropping Systems,\u201d 2011. \nU.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center, \u201cAverage Fuel Economy by Major \nVehicle Category,\u201d webpage, February 2020. As of August 3, 2022: https://afdc.energy.gov/data/10310 \nU.S."]
[0.931772768497467, 12.25322151184082, "ing Practices and Technologies over a 10-Year (2005\u20132015) Timeframe,\u201d International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Vol. 25, 2020. \nWright, Steven D., Robert Hutmacher, Karen M. Klonsky, and Richard L. De Moura, Sample \nCosts to Produce Wheat for G"]
[17.395950317382812, 8.130764961242676, "Prepared for the Los Angeles County Probation DepartmentPromising Services for \nJustice-Involved Youth\nA Scoping Review with Implications for the Los \nAngeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act\u2014Appendixes\nD. MICHAEL APPLEGARTH, P\u2019TRICE JONE"]
[17.390960693359375, 8.17776870727539, " (JJCC), which comprises stakeholders from county agencies, city agencies, and community-based organizations. In 2019, the Probation Department selected the RAND Corporation to provide evaluation and technical assistance services related to JJCPA-fun"]
[17.06205940246582, 7.8733038902282715, "nile delinquen*\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile detention\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile \nprobation\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile corrections\u201d OR \u201cjustice-involved youth\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile offender*\u201d OR \u201cdelinquen*\u201d OR \u201ccourt-involved youth\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile crime\u201d ) OR KW ( \u201cjuvenile justice\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile de"]
[17.06119728088379, 7.8329877853393555, "uptive\u201d OR \u201cexternaliz*\u201d OR \u201coppositional\u201d OR \u201cdefiant\u201d OR \u201cviolen*\u201d OR \u201csubstance use\u201d OR \u201csubstance abuse\u201d OR \u201csubstance dependence\u201d OR \u201cdrug use\u201d OR \u201cdrug abuse\u201d OR \u201cdrug depend*\u201d OR \u201caddict\u201d OR \u201cco-occurring disorder*\u201d OR \u201crisk* behavior\u201d OR \u201cat-"]
[17.02780532836914, 7.839337348937988, " OR \u201cdelinquen*\u201d OR \u201ccourt-involved youth\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile crime\u201d ) OR AB ( \u201cjuvenile justice\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile delinquen*\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile detention\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile probation\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile corrections\u201d OR \u201cjustice-involved youth\u201d OR \u201cjuvenile offender*\u201d OR \u201cdel"]
[16.96046257019043, 7.758109092712402, "est practice*\u201d or \u201cevaluat*\u201d or \u201cprogram evaluat*\u201d) OR \nKW\n (\u201cevidence-based practice*\u201d or \u201cbest practice*\u201d or \u201cevaluat*\u201d or \u201cprogram evaluat*\u201d)  \nAND  \nTI (\u201cRecidiv*\u201d OR \u201cReoffen*\u201d OR \u201cDesist* \u201d OR \u201cRisk*\u201d OR \u201cOutcome\u201d) OR SU (\u201cRecidiv*\u201d \nOR \u201cReoffe"]
[17.017223358154297, 7.819619178771973, "pout*\u201d \nOR \u201cexpelled\u201d OR \u201cgang involvement\u201d)  \nAND  \nTI (\u201cevidence-based practice*\u201d or \u201cbest practice*\u201d or \u201cevaluat*\u201d or \u201cprogram evaluat*\u201d)  \nAND  \nTI (\u201cRecidiv*\u201d OR \u201cReoffen*\u201d OR \u201cDesist* \u201d OR \u201cRisk*\u201d OR \u201cOutcome\u201d) OR SU (\u201cRecidiv*\u201d \nOR \u201cReoffen*\u201d "]
[17.02847671508789, 7.836448669433594, "\u201cat risk youth\u201d OR \u201cproblem youth\u201d OR \u201ctruan*\u201d OR \u201cexpulsion\u201d OR \u201csuspension\u201d OR \u201cdrop* out\u201d OR \u201cdropout*\u201d OR \u201cexpelled\u201d OR \u201cgang involvement\u201d)  \nAND  \nDocument Title, Publication Title, Subject Heading: (\u201cevidence-based practice*\u201d or \u201cbest practice*"]
[17.024843215942383, 7.818420886993408, " A., and \nKathleen J. Bergseth, \u201cThe \nImpact of Reentry Services on Juvenile Offenders \u2019 Recidivism, \u201d\n \nYouth Violence and Juvenile \nJustice, Vol. 6, No. 3, July 2008, \npp. 295\u2013 318. Care coordination  Youth with existing \nout-of-home \nplacement s \u2022"]
[17.011438369750977, 7.822984218597412, "si -\nexperimental  Justice \nWright, Emily M., Ryan Spohn, \nand Michael Campagna, \n\u201cResponding to Crossover \nYouth: A Look Beyond Care coordination  Youth in the juvenile \njustice and child welfare system \u2022 Treatment (n = 210) \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 425) "]
[17.009279251098633, 7.825719356536865, "ve Justice Interventions \non Recidivism Outcomes Among \nJuvenile Offenders, \u201d Youth \nViolence and Juvenile Justice, \nVol. 15, No. 4, October 2017, \npp. 465\u2013 480. Diversio n Youth diverted from \njuvenile court  \u2022 Restorative justice \n(n = 284) \n\u2022 Comp"]
[17.015104293823242, 7.843104362487793, "(n = 179) \nDembo, Richard, Jennifer \nWareham, and James Schmeidler, \u201cEvaluation of the \nImpact of a Policy Change on Diversion Program Recidivism and Justice System Costs: 12 -\nMonth Follow -Up,\u201d Journal of \nOffender Rehabilitation, Vol. 41, \nNo. 3, "]
[16.981332778930664, 7.795832633972168, "erred to \njuvenile court  \u2022 Treatment (n = 143),  \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 143) RCT  Justice, other  \nKethineni, Sesha, and Jonathan \nA. Grubb, \u201cAn Evaluation of \nRedeploy Illinois on Juvenile Diversion  Youth (medium to \nhigh risk), nonviolent offenses\n \u2022"]
[17.041812896728516, 7.860175609588623, "Stephanie Bontrager, \nKristin Winokur Early, Gregory Hand, and Steven Chapman, \u201cJuvenile Justice Interventions: \nSystem Escalation and Effective \nAlternatives to Residential \nPlacement, \u201d Journal of Offender \nRehabilitation, Vol. 52, No. 5, \n2013, pp"]
[17.015201568603516, 7.834109306335449, "etention Overreliance, \u201d Journal of \nJuvenile Justice, Vol. 5, No. 2, \nFall 2016, pp.  12\u201330\n. Diversion  Youth who violated \ncommunity supervision\n \u2022 Treatment (n = 121)  \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 124) Quasi -\nexperimental  Justice \nVose, Brenda, and Kelly"]
[16.98702621459961, 7.807772159576416, "olved youth \n(n = 93) \n\u2022 Non\u2013gang- involved youth \n(n = 315) Quasi -\nexperimental  Justice \nCelinska, Katarzyna, Hung -En \nSung, Chunrye Kim, and \nMargret Valdimarsdottir, \u201cAn \nOutcome Evaluation of \nFunctional Family Therapy for Family intervention "]
[17.033546447753906, 7.8426313400268555, " James \nSchmeidler, Amy Hartsfield, and \nWerner Wothke, \u201cPsychosocial \nFunctioning Among Juvenile \nOffenders 12 Months After Family Empowerment Intervention, \u201d Journal of \nOffender Rehabilitation, Vol. 32, \nNos. 1\u20132, 2000c, pp.  1\u201356\n. Family interve"]
[17.017045974731445, 7.840079307556152, "nal \nreferral  \u2022 Treatment (n = 81) \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 85) RCT  Mental health  \nHenggeler, Scott W., Elizabeth \nJ. Letourneau, Jason E. Chapman, Charles M. Borduin, \nPaul A. Schewe, and Michael R. \nMcCart, \u201cMediators of Change \nfor Multisystemic Ther"]
[16.97945213317871, 7.8091535568237305, "on for first -Time \nJuvenile Offenders: \nComparisons with Probation and \nDropouts on Recidivism, \u201d \nJournal of Commu nity \nPsychology, Vol. 32, No. 2, \n2004, pp.  177\u2013 200. Family intervention  Youth with first -time \noffenses  \u2022 Treatment (n = 267) "]
[17.032011032104492, 7.890895843505859, "\u201cFamily \nIntegrated Transitions: A Promising Program for Juvenile Family intervention  Youth incarcerated \nwith co -occurring \nsubstance use and mental health disorders and released on parole\n \u2022 Treatment (n = 105) \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 169) Quasi -\nexp"]
[16.991741180419922, 7.814312934875488, "ally Supported Interventions to Reduce Adolescent Sexual Risk Behavior: A Randomized \nControlled Trial, \u201d Journal of \nAdolescent Health, Vol. 67, \nNo. 1, July 2020, pp.  53\u201360\n. Health -focused  Justice- involved \nyouth  \u2022 Treatment (n = 125) \n\u2022 Comp"]
[17.009511947631836, 7.828479290008545, "ease Interview \nSkills of Adolescent Males in a \nJuvenile Residential Treatment Facility, \u201d Journal of Applied \nBehavior Analysis, Vol. 53, \nNo. 4, September  2020, \npp. 2303\u2013 2318\n. Other  Youth in a juvenile \nfacility who have been adjudicated of a"]
[17.027896881103516, 7.822315216064453, "ulu \u2019s Girls \nCourt, \u201d Women and Criminal Problem -solving \ncourts and other court \ninterventions  Adolescent girls in \njuvenile court  \u2022 Treatment (n = 60)  \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 70) Quasi -\nexperimental  Justice, other    32 Citation  Program Type  Po"]
[17.0124568939209, 7.806332111358643, "tcome Study, \u201d Justice \nQuarterly, Vol. 33, No. 2, 2016, \npp. 291\u2013 318\n. Problem -solving \ncourts and other court \ninterventions  Youth in drug court  \u2022 Treatment (n = 686)  \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 686) Quasi -\nexperimental  Justice \nAbrams, Laura S., Sar"]
[16.998920440673828, 7.805041790008545, "ommitted a serious \noffense  \u2022 Full sample n = 133 \n\u2022 Justice- involved youth \n(n = 64) \n\u2022 At-risk youth (n = 69) Quasi -\nexperimental  Justice \nLancaster, Chloe, Richard S. \nBalkin, Roberto Garcia, and Alexandra Valarezo, \u201cAn \nEvidence -Based Approa"]
[17.014930725097656, 7.835097789764404, "ntation for Juvenile \nAlcohol and Drug Offenders, \u201d \nJournal of Offender \nRehabilitation, Vol. 43, No. 3, \n2006, pp.  49\u201372. \u2022 Did not attend  presentation \n(n = 72) \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 84) \nViola, Wendy Elaine, Eric S. \nMankowski, and Mary Elisabeth "]
[16.995494842529297, 7.809748649597168, "Comparative Psychotherapy  Youth on probation  \u2022 Treatment (n = 39)  \n\u2022 Comparison (n = 31) RCT  Justice   39 Citation  Program Type  Population  Sample Size  Study Design  Outcome \nMeasure(s)  \nCriminology, Vol. 56, No. 1, \nFebruary 2012, pp.  61\u201380"]
[16.99875259399414, 7.822643280029297, "baum, Chloe A., and \nShabnam Javdani, \u201cExpressive \nWriting Intervention Promotes Resilience Among Juvenile Justice- Involved Youth, \u201d \nChildren and Youth Services Review, Vol. 73, February \n2017, \npp. 220\u2013 229. Psychotherapy  Incarcerated youth  \u2022 n "]
[16.993309020996094, 7.8312859535217285, "ual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, Vol. 18, No. 4, October 2006, \npp. 401\u2013 421\n. Psychotherapy  Youth adjudicated of \nsexual offense  \u2022 9 studies  Meta -analysis  Justice \nThoder, Vincent J., and Joseph \nD. Cautilli, \u201cAn Independent \nEvalu"]
[17.03290557861328, 7.867790699005127, "l F. McCaffrey, Kirsten Becker, and Andrew R. Morral, \u201cLong- Term \nEffect of Community- Based \nTreatment: Evid ence from the \nAdolescent Outcomes Project, \u201d \nDrug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 107, No. 1, February 2010, \npp. 62\u201368\n. Substance use \ntre"]
[17.04764747619629, 7.855081558227539, " \nwith a Substance Use Disorder: \nGender Sensitive Substance \nAbuse Intervention, \u201d Journal of \nOffender Rehabilitation, Vol. 49, \nNo. 7, 2010, pp.  479\u2013 494. Substance use \ntreatment  Female youth \ncommitted to youth \ndevelopment center \nwith a subs"]
[17.00166893005371, 7.828670501708984, "4. Wraparound services  Youth with affective \nor psychotic \ndisorders in detention centers\n \u2022 n = 314 Observational  Justice, \nsubstance \nuse, mental \nhealth, other  \nMcCarter, Susan Ainsley, \n\u201cHolistic Representation: A \nRandomized Pilot Study of Wr"]
[17.031862258911133, 7.879636764526367, "tember 2014, pp. 1033\u20131056. \nBaglivio, Michael T., Kevin T. Wolff, James C. Howell, Katherine Jackowski, and Mark A. \nGreenwald, \u201cThe Search for the Holy Grail: Criminogenic Needs Matching, Intervention Dosage, and Subsequent Recidivism Among Serious"]
[17.04344367980957, 7.886769771575928, "y,\u201d Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 77, No. 1, February 2009, pp. 26\u201337. \nBottcher, Jean, and Michael E. Ezell, \u201cExamining the Effectiveness of Boot Camps: A \nRandomized Experiment with a Long-Term Follow Up,\u201d Journal of Research "]
[17.065576553344727, 7.862915992736816, " Youth,\u201d Journal of Family \nTherapy, Vol. 41, No. 2, April 2019, pp. 251\u2013276. \nCervantes, Richard C., Karen Ruan, and Norma Due\u00f1as, \u201cPrograma Shortstop: A Culturally \nFocused Juvenile Intervention for Hispanic Youth,\u201d Journal of Drug Education, Vol. "]
[17.054649353027344, 7.893898010253906, "Lisa P. Tichavsky, \u201cWhat Works for Whom? The Effects \nof Gender Responsive Programming on Girls and Boys in Secure Detention,\u201d Journal of \nResearch in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2015, pp. 93\u2013129. \nde Beus, Kimberly, and Nancy Rodriguez, \u201c"]
[17.031221389770508, 7.881390571594238, "ustaining Families, Dissuading \nCrime: The Effectiveness of a Family Preservation Program with Male Delinquents,\u201d Journal \nof Criminal Justice, Vol. 39, No. 4, July\u2013August 2011, pp. 338\u2013343. \nDiClemente, Ralph J., Teaniese L. Davis, Andrea Swartzendr"]
[17.082155227661133, 7.923216342926025, "w J., \u201cUsing Police Officers to Enhance the Supervision of Juvenile Probationers: \nAn Evaluation of the Anchorage CAN Program,\u201d Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 48, No. 1, January 2002, pp. 116\u2013137. \nGibson, Laurel P., Charleen J. Gust, Arielle S. Gillman"]
[17.06060218811035, 7.894117832183838, " the Juvenile Justice System,\u201d Children and Youth Services Review, Vol. 65, June 2016, pp. 78\u201385. \nHamilton, Zachary K., Christopher J. Sullivan, Bonita M. Veysey, and Michele Grillo, \n\u201cDiverting Multi-Problem Youth from Juvenile Justice: Investigati"]
[17.12552833557129, 7.976539134979248, ". Drinkard, Lynn Falletta, and Daniel J. Flannery, \u201cUnderstanding \nClinical Complexity in Delinquent Youth: Comorbidities, Service Utilization, Cost, and Outcomes,\u201d Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, Vol. 40, No. 1, March 2008, pp. 85\u201395. \nJavdani, Shabn"]
[17.06220054626465, 7.897490978240967, "Jonathan A. Grubb, \u201cAn Evaluation of Redeploy Illinois on Juvenile \nReoffending,\u201d International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol. 65, Nos. 10\u201311, August 2021, pp. 1192\u20131223. \nKrakow, Barry, Diane Sandoval, Ron Schrader, Br"]
[17.02349853515625, 7.935182094573975, "J., Scott W. Henggeler, Michael R. McCart, Charles M. Borduin, Paul A. \nSchewe, and Kevin S. Armstrong, \u201cTwo-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Effectiveness Trial Evaluating MST for Juveniles Who Sexually. \nLeve, Leslie D., and Patricia Chamberlain, \u201cA "]
[17.064172744750977, 7.902778625488281, " Donat, Jane Cheney, \nTimothy M. Fitzpatrick, and Linda Monaco, \u201cProject Back-on-Track at 1 Year: A Delinquency Treatment Program for Early-Career Juvenile Offenders,\u201d Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 39, No. 9"]
[16.97591781616211, 7.899113655090332, "valuation of an \nIntimate Partner Violence Prevention Program for Adjudicated, African American, Adolescent Males,\u201d Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, Vol. 4, No. 4, October 2006, \npp. 368\u2013385.  62 Sawyer, Aaron M., and Charles M. Borduin, \u201cEffects"]
[17.038522720336914, 7.885694980621338, "tivational Interviewing for Incarcerated Adolescents \non Driving Under the Influence After Release,\u201d American Journal on Addictions, Vol. 15, \nSuppl. 1, 2006, pp. 50\u201357. \nSteiner, Benjamin, and Andrew L. Giacomazzi, \u201cJuvenile Waiver, Boot Camp, and R"]
[17.03090476989746, 7.884859561920166, "athleen Kemp, Sarah Johnson, and \nLarry K. Brown, \u201cOutcomes of a Family-Based HIV Prevention Intervention for Substance Using Juvenile Offenders,\u201d Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, Vol. 77, June 2017, pp. 115\u2013125. \nTrulson, Chad, Ruth Triplett, a"]
[17.055038452148438, 7.9043049812316895, "lence and Juvenile Justice, Vol. 18, No. 4, \nOctober 2020, pp. 381\u2013394. \nYoder, Jamie, Rebecca Dillard, Lori Brusman Lovins, and Stuart Berry, \u201cEvaluation II: Risk \nOutcomes from a Specialized Treatment and Management Program for Youth Who Commit Sex"]
[17.244651794433594, 8.055347442626953, "D. MICHAEL APPLEGARTH, P\u2019TRICE JONES, STEPHANIE BROOKS HOLLIDAY\nPromising Services for \nJustice-Involved Youth\nA Scoping Review with Implications for \nthe Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act\nFrom the onset of the first juvenile c"]
[17.17732048034668, 7.990568161010742, "is filed), and 54\u00a0percent of cases continued through the court (i.e., petitioned). For the peti-tioned cases, over 200,000 juveniles were adjudicated (53\u00a0percent), the equivalent of being found guilty in adult court (Hockenberry, 2022a). For those wh"]
[17.297948837280273, 8.097790718078613, "re strength-based focus when engaging with youth (Kazemian, 2021). To achieve the goal of providing effective services, continued efforts are needed, not only to continue developing and testing new service models but to synthesize and disseminate our"]
[17.641483306884766, 8.430087089538574, "018, 5,098 youth were under active supervision of the Pro-bation Department. This dropped to 3,538 by Octo-ber 2020 (Los Angeles Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council, 2021). Although this drop might partially reflect the effect of the coronavirus di"]
[17.209178924560547, 7.9761199951171875, "ts that agencies provide details regarding the evidence base of their programming; however, agencies often make local adaptations to programs, and it could be difficult for JJCC members to determine what components of programming are evidence-based. "]
[17.048608779907227, 7.862460136413574, "comes of interest \n(e.g., \u201coutcome,\u201d \u201creoffen*).\nWe limited our review to studies published \nsince the year 2000, published in English, and that included programs or samples in the United States. 5\nEmpirical studies and meta-analyses that reported \no"]
[15.518952369689941, 6.6994547843933105, "or investigator independently screened an initial set of 50 articles and discussed them to achieve consensus. The inclusion and exclusion crite-ria were refined using this process, and the research team then screened a second set of 50 articles. Afte"]
[17.039840698242188, 7.902965545654297, "l programs 4 \nHealth-focused programs (No subcategories) 10 \nFamily-focused interventions Multisystemic therapy 10 \nFunctional family therapy 4 \nFamily empowerment intervention 5 \nMultidimensional treatment foster care 2 \nParenting with love and limi"]
[16.986019134521484, 7.814574241638184, "3)\u00a0other (i.e., those that did not neatly fit into one of the previously identified categories). A table of all included studies appears in Appendix B.\n1. Diversion Programs\nDiversion programs aim to reduce youths\u2019 formal contact with the juvenile ju"]
[16.993515014648438, 7.819011688232422, "ely to reoffend during the two-year follow-up period. \nTogether, these studies suggest restorative justice \nprograms might effectively serve as alternatives to formal system involvement for youth.\n1.2. Teen Courts\nTeen courts are intended for first t"]
[16.970829010009766, 7.801177501678467, "health concerns, aiming to connect youth with needed mental health services in community-based settings (i.e., treatment settings that the youth engage in while residing in the community with a parent[s] or caregiver). Three studies were quasi-experi"]
[16.965070724487305, 7.803156852722168, "t\u00a0al., 2018).\nTwo other studies evaluated the effects of the \nMental Health/Juvenile Justice Diversion Project in New York. Several sites across 12 counties par-ticipated, all with the unified goals of preventing rearrest or supervision violations of"]
[16.98219871520996, 7.803079605102539, "-based arrested youth. Although the rate of school-based arrest decreased by 84\u00a0percent following the program\u2019s implementation, youth who were arrested prior to the program had similar recidivism rates compared with the program youth who, instead of "]
[16.99120330810547, 7.800802230834961, " to evaluate youths\u2019 needs and create a treatment plan prior to the youth\u2019s court date (Kazi et\u00a0al., 2012). Significant increases in the use of alternative sanctions (i.e., youth cases were adjourned in contemplation of dismissal dependent on youth h"]
[16.98073387145996, 7.791652202606201, "quences associated with detention. \nTwo studies examined potential methods of \nenhancing standard diversion programs. In one, youth randomly assigned to receive 16 weeks of case management in addition to the standard diver-sion program saw no added r"]
[17.01668930053711, 7.785275936126709, "vism. First, in a national 12\nmulti-site quasi-experimental study, youth partici-\npating in a drug court had the same or higher odds of recidivating compared with similar peers on probation (Sullivan et\u00a0al., 2016). Second, in another quasi-experiment"]
[17.07729721069336, 7.7560224533081055, " significantly lower only in felony arrests rates.\nFindings from two observational studies suggest \nthat it is not uncommon for youth who participate in drug court to have, at least initially, some contin-ued substance use, with 79\u00a0percent (Hayden, 2"]
[16.962074279785156, 7.813077449798584, "munity service, and group and individual therapy. Parents also participated in a group to discuss family problems. Girls in the program had statistically significant reductions in law violations and when compared with a matched sample of girls assign"]
[17.001882553100586, 7.823307514190674, "studies examined the Crossover Youth \nPractice Model, which aims to identify youth with involvement in both the child welfare system and the juvenile justice system. In this model, the two agencies assess youths\u2019 needs and coordinate case manage -\nme"]
[16.928571701049805, 7.7819976806640625, "onnect youth to educational, mental health, and family services that can address underlying causes of delin-quent behavior. No significant reduction in recidi-vism was observed for participating youth.\nIt can be challenging to draw conclusions across"]
[16.871036529541016, 7.764576435089111, "elony arrest (Bahr, Cherrington, and Erickson, 2016).\nThe articles that used a quasi-experimental \ndesign also supported the use of CBT for reducing recidivism for justice-involved youth. For example, there is evidence that participating in CBT is as"]
[16.926902770996094, 7.7849884033203125, "th in a residential or community-based setting among the observed youth that received some form of CBT treatment (Thoder and Cautilli, 2010; Yoder et\u00a0al., 2017). \nKrakow et\u00a0al. (2001) observed changes in PTSD \nsymptoms and sleep quality for girls in "]
[16.942110061645508, 7.793833255767822, "ure rates of reoffending, finding that this gender-specific intervention did not decrease recidivism for detained boys or girls (Day, Zahn, and Tichavsky, 2015). \nA quasi-experimental study of boys that received \nan unspecified intensive mental healt"]
[16.95645523071289, 7.799002170562744, "ment results in better juvenile justice outcomes for youth rather than no treatment at all.\n5. Psychoeducation\nThere were 16 articles that evaluated psychoeduca-tional programs. We identified three subcategories of programs, including skills training"]
[16.911869049072266, 7.751162528991699, "arding observational studies, Abrams, Shan-\nnon, and Sangalang (2008) evaluated an independent living skills\u2013focused program for youth preparing to leave incarceration and found no significant relation -\nship between program participation and new off"]
[16.970537185668945, 7.782855987548828, "e observational studies. In an RCT, Salazar and Cook (2006) evaluated \nan intimate partner violence\u2013prevention program administered in the community for adjudicated, predominately African American males. In the post-test assessment, results revealed "]
[16.949899673461914, 7.781949520111084, "oup had significantly fewer sexual \npartners than the control group at the six-month follow-up, but only for youth who engaged in sexual activity before they were 12 years old (Donenberg, Emerson, and Kendall, 2018). There was no sig-nificant effect "]
[17.228849411010742, 8.759512901306152, "\nthat there is a specific intervention approach that appears to be especially effective at addressing risky health-related behaviors, given the mixed nature of the findings and generally high-quality nature of most of the included studies.\n7. Family-"]
[17.223173141479492, 8.755887985229492, "r. Similarly, Timmons-Mitchell et\u00a0al. (2006) found no significant differences between groups for substance use and externalizing behaviors but did find evidence of significantly better function-ing for youth at school or work, in the home or com-muni"]
[17.156341552734375, 8.566044807434082, "dications found no significant differences between the treatment and control groups of adjudicated youth 12 months post-intervention (Sexton and Turner, 2010). \nTwo quasi-experimental studies also looked at \nthe effectiveness of FFT on recidivism. Ce"]
[16.96480369567871, 7.806624889373779, "examined a community-based program for youth who are justice-involved, called Parenting with Love and Limits . This program \nprovided therapy sessions to youths and their guard -\nians, in addition to offering parenting education ser -\nvices. Compared"]
[16.96457862854004, 7.803279876708984, "th youth who did not participate in the program (Trupin et\u00a0al., 2011). However, there was no significant effect on overall or misdemeanor recidivism. Finally, a gender-specific family-based delinquency intervention also seemed to significantly lower "]
[16.944868087768555, 7.786813259124756, "h participating in the program are traditionally housed in a separate unit.\nTwo quasi-experimental studies examined the \neffectiveness of the Phoenix Academy program. Initially, this residential treatment program showed positive results (at three, si"]
[16.951576232910156, 7.785354137420654, ", curriculum \ncompression, acknowledgement of addiction, and other factors, tended to have lower subsequent arrest rates (Mears and Kelly, 2002). Second, an experimen-tal study evaluating the effects of youth who receive an MI intervention found that"]
[16.98691177368164, 7.811358451843262, "heir family, service providers, and others from the community establish a team and work to take a holis-tic approach to supporting the youth and their fami-lies (National Center for Innovation and Excellence, undated). Because these models tend to be"]
[16.945236206054688, 7.780213356018066, "ing construction trade skills and working on projects (Cohen and Piquero, 2010). Youth who completed the program were more likely to graduate (58\u00a0percent compared with 18\u00a0per-cent) and had reduced recidivism rates compared with youth who did not comp"]
[16.9835262298584, 7.747547626495361, "s after release. Finally, Steiner and Giacomazzi (2007) found that participat-ing in a boot camp (the Rider Program) was not asso-ciated with recidivism over a two-year follow-up.\n11. Risk-Need-Responsivity and \nPrinciples of Effective Correctional I"]
[16.96242904663086, 7.796323776245117, "hnical violation but were not more likely to receive new charges. Lane et\u00a0al. (2005) conducted an RCT in which the treat-ment group received more contacts and lengthier interactions with supervision staff and found no sig-nificant differences in the "]
[16.927295684814453, 7.774217128753662, "are summarized in Table 2. \nMany diversion programs were associated with \nbetter outcomes for youth, including a lower likeli-hood of future arrests, adjudications, and out-of-home placements across multiple studies. These programs used a variety of "]
[16.970699310302734, 7.780206680297852, "tions (e.g., Giblin, 2002), likely because of increased oversight. Boot camps also had no significant long-term effect (e.g., Bottcher and Ezell, 2005). \nFinally, psychoeducational programs appeared \nto have mixed effects, including life skills train"]
[16.883609771728516, 7.756235599517822, "grams that address criminogenic risk tended to be effective at reducing recidivism.\n\u2022 Ot\nher forms of CBT that target mental health had mixed outcomes, although certain forms of such \ntherapy appeared to effectively improve mental health.\n\u2022 So\nme oth"]
[16.955711364746094, 7.8210601806640625, "study had youth \nself-report less delinquent behavior and less victimization.\nOther \u2022 On\ne study suggested that a wilderness program increased youths\u2019 feelings of self-efficacy and hope for \nthe future, but did not observe reduced recidivism.\n\u2022 An\not"]
[17.195016860961914, 7.982700824737549, "ulations. Therefore, our comments on the status of the literature should be interpreted as specific to the academic literature. That said, we believe that the bulk of relevant studies will appear in the academic literature rather than in gray literat"]
[17.423263549804688, 8.407516479492188, "gram, a newer program providing case management services that is currently expanding (Los Angeles County Depart-ment of Youth Diversion and Development, 2022). \nIn the category of problem-solving courts and \nother court interventions, two court-relat"]
[17.024023056030273, 7.914535999298096, ". \nAnnie E. Casey Foundation, \u201cWhat Is Juvenile Justice?\u201d blog \npost, December\u00a012, 2020. As of October\u00a011, 2022:  https://www.aecf.org/blog/what-is-juvenile-justice\nBaglivio, Michael, and Katherine Jackowski, \u201cEvaluating the \nEffectiveness of a Victi"]
[17.05613899230957, 7.898231029510498, "tal Disorders Among Adolescents in Juvenile Detention and Correctional Facilities,\u201d Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol.\u00a060, No.\u00a01, January 2021, pp.\u00a046\u201360. \nBehnken, Monic P., David E. Arredondo, and Wendy L. \nPac"]
[17.04242706298828, 7.891722202301025, " and Bonita Veysey, \u201cEffectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy for Gang-Involved Youth Offenders: One Year Follow-Up Analysis of Recidivism Outcomes,\u201d Children and Youth Services Review, Vol.\u00a073, February 2017, pp.\u00a0107\u2013112. \nBrusman Lovins, Lori, Jamie "]
[17.044050216674805, 7.889059543609619, "na Navrotskaya, Annemarie Madaras, Robert L. Rhyne, Jennifer Hettema, and Christina Phillips, \u201cPilot Study of an Overdose First Aid Program in Juvenile Detention,\u201d Health Promotion Practice, Vol.\u00a022, No.\u00a05, September 2021, pp.\u00a0638\u2013640. \nChassin, Laur"]
[17.019025802612305, 7.8899126052856445, "Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol.\u00a035, No.\u00a03, May\u2013June 2007, pp.\u00a0337\u2013347. 33\nDembo, Richard, Gabriela Ramirez-Garnica, Matthew Rollie, \nJames Schmeidler, Stephen Livingston, and Amy Hartsfield, \u201cYouth Recidivism Twelve Months After a Family Empowermen"]
[17.071849822998047, 7.914389133453369, " Robert G. Morris, and Jonathan W. Caudill, \n\u201cSustaining Families, Dissuading Crime: The Effectiveness of a Family Preservation Program with Male Delinquents,\u201d Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol.\u00a039, No.\u00a04, July\u2013August 2011, pp.\u00a0338\u2013343. DiClemente, Ra"]
[17.063825607299805, 7.909740447998047, "y, Jessie Daniels, \nMartha Crum, Danielle C. Ompad, and David Vlahov, \n\u201cReducing Drug Use, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Risk, and \nRecidivism Among Young Men Leaving Jail: Evaluation of the \nREAL MEN Re-Entry Program,\u201d Journal of Adolescent Health, \n"]
[17.087932586669922, 7.914310455322266, "ctober 2018, pp.\u00a0939\u2013953. \nGray, Doug, Kristin L. Dawson, Todd C. Grey, and William\u00a0M. \nMcMahon, \u201cThe Utah Youth Suicide Study: Best Practices for Suicide Prevention Through the Juvenile Court System,\u201d Psychiatric Services, Vol.\u00a062, No.\u00a012, December "]
[17.06856918334961, 7.9106268882751465, "p.\u00a0264\u2013275. \nHenggeler, Scott W., Elizabeth J. Letourneau, Jason E. Chapman, \nCharles M. Borduin, Paul A. Schewe, and Michael R. McCart, \u201cMediators of Change for Multisystemic Therapy with Juvenile Sexual Offenders,\u201d Journal of Consulting and Clinica"]
[17.197282791137695, 8.022244453430176, "Problems,\u201d Journal of Juvenile Justice, Vol.\u00a04, No.\u00a02, Fall 2015, pp.\u00a01\u201312. \nJuvenile Justice Coordinating Council, Fiscal Year 2022\u201323 \nJuvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act Funding Request Summary: JJCC-JJCPA: FY 22\u201323 Funding Requests by Service S"]
[17.05414581298828, 7.898141860961914, "ril 2016, pp.\u00a0302\u2013325. \nKretschmar, Jeff M., Krystel Tossone, Fredrick Butcher, and \nBarbara Marsh, \u201cExamining the Impact of a Juvenile Justice Diversion Program for Youth with Behavioral Health Concerns on Early Adulthood Recidivism,\u201d Children and Y"]
[17.232891082763672, 8.060059547424316, " Smith, and \nGordon T. Harold, \u201cMultidimensional Treatment Foster Care as an Intervention for Juvenile Justice Girls in Out-of-Home Care,\u201d in Shari Miller, Leslie D. Leve, and Patricia K. Kerig, eds., Delinquent Girls: Contexts, Relationships, and Ad"]
[17.08334732055664, 7.9328789710998535, "onal Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, Vol.\u00a057, No.\u00a09, September 2013, pp.\u00a01107\u20131119. \nMears, Daniel P., and William R. Kelly, \u201cLinking Process and \nOutcomes in Evaluating a Statewide Drug Treatment Program for Youthful Offende"]
[17.09149932861328, 7.923119068145752, "e Court Processing,\u201d last updated February 2017a. As of November\u00a08, 2022: https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/Diversion_Programs.pdf\nOffice of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, \u201cFormal, \nPost-Adjudication Juvenile Probation Services,\u201d las"]
[16.98388671875, 7.854485034942627, "y 2017, pp.\u00a059\u201366. Salazar, Laura F., and Sarah L. Cook, \u201cPreliminary Findings \nfrom an Outcome Evaluation of an Intimate Partner Violence \nPrevention Program for Adjudicated, African American, \nAdo lescent M ales,\u201d Youth Violence and Juvenile Justic"]
[17.054094314575195, 7.895215034484863, "gs from a Program Evaluation in Harris \nCounty, Texas,\u201d Journal o f Experimental C rimino logy, Vol.\u00a013, \nNo.\u00a02, 2017, pp.\u00a0275\u2013285. \nStein, L. A. R., Suzanne M. Colby, Nancy P. Barnett, Peter M. \nMonti, Charles Golembeske, and Rebecca Lebeau-Craven, "]
[17.208255767822266, 8.026227951049805, "venile Justice, Vol.\u00a04, No.\u00a03, July 2006, pp.\u00a0219\u2013233. \nWhitaker, Laura, Sierra Smucker, and Stephanie Brooks Holliday, \nA Gap Analysis of the Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act Portfolio , RAND Corporation, RR-1663-1, 2022. \nAs"]
[17.17306137084961, 7.995532035827637, ", Jason J. Washburn, Leah\u00a0J. \nWelty, Jennifer A. Hershfield, and Mina K. Duncan, The Northwestern Juvenile Project: Overview , Office of Juvenile \nJustice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice, NCJ 234522, February 2013. \nTheriot, Ma"]
[13.936816215515137, 4.382509231567383, " which are approved by the county through the Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council (JJCC), which comprises stakeholders from county agen-cies, city agencies, and community-based organizations. In 2019, the Probation Department selected the RAND Corp"]
[13.858423233032227, 4.604942321777344, "itment t o the op en \npublication o f our research f indings a nd \nrecommendations, di sclosure o f the \nsour\nce of funding o f  published r esearch, \nand policies to ensure intellectual \nindependence. F or more i n formation, v isit \nwww.rand.org/ab"]
[1.6718193292617798, 7.784618854522705, "Wanxiang Innovation \nEnergy Fusion City\nRecommendations for Developing an  \nInnovation Cluster\nRafiq Dossani, Marlon Graf, Eugeniu Han\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by l"]
[1.6749509572982788, 7.7970685958862305, "r Science and Technol -\nogy Park, and made recommendations on technology business incubation. In a 2012 report, RAND developed recommendations for a new innovation cluster known as the Sino-\n Sin\ngapore \nGuangzhou Knowledge City, located in Guangzhou"]
[1.6703715324401855, 7.782956123352051, "and occupational safety, energy policy, science and innovation policy, space, and telecommunications.\nQuestions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, Rafiq  \nDossani (Rafiq_Dossani@rand.org). For more information about R"]
[1.6791149377822876, 7.7709879875183105, "...................... 24\nPeople and Workforce  ......................................................................................... 26\nExploring Alternative Technologies  ........................................................................."]
[1.6854214668273926, 7.767636299133301, " the Stuttgart Region, by Sector  .................................. 15\n 3.1\n. Geo\ngraphical Location of Aichi Prefecture  ..................................................... 21\n 3.2\n. Abs\nolute Value of Shipments, Aichi Prefecture  ..............."]
[1.6742640733718872, 7.7838850021362305, "eloping an Innovation Cluster\n 4.3. Product Pricing for Both End User\u2013Facing Firms and Firms Within the Supply  \nCh\nain, by Each of the Four Clusters  ........................................................... 38\n 4.4\n. The In\ndustrial Organization\u2019"]
[1.6723361015319824, 7.784008979797363, "t private risk capital.\n\u2022 Its s\nupport services, such as legal and financial services, are comprehensive. \n1 An ecosystem  is defined as a community or cluster of connected players that is sustainable. Sustainability  means that \nthe cluster is able "]
[1.6696572303771973, 7.7844743728637695, "sks, and time lines. We describe suggested policies related to each sustaining factor below.\n1.\n Acc\ness to cutting-edge technology \na. WIE\nFC could establish centers of excellence (COEs), initially in collaboration with \nZJU, to be located at WIEFC."]
[1.6713528633117676, 7.784124374389648, "C achieve consistently high \nstandards through advisory support.\nWhat Not to Do\nPolicies to Attract Leading Firms\nMany successful clusters contain one or more global market leaders. Such firms, either by \nthemselves or in combination with other firms"]
[1.6700098514556885, 7.785028457641602, "r initial operations for a period of time at below-market costs until they are commercially viable. Incubators often contain support services, such as technical and legal services.\nThis may suggest that WIEFC should establish policies for supporting "]
[1.6417263746261597, 7.806174278259277, "ties to further the businesses of its members. Specifically, \nthe BDA will (1)\n faci\nlitate the introduction of new technologies through licensing, research \nprograms, and other ways of accessing and developing intellectual property; (2)  dev\nelop ta"]
[1.672297716140747, 7.784702301025391, "\nBDA business development association\nBI benchmarking institute\nCARS Cluster Initiative Automotive Stuttgart\nCOE center of excellence\ne-mobil BW electro-mobility initiative Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg\nIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers\nIT i"]
[1.6722958087921143, 7.782259941101074, "omponents that together compose a whole.\nThis is a potentially transformative project for the Group, both because of the Group\u2019s \nfinancial commitment, which is estimated at RMB 200\n bil\nlion (the Group\u2019s 2016 gross reve-\nnue is RMB 115  bil\nlion), a"]
[1.670881748199463, 7.782351016998291, "echnologies across all industries. Many technology parks include community Introduction    3\nliving spaces. Yet, apart from Stanford Research Park in Palo Alto, California, and Research \nTriangle Park in Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina, few technology"]
[1.6771819591522217, 7.773280143737793, " that while these so-called \u201csuccess factors\u201d may be \nnecessary to spur innovation, they may not be sufficient. There are locations that possess all of the aforementioned success factors but nevertheless failed to develop cutting-edge innovation (Fel"]
[1.6722463369369507, 7.786983966827393, "cisco, even though the bankers who provided the capital were initially based in San Francisco (and who later followed their clients to Silicon Valley) (Kenney, 2000). This may have been true for the manufactur -\ning start-ups of the 1980s and 1990s, "]
[1.670792818069458, 7.784736633300781, "articular topic to discuss. Such incentives have an indirect commercial benefit, and should carefully be related to the causes that need to be addressed, if they are to succeed. \nDespite the large number of such interventions, little is known about w"]
[1.6710376739501953, 7.7854180335998535, "ergy Fusion City: Recommendations for Developing an Innovation Cluster\nAttributes of WIEFC\nWe list below the desired attributes of WIEFC:\n\u2022 Its w\norkforce, firms, and research centers are innovative, experimental, and technically \nsophisticated.\n\u2022 It"]
[1.670639157295227, 7.784361839294434, "ter is rich with job opportunities, those taking risks at the cutting edge might find it easier to find jobs in the event of failure. However, it is not clear if there are any simple lessons for policymakers, since the building of such a culture take"]
[1.6827456951141357, 7.769944667816162, " built around highly educated persons challenges \na long-held concept known as the death of distance , or the idea that digital technologies would \nenable high-quality remote working. As Silicon Valley evidently demonstrates, this has not happened, e"]
[1.674236536026001, 7.779634952545166, "; and semi-structured interviews with local experts from academia, policymaking, think tanks, and industry. Further, through literature reviews, we compare and contrast our case study findings with two additional cluster models, the Taiwan high-techn"]
[1.6828933954238892, 7.782351493835449, ".\nFigure 2.1 shows the gross regional product for Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which has grown \nsteadily since the early 1990s, with a brief decline during the 2009 financial crisis, to over 400\n bil\nlion euros in 2015. Manufacturing accounts for a substantial"]
[1.6783199310302734, 7.776125431060791, "nventions of a group of automotive entrepreneurs in the late 19th century, including Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Benz, and Wilhelm Maybach. These entrepreneurs are credited with inventing the first four-wheeled cars in Europe, beginning production in 1900"]
[1.6860073804855347, 7.785991668701172, "ter-Firm Networks\nThe Stuttgart region hosts a substantial share of national automotive sector employment. It is \nhome to a supplier network that is both large and sophisticated enough to supply most of the need by large manufacturers for components "]
[1.6805286407470703, 7.773086071014404, "t region currently retains high-value, knowledge-intensive activities, while outsourcing the rest to regions such as Eastern Europe, Asia, and South America (Sturgeon and Van Biesebroeck, 2011). Typically, within large firms, research and development"]
[1.6769911050796509, 7.776852130889893, "cisionmaking procedures and strategy formulation when it comes to exploring new products and technologies. \nTo bridge these knowledge gaps and to cope with ensuing uncertainties, policymakers \nand industry associations across the region have been wor"]
[1.6763629913330078, 7.777577877044678, "holds an advanced degree, compared \nwith only 6  perc\nent in the construction sector, further emphasizing the knowledge-intensive \nnature of activities in the automotive cluster.\nAside from its high-quality vocational training institutions and trade "]
[1.6771405935287476, 7.774590015411377, "0302010\n0\nAutomotive Engineering Manufacturing ConstructionUniversity degree \nVocational certification \nNo vocational training \nNot applicable   \nIndustrial \nproduction16    Wanxiang Innovation Energy Fusion City: Recommendations for Developing an In"]
[1.678750991821289, 7.775348663330078, "tion of the automotive sector, educate firms and entrepreneurs across the region about the challenges and opportunities from these new technological developments, and provide a platform for people from various sectors to get together and pursue inter"]
[1.6899408102035522, 7.76915979385376, "hile Daimler and Porsche are operating as large, steady corporations and are concerned with long-term growth and stability, firms like Tesla, Uber, and others that have recently risen to prominence are shaking up the automotive land -\nscape and are l"]
[1.6907484531402588, 7.7628068923950195, "nchoring car manufacturers, Daimler and Porsche, and the high degree of niche specialization of many local small firms, the cluster might find it difficult to adapt in the short term. These and other key strengths and weaknesses of the Stuttgart auto"]
[1.6951401233673096, 7.759426593780518, "ed IT base, lack \nof connection to local IT firms\nRelated and supporting industries\u2022\n Dedi\ncated network of \nsuppliers, mainly SMEs\u2022 Soph\nisticated \ntasks and ser-vices in-cluster, routine tasks outsourced\u2022\n Str\nong dependence \non a few large firms c"]
[1.6948999166488647, 7.759322166442871, "ome to several major corporations, such as Mitsubi -\nshi Aircraft Corporation in aviation, Central Japan Railway Company and Nagoya Railroad in the railway industry, Sumitomo Riko in the rubber and plastic industries, and Brother Indus-tries in the e"]
[1.6897627115249634, 7.761684894561768, "ted Kingdom. In time, its engineers were able to achieve significant innovation by improving on Western designs. As important, perhaps, was the development of an advanced assembly line system known as the Toyota Production System that is considered t"]
[1.688278317451477, 7.766160488128662, "r accessing advanced technologies and processes. \nSupply Chains and Inter-Firm Networks\nAichi Prefecture accounts for 40\n perc\nent of total national shipments of transportation equip -\nment and machinery. Large, horizontally integrated firms that act"]
[1.6946208477020264, 7.7566399574279785, "affected Aichi\u2019s production structure as it has Stuttgart\u2019s. To meet \ndomestic content requirements and to save costs, the large producers and several of their suppli -\ners have built manufacturing plants around the world. As a result, offshore manuf"]
[1.6946167945861816, 7.757673263549805, " of the traditional system. In particular, instead of buying only from long-term suppliers at prices that are sometimes above the market price, Toyota started developing relationships with key international mega suppli -\ners whose economies of scale "]
[1.6981333494186401, 7.756727695465088, "loped resident engineer program that allows professionals from supplier companies to work with Toyota designers for periods between six months and three years. This program contributes to better communication between automakers and suppliers and fost"]
[1.6860984563827515, 7.768218040466309, "labor, globalized large \nfirms, and networked SMEs are the major driving forces for the cluster\u2019s success. Large firms are horizontally integrated and rely on sophisticated SMEs to contribute technology- intensive critical components. However, these "]
[1.6758828163146973, 7.777435779571533, "y Chain\nLarge firms tend to face the most-sophisticated users, i.e., end users or other large firms. Large \nfirms are horizontally integrated, allowing them to face a diverse variety of end-users. SMEs are of two kinds. Those supplying low-end produc"]
[1.679612636566162, 7.772401809692383, "sk\u2014they deal with the most-sophisticated users, often by introducing new and untested products to clients\u2014they can manage this risk by developing a pipeline of products through their experience of clients of different types and by being responsive to"]
[1.6777170896530151, 7.775615692138672, "larity is that large firms tend to be horizontally integrated. SMEs mostly deal with firms further down a supply chain that becomes less integrated as it moves downstream. The smaller the firm, the more likely it is to be specialized in a few types o"]
[1.679780125617981, 7.771480560302734, "nd universities are largely seen as a source of recruiting fresh employees.\nDiscussion\nIn Aichi, as in Stuttgart, the role of large firms appears to be critical for employment in the cluster. While large firms similarly face the most market risk, the"]
[1.6723277568817139, 7.780670166015625, "sponsibility of the association.Developing the Wanxiang Innovation Energy Fusion City Cluster    35\nThe organization of the Taiwan personal computer cluster into associations originated \nfrom the dominance of local SMEs that initially produced simple"]
[1.6783289909362793, 7.776123046875, "ons, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Talent \nis competitively sourced. Once recruited, individual employees take responsibility for their own professional development (Castilla et al., 2000). SMEs do not see it a"]
[1.6791061162948608, 7.773993968963623, "gineering talent at the undergraduate and associate levels, while Stanford University and University of California, Berkeley, are important suppliers of graduate- and doctoral-level talent. The com -\nmunity colleges play an important role in providin"]
[1.6825748682022095, 7.774911403656006, "cts for the automotive sector. Since Wanxiang Automotive is a large player in this sector, we consider its potential role in WIEFC\u2019s development. \nThe insertion of China into the automotive supply chain occurred over the past three \ndecades and was d"]
[1.6855499744415283, 7.776056289672852, "dustry and with it, Silicon Valley. The automotive industry experienced a potentially \ndisruptive change with the recent arrival of firms such as Tesla, Inc. Located in Silicon Valley, Tesla\u2019s production model derives from the earlier iterations of t"]
[1.6741204261779785, 7.7795329093933105, "elop to the stage where it can provide technological leadership at a global scale. However, due to its inbuilt strengths of financial support and early adoption skills and its recent investments in electric vehicle technologies, it could become a tec"]
[1.6728376150131226, 7.782519340515137, "mestic firms, form an \u201canchor -\ning cluster\u201d of firms through the combined set of technologies and access to markets that they bring.\nAs we discuss below, the appropriate model for WIEFC is likely to combine elements of \neach of the models discussed "]
[1.6733890771865845, 7.781102180480957, ", prosperous, and innovative urban center, Hangzhou. Hang -\nzhou is an important center for the automotive industry, as well as a center for the country\u2019s digital technology businesses (European Union SME Centre, 2015). \nHigh housing costs and the hu"]
[1.6677392721176147, 7.786784648895264, "ea. This program would be managed by the BDA.\n3. Att\nract technical and innovative talent through the establishment of a jobs program to \nbe managed by the BDA. \nPolicies for Client and Vendor Development\n1. Build supply chains by linking firms withi"]
[1.6693416833877563, 7.784477710723877, "dents and faculty to obtain experience in real-world engineering proj -\nects carried out at WIEFC. While the main goal of a COE is to solve difficult applied engi -\nneering problems through collaborative research and development, a COE can be an exce"]
[1.6696960926055908, 7.784347057342529, "ctivities that span the higher value\u2013added activities of the supply chain (Christensen, 2013). \nAccess to clients. The BDA should develop marketing expertise in support of its member \nfirms. While firms in WIEFC should be free to conduct their own ma"]
[1.6720046997070312, 7.782044887542725, " an innovative component to developing new standards. Developing the Wanxiang Innovation Energy Fusion City Cluster    45\nNote that we are recommending neither particular technology standards nor output stan -\ndards for the BI. The evolution of techn"]
[1.6711726188659668, 7.781177520751953, "d with the global venture capital industry, and is the second-largest destination for venture capital after the United States (Soo, 2017). We expect that venture capital firms and other financiers will be attracted by the presence of the technology a"]
[1.6683087348937988, 7.785202980041504, "ce; their ownership; and their access to human, financial, technological, and other resources. Tables 4.4 and 4.5 outline the industrial organization\u2019s access to resources and product pricing, respec-tively.\nTable 4.4\nThe Industrial Organization\u2019s Ac"]
[1.6672040224075317, 7.785781383514404, "the COEs can become locations for cost-effectively adopting the latest technologies available elsewhere. For example, the use of smart robots and three-dimensional printing technologies can be tested on a shared-cost basis among the firms within the "]
[1.6727889776229858, 7.80773401260376, "ionsCompetitive Association, all firmsBanks and venture capitalDeveloping the Wanxiang Innovation Energy Fusion City Cluster    49\nTable 4.8\nValue of Each Cluster to Large Firms and Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises\nCluster Large Firms SMEs\nWIEFC T"]
[1.7160001993179321, 8.951859474182129, "nd A.4 show employment in Hangzhou. The figures indicate that manufacturing \nremains significant for the economy of the city.\nThe national government has, over the past few years, intensified efforts to transition \nfrom an economy driven by investmen"]
[1.6912736892700195, 9.017383575439453, "s capital funds; big data firms; and hundreds of technology-linked com -\npanies, including Kuaidi Dache, part of China\u2019s biggest taxi-hailing app, and Alibaba Group, China\u2019s largest online retailer. \nPeople and Workforce\nHangzhou\u2019s transformation fro"]
[1.6717036962509155, 7.821029186248779, "entages do not total 100 due to rounding.\nRAND RR2035-A.5Ph.D.\n0.53%Graduate\n2% \nUndergraduate\n18%\nSpecialized college\n42%Other\n38% \nFigure A.6Recent Graduates Employed in Hangzhou, by Origin\nSOURCE: Hangzhou Talent Service Bureau, 2016.\nRAND RR2035-"]
[1.671838402748108, 7.785922050476074, "uhang, Deqing, and Changxing, Zhejiang. Amber Energy was successfully listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 2009.\nThe renewable energy projects of the Group are concentrated in wind- and solar-power \ngeneration. Wind-power projects are located in"]
[1.6716866493225098, 7.781335830688477, "ponent of WIEFC will be hosted by two national \nengineering research centers or laboratories, one national innovation center, and several dozen international entrepreneurship teams attracting more than five thousand scientific and techni -\ncal person"]
[1.6787338256835938, 7.767416477203369, " as test subjects for new products and services and can be useful in anticipating future market trends. Ultimately, highly competitive regions benefit significantly from an educated, forward-looking, and demanding customer base, as it continuously ch"]
[1.678182601928711, 7.775440216064453, " Pro\nfessor Daofei Li, director, Institute for Power Machinery and Vehicular Machinery, \nZhejiang University\n\u2022 Wan\nxiang Group officials63References\nAcademic Ranking of World Universities, \u201cAcademic Ranking of World Universities in Engineering/\nTechn"]
[1.6584492921829224, 7.764663219451904, "l of Engineering and Technology Management , Vol. 22, No. 1, 2005, pp.\n 51\n\u201374.\nCastilla, Emilio J., Hokyu Hwang, Ellen Granovetter, and Mark Granovetter, \u201cSocial Networks in Silicon Valley,\u201d in Chong-Moon Lee, ed., The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat"]
[1.67311692237854, 7.763017177581787, "ation: Relocating Service Provision to India,\u201d \nWorld Development , Vol. 35, No. 5, 2007, pp.\n 77\n2\u2013792.\nDossani, Rafiq, and Ashish Kumar, \u201cNetwork Associations and Professional Growth Among Engineers from India and China in Silicon Valley,\u201d American"]
[1.6750397682189941, 7.775426864624023, "pgrading of Germany\u2019s Industrial Capabilities on the Horizon,\u201d Deutsche Bank Research, April 23, 2014.\nIMF WEO\u2014 See International Monetary Fund. \nInternational Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook , Washington, D.C., 2016.\nJapan Automobile Manufactu"]
[1.6603000164031982, 7.763665676116943, "17.\nLee, Chong-Moon, William F. Miller, and Marguerite Gong Hancock, The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship , Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2000.\nLiker, Jeffrey K., The Toyota Way: Fourteen Management Pr"]
[1.671511173248291, 7.768023490905762, "Asian Journal of Technology Innovation , Vol. 16, No. 2, 2008, pp.\n 83\n\u2013112.References    67\nSimon, Hermann, The Secret Winners (Hidden Champions): The Success Strategies of Unknown World Market \nLeaders [Die heimlichen Gewinner (Hidden Champions): D"]
[1.6746962070465088, 7.775515079498291, "mes Higher Education World University Rankings, \u201cNagoya University,\u201d web page, 2017. As of April 30, \n2017:  \nhttps://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/nagoya-university#ranking-dataset/589595 \nToyoda, Eiji, Toyota, Fifty Years i"]
[1.6745657920837402, 7.776059150695801, "17: http://reports.weforum.org/digital-transformation/wp-content/blogs.dir/94/mp/files/pages/files/wef-dti-automotivewhitepaper-final-january-2016-200116a.pdf\nYamawaki, Hideki, \u201cThe Evolution and Structure of Industrial Clusters in Japan,\u201d Small Busi"]
[-2.018359899520874, 6.6445512771606445, "SHELLY CULBERTSON, JAMES DIMAROGONAS, KATHERINE COSTELLO, \nSERAFINA LANNA\nCrossing the \nDigital Divide\nApplying Technology to the Global Refugee CrisisCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) containe"]
[-2.0214104652404785, 6.6425933837890625, "s on such topics as infrastructure, science and tech -\nnology, community design, community health promotion, migration and population dynamics, transportation, energy, and climate and the environment, as well as other policy concerns that are influen"]
[-2.0279786586761475, 6.637404441833496, " New Locations  .................................................................... 21\nLanguage  .............................................................................................. 23vi    Crossing the Digital Divide: Applying Technology "]
[-2.024205207824707, 6.639202117919922, ".... 67\nData Responsibility  ................................................................................... 70\nBias   ...................................................................................................... 74\nConflicts of Interest"]
[-2.0259389877319336, 6.637320041656494, "nalysis of technology uses, needs, \ngaps, and opportunities for helping displaced people and responding agencies. Our pri -\nmary focus is on digital technologies (often referred to as information and communica -\ntion technologies) and systems that ca"]
[-2.0240001678466797, 6.638321876525879, " the refugee crisis, changes in technology are resulting in changes to each entity\u2019s roles and responsibilities\u2014for example, by creating new roles, simplifying long-\n st\nanding \nroles, and altering the way that operations and programs are managed. At"]
[-2.0629262924194336, 6.5982160568237305, "ier provided individual per -\nspectives on the multiple ways that refugees use technology.\nAccess to Technology\nRefugees in each of the host countries where we conducted focus groups reported that \nthey typically used mobile devices, primarily smartp"]
[-2.032921314239502, 6.630491256713867, "th-based activity.  Several refugees discussed using digital technology for reli -\ngious purposes, including accessing the Quran and assistance opportunities at local churches.\n\u2022\n He\nalth care. Refugees also used digital technology in seeking health "]
[-2.0251004695892334, 6.641297340393066, " service is provided and the end user\u2019s experience. Value can derive from a technology\u2019s ability to meet a critical need and lower costs, as well as from such features as flexibility, familiarity, accountability, and privacy. \n\u2022\n Ke\ny resources  are "]
[-2.0269525051116943, 6.638205528259277, "ibe the competitive and collaborative environment that could translate to risks and opportunities.\n1 The approach is influenced by Michael Porter\u2019s five forces governing competition (Porter, 1979), except our \nfocus is on the refugees instead of on t"]
[-2.024984359741211, 6.639112949371338, "oordination in the strategic investment in and use of technology, which should lead to more opportunities for private-sector engage-ment and improved aid operations. Investment in technology in refugee settings is often made without preparing for the"]
[-2.025456190109253, 6.6371684074401855, "ld be conducted periodically, balancing the benefits of retaining vast data sets with the risks of securing the data.\n\u2022\n De\nvelop an ethical framework for technology in humanitarian settings. As part of the \nethical framework, develop guidelines for "]
[-2.006075859069824, 6.654422760009766, "munity Services in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Ipsos in Lusaka, Zambia. \nIn addition, we appreciate the generous time and insights of the following people \nwho were interviewed for this study. In particular, we thank the following government and mu"]
[-2.0214548110961914, 6.6411943435668945, "ng Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action; Prat Panda, senior manager, East Africa lead for Accenture Development Partnerships, Accenture; Meghann Rhynard-Geil, senior adviser, Technology for Development (Digital Communitie"]
[-2.044250965118408, 6.617132663726807, "fugees.\nRefugee:  There are multiple categories of people who have been forcibly displaced. \nThese include the following (UNHCR, 2019b):\n\u2022\n A r\nefugee is someone who lives outside of his or her country because of a well-\nfounded fear of persecution a"]
[-2.0352866649627686, 6.627554893493652, "w in these principles is an emphasis on the self-sufficiency of refugees (e.g., living in urban areas and holding jobs as opposed to staying in camps indefinitely while waiting to return home), providing assistance to host countries so they can inclu"]
[-2.017101764678955, 6.645449638366699, "agement by humanitarian agencies, dissemination of information to displaced people, educational and job-matching tools, personal iden -\ntity and property rights management, distribution of humanitarian assistance, coor -\ndination among humanitarian a"]
[-2.033571481704712, 6.628264904022217, "ntive for participation. \nTable 1.1\nDistribution of the Focus Groups with Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons \nLocation Focus Group #1 Focus Group #2\nBogot\u00e1, Colombia Refugees from Venezuela, \nmen and womenRefugees from Venezuela and internally"]
[-2.0254709720611572, 6.637340545654297, "of stakeholders. \nLimitations\nReaders should keep several limitations in mind when considering the key findings \nand implications of this report. First, the stakeholder interviews (in which we spoke to 30 people) do not necessarily represent the full"]
[-2.0243542194366455, 6.638820171356201, "ogy in refugee settings, and the roles, responsibilities, and relationships among these entities are complex. In this chapter, we draw on our literature review and stake-holder interviews to describe these main entities and their roles and responsibi"]
[-1.9910904169082642, 6.6722731590271, " also developed smartphone apps that help other refugees navi -\ngate journeys, learn about services in new countries, and gain employment. Examples include Gherbtna (developed by a Syrian refugee in Turkey), Alfanus (developed by Syrian refugees in T"]
[-1.9984678030014038, 6.664126396179199, "Because of these newly available tools, technology is changing aid agencies\u2019 capabilities, approaches to manag -\ning assistance, and mandates. Technology is also changing how food and housing aid is distributed, how information is used and communicat"]
[-2.0241692066192627, 6.63893985748291, "d data security procedures, which we discuss in more depth \nin Chapter\u00a0Six.\nSetting terms and values regarding the use of technology in humanitarian settings. \nThe aid community sets principles for the use of technology in humanitarian settings. For "]
[-2.019035816192627, 6.641908645629883, "h low connectivity .\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0. There\u2019s the perception that some of these techs and approaches are just being pushed by senior management as a solution to .\u00a0.\u00a0. enhance their profile.\nHost Countries\nIn addition to hosting refugees on their soil, host coun"]
[-2.0244150161743164, 6.638477802276611, "overns use of personal data and privacy. Turkey limits access to refugee data to the Turkish government and the UN. Interviewees described how differences in country con -\ntexts (laws, financial infrastructure, markets, government policy) lead to var"]
[-1.9994343519210815, 6.6647443771362305, "ment (discussed in more detail in Chapter\u00a0Five). The interviewees described donors\u2019 reluctance to fund technology systems, instead showing more interest in funding pilots, startups, and apps, and the interviewees attributed this inclination to intere"]
[-2.026789665222168, 6.637155055999756, "ivity, and operating services. From our literature review and interviews, we found that off-the-shelf products and platforms, rather than specialized apps, are most common in refugee settings. \nDeveloping apps and platforms to meet a particular refug"]
[-2.0216116905212402, 6.641767978668213, "uting to Technology in Refugee Settings    15\nConsortia\nLike-minded stakeholders have formed multiple consortia around various topics related \nto technology. Such consortia include technology companies, other private-sector com -\npanies, universities"]
[-2.0258278846740723, 6.637167453765869, "usiness Education Coalition, aims to 16    Crossing the Digital Divide: Applying Technology to the Global Refugee Crisis\nchannel corporate contributions in support of education in emergencies through \npartnerships among businesses, UN agencies, NGOs,"]
[-2.0233280658721924, 6.639652252197266, "anitarian settings. One interviewee described the target as \u201cbig problems we need to solve overlaid with where innovation can help us overcome it.\u201d Roles and Responsibilities of Entities Using or Contributing to Technology in Refugee Settings    17\nU"]
[-2.0251331329345703, 6.636950969696045, "pertise, funding, \ntraining, and other tools. \n\u2022 Co\nnsortia bring together different types of stakeholders to share information, \nbuild digital capacity and coordinate technical resources, and generate solutions.\n\u2022 Un\niversities provide research and "]
[-2.0975050926208496, 6.564011573791504, "duce postmigra -\ntion stress (Mikal and Woodfield, 2015) and contribute to social inclusion (\n Ab\nuJarour, \nKrasnova, and Hoffmeier, 2018). When asked why refugees prioritize smartphones and internet connectivity, one of our interviewees responded, \u201c"]
[-2.054396152496338, 6.606754302978516, "as WhatsApp, Viber, Skype, and Facebook Messenger, are most popular. Our interviewees empha -\nsized that these allow for international messaging and calling via Wi-Fi without requir -\ning the user to have a phone number. \nIn addition, there are techn"]
[-2.064427137374878, 6.596843719482422, "t opportunities to them to get out of their constrained position.\u201d\nEstablishment in New Locations\nRefugees have used mobile communication and social media to adapt in host coun -\ntries, and humanitarian organizations have used these tools to provide "]
[-2.065253257751465, 6.59576416015625, " directions, some -\nthing you cannot always find easily. It\u2019s a new life and a new environment for us. \n.\u00a0.\u00a0. Even in Jordan, they have this application where they give you information in 3D or information about the language and a lot of other things"]
[-2.0858850479125977, 6.575361251831055, "which provides free app-based language instruction (Duolingo, undated). After discovering that some of the most common languages learned on Duolingo were Swedish and German, the company built several courses for Arabic speakers in an effort to help r"]
[-2.0520238876342773, 6.609496116638184, "on, 2013; \u201cBrisbane to Help Asylum Seekers and Refugees \nResettle in Australia via Technology,\u201d 2017; Butcher, 2018; Transformify, undated). \nExamples include the Transformify Rebuild Lives Program (helping refugees connect with businesses), Refugee "]
[-2.0520682334899902, 6.608610153198242, ", and only one-fourth of Syrian refugee children accessed kindergarten through grade 12 education in the early years of the crisis (Culbertson and Constant, 2015), although enrollment has since risen. As a result, the crisis has spawned multiple expe"]
[-2.048067331314087, 6.61341667175293, "e received certificates from university partners of digital learning programs, or have completed online degree programs. \nTechnical and vocational education.  Technology has both facilitated and been \nthe subject of vocational training for refugees. "]
[-2.0268070697784424, 6.635356903076172, "inputs (Culbertson et al., 2016). In addition to \n Ac\ntivityInfo, individual aid organizations have developed their own software applica -\ntions (Mengel, 2018). In the United States, some refugee resettlement agencies use Apricot Software, which was "]
[-2.038527488708496, 6.623472690582275, "d model when the coun -\ntry context permits (e.g., when there are functioning food markets, and shops can accept debit cards). Relying on physical distribution of commodities is the option when markets are not functioning, such as in situations of a "]
[-2.0264835357666016, 6.6365275382995605, " 2017). How -\never, many applications of drones and 3D printing for physical provision of refugee aid remain in a pilot or aspirational stage. Challenges include concerns that drones distance aid recipients from providers and that people think of dro"]
[-2.023808717727661, 6.63871431350708, "nt System for Foreigners, or YOBIS (UNESCO, 2018).\nData in hard-to-reach areas. Data tools also help organizations monitor programs \nin dangerous and hard-to-reach areas. Photo-sharing, screen-sharing, and Skype calls enable simulated field visits (Z"]
[-2.0265777111053467, 6.636211395263672, "UNHCR has an offline registration tool called Rapid Appli -\ncation (RApp) (UNHCR, undated-f). \nHost countries also conduct biometric registration of refugees and migrants. For \nexample, Turkey\u2019s Directorate General of Migration Management registers r"]
[-2.028550863265991, 6.634155750274658, "d security issues to resolve. As one interviewee said, \u201cThose negotiations haven\u2019t taken place yet and they will be dif -\nficult. .\u00a0.\u00a0. This is a very multifaceted issue, and we are only at the beginning of it. We can\u2019t tell you where it is taking us"]
[-2.035111665725708, 6.627316474914551, "individual, includ -\ning identity, financial dependability, and more. A blockchain-enabled identification system could mean a back-end database similar to conventional systems, a transaction record connected to an identity already established elsewhe"]
[-2.0402419567108154, 6.622071743011475, " to main -\ntain memories and identity and often use social media to establish a new identity that preserves their cultural past but also creates a sense of belonging in the host society.\nAid agencies use various technologies to coordinate and manage "]
[-2.063565731048584, 6.597468852996826, "-\ntion for journeys and establishment in new locations, language, education, employ -\nment, faith-based activity, health care, identity management, and money management. Finally, we discuss what refugees said were their concerns about technology, inc"]
[-2.060931444168091, 6.600281238555908, " limited data plans, so the interviewees pre-ferred to purchase their own smartphones when possible. \nSocial Media Platforms\nIn all six host countries where we conducted focus groups, the majority of refugees stated that Facebook, WhatsApp, or both w"]
[-2.0705583095550537, 6.591054439544678, "vious chapter, refugees greatly value their ability to access the inter -\nnet. Yet the vast majority of refugees across all six host countries described limited or irregular access to Wi-Fi and cellular data. Common barriers were cost, lack of signal"]
[-2.0856921672821045, 6.57484769821167, "Fi with family, friends, neighbors, or local business owners because the cost of owning a wireless router was too expensive for one person or one family. In the United States, Congolese refugees described sharing apps and software, such as Microsoft "]
[-2.071854829788208, 6.588623046875, " -\nnology most importantly and most frequently for communication with family, friends, \nand others. In more than half of the focus groups, refugees expressed a sense of duty to share some information\u2014such as about access to services and assistance\u2014on"]
[-2.06681489944458, 6.594290256500244, "r.\nRefugees from Venezuela talked about people helping and guiding them along \nthe way, employing technology: \nIn our case, obviously there is always a person who receives you. .\u00a0.\u00a0. You commu -\nnicate by any means, by apps such as WhatsApp or Facebo"]
[-2.0682928562164307, 6.592965602874756, "ccess:\nOn the way, they can steal [your phone]. You can get assaulted .\u00a0.\u00a0. to get a 10-minute \ncharge, to be able to load it. But maybe it does not work for you on that trip of at least two days. . . . Then it does not work because obviously while y"]
[-2.065316915512085, 6.595977783203125, "ful for learning new skills and keeping \nup to date in one\u2019s professional field. One sub-Saharan African woman in Greece stated,\nI use the tablet for some personal research. For instance, we refugees don\u2019t have \naccess to schooling. I studied medicin"]
[-2.0645837783813477, 6.596466064453125, "hool in person. Syrian men in Jordan stated, \u201cI would say that going to school is better,\u201d and \u201cI think the traditional way is better.\u201d Refugees in Colombia and Zambia worried that technology was making children unfamiliar with books. \nEmployment\nRef"]
[-2.0811123847961426, 6.580814361572266, "ster here. In my country, you can have your hands in the plaster all day and nothing happens. If I do it here, my hands are going to be burned. \nOther refugees who needed a specific type of software to perform tasks for \nemployers struggled to use th"]
[-2.0624098777770996, 6.598814010620117, "al or professional qualifications. A man from the Middle East noted that technology helped him while traveling to safety in Greece because, \u201cbefore you make any movement, you can save your documents.\u201d Another Middle Eastern man in Greece stated, \u201cFor"]
[-2.064195156097412, 6.596931457519531, "bia, stated, \u201cI got into the \n Fac\nebook \npage of an English course and there I registered and sent the application, .\u00a0.\u00a0. [but] it was currently all online and I had to pay 67,000 pesos but with a credit card here in Bogot\u00e1.\u201d The lack of the credit "]
[-2.064345121383667, 6.596566677093506, "sing social media and apps for money management was common: \u201cI feel like all younger people like us use apps like Cash App or like Venmo,\u201d said one woman. Another described sending money via Facebook. A Bhutanese man explained, \u201cI send money out to N"]
[-2.0625810623168945, 6.596273899078369, "d people extract all their information from them.\nRefugee women mentioned vulnerability to harassment or similar problems \nonline, such as pop-ups with sexually explicit information or photos. One woman in \nZambia said, \u201cThere are many bad things on "]
[-2.063537359237671, 6.598511219024658, "an in Zambia commented that \u201cit [eats] people\u2019s money; you may use the money that is meant for food and spend it on data bundles just [to] be able to download a movie.\u201d Similarly, refugees in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, described the anxiety that occurs when t"]
[-2.0244107246398926, 6.639585971832275, "when deploying such technology. We begin by noting that these models look quite different from the traditional business models used by private industry to develop and deploy technology solutions in support of everyday needs. The driving force in the "]
[-2.0243308544158936, 6.640834331512451, "ies operate in fundamen -\ntally different ways, business models apply differently to each type of organization. In the next section, we discuss these components and what we learned from the interviews about how they are applied in the refugee context"]
[-2.0281054973602295, 6.635129928588867, "is used against them.\u201d We heard similar concerns regarding Syrian refugees. \nKey Resources\nResources are anything that can be used to create value, whether monetary or non -\nmonetary. In the context of developing and deploying technologies in refugee"]
[-2.0239529609680176, 6.639747142791748, "outside the humanitar -\nian\u00a0sector,\u00a0like drones, and say how could we apply that for humanitarian purposes?\u201d We heard examples of both approaches. \nThe market pull occurs in several ways: Organizations conduct focus groups or \nsurveys with refugees t"]
[-2.007692575454712, 6.6543755531311035, "ger, WFP personnel assessed concepts for three to six months by developing a demonstration and assessing utility and impact. If a concept was promising, they obtained funding from donor governments to develop a full-scale product or adapt an existing"]
[-1.9982601404190063, 6.6513800621032715, "o maintain and sustain the training for the life cycle of the product. In the words of one interviewee, \u201cThe worst thing you can do is implement a software without a plan for training, uploading, sustaining, maintenance. .\u00a0.\u00a0. There\u2019s a lack of aware"]
[-2.012887954711914, 6.651323318481445, "e a smooth and cost-effective transition.\nProfit Formula\nThe concept of profit is often frowned upon in the context of humanitarian assistance; indeed, several of our interviewees expressed discomfort with the idea, while several others noted that th"]
[-2.0148870944976807, 6.648606300354004, "cies or governments provide stable longer-term funding to maintain technolo -\ngies. Other models focus on serving larger, more-affluent populations while support -\ning vulnerable populations as a small part of the business. Some approaches, such as c"]
[-2.0241291522979736, 6.640989780426025, "me relevant.\nProjects driven by funding instead of needs. Donor priorities and available funding \nstreams, rather than analysis of needs, disproportionally affect what projects get pur -\nsued. Interviewees felt that donors tend to favor short-term pr"]
[-2.019211530685425, 6.644603252410889, "al Refugee Crisis\nby two types of barriers. One involves different small initiatives that all try to solve the \nsame problem, competing with each other for the user base, and none attaining effi -\nciencies of scale. As a result, an organization might"]
[-2.022061824798584, 6.641624927520752, "artnerships with certain government agencies. In some countries, estimating risk is difficult, given the volatilities and the complexities related to refugee populations. The challenge is com -\npounded by organizations having less authority to make d"]
[-2.0266804695129395, 6.638583183288574, "usiness model for the delivery of these solu -\ntions? How do we make it appealing, compelling, fair to those implementers?62    Crossing the Digital Divide: Applying Technology to the Global Refugee Crisis\nSeveral interviewees described how private-s"]
[-2.0318949222564697, 6.632508277893066, "y in Refugee Settings    63\na framework for working together to deploy technologies efficiently while maxi -\nmizing value across multiple refugee populations and aid agencies in multiple \ncountries. \n\u2022 Le\ngal, cultural, and other issues relevant to t"]
[-2.0310826301574707, 6.636929035186768, "s, and bargaining power of customers.64    Crossing the Digital Divide: Applying Technology to the Global Refugee Crisis\n\u2022 Host country.  Local regulations or attitudes in host countries affect the potential \nof a technology solution. Assessments of "]
[-2.0390045642852783, 6.623649597167969, "itators that can influence the \nsuccessful deployment of technology in refugee settings. Barriers include a short-term mindset, projects driven by funding rather than needs, an emphasis on growth rather than on economies of scale, a focus on technolo"]
[-2.0252954959869385, 6.637148380279541, "Coppi and Fast, 2019; Latonero et al., 2019; Raymond and Harrity, 2016). As one of our interviewees stated, \u201cIn most areas where we try to push tech, it\u2019s totally uncharted territory.\u201d Still, there are some existing starting points that the sector co"]
[-2.026137113571167, 6.636483669281006, "tarian Action (Kuner and Marelli, 2017). A Privacy Interna -\ntional and International Committee of the Red Cross report lists data-related questions that organizations should consider to prevent harm in cases of technology use (Kuner and Marelli, 201"]
[-2.0247271060943604, 6.638684272766113, "tar -\nian contexts (Coppi and Fast, 2019; Juskalian, 2018; Mercy Corps, 2017). Fourth, technology and data use in humanitarian settings involve many actors, as described in Chapter\u00a0Two, and each has different perspectives and roles (Raymond et al., 2"]
[-2.0274839401245117, 6.635424613952637, "ers who trans -\nlate private information about refugees\u2019 health, children, behavior, and marital rela -\ntions without the organizations really knowing whether those interpreters have been sufficiently vetted. Furthermore, aid groups may not be aware "]
[-2.0909903049468994, 6.569154262542725, "easures. One \ninterviewee noted that refugees can be particularly adept in protecting their own data: \u201cEvery average Syrian is very in tune with all the proxies available in the market. .\u00a0.\u00a0. Even those who are illiterate know about proxies and [virt"]
[-2.0278091430664062, 6.635656356811523, "erent health care aid providers even if refugees move, ensuring that refugees receive consistent care (Latonero et al., 2019). It could also help lessen the fatigue that refugees experience from repeatedly having to provide their information and reco"]
[-2.0267081260681152, 6.636587619781494, "Europol can be a particularly desirable target for breaches (\n Sc\nhiemichen, 2018; USAID, undated).\nImproper data protection can also make refugees reluctant to provide their data \nat all or trust humanitarian aid in general. Refugees\u2019 anxieties abou"]
[-2.0578536987304688, 6.611380577087402, "in personal data collected from people of young ages (Latonero and Kift, 2018). Storing children\u2019s data can subject them to difficulties transitioning from aid systems to mainstream ones. On the other hand, such tracking can be impor -\ntant to childr"]
[-2.031243324279785, 6.633661270141602, "possession of technology can vary by gender, age, and other factors (Latonero et al., 2019). One of our interviewees highlighted that there is no sufficient answer to the question, \u201cWhat if people are mobility impaired, or with disabilities? How do t"]
[-2.0274415016174316, 6.63701868057251, "gorithms to help evaluate immigration and visa applications, \nincreasing efficiency and reducing backlog\u2014to refugees\u2019 benefit. However, the predic -\ntive analytics used to conduct risk assessments may incorporate embedded or purpose-ful biases that d"]
[-2.0298306941986084, 6.634169101715088, "te-sector or organizational goals rather than solely the Ethical, Security, and Privacy Issues Related to the Use of Technology in Refugee Settings    77\nbest interests of the refugees. For instance, private companies could try to influence \ntechnolo"]
[-2.02846622467041, 6.635853290557861, "technologies in this setting; the ways in which refugees perceive technology; the business models through which such technology is developed; and ethical, security, and privacy issues. We found some broad, overarching themes. First, there are multipl"]
[-2.0558784008026123, 6.609035015106201, "s models (Dimarogonas, 2012). \nWe built on these models to propose a business model canvas tool tailored spe-\ncifically to the application of technology in refugee settings and that a range of stake-holders, including aid agencies, private-sector com"]
[-2.0276310443878174, 6.6362080574035645, " exist at different levels of abstraction, from strategic levels through detailed implementation. Different stake-holders should use this tool in different ways:\n\u2022\n Do\nnors (including governments and foundations) and aid agencies should use this \ntoo"]
[-2.021921396255493, 6.641292572021484, "st in specific ways to improve \ndigital infrastructure in their countries for their general populations, which will also improve such systems for refugees.\n\u2022\n Do\nnors (governments and foundations) and private companies should focus invest -\nments on "]
[-1.9900239706039429, 6.674295902252197, "le consortia with overlapping mandates have formed to assist in contributing to technology in refugee settings, as described in Chap -\nter\u00a0Two. These circumstances lead to fragmented, disconnected investments in one-off solutions rather than systems "]
[-2.0239007472991943, 6.6398820877075195, " at discounted prices or with sustainable funding models. \nImprove Technical Capacity in the Humanitarian Community\nPlanning, deploying, using, and maintaining technical solutions require technical, digital transformation, and business process reengi"]
[-2.0260188579559326, 6.635745048522949, "le systems and data formats that make sharing and consolidating data difficult and costly. As a result, we suggest the following:\n\u2022\n UN\nHCR should develop data guidelines for refugee settings that can apply across \nall aid agencies. These should incl"]
[-2.024885892868042, 6.638209342956543, "ptions of who benefits and who bears the risks and the alternative approaches available. Over time, there should be a way to discuss and adjudicate ethical issues regarding technology in refugee settings, such as through an entity housed at the UN or"]
[-2.028146505355835, 6.633923530578613, "tive educational technology in refugee \nsettings, focusing especially on ways that allow refugee education to be scaled up even in contexts with teacher shortages. \nLooking Ahead\nThrough this study, we have found that there is a solid foundation of t"]
[-2.0236833095550537, 6.6387224197387695, "lum Information Database, \u201cRegistration Under Temporary Protection: Turkey,\u201d webpage, undated. As of August 14, 2019:  https://www.asylumineurope.org/reports/country/turkey/registration-under-temporary-protection#footnote3_olljd43\nBacishoga, Kasky Bi"]
[-2.0196967124938965, 6.643482208251953, "t, Core Humanitarian Standard on Quality and \nAccountability , 2014. \nCoppi, Giulio, and Larissa Fast, Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies in the Humanitarian Sector , London: Humanitarian Policy Group, February 2019. \nCorbett, Jennie, Cor"]
[-2.01936411857605, 6.642865180969238, "an Gatzweiler, \u201cHow Tech Can Bring Dignity to Refugees in Humanitarian \nCrises,\u201d The Conversation , May 2, 2018. \nFuchs, Ben, \u201cThe Refugee Crisis: How Coders, Apps, and Technology Provide Relief,\u201d Hackernoon , \nMarch 31, 2016. \nGaffey, Conor, \u201cFive W"]
[-2.0228118896484375, 6.640353679656982, "ts/files/publications/icrc-002-1067.pdf\nJames, Eric, and Laura James, \u201c3D Printing Humanitarian Supplies in the Field,\u201d Humanitarian \nExchange , No.\n 6\n6, April 2016, pp.  4\n3\u201345.\nJohnson, Mark W., Clayton M. Christensen, and Henning Kagermann, \u201cRein"]
[-2.0207793712615967, 6.641807556152344, " undated. As of August 14, 2019:  \nhttps://www.themigrantsfiles.com/\nMikal, Jude P., and Braden Woodfield, \u201cRefugees, Post-Migration Stress, and Internet Use: A \nQualitative Analysis of Intercultural Adjustment and Internet Use Among Iraqi and Sudane"]
[-2.0237841606140137, 6.6392107009887695, "petitive Forces Shape Strategy,\u201d Harvard Business Review, Vol.\n 5\n7, \nNo. 2\n, 1979, pp.  1\n37\u2013145. \nPrinciples for Digital Development, homepage, undated. As of August 15, 2019:  \nhttps://digitalprinciples.org/\nPwC, Managing the Refugee and Migrant C"]
[-2.009810209274292, 6.65265417098999, " a Role in Building Social \nSolidarity Finance?\u201d United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Working Paper 2016\n-1, F\nebruary 2016. \nScriven, Kim, \u201cHumanitarian Innovation and the Art of the Possible,\u201d Humanitarian Exchange , \nNo. 6\n6, A"]
[-2.0201380252838135, 6.6421403884887695, "on Their Phones in Powerful Photo Series,\u201d The Verge , March 27, 2017. \nTransformify, \u201cRebuild Lives Program: Hire Refugees and Revitalize Post-War Zones,\u201d webpage, undated. As of August 13, 2019:  https://www.transformify.org/page/rebuild-lives-prog"]
[-2.021615982055664, 6.640234470367432, ",\u201d webpage, undated-f. As of August 14, 2019:  \nhttps://www.unhcr.org/en-us/primes.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cUNHCR Strategy on Digital Identity and Inclusion,\u201d undated-g. As of August 14, 2019:  \nhttps://www.unhcr.org/blogs/wp-content/uploads/sites/48/2018/03/2018-"]
[-2.022348165512085, 6.641177177429199, "\u2014\u2014, \u201cWorld Bank Group, UNHCR Sign Memorandum to Establish Joint Data Center on \nForced Displacement,\u201d April 20, 2018. \nZikusooka, Monica, Zinet Nezir Hassen, Alison Donnelly, and Rachel Mose, \u201cConducting \nSimulated Field Visits for Insecure Locations"]
[4.897253513336182, 13.85139274597168, "CORPORATION\nInjury and Illness \nSurveillance of U.S. Agricultural Workers\nAssessment of Recommendations and Actions\nRamya Chari, Amii M. Kress, Jaime MadriganoLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained h"]
[-0.4122762084007263, 13.593487739562988, " sustainability, and water resource man -\nagement and coastal protection. Program research is supported by government agencies, foun -\ndations, and the private sector. This program is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a division "]
[4.892374515533447, 13.846290588378906, "................................................ 31\nTheme 1: Define and Characterize Agricultural Worker Populations at Risk  ........................... 31\nTheme 2: Review Ongoing or New Data Sources for Injury and Illness Surveillance Among \nAgricu"]
[4.863401889801025, 13.816601753234863, "........................ 7\n 2.1\n. Them\nes and Recommendations Inferred from the 2012 Review Report  ................... 14\n 2.2\n. Act\nions Inferred from the 2012 Review Report  ................................................ 15\n 3.1\n. Act\nions by Im"]
[4.904196739196777, 13.85944652557373, "n  .............................................................. 48\n 6.1\n. Ave\nrage Criteria Rating Scores for Actions  ..................................................... 52\n 6.2\n. Ave\nrage Criteria Rating Scores for Actions, Excluding the  \nDire"]
[4.913158893585205, 13.86701774597168, "rkers, government workers, and self-employed workers (exclud -\ning farms with fewer than 11 employees).\n4 BLS, \u201c2015 Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI): Current and Revised Data,\u201d web page, last updated June 23, \n2017 (see the Excel files \u201c"]
[4.8358941078186035, 13.788558959960938, "e to program priorities, information quality, and action impacts). For all criteria except costs and resources, we constructed an ordinal five-point rating scale based on defined attributes of the criterion relevant to the accomplishment of an action"]
[4.895949840545654, 13.850200653076172, "Recommendations and Actions Inferred from the 2012 Review Report\nRecommendation Action\nR1: Develop standard definitions \nto help improve knowledge and understanding of populations at risk of worksite exposures1.1: Develop concise definitions of popul"]
[4.886836051940918, 13.84124755859375, ": Ag Center = Agricultural Safety and Health Center; NASS = National Agriculture Statistics Service; USDA = \nU.S. Department of Agriculture.xii    Injury and Illness Surveillance of U.S. Agricultural Workers: Assessment of Recommendations and Actions"]
[4.947476387023926, 13.902974128723145, "pport through -\nout the course of this project. In addition, we also thank those individuals outside NIOSH \nwho took the time to speak with us about their views on achieving the various recommenda -\ntions and actions to improve surveillance and thus "]
[4.931356430053711, 13.88591194152832, "nished.\n3 In recent years, however, the \nemployment of hired farm labor has shown some stability, hovering at 1 million workers (with some fluctuations).\n4\nAlthough the number of farms and agricultural workers has declined, the agricultural \nsector c"]
[4.92938232421875, 13.883883476257324, "e the vast majority of farms in the nation.10 \nChildren (under the age of 18) working on these farms are a particularly vulnerable population for agriculture-related illness, injury, and death. In 2012, an estimated 7,780 household youth experienced "]
[4.9249701499938965, 13.878029823303223, "-\ntural Injuries in the U.S.,\u201d Marshfield, Wisc., 2014.\n12 World Health Organization, \u201cPublic Health Surveillance,\u201d web page, undated.\n13 NIOSH, \u201cWorker Health Surveillance,\u201d web page, last updated June 26, 2017.Introduction and Project Background   "]
[4.960391521453857, 13.914616584777832, "s, employment, or production features of the nation\u2019s farms.\n20 NIOSH also provides technical support and cooperative agreement funding \n14 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CDC\u2019s Vision for Public Health Surveillance in the 21st Cent"]
[4.93300724029541, 13.887374877929688, "injury survey (NASS) focused on adult farmers and farmworkers (\u226520 years old) on minority-operated farms\nChildhood Agriculture Injury Survey (1998, 2001, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2014)National, regionalPopulation-based injury survey (NASS) focused on "]
[4.925691604614258, 13.880033493041992, "pared with 14 and older for nonagriculture work.\n23 Under \nthe parental exemption clause of the FLSA, youth of any age may be employed in any occupa -\ntion on a farm owned or operated by their parents (or people standing in place of their parents). S"]
[4.932711124420166, 13.886856079101562, "arch and Practice in the U.S. Agriculture, Forestry, and \nFishing Sector , Washington, D.C.: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, December 2008.6    Injury and Illness Surveillance of U.S. Agricultural Workers: Assessment of Recomme"]
[4.9319939613342285, 13.886609077453613, "d exposures associated with different production practices (e.g., tech -\nnologies or machines used, types of manual operations, pesticide and chemicals applications, and worksite tasks). These differences are challenging: In addition to creating a co"]
[4.947416305541992, 13.901251792907715, "e of agricultural fatality reporting.\nGreat Plains Center for  Agricultural Health\n(http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/\ngpcah/center-projects/surveillance-of-agricultural-injuries-and-fatalities/)IA, IL, IN, KS, MI, MN, MO, ND, NE, OH, SD, WI (fatali"]
[4.934837818145752, 13.890020370483398, "outh Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. While the exemptions are concerning from a safety and health standpoint, they also decrease the utility of otherwise rich sources of occupational injury and illness data. For instance, the SOII is based on OSHA re"]
[4.923229694366455, 13.877546310424805, "e, 2005.\n35 Carolyn Dimitri, Anne Effland, and Neilson Conklin, The 20th Century Transformation of U.S. Agriculture and Farm \nPolicy , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2005; James M. MacDonald, Penni Korb, and Robert A. \nHoppe, Farm "]
[4.917713642120361, 13.8718900680542, "NIOSH to external groups. This shift may reflect the extreme uncertainty that the AgFF Program has been operating under for the past few years. \nFrom fiscal year (FY) 2012 to FY\u00a0 2017, the President\u2019s Budget proposed eliminating \nthe AgFF Program in "]
[4.903618812561035, 13.857479095458984, " had made meaningful contributions to improving worker safety and health in the agriculture sector. Examples included research on respiratory health risks and musculoskeletal disorders, the establishment of the Ag Centers, and tractor safety and chil"]
[4.896641254425049, 13.850845336914062, ", these recommendations were not explicitly issued. Instead the panel report discussed several surveillance-related issues faced by agriculture and offered either general directions forward or, in certain instances, specific activities to perform. Th"]
[4.902079105377197, 13.856156349182129, " Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Program: Plan to Implement the National Academies Program \nEvaluation Recommendations , Washington, D.C., January 2011.13CHAPTER TWO\nProject Approach: Identification of Recommendations and Actions\nOur project appro"]
[4.9036030769348145, 13.857681274414062, "iew of the 2008 National Academies\u2019 evaluation of the AgFF Program and the 2008 NORA\u2014the National Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Agenda.\n1 Table\u00a02.2 displays the actions for each recommendation. The actions may not cor -\n1 National Research Counc"]
[4.899262428283691, 13.853530883789062, "heme 1: Define and characterize \nagricultural worker populations at  riskRecommendation 1: Develop standard definitions to help improve knowledge and understanding of populations at risk of worksite exposures\nTheme 2: Review ongoing or new data sourc"]
[4.892939567565918, 13.846962928771973, "r recently used by NIOSH) for illness and injury surveillance of agricultural workers.\nRecommendation 6 6.1. Identify feasible, desirable alternatives to five-year age groupings for child agricultural workers (<18 years old).\n6.2. Stratify data perta"]
[4.8735857009887695, 13.827786445617676, " intramural and \nextramural activities has been heavily skewed toward extramural projects in the past decade. As with most federal programs, NIOSH typically has three extramural funding mechanisms at its disposal: grants, cooperative agreements, and "]
[4.8839263916015625, 13.838022232055664, "dules on occupational health outcomes \namong hired farmworkers and perform specific analyses on variability of risk.\nAction 4.1 Improve the validity of the CAIS by extending the sample to include labor aggregators.\nAction 4.2 Collaborate with the NAW"]
[4.880023956298828, 13.834053039550781, "nal safety and health to be scored by peer reviewers but also enabled programmatic priorities to drive award deci -\nsions among high-scoring applications during secondary council reviews. For the purposes of responding to the panel report recommendat"]
[4.856686592102051, 13.811001777648926, "ion and the satisfactory version. The ideal version refers to our estimation of the types of tasks and time frames needed to either fully complete the action or ensure that implementation results in meaningful impacts. The satisfactory version refers"]
[4.888082504272461, 13.84210205078125, "etailed information on crop workers, including demographics; employment and migration; earnings, benefits, and worksite characteristics; health, safety, and housing; and income and assets, social services, and legal status. NIOSH has worked with DOL "]
[4.859747886657715, 13.812954902648926, "r rationale for partners, resources, and timeline estimates.\nActions Achievable Through Direct NIOSH Action\nThe last grouping includes two actions intended to change the way NIOSH currently reports \ndata on child injuries and illnesses. We elaborate "]
[4.834577560424805, 13.78815746307373, "of activities). Because of the differences in the level of specificity in terms of implementation across actions, we used different approaches for generating cost estimates, depending on the action. Table\u00a04.1 summarizes these approaches. Generally, f"]
[4.844836235046387, 13.798001289367676, "estimates, but we note their capture in timeline estimates. \nPartnerships\nThe two scales presented in Tables 4.2 and 4.3 were used to rate actions on the partnership criterion for resource and capability partner scenarios. The scales cover a range of"]
[4.826457500457764, 13.77929973602295, "ints inhibiting partnership.\nCapability partnership scenario\n1 No existing organizations or individuals can carry out or support completing the action.\n2 Information is lacking on who the most relevant partners might be or how potential partners may "]
[4.830086708068848, 13.783065795898438, "n might unfold to develop any timeline estimates.Table\u00a04.3\nInformation Availability and Accessibility Scale\nRating Information Availability and Accessibility Scenario\n1 There are no existing data or information available to address the action.\n2 Ther"]
[4.8361687660217285, 13.789690017700195, "n possible but highly unlikely.3 Policy or legislative barriers exist, and it is uncertain whether they can be overcome.4 Policy or legislative barriers are minor.\nPolicy or legislative barriers exist but can be overcome without large investments of "]
[4.843254566192627, 13.796525001525879, "ot fully support meeting the action (e.g., no categorization of \nworker type or farm size).\nInformation collected would suffer from severe limitations, such as small number of respondents, small \nnumber of cases, long survey intervals, limited geogra"]
[4.846567630767822, 13.79941463470459, "ults to perform a descriptive assessment in which we characterized the actions in a number of ways. Questions that guided our approach included the following:\n\u2022\n Whi\nch actions are most feasible? Which are least feasible?\n\u2022 Whi\nch actions are most de"]
[4.882201194763184, 13.835553169250488, "vity in our assessment approach through three \nindependent raters. Throughout the entire process, including the descriptive assessment and consequence and trade-off analysis, we followed the same procedure of individual assessments followed by group "]
[4.891860485076904, 13.845932960510254, "erging technologies.\nThe panel report offered specific guidance for NIOSH regarding developing a taxonomy for \ncharacterizing populations at occupational exposure risk. Ideally, a complete understanding of who is at risk would entail the development "]
[4.849441051483154, 13.803160667419434, "l contract requirements and monitor budgets; facili -\nties and equipment (e.g., computing infrastructure) to facilitate efficient research activities; and managerial and supervisory support to ensure that projects run smoothly.\nCost and resources: We"]
[4.9029860496521, 13.85718059539795, "orker populations is being developed. While the potential utility of the action is great, in practice, it will be difficult to incentivize the uptake of common defi-nitions across different groups. One reason for the difficulty relates to the variabi"]
[4.932122707366943, 13.886812210083008, "e two-thirds (69\u00a0percent) of all U.S. farms. However, these small farms generate less than 2\u00a0percent of total production of food and fiber.\n6 This stands in contrast to the top 6\u00a0percent of farms, which \naccounted for an estimated 75\u00a0percent of produ"]
[4.887450218200684, 13.841791152954102, "ata sources for agricul -\ntural injury and illness surveillance. For more detail on the performance of action 2.1 across criteria, we refer readers to the section on action 5.2.\nRecommendation 3: Expand the scope of knowledge on hired farmworker risk"]
[4.874181747436523, 13.827762603759766, "p Industries,\u201d Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, \nMarch\u00a026, 2015; William Kandel, Profile of Hired Farmworkers, a 2008 Update , Washington, D.C.: Economic Research \nService, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2008.36    Injury and Illness Surveilla"]
[4.893584728240967, 13.847426414489746, "ability of risk would also be useful for devel -\noping interventions to reduce injury risks. Table\u00a05.2\nAction 3.1\u2019s Implementation Plan\nActionOverall\nMechanism Resource Partner Capability Partner Resources Timeline\nAction 3.1 Partner outreach \nor dev"]
[4.91094970703125, 13.864745140075684, "gricultural Occupations Under the Fair Labor Standards Act (Child Labor Bulletin \n102), Washington, D.C., June 2007.\n13 DOL, \u201cState Child Labor Laws Applicable to Agricultural Employment,\u201d web page, last updated January 1, 2017.\n14 NIOSH, \u201cChildhood "]
[4.888350009918213, 13.842328071594238, "A establishes uniform confidentiality provisions across U.S. statistical agencies for information collected for statistical purposes.\n17 The goal of the law is to ensure that information provided by participants \nin data collection efforts is used on"]
[4.887084007263184, 13.841363906860352, "rvey through \nthe NAWS surveys was estimated at about $2 million for a five- to six-year survey cycle, based on past interagency agreements (and assuming sample-size increases in the future). This cost covers payment to ETA and does not include labor"]
[4.917478561401367, 13.871278762817383, "the future.\nRecommendation 5: Establish a comprehensive understanding of data sources relevant to \nNIOSH agricultural surveillance-related programming\nThe 2008 National Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Agenda provided strategic research direc-\ntion"]
[4.867988109588623, 13.82179069519043, "ple data sources under a common eval -\nuation framework so that comparisons can be made and trade-offs of different approaches clearly detailed. Action 5.2 would also encompass the work carried out by the Ag Centers (see Table\u00a01.2), many of which, th"]
[4.864590167999268, 13.818411827087402, "ed on Ag Center discussions and the level of evaluation performed. The low-end estimate reflects a comprehensive review of data sources, based on existing infor -\nTable\u00a05.5\nActions 2.1, 5.1, and 5.2\u2019s Implementation Plan\nActionExtramural\nMechanismRes"]
[4.893312454223633, 13.846617698669434, "rveillance \ndata through better coverage of priority populations and enhanced data quality. Theme 3, how -\never, seeks to improve data utility through better analysis and communication efforts. Without proper interpretation and communication of data,"]
[4.893019199371338, 13.847043991088867, " workers (<18 years old).\nThis action is easy to achieve because NIOSH is already in possession of data from the CAIS \nand has indicated that redoing statistical analyses for different age groupings is straightforward and technically simple. However,"]
[4.883737087249756, 13.837560653686523, "idered to be high quality.\nAction impacts:  This effort would enhance the utility of childhood agricultural sur -\nveillance data. In particular, although overall childhood injuries have declined over the past decade, injuries among children younger t"]
[4.886411190032959, 13.840407371520996, "s and priorities: NIOSH AgFF Program leadership consid -\nered this action to be important.\nInformation quality:  Because the CAIS is based on NASS survey procedures, the \ncollected data are considered to be high quality. While NIOSH has reported on h"]
[4.882627964019775, 13.83690071105957, "formation could be provided \non an as-needed basis. However, we do not know when such a request might be made and the exact nature of such a request. There should be little cost associated with NIOSH providing the contextual information it already po"]
[4.8812255859375, 13.835184097290039, "scription of Recommendations and Actions    47\npanel report.25 To mitigate these risks, the panel report encouraged NIOSH to form partner -\nships with varied groups, including OIE, IPPC, and the Codex Alimentarius Commission and \nto support partnersh"]
[4.880563259124756, 13.83407974243164, "ington, D.C., \nJune 2012, p. 13.Table\u00a05.9\nAction 8.1\u2019s Implementation Plan\nActionOverall\nMechanism Resource Partner Capability Partner Resources Timeline\nAction 8.1 Partner outreach \nor developmentUSDA, NCEZID OIE, IPPC, Codex \nAlimentarius Commissio"]
[4.8437089920043945, 13.797212600708008, "ter experts), develop and disseminate guidelines for widespread adoption and use, and craft a system for continuous monitoring of changes. These costs do not include mainte-nance activities, such as updating guidelines and continual monitoring.\nTimel"]
[4.839484214782715, 13.792533874511719, "ect action and partnerships.) Dis -\nagreements tended to occur when raters interpreted ratings scales differently, written assess -\nments of actions across criteria were unclear, or a rater had specific knowledge pertaining to an action that presente"]
[4.831274032592773, 13.784994125366211, " 4.33 4.00 4.67\n6.2: Stratify child data DA 4.17 4.33 4.00\n1.1: Develop definitions or taxonomy EXF 4.00 4.20 3.67\n5.2: Evaluate sources of surveillance data EXF 4.00 3.60 4.67\n3.1: NAWS, hired farmworker injury survey PART 3.88 3.40 4.67\n6.1: Identi"]
[4.842264652252197, 13.795267105102539, "tasks and time frames that may result in lesser (compared with the ideal), but still acceptable, impacts (these two cost estimate Figure\u00a06.1\nScatterplot Showing Relationship Between Feasibility and Desirability Scores for Actions: Ideal Version (excl"]
[4.837008953094482, 13.78969955444336, "known timelines it would take to establish or build partnerships and negotiate agree-ments (including data use and data-sharing) and the uncertainty about information availabil -\nity and access that could be obtained through such partnerships. While "]
[4.8467278480529785, 13.800097465515137, "e types, and knowledge or use of emerging \ntechnologies.56    Injury and Illness Surveillance of U.S. Agricultural Workers: Assessment of Recommendations and Actions\nAction 1.1 showed high average combined scores across all feasibility criteria, exce"]
[4.844971179962158, 13.798144340515137, "mita -\ntions, poor recruitment numbers, or political or economic factors that cause administrative hardships. \nFinally, actions 3.1 and 4.1 were considered of high desirability but low feasibility because \nboth require partnership actions. In general"]
[4.84298038482666, 13.796842575073242, "ng.\nThe other option for ranking is to simply use the overall achievability score, which encom -\npasses the two high-priority areas but may also include action 3.1 as high priority, based on its moderate achievability score. Action 3.1 showed high de"]
[4.92064094543457, 13.875228881835938, "he CAIS PART \u2014 $1 million $1 million 1\n4.2: NAWS, child injury survey PART \u2014 ~$2 million $330K 6\n8.1: Partnerships for zoonotic disease PART \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\nNOTE: EXF = extramural funding; PART = partnerships.59CHAPTER SEVEN\nConclusions\nAlthough it is one of"]
[4.884637355804443, 13.838003158569336, "ns that had high feasibility and desirability scores:\n\u2022\n 1.1: D\nevelop concise definitions of populations at occupational exposure risk, and profile \nthem by AgFF commodity specialization, demographic factors, work organization pat -\nterns, worksite "]
[4.942191123962402, 13.896516799926758, "me and Employment; Full-Time \nand Part-Time Wage and Salary Employment by Industry (SA27, SA27N),\u201d web page, undated. As of  March 8, 2016:  https://www.bea.gov/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1#reqid=70&step=24&isuri=1&7022=5&7023=0&7001=45&7090=70\n"]
[4.94108247756958, 13.895495414733887, "a.gov/amber-waves/2011/december/hired-farm-labor-held-steady/\nKandel, William, Profile of Hired Farmworkers, a 2008 Update , Washington, D.C.: Economic Research \nService, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2008. As of August 30, 2017: \nhttp://digitalcom"]
[4.935599327087402, 13.889505386352539, "12, 2017:  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/oep/agctrhom.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cThe National Academies Evaluation of NIOSH Programs,\u201d web page, last updated July 26, 2016. As \nof August 30, 2017:  http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nas/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAbout NORA: Partnerships, Research an"]
[4.959669589996338, 13.909798622131348, "of August \n30, 2017:  https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/circulars_a110/\nPassel, Jeffrey S., and D\u2019Vera Cohn, \u201cShare of Immigrant Workers in Production, Construction Jobs Falls \nSince 2007: In States, Hospitality, Manufacturing and Construction"]
[4.952846050262451, 13.90539836883545, "eptember 4, 2017:  http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-household-well-being/glossary.aspx#farm\nU.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, \u201cDistribution of Farms and Value of Production \nVaries by Farm Type,\u201d web page, las"]
[11.158040046691895, 17.392427444458008, "CORPORATION\nProvider Fraud in \nCalifornia Workers\u2019 Compensation\nSelected Issues\nNicholas M. Pace, Julia PollakLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation o"]
[11.23800277709961, 17.49610137939453, "nes specific aspects of the California approach that might need addressing, and offers some high-level recommendations in that light for the consideration of regulators and legislators. To inform our discussion, we reviewed academic journal articles "]
[11.215352058410645, 17.48967170715332, " policy. \nQuestions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, Nicholas M. \nPace (nickpace@rand.org). For more information about the RAND Institute for Civil Justice, see www.rand.org/icj or contact the director at icjdirecto"]
[11.214863777160645, 17.729982376098633, "...................................................................  20 \t\r \u00a0\nSocial Security  .................................................................................................................................... 22 \t\r \u00a0\nThe Internal Re"]
[11.132621765136719, 17.359560012817383, "............................................................ 6\t\r \u00a0\nTable 5.1. Medicaid and New York State Workers\u2019 Compensation Board Approaches .............. 46\t\r \u00a0Table 5.2. Medicaid, Labor Code \u00a7 4615, and Labor Code \u00a7 139.21 Approaches ........."]
[11.141681671142578, 17.323410034179688, "applicants\u2019 attorneys. \nFraud i n the California Workers \u2019 Compensation System  \nFraud can be characterized as the making of a knowingly false or fraudulent material \nstatement or material representation for the purpose of deceiving others so that th"]
[11.1052885055542, 17.350582122802734, "stitution, retribution, and deterrence and that enhancing such tools would not yield significant reductions, at least in the near future, in the types of provider-driven fraudulent activities that have been the focus of media articles and policymaker"]
[11.101846694946289, 17.38620948791504, "nformation-rich system, such as that in place in California for workers\u2019 compensation. The issue at hand is whether it makes sense for DIR to take the initial steps needed to deploy some sort of advanced analytics program at the present time. We beli"]
[11.241958618164062, 17.092010498046875, " a work-connected injury only after \nseparation from the employment believed to have caused the disability. Postemployment claims often include allegations of cumulative trauma (CT) arising from repetitive mentally or physically traumatic activities "]
[11.238344192504883, 17.026304244995117, "nsation, but, as a matter of practice, the liens\u2019 validity might not be determined until long after the case in chief is resolved, sometimes requiring relatively complex litigation over the necessity, extent, and value of what was provided to the inj"]
[11.233811378479004, 17.040987014770508, "providers subject to utilization review would be unlikely to order numerous separate procedures and prescriptions with claimed values in the tens of thousands of dollars, seemingly with the expectation that a profitable compromise could still be reac"]
[11.20496654510498, 17.071971893310547, "mployers in areas where inflated postemployment provider liens are not perceived to be a problem, the current options of either denying or accepting would presumably continue to be the predominant choices when evaluating new injury claims. \nWe think "]
[11.201316833496094, 17.069477081298828, "aspect of the Medicaid approach is that the basis for cutting off payments is grounded \nin administrative law rather than criminal, and, as such, the determining entity need not require proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Even more critical is the fact "]
[11.198509216308594, 17.07301902770996, "id rule made more sense. The New York model would certainly give DIR considerable discretion to address a variety of physician issues that go beyond mere fraud, including failures to comply with any law or regulation related to the workers\u2019 compensat"]
[11.193876266479492, 17.075775146484375, "suspended from the Medicare or Medicaid program for fraud or abuse; or have had their credentials to practice medicine revoked or surrendered. Following a workers\u2019 compensation program suspension as a result of felony or misdemeanor convictions, all "]
[11.194083213806152, 17.077253341674805, "ast, there is a potential that Labor Code \u00a7 139.21\u2019s special lien proceedings will void only a fraction of the outstanding liens filed \nby a provider who is later convicted and subsequently suspended. A key phrase in the statute assumes that the tain"]
[11.097846984863281, 17.340471267700195, "ach time a new hunt for fraudsters and their schemes is undertaken. As such, we believe that a centralized and permanent workers\u2019 compensation fraud data unit enhances opportunities for detecting and addressing this very special species of fraud . \nS"]
[11.17917251586914, 17.11434555053711, "d role of a licensing agency and without waiting for prosecutors to take the initial action. We also believe that a modified version of this policy would present an extremely useful addition to the new tools now available to administrators as a resul"]
[11.134573936462402, 17.423519134521484, "nsurance, members of law enforcement, insurers, employers, labor representatives, government agency personnel, providers, third-party administrators, and applicants\u2019 attorneys. Their thoughtful comments and frank descriptions of fraud in the Californ"]
[11.136728286743164, 17.375621795654297, " It depends on the attorneys who represent workers, employers, insurers, and providers to discharge their duties in an ethical and professional manner at all times so that the state avoids having to spend resources to monitor their behavior. It assum"]
[11.14122486114502, 17.33594512939453, "because much of the existing delegation of responsibility to workers, providers, attorneys, and others would have to be replaced by intensive, unceasing, intrusive, and presumably costly oversight by regulators and law enforcement. For another, perha"]
[11.138855934143066, 17.324291229248047, "ork.  5 Chapter Two. What Constitutes  Workers\u2019 Compensation Fraud? \nCommon Types of Fraud \nIn what might be thought of as its purest form, fraud can be characterized as the making of a \nknowingly false or fraudulent material statement or material re"]
[11.097043991088867, 17.392986297607422, "                              \n7 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), 2014a, p.  40.  6 independent insurance agents), and claims adjuster fraud.8 Table 2.1 presents various examples \nof fraudulent behaviors within each of these six  broad ca"]
[11.13711929321289, 17.32137680053711, "associated with the person or entity identified in the category label. For example, we would still consider theft of a settlement check by a law offi ce secretary to be attorney fraud, even if no attorney \nin that office had knowledge that such an ac"]
[11.138801574707031, 17.306209564208984, "hat we discuss regarding provider fraud can have a spillover effect in terms of combating other categories as well, given the need for fraudulent providers to sometimes act in concert with attorneys, workers, and others who are knowingly participatin"]
[11.148653984069824, 17.28499984741211, "les and policymaker attention. For example, the California Workers\u2019 Compensation Appeals Board (WCAB) already has broad equitable powers to order restitution in the aftermath of fraud and need only apply the modest standard of proof necessary for civ"]
[11.109878540039062, 17.342086791992188, "sometimes taking years to complete the path from initial investigation to conviction, and can involve complexities not always present in criminal matters related to individual claimants or employers. They can also result in stopping large-scale schem"]
[11.10464096069336, 17.34731674194336, " rules or mislead others for the purpose of financial or personal gain. In recent years, these entities have all taken significant steps toward combating the problem of fraud through the use of advanced analytics, a \nrapidly developing field of infor"]
[11.103654861450195, 17.3464298248291, "le, one such rule commonly noted in materials describing warning signs for possible workers\u2019 compensation fraud is that adjusters should more closely examine any claim first filed on a Monday, presumably due to an increased likelihood that the injury"]
[12.62384033203125, 3.518476963043213, "pe of this report to cover all methods by which advanced analytics is conducted. Moreover, few large-scale applications of \nadvanced analytics in the private and public sectors use a single technique. A single application often uses an array of tools"]
[12.891281127929688, 3.2942450046539307, "ntify (i.e., describe) clusters and patterns  14 containing similar  records based on criteria that the application discovers.20 Unexpected clusters \nor patterns could suggest that a previously unknown variety of fraud scheme had developed. For \nexam"]
[13.058791160583496, 3.278055429458618, "ires identifying at least some instances of fraud. In sociocentric SNA, the network as a whole is examined to identify patterns of \n                                                \n20 Nian  et al., 2016; Kou et al., 2004.  \n21 Bolton and Hand, 2002. "]
[14.380366325378418, 2.8848493099212646, "er social welfare systems because they automatically collect \u201caccurate, real-time, and largely labeled data\u201d in the routine course of business.\n26 There are few instances in which human beings are \n                                                \n24 "]
[11.107379913330078, 17.323680877685547, " business purposes, each source employing different formats and definitions.\n28 Indeed, one \nexperienced observer in the area of governmental use of analytics to combat fraud has noted the many challenges created by the \u201cconsiderable investment upfro"]
[11.094922065734863, 17.36956787109375, "yments \n\u2022 prepayment edits: computer edits that revise or suspend all or part of a suspect claim \n\u2022 autodenial edits: computer edits that automatically deny a suspect claim without making \nany payments \n\u2022 provider revocation: elimination of a provide"]
[11.076610565185547, 17.365379333496094, "ge information, and develop best practices. \n                                                \n32 GAO, 2015a.  \n33 Pub. L.  111-240, 2010, \u00a7 4241.  \n34 GAO, 2012; Censer, 2012.  \n35 Dickson, 2016.   19 Successes  \nAccording to CMS, OIG, and GAO, FPS h"]
[11.062747955322266, 17.348020553588867, ", undated.  \n38 Congressional Budget Office, 2014. \n39 Sullivan, 2012; U.S. House of Representatives, 2015;  Muchmore, 2016.  \n40 Citizens Against Government Waste, 2015.  20 University of Minnesota has also been a vocal critic of the program\u2019s imple"]
[11.10130500793457, 17.341041564941406, "verall system. States license the health care providers, establish payment policies, contract with \n                                                \n41 Parente et al., 2012.  \n42 HHS, 2016b.  \n43 GAO, 2015b, p.  16. \n44 GAO, 2015b, pp.  29\u201331. \n45 GA"]
[11.099092483520508, 17.35512351989746, " Administration is the target of several forms of fraud, including identity \ntheft in applications for Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Supplemental Security Income \nand, notably, from physician-assisted fraud regarding claims for disability insur"]
[11.097265243530273, 17.359159469604492, "ss or bank account numbers. Despite reportedly \npreventing $16 billion in revenue loss in 2012, the EFDS  was felt to have \u201cfundamental \nlimitations in technology and design.\u201d59 In 2011, the IRS awarded SAS Institute a $6.25 million \ncontract to prov"]
[11.101629257202148, 17.349685668945312, "yment Security, and Rate Bureau.65 Reportedly, the \nstate has been able to increase total annual penalty collections about fivefold as a result of using this tool.\n66 \nU.S. Postal Service employees receive the equivalent of workers\u2019 compensation bene"]
[11.093392372131348, 17.393640518188477, "icare context, we could find little indication of significant dissatisfaction with how the tools are being implemented or what benefits they are achieving. In our opinion, there are no external reasons that DIR should not begin to plan for the incorp"]
[11.100595474243164, 17.403785705566406, " \nproceedings associated with a single workers\u2019 compensation claim and all claims associated with a single WCAB case or proceeding can be readily identified without eyes-on effort. Similar \n                                                \n70 See, e.g"]
[11.08935546875, 17.383583068847656, "y submitted as an electronic document. DWC can no longer afford to warehouse mountains of paper forms even if it has good intentions to scan them at some future \nbut uncertain point. \nThe paper-form issue might be a minor one compared with a more pre"]
[11.260661125183105, 17.10991668701172, "ential criminal investigation materials.   29 Chapter Four. Prevention: Bringing Postemployment  Claims Back \ninto the System  \nBackground  \nSome participants at the June 2016 roundtable sessions voiced their suspicion that some \nproviders were engag"]
[11.244250297546387, 17.066274642944336, "incident o r exposure, for the consequences of which \ncompensation is claimed\u201d (Labor Code  \u00a7 5411). For such injuries, the maximum possible limit for filing a claim  30 realization that he or she has some sort of medical condition must also be accom"]
[11.250961303710938, 17.091798782348633, "st under a year after leaving the employment, but only under the unlikely scenario that the incident or \nexposure happened on the very last day on the job.  \n78 Employment Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Indus. Acc. Comm\u2019n , 41 Cal. 2d 676 (1953). \n79 Zenith Ins"]
[11.245694160461426, 17.07765007019043, "e necessary diagnosis linking the condition to the prior work would be made by a physician of the former employee\u2019s own choosing. The former employee is then required to submit the initial claim form to the employer within certain time limits after l"]
[11.230749130249023, 17.044015884399414, "im with WCAB, the former employee now has an essentially unlimited right to control the identity of those providing postdenial medical care, although the expenses associated with such care would be covered only if there is a favorable result after WC"]
[11.243683815002441, 17.014738082885742, "r the liens themselves is believed to be weak . And finally, \nthey implied that, in at least some instances, the claimed value of some postemployment liens when presented appear to be inappropriately inflated beyond what might be expected given the n"]
[11.245641708374023, 16.9952335357666, "re service plans, publicly funded benefit programs, and the like) filed each month \nwith WCAB has more than doubled in less than two years and is now holding at about 30,000 \nper month.\n96 Not all of these liens involve postemployment claims, but mos"]
[11.240571975708008, 16.99361228942871, "der the OMFS reflect policies designed to tightly control medical expenditures in California workers\u2019 compensation claims. A similar result occurs when a private health insurer pays only what it considers to be the reasonable, usual, and customary ch"]
[11.237222671508789, 17.04396629333496, "it of the doubt when \nadvancing a claim for compensation, absent good-faith knowledge that the claim does not involve a covered injury. That assumption is well  represented by rules about when a claim for \nCT or occupational disease can be presented "]
[11.236517906188965, 17.03853988647461, "selects falls directly on the employer\u2019s shoulders because of \u201cneglect or \n                                                \n105 A similar requirement would be in place if the former employer had a contract with a health care organization to  \nprovide"]
[11.254952430725098, 17.019197463989258, "al evidence, but it is hard to ignore the tale that one participant told at the \nJune 2016 roundtables. The participant described accidentally receiving a new-patient package in the mail from what might be described as a lien mill, a package that con"]
[11.232217788696289, 17.04256248474121, "ontinued medical expenditures providing the proper incentives for a more aggressive defense. \nWe think that the special circumstances surrounding postemployment claims merit this type \nof option. If the complaints of some of the June panelists are ac"]
[11.239044189453125, 17.041751861572266, "ights currently available to him \nor her to challenge the employer\u2019s choice of provider or the type of care being received. \nNote that we are not suggesting that Labor Code \u00a7 5402 should be amended regarding claims \nmade by current employees. There d"]
[11.231893539428711, 17.03729820251465, "ll claims would be potential candidates for deny-but-control treatment. Presumably, employers would pick and choose among those candidates to target only the most-problematic providers, so the proportion of claims ultimately affected would be smaller"]
[11.187478065490723, 17.107776641845703, " WCAB. A recently indicted medical management corporation\u2019s chief executive, accused of participating in kickback schemes, nevertheless advanced liens worth $58 million in payments for the same medicated \u201cpain \ncreams\u201d that were alleged to be the foc"]
[11.192665100097656, 17.083545684814453, "on with other agencies and/or law enforcement.\u201d \n\u2022 Allegations and complaints are considered credible if  they have \u201cindicia of reliability\u201d \nand the state has reviewed all facts and evidence carefully and acts judiciously. \n\u2022 When a determination of"]
[11.205219268798828, 17.07164764404297, "termine whether to condition the sentence on, among other things, forfeiting the right to seek payment). And rights for due process would still be in place, given that Chapter Five in California\u2019s version of the Administrative Procedures Act  provide"]
[11.20457935333252, 17.064376831054688, "s \n\u2022 has exceeded the limits of his or her professional competence in rendering medical care \nor in conducting independent medical examinations under the law \n\u2022 has made materially false statements regarding his or her qualifications in his or her \na"]
[11.177919387817383, 17.098251342773438, "\nfraud will trigger a Medicaid suspension, while a wide range of behaviors (sexual battery, for example) will constitute misconduct in New York.  46 Table  5.1. Medicaid and New York State Workers\u2019  Compensation Board  Approaches  \nCharacteristic  Me"]
[11.207844734191895, 17.063920974731445, " in managing health care provider behavior. The New York model would certainly give DIR considerable discretion to address a variety of physician issues that go beyond mere fraud, including failures to comply with any law or regulation related to the"]
[11.194029808044434, 17.083051681518555, "ion until alternative care could be arranged.\n119 Our assumption is that DIR would use \nits power to suspend payment sparingly and never to the point at which wide-scale  disruptions of \nthe health care delivery system would result. It should be note"]
[11.187372207641602, 17.081287384033203, "ly issued by a provider who subsequently became the target of a fraud investigation. Making it clear that the taint of the original issuer follows the accounts receivable wherever they go will close that potential loophole from almost certain repeate"]
[11.200732231140137, 17.060989379882812, "ional statutory language would be needed for suspending payments to not only the original provider but also to any holders of factored liens originating with that provider. \nComparison of Medicaid Approach with Recent Legislative Initiatives \nSenate "]
[11.193853378295898, 17.075448989868164, "it \npertains to patient care.  \n(iii) It is a financial crime that relates to the Medi -Cal program, \nMedicare program, or workers \u2019 compensation system.  \n(iv) It is otherwise substantially related to the qualifications, function s, \nor duties of a "]
[11.200444221496582, 17.065080642700195, " the disposition of the criminal proceeding fails to specify the disposition to \nbe made of lien filings in the workers \u2019 compensation system as set forth in \nparagraph  (1), all liens pending in any workers \u2019 compensation case in any district \noffic"]
[11.191034317016602, 17.0779972076416, "ave ten days to submit a written request for a hearing to argue that \nthe criteria for suspension are not applicable. \n\u2022 Requests for such a hearing would temporarily stay the suspension. \n\u2022 The hearing must be held within 30 days of the submission o"]
[11.190479278564453, 17.07457733154297, "a eligible for such sanctions, but one indicator might be the number of people and entities that have been excluded (essentially a type of suspension) by the HHS OIG from participating in Medicare, Medicaid, and other federal health care programs. OI"]
[11.188494682312012, 17.084203720092773, "viction and are therefore not valid \n(3) Liens generated for servi ces \nafter suspension are always \ninvalid . \nDuration of \nsanctions  Until investigation determines \ninsufficient evidence of fraud or upon completion  of legal \nproceedings  Until d "]
[11.188377380371094, 17.084278106689453, "surrendered or revoked.\u201d Although such adverse credentialing actions would not require a criminal prosecution to trigger a workers\u2019 compensation suspension, only about 100 licenses for all California providers were surrendered or revoked in 2016, and"]
[11.193268775939941, 17.072309494018555, "of a medical license revocation outside California, it would appear that none of the outstanding liens filed with DWC would be voided. If California workers\u2019 compensation fraud or abuse was involved in \nthe conviction that led to the suspension, the "]
[11.138593673706055, 17.308385848999023, "in California. There are obvious and  57 well-founded reasons for that high standard, given the serious implications of imposing criminal \nfines and imprisonment, but, in California, workers\u2019 compensation is part of the civil justice \nsystem and is d"]
[11.101431846618652, 17.34877586364746, "of what they do is essentially undetectable by administrative or law enforcement agencies. \nPart of the reason for fraudsters\u2019 ability to hide in what is essentially plain sight is a problem \nwe noted in Chapter Three: A Balkanization of information "]
[11.101534843444824, 17.351642608642578, "uired if the power and promise of advanced techniques to detect fraud and identify those who commit it are to be realized. Moreover, those data have to be easily and readily available to the analysts on an ongoing basis, without the need to repeatedl"]
[11.223307609558105, 17.044095993041992, ", one in which employers have the option of denying a questionable claim \nwhile continuing to offer medical care under their control, can be applied in just those instances likely to involve certain employee-selected providers who repeatedly generate"]
[11.181265830993652, 17.105897903442383, "in place to adequately notify current patients of a provider who is anticipated to be the subject of a payment suspension. And third, the decision to suspend should be closely coordinated with the efforts of district attorney staff overseeing current"]
[11.138567924499512, 17.951086044311523, "w Way to Find Cheaters,\u201d Forbes, January 28, \n2016. As of July 29, 2016: http://www.forbes.com/sites/metabrown/2016/01/28/ analytics-and-the-irs-a-new-way -to-find-cheaters/#5218dbf75b8b \nCalifornia Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Wor"]
[11.07079792022705, 17.47595977783203, "\u2019 Compensation Covering Uninsured Medical \nCosts? Evidence from the \u2018Monday Effect,\u2019\u201d Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 49, No. 4, 1996, pp. 690\u2013706. \nCDI\u2014See California Department of Insurance.  65 Censer, Marjorie, \u201cTwo Local Contractors "]
[11.097989082336426, 17.36141586303711, "y, the Opportunity, and a Model for Change, Franklin, Tenn.: Coventry Workers\u2019 \nComp Services, May 2012. \nGAO\u2014See U.S. Government Accountability Office. \nGartner, \u201cAdvanced Analytics,\u201d IT Glossary, undated. As of November 16, 2016: \nhttp://www.gartne"]
[11.098691940307617, 17.35437774658203, "\u201cInvestment in \nData Analytics by the Massachusetts Office of the State Auditor,\u201d slide deck, January 15, 2014. As of July 31, 2016: http://montgomeryaga.org/images/meeting/011514/slides_for_fraud_january_webinar.pdf \nMcBirnie, Thomas J., Report on t"]
[11.09772777557373, 17.342134475708008, "elease, March 16, 2015. As of July 28, 2016: http://www.ic.nc.gov/NCICFraud-031615NewsRelease.pdf \nParente, Stephen, Brian Schulte, Allen Jost, Thomas Sullivan, and Allan Klindworth, \n\u201cAssessment of Predictive Modeling for Identifying Fraud Within th"]
[11.095027923583984, 17.376344680786133, "dit/full/pdf/A-08-13-13038.pdf \nStevens, Howard, \u201cThe Downside of Denial: A California Perspective,\u201d LexisNexis Legal \nNewsroom: Workers Compensation Law, July 14, 2009. As of September 15, 2016: https://www.lexisnexis.com/legalnewsroom/workers-compe"]
[11.099037170410156, 17.35462188720703, "ive Analytics System, but Needs to Define Measures to Determine Its Effectiveness , \nWashington, D.C., GAO-13-104, October 15, 2012. As of April 21, 2017: \nhttp://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-104 \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Gov"]
[11.092872619628906, 17.35171127319336, "ber 2010. As of April 21, 2017: http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/ Deterrence-in-Criminal-Justice.pdf \nYasin, Rutrell, \u201cHow MassHealth Cut Medicaid Fraud with Predictive Analytics,\u201d GCN, \nFebruary 24, 2014. As of July 26, 20"]
[13.860529899597168, 2.4306676387786865, "Using Video Analytics and Sensor \nFusion in Law Enforcement\nBuilding a Research Agenda That Includes Business \nCases, Privacy and Civil Rights Protections, and Needs for Innovation\nSUMMARY\nOn July 12\u201313, 2017, on behalf of the National Institute of J"]
[13.832859992980957, 2.423738479614258, "ement by monitoring officer per -\nformance and protecting officers\u2019 health and safety.\n\u2022The r\nisks of VA/SF technologies are significant, with security,\nprivacy, and civil rights protections needed if these technologiesare not to be misused or abused"]
[13.818248748779297, 2.443249225616455, "eras that are monitored by an opera-tions center. \n\u2022\n The B\naltimore, Maryland, Police Department\u2019s CitiWatch, \nwhich has an operations center with several analysts moni-toring over 700 cameras (as of early 2016). The program also includes a partners"]
[13.859244346618652, 2.4218404293060303, "fficers to reduce information overload\u2022 R&\nD on architectures and APIs to integrate \nVA data with RMS/CAD into unified records; should include best practices and model con-tracts in addition to technology\n\u2022\n R&\nD on having dispatch and routing \n int\n"]
[13.84410572052002, 2.444154977798462, "e. Donald, Donald, and Thatcher (2016) provide a review of research on capabilities to monitor cameras. In contrast, there have been estimates that a large city agency may have access to hundreds of thousands of video feeds from all over a particular"]
[13.836626052856445, 2.447082281112671, "to determine whether a cartoon robot is present based on presence of such features as cartoon claws and robot-like heads. \nImportantly, the aforementioned GPUs are capable of \nprocessing large arrays of pixels in images simultaneously. Thus, a comput"]
[13.839567184448242, 2.433060646057129, "tions Subsampling Convolutions Fully connected SubsamplingInputFeature maps\nf.mapsf.mapsReduce the images or videos Classify the\nresulting\nfeatures\nOutput\nFigure 2. Example Multilayer Neural Network\nSOURCE: Salatas, John, \u201cMultilayer Neural Network,\u201d"]
[13.847624778747559, 2.427708625793457, "ly classify it\u2014person, vehicle, etc.\u2014and track its move-ment on camera. Test data sets for VA of human activity, such as the Activity, Event, and Action Databases library, main-tained by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\u2019s Intelligent Systems Lab (und"]
[13.87148380279541, 2.4408533573150635, "ore such methods are broadly implemented. Second, once these core concepts have been identified, specific R&D needs should be determined.\nMethodology\nOn July 12\u201313, 2017, on behalf of NIJ and the Priority Crimi-nal Justice Needs Initiative, the RAND "]
[14.868692398071289, 1.930777907371521, " cases were developed during a facilitated discussion, with participants weighing in on inputs, activities, and desired outputs of analytic and fusion efforts with the cases built in real time. Needs \u2014defined as problems or opportunities coupled \nwit"]
[13.837630271911621, 2.4403622150421143, "was designed to identify and rank needs based on the assessments of practitioners with experience in the field. Business Cases for Video Analytics and \nSensor Fusion in Law Enforcement\nTo provide an initial answer to the question of what the public \n"]
[13.835761070251465, 2.4795796871185303, " officers on scene, court officers, and possibly the public. They must include explicit recognition and display of the uncertainties involved in an artificial intelligence judg-ment.\n2 Such explanations would use narratives to explain an \nalert in or"]
[13.83492374420166, 2.440046548843384, "mphasized that alerts must be tailored to \nsupport later review and decisionmaking. This could be accom -\nplished at a basic level by employing pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) in \nresponse to sensor hits, such as gunshot detection, anomalies in health telemetry,"]
[13.877615928649902, 2.43318247795105, "uto-indexing\nfor a caseIncident\nsearchPrepare and distribute\nto court officers\u2022 Face detection and \nenhancement\n\u2022 Plate enhancement\u2022 Other\u2022 Face recognition\u2022 License plate \nrecognition\n\u2022 Other\n\u2022 Find \u201cinteresting\u201d video and \nsensor data for case\n\u2022 La"]
[13.821357727050781, 2.435257911682129, "and case number (if applicable), searching the structured metadata would also be much faster. However, this implies the need for a standardized dictionary describing how key data about the video, and what was found on it, are to be coded. \nBusiness C"]
[13.839086532592773, 2.4197771549224854, "also be neces-sary, starting with the type of incident, history of what was observed, and ability to assign speech to people and accurately transcribe it. This should ultimately take the form of narrative descriptions of the observed events. Finally,"]
[13.860326766967773, 2.427813768386841, "m video and sensor data could be used to evaluate, develop, and test polic-ing strategies. There is a need for models to recognize delayed reinforcement and to test whether outcomes improve over time. Such models could also provide an experimental ca"]
[13.874234199523926, 2.4323630332946777, "nts of interest for \ndiagnoses and evaluations\n- Disorder- Accidents- Crimes- OtherCount and track events of interest\n\u2022 Trend charts and control \ncharts that link to supporting labeled video and sensor data\n13include presenting the decisionmaker with"]
[13.848424911499023, 2.4095427989959717, "any new VA/SF toolset deployment. Figure 9. A Conceptual Video Analytics and Sensor Fusion Processing Network\n1. Real-time monitoring 2. Post-event investigation and reporting\nMonitoring\nfor alerts\nReview alerts\nand get additional\ninformation\nAct on "]
[14.144983291625977, 2.6319077014923096, "ata must not be provocative, humiliating, or exploitative. These tools should also not be used to instruct an officer to, for example, draw a gun, escalate, de-escalate, or in any other way make critical decisions for an officer in the field. \nData I"]
[13.85276985168457, 2.4207088947296143, " to interfaces or exchanges between police assets and city or jurisdiction assets, as well as with training, awareness, and resources of any partnering agen-cies.15Community Partnership and Acceptance\nFinally, the panel discussed necessary procedures"]
[13.922508239746094, 2.4241693019866943, "tify and reduce false positives \nover time.\n\u2022 The\nre is a general need to identify, categorize, and filter out \nevents (e.g., lengthy stretches of video and sensor feeds) that are not of interest to law enforcement. \n\u2022\n Tr\naining of VA algorithms nee"]
[14.670513153076172, 1.9430614709854126, "e Tier 1 needs are in a cluster with the highest EV and include 11 needs\u201423 percent of the total needs identi-fied by the group.\nThe second type of priority need had a median importance \nscore of 9, the highest possible rating. These are high-value ("]
[14.012057304382324, 2.420527458190918, "nd suspicious potential indicators of ter-rorism (Nationwide SAR Initiative, 2016).17The needs are presented in Table 1. Within categories, \npriority needs are presented in order of their expected value \nscores, with higher-scoring needs presented fi"]
[13.89332389831543, 2.4247891902923584, " or relatively quickly disposed of for privacy and civil rights purposes.Facilitate the creation of a (continuously refreshed) service for cataloging and sharing data sources that can be used for training algorithms (e.g., a public library, Github.co"]
[13.920241355895996, 2.4411568641662598, "rastructure\nIssue or Current Limitation Need Tier\u2013Value\nExisting data sources (e.g., LE databases) should \nbe integrated with VA systems to improve the recognition and prediction processes.Develop best practices and model contracts that consider arch"]
[13.882043838500977, 2.402087926864624, "already carrying.2 \nForensics: Video archives and real-time feeds are difficult to search for operationally relevant data.Video archive searches should be coordinated with related data (e.g., CAD, weather,)2 \nMonitoring\u2014agencies: VA systems could be "]
[13.8673734664917, 2.418037176132202, "oca-\ntion of objects in videos.\nComputational infrastructure\u2022\n Asse\nss different processing models for VA/SF \n(e.g., contracted cloud, government cloud).\n\u2022 As\nsemble technical advisory groups to help \nagencies considering sensor networks with VA/SF.\n"]
[13.854108810424805, 2.4118919372558594, "porating the complex treatment of nuance, along with automatic detection and adjustment for changes in behav -\niors over time. VA/SF networks should also incorporate semantic search and automatic infrastructure control, with the control-rule algorith"]
[13.857803344726562, 2.3638789653778076, "st-priority use case for these technolo-gies, potentially offering major benefits to society. The panel also felt that VA/SF technologies could be of great benefit in investigating crimes and major incidents, could provide major \n ti\nme-savers throug"]
[14.762126922607422, 1.8286247253417969, " equaling the same benefit of prior \u201cgame changing\u201d technologies such as body armor and crime hotspot analysis. Likelihood of success was bracketed as 1 equaling about a 10 percent chance of success and 9 equaling about a 90-percent chance of success"]
[14.742730140686035, 1.8744832277297974, ". These high-value needs are all marked with \u201cHV\u201d on the dendrogram. This approach also allows identifi-cation of low hanging fruit (LHF): needs that were rated very high in terms of probability of success, even if they are lower in payoff. Because t"]
[13.9337797164917, 2.4320666790008545, "ions).\n1 Issue: CAD, RMS, mobile data, and VA systems are generally not interoperable with each other. Need:  Integrate dispatch and routing with what is \nalready known from VA systems.251 Issue:  There are limited skill sets within agencies \nto oper"]
[13.91307258605957, 2.4246864318847656, "s to identify relevant evidence for the same event. Need:  Conduct research into video search \nmethods that would allow similar or related videos are also returned (or immediately available). \n2 HV Issue:  A large volume of collected and stored \nvide"]
[13.899222373962402, 2.424720525741577, "r these systems (assess the business case).\n2 Issue:  When algorithmic learning occurs, \norganizations need a way to ensure that additional learning is coevolutionary with the learning occurring within organizations and among practitioners.  \nNeed:  "]
[13.969700813293457, 2.440512180328369, "systems to reduce bias and improve auditability (e.g., use descriptive tags and include narratives as to why a tag was assigned). \n2 Issue:  There is a lack of understanding of how \nartificial intelligence can and should be applied to law enforcement"]
[13.840230941772461, 2.5721452236175537, "ble A.1\u2014Continued31ENDNOTES\n1 Here, we use the term business case rather than the term use case , as \nthe latter typically means a detailed list of interactions between a user \nand a system to achieve some objective. Use cases are typically cap -\ntur"]
[13.798321723937988, 2.736783504486084, "eve, Paul Bramble, and Alistair Cockburn, Patterns for Effective Use Cases , Boston, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Longman \nPublishing, 2003. \nAphex34, \u201cTypical CNN Architecture,\u201d December 16, 2015. As of \nNovember 15, 2018: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wik"]
[13.862344741821289, 3.644786834716797, "John S., Dulani Woods, Andrew Lauland, Sean E. \nGoodison, Thomas J. Wilson, and Brian A. Jackson, Using Future Broadband Technologies to Strengthen Law Enforcement , Santa Monica, \nCalif.: RAND Corporation RR-1462-NIJ, 2016. As of July 10, 2017: http"]
[17.25224494934082, -0.023791538551449776, "www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/technology/facial-recognition-race-artificial-intelligence.html\nMitchell, Anna, and Larry Diamond, \u201cChina\u2019s Surveillance State \nShould Scare Everyone,\u201d Atlantic , Feb. 2, 2018. As of October 1, \n2018:  https://www.theatlant"]
[13.909680366516113, 3.8592875003814697, " Visualization,\u201d Deep Learning Workshop , Lille, France: 31st \nInternational Conference on Machine Learning, 2015. \nAcknowledgments\nThe authors would like to acknowledge the participation and \nassistance of the members of the expert panel listed in t"]
[13.913795471191406, 4.112488746643066, " This Report\nOn behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the RAND Corporation, in partnership with \nthe Police Executive Research Forum, RTI International, and the University of Denver, is carrying out a rese"]
[13.867801666259766, 4.574977874755859, "mitted to the public interest. \nRAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. \nR\u00ae is a \nregistered trademark.\nRR-2619-NIJCORPORATION\u00a9 Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation\nwww.rand.orgThis publication was"]
[16.24329948425293, 7.693874835968018, "CORPORATION\nImproving Outcomes \nfor Children Exposed to Violence\nSafe Start Promising Approaches \nDana Schultz, Lisa H. Jaycox, Lynsay Ayer, Claude Messan Setodji,     \nAmmarah Mahmud, Aaron Kofner, Dionne Barnes-ProbyLimited Print and Electronic Dis"]
[16.20779037475586, 7.665545463562012, "d build on our prior work evaluating the first round of 15 SSPA sites, reported in \n\u2022 Lisa H. Jaycox, Laura J. Hickman, Dana Schultz, Dionne Barnes-Proby, Claude Messan \nSetodji, Aaron Kofner, Racine Harris, Joie Acosta, and Taria Francois, National "]
[16.25011444091797, 7.669198513031006, "ector \nat RAND_Health@rand.org. \nQuestions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, Dana Schultz \n(Dana_Schultz@rand.org).  v Contents \nPreface ..............................................................................."]
[16.202844619750977, 7.647824764251709, "17 \u0001\nOverview of the Data Collection System ........................................................................................ ... 17\u0001\nData Collection ............................................................................................."]
[16.163074493408203, 7.699944019317627, "................................................................... 41 \u0001\nSummary of the Implem entation Process ......................................................................................... ...... 42\u0001\nChapter Four. Study Findings ........"]
[16.213857650756836, 10.141216278076172, "..................................................... ........... 68\u0001\nProgram Capacity for Service Delivery ......................................................................................... .... 69\u0001\nStudy Limitations ........................."]
[16.170766830444336, 7.6795654296875, "es\u2019 Planned Research Designs ................................................................................. 23 \u0001\nTable 2.5. Site Research Designs, Expected Effect Sizes, and Sample Sizes for Power ............. 26 \u0001\nTable 2.6. Analysis and Inferen"]
[16.374576568603516, 7.736207962036133, "n\u2019s exposure to violence have been declining, in 2011, 58 percent of \nchildren in a nationally representative sample had been exposed to violence in the past year, with \n48 percent exposed to multiple types of violence (Finkelhor, Shattuck, et al., 2"]
[16.203310012817383, 7.652732849121094, "provements in specific outcome domains at a particular  xii site. The evaluation\u2019s intent-to-treat analysis approach involved analyses of all those who were \noffered participation in Safe Start, regardless of how much of the program they actually rec"]
[16.19337272644043, 7.695257663726807, "Target \nEnrollment \nfor 80% \nPower Actual \nEnrollment \nAurora, Colo. RCT: Strategi c enhancement to an intensive \ndyadic therapy (Traum a-Focused Cognitive\u2013\nBehavioral Therapy + Let\u2019s Connect) \ncompared with Trauma-Focused Cognitive\u2013Behavioral Therap"]
[16.169179916381836, 7.684970855712891, "ve medium intervention effects enrolled more families than the target needed for 80-percent power, while all of the studies that expected small intervention effects enrolled far fewer families than needed for 80-percent power to be able to detect the"]
[16.16372299194336, 7.69610595703125, "parison group also improved, we found no evidence of significant differences observed in most cases between the intervention and comparison groups using difference-in-differences models. One exception was in El Paso\u2019s primary outcome, child self-cont"]
[16.177526473999023, 7.689509868621826, "ion group did not improve more than the comparison group. The interventions in Philadelphia and  xviSpokane operated within existing programs for families such that both the intervention and \ncomparison groups received a robust array of usual service"]
[16.231374740600586, 7.685993194580078, "vailable individually online, include detailed results.  xviiConclusion and Next Steps \nThe OJJDP SSPA initiative sought to improve the evidence base for interventions for CEV as \ndelivered in community settings. This important work aimed to fill a g"]
[16.29298973083496, 7.709146022796631, "ted prevention approaches. Targeted services would be used for the minority of children who have prolonged adjustment problems related to violence exposure. There is a growing evidence base about what works in terms of the more-intensive services for"]
[16.33071517944336, 7.71834135055542, "been evaluated to see whether they do, in fact, produce a more resilient child, family, or community. Thus, this area is ripe for additional exploration, particularly when combined with the full array of services within a public health model. Clearly"]
[16.350627899169922, 7.703353404998779, "on Scale RADS-2 Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, 2nd ed. RCT randomized controlled trial RYDS Rochester Youth Development Study SD standard deviation SE standard error S.E.L.F. Safety, Emotions, Loss, and Future SFCR Strengthening Family Coping "]
[16.36406898498535, 7.730283260345459, "hort-term risk for depression and anxiety (Lansford et al., 2002) and behavior problems (Grogan-Kaylor et al., 2008), as well as high levels of depression, anxiety, and distress in adulthood (Lindert et al., 2014). Children exposed to domestic violen"]
[16.361915588378906, 7.725932598114014, "argeted prevention programs would be reserved for the minority of children who experienced violence and are also displaying some lasting adverse effects. 3Figure 1.1. Tiered Public Health Model \nTo date, most of the treatment development and research"]
[16.242603302001953, 7.6915764808654785, "ain them (Wiltsey Stirman et al., 2012). Key factors related to implementation and sustainability include organizational elements, staffing, training and ongoing staff support, data systems, and ongoing fidelity monitoring and quality assurance (Fixs"]
[16.21735191345215, 7.691456317901611, "lanning for quality assurance, and ensuring human subject protections. \nOverview of the Current Safe Start Sites \nLike the initial set of 15 sites, the ten SSPA sites that are the focus of this report differ by \ncommunity size, location, age range se"]
[16.213809967041016, 7.6928229331970215, "y phone calls  \nHonolulu, Hawaii Enhancement to an existing group therapy (Haupoa) + individualized clinical child assessment and individual \nand family therapy (modular CBT) 3\u201317 Quasi-experimental  design comparing \nHaupoa + modular CBT with usual "]
[16.201488494873047, 7.590798854827881, "tcomes (posttraumatic stress, depression, behavior problems, social\u2013emotional competence, school behavior and attitudes, family functioning, and caregiver mental health) data. \nFunding for implementation and evaluation was modest. Sites received up t"]
[16.18622589111328, 7.585048675537109, " site to document its specific capabilities and plans in each area through an iterative process with the national evaluation team. The Green Light process also involved establishing targets for study enrollment and service delivery based on power ana"]
[16.21470832824707, 7.630456447601318, "s, targeted consultation with national experts), which, in some cases, resulted in changes to sites\u2019 original implementation plans. Some  11 project leaders needed more support regarding the data collection and evaluation issues. Sites \nalso needed t"]
[16.25592613220215, 7.663207054138184, "minister the measure. \n\u2022 To maximize credibility with sites and the ultimate audience for the evaluation results, the measure had been widely accepted and widely used in the field. \n\u2022 The measure or subscale of a measure adhered closely to the outcom"]
[16.289854049682617, 7.671726703643799, "y  11\u201318 \nChild Substance use and gang \ninvolvement 11\u201318 \nSocial\u2013emotional competence Caregiver Child social\u2013emotional \ncompetence 0\u20132 \nCaregiver Child cooperation, \nassertion, and self-control 3\u201312 \nChild Child cooperation, \nassertion, and self-con"]
[16.254655838012695, 7.651244640350342, " a different study. We again received permission from the publishers to use those existing translations. We also used our own Spanish translations from the first phase for the caregiver and child information items, the caregiver report (CR) of the Ju"]
[16.22084617614746, 7.637509822845459, "through I).  16 Table 2.3. Prioritized Outcomes, by Site \nSite Caregiver \nResource and \nPersonal \nProblems Child PTSD \nSymptoms Child \nDepression Child \nBehavior and \nConduct \nProblems Child Social\u2013\nEmotional \nCompetence Child School \nBehavior and \nA"]
[16.24354362487793, 7.590107440948486, " collection experience and prior training. In \nsome sites, evaluation supervisors were trained, experienced researchers who were able to draw \non their experience in conducting other longitudinal data collection efforts with children and families. At"]
[16.235727310180664, 7.638470649719238, "loped its own eligibility criteria and established referral procedures with each of its referral sources. This means that sites differed a good deal from one another in terms of the initial level of need for services for children and caregiver. Once "]
[16.226423263549805, 7.634970188140869, " group assignments until after the baseline \nassessment with the caregiver was complete. The SSTAR system used the stratified urn randomization procedure for group assignment that sought to equalize the groups on child age (Wei and Lachin, 1988). Bec"]
[16.26048469543457, 7.629401206970215, " completed caregiver assessment. One site offered a bonus incentive of $10 for completion of each intervention session. \nFor the baseline assessments, every instrument in the caregiver assessment needed to be \ncompleted for the family to be fully enr"]
[16.274791717529297, 7.583602428436279, "leted, and the status of completion of the surveys. On a monthly basis, RAND research staff reviewed assessment and service survey data and worked with sites to address any missing data or clarify any inconsistent responses. When we detected a patter"]
[16.20893669128418, 7.66619873046875, "different aspects \nof implementation, including receiving referrals, enrolling families in the study, child and \nfamily status at time of enrollment, providing services, engaging families in the \nintervention, quality assurance, and costs. \n\u2022 structu"]
[16.175813674926758, 7.674848556518555, "cells of the output tables in the site reports. This section gives a general overview of these strategies, with site-specific details appearing in each of the respective site reports (see Appendixes B through I). \nOverview of Site Research Designs \nT"]
[16.132381439208984, 7.650768280029297, "ists. \nThus, higher levels of statistical power allow us to draw firmer conclusions about the \neffectiveness of the site\u2019s interventions. With inadequate statistical power, the results of statistical tests become hard to interpret. For example, lack "]
[16.171798706054688, 7.674253463745117, "udy so as to be able to detect a clinically meaningful effect. In the Safe Start context, however, the size of the effect anticipated for some of the different site interventions was difficult to gauge because of the lack of existing research on thes"]
[16.19768524169922, 7.659111499786377, "a site could have a certain amount of power to detect differences for measures used for its full sample but lower power for measures that were completed by a subsample in a particular age range. Second, we used multiple statistical tests in this stud"]
[16.16163444519043, 7.708099365234375, "r the sites with large enough analytic samples, we compiled two summary dosage scores (one for dosage at six months and one for cumulative dosage up to 12 months) and, based on the distribution, created a variable to indicate whether families who rec"]
[16.144115447998047, 7.65029239654541, "rvention services  for five of the sites. First, we conducted descriptive statistics to examine \nchanges over time for those in the intervention group who received different levels of dosage, mostly categorized into low, medium, and high dosages, of "]
[15.98780632019043, 7.511541366577148, " different between groups and \nwhether changes can be attributed to the intervention (assuming that the \ngroups are comparable) \nAt least 20 \nper group Multiple linear regressions, \nadjusting for demographics Determine whether there is an in terventi"]
[16.189071655273438, 7.647127151489258, "each set of analyses, depending on the number of tests conducted. In each site report, we give information about the p-values required to determine \nsignificance. However, we also present information about nonsignificant trends observed between p < 0"]
[16.18297576904297, 7.674211502075195, " \nBoys Mean \nChild \nAge, \nin \nYears Child Race and Ethnicity \nPercentage \nof Families \nwith Annual \nHousehold \nIncome of \n<$10,000 Average \nViolence \nExposures \nof the \nTarget \nChild Percentage \nof Children \nwith CRs in \nthe \nSignificant \nRange for \n"]
[16.172815322875977, 7.682510852813721, "ing referrals into the comparison group. Because of implementation challenges, OJJDP decided to end Queens\u2019 formal participation in the evaluation, although the site continued to collect baseline and follow-up data on its own (as shown in the orange "]
[16.191591262817383, 7.685759544372559, "nroll only 412 families in the study. \nFigure 3.3. Required Versus Actual Enro llment for Sites with Comparison Groups \n* Not included in the remainder of the analysis in this chapter because of implementation challenges. \nIn the previous two figures"]
[16.176740646362305, 7.6739020347595215, "ate the enrollment process into the normal flow of activity at the shelter, which made participation easier for families. Further, because families were living at the shelter, there were multiple opportunities for outreach about the study. \nThe other"]
[16.16991424560547, 7.683034420013428, "rt. This might have helped these programs to maintain contact with families throughout the study. Other sites tried these and similar strategies to improve retention but did not have the same degree of success. Worcester had difficulty tracking famil"]
[16.1636962890625, 7.68140172958374, "er for each study at 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 \nWorcester Denver Detroit El Paso Aurora (child outcomes) Philadelphia Spokane ARC Spokane COS Total N needed for power \nComparison N retained \nIntervention N retained  \nExpected medium intervention effe"]
[16.170068740844727, 7.675300121307373, "egarding the effect size the intervention would likely have on outcomes (Aurora for intervention retention, Detroit, El Paso, and Worcester). These studies had the sample sizes needed for 80-percent power to detect the minimum observable effects orig"]
[16.202592849731445, 7.673490047454834, " families. \n\u2022 family readiness for and engagement in services \n\u2212 Many sites worked to understand family concerns so as to acknowledge that families \nface a myriad of issues that require a holistic approach to care, and to communicate \nflexibility and"]
[16.169771194458008, 7.681167125701904, "For example, the two programs that achieved the \nhighest enrollment rates delivered services in the community (Detroit) and the clinic \n(El Paso), whereas other programs in these same settings (e.g., Queens in a \ncommunity setting and Aurora in a cli"]
[16.1734561920166, 7.690502643585205, "study was a strategic enhancement \ndesigned to test the effectiveness of Let\u2019s Connect on retention in the TF-CBT intervention. An \nexamination of the intervention and comparison groups at baseline found no differences on any of the outcome measures,"]
[16.15494155883789, 7.699283599853516, "ound each estimate. \nAmong Detroit\u2019s 44 secondary outcomes, there were many statistically significant changes \nfor one or both groups after adjusting for multiple comparisons: \n\u2022intervention group only\n\u2212 At six months, the intervention group, but not"]
[16.16359519958496, 7.6939592361450195, "e on Detroit\u2019s primary outcome of family conflict. We divided the intervention families into three dosage groups: low (zero to three SFP sessions), medium (four to nine SFP sessions), and high (ten or more SFP sessions). Because we expected that chil"]
[16.18105125427246, 7.690887928009033, "e assessment. For both groups, we observed a 50 statistically significant improvement in scores within groups on the primary outcome variable of \nCR of child self-control, with both groups showing the expected increase in child self-control from base"]
[16.148792266845703, 7.705079555511475, "on group only \n\u2212 At 12 months, the comparison group, but not the intervention group, improved on SR \nof family conflict and SR of family involvement. \n\u2022 both intervention and comparison groups \n\u2212 At six months, both groups improved on CR of total str"]
[16.1578369140625, 7.694798469543457, "intervention and comparison groups in any of the dosage categories (Table 4.4). \nTable 4.4. Changes in Mean Number of Sessions,  by Dosage Group, for Caregiver Report of Child \nSelf-Control in El Paso Safe Start: Six Months \nDosage Group N Baseline S"]
[16.17441749572754, 7.6880106925964355, "es among the 24 secondary outcomes. There were within-group differences for \nseveral of the 27 tertiary outcomes. At six months, both groups had significantly fewer caregiver total stressors, caregiver resource problems, CRs of the child\u2019s total vict"]
[16.16002655029297, 7.693171977996826, " Group N Baseline Six Months Mean \nDifference Mean SD Mean SD \nCR of child social\u2013emotional \ncompetence (ages 3\u201312)  None Intervention 8 31.88 18.89 33.75 27.22 \u2014 \n Comparison 8 30.63 15.68 29.38 18.02  \nAny Intervention 12 38.75 22.58 37.08 29.35 7."]
[16.16425132751465, 7.68740177154541, "se robust comparison conditions so that all families would receive some help, making the comparison condition ethical and acceptable to families in the study. However, in this case, families in the comparison groups fared nearly as well as the famili"]
[16.168188095092773, 7.691431522369385, "e, and this might have made it difficult to demonstrate changes in children over time because there might not have been room to improve for children who were not experiencing many symptoms or problems at baseline. Here, services could potentially pro"]
[16.169132232666016, 7.6899800300598145, "ng evidence base for this intervention. For the primary outcome in Philadelphia and for both Spokane interventions, there was significant improvement for the comparison group only. In Philadelphia, the comparison group had a significant decrease in c"]
[16.17258071899414, 7.691264629364014, "ntervention effects has little meaning because we do not have enough power to detect the expected effects. \nService Utilization and Dosage \nWe also looked at the variation in service across these interventions (Table 4.8). The vast \nmajority of Auror"]
[16.163593292236328, 7.692149639129639, "sage group. For Philadelphia, the statistical test comparing the two groups on changes in mean scores between baseline and six months and baseline and 12 months revealed no statistically significant difference between the intervention and comparison "]
[16.164875030517578, 7.691381454467773, "ntrol), the comparison group improvement was significant. The robustness of the usual services that both intervention and comparison groups received likely played a role in the results for Philadelphia and Spokane. The interventions at these sites op"]
[16.153562545776367, 7.690472602844238, "PTSD. The other two studies produced \nsmall effect size changes ranging from \u20130.15 to \u20130.20. \n\u2022 CR of positive involvement: We were able to estimate effect size changes for CR of \npositive involvement in four of the eight studies. Philadelphia and Sp"]
[16.180383682250977, 7.704596519470215, "Child PTSD \nSymptoms CR of Positive \nInvolvement Caregiver \nDepression CR of Child \nSelf-Control CR of Family \nConflict CR of Child Total \nBehavior Problems \nAurora \u20130.91* \n(\u20131.33, \u20130.48)a \u20130.72* \n(\u20131.10, \u20130.34)a 0.32b \n(0.00, 0.64) \u20130.31b \n(\u20130.61, 0"]
[16.16323471069336, 7.690837860107422, "ild age, child gender, child race and ethnicity, and child\u2019s exposure to violence). Among the sites, only Aurora had a small effect size for its primary outcome of CR of child PTSD symptoms when comparing the intervention group change with the compar"]
[16.218843460083008, 7.690755844116211, "vidence of their effectiveness or have not been tested in real-world settings. SSPA was designed to grow the evidence base for interventions for CEV by rigorously evaluating the effectiveness of community-based programs. We conducted 11 evaluations a"]
[16.20722007751465, 7.68131685256958, "h groups. For Philadelphia and Spokane, Safe Start was embedded within existing and robust programs for families, which likely made it difficult to see differential change between the groups that could be attributed to the Safe Start intervention. \nE"]
[16.2294979095459, 7.687718391418457, "hing interventions \nrelevant to CEV in their settings. The sites started from different places, with some sites more \nexperienced providing behavioral health services and others starting from scratch to integrate a new type of services into an existi"]
[16.212923049926758, 7.668067455291748, "imitation to the national evaluation is that the assessment battery used in the \nevaluation might not have been ideal for all sites. Despite each site implementing a different intervention, we used a common set of measures. It is possible that some o"]
[16.279672622680664, 7.7062907218933105, "one might be more efficient or less costly. However, we did not include a cost analysis in the national evaluation.\n  71 Future Directions \nThe SSPA initiative set out to build the evidence base for programs for CEV. Although the \ninitiative added to"]
[16.350032806396484, 7.721924304962158, " health pyramid are services for families who have been \nidentified as exposed to violence but who are experiencing only mild or moderate symptoms. Future exploration of services at this level might try to pin down the necessary ingredients for less "]
[16.322248458862305, 7.713100910186768, "s well as efforts within child welfare, \njuvenile justice, and mental health systems ( Donisch, Bray, and Gewirtz, 2016). However, most \nof these models have not been evaluated to see whether they do, in fact, produce a more resilient child, family, "]
[16.292247772216797, 7.684792518615723, "ne outcome domains: \n\u2022 background and contextual factors \n\u2022 PTSD \n\u2022 depression \n\u2022 behavior and conduct problems \n\u2022 family functioning \n\u2022 social\u2013emotional competence \n\u2022 school behavior and attitudes \n\u2022 violence exposure \n\u2022 caregiver mental health. \nWe"]
[16.302568435668945, 7.649393558502197, "\u2014 \u2014 10 10 \nAPQ 42 42 42 42 \nFES Conflict scale \u2014 \u2014 9 9 \nViolence exposure JVQ \u2014 19 19 19 \nTotal number of items 59 78 133 184 \nNOTE: \u2014 = Measure did not apply to this age range. \n \nBackground and Contextual Factors \nCaregivers completed five measures"]
[16.28216552734375, 7.669707775115967, " used the weighted-least-squares-with-adjusted-means estimator (Mplus, undated). The analysis identified a two-factor solution that was easily interpretable and resulted in high internal consistency within each factor. Namely, from the 21 items, we c"]
[16.306272506713867, 7.6907877922058105, "s subscales for PTSD, depression, \nand anxiety. With permission from the developers, we used only the PTSD subscale. The TSCYC PTSD scale includes 27 items that tap things the child does, feels, or experiences (e.g., bad dreams or nightmares, being b"]
[16.283138275146484, 7.665895462036133, "so been demonstrated, with correlates in the expected direction between the RADS-2 and other depression measures (Reynolds, 1998; Reynolds, 2002). In the present study, the Cronbach\u2019s alpha was 0.28. \nBehavior and Conduct Problems \nTo assess internal"]
[16.27978515625, 7.602751731872559, " used IRT to create a single score for the entire age range that combined data from the two scales. The pattern of eigenvalues, predominantly strong loadings, and reasonable fit for the single-factor model provided evidence that the item set is suffi"]
[16.31218719482422, 7.7022833824157715, " were then asked follow-up questions about their extent of current involvement (e.g., are you currently a member of a gang? and on a scale of 1 to 5, how far from the center of the gang are you if 1 is leadership of the gang and 5 are people who just"]
[16.281261444091797, 7.6676130294799805, "of the SSIS (Gresham and Elliott, \n2008) to assess assertion, self-control, and cooperation. Questions asked how true (e.g., not true, \nlittle true, a lot true, or very true) and how important (e.g., not important, important, or critical) the child p"]
[16.28035545349121, 7.664955139160156, "aregiver \nand youth self-report scale on school functioning. We also asked teenagers one question about their grades. \nCaregiver and Child Self-Reports of Child School Functioning \nWe used one scale from the BERS-2 (Epstein and Sharma, 1998) to asses"]
[16.314632415771484, 7.659177303314209, "4 for inconsistent discipline, and 0.55 for corporal punishment. For child respondents, the Cronbach\u2019s alpha was 0.82 for parental involvement, 0.82 for positive parenting, 0.79 for poor monitoring and supervision, 0.61 for inconsistent discipline, a"]
[16.327577590942383, 7.671014785766602, "specific values were reported. We computed a total score for each subscale, as well as a total score for the entire measure, with higher scores indicating more violence exposure on each dimension. At baseline, the survey asked about these experiences"]
[16.313093185424805, 7.713088512420654, "experiences. At baseline, the survey asked about these experiences in the past year, and, on the follow-up surveys, the survey queried about the prior six months and since the prior assessment. \nCaregiver Mental Health \nWe used two measures to captur"]
[16.658370971679688, 7.8783674240112305, " \u201cControlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and \nPowerful Approach to Multiple Testing,\u201d Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , Series B: \nMethodological , Vol. 57, No. 1, 1995, pp. 289\u2013300. \nBlaustein, Margaret E., and Kristine M. Kinnib"]
[16.761999130249023, 7.887911319732666, "y P. Mannarino, and Robert A. Steer, \u201cA Multisite, \nRandomized Controlled Trial for Children with Sexual Abuse\u2013Related PTSD Symptoms,\u201d Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Vol. 43, No. 4, April \n2004, pp. 393\u2013402. \nCoh"]
[16.680259704589844, 7.8698225021362305, "\u201d Aggression and Violent Behavior , Vol. 13, \nNo. 2, March 2008, pp. 131\u2013140. \nFinkelhor, David, Richard Ormrod, Heather Turner, and Sherry L. Hamby, \u201cThe Victimization \nof Children and Youth: A Comprehensive, National Survey,\u201d Child Maltreatment , V"]
[16.661428451538086, 7.860030651092529, "6\u2013128. \nGewirtz, Abigail H., and Jeffrey L. Edleson, \u201cYoung Children\u2019s Exposure to Intimate Partner \nViolence: Towards a Developmental Risk and Resilience Framework for Research and Intervention,\u201d Journal of Family Violence , Vol. 22, No. 3, April 20"]
[16.829408645629883, 7.891485691070557, "h, Dawna Gabowitz, Margaret E. Blaustein, and Joseph \nSpinazzola, \u201cDevelopment and Implementation of Trauma-Informed Programming in Youth \nResidential Treatment Centers Using the ARC Framework,\u201d Journal of Family Violence , \nVol. 28, No. 7, October 2"]
[16.722503662109375, 7.870345115661621, "herapy for Physically Abused \nChildren and Their Offending Parents: A Comparison of Clinical Outcomes,\u201d Child \nMaltreatment , Vol. 1, No. 4, November 1996b, pp. 322\u2013342. \nKroenke, Kurt, Tara W. Strine, Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B. W. Williams, Joyce T"]
[16.743431091308594, 7.885932445526123, ", \u201cCognitive\u2013Behavioural \nInterventions for Children Who Have Been Sexually Abused,\u201d Cochrane Database of \nSystematic Reviews , Issue 4, October 18, 2006, Art. CD001930. \nMarvin, Robert, Glen Cooper, Kent Hoffman, and Bert Powell, \u201cThe Circle of Secu"]
[16.652305603027344, 7.863570690155029, "mmunity Violence,\u201d Child Development , \nVol. 73, No. 4, July\u2013August 2002, pp. 1265\u20131282. \nPatterson, Gerald R., Marion S. Forgatch, and David S. Degarmo, \u201cCascading Effects Following \nIntervention,\u201d Development and Psychopathology , Vol. 22, No. 4, N"]
[16.828350067138672, 7.977565288543701, "m Response Theory, New York: Springer, 1997, \npp. 85\u2013100. \nSastry, Narayan, and Anne R. Pebley, Non-Response in the Los Angeles Family and \nNeighborhood Survey , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, DRU-2400/7-LAFANS, \n2003. As of November 14, 201"]
[16.921052932739258, 7.930818557739258, " for Social\u2013Emotional Behaviors , Baltimore, Md.: P. H. Brookes Pub. Co., 2002.\n \nStein, Bradley D., Lisa H. Jaycox, Sheryl Kataoka, Hilary J. Rhodes, and Katherine D. Vestal, \n\u201cPrevalence of Child and Adolescent Exposure to Community Violence,\u201d Clin"]
[-1.3786016702651978, 14.261392593383789, "Landscape Survey  \nto Support Flood  Apex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nDefinitions and Existing Tools\nAaron Strong, Debra Knopman\nCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein a"]
[-1.5402284860610962, 14.230891227722168, "first summarize definitions of resilience found in the peer-reviewed literature and government and other organizations\u2019 reports. Second, we sum -\nmarize the literature on conceptual frameworks to guide understanding and actions to build resilience an"]
[-1.8777493238449097, 14.15963077545166, "............................................................................. 5\nCHAPTER TWO\nDefinitions of Terms  ........................................................................................... 7\nFoundations of Resilience  ..............."]
[-1.4661548137664795, 14.214157104492188, "................................................. 48\nEnvironmental Assessment  ..................................................................................... 49\nEmergency Management  ............................................................"]
[-1.6088898181915283, 14.2179594039917, "\nTables\n 2.1. Representative Definitions of Resilience  ......................................................... 8\n 4.1\n. Ind\nicator Systems Reviewed in Cutter, 2016  .................................................. 28\n 6.1\n. Ris\nk Assessment Tool"]
[-1.271925687789917, 14.280228614807129, "tmospheric Administration\u2019s Coastal Flood Exposure  \nMapper  ............................................................................................. 84\n A.\n20. STOR\nMTOOLS  ......................................................................."]
[-1.3507426977157593, 14.280252456665039, "ection and Restoration Authority Planning Tool  ............................. 110\n A.4\n6. Ris\nk Mapping, Assessment and Planning  ..................................................... 111\n A.4\n7. Geo\nrgetown Adaptation Tool Kit  ....................."]
[-1.3565880060195923, 14.288253784179688, "cused on resilience. In particular, the topic areas included (1)\u00a0various definitions of resilience, (2)\u00a0system-of-systems frameworks for con -\nceptualizing resilience, (3)\u00a0indicator and metric systems for resilience, and (4)\u00a0examples of how resilienc"]
[-1.2592474222183228, 14.323460578918457, "screen -\ning the many self-identified DSTs, we applied several criteria to reduce the number to a man -\nageable set and focus our efforts on those that had the potential of mattering most to the Flood Apex program:\n\u2022\n field a\npplication: Was the DST "]
[-1.9137847423553467, 14.154762268066406, " and its own economic composition and needs. \nAs a result, decision analysis and support frameworks and indicators need to be tailored to each individual community. Resilience thus needs to be framed in terms of the particular circumstances of each i"]
[-1.2316111326217651, 14.37217903137207, "o on investments in natural and social capital that enable communi -\nties to mitigate impacts of flood events and recover more quickly.\nAt present, jurisdictions vary considerably in terms of adopting flood DSTs for use in \npreparing action plans and"]
[-1.197083830833435, 14.366262435913086, "sting DSTs.\nFinally, how DSTs are disseminated to communities needs particular attention. Com -\nmunities need guidance through the decisionmaking process. The agricultural extension net -\nwork and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration S"]
[-1.2761270999908447, 14.307709693908691, "\nHSDC RAND Homeland Security and Defense Centerxviii    Landscape Survey to Support Flood Apex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nIFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies\nLUCI Land Utilisation and Capability Indicato"]
[-1.6649131774902344, 14.204587936401367, " but often finding it difficult to link output from these models to broader community goals and other tools in common use for land use, trans -\nportation, water resources, and other infrastructure planning. Further, different institutional and govern"]
[-1.616980791091919, 14.222537994384766, " disaster management. Given the recent emphasis on resilience throughout the country, it is difficult to distinguish between simply using the term resilience to rename status quo behavior and a fundamental shift in action. We identify institutions th"]
[-1.251341462135315, 14.3247709274292, "arch terms: decision sup -\nport flood , decision support tools flood , flood tools , decision support system flood , and flood decision \nmaking . Our initial search resulted in a list of approximately 100\u00a0models and tools.\nIn screening the many self-"]
[-1.244153380393982, 14.324949264526367, "an the one for \nwhich it was originally designed?\n\u2022 U.S\n. application: Has the DST been implemented in the United States, or could the tool \nbe easily transported to a U.S. context?\n\u2022 usa\nbility and transparency: Could well-trained planners found in "]
[-1.9162863492965698, 14.161160469055176, " have an associated approach for measuring resilience or indi -\ncators of resilience, and many reviews exist of indicators and metrics of resilience. In Chapter Four, we focus on how these metrics relate to the frameworks and how they succeed or fail"]
[-2.031358480453491, 14.158523559570312, "(1)\u00a0the magnitude of a stressor, as mea -\nsured by the system\u2019s movement from one equilibrium state to another, and (2)\u00a0the length of time it takes for the system to move into homeostasis once the stressor has been removed. These ideas were first tra"]
[-2.037905693054199, 14.187209129333496, "not locked into specific strategies) that have diverse resources\u201d (pp.\u00a027, 28).\nResilience Alliance, undatedEcological system\u201c[T]he capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially th"]
[-2.0164806842803955, 14.166346549987793, "tem from three separate \nconcepts: vulnerability, risk assessment, and adaptive capacity. All of these ideas are linked to a common goal of reducing a community\u2019s risk to external forces (Lei et al., 2014). As Miller et al., 2010, and others have not"]
[-2.0611894130706787, 14.101049423217773, " stressor will reduce the distance between A and B. That is, the system has roughly the same functionality as it did prior to the disruption. The idea underlying absorptive capacity is that, if a community has made an effort to reduce the impact of a"]
[-2.0662271976470947, 14.17938232421875, "dicators in Chapter Four.\nAdditionally, there has been some emphasis on the role that resilience plays in the com -\npression of the time to postevent functioning (Olshansky, Hopkins, and Johnson, 2012). From a practical standpoint, much of the fundin"]
[-1.7449933290481567, 14.179459571838379, "mmunities are communities that are self-sufficient in that they do not rely on external support after an event takes place (see, for example, Hall, 2014; Anh et al., 2013; and 12    Landscape Survey to Support Flood Apex National Flood Decision Suppo"]
[-1.955838918685913, 14.107980728149414, "s after a disaster occurs, there is a risk that strategies or actions to reduce vulnerabilities will be undervalued or ignored entirely. Alternatively, if the focus is solely on hazard mitigation, important capacities for the recovery process might b"]
[-1.9741668701171875, 14.152393341064453, "nternational Development focuses on subsystems rather than on the system as a whole. This leaves the interdependencies that arise mostly unconsidered. In contrast, NIST explicitly has a chapter on dependencies across systems.\nFrom the Arup Internatio"]
[-2.013758897781372, 14.170095443725586, " a\nbility for rapid rebound, to reestablish function quickly and avoid long-term disrup -\ntions.\nThe Rockefeller and Arup International Development lists of characteristics are very \nmuch aligned. These characteristics provide a means of developing c"]
[-2.0176327228546143, 14.158313751220703, "inished capacity, using the pre-event techniques resulting in persistent dysfunction and vulnerability to future stress -\nors, or the system adapts to an altered environment. This characterization of resilience shows that resilience enters not only i"]
[-1.9669710397720337, 14.132579803466797, "ocial and natural environments (although the framework could easily be adapted to incorporate such considerations). In particular, Rose develops his framework with two questions in mind: (1)\u00a0How can the economic system be modeled in order to predict "]
[-1.9502216577529907, 14.1080961227417, " Toolbox\nresilience context. There are five main components to the Francis and Bekera framework (see \nFigure\u00a03.4):\n1. sys\ntem identification\n2. vul\nnerability analysis\n3. res\nilience objective-setting\n4. sta\nkeholder engagement\n5. res\nilience capacit"]
[-1.9668264389038086, 14.122215270996094, "iple, as opposed to a struc-ture organized around social, economic, natural, and built systems (see Figure\u00a03.5). The start -\ning point for the Bruneau et al. analysis is that the four dimensions of resilience are technical (T), organizational (O), so"]
[-1.959288239479065, 14.129841804504395, "ystems frameworks when applied to resilience are how the subsystems are segmented: along infrastructural lines (electric or water) or functional lines (e.g., social, built, natural). Additionally, how the interdependencies across systems are incorpor"]
[-1.953508734703064, 14.128851890563965, " participants to engage in the decisionmaking process.\nInterdependencies within a system can matter. To determine the total effect of invest -\nments in resilience made in a subsystem, one needs to measure the direct value to that sub -\nsystem, as wel"]
[-1.6734237670898438, 13.862325668334961, "ers\nThe levers are feasible actions or strategies that decisionmakers have available to reduce vul -\nnerabilities, increase resilience, or improve adaptive and other capacities. Decisionmakers can control levers, in contrast to the external uncertain"]
[-1.9269418716430664, 14.170351028442383, "s:\n1.\n Defi\nne the problem.\n2. Iden\ntify feedback.\n3. Dev\nelop the model.\n4. Per\nform a sensitivity analysis.\nFirst, the problem needs to be assessed and identified. This can be accomplished by \nanswering two questions: (1)\u00a0What aspect of the system "]
[-1.9065537452697754, 14.082672119140625, "n of the framework should simplify its use and highlight where touch points between systems exist rather than focusing on all the potential relationships that can take place in a community.27CHAPTER FOUR\nIndicators and Metric Systems\nMany alternative"]
[-1.8698008060455322, 14.144965171813965, "ort Flood Apex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nTable\u00a04.1\nIndicator Systems Reviewed in Cutter, 2016\nMeasure and Source TypeaSpatial UnitbFocuscDomaindMethode\nAtlas of Social Protection: Indicators of \nResilience and Equity (World Bank, 2017)T"]
[-1.878225564956665, 14.054203987121582, "nd bottom-up approaches by how the system was developed. Top-down approaches are nomothetic, and bottom-up approaches are idiographic. Top-down approaches allow for comparison across communities, whereas bottom-up approaches are spe-cifically tailore"]
[-1.9256078004837036, 14.10444450378418, "pex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nIndicator Systems Not Considered in Cutter, 2016\nIn addition to Cutter, 2016, there are several other reviews, including Brooks, Aure, and \nWhiteside, 2014; Link et al., 2015; and Winderl, 2014. Brooks, Aur"]
[-1.9458597898483276, 14.117918968200684, "e vulnerability literature that measures a system\u2019s vulnerability in the absence of considerations about exposure and hazards. A community might be vulnerable when measured using the Social Vulnerability Index (Cutter, Boruff, and Shirley, 2003), but"]
[-2.027467966079712, 14.18749713897705, "ary metric of resilience. Rather than relying on simple averaging or factor analysis to provide weights, the system\u2019s actual characteristics and network could be used to form an index of resilience.33CHAPTER FIVE\nResilience in Practice\nThis chapter r"]
[-2.0365817546844482, 14.208514213562012, "esilience in communities, \nincluding the use of disaster-loss data to foster long-term commitments to enhancing resilience\n\u2022\n dev\neloping and deploying tools or metrics for monitoring progress toward resilience\n\u2022 bui\nlding local, community capacity b"]
[-2.0080809593200684, 14.229292869567871, "in Practice    35\nlevels of government and by firms, such as utilities and telecommunication companies. Even \nwithin the federal government, responsibilities are sufficiently distributed that fully centralized rulemaking for resilience is impractical"]
[-1.9671519994735718, 14.192375183105469, " (NFIP).\nThe first objective is critical to ensure that, to inform their investment decisions, local \ndecisionmakers have as much information as possible about the risks they face. This effort is \nexplicitly intended to incorporate future risks influ"]
[-2.039370059967041, 14.235284805297852, " its emphasis on preparedness \nand resilience in the United States. In 2012, the Red Cross undertook major community resil -\nience pilot efforts in New Orleans, Mississippi, Miami, San Francisco, and Denver, followed by similar programs in smaller lo"]
[-1.981986403465271, 14.221100807189941, "d programs developed within the network be adopted as common practice in a much larger number of cities and other contexts.\nAlthough the 100RC program has global scope, it has a strong presence in the United \nStates. Its first two cohorts of cities ("]
[-1.9627002477645874, 14.200671195983887, "is project has been discontinued, many of the ideas can be seen in the Rockefeller approach to 100RC.\nUrban Resilience Planning\nTo understand how the ideas and theory of resilience have been brought to bear on practice \nand planning, we provide a ser"]
[-1.8182140588760376, 14.216367721557617, "r period. Addressing \nthese problems requires money and engineering but also close cooperation and coordination between the many agencies and private firms that are involved in one way or another with the Los Angeles water supply. The report also ide"]
[-1.5435583591461182, 14.179359436035156, "orts, in some detail.\nThe report identifies multiple classes of hazards and assesses the city\u2019s vulnerability to \neach. Assessed hazards include coastal erosion; coastal storms; disease outbreaks; drought; earthquakes; extreme temperatures; flooding;"]
[-1.9475399255752563, 14.215428352355957, "The Seattle postdisaster recovery framework emphasizes the difference between initial disaster response, which focuses on command and control issues and is often government-led, and disaster recovery, which is an inherently bottom-up, collective proj"]
[-1.9273468255996704, 14.258594512939453, "mproves the community\u2019s overall well-being\u201d (Boulder Office of Emergency Man -\nagement, 2013, p.\u00a027).\nThe plan centralizes coordination during the recovery phase with a recovery coordinator, \nwho is part of the staff of the Boulder Office of Emergenc"]
[-1.9318865537643433, 14.202957153320312, "isory Control and Data Acquisition tools, geographic information system (GIS)\u2013based data management systems, outage management systems, distribution manage-ment systems, mobile workforce management systems, and modern business analytics tools. These "]
[-2.0504188537597656, 14.208714485168457, "s essential to the functioning and recovery of a modern city; second, it is illustrative of a class of cross-jurisdiction networked infrastructure systems, including telecommunications and water supply, that are often owned and operated by private-se"]
[-1.2446869611740112, 14.33503532409668, "al focus rather than individual community. At present, perverse incentives might exist that stem from the way that funding occurs in such programs as the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program and the NFIP. The incentives that communities face provide an un"]
[-1.2361705303192139, 14.330327987670898, "relied on the first two\u2014less stringent\u2014screening \ncriteria.\nWe consciously made a decision not to include any H&H model by itself in the absence of \na well-documented field application that illustrated its use in real-world conditions. Addition -\nall"]
[-1.2281802892684937, 14.33194351196289, "hinking about the means by which decisions are teed up and made, as opposed to computational or modeling methods used to support decisionmaking.\nOur goal in segmenting the DSTs by function is to show the breadth of tools that deci -\nsionmakers have u"]
[-1.216911792755127, 14.321547508239746, "luation of structural interventions. Other than Hazus, the most commonly used risk assessment tool is MIKE FLOOD, which is already part of DHI\u2019s flood toolbox (DHI MATLAB Toolbox). Table\u00a06.1 provides a summary of risk assessment tools.48    Landscape"]
[-1.217564582824707, 14.334036827087402, "astructure, and \nother physical assets, other tools focus on its effects on natural systems and ecosystem services. Human and natural systems are intimately linked, so this distinction in categorization is a matter of emphasis and framing. These tool"]
[-1.2199385166168213, 14.317241668701172, " tool and DST that helps to identify evacua -\ntion decision times and the potential for significant storm effects, such as wind and storm surge. HURREVAC translates live-forecast track and wind extent information into interactive maps and reports des"]
[-1.129593849182129, 14.32126522064209, "rios or simulations of synthetic storms to better understand the impacts of specific projects or suites of projects. Most importantly, when multiple projects are considered, these tools allow a better understanding of the trade-offs that the decision"]
[-1.171630620956421, 14.340507507324219, " consideration of alternative projects or project parameters. Many of the modeling approaches in the risk assessment category could be modi -\nfied to evaluate projects. Table\u00a06.5 lists project evaluation tools.\nIntegrated Decision Support Tools\nTools"]
[-1.2386438846588135, 14.301471710205078, "en its architecture, it is likely that this tool could be adapted to explore site-specific alternatives, but it does not appear to have been used in this manner to date.\nTHESEUS DSS (THESEUS, undated\u00a0[a]) represents yet another European entry in the "]
[-1.1314749717712402, 14.270142555236816, "ration, undated\u00a0(b). This decisionmaking framework uses the XLRM frame-work discussed in Chapter Three to help frame the decision problem and then uses hydro -\nlogic modeling, in the case of flood-related applications, together with uncertainty analy"]
[-1.1562613248825073, 14.329577445983887, " RAND Ho Chi Minh City, Louisiana, New \nYork, Colorado River Basin\nCPRA Planning Tool RAND Louisiana\nRisk Mapping, Assessment and \nPlanningFEMA Nationwide, United StatesDecision Support Tools    55\nSummary of Findings\nRisk Identification and Assessme"]
[-1.211987018585205, 14.343289375305176, "r. That is, these kinds of tools are designed to illuminate the trade-offs that decisionmakers face and combinations of interven -\ntions that might best achieve progress toward multiple public goals in the presence of a budget -\nary constraint.56    "]
[-1.2141854763031006, 14.342155456542969, "sts and benefits provides a structured way to develop \nand evaluate alternatives. Many jurisdictions engage specialized engineering firms to help with the development of flood damage mitigation plans using DSSs of this sort. The Marin County (Califor"]
[-0.3957632780075073, 12.762615203857422, "mitigation action database and scoring system. Although the approach was systematic, it focused strongly on its deliberative process, using computerized tools to assist with various parts of the process. The result has been well received, but the pro"]
[-1.9276572465896606, 14.136260032653809, "f thousands of potential storm events to build up a detailed statistical portrait of which combinations were likely to be most in line with community goals and, often more importantly, which combinations were least likely to produce catastrophic fail"]
[-1.9469741582870483, 14.1355562210083, "e resilience of the whole. The key is finding a balance between detail and parsimony to understand how different investments and dis -\nruptions cascade through the entire system. The design of the framework should simplify its use and highlight where"]
[-2.0303895473480225, 14.223039627075195, "ces in information technology and control systems to build more-resilient networks that are capable of handling the extremely dynamic loads and potentially larger storms that the coming decades might bring.\nThe larger perspective provided by framing "]
[-1.1769921779632568, 14.36185359954834, "recent decades, DSTs have moved from basic physical models, including maps and table-\ntop demonstrations, and informed by historical flood patterns and basic geophysical mea -\nsurements, to sophisticated hydrodynamic simulations that can produce deta"]
[-1.2030504941940308, 14.381720542907715, "allow for deep exploration of flooding scenarios and uncertainty. For this reason, flood risk viewers are likely to remain fundamental tools for building risk literacy among decisionmakers and community members alike. In more-sophisticated integrated"]
[-1.216846227645874, 14.309549331665039, "d Greece, Thailand, worldwide\nMotivation for development \u2022 \u201cRe\nliable flood modelling tools .\u00a0.\u00a0. enable us to analyse flood events \nand develop flood protection measures or flood mitigation strate-\ngies in the attempt to prevent the losses of human "]
[-1.2165396213531494, 14.309237480163574, "Used across a variety of jurisdictions and agencies already\nPotentially valuable to DHS? Currently being used by DHS Science and Technology Directorate\nSOURCES: National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, undated; National Center "]
[-1.2147823572158813, 14.308974266052246, "rea caused by riverine floods in plain settings.\u201d\n\u2022\n Vis\nualize the following:\n\u2022 Simp\nle interface\n\u2022 Flo\nod simulation graphs\n\u2022 Inu\nndation maps\nInput data requirements \u2022 Targ\net area\n\u2022 Top\nography data\n\u2022 Prec\nipitation data\n\u2022 Hyd\nrologic data\n\u2022 Econ"]
[-1.2161309719085693, 14.307968139648438, "ercritical, and mixed-flow regimes. Steady and \nunsteady flows.\n\u2022 Uns\nteady-flow module handles hydraulic structures, including dam-\nbreak analysis, levee breaching and overtopping, pumping stations, navigation dam operations, and pressurized pipe sy"]
[-1.2191195487976074, 14.308056831359863, "/R3\u201d (p.\u00a05).\nFunctionality \u2022\n ArcG\nIS extension\n\u2022 Req\nuires Spatial Analyst extension\n\u2022 Pro\nvides tools for visualization and risk compilation from various \nflood projection data sets\n\u2022 Use\ns existing government flood data sets\n\u2022 Too\nl modeling is li"]
[-1.2169768810272217, 14.308711051940918, "k to real-time and near-real-time atmo-\nspheric, oceanic, and hydrologic information on the Internet\nInput data requirements \u2022 Met\neorological, oceanographic, and hydrologic observing station \ndata\n\u2022 Cri\ntical facilities\n\u2022 Dem\nographic and business d"]
[-1.2527704238891602, 14.288187980651855, "d Decision Support Toolbox\nTable\u00a0A.13\nAdvanced Circulation\nAspect Description\nLead organization or author University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\nLocations where applied Nationwide, United States\nMotivation for development \u2022 Hurr\nicane forecastin"]
[-1.2138216495513916, 14.30897045135498, "-tion\u201d (Sustainable Coastal Communities, undated).\nFunctionality \u201cCommunityViz offers many ways to present the analysis including real time demonstrations, Internet reports, and WebShots (a dynamic presentation tool). Google Earth and SiteBuilder3D p"]
[-1.1808897256851196, 14.285382270812988, "ng hazards and sea level rise. This website should be used to promote enhanced preparedness and land use planning decisions with considerations for possible future conditions.\u201d\nFunctionality Visualization of\n\u2022\n SLR (\nbathtub model, 0 to 6\u00a0ft.)\n\u2022 Con\n"]
[-1.1890232563018799, 14.28397274017334, "ul visualization but limited decision support\nSOURCES: Office for Coastal Management, 2017b; Environmental Dataset Gateway, 2012.Summary Tables    83\nTable\u00a0A.18\nNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Sea Level Rise Planning Tool\nAspect Descr"]
[-1.214914321899414, 14.30683708190918, "rds\n\u2022 Cre\nates a collection of maps to download or share online to communi-\ncate flood exposure\n\u2022 Pro\nvides guidance for using the maps to engage community mem-\nbers and stakeholders in conversations about potential coastal flood impacts\n\u2022\n Off\ners a"]
[-1.2164044380187988, 14.307512283325195, "thor FLOODsite\nLocations where applied Europe\nMotivation for development \u201c[E]nables decision makers to integrate multiple and complex relationships \nbetween natural hazards, social and economic vulnerability, the impact of measures and instruments fo"]
[-1.2271947860717773, 14.300765037536621, "sion-makers weigh potential conflicts among spatially-explicit management options that involve new activities or new infrastructure.\u201d\nUser interface \u2022\n Int\neractive website\n\u2022 Simp\nle interface\n\u2022 Ove\nrlays various basic boundary maps\n\u2022 \u201c[S\n]patially-e"]
[-1.2181894779205322, 14.308094024658203, " It compares the services [provided] by the current utilisation of the landscape to estimates of its potential capability, and uses this information to identify areas where change might be beneficial, and where maintenance of the status quo might be "]
[-1.2157871723175049, 14.307571411132812, "applicable tool\n\u2022 Use\ns widely used GIS tools\nSOURCE: NHDES, 2012.Summary Tables    91\nTable\u00a0A.26\nWatershed Resources Registry Riparian Zone Restoration Suitability Model\nAspect Description\nLead organization or author Maryland Watershed Resources Reg"]
[-1.2165902853012085, 14.308004379272461, "ous state and local sources to assist the local emergency manager\nInput data requirements \u2022\n Nati\nonal Hurricane Center\u2019s forecast advisories\n\u2022 Hur\nricane evacuation study for the county or parish of interest\nOutputs \u2022 War\nning time for evacuation\n\u2022 "]
[-1.2085388898849487, 14.314574241638184, "del connections, Delft-FEWS has also been applied in a wide range of different operational situations. Examples are water quality forecasting, reservoir management, operational sewer management optimization, and even peat fire prediction\u201d (Deltares, "]
[-1.2161197662353516, 14.30941390991211, "vision offices\nLocations where applied\nMotivation for development \u201cThis mission encompasses the regulation of river flow through more than \n700\u00a0reservoirs, locks, and other water control structures located throughout the Nation.\u201d\nFunctionality Integr"]
[-1.2196860313415527, 14.309779167175293, "t Flood Apex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nTable\u00a0A.33\nFlood Integrated Decision Support System, Melbourne\nAspect Description\nLead organization or author Flood Integrated DSS\nLocations where applied Melbourne Water, Melbourne, Australia\nMoti"]
[-1.2138291597366333, 14.306864738464355, "d Apex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nProject Evaluation\nTable\u00a0A.35\nCoastal Louisiana Risk Assessment Model\nAspect Description\nLead organization or author RAND Corporation\nLocations where applied Coastal Louisiana\nMotivation for development "]
[-1.2151901721954346, 14.307412147521973, "uitability for DHS and Flood APEX\nUncertainty and climate change Full risk analysis\nPortability Designed to be used around the world\nPotentially valuable to DHS? Might be difficult for communities to use the tool to consider trade-offs but \nprovides "]
[-1.2159721851348877, 14.308186531066895, "X\nUncertainty and climate change Not explicitly but through which storms are used\nPortability Yes\nPotentially valuable to DHS? Yes, ability to both visualize impacts and estimate costs\nSOURCE: USACE, undated.Summary Tables    103\nTable\u00a0A.38\nHydrologi"]
[-1.213297963142395, 14.309356689453125, "ping solution for the EU Flood \nDirective. The package comprises 5\u00a0modules including flood estimation, risk and damage assessment as well as map generation\u201d (p.\u00a01)\nFunctionality \u2022\n Inc\nludes MIKE FLOOD tool\n\u2022 Han\ndles tasks of the EU Floods Directive"]
[-1.3079077005386353, 14.232277870178223, "4; Nujic, 1995; Neubert, Naumann, and Deilmann, 2009.106    Landscape Survey to Support Flood Apex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nTable\u00a0A.41\nTHESEUS Decision Support System Software Tool\nAspect Description\nLead organization or author THESEUS"]
[-1.2146310806274414, 14.306742668151855, "n of risks\n\u2022 Floo\nd area\n\u2022 Pro\nbability of inundation plot\n\u2022 Pri\noritization of risk areas\nUser interface\nSuitability for DHS and Flood APEX\nUncertainty and climate change \u2022 \u201cMD\nSF2 .\u00a0.\u00a0. can explore a large number of scenarios very quickly, \nmaking "]
[-1.1919968128204346, 14.311935424804688, " objectives in many plausible futures, rather than optimal in any single best estimate of the future\u201d (p.\u00a02).\nFunctionality \u2022\n Pre\nsented as a World Bank publication\n\u2022 Use\ns XLRM analytical framework\n\u2022 X: exo\ngenous uncertainties (e.g., population, c"]
[-1.215417742729187, 14.306593894958496, "rge geography\nSOURCE: Groves and Sharon, 2013.Summary Tables    111\nTable\u00a0A.46\nRisk Mapping, Assessment and Planning\nAspect Description\nLead organization or author FEMA Risk Mapping, Assessment and Planning Program\nLocations where applied Widely used"]
[-1.5005931854248047, 14.170875549316406, "e, \u201cSea Level Rise Planning Tool (NOAA, FEMA, Army Corps),\u201d June 2013.ADCIRC\u2014 See Advanced Circulation.\nAdger, W.\u00a0Neil, \u201cSocial and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related?\u201d Progress in Human Geography , Vol.\u00a024, \nNo.\u00a03, 2000, pp.\u00a0347\u2013364.Advanced Ci"]
[-1.6208369731903076, 14.17033576965332, ": Evaluation of State Hazard Mitigation Plans Under the Disaster Mitigation Act,\u201d Natural Hazards Review , Vol.\u00a013, No.\u00a02, May 2012, pp.\u00a0139\u2013149.\nBerry, Christine, Josh Ryan-Collins, and Tony Greenham, Financial Systems Resilience Index: Building a S"]
[-0.4436771869659424, 14.373023986816406, " Central, \u201cSurging Seas,\u201d undated. As of June\u00a023, 2017: \nhttp://sealevel.climatecentral.org/\nCoastal Protection and Restoration Authority, \u201cWelcome to CPRA\u2019s Master Plan Data Viewer,\u201d undated. As \nof October\u00a01, 2016: http://cims.coastal.louisiana.gov"]
[-1.4913328886032104, 14.192902565002441, "r\u00a0G. Burton, and Christopher\u00a0T. Emrich, \u201cDisaster Resilience Indicators for Benchmarking Baseline Conditions,\u201d Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management , Vol.\u00a07, No.\u00a01, \n2010, art.\u00a051.\nDeltares, untitled about page, undated\u00a0(a). As of Ju"]
[-1.4082473516464233, 14.163162231445312, ". As of June\u00a018, 2017: \nhttps://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/23194\u2014\u2014\u2014, FEMA Strategic Plan 2014\u20132018 , Washington, D.C., July\u00a018, 2014. As of June\u00a018, 2017: \nhttps://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/96981\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cRegion\u00a0II Coas"]
[-1.7390496730804443, 14.135619163513184, "Vol.\u00a0530, February\u00a018, 2016, pp.\u00a0307\u2013312.\nGardner, Mark\u00a0R., and W.\u00a0Ross Ashby, \u201cConnectance of Large Dynamic (Cybernetic) Systems: Critical Values for Stability,\u201d Nature , Vol.\u00a0221, November\u00a021, 1970, p.\u00a0784.\nGlobal Risk Information Platform, United "]
[-1.4738181829452515, 14.180825233459473, "Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Human\u2013Machine Systems and Cybernetics , IEEE Computer Society, 2013, pp.\u00a050\u201353.118    Landscape Survey to Support Flood Apex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nHughes, Karl, and Helen Bushell, A Mult"]
[-1.399925947189331, 14.118078231811523, "r-floodplain-section/documents/  \nflood-hazard-management-plan-update.aspxKirby, David, Flood Integrated Decision Support System for Melbourne , c.\u00a02015. As of October\u00a01, 2016: \nhttp://www.floodplainconference.com/papers2015/David%20Kirby%20Full%20Pa"]
[-1.4236040115356445, 14.17173957824707, "CI\u2014 See Land Utilisation and Capability Indicator.\nMaryland Department of the Environment, \u201cFinal 2010 Integrated Report of Surface Water Quality in \nMaryland,\u201d April\u00a02, 2010. As of June\u00a028, 2017: http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/Water/TMDL/Integr"]
[-1.5679819583892822, 14.155974388122559, "San Diego, CA \nWorkshop , February\u00a011, 2015a. As of July\u00a013, 2017: \nhttps://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/el/building_materials/resilience/  \nFramework_LineNumbered_75-25_11Feb2015.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Community Resilience Planning Guide for Buildin"]
[-1.6059410572052002, 14.172706604003906, "cal Infrastructure Security and Resilience , Washington, D.C.: White House, Presidential \nPolicy Directive\u00a021, February\u00a012, 2013. As of June\u00a021, 2017: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-crit"]
[-1.7775583267211914, 14.172186851501465, "e of Coastal Resilience Indicators\u2014A Final Report , Coastal Services Center and National Oceanic and \nAtmospheric Administration, December 2010.122    Landscape Survey to Support Flood Apex National Flood Decision Support Toolbox\nPearce, David\u00a0W., an"]
[-2.0176053047180176, 14.187371253967285, "nd Michel \nBruneau, A Framework for Defining and Measuring Resilience at the Community Scale: The PEOPLES Resilience \nFramework , University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake \nEngineering Research, Tech"]
[-1.5233858823776245, 14.158145904541016, "gency Management, Seattle All-Hazards Mitigation Plan , July 2009. As of June\u00a019, 2017: \nhttp://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/Emergency/PlansOEM/HazardMitigation/\nSeattleMitigationPlan.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan: Base Pl"]
[-1.4883370399475098, 14.202292442321777, "a Disaster-Resilient Community: A Guidance Note , version\u00a02, November 2009.\nUK Environment Agency\u2014 See United Kingdom Environment Agency.\nUNISDR\u2014 See United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.\nUnited Kingdom Environment Agency, Framework and "]
[-1.355924367904663, 14.184064865112305, "ronmental Effects Research Laboratory, EPA/600/R-15/059, \nNovember 2015. As of July\u00a014, 2017: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-03/documents/wmostv2_userguide_508final.pdfReferences    125\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cExposure Assessment Models: WMOST\u00a02.0 Doc"]
[-1.907747507095337, 14.096800804138184, "l, and Philippa Howden-Chapman, \u201cUnderstanding Resilient \nUrban Futures: A Systemic Modelling Approach,\u201d Sustainability , Vol.\u00a05, No.\u00a07, 2013, pp.\u00a03202\u20133223.\nZiyath, Abdul\u00a0M., Melissa Teo, and Ashantha Goonetilleke, \u201cSurrogate Indicators for Assessin"]
[10.239205360412598, 4.889767169952393, "TRACY C. KRUEGER, SEAN ROBSON, KIRSTEN M. KELLER\nAn Examination of \nRecruiting and Selection Practices to Promote Diversity for Colorado State Troopers\nThe Colorado State Patrol (CSP) has recently increased investments to attract, select, and \ntrain "]
[10.245078086853027, 4.887312412261963, "atives to improve recruit -\ning and selection at CSP, trends in the demographic composition of recent CSP hires, and a discussion of potential barriers to hiring qualified troopers while also diversifying the CSP workforce. The third section provides"]
[10.235380172729492, 4.889532566070557, "ies\nRJP realistic job preview\nSME subject-matter expert3\n \u0224 describe current policies and practices for \nre\ncruiting and selection\n \u0224 ide\nntify potential barriers to recruiting \nand selecting a qualified and diverse set of \ntroopers.\n\u2022 We r\neviewed t"]
[10.231550216674805, 4.889061450958252, " jeopardy, assisting other agencies, disaster mobilization, and crowd control. A cadet learns to formulate action plans that anticipate continuously changing circumstances and how to resolve emergencies.\n\u2022\n Att\nend training and certification courses\u00a0"]
[10.235031127929688, 4.890584945678711, "econd classes of 2018 (i.e., 2018-1 and 2018-2).\n11 \nWe emphasize that timelines are specific to each class or cohort hired. Efforts are under way to shorten the duration of the background investigation.  2. Findings: Ongoing Initiatives, \nDemographi"]
[5.772347450256348, 3.8146986961364746, " evaluation\u2014developed by an external consulting firm\u2014assesses basic educational skills, emotional outlook, interpersonal skills, and practical skills.\nb Candidates are given three hours and 15 minutes to \ncomplete the multiple-choice test, which is s"]
[10.21882152557373, 4.887985706329346, " and two CSP commissioned officers. The interview is conducted in person or via video chat and is expected to take 15 to 25 minutes. The panel provides independent ratings on a five-point Likert scale (from 1= less desirable/poor to 5 = most desirabl"]
[10.23285961151123, 4.890414237976074, "tant Contact emails In 2016, CSP designed and implemented the distribution of a standardized email to all individuals who express interest in CSP and provide their email address. This email communication offers a structured and systematic way to enga"]
[10.232194900512695, 4.891537666320801, "hnic minority applicants and an increase of 17 percent-age points in racial/ethnic minority appointees. Additionally, when compared to 2014, there has been an average increase of 3 percentage points in female applicants and female appointees.  \nDespi"]
[10.234513282775879, 4.891109466552734, " attracted to organizations whose members are similar to themselves in terms of personality, values, interests, and other attributes, and (2)\u00a0organizations are more likely to select those who possess knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) similar to"]
[10.234658241271973, 4.89078426361084, "asons not to join. From our review, there has been limited investigation of propensity to apply in law enforcement.\nNature of the jobThe CSP trooper position emphasizes patrolling highways and roads, which may not appeal to everyone interested in law"]
[10.2401123046875, 4.888960838317871, "ected if they have particularly strong family ties and may subsequently be less inclined to relocate. There is an emerging literature regarding the \u201cfamily-relatedness\u201d of work decisions\nl and understanding how to \nbetter promote \u201csustainable careers"]
[10.23194408416748, 4.887234687805176, "t a highly qualified and diverse pool of applicants.One of the strongest factors influencing increases in organizational diversity is establishing positions with responsibility for diversity efforts.\np \na David Rollins, Executive Accreditation Report"]
[10.234580993652344, 4.890805721282959, " determine the accuracy of these perceptions. In some cases, the data needed to evaluate a finding may not be available; therefore, CSP may need to initiate efforts to collect additional data. \nA review of these key findings suggests that CSP \nmay ha"]
[10.235029220581055, 4.891205787658691, "sources\nHirePropensity to\napply to CSPProcess and\nresource\nmanagement\nSOURCES: Adapted from Greg Ridgeway, Nelson Lim, Brian Gifford, \nChristopher Koper, Carl F. Matthies, Sara Hajiamiri, and Alexis K. \nHuynh, Strategies for Improving O fficer Recrui"]
[10.235876083374023, 4.891041278839111, "d labor market conditions.\nPolicy factors Recruiting resources \u2022 Al\nign key features of the role and CSP with marketing materials.\n\u2022 En\ngage in precision recruiting of highly qualified women and racial/ethnic \nminorities.  \n\u2022 Co\nntinue building resou"]
[10.244291305541992, 4.892412185668945, "nd we encourage future efforts to continue identifying best practices for using social media in order to recruit a highly qualified and diverse pool of applicants to positions in law enforcement. Propensity to Apply to CSP\nAlthough CSP has basic demo"]
[10.241886138916016, 4.891347885131836, "orkers, job).29 These \nscales could be combined with other custom items for a survey that can be used to develop profiles that characterize low and high performers and describe characteristics of the job and the working environ-ment. These profiles c"]
[10.235989570617676, 4.891269207000732, " target the relevant population, including the use of web-based, phone-based, and traditional paper-and-pencil surveys.  \nMonitor Demographic Trends and Labor Market \nConditions\nUsing the information collected from the propen -\nsity analysis, CSP sho"]
[10.236042022705078, 4.891708850860596, "tics emphasized are representative of CSP and are important to the targeted applicant pool. For exam-ple, prior research for police departments in Southern California indicated that applicants not only wanted to serve their communities but also had a"]
[10.233867645263672, 4.8898491859436035, " increase perceived attrac-\ntiveness of the job and the organization, CSP should use women and racially/ethnically diverse recruiters to hold recruiting events that target female and racial/ethnic minority applicants (e.g., use a female recruiter at "]
[10.236358642578125, 4.8915934562683105, "ocation of recruiting resources.  17\nAdjust Application Windows\nCurrently, when a new position at CSP is advertised, \nan individual must submit an application within 14 days. In addition to the short window to complete an application, the dates for p"]
[10.229269027709961, 4.889193534851074, "net as the place where they heard about the position. Over 30 per-cent of responses contained a term related to the Colorado government website (e.g., \u201cColorado gov,\u201d \u201cColorado.gov,\u201d \u201cstate website,\u201d \u201cColorado jobs,\u201d \u201cstate agency website\u201d). Over 10 "]
[10.235786437988281, 4.890900611877441, "e hired. These data could also be supplemented with open-ended com-ments from recruiters to share additional insights on the event or suggestions for future events.      \nThe data collected from this type of tracking \nsystem would allow CSP to develo"]
[10.22542667388916, 4.890312194824219, " in lower passing rates for a subgroup. Although lower passing rates for a subgroup does not necessarily indicate that 19\nthe test is biased, additional steps should be followed \nto ensure that each test section is related to the job. If the test sec"]
[10.231046676635742, 4.890588283538818, "do not know how to gather the information requested. To address this concern, CSP could imple-ment a preliminary background assessment as an early indicator of potential issues. The Los Angeles Police Department encourages applicants to complete a pr"]
[10.244897842407227, 4.888055324554443, "gible and interested in working for CSP. The results will also need updating regularly to correspond with potential changes in the demographic composition and interests of the Colorado workforce. \nTABLE 3.2\nPrioritized Project Recommendations\nPriorit"]
[10.23238754272461, 4.89011812210083, ", the recruiters also conduct background investigations.  \n10 Justin Mullins, 2016 Analysis Report; 2017 Recruitment, Affir-\nmative Action and EEO Plan , Colorado State Patrol, undated.\n11 The label \u201c2018-1\u201d signifies the year and training academy \ns"]
[10.219361305236816, 4.887945652008057, "pendent on passing this assessment. CSP explained that this change was inspired by annual trooper requirements: Troopers are required to take an annual physical fitness test, but they are not required to pass. Nevertheless, several CSP SMEs suggested"]
[10.236351013183594, 4.878303527832031, "limate,\u201d International Journal of Management , Vol.\u00a026, \nNo.\u00a03, 2009, p. 347.\n41 Adopting a longer-term perspective, we emphasize the impor-\ntance of ensuring that efforts to recruit more women and racial/ethnic minorities do not take away from the c"]
[10.29948616027832, 4.892964839935303, "ce Brand Equity,\u201d Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , Vol. 28, No. 1, 2000, \npp 128\u2013137; and Kevin Lane Keller, \u201cConceptualizing, Measur-ing, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity,\u201d Journal of Marketing , Vol. 57, No. 1, 1993, pp. 1\u201322.\n"]
[10.292763710021973, 4.89152717590332, "an Educational \nResearch Association, 2014.\nBerry, Leonard L., \u201cCultivating Service Brand Equity,\u201d Journal of \nthe Academy of Marketing Science , Vol. 28, No. 1, 2000, pp.\u00a0128\u2013\n137.\nBreaugh, James, \u201cEmployee Recruitment: Current Knowledge \nand Import"]
[10.281522750854492, 4.856861591339111, "e-74 \nGreenhaus, Jeffrey H., and Ellen Ernst Kossek, \u201cThe \nContemporary Career: A Work-Home Perspective,\u201d Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior , Vol. 1, 2014, pp. 361\u2013388.\nGreenhaus, Jeffrey H., and Gary N. Powell, \u201c"]
[10.256973266601562, 4.8736371994018555, "s/monographs/MG881.html\nManhardt, Philip J., \u201cJob Orientation of Male and Female College \nGraduates in Business,\u201d Personnel Psychology , Vol. 25, 1972, \npp.\u00a0361\u2013368.\nMatthies, Carl F., Kirsten M. Keller, and Nelson Lim, Identifying \nBarriers to Diver"]
[10.280677795410156, 4.879534721374512, "er Rees, Tom Jordan, and Jason Cheney, Cop Crunch: Identifying Strategies for Dealing with the Recruiting and Hiring Crisis in Law Enforcement , Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, \nNCJ 213800, 2005. \nvan Saane, N., Judith K. Sluiter, Ad"]
[10.32010269165039, 4.866020202636719, "n this publication, visit  www.rand.org/t/RR2999.\n\u00a9 Copyright 2019 Community Oriented \nPolicing Services (COPS)About This Report\nThe Colorado Department of Public Safety continues to seek ways to improve \nrecruiting and hiring practices across its wo"]
[11.319363594055176, 16.60950469970703, "Eric HellandThe Role of Health \nCare Liens in Litigation and RecoveryCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation \nof RAND intellectual property "]
[11.322230339050293, 16.637638092041016, "ore and smaller liens than private lien holders.iv    The Role of Health Care Liens in Litigation and Recovery\nRAND Institute for Civil Justice\nICJ was founded in 1979, and it has been dedicated to making the civil \njustice system more efficient and "]
[11.31884479522705, 16.61094856262207, "ghts for Health Care Providers  ................... 7\nMedicare: The 800-  Po\nund Gorilla  ............................................... 7\nMedicaid: The Importance of the State-  Fe\nderal Partnership  \nfor Liens  ...................................."]
[11.32237720489502, 16.61043357849121, "3.1. Breakdown of Claimants and Cases over  \n1\n00 Compensation Events  ............................................ 23\n3.2. Nu\nmber of Events by Category and Average Total  \nPayment by Event (2008\u20132017)  ........................................ 25\nA."]
[11.319962501525879, 16.60431671142578, "the same rights as the Center for Medicare Ser  vi\nces with \nregard to settling parties. Thus, Medicare, Medicaid, and Medicare Part\u00a0C plans now all have super lien rights.\nThis study examines how frequently health care liens appear in \nlarge litigat"]
[11.318314552307129, 16.604005813598633, " \npar ti\nc u la\nr lien type dominates the recovery.\nAlthough lien rights for Medicare Part\u00a0C and Medicaid are ex -\npanding,  th\nere is no evidence of a trend in the number of health care \nliens. However, our data cover only 2008\u20132017, so some care mu"]
[16.05286979675293, 17.236499786376953, "nsation\nCMS  Ce\nnter for Medicare Services\nERISA  Em\nployee Retirement Income Security Act\nFEHBA  Fe\nderal Employees Health Benefits Act\nICJ RA\nND Institute for Civil Justice\nMAIS  Me\ndical Assistance Intercept System\nMDL  mu\nltidistrict litigation\nM"]
[11.325043678283691, 16.60211753845215, "ly aimed for mass settlement.\n Th\nere have been numerous discussions of the prob  le\nms with pro -\nce\nssing a massive number of claims through a court system that has \ntraditionally been focused on providing individualized justice (see Nagareda, 2008"]
[11.321224212646484, 16.6047420501709, "ple, \n un\nless the lien is resolved, it is often difficult to \n set\ntle a claim simply  bec\nause the plaintiff may have liens larger than \na settlement offer, thus making the plaintiff indifferent when faced with the choice between taking the settlem"]
[11.323440551757812, 16.6043643951416, "nsion of such \u201csuper lien\u201d rights into Medicaid and other statutory liens has compounded the complex -\nity of settlement (see Dixon and Kuznitsky, 2017).\nTo understand how burdensome litigants find medical liens, con -\nsider the Reno Air disaster. On"]
[11.318718910217285, 16.61111068725586, "less frequently, plaintiffs themselves. Increasingly, however, not only plaintiffs and their \n la\nwyers but now defendants and third-  pa\nrty \ninsurers must deal with liens against the injured parties for failure to pay child support, reimbursement f"]
[11.313868522644043, 16.60173797607422, "unable to pay for some other reason, the expense falls to the secondary payer.\n3 Although the origin of the Medicare liens and King Kong analogy is somewhat obscure, \nSchmidt (2006) cites Tate and Holloway (2005) as first using this characterization."]
[11.305841445922852, 16.60411262512207, "tes v. Baxter Int\u2019l, Inc. , 345\u00a0 F.3d 866, 875 (11th\u00a0 Cir. \n2003) and Thompson v. Goetzmann , 337\u00a0F.3d 489, 498 (5th\u00a0Cir. 2003) as examples of the \ndiffering approaches across cases. In Goetzmann  the Fifth Cir  cu\nit denied Medicare\u2019s right \nto coll"]
[11.318246841430664, 16.5963077545166, ".S.C. 1395y(b)(3)(A))\u2014\n he\nnce our characterization of them as a bundle of rights.\n9 The fines can be up to $1,000 per day for failure to report or erroneous reporting. See 42 \nU.S.C. 1395y(b)(2)(B)(iii):\nIn order to recover payment made  un der this"]
[11.31448745727539, 16.612083435058594, "mented a three-\n ye\nar statute of limitations for CMS to pursue recovery.Background on Lien Rights for Health Care Providers    11\nthat  were settled years ago\u2014  th ey  we re the plaintiffs\u2019 and the plain -\ntiffs\u2019  la\nwyers prob  le\nm. (Dixon and Kuz"]
[11.314288139343262, 16.615280151367188, "as limited to recovering only the portion of a \n le\ngal judgment \nspecifically allocated to medical bills.11 Heidi Ahlborn of Arkansas \nwas injured in an accident and Medicaid paid for her treatment. Subse-quent to the payment, she sued the driver of"]
[11.315176010131836, 16.597606658935547, "  we\nre placed in a  le\ngal position inferior to their counter  pa\nrts\u2019 in \nMedicare. If the plaintiff  \u2019s \nmedical costs had been paid by Medicare\u2014  \nan\nd not by Medicaid, as was actually the case\u2014  th\ne plaintiff would have \nclearly owed the full a"]
[11.310903549194336, 16.59678840637207, " Supreme Court denied certiorari on the plaintiff\n \u2019s a\nppeal. The decision allows Part\u00a0C plans \nessentially the same rights as CMS with regard to settling parties.15 Thus, \nMedicare, Medicaid, and Medicare Part\u00a0C plans now all have super lien rights"]
[11.320345878601074, 16.59641456604004, "not covered by insurance, \nand hence would only be compensated via the settlement, have highest priority. Fi  na\nlly, Cali -\nfornia has a common fund rule  un\nder which liens are reduced by the same percentage as the \ncontingent fee the client is bei"]
[11.320547103881836, 16.598526000976562, "ly assign lien rights via contract; however, a \nnumber of states hold that a settling party can be held liable if they have knowledge of the health plan\u2019s claim before settlement. In \n th\nese \n19 Federal employees are covered by FEHBA (1959).\n20 In 2"]
[11.320062637329102, 16.6003475189209, " hold \n th\nose funds as a fiduciary, for the benefit of the client and third party. \nThis duty includes a duty to notify the client and third party, and to deliver the property to the client and third party. This rule exists, in large part, to protec"]
[11.322985649108887, 16.59959602355957, "r the Reno Air Show injuries would each represent a compensation event. Although each might involve hundreds of plaintiffs across multiple law firms, we aggregate the claims for the purposes of this study. The earliest claims date from 1992, although"]
[11.318527221679688, 16.604175567626953, "imately 2,900 claimants and 3,500 cases, but the smallest event has only 2 claimants (and cases), while the larg -\nest has over 48,000 claimants and over 56,000 cases.\n1\nTo give a better sense of the temporal dimension of the data and \nthe size of th"]
[11.323561668395996, 16.599634170532227, "er the Sample Period (96 compensation events)\nNOTES: Sample size = 96 compensation events in which the \ufb01rst case was \nresolved after January 2008. Area of symbol proportional to number of cases.\nRAND RR2393-3.1Earliest settlementJan-2008 Jan-2011 Jan"]
[11.321640968322754, 16.598770141601562, "n\u2019s prominence among federal MDL cases, the larg -\nest compensation event type in the Garretson data. Exposure cases rank second in terms of number of events, ahead of device implantation cases. Interestingly, device implantation cases are the larges"]
[11.319184303283691, 16.602275848388672, "ursing smaller Medicare liens that the private plans, for example, would not find lucrative to attempt to recover. Confounding this interpretation is the fact that private insurance fee schedules are generally higher than Medicare, so we would expect"]
[11.303531646728516, 16.637495040893555, "xtensive recovery pro  ce\nss, \nwhich includes statutory reductions for attorney fees and expenses.3 \nMedicaid, by contrast, is the second most frequent lien type, but the average Medicaid lien recovery value is less than the average Medicare lien rec"]
[11.32025146484375, 16.603544235229492, "r Medicare\u2019s recovery.Figure\u00a04.4\nThe Distribution of Resolved Liens\n05101520Frequency of Occurrence\n0 0.5 12 1.5\nNOTE: Sample size = 96 compensation events.\nRAND RR2393-4.4Average number of liens per case (all types)34    The Role of Health Care Lien"]
[11.317835807800293, 16.61458969116211, " This is the gross amount, so attorneys\u2019 fees (typically one-\n th\nird), expenses, \nand non\u2013  he\nalth care liens would need to be deduced from this amount \nto capture the net amount to clients. As shown in the chart, liens, on average, make up less th"]
[11.321571350097656, 16.603778839111328, "s, we control for the \n6 The fixed effects are an indicator variable equal to one if the first case in the event was \nresolved in a given year (i.e., the indicator variable for year 2009 equals one if the first case for \nevent X was resolved in 2009)"]
[11.323441505432129, 16.602237701416016, "The Role of Health Care Liens in Litigation and Recovery\nto resolve health care liens associated with the claim. For this reason, \nchanges in the composition of the Garretson Group\u2019s business could mask any trends. Fi\n na\nlly, it is worth reiterating"]
[11.3102445602417, 16.6015567779541, "ce Supreme Court denied cert in In re Avandia  in \n2013No, \n u\nnless \n th\nere is a \ncontract provision with individual insurer Varies by state and individual insurance contractNo, \n u\nnless \n th\nere is a \ncontract provision with individual insurerApp"]
[11.317347526550293, 16.613508224487305, "Data for Figure\u00a04.8\nProgram Type Medicare MedicaidOther \nGovernment PLRP Private\nConsumer product 34.40 28.16 19.52 0.00 17.92\nExposure 71.48 14.31 7.09 0.17 6.96\nMalpractice 79.20 18.43 0.00 0.00 2.37\nMedical device implantation 25.78 13.42 28.42 5."]
[11.320029258728027, 16.599937438964844, "Resolution Group, \u201cWhat Is a Private Lien Resolution Program?\u201d \nSeptember\u00a030, 2013. As of April\u00a030, 2018:  https://web.garretsongroup.com/claimant-education-posts/claimant-education/private-lien-resolution-program\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, memo, March\u00a023, 2016.Heaton, Pa"]
[11.240045547485352, 16.653854370117188, "2, 2006, pp.\u00a0469\u2013489.\nShavell, Steven, Foundations of Economic Analy  si\ns of Law , Cambridge, Mass.: \nHarvard University Press, 2009.\nSMART Act\u2014  See S\ntrengthening Medicare and Repaying Taxpayers Act.\nSpier, Kathryn\u00a0E., \u201cLitigation,\u201d in A. Mitchell"]
[11.635604858398438, 18.071552276611328, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nWage Loss Monitoring \nfor Injured Workers in California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation System\n2014\u20132015 Injury Year Findings (Second Interim \nReport)\nMichael Dworsky, Stephanie Rennane, Nicholas Broten\nSponsored by the Califor"]
[11.369194030761719, 17.595840454101562, "n, motivate the need to gather an accurate and up-to-date estimate of wage loss for all injured workers in the state. \nRAND Institute for Civil Justice \nThe RAND Institute for Civil Justice (ICJ) is dedicated to improving th e civil justice system \nb"]
[12.27264404296875, 18.070079803466797, "eptual Framework .......................................................................................................... ................ 12 \t\nEarnings Dynamics Through Injury for Injured and Uninjured Workers ....................................."]
[12.330106735229492, 18.047199249267578, "................... 18 \t\nFigure 2.3. At-Injury Employment Rates for Injured and Control Workers ................................ 19 \t\nFigure 2.4. Trajectory of Injured to Control Earnings Ratio, 2014\u20132015 Injured Workers ......... 21 \t\nFigure 3.1. Tr"]
[12.324187278747559, 18.020776748657227, ".......................................................................... 16 \t\nTable 3.1. Average Earnings Losses and Labor Market Outcomes by Year of Injury ................. 28 \t\nTable 3.2. Injured Worker Sociodemographics, Injury Characteristics,"]
[12.289822578430176, 18.013389587402344, ".......... .......... 65 \t\nTable A.9b. Changes in Relative Earnings Comp ared to Overall Average, by Industry of \n Injury ....................................................................................................................... ........"]
[11.663758277893066, 18.10837173461914, "portant \nobjective for workers\u2019 compensation policy. This is  true for several reas ons. Above all, the \nemployment and earnings of disabled workers can reflect successful reco very, rehabilitation, or \nadaptation, and thus may be viewed as indicator"]
[11.640867233276367, 18.234886169433594, " employers and self-insure as a private group or as a joint \npublic authority. \nNonfatal workplace-related injuries or illnesse s may be classified as medical-only, temporary \ndisability, or permanent disabi lity. Medical-only claims involve no lost "]
[11.937909126281738, 18.18491554260254, " the number of new workers\u2019 \ncompensation claims reported to date has reached 670,000 in the 2017 injury year. \n6 About one-third of workers with paid or settled perm anent disability benefits do not receive any temporary \ndisability benefits. 3 inju"]
[11.828178405761719, 18.339153289794922, ",\n8 including the \n                                                 \n7 The Workers\u2019 Compensation Rating Bureau of California, which develops rates for commercial insurers that serve \nthe California market, reports that PPD benefits were 41 pe rcent o"]
[11.787814140319824, 18.255126953125, " system was \nrelatively modest between 2013 and 2014. Bills affecting benefits or compensability have largely \nfocused on peace officers, public safety workers, or narrower groups of workers (such as horse \nracing jockeys or professional athl etes). "]
[11.899466514587402, 18.317190170288086, "ead, the most substantial changes to the workers\u2019 compensation system in 2014 and 2015 \nwere most likely those associated with cont inued implementation of SB 863. Increases in \npermanent disability (PD) benefits under SB 863 be gan to phase in for i"]
[12.091973304748535, 18.14206886291504, "ry and increase the risk of poor labor ma rket outcomes. At the \nsame time, increased labor demand due to economi c growth means that employers may be more \nmotivated to accommodate workers after an inju ry, or that workers who end up leaving a job \n"]
[11.793636322021484, 19.012067794799805, "hapter 2 of Dworsky, Rennane, and \nBroten (2018); readers interest ed in a more complete introdu ction to our methods should \nreference that study. \nData for Wage Loss Monitoring \nWe make use of several administrative data sour ces for this project, "]
[11.80589771270752, 19.052675247192383, "idual-level claims data in  California that captures all \nmarket segments (including self-insured and pub lic-sector employers). Given the absence of any \nmore reliable benchmark, this study will follow Dworsky et al. (2016) in treating FROI reported"]
[12.1866455078125, 18.1359920501709, "concern in this report than they we re in Dworsky, Rennane, and Broten (2018). \nTo examine the potential impact of right-censori ng on the trends reported here, we used data \non the start date of indemnity be nefits to identify all claims from the 20"]
[12.279074668884277, 18.42104148864746, "y benefits have not started yet and claims that have \nnot yet been filed. 11 in the Base Wage File. Both workers\u2019 compensa tion and UI are nearly universal in California, \nand so the wage and salary earnings of nearly all workers filing worker s\u2019 com"]
[12.499021530151367, 18.33944320678711, "s for a shorter window of time (one year pre-injury to two years post-injury) than in the earlier study. The \nprocedures used to define consistent names are otherwise identical to those described in Dworsky et al. (2016). Name consistency flags were "]
[12.485647201538086, 18.338241577148438, "ol wo rkers to the analysis ma kes it possible to rely \non much weaker assumptions than would be necessa ry if we had data on only injured workers\u2019 \nearnings. In this case, our key a ssumption is that, in the absence of the injury, the earnings of \ni"]
[12.489870071411133, 18.368106842041016, "kers who have been \nlucky enough not to experience a job separation or an earnings decline for reasons unrelated to \nworkplace injury. This might seem reasonable in  some employment settings with high job \n                                            "]
[12.486968040466309, 18.3633975982666, "s, effectively letting the data tell us what level of earnings growth \nor employment risk should be expected give n the experience of other workers at the same \nemployer. A valid control group such as the one used in this study allows us to isolate t"]
[12.445294380187988, 18.436208724975586, " ag e, gender, self-insured status, \nand the pre-injury weekly wage.4 The pre-injury weekly wage is  by far more likely than these \nother variables to be missing. A bout 11 percent of FROIs from good claims administrators are \ncasewise-deleted based "]
[12.487581253051758, 18.30170440673828, "Overall % of FROI in analytic sample 72% \nSOURCE: 2005\u20132015 WCIS-EDD data. \nEarnings Dynamics Through Injury for Injured and Uninjured Workers \nTo illustrate our matching methodology, we now show the trajectories of earnings, \nemployment, and at-inju"]
[12.496003150939941, 18.290658950805664, "05\u20132015 WCIS-EDD data. \nThe key assumption justifying our method for es timating earnings loss is that injured and \ncontrol workers would have contin ued to have nearly identical tr ajectories if the injury had not \ntaken place. This assumption is in"]
[12.487366676330566, 18.274303436279297, "laces them  at risk of workplace \ninjury). The control workers offer a data-drive n way to adjust injured worker outcomes for \nordinary labor market dynamics and t hus isolate the impact of injury. \nFigure 2.3 shows injured and control worker tr ajec"]
[12.302672386169434, 18.08192253112793, "at will ultimately be filed is more complete at any given point in time than the observed population of claims that will ultimately receive indemnity benefits. This means that overall \ntrends can be estimated on a more timely basis than trends for in"]
[12.451376914978027, 18.232343673706055, "s. .6.7.8.91(I/C) Quarterly Earnings\n-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\nQuarter Relative to Injury\nMedical-only\nIndemnity22 Definition of Economic Outcome Measures \nWe use several different measures to char acterize outcomes for injured workers. To \nfamil"]
[12.493450164794922, 18.271997451782227, " If an injured worker matche s to multiple control workers, we use the average \noutcome for the selected c ontrol workers to construct \u0bdc,\u0be7\u0bbc. Outcomes are averaged over the sample of N injured \nworkers. We note that, by construction, all groups contai"]
[12.47903060913086, 18.147232055664062, " binary variable equal to one if injured worker i is employed t quarters after the quarter of injury and \nzero if injured worker i  is not employed t quarters after the quarter of injury. \u0bdc,\u0be7\u0bbc is defined as the proportion of \nworker i\u2019s control worke"]
[12.3505277633667, 18.041690826416016, "loss that behave differently \nfrom the overall average by running a regression interacting each subgroup with the time periods of interest in the study. These estimates capture  whether particular gr oups experience changes \nthat are different from t"]
[12.35072135925293, 18.035429000854492, "ady, relative at-injury employment actually \ndeclined slightly in 2014 and 2015. Relative at -injury employment during the first and second \npost-injury year was 87 and 80 percent, resp ectively, compared to 88 and 82 percent, \nrespectively, in 2013."]
[12.342385292053223, 17.971403121948242, "medical-only and indemnity claims. \nWorker Characteristics and Changes in Case Mix \nTo examine the extent to which the changes (or lack of changes) in earnings losses can be \nexplained by worker characteristics rather th an economic or policy f actor"]
[12.320272445678711, 17.964256286621094, " 25% 27% 27% 26% \nSOURCE: 2005\u20132015 WCIS.  \nNOTE: Sample contains all injury claims in analysis sample, including medical-only and indemnity claims. \n \nto 26 percent in 2014\u20132015. As me ntioned earlier, the lower share of workers receiving \nindemnity"]
[12.341583251953125, 17.957395553588867, " 16% 15% 18% 19% \nFirm Size \n1\u201310 employees 4% 4% 4% 4% 3% \n11\u201350 employees 11% 10% 10% 10% 10% \n51\u2013100 employees 7% 7% 6% 7% 7% \n101\u2013500 employees 19% 18% 18% 19% 19% \n501\u20131,000 employees 9% 9% 9% 9% 9% \n1,001\u20135,000 employees 23% 23% 23% 23% 23% \nOv"]
[12.34260368347168, 18.025402069091797, " \nEarnings relative to counterfactual  \nFirst post-injury year 81% 78% 76% 76% 76% \nSecond post-injury year 85% 80% 79% 80% 81% \nRelative employment  \nFirst post-injury year 89% 84% 83% 84% 85% \nSecond post-injury year 90% 84% 84% 86% 88% Relative at"]
[12.355755805969238, 18.027820587158203, "s explained by case-mix changes over the business cycle. The \nfact that case-mix adjusted earnings losses also fluctuated over  the business cycle suggests \nthat the state of the labor mark et directly affects the post-in jury employment prospects of"]
[12.286882400512695, 18.019527435302734, "s can help establish a set of agreed-upon \nfacts to inform discussion of both broad reform s and targeted interventi ons to improve worker \noutcomes. While RAND has examined factors associated with wage loss among permanently disabled workers in prev"]
[12.331368446350098, 17.992687225341797, "ine, workers in that subgroup have lower relative earn ings than the average worker. \nAs described in Chapter 2, we also tested fo r statistically signifi cant differences between \ngroup-specific trends and overall average trends. These statistical t"]
[12.364819526672363, 18.001834869384766, "e regression coefficients in Table A. 9a show that relative earnings for workers in \n37 firms with 11\u201350 employees increased faster than the statewide trend between 2013 and 2014\u2013\n2015, even after adjusting for multiple hypothesis testing. \nFigure 4."]
[12.33035945892334, 18.004825592041016, " the \nGreat Recession. Relative earnings for lower-tenu red workers are approximately 8 percentage \npoints lower on average, with some convergence after the Great Recession. While earnings for \n39 higher tenured workers have begun to increase  in 201"]
[12.305854797363281, 17.965675354003906, " \nmultiple injuries have significantly lower injuries  over the entire decade. The trends in earnings \nlosses are relatively flat across all of thes e subgroups, however, and we do not detect any \nstatistically signifi cant changes in 2014\u20132015. \n41 "]
[12.234532356262207, 17.927886962890625, "th cumulative \ninjuries in Southern California, and so we ha ve updated these estimates through the 2015 injury \nyear to evaluate whether th ere has been any improvement. \nFirst of all, similar to Figure 4.5, Figure 4.8 demonstrates workers with cumu"]
[12.334187507629395, 17.991432189941406, "er were thus essentially unchanged from the 2013 injury year. Among workers injured in \n2014\u20132015 who received indemnity benefits, earnings we re 81 percent of what they would have \nbeen in the absence of the in jury. Although injured worker earnings"]
[12.423474311828613, 18.1888484954834, "ificant, and so we cannot draw the conclusion that labor market outcomes \nchanged for workers injured at very large employers. Taken t ogether, these changes in the \ncase mix are much smaller than  those observed after the start of the Great Recessio"]
[12.542040824890137, 18.319049835205078, " job tenure at the at-i njury firm did not match the \ninjured worker\u2019s tenure. We defined tenure as  the number of consecuti ve quarters prior to \ninjury with positive earnings at the at-injury firm, leading to five tenure categories: 4, 3, \n2, 1, or"]
[12.569769859313965, 18.319393157958984, "s tenure definition may, for example, lead relatively higher-ear ning workers with two \nor three quarters out of the labor market to be matched with lower earning workers with just one \nquarter out of work, which may bias earnings loss estimates for "]
[12.52867317199707, 18.325851440429688, " for \ncomparison to previous RAND studies. Across the four time periods examined here, the average \nimbalance is around 1 percent of ea rnings or less. This analysis indicates that injured workers \nhad earnings that were generally within 1 perc ent o"]
[12.550012588500977, 18.43115234375, "strators, and a wa ge history. The average match weight in our \nanalysis sample is 1.17, and th e largest is 15.76. In our second weighting step, we define \ncategories of workers by age, gender, region, self-i nsured status, injury year, and quartile"]
[12.30184555053711, 17.995555877685547, "ilable for study in this report is incomplete. There are claims that are \ncurrently medical-only that may begin receiving indemnity benefits  in the future, and there are \nalso claims that may not yet have been filed, for instance because a hea lth c"]
[12.435818672180176, 18.065488815307617, " Coefficient estimates for \nthis model are shown in Table A.8. We estimate ch anges in the level of relative earnings across \nthe four time periods using the following specification: \n\u0be4\u0b38\n\u123d\u0d45\n\u0d50\u0d4c 2008\u123d\u0d45\n\u0d50\u0d4c 2010\u123d\u0d45\n\u0d50\u0d4c 2013\u123d\u0d45\n\u0be4          (1) \nIn this model,"]
[12.428759574890137, 18.017356872558594, "2008\u20132009 injuries are compared to \n2005\u20132007 injuries, 2010\u20132012 injuries are compared  to 2008\u20132009 injuries, 2013 injuries are \ncompared to 2010\u20132012 injuries, and 2014\u20132015 injuries are compared to 2013 injuries. The \ngroup-specific trend break c"]
[12.352648735046387, 17.95013999938965, "% \nRelative employment \nFirst post-injury year 89% 84% 83% 84% 85% \nSecond post-injury year 90% 84% 84% 86% 88% \nRelative at-injury employment \nFirst post-injury year 82% 80% 78% 78% 78% \nSecond post-injury year 76% 73% 71% 72% 72% \nSOURCE: 2005\u20132015"]
[12.694129943847656, 17.737157821655273, "ims in the analysis sample. \nTable A.7. Aggregate Changes in Relative Earnings \n  Indemnity \nYear >= 2008 \u20130.0541 \n(0.0075) \n[0.0000]** \nYear >= 2010 \u20130.0069 \n(0.0064) \n[0.2908] \nYear >= 2013 0.0126 \n(0.0027) \n[0.0000]** \nYear >= 2014 0.0058 \n(0.0030"]
[12.703361511230469, 17.737998962402344, "p-values in \nbrackets. The p-values presented above are unadjusted. ** indicates Holm-adjusted statistical significance based on \na benchmark of \u03b1  = .05. \nTable A.8d. Permanent Differences in Relative Earnings by Nature of Injury \nIndemnity \nCumulat"]
[12.703476905822754, 17.761173248291016, "loyees) 0.021 \n(0.0196) \n[0.2904] \n2010*(11\u201350 employees) \u20130.0018 \n(0.0088) \n[0.8383] \n2010*(51\u2013100 employees) 0.0165 \n(0.0083) \n[0.0527] \n  66 Indemnity \n2010*(101\u2013500 employees) 0.0103 \n(0.0057) \n[0.0808] \n2010*(501\u20131,000 employees) 0.0143 \n(0.0064"]
[12.7111177444458, 17.739423751831055, "2013*Agriculture \u20130.0214 \n(0.0228) \n[0.3548] \n2013*Construction \u20130.0288 \n(0.0157) \n[0.0732] \n2013*Education \u20130.0038 \n(0.0062) \n[0.5427] \n2013*Health care 0.0154 \n(0.0034) \n[0.0001]** \n2013*Manufacturing \u20130.0197 \n(0.0049) \n[0.0002]** \n2013*Other 0.023"]
[12.740701675415039, 17.71276092529297, ".5004] \n2013*San Diego \u20130.0081 \n(0.0065) \n[0.2161] \n2014*Bay Area \u20130.0103 \n(0.0075) \n[0.1733] \n2014*Central Coast 0.0174 \n(0.0123) \n[0.1649] 76 Indemnity \n2014*Central Valley 0.0089 \n(0.0053) \n[0.1049] \n2014*Eastern Sierra 0.0066 \n(0.0218) \n[0.7655] "]
[12.690589904785156, 17.762985229492188, " \n2010*Trunk \u20130.0022 \n(0.0033) \n[0.5101] \n2010*Upper extremities 0.0034 \n(0.0039) \n[0.3861] \n2013*Ears/hearing 0.025 \n(0.0307) \n[0.4192] \n2013*Eyes \u20130.0141 \n(0.0217) \n[0.5201] \n2013*Face \u20130.0313 \n(0.0238) \n[0.1941] 81 Indemnity \n2013*Head 0.0304 \n(0."]
[12.652828216552734, 17.803617477416992, "an full tenure \u20130.0116 \n(0.0095) \n[0.2320] \n2008*Full tenure \u20130.0004 \n(0.0018) \n[0.8205] \n2010*Less than full tenure 0.0156 \n(0.0072) \n[0.0351] \n2010*Full tenure \u20130.0027 \n(0.0013) \n[0.0456] \n2013*Less than full tenure 0.0189 \n(0.0099) \n[0.0623] \n2013"]
[11.351043701171875, 18.1588077545166, "5, 2018: https://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/wcis/WCIS_tables/AggregateFRO ISROIData/AggregateFROIS\nROIData-Archive.html \nDworsky, Michael, Stephanie Re nnane, and Nicholas Broten, Wage Loss Monitoring for Injured \nWorkers in California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensatio"]
[11.202489852905273, 18.164939880371094, "C-17-20, 2017. As of November \n15, 2018: https://www.wcrinet.org/reports/adequacy-of- workers-compensation-income-benefits-in-\nmichigan \nSeabury, Seth A., Robert T. Reville, Stephani e Williamson, Christopher F. McLaren, Adam H. \nGailey, Elizabeth Wi"]
[-2.8971269130706787, 12.293915748596191, "Not Everything Is Broken\nThe Future of U.S. Transportation and Water \nInfrastructure Funding and Finance\nDebra Knopman, Martin Wachs, Benjamin M. Miller, Scott G. Davis, \nKatherine Pfrommer\nCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\n"]
[-0.4449206292629242, 13.607802391052246, " boundaries; and understanding different types of financing\u2014public, private, and public-private partnerships. The premise is that if compel -\nling public benefits can be articulated and financial incentives properly aligned on both the public and pri"]
[-2.901153326034546, 12.281572341918945, "topics, and share our findings in innovative and compelling ways. RAND\u2019s research findings and recommenda -\ntions are based on data and evidence, and therefore do not necessarily reflect the policy prefer -\nences or interests of its clients, donors, "]
[-2.890634298324585, 12.29693603515625, "......................................... 41\nFindings  ......................................................................................................... 46\nCHAPTER FOUR\nFederal Transportation Policy and Its Impact on Infrastructure Investment"]
[-2.889350414276123, 12.299018859863281, "................. 93\nReferences  ....................................................................................................... 95viiFigures and Tables\nFigures\n S.1.  Total Federal, State, and Local Spending on Infrastructure, 1956\u20132014, as "]
[-2.885706901550293, 12.302262306213379, "\n18.  Gr\nowth in O&M Funding for Mass Transit by Source, 2000\u20132014  ...................... 26\n  2.\n19.  Fe\nderal Spending Versus State and Local Spending on Water Infrastructure  ............. 28\n  2.\n20.  Pu\nblic-Private Partnership Investment in th"]
[-2.889244556427002, 12.297842979431152, "ld focus its policies on incentivizing increased public and private spending on maintenance and modernization where it is needed. \nBut increased spending will not fix what is broken in our approach to funding and financ -\ning public works\u2014and not eve"]
[-2.8916211128234863, 12.296863555908203, "al public spending on highways decreased as a percentage of \nGDP and has been relatively flat since then. Spending on mass transit, rail, water resources, and water utilities as a percentage of GDP increased or remained relatively flat between 1980 a"]
[-2.8650615215301514, 12.322547912597656, "e at least 1956. The system of financing new and major rehabilitation projects through public borrowing and, to a much lesser extent, some version of public-private part -\nnerships (PPPs) is generally working for projects that fall within single stat"]
[-2.8835394382476807, 12.300590515136719, "riorities, policy constraints, and regional differences. \nThough state and local governments are responsible for many pieces of this mosaic, Con -\ngress could take a number of steps in conjunction with states, local governments, and the pri -\nvate se"]
[-2.8875436782836914, 12.30396556854248, "oning to a new federal system that\u00a0more effectively\u00a0links revenue collection to highway use.\nLong-Term Priorities\nTarget longer-term projects likely to produce significant national benefits. Fund transportation and water improvements that will increa"]
[-2.890761137008667, 12.29775619506836, "fety, and environmental benefits and to those state and local governments that work together to identify their top priorities for federal capital spending. Federal funding would be conditional on regional sponsors securing matching funds from any com"]
[-2.885842800140381, 12.298012733459473, "opportunity to make design changes in old infrastructure or rethink infrastructure concepts entirely to meet new condi -Summary and Recommendations    xv\ntions.  Following the lead of many states and cities, Congress should embed resilience guide-\nli"]
[-2.908029079437256, 12.275769233703613, " water resource management in partnership with states, local governments, and other stakeholders; and bring the water infrastructure programs of the two agencies under the same congressional oversight. Consolidating the transportation modal administr"]
[-2.888072967529297, 12.299982070922852, "tions and investment.xviiAcknowledgments\nThis project was funded in part through RAND\u2019s program of self-initiated research. We are \ngrateful to Susan Marquis, dean of the Pardee RAND Graduate School and Vice President of Innovation at RAND, and Howar"]
[-2.8894717693328857, 12.299551010131836, "ic maintenance and repair of the infrastructure we already have and plans to raise enough money to keep it viable in the long term (Jaffe, 2016). \nLargely missing from the current debate are clear and compelling answers to three fun -\ndamental questi"]
[-2.8916893005371094, 12.29702091217041, "rom loaning money to governments to finance construction to footing the bill in exchange for the ability to collect user fees or other benefits. (In contrast, private investors dominate infrastructure spending for energy, telecom -\nmunications, and f"]
[-2.889413833618164, 12.298611640930176, "the investments it identifies will trim $4 trillion off of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) between 2016 and 2025. ASCE also suggests that the burden of the under -\ninvestment falls disproportionately on the most disadvantaged communities, with "]
[-2.880227565765381, 12.308110237121582, "ports. ASCE\u2019s \ndefinitions of transportation and water infrastructure differ from CBO\u2019s definitions.4    Not Everything Is Broken: The Future of U.S. Transportation and Water Infrastructure Funding and Finance\nIn the United States, infrastructure has"]
[-2.893982172012329, 12.293782234191895, "yors Water Council, 2007; Copeland, 2016). The federal government\u2019s role in city water supplies is minimal in the eastern United States\u2014but dominant in the western states through the massive public works projects of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (BO"]
[-2.8939952850341797, 12.295167922973633, "ears, many advocates of increased infrastructure spending, as well as academics, have maintained that lengthy local, state, and federal environmental reviews of major projects impede construction and are a cause of underspending. They argue that \u201cstr"]
[-2.8928284645080566, 12.297481536865234, "is a highly uncertain business, with an unimpressive track record (Flyvbjerg, Bruzelius, and Rothengatter, 2003). For technical reasons, cost and demand forecasts are characterized by large errors. It has been documented that where public funds are a"]
[-2.888533353805542, 12.300591468811035, "National or Regional Priorities \nUnlike China or the European Union, the United States lacks a vision of how infrastructure can enhance economic growth and productivity, and, in the absence of such a vision, priori -\nties are difficult to articulate."]
[-2.730950117111206, 12.315893173217773, " billion between FYs 2005 and 2014 (GAO, 2016). Further, the dollar value of damage from extreme weather events has qua -\ndrupled in real terms over the past four decades (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin -\nistration, National Centers for Envir"]
[-2.8910293579101562, 12.297698020935059, "uence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers (Rieke, 1996).\nMisallocation of Capital\nUnintended consequences of policies can lead to a misallocation of capital, whether public or private.\nBias Toward Capital Spending over Operations and Maintenance"]
[-2.890281915664673, 12.298389434814453, "so, in the name of regional equity, federal funding is distrib -\nuted among regions and states using allocation formulas and, to some degree, earmarking of appropriations. \nLegal Constraints on Public and Private Capital Flows\nThe federal tax code al"]
[-2.8701510429382324, 12.329895973205566, "OR and the USACE have spent the better part of the past 30 years \u201creverse engi -\nneering\u201d their major 20th century water resource projects (e.g., dams on the Colorado River, the Everglades, and the lower Mississippi River) to mitigate the damages the"]
[-2.888836622238159, 12.30112361907959, "n    11\nWe first identified the features of transportation and water policies and programs that \nexert a strong influence on priority setting, project evaluation, and funding and finance. Next, \nwe examined the supply side for infrastructure. We revi"]
[-2.8890914916992188, 12.299362182617188, "-sector funding where possible and to rationalize public-sector investment to meet future needs. In Chapter Six, we consider some of the more significant recent changes in policy and practices across all levels of government in the United States. Som"]
[-2.880868434906006, 12.307962417602539, "Transportation and Water Infrastructure Funding and Finance\nrehabilitation of structures and equipment already in place. Operation and maintenance  refers \nto the costs of providing necessary operating services (e.g., air traffic control system); mai"]
[-2.894301652908325, 12.299034118652344, " either increasing costs for repair and rehabilitation or an increasing likelihood that the project will become unusable. Decisions at this stage are further complicated by the need to consider \n1  Federal support for water resource research has larg"]
[-2.8939268589019775, 12.29920768737793, "ries are many different types and blends of funding options. On the public side, the \nprimary funder can be federal, state, or local government. It can also be some combination of those three or a regional authority that spans jurisdictions, such as "]
[-2.891195774078369, 12.297693252563477, "ral to state level, as well as from the state to local level, contribute a portion of the total funds spent on transportation, but the majority of total money spent comes from local governments\u2019 own-source funding. \nThe proportion of spending by leve"]
[-2.8887531757354736, 12.299222946166992, "on)Status of and Trends in Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure    19\nTrends in Public Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure\nCBO assembled a consistent data set on public infrastructure spending dating back to 1956, \nwhen"]
[-2.8878555297851562, 12.299018859863281, "l, State, and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, as a Share of Gross Domestic Product, 1956\u20132014\nSOURCE: CBO, 2015, Exhibit 3, p. 10, based on data from OMB, the U.S. Census Bureau, and the U.S. Bureau of \nEconomic Analysis.\nR"]
[-2.891141176223755, 12.298590660095215, " GDP22    Not Everything Is Broken: The Future of U.S. Transportation and Water Infrastructure Funding and Finance\nFigure 2.11\nPer Capita Federal, State, and Local Spending on Transportation and Water Infrastructure, 1956\u20132014\n1956\n195819601962196419"]
[-2.8911828994750977, 12.298426628112793, "ure suggests that the decline is consistent with the \u201cbuilt out\u201d nature of our national highway system (Shatz et al., 2011; Mamuneas and Nadiri, 2006). Support for this view can be found in returns on invest -\n3  Because of its land management respon"]
[-2.8829586505889893, 12.292428016662598, "r vehicle-mile s traveled a nd vehicle-miles traveled per person include both\npassenger and freight vehicles.  \na The amounts show are based on the population residing in the United States.\nRAND RR1739-2.16Index (1980 = 100)250\n0\n2010 2005 2000 1995 "]
[-2.8904473781585693, 12.29869556427002, "mmittee on U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Water Resources Science, Engineering, and Planning, 2011).\nFederal spending on water utilities, shown in the top panel of Figure 2.19, peaked in the \nmid-to-late 1970s, when it required local governments to bui"]
[-2.886108636856079, 12.306139945983887, "ic combined public and private investment, and the dashed line rep -\nresents a regression model of the trend in the data.  The trend appears to show that invest -\nment is rising and may eventually become more significant in the future, especially as "]
[-2.8906757831573486, 12.298521041870117, " in federal funding for water and wastewater treatment infrastructure reflects congressional decisions to scale back involvement.\nTaken as a whole, evidence of federal underspending on infrastructure from a national \nperspective appears to be stronge"]
[-2.888090133666992, 12.299674987792969, "ers may sometimes also be direct beneficiaries of an infrastruc -\nture project, but not always. Depending on the funding and financing mechanism used, ben -\neficiaries may also include bondholders, shareholders, and various individual and institution"]
[-2.916865348815918, 12.272665023803711, "stment.\nFederal Models for Funding\nThe federal government has many ways to spend money. Congress appropriates funds directly \nto agencies that then disburse those funds themselves, through state and local governments, or through contracts, grants, an"]
[-2.9131295680999756, 12.266276359558105, "Army Corps of EngineersNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \nAdministration\nHouse Committee on Natural ResourcesU.S. Bureau of ReclamationNational Oceanic and Atmospheric \nAdministration\nU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service\nHouse Committee on Energy and Commer"]
[-2.8928980827331543, 12.29711627960205, "not confined to a specific project. Examples are the annual distributions from the Highway Trust Fund by DOT to states and the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development\u2019s Community Develop -\nment Block Grant (CDBG) Program to all 50 states and"]
[-2.8910889625549316, 12.297859191894531, "nment pumps additional funding into the state revolving funds (SRFs) \neach year, although year-to-year spending has been uneven, as shown in Figure 3.1 (Gies, 2012). States review and rank proposed projects according to their own priorities and withi"]
[-2.8900647163391113, 12.300310134887695, "998, Congress enacted the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA; Pub L. 105-178, Title I, Subtitle E, Chapter 1) credit program, offering federal loans, loan guarantees, and lines of credit to state and local governments to "]
[-2.8899426460266113, 12.299931526184082, "erty acquisition. The first $20 million of funds were not appropriated until December 2016 (EPA, no date-c; American Water Works Association, 2016). WIFIA can provide loans to state, local, and tribal governments for all projects eligible for CWSRF a"]
[-2.8905773162841797, 12.293437957763672, " are paid partially by the employer and partially by the employee, go toward the Social Security Trust Fund and the Hospital Insurance Trust Fund for use by the Social Secu -\nrity and Medicare programs, respectively. \nWhile income and payroll taxes a"]
[-2.8936808109283447, 12.28951644897461, "form of lower interest payments, and mainly benefits the higher-income households that claim the tax break. Because the main incentive for purchasing these lower-yielding bonds is that the interest is tax-free, 75 percent of municipal bonds are held "]
[-2.8887319564819336, 12.291451454162598, "he large upfront construction costs, which are then paid back over time using revenue from taxes or user fees. There are several ways in which this borrowing and repayment can occur. \nBonds \nLocal government bonds are effectively crowd-sourced loans "]
[-2.8875677585601807, 12.294065475463867, "5 percent interest rate, the lender receives $1.05 million, assuming a term of one year. If the federal government pays 20 percent of the interest, then the state or local government that issued the bond pays only $1.04 million and the federal govern"]
[-2.889336109161377, 12.297321319580078, "g costs (DOT, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Innovative Program Delivery, no date-c). \nA relatively new type of bond based on \u201cpay for performance\u201d is called an Environmental \nImpact Bond and was recently used to support a \u201cgreen infrastru"]
[-2.877675771713257, 12.310447692871094, "tor pay construction costs up front in exchange for the right to collect a revenue \n15  Also see publications from the \u201cCenter for Transportation Excellence\u201d for extensive data about sales taxes used all over \nthe country for transportation funding ("]
[-2.888383388519287, 12.300933837890625, "rrently in Use in the United States    43\nThe role of private finance in public infrastructure is complicated. First, as a baseline \ncondition, any owner of infrastructure, public or private, needs to be fully accountable to the \npublic in its compli"]
[-2.8906702995300293, 12.298916816711426, "ansportation. It includes such approaches as transit impact fees, property tax increment financing, special assessment dis -\ntricts, and increased property taxes (Moliere, 2017).\nAn important aspect of risk sharing in PPP arrangements relates to whic"]
[-2.8918681144714355, 12.30129337310791, "ugh fees\u201d (Kousser, McCubbins, and Moule, 2008), that TELs may raise borrowing costs (Poterba and Reuben, 1999), and that TELs harm overall economic growth through mechanisms such as encouraging underinvestment in infrastructure (Deller, Stallmann, a"]
[-2.8877172470092773, 12.30147933959961, " there is simply the risk of building something ambitious and long-lasting in a rap -\nidly changing economy and technological environment. The amount of revenue that will flow from a project that will last for decades is difficult to predict. Estimat"]
[-2.8821568489074707, 12.299654960632324, "hat cannot be easily \nmonetized through user fees or customer charges. These tend to be the projects least attractive to private investors seeking a predictable return competitive with other investment options. Mass transit projects fall into this ca"]
[-2.8870763778686523, 12.299318313598633, "). Truckers have every reason to overload trucks to the point that they damage roads because doing so increases their returns in the short run (National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, 1997, pp. 24\u201325). While charging trucks directly"]
[-2.8707611560821533, 12.326861381530762, "lls, 2012). The federal government does not operate, manage, or control most transporta -\ntion infrastructure. It is one actor in a transportation infrastructure network that has national consequences but, by design, is highly decentralized. Most rur"]
[-2.8838353157043457, 12.29864501953125, "tion. These plans, by definition, are financially constrained, in that they must include realistic plans for funding the implementation of the projects that comprise the regional plans (DOT, Federal Highway Administration, 2017d). \nDominance of Local"]
[-2.889105796813965, 12.30710506439209, "finance it.\n3 Congress clearly articulated that states were the decisionmakers and provided them with \n90 percent of the construction costs of interstate highways. In return, states agreed to build roads in compliance with a set of national standards"]
[-2.8897039890289307, 12.298626899719238, "otection Act, \n2  The Lincoln Highway was conceived in 1912 and dedicated in 1913 (Lincoln Highway Association, no date).\n3  The federal Highway Trust Fund was created through the Interstate Highway Act of 1956. A 1947 map of the then-\nproposed Natio"]
[-2.887767791748047, 12.294793128967285, "rtation infrastructure, includ -\ning revenues from the sale of strategic oil reserves, from repatriated corporate profits on foreign operations, or from a revamped fuel tax. One idea is a tax linked to both inflation and aver -\nage fuel efficiency. T"]
[-2.8847854137420654, 12.303739547729492, "red that DOT publish systematic \nassessments of the \u201cconditions and performance\u201d of the surface transportation system. These biannual reports incorporate estimates of resources that would be required to meet anticipated needs. States are required to "]
[-2.8944239616394043, 12.296242713928223, ". The physical condition of bridges improved slightly over the past few years, but, as with all classes of assets, location matters. Figure 4.1 displays a snapshot of the percentage of structurally deficient bridges, by county, for the entire United "]
[-2.894648551940918, 12.297067642211914, "sment, and the ASCE, which pub -\nlishes the periodic Infrastructure Report Card , all represent deep knowledge of infrastructure \nneeds yet all are also ultimately advocates for improved infrastructure. 54    Not Everything Is Broken: The Future of U"]
[-2.8196187019348145, 12.39069938659668, "ly measure current performance and state goals and objectives, \nand quantify financing needs according to these federally specified criteria. There is an evolv -\ning federal \u201ctoolbox\u201d of methods that facilitates the transition. While there is recogni"]
[-2.867769956588745, 12.309725761413574, "e\nings due to changes in travel costs; and, often, environmental impacts, such as changes in air \npollutant emissions. \nCBA requires that benefits be \u201cmonetized\u201d by estimating dollar values of benefits that are \nnot usually measured in dollar terms. "]
[-2.8911726474761963, 12.295872688293457, "e these projects.\n5  Some oppose CBA on grounds that include the ultimate subjectivity of the choices of economic values, and because of \nthe propensity to \u201cdouble count\u201d benefits when, for example, air quality improvements result in increased proper"]
[-2.8933768272399902, 12.291470527648926, "be replaced or should be financed dif -\nferently going forward.\nImprovement of navigable waters came first when Congress in 1824 authorized the \nUSACE, formally established in 1802, to improve navigation on the Ohio and Mississippi 58    Not Everythi"]
[-2.8913791179656982, 12.296262741088867, "because they have outlived their useful lifetimes and otherwise disrupt natural sys -\ntems (Wegner, 1990). To some extent, the water resource agencies\u2019 missions in the 21st century can be characterized as one of \u201creverse engineering\u201d many of their ma"]
[-2.890324592590332, 12.297750473022461, "xtent. \nFor the same reasons that user fees or their equivalent are essential for maintenance of \ntransportation facilities, proper pricing of water services is critical to the sustainability of water utilities. Yet, full-cost pricing, in which life-"]
[-2.895636796951294, 12.288518905639648, ". Since the early 1990s, Detroit has generally maintained its lead levels in compliance with federal standards. In 2013, Detroit canceled its arrangement with Flint after Flint\u2019s city council voted to switch to a new pipeline from Lake Huron. In Apri"]
[-2.88917875289917, 12.29878044128418, "movement toward intermodal transportation planning identified in Chapter Three. \nEven though integrated water resource management is widely accepted among water pro -\nfessionals in the United States and throughout the world, actual implementation has"]
[-2.8936426639556885, 12.293586730957031, " from wastewater and drinking water systems, water resource infrastructure includes dams, levees, harbors, canals, and the locks and dredged channels of navigable waterways. Capital spending for federal water resource programs has been in decline for"]
[-2.891207695007324, 12.294806480407715, "stgarten and Sadasivam, 2015; Reisner, 1986).Table 5.1\nFederal Cost-Sharing for Capital and O&M by Type of Water Infrastructure \nProject PurposeMaximum Federal Share of \nConstruction (%)Maximum Federal Share of \nO&M (%)\nNavigation\nCoastal ports\n<20 f"]
[-2.888124942779541, 12.2988920211792, "er markets and trading, now in limited use \nin the western United States, could lead to more efficient pricing and hence allocation of water from federal water projects, but, thus far, the idea has not taken hold because of significant technical, ins"]
[-2.890599250793457, 12.295577049255371, "al Safe Drinking Water Act regulates the qual -\nity of drinking water at the tap for more than 152,000 public water systems in the United States. Ninety-seven percent of these public water systems serve communities of 10,000 or fewer people, but, in "]
[-2.889409065246582, 12.298559188842773, " population growth and age of the system. Assumptions about construction costs, including the price of energy, also influence the numbers. Assessments also differ by the method used to generate the estimates. For example, the EPA\u2019s Drinking Water Inf"]
[-2.882805585861206, 12.297689437866211, "2011 dollars for comparison purposes.Figure 5.3\nComparison of Needs Assessments for Water Utility Infrastructure\nSOURCES: EPA, 2013; American Water Works Association, 2012.\nNOTE: WIN = Water Infrastructure Network; AWWA = American Water Works Associa"]
[-2.8860971927642822, 12.296408653259277, "WIN estimates \u201cthe cost of building, operating, and maintaining needed drinking water and wastewater facili -\nties over [2000\u20132019] approaches $2 trillion\u201d in 1999 real dollars. \nIn sum, the wide range of estimates produced from inconsistent assessme"]
[-2.8935182094573975, 12.293078422546387, " projects. Principles, Requirements and Guidelines for Water and Land Related Resources Implementation Studies  (PR&G), a document maintained by the Council on Environmen -\ntal Quality, establishes principles and evaluation criteria to guide federal "]
[-2.8937361240386963, 12.295249938964844, "ion of water or wastewater infrastructure projects, but the federal government influences project selection indirectly through regulatory actions (e.g., court orders to force local or state action on a storm water or wastewater facility as a conseque"]
[-2.8964338302612305, 12.294724464416504, "ies, for which 90 percent of investment \nhappens at the local level, largely through the use of municipal revenue bonds and property assessments. Federal water quality and drinking water laws and regulations drove much of 70    Not Everything Is Brok"]
[-2.8891961574554443, 12.306327819824219, " attributes of such a policy. This is not impossible to do. A report published in 2006, known as the Eddington Report, is an example of such a long-term vision and policy statement (Eddington, 2006). While originating in the UK, the report is directe"]
[-2.894488573074341, 12.293835639953613, "hese markets.\n3.\n Pr\nomote the federal role of inducing and encouraging investment in multijurisdictional \nprograms, such as those that serve intercity travel and freight transport and those that address river basins and large watersheds that cross s"]
[-2.9008755683898926, 12.288476943969727, "an also be expressed through federal grant programs. Project-based \ngrants have the ability to more effectively target federal resources to the most critical needs from a national perspective. They can demand certain conditions of project submissions"]
[-2.885798931121826, 12.304022789001465, "ted States for the Impacts of Climate Change ).74    Not Everything Is Broken: The Future of U.S. Transportation and Water Infrastructure Funding and Finance\ndemand that far exceeds available resources. For the FY 2016 round ($500 million available),"]
[-2.9007091522216797, 12.292868614196777, "tion to plan for and implement feder -\nally assisted transportation and water projects according to their needs and priorities. DOT\u2019s Surface Transportation Program, through which states pass a substantial portion of funds to regions, has historicall"]
[-2.8902673721313477, 12.299565315246582, "implify administration of currently stovepiped grant programs while increasing flex -\nibility and outcomes is likely to be worth the effort.\nThe Trump Administration\u2019s budget document for FY 2018 highlights its priority to \nremove, reduce, or better "]
[-2.885328531265259, 12.283098220825195, "r Fee Pilot Program Results Summary,\u201d no date). These are increas -\ningly feasible because of developing technology, such as vehicle telematics, global positioning satellites, cell towers, and on-board diagnostics, that can report vehicle movements. "]
[-2.897437810897827, 12.28862190246582, "ation, and the Investing in Manufacturing Communities Partnership. Policy Options    77\nThe policy sought to maximize economic growth and increase the cost-effectiveness of federal \nfinancial investments. It also directed agency staff and technical a"]
[-2.8958628177642822, 12.292635917663574, "cent examples can be seen is the Desal Prize, sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development and the BOR, and the Smart City Challenge, sponsored by DOT. \nThe Desal Prize was an engineering competition to develop technologies that could d"]
[-2.87902569770813, 12.308699607849121, "ecutive order, and a detailed implementation plan (U.S. Depart -\nment of Treasury and U.S Department of Transportation, Build America Investment Initiative Interagency Working Group, 2015).\nIn his first days in office, President Trump announced his i"]
[-2.8864192962646484, 12.300247192382812, "r 5 percent of GDP, under current program assumptions (CBO, 2017). This projection will change depend -\ning on tax cuts and spending increases enacted in the coming years. \nDirect Federal Spending\nThe challenge for sponsors of bills authorizing direc"]
[-2.8910975456237793, 12.296575546264648, "ls. In addition, they would set aside $200 million of the $1 trillion for projects of national 80    Not Everything Is Broken: The Future of U.S. Transportation and Water Infrastructure Funding and Finance\nsignificance or what they call \u201cvital infras"]
[-2.890714645385742, 12.297353744506836, "t of the total $1 trillion investment will become new wages, and 10 percent will \nbecome new corporate profits.\n\u2022 Wa\nges and corporate profits will be taxed at an average rate of 28 percent (personal \nincome) and 15 percent (the capital gains tax rat"]
[-2.89200496673584, 12.297348976135254, "ling properties as potential investors, but they currently invest relatively little in domestic infrastructure. This is because their long-run investment interests tend to match the long lifespans of infrastructure projects better than the investment"]
[-2.9238345623016357, 12.268975257873535, "opening the door to more-effective means for alternative investors to assess and choose attractive long-term investment opportunities. In parallel with such thinking, states could also share their experiences with past PPPs to do a better job of fulf"]
[-2.8878109455108643, 12.299936294555664, "ralia has been experimenting with an \u201casset recycling\u201d program, essentially a means \nof privatizing many public infrastructure systems while generating cash for local government Policy Options    83\nto invest in new infrastructure. Its success has st"]
[-2.8828604221343994, 12.298312187194824, "U.S. GDP has been remarkably stable since 1956. Private funding in these areas of infrastructure is less than 3 percent of the total, nearly all of which is for rail. When federal spending has declined, state and local governments often have picked u"]
[-2.892084836959839, 12.294864654541016, "percent of\u00a0capital investment (CBO, 2015). The evidence suggests that the division of responsibility among the levels of government is generally appropriate and does not warrant wholesale change. In addition, the federal government could do a better "]
[-2.8935439586639404, 12.295039176940918, "ve value to different types of public assets and services. Under our system of federalism, states are empowered to make their own choices on these matters.\nSome projects may generate national economic benefits, but not commensurate revenues, \nin part"]
[-2.889838457107544, 12.298744201660156, "olicy landscape. The justification for the BOR in 1902 to reclaim the Great American Desert is no longer valid. At the beginning of the 20th century, the U.S. population was 60 percent rural and 40 percent urban (U.S. Census Bureau, 1995). Now, 80 pe"]
[-2.890662431716919, 12.295798301696777, "e hybrid and electric vehicles come into wider use, the decline in revenues from the sale of motor fuels will continue. To restore stability and sustainability to the Highway Trust Fund, Congress should support a robust program of pilot testing and e"]
[-2.89117169380188, 12.296697616577148, "sting assets will make matters worse for local governments struggling to make payments on existing debts.\u00a0\nCongress should place its highest maintenance priorities on vital federal assets. The \nfederal government has a responsibility to properly main"]
[-2.929830312728882, 12.258610725402832, "could provide technical assistance and help with tax issues and permitting processes. \nThe federal government should streamline regulatory approval processes involving \nmultiple federal agencies while honoring applicable environmental, health, and sa"]
[-2.8879213333129883, 12.302003860473633, " infrastructure and Summary of Findings and Recommendations    91\nimprove building methods and materials, engineering designs, cost-effectiveness and efficiency, \nand all aspects of system operations. \nWidespread adoption of newer construction method"]
[-2.855985641479492, 12.327588081359863, "ilt the Transcontinental Railroad, 1863\u20131869 , \nNew York: Touchstone, 2000.\nAmerican Public Transit Association, 2016 Public Transportation Fact Book , Washington, D.C., February \n2017a. As of September 18, 2017: \nhttp://www.apta.com/resources/statis"]
[-2.8365626335144043, 12.348898887634277, "Boschetti, T., Building Oregon\u2019s Future: The Current Landscape of Infrastructure Finance in Oregon , Portland, \nOre.: Oregon Chapter of the American Planning Association, December 2014.Braun, Martin Z., \u201cMeadowlands Mega-Mall Wins Bond-Market Subsidy"]
[-2.869980573654175, 12.31661319732666, " Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure , Washington, \nD.C., November 2002.\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cOptions for Reducing the Deficit: 2014 to 2023: Eliminate the Tax Exemption for New Qualified \nPrivate Activity Bonds,\u201d November 13, 2013. As of September 18, 2017"]
[-2.867204189300537, 12.320883750915527, "t Cut in TIFIA Funding Justified?\u201d Eno Transportation Weekly , \nDecember 15, 2015. \u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cUSDOT Withdraws from Gateway Corporation,\u201d Eno Transportation Weekly , July 1, 2017. \nDay, Kakan C., Mashrur Chowdhury, Weichiang Pang, Bradley J. Putman, and Li"]
[-2.8533239364624023, 12.331877708435059, "ound Zero,\u201d Center for American Progress \nwebsite, May 2, 2011. As of September 18, 2017: https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/general/news/2011/05/02/9681/reconstructing-the-muni-market-starting-at-ground-zero/\nEllis Josh, Metropolitan Planning C"]
[-2.840029716491699, 12.346609115600586, "ptember 2016. As of \nSeptember 18, 2017:https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/gayerdrukkergold_stadiumsubsidies_090816.pdf\nGeorgetown Climate Center, \u201cState and Local Adaptation Plans,\u201d Georgetown Law School, no date. As of \nSeptember "]
[-2.856250286102295, 12.327065467834473, "ey, A Review of Tax and \nExpenditure Limitations and Th  eir Impact on State and Local Government in Ohio , Cleveland State University, \nMaxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Aff  airs at EngagedScholarship@CSU, 2006. As of September 18, 2017:http://"]
[-2.854994058609009, 12.330198287963867, "eptember 21, 2017: http://efc.web.unc.edu/2016/10/19/public-vs-private-a-national-overview-of-water-systems/\nKousser, Thad, Matthew D. McCubbins, and Ellen Moule, \u201cFor Whom the TEL Tolls: Can State Tax and \nExpenditure Limits Effectively Reduce Spend"]
[-2.8578968048095703, 12.328669548034668, "ion Expansion of Panama Canal Could Reshape World \nTrade Routes,\u201d Los Angeles Times , June 24, 2016. \nMcFetridge, Scott, \u201cClimate Change Prompts Inland Cities to Raise Bridges,\u201d Journal Sentinel , June 9, 2017. \nMileage-Based User Free Alliance, webs"]
[-2.842771530151367, 12.332810401916504, "te. \nAs of September 18, 2017: http://www.ncppp.org/resources/case-studies/transportation-infrastructure/union-station-washington-dc/ \nNational Economic Council and President\u2019s Council of Economic Advisors, An Economic Analysis of \nTransportation Inf"]
[-2.813441038131714, 12.372036933898926, "e. As of September 18, 2017: http://www.newnybridge.com/References    103\nNewmyer, Tory, and Damian Paletta, \u201cTrump Backs Off Vow That Private Sector Should Help Pay for \nInfrastructure Package,\u201d Washington Post , September 26, 2017.\nOffice of Hillar"]
[-2.8427212238311768, 12.33655071258545, "mber 20, 2017: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf\nPublic Law 84-627, Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, June 29, 1956. Public Law 88-206, Clean Air Act, December 17, 1963.Public Law 91-190, National Envir"]
[-2.8193862438201904, 12.35004997253418, "t (WIFIA) Program , Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, R43315, April 5, \n2017.\nReisner, Marc, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water , New York: Viking, 1986. \nRestuccia, Andrew, and Nicj Juliano, \u201cWhite House Or"]
[-2.8471405506134033, 12.332862854003906, "sionmakers , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TL-104, December 2012. As of \nSeptember 21, 2017: https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL104.html\nSouthern Environmental Law Center, \u201cTri-State Water Wars (AL, GA, FL),\u201d 2015. As of September 21, 2017: "]
[-2.8453307151794434, 12.337678909301758, "tpl.com/united-states-population/table\nU.S. Code, Title 23\u2014Highways, Chapter 6\u2014Infrastructure Finance. U.S. Code, Title 31\u2014Money and Finance, Chapter 15\u2014Appropriation Accounting, Section 1502\u2014Balances \navailable.\nU.S. Code, Title 33\u2014Navigation and Na"]
[-2.883943557739258, 12.306556701660156, "iatives/tifia/2016-tifia-report-congress\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cU.S. Department of Transportation Announces Columbus as Winner of Unprecedented \n$40 Million Smart City Challenge,\u201d Press Release DOT 73-16, June 23, 2016c.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cTIFIA Credit Program Overview,\u201d January "]
[-2.837106466293335, 12.348795890808105, "cial Structuring and Assessment for Public-Private Partnerships: A Primer , Washington, D.C., \nDecember 2013. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Policy and Governmental \nAffairs, Traffic Volume Trends , multi"]
[-2.875808000564575, 12.309028625488281, " Gap Analysis , Washington, D.C., 2002.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, 2015 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment, website, 2011. As of \nSeptember 21, 2017: https://dwneeds.epa.gov/login.aspx?ReturnUrl=%2f\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, EPA Drinking Water Needs Survey and Assessmen"]
[-2.8022682666778564, 12.380712509155273, "16-797, September 2016. \nU.S. Housing and Urban Development Department, \u201cCommunity Development Block Grant Program\u2014CDBG,\u201d no date. As of September 21, 2017: https://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_planning/communitydevelopment/"]
[-2.6588289737701416, 12.535037994384766, " Performance of Federal Permitting and Review of Infrastructure Projects, March 22, 2012.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Executive Order 13653, Preparing the United States for the Impacts of Climate Change , November 1, \n2013.\u2014\u2014\u2014, Executive Order 13677, Climate-Resilient Inte"]
[-2.8840537071228027, 12.303882598876953, "-9971-6ISBN-10 0-8330-9971-X\n53500$35.00This report identi\ufb01es the policies that promote and deter investment in and maintenance of U.S. transportation and \nwater infrastructure. It focuses on status and trends in operations and maintenance (O&M) and "]
[17.41182518005371, 8.146073341369629, "CORPORATION\nLos Angeles County \nJuvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act\nFiscal Year 2015\u20132016 Report\nTerry Fain and Susan TurnerLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This "]
[17.42134666442871, 8.157772064208984, "atively mandated evaluation of the county\u2019s JJCPA programs, including analyzing data and reporting findings to the BSCC. This report summarizes the fiscal year (FY)\u00a0 2015\u20132016 findings reported to the BSCC, as well as additional program information g"]
[17.374773025512695, 8.115711212158203, "le Justice Crime \nPrevention Act: Fiscal Year\u00a02007\u20132008 Report , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corpora -\ntion, TR-746-LACPD, January 2010a\n\u2022 Sus\nan Turner, Terry Fain, and Amber Sehgal, with Jitahadi Imara and Felicia Cotton of \nthe Los Angeles County P"]
[18.020618438720703, 9.293302536010742, "............... xxxi\nCHAPTER ONE\nBackground and Methodology  ............................................................................... 1\nJJCPA in the Context of Los Angeles County Probation Department Programs  ........................ 3\nState "]
[18.050230026245117, 9.338151931762695, "oups and Reference Periods for JJCPA Programs  ............................. 103\nB. Pro\nbation\u2019s Ranking of the Big Six Outcome Measures  ......................................... 105\nC. Com\nmunity-Based Organizations That Contracted to Provide Servi"]
[18.04905891418457, 9.309104919433594, "ol At-Risk  \nYouths, FY\u00a02015\u20132016  ........................................................................... 60\n 2.1\n4. Out\ncomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk  \nYouths, by Cluster, FY\u00a02015\u20132016  ................."]
[18.067359924316406, 9.329188346862793, "............... 18\n 2.5\n. Dem\nographic Factors for Special Needs Court and Comparison Group  .................. 23\n 2.6\n. Pro\ngrams and Comparison Groups in the Enhanced Services to High-Risk/ \nHigh-Need Youths Initiative  ..........................."]
[18.259424209594727, 9.847972869873047, "e Costs for Special Needs Court  ................................... 77Figures and Tables    xi\n 3.5. Estimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Gender-Specific Community  .......................... 79\n 3.6\n. Est\nimated Juvenile Justice Costs for High Risk"]
[18.050216674804688, 9.314078330993652, "................... 112\n D.5\n. Out\ncomes for High Risk/High Need, FY\u00a02015\u20132016  ...................................... 113\n D.6\n. Out\ncomes for Youth Substance Abuse Intervention, FY\u00a02015\u20132016  ...................... 114\n D.7\n. Out\ncomes for Abolish "]
[17.952896118164062, 9.077749252319336, ".................................................................................. 130\n F.4\n. Out\ncomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk  \nYouths, FY\u00a02015\u20132016  ........................................................."]
[17.679821014404297, 8.454718589782715, "m the hall.\n3 At-risk youths are those who have not entered the probation system but who live or attend school in areas of high crime \nor who have other factors that potentially predispose them to participating in criminal activities.xiv    Los Angel"]
[17.714054107666016, 8.500548362731934, "les County for JJCPA programs and services. The actual final budget was $26.3\u00a0million. JJCPA funding represents roughly 15\u00a0percent of field expenditures for juve-nile justice programs, or about 5\u00a0percent of all expenditures for programming for youths"]
[17.715957641601562, 8.585712432861328, "n of community service.\nAn ideal outcome would be for no program participants to be arrested, incarcerated, or in \nviolation of probation and for all to complete probation and (if applicable) restitution and com -\nmunity service. However, because, fo"]
[17.76113510131836, 8.835549354553223, "e or she receives services and could therefore count that youth more than once.\nTable\u00a0S.1 lists the JJCPA programs in each initiative in FY\u00a02015\u20132016 and the number of \nparticipants who received services in each program.\nTable\u00a0S.1\nPrograms in the Thr"]
[17.71358299255371, 8.923354148864746, "and Numbers of Participants for Whom Probation Reported Outcomes\nInitiative or \nProgram Participants Comparison GroupComparison-\nGroup Members\nI. Enhanced Mental Health Services\nMH 1,117 FY\u00a02014\u20132015 MH participants 1,081\nMST 74 MST-identified near m"]
[17.692899703979492, 9.076752662658691, "youths. We do not determine whether a given outcome is \u201cgood\u201d or \u201cbad.\u201d We simply report whether a between-cohorts comparison shows a statistically significant difference between the two measures.\nAlthough we do have data to look at historical trends"]
[17.613903045654297, 8.943431854248047, "and comparison-group youths.\n \u2013SBH\nS-PROB participants showed more-positive outcomes for four of the big six out -\ncomes.\n \u2013SBM\nS-PROB participants had significantly higher rates of completion of probation. \nThere was no significant difference betwee"]
[17.576276779174805, 9.068883895874023, "results for MH participants is the finding that program participants had signifi -\ncantly fewer incarcerations than comparison-group youths and did not differ significantly on any of the other big six outcomes. The difference-in-differences analyses "]
[17.64559555053711, 9.018016815185547, "it from the program, which -\never came first. Among HRHN participants, measures of family relations also improved sig -\nnificantly in the six months between program entry and exit. In the YSA program, the two supplemental outcomes\u2014percentage of youth"]
[17.756549835205078, 9.065059661865234, "st program that used a contemporaneous comparison \ngroup, were significantly more positive for all supplementary outcomes (school attendance, suspensions, expulsions, and overall strength and risk scores) following program entry. For xxii    Los Ange"]
[18.166471481323242, 9.686707496643066, "OTE: FY\u00a02015\u20132016  in this table indicates that the FY\u00a02015\u20132016 cohort had a significantly more positive result, \nwhile FY\u00a02014\u20132015  indicates that the FY\u00a02014\u20132015 cohort had a significantly more positive result. A dash \nindicates no significant d"]
[18.22323989868164, 9.80268669128418, "tice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2015\u20132016 Report\nEstimated Total Cost of Programs and Initiatives\nTable\u00a0S.6 shows the estimated mean baseline and follow-up costs per participant in each JJCPA \nprogram in FY\u00a02015\u20132016. The table also shows weig"]
[18.229829788208008, 9.82011890411377, "735 3,547 3,923 4,290 4,082 4,498 13,297 \u2013555\nACT 15 4 27 85 48 122 6,397 \u201370\nHB 1,415 \u2013333 3,162 5,025 2,507 7,543 70 \u20133,610\nIOW 23,699 22,282 25,116 25,291 23,794 26,788 1,669 \u20131,592\nPARKS 53 \u201318 123 830 685 976 1,652 \u2013777\nSBHS-AR 188 88 287 1,257 "]
[17.956321716308594, 9.15701675415039, "4 162\nCamp \u20131,400 1,667 \u201328\nCourt \u20131,404 \u2013613 \u201396\nJuvenile hall \u20134,088 \u2013628 \u2013174\nProgram \u2013621 \u20132,094 \u2013443\nSupervision \u2013315 \u201398 \u201374\nTotal \u20137,349 \u20131,563 \u2013555\nNOTE: A positive number in this table indicates that mean costs were lower in the six months a"]
[17.688499450683594, 8.502154350280762, "e appropriateness of any findings based on such a small subsample. For example, of the 1,117\u00a0MH participants whose outcomes the program reported, only 142 (12.7\u00a0percent) had supplementary outcome data.\nFY\u00a02015\u20132016 was the 16th consecutive year for w"]
[17.564123153686523, 8.341177940368652, "\u2019s superb editing of this and previous Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act reports.xxxiAbbreviations\nAB assembly bill\nACT Abolish Chronic Truancy\nADA average daily attendance\nBOC Board of Corrections\nBOS Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors\nBSCC"]
[17.675498962402344, 8.452847480773926, "ods, schools, and other areas of high juve-\nnile crime\n\u2022 a str\nategy to provide a continuum of graduated responses to juvenile crime.\nIn addition, the county required that, to be funded, a program be based on approaches \ndemonstrated to be effective "]
[17.73522186279297, 8.561365127563477, "paring rates between pro -\ngram and comparison groups for each outcome. A chi-square test requires that each cell of a 2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 table contain at least five observations.\n3 Some programs (e.g., very small programs or \nthose with very low arrest rates) di"]
[17.712629318237305, 8.517760276794434, "f all expenditures for programming for youths.\nJJCPA programs are grounded in social-ecological research. The central tenet of this \napproach is that behavior is multidetermined through the reciprocal interplay of a youth and his or her social ecolog"]
[17.835254669189453, 8.531883239746094, "atment group in all ways except for the receipt of treatment (i.e., the comparison group \nwould not receive any). In practice, the evaluation might not identify or measure all factors. However, in criminal justice research, researchers often match co"]
[17.78720474243164, 8.68554401397705, "is weakness in mind. In particular, pre\u2013post comparisons for probation-related outcomes, such as successful completion of probation, do not take into account whether the youth was on probation prior to program entry. This can tip the scale in favor o"]
[17.804439544677734, 8.714441299438477, "se to 18\u00a0years old or because Probation did not consider their level of mental illness, which would have qualified them for the program in previous years, to be severe enough after SNC changed its qualification criteria. Prior to FY\u00a02007\u20132008, histor"]
[17.74448585510254, 8.624858856201172, "completion of probation, arrests, probation violations, incar -\ncerations, successful completion of restitution, and successful completion of community ser -\nvice. See Appendix\u00a0B for an explanation of this rank ordering.\nAn ideal outcome would be for"]
[17.71625328063965, 8.995759963989258, "ram start.Background and Methodology    7\nDifference-in-Differences Analyses\nWhen using the previous year\u2019s program participants as a comparison group for the current \nyear\u2019s program participants, we implicitly assume that the two groups have compara"]
[17.71748161315918, 8.666994094848633, "rp ost 01 23 , () () () () =+ \u00d7+ \u00d7+ \u00d7\u00d7  \nwhere outcome  is the logarithm of the odds ratio for a binary outcome measure (e.g., whether arrested during the reference \nperiod), year is a binary variable coded 1 for the current year and 0 for the previo"]
[17.752199172973633, 8.562309265136719, "017,\u00a0p.\u00a07). Using these historical comparison groups produces a weaker design than using one that includes a contemporaneous comparison group does.\nData Quality\nProbation extracted data used to compute outcome measures from its databases. Probation h"]
[17.689878463745117, 8.48616886138916, "ang order (i.e., an order not to associate with known gang members).\nOrganization of This Report\nThe remainder of this report focuses specifically on JJCPA programs in Los Angeles County \nin FY\u00a02015\u20132016. Chapter Two details JJCPA programs and presen"]
[17.735036849975586, 8.65644645690918, "ogram, ACT, was administered \nto 12,871\u00a0youths who had no involvement in the juvenile justice system. Of the remaining 20,633\u00a0youths who received JJCPA service, 13,073 (63.4\u00a0percent) were probationers, while 7,560 (36.6\u00a0percent) were at-risk youths. "]
[17.711641311645508, 8.904155731201172, "obationers and At-Risk YouthsSBHS-AR 3,511\nSBHS-PROB 1,905\nSBMS-AR 1,231\nSBMS-PROB 85\nTotal 33,504\nNOTE: We determine the number of participants in a given program by who received services during the fiscal \nyear, which lasted from July\u00a01, 2015, to J"]
[17.615201950073242, 8.90113353729248, "icipants. We statistically matched routine probationers used as members of comparison groups for SBHS-PROB and SBMS-PROB to program participants. MH reported outcomes only for participants who received treatment services. See Appendix\u00a0A for more deta"]
[17.514686584472656, 8.858955383300781, "records for dispositions are sometimes incomplete, so, for some probationers, we cannot determine whether they completed probation or had probation violations. Sample sizes for sup -\nplemental outcomes might be considerably smaller because, for insta"]
[17.455657958984375, 8.71419906616211, "use disorders, then develops individual treatment plans. In conjunction with treat -\nment providers, probation officers and case managers supervise the youths. An evaluation of the program found that it provides an important service and coordinating "]
[17.571226119995117, 8.997995376586914, "\nWe base the supplemental outcome for the MH program on mean scores on the BSI. \nLeonard\u00a0R. Derogatis developed the BSI (Derogatis and Melisaratos, 1983) to reflect the psy -\nchological distress and symptom patterns of psychiatric and medical patient"]
[17.596385955810547, 9.041047096252441, "ar comparisons of program outcomes. In many instances, counties have no expectation that program outcomes will improve from year to year, given that no signifi  cant changes are expected in the program and/or the youth served by the program. Th  us, "]
[17.303808212280273, 8.89739990234375, "revious year to the current year. A negative value in \nthat column indicates a reduction, while a positive value shows an increase, in the difference in differences.\nMultisystemic Therapy\nMST is an intensive family- and community-based treatment that"]
[17.317230224609375, 8.909329414367676, "ighly individualized and comprehensive basis. MST practitioners are available 24\u00a0hours per day, seven days per week, and provide services in the home at times convenient to the family. This approach attempts to circumvent barriers to service access t"]
[17.36687469482422, 8.948282241821289, "e six months following program entry for MST \nparticipants. For comparison-group youths, we measured big six outcomes during the six months following the date of nonacceptance into the MST program. We measured supplemen -\ntal outcomes for MST partici"]
[17.145631790161133, 7.712887763977051, "2015\u20132016 Report\nEvidence Base for the Program\nIn April 2000, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) reviewed four then\u2013recently developed \nadult mental health courts in Fort Lauderdale, Florida; Seattle, Washington; San Bernardino, California; and Anc"]
[17.168224334716797, 7.777651309967041, "e juvenile courts actually had a sig -\nnificant advantage over adult courts because therapeutic intervention is more consistent with the general approach to juvenile justice. The juvenile drug court model was soon generalized to address concerns othe"]
[17.537569046020508, 8.976088523864746, "eeds Court and Comparison Group\nFactor SNC ( N\u00a0=\u00a025) Comparison Group ( N\u00a0=\u00a024)\nMean age, in years 15.2 15.5\nGender, as a percentage\nMale 64.0 62.5\nFemale 36.0 37.5\nRace and ethnicity, as a percentage\nBlack 24.0 29.2\nWhite 16.0 16.7\nHispanic 60.0 54."]
[17.57652473449707, 9.075274467468262, "other supplemental outcome was statistically significant between the two groups.\nIn the MH program, the only one in this initiative that used the previous year\u2019s par -\nticipants as a comparison group, difference-in-differences analysis agreed with a "]
[17.627866744995117, 8.755206108093262, "l success and healthy social development.\nSchool-, park-, and housing-based DPOs refer female participants to gender-specific ser -\nvices. The DPOs rely on the Los Angeles Risk and Resiliency Checkup (LARRC) to assess criminogenic risk and need facto"]
[17.546184539794922, 8.705100059509277, "(such as friends, relatives, neighbors, and church \nmembers)\n\u2022 pro\ngrams that tap girls\u2019 cultural strengths rather than focusing primarily on the indi -\nvidual girl (e.g., building on Afrocentric perspectives of history and community relation -\nships"]
[17.586503982543945, 9.000201225280762, "omparison group for the current year\u2019s GSCOMM participants consists of GSCOMM participants whose outcomes we reported for the previous year (FY\u00a02014\u20132015), with the goal of them performing at least as well in the current year as they did in the previ"]
[17.387062072753906, 9.125765800476074, " 0.23 0.771 0.394\u20131.510\nIncarceration 0.63 0.79 0.97 0.75 \u20130.38 1.613 0.310\u20138.404\nCompletion \nof probation0.00 22.86 2.74 26.03 \u20130.43 \u2014 \u2014\nCompletion of restitution9.09 39.13 8.62 21.05 17.61 2.274 0.303\u201317.059\nCompletion of community service0.00 26.0"]
[17.254629135131836, 9.075216293334961, "ly and other parts of the participant\u2019s environment. It focuses on school attendance and per -\nformance, parenting skills, and family functioning. The SLC is designed as a set of program enhancements to supplement services for HRHN participants. The "]
[17.195575714111328, 8.774024963378906, "eam, along with program staff. MTFC parents implement a structured, indi -\nvidualized program for each participant, designed to simultaneously build on the partici -32    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2015\u20132016"]
[17.323108673095703, 9.113855361938477, "uired for high-risk and high-need parolees unless they broker services through a host of community resources (Altschuler and Armstrong, 1994; Wiebush, McNulty, and Le, 2000).\nThe employment component of the HRHN program draws from Guide for Implement"]
[17.416383743286133, 9.131532669067383, "trument used to measure family relations.\nOutcomes\nFor outcome analyses, we examined 1,237\u00a0 HRHN participants from FY\u00a0 2015\u20132016 and 1,275\u00a0program participants whose outcomes we reported in FY\u00a02014\u20132015. The FY\u00a02014\u20132015 cohort showed significantly h"]
[17.589059829711914, 9.067811012268066, "e value shows an increase, in the difference in differences.\na Difference is statistically significant ( p < 0.05).\nDifference-in-differences analyses produced results slightly different from those of a \nsimple comparison between the two cohorts. We "]
[17.424196243286133, 9.152074813842773, "ded to enhance self-control. Specific techniques include exploring the positive and negative consequences of continued use, self-monitoring to recog -\nnize drug cravings early on and to identify high-risk situations for use, and developing strate-gie"]
[17.514101028442383, 9.172518730163574, "ome measures on the performance of 200\u00a0YSA participants in FY\u00a02015\u20132016 \nand 156 in FY\u00a02014\u20132015. Diff  erences between the two cohorts were not statistically signifi  -cant for any of the big six outcomes, thus meeting program goals of no diff  eren"]
[17.557851791381836, 9.112553596496582, " 0.904 0.051\u201316.166\nCompletion of restitution17.17 21.10 5.49 21.51 \u201312.09 0.274a0.079\u20130.948\nCompletion of community service0.96 10.34 0.94 12.04 \u20131.72 0.827 0.045\u201315.136\nProbation violation8.09 18.00 2.38 19.53 7.24 0.251 0.060\u20131.052\na Difference is"]
[17.8714656829834, 8.826149940490723, "or the population of probationers and at-risk youths in the schools. A secondary goal is to enhance protective factors through improved school per -\nformance. The program identified the 85\u00a0targeted neighborhoods as the most crime-affected neighborhoo"]
[17.990201950073242, 8.8330717086792, "d were statistically significant ( p\u00a0<\u00a00.05), meaning \nthat the performance of JJCPA participants differed significantly from that of comparison-group youths or from their baseline measures.\n9 Sample sizes indicated are for the entire pro -\ngram and "]
[18.0305118560791, 8.835138320922852, "Base for the Program\nAn OJJDP paper, Truancy: First Step to a Lifetime of Problems (Garry, 1996), cites truancy as an indicator of and \u201cstepping stone to delinquent and criminal activity\u201d (p.\u00a01). The paper notes that several studies have documented t"]
[17.9909725189209, 8.845458984375, "omes six months before and six months after program entry. \nWe measured the supplemental outcome, school absences, in the six months before and after \nentry into the program.\nOutcomes\nFor outcome measures, we examined 6,397\u00a0 ACT participants. Consist"]
[17.809476852416992, 8.941167831420898, "follow-up periods, we do not present a figure \nillustrating outcomes for ACT.Current JJCPA Programs and FY\u00a02015\u20132016 Outcome Measures    43\nmance, decreasing the youth\u2019s involvement with delinquent drug-using peers, and increasing \nassociation with p"]
[17.686967849731445, 9.198203086853027, "15 and FY\u00a02015\u20132016. Those hous-\ning sites had received JJCPA services in previous years.44    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2015\u20132016 Report\nOutcomes\nFor outcome measures, we compared the baseline and follow-u"]
[17.668058395385742, 9.21555233001709, "al communi -\ncation\n\u2022 rec\nognition: distribution of participants\u2019 writing to parents, schools, libraries, government \nofficials, and the general public.\nEvidence Base for the Program\nMany juvenile detainees have reading and writing levels significant"]
[17.685823440551758, 9.1936674118042, "IOW program met program goals for five of the big six outcomes and exceeded the program goal for arrests.\nThe mean number of SIRs six months after program entry (or in the last 30\u00a0days of the \nprogram, whichever came first) were significantly lower i"]
[17.839017868041992, 8.714495658874512, "vice providers, and the Probation Department collaborate to provide after-school enrichment programs and supervision for youths on formal probation, as well as at-risk youths, in selected locations in the 85\u00a0school service areas. These after-school e"]
[17.830812454223633, 8.717391967773438, "ool, sports, and work; and (3)\u00a0successfully navigate the various rules and socially accepted routines required in a vari -\nety of settings (J.\u00a0Hawkins and Catalano, 1992; Connell, Aber, and Walker, 1995). Implicit in this perspective is the recogniti"]
[17.883441925048828, 8.710831642150879, "s by enforcing conditions of probation and by daily \nmonitoring of school performance (attendance, performance, and behavior)\n\u2022 pre\nventing arrest and antisocial and delinquent behavior by at-risk youths\n\u2022 hol\nding probationers and at-risk youths and"]
[18.197185516357422, 9.029640197753906, "ram\u2019s call for case-management interventions that\n\u2022\n asse\nss the probationer\u2019s strengths and risk factors\n\u2022 emp\nloy strength-based case-management interventions\n\u2022 add\nress both risk factors and criminogenic needs\n\u2022 emp\nloy evidence-based treatment in"]
[18.186059951782227, 9.040207862854004, "try and the term following program entry. We compared strength and barrier scores at program entry and six months later.\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for High School At-Risk Youths\nFor outcome analyses, we compared 1,765\u00a0SBHS-AR an"]
[18.198389053344727, 9.03150749206543, "dicates that no one in the cluster had the indicated outcome.\nDifference-in-Differences Analyses for School-Based Probation Supervision for High School \nAt-Risk Youths\nSBHS-AR uses program participants from the previous year as a comparison group, so"]
[18.19057846069336, 9.009920120239258, "score weighting to obtain weights for comparison-group youths so that \ntheir characteristics matched those of the program participants. We included only probationers with valid data on all vari -\nables in creating weights for the comparison group. Be"]
[18.168472290039062, 9.054544448852539, " risk scores 56    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2015\u20132016 Report\ndecreased signifi  cantly, from a mean of 7.3 at program entry to 3.6 six months after entering \nthe program. Strength scores also increased sig"]
[18.156557083129883, 9.077094078063965, "ams.Current JJCPA Programs and FY\u00a02015\u20132016 Outcome Measures    59\nTable\u00a02.15\nComparison of School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths in FY\u00a02015\u20132016 and Those in FY\u00a02014\u20132015\nFactor FY\u00a02015\u20132016 ( N = 730) FY\u00a02014\u20132015 ( N "]
[18.20662498474121, 9.033113479614258, "61\nFigure\u00a02.14\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths, by Cluster, FY\u00a02015\u20132016\nNOTE: A missing bar for a cluster indicates that no one in the cluster had the indicated outcome.\nTable\u00a02.16Means, Differences i"]
[18.211589813232422, 8.995736122131348, " used the appropriate \nweights for the comparison group. None of the differences between the two groups was statis -\ntically significant. The standardized bias estimates were very low for all variables in the model, the highest being 0.03254 for gang"]
[18.184926986694336, 9.04017162322998, "pants also had significantly lower risk scores (4.5 versus 6.8) and higher strength scores (13.2 versus 7.3) six months after entering the program than at program entry. SBMS-PROB participants were significantly more likely than comparison-group yout"]
[17.76026725769043, 9.111225128173828, "and IOW showed signifi  cant improvements in supplemental outcomes as well.\nTh  ree of the programs in this initiative\u2014IOW, SBHS-AR, and SBMS-AR\u2014used the pre-\nvious year\u2019s program participants as comparison groups. For IOW and SBMS-AR, diff  erence-i"]
[18.232179641723633, 9.816205024719238, "venile justice costs. Probationers, by contrast, might have been under supervision prior to program entry and might have also incurred other juvenile justice costs. This implies that JJCPA programs that predominantly target probationers are more like"]
[18.25944709777832, 9.858501434326172, " the cost of juvenile hall for those who spend time in the halls, the cost of juve-nile camp for those assigned to camp, and the various costs associated with arrests and court appearances. In our analysis of overall JJCPA costs, we have attempted to"]
[18.37036895751953, 9.98391056060791, "2,430\nGSCOMM 770 796,081 1,034\nHRHN 1,653 4,601,554 2,784\nYSA 231 1,051,606 4,552\nEnhanced School- and Community-Based Services 23,490 14,454,609 615\nACT 12,871 414,229 32\nHB 182 780,526 4,289\nIOW 1,940 165,431 85\nPARKS 1,765 1,479,266 838\nSBHS-AR 3,"]
[18.323808670043945, 9.938423156738281, "n camp cost approximately $772.32 (Bryant, 2016). It estimated routine probation supervision to cost $7.41 per day (Bryant, 2016). The rates in FY\u00a02015\u20132016 have increased from those of FY\u00a02014\u20132015 because of a variety of factors, including increase"]
[18.303049087524414, 9.92254638671875, "ys the youth attended school in the follow-up period than in the baseline period. The total cost was the sum of these individual costs, and the number of units was a mean over all program participants. Because of missing data for some components, tot"]
[18.306440353393555, 9.941615104675293, "he cost is more evenly distributed among participants in the program.\nEstimated Costs for Mental Health Screening, Assessment, and Treatment\nTable\u00a03.2 shows the estimated juvenile justice costs for the MH program. The only part of the MH program admi"]
[18.325435638427734, 9.97994613647461, ".80 621 0 2.65 2,043 0 \u20131,422 0\nCourt 4,875.92 Appearance 1.16 5,666 4,876 1.46 7,110 4,876 \u20131,444 0\nJuvenile hall 842.20 Day 11.19 9,423 0 16.20 13,644 1,684 \u20134,221 \u20131,684\nProgram 19.05 Day 0.00 0 0 28.29 539 362 \u2013539 \u2013362\nSupervision 7.41 Day 107.4"]
[18.296689987182617, 9.933302879333496, "geles \nCounty JJCPA program. The 25\u00a0participants in this program spent no time in camp in either period. Driven primarily by the huge reduction in juvenile hall days, estimated total costs were only $1,383 higher in the follow-up period than during t"]
[18.314159393310547, 9.966736793518066, "CPA Participants    79Table\u00a03.5\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Gender-Specific Community\nJuvenile \nJustice CostUnit Cost, in \nDollars UnitBaseline Follow-Up Difference, in Dollars\nUnitsMean, in \nDollarsMedian, in \nDollars UnitsMean, in \nDollars"]
[18.333473205566406, 9.991783142089844, " cost was higher after entering the program than before entering. Dollar amounts are in 2015 dollars.82    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2015\u20132016 Report\ndefine the follow-up period for IOW participants as the "]
[18.321346282958984, 9.973207473754883, " for IOW participants averaged $23,699 in the baseline period and $25,291 in the follow-up, a difference of $1,592 per participant.\nEstimated Costs for After-School Enrichment and Supervision\nAs noted above, for JJCPA programs that target primarily a"]
[18.327062606811523, 9.98444652557373, "ian\nArrest 2,106.60 Arrest 0.79 1,661 2,107 0.45 945 0 716 2,107\nCamp 772.32 Day 1.68 1,295 0 2.06 1,589 0 \u2013294 0\nCourt 4,875.92 Appearance 1.22 5,971 4,876 1.45 7,073 4,876 \u20131,102 0\nJuvenile hall 842.20 Day 16.59 13,969 1,684 17.29 14,563 842 \u2013594 8"]
[18.328693389892578, 9.992822647094727, "le hall, and program administration. Program costs were relatively modest ($1,317 per participant), and school attendance improved. Overall follow-up costs were $162 more than baseline costs.\nEstimated Costs for School-Based Probation Supervision for"]
[18.301559448242188, 9.95466423034668, " 0 1,257 1,070 \u20131,069 \u20131,070\nNOTE: A positive number in a difference column indicates that the cost was lower in the six months after beginning the program than in the six months before \nbeginning. A negative number indicates that the cost was higher"]
[18.295692443847656, 9.931671142578125, ",628 2,107 0.20 431 0 1,197 2,107\nCamp 772.32 Day 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0\nCourt 4,875.92 Appearance 0.73 3,546 4,876 0.36 1,773 0 1,773 4,876\nJuvenile hall 842.20 Day 4.00 3,369 0 7.98 6,718 0 \u20133,349 0\nProgram 3.98 Day 0.00 0 0 172.18 1,345 1,406 \u20131,34"]
[18.233659744262695, 9.820637702941895, " total number who received JJCPA services in FY\u00a02015\u20132016, a large percentage of both are in the ACT program. ACT, whose primary goal is improved school attendance, exclusively targets at-risk youths who have virtually no involve-ment with the juveni"]
[18.24434471130371, 9.828401565551758, "4    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2015\u20132016 Report\na large number of at-risk youths, saw the bulk of its expenses in program costs, whereas its \ncosts for arrests and camp were lower in the six months after pa"]
[17.712617874145508, 8.898439407348633, "pant can \nreceive services from more than one initiative and from multiple programs, within or across initiatives, and concurrently or consecutively. Probation counts a given youth as a participant within each program from which he or she receives se"]
[17.550546646118164, 9.0021390914917, "rams, particularly those targeting only at-risk youths, the largest contribu -\ntor to total juvenile justice cost was the cost of administering the JJCPA program itself.\n \u2013Com\nparing costs in the six months following program entry and those from the "]
[17.594980239868164, 9.151468276977539, "ograms. A simple comparison between the two HRHN cohorts showed no significant difference in arrest rates at either baseline or follow-up. However, a difference-in-differences analysis revealed that the FY\u00a02015\u20132016 participants showed a significantl"]
[17.791606903076172, 9.040931701660156, "ee of the programs in this initiative\u2014IOW, SBHS-AR, and SBMS-AR\u2014used the pre-\nvious year\u2019s program participants as comparison groups. For IOW and SBMS-AR, difference-\nin-differences analyses agreed with a simple comparison of rates for all outcomes. "]
[17.721446990966797, 9.118802070617676, "articipants significantly improved their school attendance after program entry.\nOutcomes of Simple Comparisons Between Cohorts\nFor seven Los Angeles County JJCPA programs (GSCOMM, HRHN, IOW, MH, SBHS-AR, SBMS-AR, and YSA), the county evaluates outcom"]
[17.858686447143555, 9.254825592041016, "received.Table\u00a04.1\nResults from Simple Comparisons in Programs That Used the Previous Year\u2019s Cohorts as Comparison Groups\nProgram Arrest IncarcerationCompletion of \nProbationCompletion of \nRestitutionCompletion \nof Community \nServiceProbation \nViolat"]
[18.032974243164062, 9.448808670043945, "016 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\nIOW FY\u00a02015\u20132016 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\nMH \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\nSBHS-AR FY\u00a02014\u20132015 \u2014 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.\nSBMS-AR \u2014 \u2014 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.\nYSA \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 FY\u00a02014\u20132015 \u2014 \u2014\nNOTE: FY\u00a02015\u20132016  in this table indicates that the FY\u00a02015\u20132016 cohort had a significantly"]
[17.718185424804688, 8.540091514587402, "ting statewide juvenile jus -\ntice data systems. Reports will also include a summary or analysis of how grant funded pro -\ngrams have or may have contributed to or influenced the countywide data that is reported.\nThe current outcome reporting require"]
[18.057138442993164, 8.888540267944336, " youths (program participants) as 1. We then use these weights to compare the mean values of the two groups on each of the independent variables. If the treatment and comparison groups show similar mean values when we apply the weights, subsequent an"]
[17.68800926208496, 8.551051139831543, "ation.\n4.\n inc\narceration: Like arrest, incarceration is a valid indicator of delinquency and recidi -\nvism. However, incarceration can also be used as a sanction for case-management pur -\nposes, and courts often impose incarceration as a sanction to"]
[17.453065872192383, 9.401280403137207, " Individual Treatment and \nTraining (SPIRITT) Family ServicesSubstance abuse treatment 1, 5\nStar View Children and Family Services Home-based HRHN, female 1\nHome-based HRHN, male 2, 4\nTarzana Treatment Centers Substance abuse treatment 3, 5Table C.1\u2014"]
[17.501300811767578, 9.491897583007812, "measured supplemental outcomes during the last complete academic period before the youth entered the program and during the first complete academic period after the youth entered the program.\na Difference is statistically significant ( p\u00a0<\u00a00.05).BSCC"]
[17.52218246459961, 9.512667655944824, "8 9.54 1,237 125 9.80 1,275\nCompletion of probation245 22.39 1,094 306 26.52a1,154\nCompletion of restitution233 26.42 882 248 26.33 942\nCompletion of community service203 23.88 850 234 26.50 883\nProbation violation130 11.88 1,094 162 14.04 1,154\nSupp"]
[17.534950256347656, 9.430444717407227, "e and during the six months after the youth \nentered the program. We measured the supplemental outcome during the 180\u00a0days before and the 180\u00a0days \nafter the youth entered the program.\na Difference is statistically significant ( p\u00a0<\u00a00.05).116    Los "]
[17.52397346496582, 9.525310516357422, "nrichment and Supervision, FY\u00a02015\u20132016\nMandated \nOutcomeBaseline Follow-Up\nNumber Percentage Sample Size Number Percentage Sample Size\nArrest 3 0.18 1,652 6 0.36 1,652\nIncarceration 1 0.06 1,652 3 0.18 1,652\nCompletion of probationn.a. n.a.\nCompleti"]
[17.514846801757812, 9.52326774597168, "ion331 34.95a947 12 0.96 1,210\nCompletion of restitution151 27.11a557 186 20.38 911\nCompletion of community service80 15.01\na533 5 0.55 879\nProbation violation47 4.96 947 62 5.13 1,210\nSupplemental OutcomeBaseline Follow-Up\nNumber Mean Sample Size Nu"]
[17.552785873413086, 9.513521194458008, "dle School Probationers, FY\u00a02015\u20132016\nMandated \nOutcomeProgram Comparison\nNumber Percentage Sample Size Number Percentage Sample Size\nArrest 7 15.91 44 133 28.52 466\nIncarceration 2 4.55 44 38 8.07 466\nCompletion of probation4 12.12a33 5 1.20 444\nCom"]
[17.61296272277832, 9.491674423217773, " Participants\nNumber Percentage Sample Size Number Percentage Sample Size\nArrest 1 2.78 36 2 5.88 34\nIncarceration 0 0.00 36 0 0.00 34\nCompletion of \nprobationn.a. n.a.\nCompletion of restitutionn.a. n.a.\nCompletion of community servicen.a. n.a.\nProba"]
[17.642166137695312, 9.476093292236328, "mple Size % Sample Size\nArrest 0.00 13 \u2014 0 0.00 21 \u2014 0 8.33 36\nIncarceration 0.00 13 \u2014 0 0.00 21 \u2014 0 0.00 36\nCompletion of \nprobationn.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.\nCompletion of restitutionn.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.\nCompletion of community servicen.a. n.a. n"]
[17.80511474609375, 9.256579399108887, "letion of community service0.00 2 15.38 13 \u2014 0 0.00 1 3.33 3\nProbation violation0.00 3 0.00 19 0.00 5 0.00 1 0.00 5\nNOTE: \u2014\u00a0=\u00a0No one was assigned restitution in this cluster.133APPENDIX\u00a0G\nProbation\u2019s Form for Measuring Family Relations\nThis appendix "]
[17.5976505279541, 8.514518737792969, "on      \n      Family Criminality      \n      Identify Family Criminality       \n      Economic Limitations      \n           \nTOTAL CHECKS      TOTAL CHECKS      \n           \n           \nTOTAL STRENGTHS (SUM TOTAL CHECKED NUMBERS)      TOTAL RISKS (S"]
[17.314132690429688, 8.132219314575195, "TAL RISKS (SUM TOTAL CHECKED \nNUMBERS)      139Bibliography\nAB\u00a01913\u2014 See California State Assembly, 2000.\nAB\u00a01998\u2014 See California State Assembly, 2016.\nActon, Sgt. Jeffrey\u00a0K., Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department, email to the authors, November\u00a04,"]
[17.35169792175293, 8.140021324157715, "ounty Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2015\u20132016 Report\nCalifornia Attorney General, \u201cCJSC Statistics: Crimes and Clearances,\u201d undated web page. As of February\u00a07, \n2017:  \nhttp://oag.ca.gov/crime/cjsc/stats/crimes-clearances\nCalifor"]
[17.20387840270996, 8.029584884643555, " Lisbeth\u00a0B. Schorr, and Carol\u00a0H. Weiss, eds., New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives: Concepts, Methods, and Contexts, Washington, D.C.: Aspen Institute, 1995, pp.\u00a093\u2013126. As of February\u00a07, 2017: http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED383817\nCottle, Ci"]
[17.32797622680664, 8.085088729858398, "eports/RR268.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2012\u20132013 Report , Santa Monica, \nCalif.: RAND Corporation, RR-624-LACPD, 2014. As of February\u00a07, 2017: \nhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR624.html"]
[17.159509658813477, 8.013586044311523, " Peters, and Associates and Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Guiding Principles for \nPromising Female Programming: An Inventory of Best Practices , Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Justice, \nOffice of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile "]
[17.104875564575195, 7.91407585144043, ".\nHuddleston, West, and Douglas\u00a0B. Marlowe, Painting the Current Picture: A National Report on Drug Courts \nand Other Problem-Solving Court Programs in the United States , Washington, D.C.: National Drug Court \nInstitute, July 2011. As of February\u00a07,"]
[17.09156036376953, 7.935837745666504, "drugcourts_review.pdf\nMorley, Elaine, Shelli\u00a0B. Rossman, Mary Kopczynski, Janeen Buck, and Caterina Gouvis, Comprehensive \nResponses to Youth at Risk: Interim Findings from the SafeFutures Initiative\u2014Summary , Washington, D.C., \nNovember 2000. As of "]
[17.26012420654297, 8.052523612976074, ", Handbook of Family Therapy , New York: Brunner/Routledge, \n2003, pp.\u00a0323\u2013348.\nSkowyra, Kathleen\u00a0R., and Joseph\u00a0J. Cocozza, Blueprint for Change: A Comprehensive Model for the \nIdentification and Treatment of Youth With Mental Health Needs in Contac"]
[17.200946807861328, 8.033692359924316, " Counseling, Regent University, \u201cLos Angeles County \nSocial Learning Model,\u201d presentation to the Los Angeles County Probation Department, Downey, Calif., 2005.\nWestermark, Pia Kyhle, Kjell Hansson, and Martin Olsson, \u201cMultidimensional Treatment Foste"]
[9.147477149963379, 4.4622802734375, "CORPORATION\nCan an Informative Letter \nReduce Gun Crime and Be Cost-Effective?\nA Study of Los Angeles\nPriscillia Hunt, Layla Parast, Gabriel WeinbergerLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein ar"]
[13.823869705200195, 4.389753341674805, "s deciding whether to implement a similar program.  \n RAND Justice Policy  \nThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Justice Policy Program, which spans \nboth criminal and civil justice system issues with such topics as public safety, eff"]
[9.147809028625488, 4.465522289276123, "geles ....................................................................................... 8\t\r \u00a04. How We Studied Effects on Gun Crime and Program Costs ..................................................... 9\t\r \u00a0\nEffect on Crime Methodology  ....."]
[9.160614013671875, 4.471930027008057, ".................................................................................. 8\t\r \u00a0\nFigure 4.1. Process of Letter Program Included in Cost Analysis ................................................ 10\t\r \u00a0\nFigure 5.1. Daily Hours Spent by City Att"]
[9.11455249786377, 4.452803611755371, "rimes. \nFurthermore, local, state, and federal governments have limited resources, so considering the \nbenefit-cost of a program to society compared with other programs can be one way of deciding \nwhether to select a program. \nStudy Intervention Back"]
[9.137636184692383, 4.452470302581787, "atch, we tested whether there was any difference in firearm violence rates \nbetween Los Angeles and the control group after the letter program was implemented (2013 and \n2014). A number of robustness checks were performed to test the sensitivity of r"]
[9.058060646057129, 4.4272990226745605, "t able to access these data through the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and \nExplosives or California\u2019s Department of Justice for purposes of this study.  \n    x Acknowledgments  \nThis study would not have been possible without the time and effo"]
[9.112112998962402, 4.452663421630859, "rney\u2019s Office initially publicized the program by mail to new handgun \npurchasers in two high-crime neighborhoods of Los Angeles. The letter for this pilot project was \nsent to a random subset of individuals making new handgun purchases during the te"]
[9.095178604125977, 4.447921276092529, "prohibited from \npossessing one, including someone with a known mental disorder. Furthermore, it emphasized that if a child gained access to the handgun and injured himself, herself, or others, the gun owner was subject to criminal prosecution.  \nOur"]
[9.082939147949219, 4.442986488342285, "thers who commit the crimes, or who themselves quickly transfer the weapon again.  0\t\r \u00a01\t\r \u00a02\t\r \u00a03\t\r \u00a04\t\r \u00a05\t\r \u00a06\t\r \u00a07\t\r \u00a08\t\r \u00a09\t\r \u00a010\t\r \u00a0\nBoston\t\r \u00a0\nSan\t\r \u00a0Antonio\t\r \u00a0\nFresno\t\r \u00a0\nFort\t\r \u00a0Worth\t\r \u00a0\nLas\t\r \u00a0Vegas\t\r \u00a0\nLos\t\r \u00a0Angeles\t\r \u00a0\nAlbuquerque\t\r \u00a0"]
[9.126201629638672, 4.45906400680542, "mmunity suffering, but those mortgage payers receiving the letter about the \nhigh proportion of compliers were less compliant. Similarly, a letter experiment aimed at \nreducing the inappropriate provision of Schedule II controlled substances by \u201cover"]
[9.131952285766602, 4.4572601318359375, "n of the effect of the letter on city-level firearm violence and the costs and \nbenefits of the program. \n  \n 6 2. Data on the  Los Angeles  Citywide Gun Letter Program  \nAlthough the first full month of the program was January 2013, the Los Angeles "]
[9.128963470458984, 4.454596042633057, "\n7/7/2014 \n8/7/2014 9/7/2014 \n10/7/2014 11/7/2014 \n12/7/2014 \n1/7/2015 \n2/7/2015 \n3/7/2015 \n4/7/2015 \n5/7/2015 \n6/7/2015 \n7/7/2015 \n8/7/2015 Number of handguns purchased Thanksgiving Christmas \nC \n g \n\u201cBlack Friday\u201d  \n 8 3. Gun Crime in the City of L"]
[9.118925094604492, 4.446558475494385, "ly a single-unit group to test whether the letter program \n\u201cinterrupted\u201d the gun crime time series in Los Angeles. We used a monthly data set starting in \nOctober 2008 and ending in December 2015, and tested whether there was an interruption to the \n"]
[9.20491886138916, 4.488134860992432, "roughout the process, we \ninterviewed staff to determine the direct costs (labor time spent and the equipment used) . \nAdditionally, we obtained documentation of indirect costs (overhead expenses) associated to the \nLos Angeles City Attorney\u2019s Office"]
[9.213715553283691, 4.493814468383789, "m of higher taxes to hire someone or \npurchase specific software, for example. Therefore, results of this cost study can be understood \nas the amount of resources shifted away from other work they would have been doing toward \nthis firearm letter pro"]
[9.213530540466309, 4.4933600425720215, "s) in \n2013 for government paralegal and legal assistants in the Los Angeles \u2013Long Beach\u2013Santa Ana \narea of $21.61 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). This was then multiplied by the overhead rate \nof the Los Angeles City Attorney\u2019s Office, 26 percen"]
[9.233964920043945, 4.496371269226074, "e needs. \nTime  Resources Spent  \nFigure 5.1 shows that the time spent for the key personnel during the first stage was seven to \n11 hours per day, which then fell to 3.5 to six hours and 2.5 to four hours for the second and third stages, respectivel"]
[9.212618827819824, 4.491714954376221, "sed for a letter program. On the one hand, while the cost per letter for Stage 2 and \nStage 3 are similar when fewer letters are sent (Low), the change in cost increases at a higher \nrate for Stage 3 than Stage 2 when more letters are sent out ( Usua"]
[9.136687278747559, 4.464378356933594, "ver, the individuals who opened another person\u2019s \nmail may have violated the privacy of gun buyers in these cases. We are not able to quantify \nthese costs and benefits to the telephone line for the Los Angeles City Attorney\u2019s Office and the public, "]
[9.116872787475586, 4.462907791137695, "-term and the \nshort-term models for the letter\u2019s effect on crimes in the city with alternative ITSA \nspecifications.  \nFor the short-term model, we found an immediate decline in robberies committed with \nfirearms after implementation of the letter p"]
[9.112393379211426, 4.464996337890625, " it may be the case that the program \nindeed had no effect on gun crime, it is also possible that we simply do not have the statistical \npower required to detect the effect on aggregate behavior. On the one hand, if the number of gun \ncrimes committe"]
[9.118733406066895, 4.434255599975586, "e confidence in \nthe results of comparing our control group with Los Angeles (see the Appendix). This raises an \ninteresting question: Why? We can see that the mean values of all the matching variables are \nsimilar between Los Angeles and a synthetic"]
[9.193730354309082, 4.483696460723877, "ty of Los Angeles. \nHowever, even an effect too minor to detect using our methods might justify the gun letter \nprogram. Given that the cost of the program is fairly low, it is possible to see how even minor \neffects could easily result in the benefi"]
[9.150551795959473, 4.468451023101807, "rage in crime reduction (i.e., we would achieve the same $24.19 benefit-\ncost ratio). Using the findings shown in Table 7.1, this amounts to the prevention of \napproximately 19 robberies, 15 aggravated assaults, or fewer than one homicide per year.  "]
[9.168246269226074, 4.4689226150512695, " FBI and U.S. \nDepartment of \nJustice, 2014b \nAggravated assault  Total number of known aggravated assault ; aggravated \nassault is distinguished from regular assault by whether there \nis a weapon involved  FBI and U.S. \nDepartment of \nJustice, 2014a"]
[9.052194595336914, 4.429974555969238, "er with this model (specifically the use of the rate as the outcome), we also tested another approach of estimating the effect on the \nchanges in crime rates using the count outcome and first differences.  Specifically, our outcome is \na count variab"]
[9.124098777770996, 4.4646897315979, "d recent simulation \nwork has shown this approach can lead to spurious findings (Schell and Griffin, 2017), so it is unclear that this is a reliable result. \nThe difference models found results of a similar direction. Model II indicated that there wa"]
[9.130202293395996, 4.451477527618408, "bove with equation [1]). We remind the reader that this is a first-\ndifferences result, which means that because there was the initial drop in crime because of the \nletter, the number of robberies committed with a firearm remained lower in every mont"]
[9.162858963012695, 4.447669982910156, "y. \nWe focused our analyses on  cities in the United States with populations over 500,000  in at least \none year since 1980 . The data are for law enforcement agencies serving these city jurisdictions. \nThis selection criterion of jurisdictions with "]
[9.055130004882812, 4.368454456329346, "d more similar to other reports: \nWeights were either zero or a small subset of cities received positive weigh ts. \n                                                \n8 For clarity in reading this report, we do not present our findings from the annual "]
[9.149099349975586, 4.446161270141602, "ot would have a line drawn at zero for every time point before the intervention, and then a positive or negative gap at the time of intervention and beyond  (if the intervention was effective). \nWe show this result in Figure 6.1 of this report, which"]
[8.382364273071289, 4.334925174713135, "l, M., C. Christian, and J. Slemrod, \u201cDo Normative Appeals Affect Tax Compliance? \nEvidence from a Controlled Experiment in Minnesota,\u201d National Tax Journal, Vol. 54,  No. 1, 2001, pp. 125\u2013138. As of May 1, 2017: https://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/54/1/ntj-v"]
[8.441293716430664, 4.286164283752441, "rch Can Tell Us About Investing in \nPolice, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, OP-279-ISEC, 2010. As of May 1, 2017: https://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP279.html \nHepburn, L., M. Miller, D. Azrael, and D. Hemenway, \u201cThe U.S. Gun Stock:"]
[8.457910537719727, 4.248630046844482, " No. 1, 2011, pp. 103\u2013109.  \nRidgeway, G., G. L. Pierce, A. A. Braga, G. Tita, G. Wintemute, and W. Roberts, Strategies for \nDisrupting Illegal Firearm Markets: A Case Study of Los Angeles, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-512-NIJ, 2008. As"]
[13.452836990356445, 3.728508710861206, "ce: Compliance Effects of Informational and \nInterpersonal Justice,\u201d Social Justice Research, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2006, pp. 345\u2013364.  \nWright, J. E., \u201cThe Trayvon Martin Effect: Estimating the Effect of the Trayvon Martin Shooting \non Reading Performance"]
[6.935155391693115, -1.1210793256759644, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nAfter the Grand Opening\nAssessing Cannabis Supply and Demand in \nWashington State\nBeau Kilmer, Steven Davenport, Rosanna Smart, \nJonathan P. Caulkins, Gregory Midgette\nPrepared for the Washington State Liquor and Cannab"]
[6.979944705963135, -1.0874937772750854, "intended audience for this report is decisionmakers in Washington State tasked with \nshaping cannabis policy. The methods applied herein should also be of interest to researchers and analysts in other jurisdictions that have implemented or are consid"]
[6.875358581542969, -1.1706289052963257, " 26\t\nEstimating the Amount of Cannabis Consumed by User Type  .............................................................. 28\t\nEstimating Cannabis Consumption in Washington State, FY 2017  ........................................................ 32"]
[6.851824760437012, -1.1930028200149536, "... 17\tTable 2.8. Flower and OPM Lot: Production Volume (MT), Semiannual .............................. 19\tTable 2.9. Extract Ingredients: Production Volume (kg), Semiannual ................................... 20\t\nTable 2.10. Extract Ingredients: THC"]
[6.883559226989746, -1.1629291772842407, "rces by Washington residents. Using data from Washington\u2019s traceability system, the authors estimate that approximately 26 metric tons (MT) of THC were sold in the licensed retail stores in Washington from July 1, 2016, through June 30, 2017. About 1"]
[6.893059730529785, -1.1541774272918701, "To inform its earlier efforts, the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board (WSLCB) asked the RAND Corporation and BOTEC Analysis to estimate the size of the cannabis market circa 2013. Much has changed since then, and the WSLCB asked for an update"]
[6.876082897186279, -1.1706591844558716, "rocannabinol (THC) \nand cannabidiol (CBD) content of cannabis products, as THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, and CBD may mediate some of the effects of THC (see, e.g., Englund et al., 2017). Cannabinoid content is measured eithe"]
[6.873517990112305, -1.1732476949691772, ", Washington\u2019s producers were restricted to 70 percent of these canopy limits, raised to 100 percent by the beginning of 2017.\n1 These tiers do \nnot specify a given growing method (indoor, greenhouse, or outdoor), although generally smaller (Tier 1) "]
[6.87807035446167, -1.1693674325942993, "s in the traceability system can be classified as (a) plant material, (b) lotted \nplant material, (c) an \u201cingredient\u201d produced from lotted material, which will later be converted to a retail product, or (d) a retail product, which is produced from in"]
[6.882526397705078, -1.1640597581863403, "\nWax CO 2 \nHash Oil  Kief Food -Grade \nSolvent \nExtract  Hash  Bubble \nHash  Infused \nCooking \nOil Infused \nButter/Fat  Total  \nExtract for \ninhalation  235,512 66,293 10,946 10,317 9,435 5,313 18 6 337,840 \nSolid edible 3,563 2,395 85 5,129 29 5 413"]
[6.874271869659424, -1.172263741493225, "tion (the remaining 36 percent of the time), as is the case with marijuana mix and infused cooking oil.  \nWe can complement this picture of the supply chain flow by adding another chart, this time \nlinking products with arrows that point \u201cupstream\u201d t"]
[6.9050774574279785, -1.1475383043289185, "versions\u201d reports each time an item is converted from one product to a downstream product. The \u201cdispensing\u201d table holds information relating to the sale of products at retail. \u201cPlants\u201d and \u201cplant derivatives\u201d track information related to the status o"]
[6.8939738273620605, -1.1532577276229858, "ng\u201d table, which is filled with reports from retailers and appears to be fairly clean. This imbalance in data quality across the two sources makes it difficult to make an \u201capples-to-apples\u201d comparison of production and retail sales volume, and theref"]
[6.8694748878479, -1.1761149168014526, " there any way in the dataset to identify which formula has been used for which observations. This inhibits estimation of THC or CBD content for these products, and therefore also for the total net weight of cannabinoid content produced or sold in Wa"]
[6.8697614669799805, -1.1765607595443726, "ijuana extracts for inhalation, marijuana mix package, and marijuana mix infused), this method is the simplest. Each product\u2019s THC and CBD test scores are retrieved from its associated potency test (linking via the \u201cinventoryparentid\u201d); monthly and a"]
[6.871268272399902, -1.175088882446289, "d, lastly, to flexibly capture features of the \u201cproductname\u201d text field, a term frequency\u2013inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) matrix constructed from the \u201cproductname\u201d text field and reduced to 50 principal components.  \nBy summing together valid obs"]
[6.873636722564697, -1.1728254556655884, "ed system. We do not present data on cannabinoid content of OPM, which is never tested at the lot stage; instead, that material will be tested further downstream before conversion to a final product, e.g., as marijuana mix before conversion to mariju"]
[6.873259544372559, -1.1729656457901, ".6 3.8 5.4  \nBubble hash 43.2 55.1 57.2 60.2 1.7 2.3 1.9  \nHash  48.2 41.3 62.1 59.0 1.2 1.5 2.0 \nFood-g rade solvent extract  21.7 51.9 56.1 62.9 1.0 2.2 1.2 \nKief 19.5 34.5 38.5 39.1 0.2 1.8 2.1 \nMarijuana mix \u2014 15.7 17.5 19.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 \nInfused "]
[6.878397464752197, -1.1685024499893188, "pectively, in 2017). THC content among liquid edibles appears to have been flat since 2016, while estimated THC content in solid edibles has increased consistently since 2015.  16 Table 2.6. Average Estimated THC Content (mg) in Edibles \n 2015  2016 "]
[6.876161575317383, -1.1692278385162354, "data are missing from the plant derivatives table prior to November 2015.   17 accurate data points, any values above the 99th percentile of the distribution of OPM weights \nwere removed from analysis. \nMarijuana harvests show very strong seasonal tr"]
[6.884912967681885, -1.1613575220108032, "ures products\u2019 total weight (grams) before packaging. This \nvalue appears alongside childweight, so an entry for usable marijuana with childweight = 10 and childusableweight = 350 indicates ten different retail packages, each containing 3.5 grams of "]
[6.8992533683776855, -1.1481192111968994, "ases when this might not be accurate. First, a processor might have combined several 15-pound OPM \nlots into a single larger lot before converting them into a downstream product, though this seems rare. Second, the \nweight of some child products in a"]
[6.872714996337891, -1.1734180450439453, " 170 369 388 491 728 979 1,136 \nKief 279 225 250 482 250 294 733 \nInfused cooking oil 19 190 242 187 237 249 253 \nInfused butter /fat (solid) 70 80 124 132 163 227 181 \nHash  4 26 86 127 187 177 160 \nBubble hash 10 28 32 123 81 116 127 \nTable 2.10. E"]
[6.885605335235596, -1.160125494003296, "olume (kg) \nYear  Usable Marijuana  Extract for Inhalationa Marijuana Mix Infusedb Marijuana Mix Packageb \n2014  3,023 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \n2015  34,819 \u2014 75 506 \n2016  85,000 6,610 1,327 2,349 \n2017  126,191 12,855 3,421 2,758 \na Product weight not reported until"]
[6.900753498077393, -1.1775635480880737, "9 6,106 11,902 \nSolid edible 58 1,209 3,217 4,837 \nMarijuana mix infused  \u2014 12 735 2,611 \nMarijuana mix package  \u2014 126 908 1,658 \nLiquid edible 17 330 836 1,180 \nMarijuana -infused t opicals  0 45 188 355 \nCapsule  \u2014 \u2014 3 165 \nTincture  \u2014 \u2014 7 55 \nSupp"]
[6.881989002227783, -1.1659173965454102, "e marijuana  300 1,639 3,932 5,658 8,313 9,686 11,527 \nExtract for inhalationa \u2014 \u2014 551 1,265 2,331 3,872 4,138 \nMarijuana mix infused  \u2014 \u2014 10 59 182 356 556 \nMarijuana mix package  \u2014 \u2014 49 109 255 326 263 \nSolid edibleb 5 22 41 65 99 116 135 \nLiquid e"]
[6.878958702087402, -1.1644675731658936, "e timing of which corresponds with the issuance of a memo establishing a federal policy of nonenforcement against medical cannabis patients (Ogden, 2009). This upward trend seems to have leveled off beginning in 2012/2013 but then increased again in "]
[6.8751397132873535, -1.167662262916565, "me use is acknowledged.  Unknown; could be greater or less \nthan 1.0.  \n \nWe have no reason to believe that the values for Adjustments 1, 2, and 4 have changed much \nover the past five years. Adjustment 3\u2014misreporting by people who are successfully s"]
[6.8994059562683105, -1.1461610794067383, "al data. While NSDUH collects information from respondents on the exact number of use days in the past month (and in the past year), RDAS confidentiality restraints limit detailed reporting of the frequency of cannabis use. To maintain protections of"]
[6.873732089996338, -1.1689634323120117, "lower products, with the fastest growing market segment being extracts for inhalation. However, to learn more about the patterns of cannabis consumption, we must look \n \ndays [280,000 \u2013 (32,000 + 55,000  + 16, 000 + 17,000 + 26,000 + 122,000) = 12 ,0"]
[6.877015113830566, -1.167422890663147, "le, and more than 50 percent reported using an oil cartridge for a vape pen in the past year. \n \n10 A comparison of respondent demographics for these web surveys and NSDUH  are presented in appendix Table \nA.6.  32 Table 3.2.  Share of Respondents Re"]
[6.864779949188232, -1.1776844263076782, "rs  Web survey  Triangular   \n(1.3, 1.6, 1.9)  \nRatio of grams per day for DND versus  once -per-month \nusers  Based on Kilmer et al., \n2013  Uniform  [2, 3] \nNOTE : See text for clarification of sources and assumptions.  \n \nFigure 3.4 displays the f"]
[6.8765058517456055, -1.1671065092086792, "s into MTs of THC. Our \nbaseline estimate applies the same THC level used to make the conversion for the store sales: 20 percent. However, flower obtained from the illicit market may be of lower potency than what is sold in the stores. Indeed, the ac"]
[6.880163669586182, -1.1642587184906006, "e average to \n16% THC  250 16 10 59 \nIf we didn\u2019t make any adjustments to \nNSDUH  200 20 10 59 \nNOTES : Column D  = (26 \u00b4 (1\u2013C)) / (A \u00b4 B). WA = Washington.  \n \nNone of those parameters is known with certainty, so the remaining eight rows of Table 4."]
[6.891578674316406, -1.155420184135437, "nd 60 percent.   \n \n \n  37 5. Concluding Thoughts  \nAgencies regulating cannabis need good information about the size of their cannabis market \nand how it is changing. This can help them make informed decisions about several items ranging \nfrom licen"]
[6.921637058258057, -1.1288655996322632, "on residents\u2019 total THC consumption appeared to grow, \nprogress at shrinking the illegal markets\u2019 volume is smaller than these proportions might suggest. For example, if total THC consumption grew by 40 percent over a period when the illegal  38 mark"]
[6.874377250671387, -1.1717358827590942, "cts that are particularly efficient at delivering THC gain or lose market share. Tracking trends in THC consumption might be of greater relevance to those studying public health outcomes.    \nFinally, by making its traceability system publicly availa"]
[6.871579170227051, -1.1779370307922363, "32  19.31  19.96  \nInfused Cooking Oil  1.88 6.75 22.94  16.57  \nInfused Dairy Butter or Fat in Solid Form  5.17 8.85 7.37 6.54 \nKief 16.51  15.32  17.85  18.24  \nMarijuana Mix  NA 7.88 9.14 8.51 \nMarijuana Extract for Inhalation  21.44  19.51  26.50"]
[7.028170585632324, -1.0407042503356934, "au Kilmer, \u201cBig Data on a Big New Market: Insights from Washington State\u2019s Legal Cannabis Market,\u201d International Journal of Drug Policy, \nVol. 57, July 2018, pp. 86\u201394. \nCole, James, Deputy Attorney General, \u201cGuidance Regarding Marijuana Enforcement,"]
[6.97505521774292, -1.083858847618103, "tional Survey on Drug Use and Health Restricted-Use Data Analysis System. \nSAMHSA\u2014See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Smart, Rosanna, Jonathan P. Caulkins, Beau Kilmer, Steven Davenport, and Greg Midgette, \n\u201cVariation in Ca"]
[4.638294219970703, 8.038500785827637, "CORPORATIONThe Enemy of Good\nEstimating the Cost of Waiting for  \nNearly Perfect Automated Vehicles\nNidhi Kalra and David G. GrovesLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. "]
[4.643627166748047, 8.051198959350586, "port RAND Model of Automated Vehicle Safety (MAVS): Model Documentation , which describes in \ndetail the model used for the analysis described in this report.\nRAND Science, Technology, and Policy\nThis research was conducted in the RAND Science, Techn"]
[4.641940593719482, 8.061820030212402, "rous gift to help RAND research and outreach teams extend the impact of completed research.\nSupport for this project is also provided, in part, by the income earned on client-\nfunded research, and by the generous contributions of the RAND Justice, In"]
[4.716464042663574, 8.294046401977539, "ed \nVehicles for Consumer Use?  .................................................................... 31\nReferences  ............................................................................................. 33viiFigures and Tables\nFigures\n 3.1. MA"]
[4.696667671203613, 8.356500625610352, " when it comes to humans versus machines, but these values and beliefs can be informed by science and evidence. In this report, we seek to provide such evidence by addressing the question of how safe HAVs should be before they are introduced. We used"]
[4.7399516105651855, 8.238910675048828, "e same improvement cannot be achieved equally quickly in laboratory or simulation settings. Savings are smallest when the opposite conditions hold.\nSecond, what does the evidence suggest about the conditions that lead to small \ncosts from waiting for"]
[4.791239261627197, 8.207586288452148, "s even deadlier\u2014with 37,461 fatalities (NHTSA, 2017). U.S. motor vehicle crashes can pose economic and social costs of more than $800 billion in a single year (Blincoe et al., 2015). Moreover, more than 90 percent of crashes involve driver-related er"]
[4.728454113006592, 8.219779968261719, " concern for the transportation industry, policymakers, and the public.\n4 Assessing safety requires considering two issues: How \nshould HAV safety be measured, and what threshold of safety should be required before HAVs are made publicly available? I"]
[4.734063148498535, 8.232608795166016, "s would still cause many crashes, injuries, and fatalities\u2014albeit fewer than their human counterparts. This may not be acceptable to society. A large body of research suggests that peoples\u2019 willingness to accept technological risk is governed by fact"]
[4.751914024353027, 8.224319458007812, "cy that waits to deploy HAVs only once \ntheir safety performance is either 75 percent or 90 percent better than that of the aver -\nage human driver (we call these options Improve75  and Improve90 , respectively). 4    The Enemy of Good: Estimating th"]
[4.881773948669434, 8.072368621826172, " drivers behind the wheel. Table 2.1 shows each level\u2019s description taken directly from the SAE International taxonomy (in italics) and our simplified interpretation.\nConsistent with Federal Automated Vehicles Policy (NHTSA, 2016b), we use the \nterm "]
[4.874839782714844, 7.996706962585449, "d by \nfunctions that automate both steering and acceleration, such as lane-keeping and adaptive cruise control; the human driver is responsible for monitoring the environment and intervening whenever needed. \nAutomated driving system performs the ent"]
[4.7652997970581055, 8.272522926330566, " improve safety\u2014for example, for coordinating vehicle movement through an intersection (Najm, Toma, and Brewer, 2013; Eccles et\n al\n., 2012).\nRau, Yanagisawa, and Najm (2015) describes a method for identifying the types \nand potential number of curre"]
[4.753884315490723, 8.284085273742676, "overlook important ways in which new technologies could add to crashes. This could occur if technology erodes human drivers\u2019 skills or attention, technology is vulnerable to cybersecurity failures that lead to new types of crashes, or HAVs simply per"]
[-0.38835975527763367, 12.74886417388916, " over time; the timing, rate, and extent of HAV adoption and diffusion throughout the fleet; and the initial safety of HAVs and how much and how quickly it improves. Accurately predicting safety outcomes is fraught with complications because such fac"]
[-0.41477614641189575, 12.734521865844727, "runs models over hundreds or thou -\nsands of different sets of assumptions to describe how plans perform in many \n pla\nusible \nconditions. Unlike, for example, Monte-Carlo analysis, which attaches probabili -\nties to those assumptions to estimate exp"]
[4.704890251159668, 8.35019302368164, "onomic costs, or other safety mea -\nsures. For simplicity and because of the particular attention paid to road deaths, we measure safety by the number \nof fatalities and the fatality rate.Figure 3.1\nMAVS Inputs and Outputs\nRAND RR2051-3.1Inputs\nVMT\n1"]
[4.695183753967285, 8.36608600616455, " by policy as 25% \n(Improve75) or 10% (Improve90) \nof the benchmark fatality rate\n8. Fin\nal HAV fatality rate Uncertain; constant, defined by initial fatality rates under \nImprove75 and Improve90\n9. HAV m\niles needed to reach 99% \nof\u00a0final HAV fatali"]
[4.6877617835998535, 8.377596855163574, "ficult to calculate and visualize in the results.\n4 A Latin Hypercube Sampling procedure ensures that all variables are sampled uniformly across their entire range \nand that the combinations of values across the variables are randomly selected (Salte"]
[4.723094940185547, 8.324920654296875, "tes have declined significantly since the 1950s, there has \nbeen a plateau over the past decade and an increase in recent years (Bureau of Transpor -\ntation Statistics, 2016). Based on the estimates of the safety benefits of driver assistance systems"]
[4.726823329925537, 8.349235534667969, "nt of HAV use, which we measure \nat the point of full diffusion. To begin with, some percentage of non-HAV driving in the baseline future will ultimately be replaced by HAVs (MAVS input\n 4). \nThis is \ndeeply uncertain, and we explore anywhere from 50"]
[4.688645362854004, 8.375936508178711, " defines it in terms of the \ncumulative number of miles of postdeployment HAV driving needed to improve from an initial to a final fatality rate (MAVS input\n 9). Th\nere is little real-world evidence that \nwould help bound this number. As of December "]
[4.695799350738525, 8.36258602142334, "er these latter policies. This means that HAVs under Improve10 would reach target safety performance at the same time as or sooner than under Improve75 or Improve90. Thus, the soonest HAVs can be introduced under these latter policies is when they al"]
[4.688414096832275, 8.372796058654785, "90 is defined by each \npolicy. As noted earlier, the best possible HAV fatality rate is uncertain, but, for sim -\nplicity, we assume that the very definition of \u201cnear perfection\u201d approaches a practical limit to HAV performance. Thus, HAVs under these"]
[4.6957550048828125, 8.361795425415039, "ehicles\nFigure 4.1\nEnsemble Difference in Cumulative Lives Saved over 15 Years for 500 Cases\nRAND RR2051-4.1\nDifference in cumulative fatalities200,000\n150,000\n0 500100,000\n50,000\n0\n400 300 200 100\nCasesImprove10 saves > 50,000 more lives than Improv"]
[4.694971084594727, 8.387519836425781, "ce in cumulative fatalities. The figure shows that all of these futures have a 23\n per\ncent or larger increase in VMT as a result of HAV use (horizontal axis) and \nrequire 1 trillion miles or more of driving to achieve a 75-percent improvement in fat"]
[4.697303771972656, 8.369174003601074, "lay in introducing HAVs under Improve75a \n(used to calculate Initial year of HAV introduction)8 0\u201315\n3 Improve10 Years to full diffusion of HAVs under Improve10 37 20\u201350\n3 Improve75 Increase in pace of HAV adoption under Improve75a  \n(used to calcula"]
[4.691406726837158, 8.367810249328613, "itions, and those savings can be significant\u2014tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of lives. The savings are particularly large when HAVs under Improve10 are adopted quickly. Conversely, the more stringent policies save more lives only when HAVs"]
[4.694668769836426, 8.359021186828613, "r term, the difference in VMT and therefore cumulative fatalities is smallest in futures in which HAVs are intro -\nduced under both policies nearly simultaneously. Figure\n 4.8 s\nhows that this gener -\nally occurs when (1)  th\ne number of miles it tak"]
[4.717727184295654, 8.35057544708252, "emain in operation. Nevertheless, our analysis reveals that these factors are not the primary drivers of dif -\nferent outcomes between these policies. \nTo summarize, in the longer term, more lives are cumulatively saved under an \nImprove10 policy tha"]
[4.725230693817139, 8.28165054321289, " does this imply for policies governing the introduction of HAVs for con -\nsumer use?30    The Enemy of Good: Estimating the Cost of Waiting for Nearly Perfect Automated Vehicles\nWhat Does the Evidence Suggest About the Conditions That Lead to \nSmall"]
[4.736783981323242, 8.257823944091797, "g gains that some might consider \u201cnear perfect\u201d may take much more effort and time than reaching better-than-average human perfor -\nmance, which may itself be still out of reach. \nSecond, there is no reason to believe that the value of real-world dri"]
[4.622702121734619, 8.043323516845703, "servations Exploring a Year\u2019s Change , \nCambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology AgeLab, White Paper 2017-2, 2017. As of September 12, 2017: http://agelab.mit.edu/sites/default/files/MIT%20-%20NEMPA%20White%20Paper%20FINAL.pdf\nAnderson"]
[4.6597185134887695, 8.007411003112793, "blue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/78178/  \nDeCicco_AutoEfficiencyHorizon_Sept2010.pdf?sequence=1Dietvorst, Berkeley J., Joseph P. Simmons, and Cade Massey, \u201cAlgorithm Aversion: People \nErroneously Avoid Algorithms After Seeing Them Err,\u201d Jo"]
[4.699686527252197, 7.963411808013916, "3-MCF, 2017. As of September 12, 2017: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1673.html\nFischhoff, Baruch, Paul Slovic, Sarah Lichtenstein, Stephen Read, and Barbara Combs, \u201cHow Safe Is \nSafe Enough? A Psychometric Study of Attitudes Towards Te"]
[4.6542887687683105, 8.028287887573242, "mental Change , Vol.\n 17\n, No.  1, 2\n007, pp.  73\n\u201385. \nHarper, C., C. Hendrickson, S. Mangones, and S. Constantine, \u201cEstimating Potential Increases in Travel with Autonomous Vehicles for the Non-Driving, Elderly and People with Travel-Restrictive Me"]
[4.632823944091797, 8.172980308532715, "ny Miles of Driving Would It Take \nto Demonstrate Autonomous Vehicle Reliability? Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1478-RC, 2016. As of September 12, 2017: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1478.html\nKoopman, Philip, and Michael W"]
[4.628238201141357, 8.023134231567383, "NE , Vol.\n 8, N\no. 2, e\n52669, 2013.\nNajm, Wassim G., Samuel Toma, and John Brewer, Depiction of Priority Light-Vehicle Pre-Crash Scenarios for Safety Applications Based on Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications , Washington, D.C.: U.S. \nDepartment of Tra"]
[4.667368412017822, 8.023882865905762, " Neurauter, and J. F. Antin, Advanced Crash Avoidance Technologies (ACAT) Program\u2014Final Report of the GM\u2013VTTI Backing Crash Countermeasures Project , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, \nDOT HS 811 452, August 2011.\nPetit,\n J.\n, and "]
[4.65502405166626, 8.055387496948242, "/files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-4CW8X0/2238129554x0x913801/  \nF9E5C36A-AFDD-4FF2-A375-ED9B0F912622/Q3_16_Update_Letter_-_final.pdfWalden, Greg, \u201cOpening Statement of Chairman Greg Walden,\u201d hearing on \u201cSelf-Driving Cars: \nRoad to Deployment,\u201d U."]
[4.7152018547058105, 8.277905464172363, "uman drivers\u2014what some might consider nearly perfect. We \ufb01nd that, in the long term, under none of the conditions we explored does waiting for signi\ufb01cant safety gains result in fewer fatalities. At best, fatalities are comparable, but, at worst, wait"]
[13.088658332824707, 0.7508665919303894, "Law Enforcement Efforts to Fight the \nOpioid Crisis\nConvening Police Leaders, Multidisciplinary Partners, \nand Researchers to Identify Promising Practices and to Inform a Research Agenda\nSean E. Goodison, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Jeremy D. Barnum, Dula"]
[13.109966278076172, 0.746793806552887, "romo -\ntion opportunities.\n\u2022 Provide same-day, low-barrier access to treatment with a medication-first model of care.\n\u2022 Provide syringe services to reduce associated harms and create treatment intervention opportunities.\n\u2022 Use syndromic surveillance "]
[13.080408096313477, 0.7284547090530396, "opioid crisis, law enforcement officers experience additional physical dangers, mental trauma, and stressors. Needs related to officers\u2019 mental health were seen as pressing, and participants gave high priority to strategies such as providing mental h"]
[13.047229766845703, 0.7028620839118958, " dramatic spike in heroin-related over -\ndose deaths in 2010. The deadliest wave of the epidemic began in 2013, with the introduction of synthetic opioids into the illicit drug supply. Today, synthetic opioids\u2014primarily fentanyl and its analogs\u2014remai"]
[13.072386741638184, 0.7204664945602417, " the epidemic (addressed in a keynote speech given by then\u2013Attorney General Jeff Sessions), the science of addiction and treatment, law enforcement\u2013led efforts to combat opioids, key areas of cooperation among governmental and community stakeholders,"]
[13.07536792755127, 0.7184587121009827, "pioid Crisis released a report detailing a broad variety of recommendations to address opioid use, addiction, and its consequences (White -\nhouse.gov, undated; Christie et al., 2017). The report acknowl -edges that effective solutions to a crisis of "]
[13.067947387695312, 0.7280206084251404, "f food or by engaging in sexual activity. Under normal circumstances, the amount of dopamine in the body is naturally regulated by another chemical, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). However, opioids bind to the part of the nerve that reduces GABA rele"]
[13.084010124206543, 0.7356626987457275, "motions and physical illness after a period of time without using opioids. Repeated opioid use interferes with the brain\u2019s reward system by impairing an individual\u2019s ability to experience pleasure. This compounds compulsive opioid use as individuals "]
[13.0890474319458, 0.7424952387809753, "ructured to include panels focusing on key topics related to law enforcement\u2013driven responses to the crisis. The topics of interest were identified based on literature review and discussions among RAND, PERF, and NIJ experts. Each panel included a se"]
[13.07496452331543, 0.740515947341919, "arolina Harm Reduction Coalition [NCHRC], undated). As emergency first responders, law enforcement officers can rapidly administer naloxone, especially in rural jurisdictions where emergency medical services might not be as readily available (Davis e"]
[13.071694374084473, 0.7416210174560547, "s also have been shown to strengthen the relationship between law enforce -\nment and members of the community (Wagner et al., 2016). Fewer studies have examined the efficacy of law enforcement serving as an entry point to treatment. One nonrandomized"]
[13.078767776489258, 0.7367133498191833, "prehensive partnership among law enforcement, commu -\nnity organizations, researchers, and the Washington/Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA) program. The goal of the initiative is to address the basic causes of drug use, rooted i"]
[13.074923515319824, 0.7418100833892822, "ted by another law enforcement expert, a naloxone deployment functions as a \u201chandshake\u201d with individuals with OUD and helps to build trust and rapport with officers, creat -\ning an entry point for treatment or other services either in the moment or w"]
[13.08878231048584, 0.7459404468536377, "including methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone, so that they can create an individualized treatment plan that will be most effective for them. Attendees argued that it is counterproductive for law enforcement to arrest individuals for possession "]
[13.078469276428223, 0.7399685382843018, "tant part of law enforcement \nnaloxone programs. Often, law enforcement agencies work with 9local or state partners or nonprofit organizations to implement \nthese programs. For example, the Deaths Avoided with Nalox -\none (DAWN) program was developed"]
[13.09123706817627, 0.7445533871650696, "takeholder coordination. \nThis panel featured the following five presentations:\n\u2022 Baltimore City Health Department and Law Enforce -\nment Collaborative Efforts, by  Matthew Stefanko, Balti -\nmore City Health Department\n\u2022 RxStat\u2014Applying the NYPD\u2019s Da"]
[13.087295532226562, 0.7384771108627319, "ans who would prevent crime) to note that coordination of public health and public safety efforts can start with considerable common ground. Central to overdose fatality reviews is the belief that overdoses are pre -\nventable through comprehensive in"]
[13.096571922302246, 0.7492823004722595, "ome unfocused. In the context of the opioid epi -\ndemic, attendees asserted that the primary indicator of success that stakeholders should pursue is reducing overdose deaths. Although the attendees generally agreed, one participant noted that an excl"]
[13.0694580078125, 0.7149363160133362, " that information to encourage individuals with OUD to take precautions that could reduce harm and prevent overdose. However, attendees noted that information sharing can sometimes be limited by the Health Information Portability and Accountability A"]
[13.060039520263672, 0.7067038416862488, "me into contact with drugs contain -\ning fentanyl, extremely powerful synthetic opioids with a high likelihood of causing overdose (Pagane et al., 1996; Burgess, Barnhart, and Checkoway, 1996; Herbert et al., 2006;  Collaboration was discussed as the"]
[13.089516639709473, 0.7197121977806091, "ics exposure, especially with the increasing opioid and fentanyl trends. He noted that the danger is often thought of as occurring at the scene, but it also can extend through the chain of custody to transport, packaging, testing, storage, and eventu"]
[13.081938743591309, 0.7199957370758057, "e topic and that standardized case reporting is necessary to better track the scope of the problem . Although participants were unaware \nof any confirmed reports of officer fatalities from accidental opioid exposure, they acknowledged that appropriat"]
[13.097010612487793, 0.6904593110084534, "\nopioid epidemic. With the constant introduction of new drugs, forensic laboratories are on the front lines in terms of assess -\ning the shifts in drug use trends and their consequences. These substances are identified through samples submitted by la"]
[13.12073802947998, 0.6294412612915039, "r \nProtection.\nAlthough having officers trained to use field identification \nkits has been in place in Phoenix, Arizona, since 2000, these \nkits did not allow for presumptive testing for opioids until after 2012, according to Crump. With support from"]
[13.096556663513184, 0.6854513883590698, "opes. New technology can aid in the process, but much of \nthe knowledge required to remain current is acquired through outside partnerships and communication with other laborato -\nries, content analysis of websites catering to drug users, and the pee"]
[13.104354858398438, 0.7562814950942993, " partnerships, and communities.\nPublic health experts stressed the value of this approach, \ncommenting that there is a common misperception that indi -\nviduals with OUD will seek out substances of higher potency. Panelists noted that studies tend to "]
[14.731670379638672, 1.734955072402954, "etailed notes on the cards as they talked in order to capture their reason -\ning on or reservations about a strategy or action category from the discussions. Participants were encouraged to move freely among the tables and, ultimately, to vote by pla"]
[14.658103942871094, 1.7069134712219238, "all differences in the actual prioritization scores. Instead, we use a clustering algorithm to identify natu -\nral groupings of high, medium, and low priorities among the items being prioritized. For this event, when we clustered all of the needs int"]
[13.278664588928223, 0.8686767816543579, " needs that are perceived to have barriers related to inadequate resourcing, inadequate technology, potential community and stakeholder concerns, or legal and regulatory issues. These are important strategies that should be priorities for additional "]
[13.258734703063965, 0.8558140993118286, "recognize emerging drug crises.\n5 \nAlthough participation and group composition remained \nlargely constant during the panels and subsequent discussions, many participants departed from the workshop before the final prioritization session. The worksho"]
[13.112351417541504, 0.7528941631317139, "that Table 2. The 13 High-Priority Needs, by Category\nCategory Related High-Priority Need\nOverdose response and treatment promotion \u2022 Broaden the use of MAT in the general population and increase accessibility.\n\u2022 Promote nonenforcement police outreac"]
[13.11617660522461, 0.7570748329162598, "nication among stakeholders and useful methods for carrying out syndromic surveillance. Participants noted the need to establish relationships and communicate with diverse groups. Parties could use social media to provide information to the community"]
[13.156371116638184, 0.7844357490539551, "5.6\n22.2\n33.3\n2.3\n22.9\n59.4\n14.8\n25.962.0\n42.5\n25.9\n39.0\n78.1\n11.1\n63.9\n55.6\n97.7\n68.6\n25.0\n63.0\n66.719.0\n6.9\n22.1\n33.3\n13.9\n11.1\n8.6\n15.6\n22.2\n7.4Resolve ba rriers Research , replicate , and evaluate results Disseminate and promote broad a pplicatio"]
[13.14216423034668, 0.7572951316833496, "lder concerns received no votes, participants nevertheless made mul -\ntiple suggestions about means to address community and stake -\nholder concerns. Participants particularly suggested addressing community attitudes that would seek to keep facilitie"]
[13.110013008117676, 0.7437256574630737, "r studying, research, and communication could be helpful. \nCreate a trauma awareness early warning system for \nlaw enforcement stress exposure . This need was derived from \nthe discussion following the panel on officer safety. Participants primarily "]
[13.124385833740234, 0.7619156241416931, "eceived enough total votes to place them in the top tier, they stand out because of this apparent suggestion from many participants that they might not be ready for implementation and barrier resolution until further research is carried out. \nExplore"]
[13.109274864196777, 0.7500969767570496, " the opioid crisis will be a focus on connecting individuals with OUD to the medications that can treat the disorder. A strong body of evidence suggests that MAT is an effective means to treat OUD and reduce harm from opioid abuse as a long-term solu"]
[14.727051734924316, 1.7160670757293701, "re published on the topic. At the time of the invitations, panelists were pro -\nvided with a brief description of the workshop\u2019s focus areas.\nPrioritization of Needs\nAs we described in the main body of the report, to prioritize the needs provided in "]
[13.073430061340332, 0.7377357482910156, "can Society of Addiction Medicine, Public Policy Statement: Definition of Addiction , Chevy Chase, Md., April 12, 2011. As of \nJuly\u00a023, 2019: https://www.asam.org/resources/definition-of-addiction\nASAM\u2014 See American Society of Addiction Medicine.\nBec"]
[13.074018478393555, 0.7491198182106018, "of July\u00a023, 2019: https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/  \nFinal_Report_Draft_11-1-2017.pdf\nClifasefi, Seema L., Heather S. Lonczak, and Susan E. Collins, \n\u201cSeattle\u2019s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD) Program: Within-Su"]
[13.069945335388184, 0.7287923693656921, "ncreases in Synthetic Opioid\u2013Involved Overdose Deaths\u201427 States, 2013\u20132014,\u201d Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report\n, Vol.  65, No.  33, August 26, 2016, pp.  837\u2013\n843.\nGreen, Traci C., Nickolas Zaller, Wilson R. Palacios, Sarah E. \nBowman, Madeline R"]
[13.062121391296387, 0.7290555238723755, " undated. As of July\u00a023, 2019:  https://www.leadbureau.org\nLEAD National Support Bureau\u2014 See Law Enforcement Assisted \nDiversion National Support Bureau. Lee, Joshua D., Edward V. Nunes, Jr., Patricia Novo, Ken Bachrach, \nGenie L. Bailey, Snehal Bhat"]
[13.05941104888916, 0.7601187825202942, "page, undated. As of August\u00a01, 2019: http://www.ncai.org/initiatives/partnerships-initiatives/  \nncai-opioid-initiative\nNational Institute on Drug Abuse, \u201cOpioids,\u201d webpage, undated. As \nof July 23, 2019:  https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/opioid"]
[13.067750930786133, 0.7350134253501892, "n and Recovery Initiative, \u201cOur Law \nEnforcement Partners,\u201d webpage, undated\u00a0b. As of July\u00a023, 2019: https://paariusa.org/our-partners\nPolice Executive Research Forum, Building Successful Partnerships \nBetween Law Enforcement and Public Health Agenci"]
[13.064390182495117, 0.7266320586204529, ". As of July\u00a023, 2019: https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/video-gallery/video-library/  \nfentanyl-real-deal\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the \nSurgeon General, Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General\u2019s Report on Alcohol, "]
[13.92112922668457, 4.1806840896606445, "chnology policy, criminal justice, \nnational security, and emerging technologies and innovation. His recent research involves the policy, procedure, and technology needs of criminal justice agencies, development planning and program evaluation in the"]
[13.9296875, 4.0698347091674805, "University of Denver, is carrying out a research effort to assess and prioritize technology and related needs across the criminal justice community. This initiative is a component of NIJ\u2019s National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (N"]
[0.7151749730110168, 13.439021110534668, "Robust Stormwater \nManagement in  the Pittsburgh Region\nA Pilot Study\nJordan R. Fischbach, Kyle Siler-Evans, Devin Tierney, Michael T. Wilson, \nLauren M. Cook, Linnea Warren May\nCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis documen"]
[0.7162229418754578, 13.436991691589355, "ing challenge of stormwater management in the \nPittsburgh metropolitan region. The City of Pittsburgh and other municipalities in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, face significant challenges in meeting water-quality requirements and upgrading their ag"]
[0.7182196378707886, 13.47165298461914, "............................................................... ix\nSummary  .............................................................................................. xi\nAcknowledgments  ..........................................................."]
[0.9744383096694946, 13.495376586914062, "y Levers Considered in This Pilot Study  ...................................................... 59\nPreliminary Strategy Cost Assumptions  ........................................................... 65\nResults from Screening Comparisons  ............."]
[0.7436858415603638, 13.297484397888184, "...................................................... 42\n 3.5. Comp\narison of Average Monthly Overflow, 2003 Typical Year and Recent \nHistorical  ................................................................................ 43\n 3.6. Map of Re\ncen"]
[0.756858766078949, 13.398508071899414, "ar (Mgal.)  .............. 33\n 3.3. Summ\nary Statistics for Three Precipitation Scenarios (Main Rivers  \nPlanning Basin)  .......................................................................... 39\n 3.4. Rece\nnt Historical Simulated Overflows Compa"]
[0.7457409501075745, 13.428383827209473, "ferred to as a sanitary sewer overflow  (SSO). More than 9\u00a0billion gallons \n(Bgal.) of sewer overflow in a typical year have led to violations of the U.S. Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251), along with state and county public health laws.\nAdding to the"]
[0.7478923797607422, 13.460224151611328, "roximately \n9.5\u00a0Bgal. of CSOs and SSOs can occur each year. Given the negative effects on water quality, ecosystems, and public health from these overflows, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 2008, working with its state and local partners, "]
[-0.37775835394859314, 12.713607788085938, "udy Uses a Participatory Approach and Robust Decision Making \nMethods\nThe study is based on a participatory decision support framework and method for \nimproving decisions under deep uncertainty called Robust Decision Making (RDM). RDM is an iterative"]
[0.21793437004089355, 13.089446067810059, "plore \nhow the system might respond to plausible future scenarios reflecting the number of future wastewater customer connections, land-use changes, or climate change. All of these results are based on a \u201cfuture without action,\u201d in which the current "]
[0.7096189260482788, 13.308756828308105, "ual rainfall and slightly less intense daily storms.\n\u2022 Land u\nse: Three land-use scenarios were developed reflecting no population \ngrowth (Current Land Use), moderate growth (Southwestern Pennsylvania Com -\nmission [SPC] Growth), and high growth (2x"]
[0.7768559455871582, 13.32905101776123, "ute to overfl  ow increases but that no single factor is dominant. Th  e extent of increased vulnerability depends on the assumptions, but it ranges from 1.5 to 4.2 Bgal./year in additional overfl  ow volume (11 to 13.7 Bgal./year in total) when comp"]
[0.9884846210479736, 13.495922088623047, "s the names and assumptions used for each GSI strategy. \n\u2022\n Inflo\nw and infiltration (I&I) reduction:  I&I is the result of an aging sewer \nsystem with leaks in manholes and pipes, as well as some cases in which buried streams flow directly into the "]
[1.0068155527114868, 13.512426376342773, "verflows by 25 percent, while treatment expansion together with cleaning of the main intercep -\ntors reduced overflows by 34\u00a0percent. I&I strategies alone reduced total overflow 5 to 19 percent, and GSI strategies reduced overflows 5 to 21 percent. T"]
[1.0123357772827148, 13.50843620300293, "itial set of assumptions used in strategy screening that are similar to those applied in other recent research. 480 MGD = treatment plant expansion; Clean = deep-tunnel interceptor cleaning.\nRAND RR1673-S.34.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0\nTotal overflow (B"]
[1.0347838401794434, 13.512690544128418, "4 to $1.59 per gallon, with many scenarios above the reference value of $0.35 per gallon. Strategies including treatment plant expansion alone or together with interceptor cleaning, by contrast, yield good cost-effectiveness performance across the fu"]
[1.0142978429794312, 13.513599395751953, "above (poor) the threshold of $0.35 per gallon. \nUsing statistical algorithms and visualization tools, several key drivers were iden -\ntified common to both strategies: (1) future climate uncertainty (represented as average annual rainfall); and (2) "]
[0.9867281317710876, 13.498697280883789, "ible future changes, by contrast, shows that source \nreduction with GSI is more cost-effective in higher-rainfall scenarios . Of course, \nall strategies show improved cost-effectiveness with more rainfall, but the relative cost-\nefficiency improvemen"]
[1.0024826526641846, 13.515746116638184, "r regional stormwater management. The analysis shows that large-scale investments in source reduction could help reduce overflow but with a wide range Summary    xxv\nof uncertainty regarding cost-effectiveness and relative strategy performance. It al"]
[0.7089987397193909, 13.431962966918945, "s as part of an adaptive plan. Our analysis is suggestive, but not yet conclusive, about what a robust and adaptive strategy might entail.xxviiAcknowledgments\nThis pilot study was possible only through active and sustained engagement with many \npartn"]
[0.6290311813354492, 13.430434226989746, "throughout the research effort, overseeing workshop logistics and countless revisions to the draft manuscript. Robert Lempert and Debra Knopman served as RAND co\u2013principal investigators, overseeing all three urban climate adaptation pilot efforts, an"]
[0.7335710525512695, 13.445228576660156, "The study builds on recent RAND efforts to support improved deci -\nsionmaking in response to climate and other uncertainties (e.g., Fischbach et al., 2015) and is one of three pilot studies centered around a new framework for urban adaptation 2    Ro"]
[0.7446228265762329, 13.431341171264648, " somewhere in the system, drain -\ning a mix of untreated stormwater and wastewater into one of the three rivers. Some portions of the county have sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs), where wastewater flows \n1  In addition, there is a fourth river, the Yo"]
[0.7089991569519043, 13.433975219726562, "t, inadequate stormwater drainage (Balingit, 2013). Some municipalities regularly face rainfall flooding, which can damage homes, businesses, and municipal infrastruc -\nture and can increase the risk of landslides.\nThe Pittsburgh region\u2019s stormwater "]
[0.8681374192237854, 13.465435981750488, " the proposed inclusion of \u201csource reduction\u201d\u2014that \nis, investments to reduce or prevent groundwater or stormwater from entering the existing sewer system \u201cat the source,\u201d thereby freeing up capacity and reducing overflows. Source reduction approache"]
[0.9578150510787964, 13.497507095336914, "lowing:\n\u2022\n How mig\nht the region\u2019s vulnerability to future stormwater runoff and sewer over -\nflow change with a changing climate and population patterns?\n\u2022 To what e\nxtent could CSOs and SSOs be reduced using innovative approaches, \neither in curren"]
[0.7469424605369568, 13.423993110656738, " of stormwater and wastewater simula -\ntion models originally developed by ALCOSAN to support quantitative scenario anal -\nysis. Appendix C details the technical inputs and methods applied to develop scenarios for this study. In Appendix D, we descri"]
[0.7435956001281738, 13.436229705810547, "fl  ow through Allegh-\neny County. Figure 2.1 shows a map of the 25 watersheds within the county\u2019s border. \nHowever, urbanization and the region\u2019s long history with natural resource extraction and heavy industry have taken a major toll on the health "]
[0.7243425846099854, 13.427735328674316, "ovide conveyance to the treatment plant. However, when the capacity of the system is overwhelmed, typically during wet weather events, a mixture of untreated stormwater and sewage overflows from the system and is released into a river or stream. Impo"]
[0.7357221841812134, 13.431157112121582, ".\n Overflows in Pittsburgh and other ALCOSAN communities are high, but \nthey are comparable to those in older American cities with combined sewer systems.  \nMilwaukee, Wisconsin, has a similar-sized system, for example, and previously faced  \n8 to 9 "]
[0.7263306379318237, 13.453193664550781, "l ratepayers (3 Rivers Wet Weather, undated-a). \nALCOSAN has similarly initiated meetings involving policymakers, managers, \nand engineers to facilitate municipal coordination on green infrastructure projects. These meetings served to highlight the v"]
[0.7226895093917847, 13.457293510437012, "cted to prevent more than 5 Bgal. of wastewater from reaching waterways each year, yielding systemwide reductions in CSO and SSO volumes of 56\u00a0 percent and 90\u00a0percent, respectively. ALCOSAN estimated that ratepayers could face rate increases of appro"]
[0.7214506268501282, 13.447827339172363, "gion: A Pilot Study\nconsent orders and agreements with PADEP. Municipalities facing CWA compliance \nviolations participated with ALCOSAN in the creation of the WWP to help ensure that it would address all wastewater issues facing the service area (AL"]
[0.8123464584350586, 13.454767227172852, "lems, and considers potential solutions for follow-up in Phase II. The final plan will focus on developing a model ordinance for stormwater management and other key elements highlighted in Phase I, but it could also contribute to subsequent Regional "]
[0.9246640801429749, 13.482259750366211, "es Stitt of PWSA, August 16, 2016.18    Robust Stormwater Management in the Pittsburgh Region: A Pilot Study\nStormwater Source Reduction and Green Stormwater Infrastructure \nAs noted in the previous section, one approach under active consideration fo"]
[-0.20297455787658691, 12.937442779541016, "ver -\nflow control plans (USEPA, 2014), and the approach is being studied and implemented at scale as part of LTCPs or other climate adaptation efforts in other major metro -\npolitan areas, including Philadelphia; Seattle; Washington, D.C.; and New Y"]
[-0.3721155524253845, 12.712300300598145, "ation to systematically consider how outcomes could vary across a wide range of plausible assumptions about the future. \nRDM then uses statistics and visualizations to investigate the resulting large data -\nbase of model runs and help identify those "]
[0.7316119074821472, 13.432938575744629, "olicy choices) to consequences (change in risk) and used visualization tools to help the stakeholders envision vulner -\nabilities and trade-offs, engage in an iterative process of \u201cwhat if\u201d with the data, and deliberate with one another over decision"]
[0.6524697542190552, 13.502669334411621, "management were also actively conducting or supporting local planning efforts. This group included experts from ALCOSAN; PWSA;  \n3 Rivers Wet Weather; Michael Baker Jr., Inc.; CDM Smith; Mott MacDonald; Landbase Systems; and Ethos Collaborative. Othe"]
[0.4489256739616394, 13.587286949157715, "around urban stormwater management within Allegh -\neny County. We employed the XLRM process first set forth in Lempert, Popper, and Bankes (2003) to organize the conversations and relevant outputs. In the XLRM abbreviation, M stands for the goals to "]
[0.7696859836578369, 13.474920272827148, "e workshops was reducing flood risk to resi -\ndents and property, either from events that exceed system capacity (e.g., basement \nbackups, manhole overflows) or from stormwater flow itself on hillsides and in valleys during severe rainfall events. Pa"]
[0.8238542675971985, 13.471195220947266, "ants identified a range of policy levers that could address these goals. These included traditional gray infrastructure (tunnels, pipes, treatment, and storage); stormwater source reduction via GSI or through improved repair, retrofitting, opera -\nti"]
[0.8694821000099182, 13.478163719177246, "nt could dramatically alter the \nrange of feasible solutions for local and regional planners. \nFinally, some participants noted that some proposed stormwater policy levers, \nparticularly stormwater GSI, have not yet been tested or proven at a large s"]
[0.7146415114402771, 13.536542892456055, "s broad scope to identify a set of discrete analysis steps that \ncould be accomplished within the time frame and resources of this pilot study. The XLRM elements bolded in Table 2.1 represent those that we were able carry forward into the technical a"]
[0.7537810206413269, 13.378490447998047, "study, we employ RDM with currently available \nsimulation modeling tools. The process to translate this scope into a series of techni -\ncal inputs for the analysis is briefly described, along with analysis results, in Chapters Three and Four, with mo"]
[0.7209343910217285, 13.32111644744873, " inputs related to population growth and land use and present sewer overflow results across these scenarios in turn. All overflow scenarios are then combined to show the complete uncertainty analysis, and we high -\nlight a handful of system outfalls "]
[0.7699065208435059, 13.3611478805542, " ALCOSAN models will also exist in the adapted models used in this analysis . This is an important limitation \nin this context, as simulation modeling to support urban stormwater, wastewater, and water-quality planning is a challenging and evolving s"]
[0.7506634593009949, 13.3380765914917, "equires more than \n50 central processing unit (CPU)-hours, which can be completed in roughly a 24-hour span when using a server or multicore computer that can run several basin models simultaneously. To scale the study to be able to test many variabl"]
[0.7756608724594116, 13.339457511901855, "LCOSAN\u2019s original modeling assumptions. \nTable 3.2 summarizes the annual volume of sewer overflows by planning basin \nsimulated in the RAND model after the bias correction is applied. These results closely match ALCOSAN\u2019s Existing Conditions modeled "]
[0.2167462259531021, 13.172687530517578, "lated for the vulnerability analysis. \n1  The RDM literature sometimes uses the term future  to describe a specific realization or mapping of assump -\ntions to consequences. This is distinguished from a \u201cscenario\u201d or \u201cdecision-relevant scenario,\u201d whi"]
[0.7220048904418945, 13.334686279296875, "nsider long-term climate change effects on their systems.\nRecent Local Investigations Rely on a \u201cTypical Year\u201d Approach\nAllegheny County\u2019s weather is influenced from systems moving from the Gulf of Mexico, Canada, and the U.S. Central Plains.\n Mean y"]
[0.12227945029735565, 12.685481071472168, "ded and main -\ntained by 3 Rivers Wet Weather (undated-a). In this case, the 1 km\n2 of observed pre-\ncipitation data was reformatted and used directly as inputs for the SWMM models for the years 2004 to 2013.\nClimate Downscaled Hydrology\nAdditional c"]
[0.6451331973075867, 13.237346649169922, "longer. The Higher Total Rainfall scenario, alterna -\ntively, uses the MM5I-HadCM3\n3 simulation. This scenario projects the largest increase \nin total annual rainfall and slightly less-intense daily storms than the Higher Intensity Rainfall scenario."]
[0.7015445232391357, 13.234733581542969, "s of average rainfall or frequency of intense storms, and it is too soon to tell which of these futures might be more or less likely to occur.\nFinal Climate Scenarios\nThe resulting outputs from the downscaling analysis are two climate-adjusted precip"]
[0.751750111579895, 13.304986000061035, "fecting sewer over -\nflows. Using the adapted modeling system described earlier, we evaluated annual over -\nflows from the 2003 Typical Year and the subsequent decade (2004 to 2013) (Recent Historical), holding wastewater customer connections and lan"]
[0.7356774806976318, 13.283500671386719, "timate. The /f_itted annual trend is 0.08 inches/year (0.01, 0.15) and is statistically signi/f_icant at the 95-percent con/f_idence level.\nRAND RR1673-3.2\n1954\n19561958\n1960\n196219641966\n1968\n197019721974\n1976\n197819801982\n19841986\n198819901992\n1994"]
[0.7678629755973816, 13.308332443237305, " at cur-Figure 3.4\nRainfall and Overfl  ows by Month, 2003 Typical Year and Recent Historical\nRAND RR1673-3.40 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\nMonthly rainfall (inches)012345678Overflow (Bgal./month)\nNOTE: Monthly rainfall volumes represent the unweighted avera"]
[0.7377409338951111, 13.304685592651367, "native storm patterns to better estimate plausible future vulnerability.Figure 3.6\nMap of Recent Historical Overfl  ows by Outfall\nNOTE: Circles represent CSO outfalls; diamonds show SSO outfalls. Selected outfalls, including interceptor\nrelief over/"]
[0.7581488490104675, 13.323856353759766, "en combined with other scenario dimensions because of computing costs. \nAs described in Appendix C, we developed a fixed additive term at the outfall \nlevel based on a comparison of ALCOSAN modeled results and then applied the same additive term to e"]
[0.6910215616226196, 13.288476943969727, "se regulations could help to limit or avoid increases in impervious cover in Allegheny County municipali -\nties, essentially reducing the likelihood of such scenarios as SPC Growth or 2xPGH. \nPopulation Growth Projections\nThe first step in creating t"]
[0.7227597236633301, 13.300950050354004, "2 8 723 10\nLO/GR 306 321 5 335 9\nMR 3,900 4,251 9 5,300 36\nSM 429 466 9 535 25\nTC 119 139 17 144 21\nUA 1,432 1,507 5 1541 8\nUM 866 944 9 948 9\nTotal 7,709a8,340 8 9,526 24\na Totals are slightly different from ALCOSAN WWP because of methodology differ"]
[0.7480902671813965, 13.310198783874512, " All Simulated Scenarios\nTh  e fi  nal step in this analysis of vulnerability was to simulate all combinations of the \nscenarios described earlier. Average annual overfl  ow volumes are shown in Figure 3.10, using the same format as prior results.\nWh"]
[0.764808177947998, 13.304762840270996, "ll 13.7 1.1 12.69.5\nCSO SSO\nNOTE: The vertical gray line shows the estimated total over/f_low using Current Connections, Current Land \nUse, and the 2003 Typical Year rainfall for visual comparison purposes.  52    Robust Stormwater Management in the "]
[0.7857783436775208, 13.321928977966309, "l. For convenience, we will use this scenario for selected results through the remainder of this chapter. \nFigure 3.12 shows the change occurring at each outfall between the baseline (Cur -\nrent Connections/Current Land Use/Recent Historical) and thi"]
[0.7897756099700928, 13.32016372680664, "r points with darker red shades indicate outfalls likely to disproportionately contribute \nto future overflows. The top pane shows all outfalls, while the bottom pane provides a zoom and \nhighlights 12 outfalls contributing a substantial fraction of "]
[0.729049026966095, 13.295671463012695, " 8 648 1\nHigher Total \nRainfall665 9 669 4\nSPC Growth Recent  \nHistorical635 4 653 1\nHigher Intensity \nRainfall682 12 657 2\nHigher Total \nRainfall699 15 683 6\n2xPGH Recent Historical 728 19 683 6\nHigher Intensity \nRainfall778 28 684 6\nHigher Total \nR"]
[0.9733741879463196, 13.498682975769043, "tify and test a range of proposed planning-level strategies intended to improve system function or reduce the flow of stormwater into the system during rainfall events. In Chapter Five, we then evaluate a promising subset of these strategies across t"]
[0.973676323890686, 13.48400592803955, "d \nStakeholder Advisors during participatory workshops and sensitivity testing conducted by the modeling team. \nHowever, there were various policy levers not evaluated in this pilot study because \nof time and resource limitations. These included most"]
[1.0002309083938599, 13.50992202758789, " is sized for 1.5 inches of rain -\nfall). Results from a sensitivity analysis (Appendix D) show a significant perfor -Comparing Source Reduction and Wastewater Policy Levers    61\nmance improvement with \u201chigh-flow\u201d sites (i.e., high loading ratio). B"]
[0.9665907025337219, 13.492332458496094, "ay not be realistic. Such an aggressive strategy would likely \nneed to deploy a variety of technologies beyond bioretention alone, and all installa -\ntions would be subject to slope, soil, and other engineering conditions. These strategies would requ"]
[0.9875304698944092, 13.504510879516602, " originally targeted for gray infrastructure, Washington, D.C., plans to use GSI to control nearly 500 impervious acres to manage stormwater by 2030 (District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority, 2015). In the coming years, cities with substantial "]
[0.9760884642601013, 13.497685432434082, "as of the system with separate stormwater and wastewater pipes). The levels of assumed I&I reductions are shown in Table 4.3, where R1, R2, and R3 are the short-, medium- and longer-term RDII responses (see Appendix D).64    Robust Stormwater Managem"]
[1.0006985664367676, 13.50161075592041, "; we do not consider the cost of ongoing operations and maintenance (O&M) or the expected service life of a project, both of which are important for accurately assessing the full \u201clife-cycle\u201d cost of a strat -\negy. O&M costs were excluded because of "]
[1.0084811449050903, 13.50809383392334, "cost green roofs. \nI&I Reduction Capital Costs\nTable 4.4 also shows the I&I cost assumptions used in this analysis. The pipe repair costs are based on cost data from actual repair efforts in the region (ALCOSAN, 2015a), and manhole repair costs were "]
[1.0296902656555176, 13.530128479003906, "n the Existing Conditions model and the average-year pre-\ncipitation (modified in 2003). All screening strategies are evaluated relative to the FWOA model results. \n\u2022\n GSI: Th\nere are five variations of GSI; the assumptions and parameters of those \ns"]
[0.9261480569839478, 13.44206714630127, "RR1673-4.20 2 4 6 8 10\nTotal overflow (Bgal./year)ID\n0\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n1011\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30Name\nFWOA\nGSI-10\nGSI-20\nGSI-40\nGSI-40-HI\nGSI-40-AOP\nI&I Low (8%)\nI&I Low (6%)\nI&I Mid (8%)I&I Mid (6%)\nI&I High (8%)"]
[0.9964600205421448, 13.498688697814941, "g the treatment plant is expected to reduce overflows by 2.5 Bgal./year \n(26-percent reduction), and expanding the treatment plant and removing debris from the main interceptors reduce overflows by 3.3 Bgal./year (a reduction of 34\u00a0percent). These st"]
[1.0047001838684082, 13.502227783203125, "ed strategy reduces 5.9 Bgal./year in overfl  ows\u201417 percent less than the total of the \nthree strategies in isolation. \nFigure 4.4 shows results for the same set of 30 screening strategies, where the \nx-axis and y-axis are the total system CSO and S"]
[1.017480492591858, 13.513954162597656, " greatest overflow reduction at the lowest cost. Results show the following:\n\u2022\n GSI (S\ntrategies 1 through 5): Assuming $304,000 per impervious acre \ncontrolled,3 the total cost of GSI strategies that control 10 to 40 percent of DCIA \nwithin the comb"]
[0.9789609313011169, 13.49967098236084, "example, Strategies 19 and 23 provide roughly the same overflow reduction (4.3\u00a0Bgal./year), but Strategy 23 is expected to cost nearly $1.3\u00a0billion less. \nConclusion\nIn this chapter, we formulated a set of regional, planning-level source reduction st"]
[0.9865301847457886, 13.504996299743652, "nitial planning-level source reduction \nstrategies considered in this analysis is able to eliminate SSO volumes, and most still yield substantial remaining CSO volumes and average hours in overflow per year. Incorporating future uncertainty only exac"]
[0.9926877617835999, 13.523151397705078, "ward in the application of high-performance computing for stormwater scenario analysis, but our ability to explore additional scenarios and strate-gies was nevertheless limited by the cost of these computing resources. As a result, in this portion of"]
[0.9681094884872437, 13.478127479553223, " runoff area that is tributary to the GSI. Given the substantial uncertainty associated with GSI in terms of flow reduction when implemented at a high number of sites across the region, these two scenarios were developed as bounding cases to help cha"]
[1.0074348449707031, 13.515328407287598, "ins relatively constant at 0.4 to  \n0.5 Bgal./year with Higher Intensity Rainfall. \nBy contrast, the performance of GSI-20 remains constant or declines slightly \nacross land-use scenarios with greater impervious cover. For example, the overflow reduc"]
[0.8873105645179749, 13.349157333374023, "cal \n(2013)12.7 11.9 0.8 11.5 1.3 0.4\n2xPGH Higher Intensity \nRainfall (2038)13.6 12.0 1.6 11.6 2.0 0.4\n2xPGH Higher Total Rainfall \n(2038)14.0 12.5 1.5 12.1 1.9 0.4\nNOTE: Table shows Future Connections wastewater customer scenario results only. All "]
[1.0062960386276245, 13.509566307067871, "ansion and cleaning the main intercep -\ntors, reduces overflows to 6.2 to 9.4 Bgal./year (a reduction of 3.3 to 4.7 Bgal./year) across the uncertain scenarios, a further reduction of 800 to 900 Mgal./year compared with Strategy 12. Coupling treatment"]
[1.0157713890075684, 13.54318904876709, "more targeted and refined approach in PWSA analysis, focusing on priority sewersheds and developing more detailed design concepts, likely explains the difference in performance.84    Robust Stormwater Management in the Pittsburgh Region: A Pilot Stud"]
[1.0155768394470215, 13.514281272888184, "pe of policy lever. These uncer -\ntainties are briefly summarized in the following section, and the uncertain factors and Robust Decision Making Strategy Comparison    85\nranges chosen are discussed in detail in Appendix D of this report. Table 5.3 p"]
[1.0112216472625732, 13.506291389465332, "pipe repair costs are based on three data sources; the low and mid-values are \nbased on cost data from actual repair efforts in the region (ALCOSAN, 2015b), and \nthe high value is the default for 8-inch pipes in the Philadelphia Water Department (Phi"]
[1.0367094278335571, 13.530080795288086, "in \nsupport of RDM analysis and scenario discovery (Bryant and Lempert, 2010; Groves and Lempert, 2007; Lempert, Popper, and Bankes, 2003). We developed a 100-point LHS sample across the cost uncertainty dimensions listed in Table 5.3 and included se"]
[1.020707130432129, 13.5097017288208, "eduction for a regional sewer system like ALCOSAN\u2019s. Over a long period of implementation (ten to 20 years), costs could plausibly end up at the lower end because of technological improvement, evolving best practice, and econo -\nmies of scale. Altern"]
[1.027345061302185, 13.511858940124512, "s, across all scenarios, the overfl  ow reduction achieved by a treatment plant expansion is always or nearly always highly cost-eff  ective, even in scenarios in which expansion costs are up Figure 5.3\nCost-Effectiveness for Selected Strategies, All"]
[1.055757999420166, 13.54051685333252, "clude interceptor cleaning and yield similarly very wide cost-effectiveness ranges. \nStrategy 27, to which we refer as the Combined Source Reduction Strategy through \nthe remainder of this discussion for convenience, includes a treatment plant expans"]
[1.0221904516220093, 13.510076522827148, "llustration. The figure includes regret in terms of over -\nflow reduction (y-axis) and cost-effectiveness (x-axis) for each of the eight remaining strategies. Points are sized to show the median remaining overflows with the strat -\negy in place. An i"]
[1.0344070196151733, 13.523314476013184, "pear above the upper-right corner of the plot area and are \nomitted for clarity.\nRAND RR1673-5.40.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16\nMedian cost-effectiveness regret ($/gal. reduced)0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5Median overflow reduction regret (Bg"]
[1.0223647356033325, 13.51622200012207, "or average GSI capital cost per impervious acre controlled. The areas highlighted in yellow show the set of assumptions that that yield acceptable cost-effectiveness, with the dashed red lines showing the specific thresholds identified in part with s"]
[1.0348589420318604, 13.532356262207031, ".57.0Total overflow (Bgal./year)\n0.10 0.50Cost-effectiveness ($/gal.)Robust Decision Making Strategy Comparison    95\nTh  is pattern changes when we look at the climate scenarios with plausible future \nrainfall increases (bottom half of plot). Here, "]
[1.0288175344467163, 13.524273872375488, "s, identify which \nuncertain factors were most often leading to cost-effectiveness results in excess of $0.35 per gallon (Figure 5.5, red-shaded region). For this strategy, the results showed that a similar subset of uncertainties\u2014in this case, avera"]
[1.0315786600112915, 13.533519744873047, "t Decision Making Strategy Comparison    97\nFigure 5.7\nScenario Discovery Results for a Combined Source Reduction Strategy (Strategy 27)\n$41576%\nRAND RR1673-5.7150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600\nAverage GSI cost per impervious acre (2016 $ thous"]
[0.9796768426895142, 13.491756439208984, "tion in scenarios with more rainfall, they could yield long-term benefits and investment value. Conversely, if rainfall volumes are not increasing or cost and per -\nformance targets cannot be achieved, source reduction might not \u201cpay off\u201d well when c"]
[0.9706723690032959, 13.498617172241211, " program focused on high-inflow areas of the separated sewer system, or combinations of both\u2014appear to yield notable overflow reduction ben -\nefits that can be cost-effective under plausible future assumptions. Cost-effectiveness of treatment expansi"]
[0.797896146774292, 13.2899169921875, "have grown in the past decade, with sewer overflows increasing from approximately 9.5 Bgal./year in a 2003 Typical Year simulation to a ten-year average of 11 Bgal./year for 2004 to 2013, when holding other system characteristics constant. These incr"]
[1.0584967136383057, 13.534055709838867, "mpervious cover in the combined sewer area over addressing potential new growth.\nExpanding WWTP capacity or cleaning existing deep interceptors could \nrepresent low-regret, near-term options.  Next, we identified and tested a range of \nproposed plann"]
[1.0266610383987427, 13.524024963378906, "e of cost-effectiveness from $0.11 per gallon to $0.67 per gallon. \nNone of the strategies combining treatment plant expansion with intercep -\ntor cleaning and source reduction fully eliminates sewer overflows. This analysis tested a wide range of pr"]
[0.9809602499008179, 13.491020202636719, "$353,000).\nRainfall uncertainty is also a key driver for a Combined Source Reduction Strat -\negy. As with Strategy 2, this strategy is increasingly cost-effective as average annual rainfall increases and the climate scenario becomes more adverse. Str"]
[0.9670864939689636, 13.49653434753418, "ate, population growth, or land-use changes. Infrastruc -\nture planning and design based only on a 2003 Typical Year could yield a system that is not resilient to these changes, meaning that overflows could still occur regularly even after these inve"]
[1.0235652923583984, 13.533821105957031, "general, help support continued progress toward regional collaboration on \nstormwater planning.\nSource reduction could help reliably reduce overflows, but additional \nresearch is needed to fully define a long-term, adaptive strategy. This analysis su"]
[1.0124276876449585, 13.519004821777344, "e the full range of uncertainty associated with current \nsystem vulnerability or future strategy performance. Our results are based on a limited \nnumber of uncertain factors and scenarios evaluated. Although we modeled more than 500 unique scenario a"]
[0.9681494235992432, 13.490338325500488, "ake into account the timing or phasing of proposed investments, the expected service life of projects, O&M or detailed project life-cycle costs, or ratepayer affordability\u2014all of which limit the utility of the strategy comparisons and cost-effectiven"]
[0.721792995929718, 13.442520141601562, "ongahela\nUSEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\nWPAC Watershed Plan Advisory Committee\nWWP Wet Weather Plan113References\n3 Rivers Wet Weather, homepage, undated-a. As of March 20, 2017:  \nhttp://www.3riverswetweather.org/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAbout the Wet Weat"]
[0.6936222314834595, 13.445023536682129, "etWeatherPlan/\nDraftWWPFullDocument/tabid/176/Default.aspx\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAppendix C: GSI Cost Literature Review,\u201d Starting at the Source: How Our Region Can \nWork Together for Clean Water , Pittsburgh, Pa., 2015a.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Starting at the Source: How Our Region "]
[0.6952984929084778, 13.44542407989502, "ndated. As of March 21, 2017: \nhttp://city.milwaukee.gov/commoncouncil/District10/  \nStormwater-and-Sewer-Capacity.htm#.V9mN6xRu7iQ\nCollins, T., J. Kline, K. Vallianos, and C. Fox, Ecology and Recovery: Allegheny County , Pittsburgh, \nPa.: Studio for"]
[0.5699376463890076, 13.443045616149902, "eveloping Key Indicators for Adaptive Water Planning,\u201d Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management ,  \nVol. 141, No. 7, 2015.116    Robust Stormwater Management in the Pittsburgh Region: A Pilot Study\nGroves, David G., Jordan R. Fischbach, Eva"]
[0.6040751934051514, 13.442465782165527, "r Public Policy and Economic Development, \u201cA Primer on Home Rule,\u201d Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 2009. As of March 20, 2017: http://www.institutepa.org/PDF/Research/APrimeronHomeRule0809.pdf\nKansas City, Missouri, Water Service Department, Overflow Control Prog"]
[0.6717051267623901, 13.442407608032227, "alchange.gov/\nMichael Baker Jr., Inc., Allegheny County Stormwater Management Plan Phase 1 Report , Moon \nTownship, Pa., December 2014. Milly, P., J. Betancourt, M. Falkenmark, R. Hirsch, Z. W. Kundzewicz, D. Lettenmaier, and R. J. \nStouffer, \u201cStatio"]
[0.6881006360054016, 13.444378852844238, "ce Conference, Charlotte, N.C., April 28\u201329, 2014. As of March 20, 2017: http://www.cisa.sc.edu/ccrc/pdfs/2014/Presentations/  \nODonnell_Assessing%20Cost%20Effectiveness%20of%20Green%20Infrastructure.pdf\nOffice of the Mayor William Peduto, \u201cStatement"]
[0.694567859172821, 13.440291404724121, "www.elibrary.dep.state.pa.us/dsweb/Get/Document-108470/2700-BK-DEP4494.pdf\nTarr, J. A., and T. F. Yosie, \u201cCritical Decisions in Pittsburgh Water and Wastewater Treatment,\u201d \nin J. A. Tarr, ed., Devastation and Renewal: An Environmental History of Pitt"]
[-0.4582062065601349, 13.308083534240723, "13. \nVolkening, Aaron, photo of bioswale, Flickr, 2010.\nWalker, W., M. Haasnoot, and J. Kwakkel, \u201cAdapt or Perish: A Review of Planning Approaches for \nAdaptation under Deep Uncertainty,\u201d Sustainability , Vol. 5, No. 3, 2013, pp. 955\u2013979. \nWater Envi"]
[0.7354519963264465, 13.441207885742188, "e the trade-offs among them.\n This research is intended to support improved stormwater, wastewater, and climate \nresilience planning in the Pittsburgh region. The intended audience includes local government \nagencies and regional authorities addressi"]
[11.342890739440918, 17.74376678466797, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nAccess to Medical \nTreatment for Injured Workers in California\nYear 3 Annual Report\nKandice A. Kapinos, Cheryl K. Montemayor\nPrepared for the California Department of Industrial RelationsThe RAND Corporation is a resear"]
[10.330770492553711, 19.004255294799805, "............................. ................................ ................................ ................................ . ix \nAcknowledgments ................................ ................................ ................................ "]
[10.30526351928711, 19.063209533691406, ".................... ..............................  19 \nMean Payment per Claim  ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................  19 \nOther Access Measures  ....................."]
[10.479366302490234, 18.8442325592041, "  .......................  12 \nTable 3-3. County -Level Descriptive Statistics  ................................ ................................ ............ 14 \nTable 3-4. Summary Statistics, by Detailed Type of Service  ..........................."]
[10.293432235717773, 19.06226348876953, "eral practice  (n = 4,879). \n                                                 \n1 In the Year 2 report, we analyzed some of the Version 2.0 data, but the California Department of Industrial \nRelations  had converted the data back to Version 1.0 (see K"]
[10.453680992126465, 18.826309204101562, "a Division of Workers\u2019 Compensati on \nE&M evaluation and management  \nED emergency department  \nMD medical doctor  \nNPI National Provider Identifier  \nNPPES National Plan and Provider Enumeration System  \nPCP primary care provider  \nTIN Taxpayer Iden"]
[10.396249771118164, 18.950706481933594, "ividual practitioners (e.g., in the case of a large physician practice or delivery system). \nIndividual practitioners occasionally bill under multiple TINs. Thus, using the NPI will result in \nlarger counts of providers .  \nThe structure of Version 2"]
[10.355973243713379, 18.869775772094727, "  that we \nmight expect DIR  and DWC to have the most influence in affecting for workers with workplace \ninjuries, because these measures  typically include rules and regulations imposed by payers \nsystemwide. Process measures reflect aspects of the "]
[10.417946815490723, 18.974376678466797, "o a bill line \nrecord\u2014provided in a given calendar year. Then, any access measures at the provider  level \nwould include all providers that delivered a med ical service within the calendar year. Similarly, \nany access measures using this approach at "]
[10.317361831665039, 19.02029037475586, "tic Sample Size  \n \n2016 \nService  year sample   \nNumber of claims  705,979  \nNumber of bill lines  16,548,253  \nNumber of providers  76,950  \nInjury  year sample   \nNumber of claims  393,839  \nNumber of bill lines  10,740,977  \nSOURCE: RAND analysis"]
[10.17995834350586, 19.056501388549805, " are listed in Figure 3-17 \n\u2022 type of service ; categories  are based on place of service and procedure codes on the bill \nand bill line records that are listed  in Figure 3-58 \n\u2022 county and region of the state ( see Figure 3-3 for regions ).  \n     "]
[10.23338794708252, 19.04772186279297, "spitals, \nambulatory facilities (surgical and physical therapy), durable medical equipment suppliers, optometrics, home \nhealth, and orthotics supplie rs.  8 Figure 3-1. Number of Providers , by Specialty  \n  \nSOURCE: RAND analysis of  WCIS Medical B"]
[10.255840301513672, 19.05437660217285, "ment of Insurance , Workers\u2019 Compensation Research and Evaluation \nGroup, 2018) . The Texas rate is lower  than California\u2019s , but this is partly because the \ndenominator in that analysis was  \u201ctreating physicians ,\u201d whereas we are using all treating"]
[10.254048347473145, 19.06096649169922, "we also examin ed the \nnumber of bill lines or medical services per provider over the course of the year. On average, \nproviders delivered 208.1 medical services per year across all specialties. In Figure 3-2, we \npresent the average number of  medic"]
[10.255345344543457, 19.070255279541016, "claim in 2016, however, were other surgery and dental providers , at $3,830 \nand $3,017, per claim, respectively. Pathology had both  the lowest total annual payment per \nprovider and the lowest average pay ment per provider , at $1,074 and $123, res"]
[10.3578519821167, 18.96558380126953, " \nResults by Geography  \nNumber of Providers  \nIn Figure 3-3, we show the total number of providers with claims in 2016  (blue bars) and the \npercentage of all WC medical bills (claims) for  injured workers  treated in  California (red \nsquares) with"]
[10.277292251586914, 19.066011428833008, "13,871  $1,661  \nSacramento  5,282 38,710 7.33 $15,607  $2,130  \nSan Benito  270 1,168 4.33 $5,455  $1,261  \nSan Bernardino  5,530 55,371 10.01  $16,725  $1,670  \nSan Diego  7,576 65,203 8.61 $20,327  $2,362  \nSan Francisco  4,265 31,024 7.27 $13,782"]
[10.20947551727295, 19.11899185180664, "d all injured workers \nwith an injury in 2016 for 12 months . First, we show the number of claim s with each type of \nservice (blue bars) and the percentage of all claims with each type of service ( red squares) in \nFigure 3-5. Ninety-four percent of"]
[10.254717826843262, 19.15087890625, ", o steopathic manipulative treatment   \n\u2022 other: alcohol and drug abuse treatment; composite measures; diagnostic radiology services; \ndiagnostic/screening processes or results; enteral and parenteral therapy; outpatient prospective payment  \nsystem"]
[10.303956031799316, 19.149822235107422, " Distribution of the Number of Days Between Injury and First E&M Visit with a PCP  \n \nSOURCE: RAND analysis of WCIS Medical Bill data, Version 2 .0 from 2016 .  \n 21 4. Discussion and Summary  \nThis study, as mandated by Section 5307.2  of the Califo"]
[10.270262718200684, 19.010868072509766, " . The specialty and provider type categories \nwere not exactly comparable across the two samples  (we have tried to group them roughly by \nshading groups together) . For example, because we broke out all nonprac titioner services into the \n\u201call othe"]
[10.256680488586426, 19.063081741333008, " provider  22% \nAnesthesiology  3%    \nFamily medicine/general practice  5%  \nMD general provider  10% \nInternal medicine \u2013 general  0.4%    \nOther MDs  2%    \nInternal medicine \u2013 cardiology  0.5%  \nPhysician specialist  12% \nInternal medicine \u2013 onco"]
[10.225577354431152, 19.112049102783203, "ology had  the lowest total annual \npayment per provider and the lowest average payment per claim , at $1,074 and $123, \nrespectively . \n\u2022 There was significant variation by region and county across all measures.  \n\u2022 Ninety-four percent of claims inc"]
[9.869688987731934, 19.106910705566406, "ogy Tests';  \nelse if (97010 <= proc_num <= 97799) and ^(97151 <= proc_num <= 97158) then tos_detail = 'Physical \nMedicine and Rehab Evals';  \nelse if (97810 <= proc_num <= 97814) then tos_detail = 'Acupuncture Procedures';  \nelse if 98925 <= proc_nu"]
[9.74501895904541, 19.11077308654785, "en tos = 'Prosthetics/Or thotic Procedures';  \nelse do;  \ntos = 'Other';  \nif 'A0021' <= procedure_cd <= 'A0999' then tos_detail = 'Ambulance';  \nelse if 'A4206' <= procedure_cd <= 'A8004' then tos_detail = 'Medical And Surgical Supplies';  \nelse if "]
[10.754701614379883, 18.460744857788086, "ia Health Care Foundation, California Physicians: Who They Are, How They Practice , \nCalifornia Health Care Almanac, August 2018. As of June 6, 2019:  \nhttps://www.chcf.org/wp -\ncontent/uploads/2018/08/CAPhy siciansAlmanacWhoTheyAre2017.pdf  \nCalifor"]
[11.139569282531738, 18.181209564208984, "2016 Update , Oakland, Calif., August \n24, 2017. As of May 21, 2019:  \nhttps://www.wcirb.com/sites/default/files/documents/  \n170824_ca_wc_med ical_agg_pymt_trends_report.pdf  \n "]
[-4.918610572814941, 16.21868133544922, "Benjamin Lee Preston, Tom LaTourrette, James R. Broyles, R. J. Briggs,  \nDavid Catt, Christopher Nelson, Jeanne S. Ringel, Daniel A. WaxmanUpdating the Costs \nof Compliance for California\u2019s Hospital Seismic Safety StandardsCORPORATIONFor more informa"]
[-4.927922248840332, 16.227033615112305, "f compliance, the affordability of the legislation for hospitals, and the exploration of policy alternatives that could reshape how SB 1953 is implemented in the future. In addition, we identify the various factors that influence how hospitals priori"]
[-4.920009136199951, 16.22107696533203, "ew .................................................................................................................................... 1 \t\nStudy Objectives  ............................................................................................"]
[-4.920165538787842, 16.21905517578125, ".................................................................................... 44\t\n6. Affordability of SB 1953 Compliance for California Hospitals .......................................... 46\t\nMethods for Characterizing Hospital Financial Dist"]
[-4.919735908508301, 16.219457626342773, "................... 90\t\n9. Summary of Findings and Recommendations ..................................................................... 93\t\nFindings  ..................................................................................................."]
[-4.923009872436523, 16.223112106323242, "................................................................. 22\t\nTable 4.3. SB 1953 Compliance Status, by Hospital Building (as of September 2018) .............. 22\tTable 4.4. Key Factors Influencing Hospital Decisionmaking on SB 1953 Compliance"]
[-4.9218621253967285, 16.221479415893555, " passage of SB 1953, hospitals have been assessing the implications of the legislation for their business planning and implementing structural and nonstructural upgrades to comply with the standards. These upgrades have been expensive for hospitals. "]
[-4.926320552825928, 16.22637176513672, "al project advisory committee, composed of \nhospital representatives, former hospital executives, and consulting engineers, for their \nparticipation and willingness to provide their perspectives on the scope of the study and key issues associated wit"]
[-4.922583103179932, 16.22174072265625, "h \nother hospitals.7  \nThe damage to hospitals highlighted their continued vulnerabilities to seismic events and the \npotential health and safety issues that could arise because of damaged hospitals. In particular, the \n                              "]
[-4.925788402557373, 16.225175857543945, "tions, service provision, and the health and well-being of Californians. On the other hand, in the event of a major seismic event, there is a public benefit to having hospitals that can remain operational and continue to provide health care services."]
[-4.925130844116211, 16.225452423095703, "earch pathways: \n\u2022 First, this study represents an update to two prior studies conducted by the RAND \nCorporation (published in 2002 and 2007 by the California HealthCare Foundation).\n11 \nThis update analyzes the likely magnitude of the costs of both"]
[-4.922345161437988, 16.22374725341797, "xt decade. This includes identification of the \nkey factors that hospitals must weigh in determining how and when to undertake seismic compliance projects.  \nChapter 5 presents updated cost estimates for compliance with SB 1953. We focus on post-\n202"]
[-4.924091339111328, 16.223466873168945, "ailable for download at www.rand.org/t/RR3059.    5 2. Study Background   \nHistory of Hospital Seismic Safety Legislation  \nOrigins of the Alfred E. Alquist Act \nThe modern incarnation of seismic building standards for California hospitals dates back"]
[-4.929274082183838, 16.228851318359375, "ar  Policy Change  Implications  \n1973 Alquist Act passed  Required new acute care hospitals to be designed and constructed to \nremain standing and operational after a major seismic event. Administration \nof the new requirements was delegated to OS H"]
[-4.924468517303467, 16.22416114807129, "akers to conclude that additional steps were needed to enhance the seismic resilience of California hospitals. A key observation was that hospitals built after the 1973 Alquist Act generally performed well structurally, although they experienced nons"]
[-4.9190168380737305, 16.21883773803711, ", 2030 \nSPC-5 Buildings in compliance with the structural provisions of the Alquist \nHospital Facilities Seismic Safety Act and reasonably capable of providing \nservices to the public following strong ground motion  May be used beyond \nJanuary  1, 20"]
[-4.925693988800049, 16.225727081298828, ".\n18 \nThis led OSHPD to pursue a more refined classification of hospital buildings, reducing the \nnumber of SPC-1 buildings by half.19 In 2010, OSHPD implemented an emergency regulation \nthat raised the threshold for SPC-1 classification, which allow"]
[-4.923159599304199, 16.22299575805664, "l be on meeting this next level of compliance associated with the SPC-2 buildings within hospital facilities\u2014many of which were constructed in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s and pose nontrivial challenges to structural upgrades.  \nConcerns in recent yea"]
[-4.901313781738281, 16.20149040222168, "uires enhanced resilience of laboratory areas, pharmaceutical services, radiological services, and central and sterile supply areas. Meanwhile, NPC-4 focuses on architectural, mechanical, and electrical equipment. To reduce vulnerability to disruptio"]
[-4.918326377868652, 16.218467712402344, " flexibility with NPC requirements. \nJust as SPC-4D provided a mechanism for greater flexibility in bringing SPC-1 and SPC-2 buildings into compliance, OSHPD\u2019s most recent policy modification is the introduction of a new NPC category\u2014NPC-4D (see Tabl"]
[-4.922118663787842, 16.22181510925293, "ia Building Standards Code Update for the California Hospital Association , \nSacramento, Calif.: Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development,  2018.  \n  12 departments at both remained open.26 Although not directly transferable to the Califor"]
[-4.925740718841553, 16.227285385131836, "ents Canceled at Anchorage Area Hospitals,\u201d \nAlaska Public Media, November 30, 2018.  \n27 J. Gillengerten, \u201cEstimated Cost of Structural R etrofits,\u201d paper presented at the  SB 1953 Seismic Compliance \nMeeting, California Healthcare Association, Sacr"]
[-4.924627780914307, 16.22433090209961, "to hinder the ability of hospitals to keep pace with trends in health care practice, particularly \nthe shift toward greater use of outpatient services. \n\u2022 The 2007 report also identified some policy alternatives, including continuing with \nbusiness-a"]
[-4.918078422546387, 16.218507766723633, "mer hospital executives, and private-sector structural engineers. The committee convened via conference call every other week and served to provide high-level input on key compliance-related issues of concern to hospitals, provide technical clarifica"]
[-4.92342472076416, 16.22349739074707, "osts of SB \n1953, assessing those social costs was beyond the scope of this analysis. Given that most hospital revenue in California comes from Medicare, Medi-Cal, and private health insurers using established reimbursement schemes, providers cannot "]
[-4.925349712371826, 16.22476577758789, "ress common barriers to \ncompliance, enhance flexibility in achieving compliance, and reduce overall costs of compliance. \nIn so doing, we first examined approaches to seismic resilience for other types of critical infrastructure (Chapter 7), followe"]
[-4.924291610717773, 16.22518539428711, "ire costs of SB 1953 implementation, and hospitals have to pay those costs up front. Benefits are realized only if there is a significant seismic event, and it is not clear whether the potential future benefits of being able to continue to operate wi"]
[-4.919153213500977, 16.218339920043945, "ed that the focus of SB 1953 on general acute care hospitals does not fully account for this trend. Rather, this focus creates path dependence around inpatient infrastructure and reduces opportunities to make investments in other delivery models. The"]
[-4.920254707336426, 16.21974754333496, "of California hospital buildings are noncompliant with respect to NPC requirements than with SPC requirements.  \nGiven the above, hospital representatives frequently noted that the dominant benefit generated by \nseismic regulations is likely the prev"]
[-4.921358585357666, 16.220670700073242, "equire some seismic upgrade, with 815 (26 percent) requiring SPC upgrades and 1,951 (63 percent) requiring NPC upgrades. \n \n \n                                                \n35 OSHPD , \u201cHospital Building Data,\u201d data set, accessed September 2018.  \n3"]
[-4.922521114349365, 16.22198486328125, "ors Influencing Hospital Decisionmaking on SB 1953 Compliance Strategies  \nDecision Factor  Implications  \nCommunity needs The needs of communities with respect to demand for different types of \nhealth  care services influence long- term hospital bus"]
[-4.924863338470459, 16.22382354736328, " communities. This emphasis on serving communities creates obligations for hospitals to consider the effects of SB 1953 compliance on their ability to meet identified community needs. For example, seismic construction projects that disrupt service pr"]
[-4.9226531982421875, 16.221548080444336, "include mandatory improvements associated with compliance with other building codes (see \u201cCode Requirements,\u201d below), but they may also be voluntary improvements. For example, hospitals may choose to pursue actions to modernize the facilities and ser"]
[-4.921270370483398, 16.221275329589844, "Budgeting, Accounting and Financial Management , \nVol. 23, No. 1,  2011,  pp. 31\u201368. \n39 One exogenous  pressure that all hospital businesses face regardless of ownership type is the continuing change s \nto government reimbursement rates and policies"]
[-4.920258045196533, 16.219532012939453, "epartments and health care services to new locations, the need to complete work in active areas of the hospital can nevertheless be a significant source of disruption. For example, completing NPC work in active operating rooms necessitates either tak"]
[-4.923520088195801, 16.22601318359375, "tion for available contractors and labor. This could drive up the costs of construction, above what has been witnessed historically, and therefore the costs of compliance.  \nThe anticipation of future cost increases could ultimately influence the typ"]
[-4.922545433044434, 16.220502853393555, "on for seismic compliance cannot be isolated from other types of additional construction work associated with a seismic project, because the two are inherently linked. This creates incentives for hospital owners to undertake other types of constructi"]
[-4.923122406005859, 16.222869873046875, "direct costs. \n\u2022 Forced retrofit: In the absence of opportunities to acquire new land or rebuild in place, \nthe options available to hospitals may be limited to retrofitting existing noncompliant \nbuildings. The pursuit of this option assumes that th"]
[-4.937700271606445, 16.24083709716797, "monitoring projects to ensure \nthat construction proceeds in accordance with the building code. Necessary changes to the plan that are encountered during construction may trigger a change order, which requires approval by OSHPD. As noted by hospital "]
[-4.924633026123047, 16.22591209411621, "ther hand, such a delay tactic can be risky if greater flexibility fails to materialize. As a consequence, hospitals have taken different strategies with respect to how proactive they have been in achieving compliance. Some hospitals made early inves"]
[-4.924221038818359, 16.229875564575195, "other activities and whether the project accomplishes all of the seismic upgrading needed. \n                                                \n55 Although  SPC-3 and SPC -4 buildings are compliant with SB 1953, these categories are for particular types"]
[-4.930331230163574, 16.230554580688477, "te has not been verified by the hospitals themselves. \n                                                \n56 This means moving services and operations a round the hospital to allow access to areas requiring construction \nwork . \n57 These are constructi"]
[-4.932782173156738, 16.232234954833984, "d 1.5  \u00b4 box height (i.e., the difference between the 75th  and 25th  percentiles ) with \nmaximum and minimum data points as bounds. See Table 5.1  for information about data sources . \nAdjustments to Cost Data \nThe SPC retrofit cost estimates are fo"]
[-4.93163537979126, 16.231168746948242, "h nonseismic-related code requirements, such as access for disabled persons, seismic upgrading sometimes leads to larger and fewer rooms. And, often, hospital owners choose to change the size and number of beds or rooms for other reasons. For all the"]
[-4.932411193847656, 16.232072830200195, " \nWithout \nbeds  14 $507,277 $3,615,237  $10,334,482      \nNOTE: See Table 5.1  (row 3) for information about data sources . \n \nTable 5.3. NPC -2 to NPC -5 Retrofit Costs from  Sample Data \nBuilding \nGroup  Number in \nSample  Cost per Building  \n NPC"]
[-4.931587219238281, 16.233097076416016, "nation of the two is impossible to determine a priori. Representatives for many hospitals we met with noted that they are still engaged in an extended decisionmaking process and have yet to develop upgrade plans. \nIn light of this uncertainty, we dev"]
[-4.934574127197266, 16.23396110534668, "lding  \nSPC SPC- 2 with \nbeds 322 27,255 $462,155 \u2014 $12,596,034,525 $39,118,120  \nSPC SPC- 2 with \nno beds 309 \u2014 \u2014 $3,615,237  $1,117,108,233 $3,615,237  \nSPC Total SPC \ncosts 631 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 $13,713,142,758 $21,732,397  \nNPC NPC-2 and \nSPC-2 519 \u2014 \u2014 0.50 "]
[-4.945740699768066, 16.244762420654297, "s 309 \u2014 \u2014 $51,449,244  $15,897,816,246 $51,449,244  \nTotal SPC -2 \nreplacement  631 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 $99,537,071,127 $157,744,962  \nSPC >2 and NPC -1 \nor 2 (retrofit)  1,220 \u2014 \u2014 $4,838,497  $5,902,966,340 $4,838,497  \nTotal cost \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 $105,440,037,467  \u2014 \nEsc"]
[-4.950182914733887, 16.253414154052734, "acement\u2014we can examine total costs in terms of the relative proportions of \nthese two approaches used. Figure 5.2 uses a simple linear interpolation to show the statewide escalated total cost of compliance as a function of the proportion of complianc"]
[-4.930788993835449, 16.23590660095215, "lifornia would eliminate the need for these assumptions. The seventh assumption refers to neglecting cases in which hospitals are unable to make the investments needed to comply with SB 1953 and are compelled to close buildings rather than attain com"]
[-4.9164276123046875, 16.245006561279297, " rooms have windows, larger diagnostic and test facilities). In this perspective, some portion of costs for projects nominally attributed to seismic compliance is actually part of a background trend of \n(nonseismic) capital reinvestment spending to o"]
[-4.92356538772583, 16.223796844482422, "\nhospital\u2019s resilience to earthquakes and reduce the risk of earthquake damage immediately reducing hospital capacity and services offered in the wake of a major seismic event. However, the financial stress imposed by its requirements could also forc"]
[-4.9251627922058105, 16.228778839111328, " 47 \u2022 improving occupancy rates by improving referral networks and market visibility \n\u2022 shifting toward a greater mix of outpatient services \n\u2022 changing the coding of services\u2014i.e., upcoding\u2014to receive higher reimbursement rates \n\u2022 delaying capital i"]
[-4.9334025382995605, 16.233417510986328, "ation can inform current and future policy assessment of hospital seismic requirements in an effort to balance seismic safety, affordability, and adverse effects on the populations served.  48 Methods for Characterizing Hospital Financial Distress  \n"]
[-4.928927421569824, 16.22871971130371, " 50 teaching \n                                                \n62 We estimate that approximately 75 percent of California hospitals currently have credit ratings  from Moody\u2019 s, \nFitch, or S&P. It is normal for fiscal entities below a certain size to"]
[-4.9306111335754395, 16.230989456176758, "n particular or the hospital industry at large, as researchers \n                                                \n66 Langabeer , 2006. \n67 Z. H. Ramamonjiarivelo, \u201cIs Privatization the Solution to the Financial Distress of Public Hospitals? \u201d Academy "]
[-4.977269649505615, 16.277341842651367, "nprofit groups. Not-for-profit hospitals may benefit from philanthropic funds from other community organizations or private donors, and public hospitals can tap into tax revenue and other sources of public funds. Additionally, hospitals have a public"]
[-4.934171676635742, 16.236745834350586, "in the short term to invest in aging assets.  \n\u2022 Days cash on hand indicates the strength of financial reserves relative to operating costs, \nanother measure of short-term liquidity. Days in accounts receivables is a measure of the \nefficiency of col"]
[-4.928447723388672, 16.2268123626709, " The resulting financial \ndata can be mapped to 406 of the 418 general acute care hospitals for which OSHPD provides building-level data.\n85  \nCurrent Status of California Hospital Finances  \nCalifornia hospitals exhibit a wide degree of financial he"]
[-4.929482460021973, 16.228242874145508, " 70% 80% 90% 100%\nAll Hospitals (406)\nCAH (34)\nPrivate- MHS (225)\nPrivate- Non-MHS (71)\nPublic - Non-Healthcare District (19)\nPublic - Healthcare District (38)\nAcademic (11)\nHigh Medi-Cal (170)Severe Financial Distress Potential for Financial Distres"]
[-4.926229953765869, 16.22575569152832, "hospital districts that often effectively lack these public-sector benefits. Hospital districts are special districts unique to California that do not have other sources of revenue and, more important, struggle from a lack of visibility to convince v"]
[-4.9198808670043945, 16.22262954711914, "icult; \nsmall size  \nPublic\u2014 \nnon\u2013health \ncare district  100 100 100 Contributors: Owned by strong fiscal \ninstitutions; a ccess to other public funds \noutside hospital revenue  \nAffordability of Seismic Requirements \nThe seismic retrofit requirement"]
[-4.925191402435303, 16.224754333496094, "ties have well over 50 percent of hospital beds that are associated with noncompliant hospitals. Thirty-one percent of California \n                                                \n88 The OSHPD cost utilization data did not provide the number of beds "]
[-4.932613372802734, 16.232192993164062, "El Dorado 2 224 100% 50% 22%\nHumboldt 5 275 100% 28% 21%\nImperial 2 268 100% 0% 0%\nKings 1 230 0% 0% 0%\nMadera 2 464 23% 0% 0%\nMarin 4 458 90% 13% 29%\nMerced 2 230 19% 0% 0%\nMonterey 4 793 100% 12% 34%\nNapa 2 352 100% 41% 54%\nNevada 2 166 100% 37% 78"]
[-4.923092842102051, 16.231685638427734, "onal costs would significantly increase the overall cost impact and long-term liabilities on hospitals\u2019 balance sheets, as discussed in the prior chapter. We expect this would further exacerbate the impact on certain types of hospitals, noted below. "]
[-4.92617654800415, 16.225360870361328, "s  $25.3B  81,414 $311K  \nCAH $0.9B  1,467 $647K  \nPrivate, MHS  $16.0 B 50,280 $318K  \nPrivate, n on-MHS  $4.9B  14,624 $336K  \nPublic, n on\u2013h ealth care district  $0.9B  6,993 $130K  \nPublic, h ealth care district  $2.5B  5,145 $481K  \nAcademic $1."]
[-4.928358554840088, 16.227882385253906, "l types using published financial distress assessment methods that have recently been applied to acute care hospitals. The affordability research we presented shows that current and SB 1953\u2013imposed financial distress have a tendency to affect certain"]
[-4.927602767944336, 16.230493545532227, "ly, deferment of capital investments in new  63 buildings or technologies would indirectly present an opportunity cost to patients who \notherwise could have benefited from such investments. It is impossible for us to predict \nwhether hospitals will t"]
[-4.862576961517334, 16.16640853881836, "ormed this role, and in select cases individual actors (large water and energy utilities, for example) have performed their own vulnerability assessments. The impetus to make necessary modifications has involved a mix of legislative mandates to make "]
[-4.874283313751221, 16.17576789855957, "of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Bureau of Reclamation, and Army Corps of Engineers. The vast majority of these structures were built 50 to 100 years ago, before engineering and construction practices evolved to mitigate seismic risk. \nDa"]
[-4.88808012008667, 16.190147399902344, "ts where necessary. For local government or utility-owned dams, DSOD does not mandate retrofitting but instead exercises its power to force dam operators to lower water levels to acceptable risk levels, which serves as an impetus by effectively reduc"]
[-4.868027210235596, 16.17220115661621, "rea and Southern California metropolitan regions. For the Bay Area, major pipelines carrying water from the Sierra Nevada mountains cross East Bay fault zones on their way to providing water to 4 million Bay Area residents, and multiple reservoirs si"]
[-4.885239124298096, 16.18867301940918, "mentioned necessary conditions. In this case, there are few to no capacity limitations for comprehensive vulnerability screening, given that each entity owns the responsibility for managing its infrastructure and has sufficient expertise (or access t"]
[-4.90606689453125, 16.20644760131836, "smically active areas are vulnerable to collapse or major damage in an earthquake.\n108 California has been more proactive than other states and the federal government, \nhaving adopted seismic design practices in the early 1970s following the 1971 San"]
[-4.900402545928955, 16.20009422302246, "l highway funds (28 percent), and proposition bonds (8 percent) was used to allocate the cost burden between individual users and the state and federal governments.\n113 The state bridge program, costing $2.8 \nbillion, was funded by a mix of propositi"]
[-4.9128499031066895, 16.21633529663086, "9.   \n  71 consequences similar to if many hospitals in a region had extremely reduced capacity or were \nrendered useless after a major seismic event. \nMultiple past efforts within the legislature have failed to introduce statewide retrofit \nprograms"]
[-4.919358730316162, 16.22199249267578, " Control Board, \u201cStudy Session on Consideration of Tenant Protections and Costs Associated \nwith the City of Santa Monica \u2019s Mandatory Seismic Retrofit Program ,\u201d letter from Tracy Condon  to the Rent \nControl Board commissioners, October 12, 2017 . "]
[-4.917449951171875, 16.218475341796875, "nd other sectors is in the ability to finance the necessary retrofit projects. \nFirst, before discussing individual project financing, a comment is warranted on overall \nsector costs. As has been noted within the hospital industry, total costs are qu"]
[-4.921004295349121, 16.220829010009766, "ment managerial actions that generate higher profit margins to increase funding for infrastructure projects, but this may be insufficient. In regard to public financing, only a handful of hospitals across California owned by state, county, or municip"]
[-4.922414302825928, 16.222240447998047, "nd on a variety of infrastructure, services, and other institutions. Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico in 2017 and similar experiences show that interruptions in access to more-routine care for chronic conditions can significantly elevate morbidity and "]
[-4.925143718719482, 16.22704315185547, "t illustrate a range of policy instruments.\n129  \nAs a benchmark for comparison, we begin by assessing the status quo. Next, we analyze four \nbroad sets of alternative policy options that policymakers may adopt to achieve the goals of SB 1953 while a"]
[-4.928759574890137, 16.23104476928711, "y 2030, hospital \nbuildings that are not in substantial compliance with these standards (SPC-2 buildings) must be retrofitted (typically to SPC-4D or higher standards), demolished, replaced, or converted to nonacute use. Failing that, hospitals then "]
[-4.936700344085693, 16.235904693603516, "riving these decisions.  \nDistributional Effects and Equity  \nHospitals bear all the initial outlays for SB 1953 projects under the status quo.\n133 Other things \nbeing equal, financially stressed hospitals are more at risk for exiting the general acu"]
[-4.919680595397949, 16.21965980529785, "odels  \nOne way to reduce the impact of seismic events on patients and encourage more hospitals to \ninvest in seismic improvements is to lower the costs of SB 1953 to hospitals by spreading them more broadly among beneficiaries of the policy. Arguabl"]
[-4.919921875, 16.219425201416016, "e used to support retrofits, new construction, or both.  \nReducing the cost of financing investments in seismic retrofits and new construction is \nanother way to reduce the costs to hospitals and facilitate greater seismic safety investment on their "]
[-4.931596755981445, 16.230867385864258, "ich $576  million  remained outstanding. \nGiven that data gathered for this research show that a single hospital retrofit project has costs on the order of $100 \n  81 expanded program. As we noted, Cal-Mortgage is presently available to public and no"]
[-4.938678741455078, 16.239503860473633, "t Ending November 30, 2018 , \nSacramento, 2018.  \n142 More generally, this type of program would benefit only hospitals that have not yet met the requirements of SB \n1953. Some might argue that such a policy is unfair because it rewards hospitals tha"]
[-4.925722599029541, 16.22660255432129, "als in Los Angeles County were evacuated after the Northridge earthquake, regional capacity proved adequate to absorb this loss. On an ongoing basis, hospitals \n                                                \n143 Chang and Jacobson, 2010.   83 with "]
[-4.925710678100586, 16.22671890258789, "o postearthquake health care that includes consideration of nonhospital resources.  \nAs a third alternative, policymakers could create a market akin to a pollution cap-and-trade \nsystem to drive the allocation of regionally tailored compliance requir"]
[-4.926850318908691, 16.225725173950195, "ations to address equity concerns and secure buy -\nin from market participants. In either trading system, regulators would need to consider the time  horizon of the \nunderlying rights and requirements. Would the rights be of a one -shot nature, with "]
[-4.930436134338379, 16.229028701782227, "lization policies would first need to determine both the optimal size and scope of each region and the number of compliant beds that each region requires. Although the regional structure implied by the Hospital Preparedness Program\u2019s cooperative agre"]
[-4.938495635986328, 16.23681640625, "iance. Administrators would then need to spend resources to ensure smooth adoption and best use of the options this policy presents.  \nUnder a bilateral trading system in particular, policymakers would need to give some \nattention to antitrust concer"]
[-4.936173439025879, 16.236867904663086, "their normal capital replacement \nschedule \n\u2022 customize deadlines based on project characteristics by type or complexity of the \nbuilding project \n\u2022 allow rolling deadlines for sequencing construction or retrofitting of multiple buildings \non the sam"]
[-4.932314872741699, 16.232515335083008, " comply. Alternatively, policymakers could instead determine the maximal time they are willing to extend hospitals to retrofit for SB 1953.  \nOther Considerations \nTiming-flexibility options have at least two implications beyond hospitals. First, ext"]
[-4.926332473754883, 16.22479820251465, " In practice, the effectiveness of such a policy depends on the expected time saved per project. Estimating potential time saved presents substantial challenges and makes calibrating this policy to achieve a desired level of response highly impractic"]
[-4.92692232131958, 16.225440979003906, "these costs would fall as well. Additionally, hospitals would benefit by spending less time shut down for retrofits or by bringing new hospitals online sooner.  \nFeasibility \n The fact that OSHPD has recently undertaken other process changes demonstr"]
[-4.927006244659424, 16.22661781311035, "he others. Rather, each \nalternative has its advantages and disadvantages relative to each other and to the status quo. The relative magnitude of the advantages and disadvantages, however, is difficult to assess at this point because it would depend "]
[-4.957387924194336, 16.259010314941406, "buildings. By placing cost estimates of SB 1953 in a larger policy context, this study provides a foundation for a discussion of how policy can effectively ensure the seismic resilience not just for California\u2019s hospitals but the state\u2019s health care "]
[-4.930619239807129, 16.231760025024414, " old buildings from service. Requiring hospitals to link the timing of these actions to imposed deadlines in 2020 and 2030 reduces the flexibility of hospitals to make capital investments when and where they will be most advantageous. Synchronizing c"]
[-4.927191734313965, 16.2309627532959, " while the higher value assumes that all hospitals replace their SPC-2 buildings with new construction. However, because hospitals will pursue a mix of retrofit and new construction, neither value is realistic. Rather, the actual cost will fall somew"]
[-4.930642127990723, 16.230422973632812, "tified as experiencing severe financial stress. After including in the analysis of financial stress the potential costs of SB 1953 compliance that individual hospitals might incur, the proportion of hospitals with some or severe financial stress incr"]
[-4.9292893409729, 16.229124069213867, "is report does not make specific policy recommendations regarding whether SB 1953 \nshould continue to be implemented as is, altered to change how the costs of seismic resilience are \ndistributed throughout society (e.g., use of public subsidies), or "]
[-4.92223596572876, 16.22177505493164, " with hospitals to maintain compliance with legislative requirements of SB 1953 while pursuing opportunities to address common barriers to compliance. Such collaborative relationships between OSHPD and hospitals enable \n                              "]
[-4.9219770431518555, 16.22166633605957, "d the Hospital Building Safety Board to advise \nOSHPD on the implementation of the Alquist Seismic Safety Act and act as a board of \nappeals for hospital facilities in regard to seismic safety and fire and life safety issues.  1973 \nSB 961  This legi"]
[-4.9264631271362305, 16.226852416992188, "s bill permitted a hospital to receive an additional two-year extension to the January 1, \n2008  deadline  on top of the existing two-year extension. It also reopened the window for \nhospitals to qualify for the up -to-two-year extension available to"]
[-4.922675609588623, 16.222614288330078, "f the bill and required the application to include a timetable, as specified.  2015 \nAB 908  This bill authorized a hospital in the Tarzana neighborhood in Los Angeles that received \nspecified extensions to request an additional extension, as specifi"]
[-4.913583755493164, 16.213233947753906, "018. As of March 20, 2019: \nhttps://mavensnotebook.com/2018/01/03/earthquake-resilience-southern-californias-water-distribution-systems/  \nBabbitt, Donald H., Improving Seismic Safety of Dams in California, Sacramento: California \nDepartment of Water"]
[-4.924598217010498, 16.224241256713867, "Program,\u201d webpage, June 2014. As \nof March 20, 2019:  http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/paffairs/about/retrofit.htm  \nCalifornia Department of Water Resources, \u201cLake Perris and Perris Dam Projects,\u201d webpage, \nundated. As of March 20, 2019:  https://water.ca.g"]
[-4.92175817489624, 16.221662521362305, "ction 15097.125) to Chapter 1 of Division 12.5 of, the Health and Safety Code, Relating to Building Standards, and Making an Appropriation Therefor, September 21, 1994. As of March 20, 2019: http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/93-94/bill/sen/sb_1951-2000/s"]
[-4.903507709503174, 16.203575134277344, "ch 20, 2019: \nhttp://www.catc.ca.gov/programs/prop1b/lbsra/docs/LBSRA_guidelines_052908.pdf \nCapps, C., D. Dranove, and C. Ody, \u201cThe Effect of Hospital Acquisitions of Physician Practices \non Prices and Spending,\u201d Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 59"]
[-4.896716594696045, 16.196945190429688, "hronicle.com/bayarea/article/Crews-topping-off-Calaveras-Dam-shoring-up-Bay-13245983.php  \nGillengerten, J., \u201cEstimated Cost of Structural Retrofits,\u201d paper presented at the SB 1953 \nSeismic Compliance Meeting, California Healthcare Association, Sacr"]
[-4.92721700668335, 16.227306365966797, " \nRecovery and Closure: Managerial Incentives and Political Costs,\u201d Journal of Public \nBudgeting, Accounting and Financial Management, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2011, pp. 31\u201368. \nMallett, William J., Nicole T. Carter, and Peter Folger, Earthquake Risk and U.S."]
[-4.917713165283203, 16.217403411865234, " March 20, 2019: https://www.healthcaredesignmagazine.com/architecture/californias-wise-retreat-seismic-overreaction/ \nPublic Law 111-148, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, March 10, 2010. As of \nDecember 27, 2018: \nhttps://www.govinfo.gov/"]
[-4.922658443450928, 16.222375869750977, "mergency Response,\u201d in John F. Hall, ed., \nNorthridge Earthquake, January 17, 1994: Preliminary Reconnaissance Report, Oakland, \nCalif.: Earthquake Engineering Institute, 1994, pp. 87\u201393. As of March 20, 2019:  http://www.desastres.hn/docum/crid/Sept"]
[-4.931354522705078, 16.231103897094727, "o exacerbate this stress. There are options for providing regulatory relief or flexibility to hospitals: public subsidies to share the costs of compliance or reduce financi ng costs, additional flexibility in compliance deadlines, \nnew standards for "]
[-0.6952059268951416, 12.400031089782715, "Developing a Robust \nWater Strategy for Monterrey, Mexico\nDiversification and Adaptation for  \nCoping with Climate, Economic, and \nTechnological Uncertainties\nEdmundo Molina-Perez, David G. Groves, Steven W. Popper, \nAldo I. Ramirez, Rodrigo Crespo-E"]
[-0.6855114102363586, 12.408327102661133, "nagement strate-gies that account for climate change.\nAbout RAND Social and Economic Well-Being\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that \nseeks to\u00a0actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of"]
[-0.7003211379051208, 12.36859130859375, "............................................................................... 1\n1.2. Challenges and Opportunities for Monterrey\u2019s Water System  .............................. 3\n1.3. Questioning an Ambitious Pipeline Project for Monterrey  ........."]
[-0.694135308265686, 12.377079963684082, ". Lessons for Water Planning in Latin America  .............................................. 66\nAPPENDIXES\nA. Robust Decision Making Methodology  ..................................................... 69\nB. Integrated Assessment Model  .............."]
[-0.6902669072151184, 12.349472999572754, "............................................. 11\n 2.\n2. Sc\nope of RDM Analysis  ................................................................ 12\n 2.\n3. Su\npply Sources for Monterrey  .......................................................... 15\n 2"]
[-0.6852878332138062, 12.352686882019043, "d be inappropriate unless Monterrey experiences very high-demand growth and extremely adverse local climate conditions in the long term. \nThe second phase of our research project\u2014described in this report\u2014built upon \nthe tools initiated during the fir"]
[-0.6754705905914307, 12.35053825378418, "nt sequence that meets Monterrey\u2019s water planners\u2019 reliability objective while minimizing investment costs. The resulting database is a rich set of cases showing how different assumptions about uncertain future conditions trigger the implementation o"]
[-0.647616982460022, 12.341245651245117, "o options fall into three groups. The first, with low cost-regret levels but high reliability regret, are portfolios that rely on small-scale and low-cost projects. The second group, with high reliability but high cost regret, includes portfolio alte"]
[-0.6845719218254089, 12.351778984069824, "hich water demand is lower than 14.6 cubic meters per second (m\n3/s) and the scenarios under which water \ndemand is higher than 19.1 m3/s is US $4 billion. This reinforces the message that sig -\nnificant savings may be achieved if water demand is man"]
[-0.6780076622962952, 12.352849006652832, "collaboration with many part -\nners whose collective contributions, support, and feedback proved invaluable. We \nthank and acknowledge Eugenio Clariond Reyes-Retana and Alfonso Garza-Garza, presidents of Fondo de Agua Metropolitano de Monterrey (FAMM"]
[-0.6938477158546448, 12.355063438415527, " [Monterrey Water and Sewage Services]\nRDM Robust Decision Making1CHAPTER ONE\nWater Planning in Monterrey: Future Uncertainties and \nPolitical Gridlock\n1.1. Introduction \nMonterrey, located in Mexico\u2019s northern state of Nuevo Le\u00f3n, is the country\u2019s t"]
[-0.6878567934036255, 12.362089157104492, "no longer possible to predict the potential effects of climate change on the basins from which the city\u2019s water supply is drawn (L\u00f3pez-Garcia, Man-zano, and Ramirez, 2017).\nIn response to such challenges, the Fondo de Agua Metropolitano de Monterrey "]
[-0.6946839690208435, 12.341815948486328, "supply. \nFigure 1.2\nHistorical Growth in Water Demand in Monterrey, 1980\u20132015\nNOTES: Time series of historical water demand in Monterrey. The vertical axis denotes mean yearly water \ndemand in m3/s. The horizontal axis denotes the historical record c"]
[-0.6935980319976807, 12.355180740356445, " distant ecosystem. As a result, the prospect of the project was met with strong opposition by different actors within the local water-planning community.\n3 In response, proponents of the project emphasized the urgent \n3 We use the term \u201cMWP [Monterr"]
[-0.693116307258606, 12.362822532653809, "ategy for Monterrey\u2019s Water Plan. \nMonterrey needs a robust, adaptive water-management strategy to ensure that the \nwater needs of the region are met even as these needs remain deeply uncertain. This strategy must also use limited public resources wi"]
[-0.6785224080085754, 12.374065399169922, "formance. Chapter Four describes in detail different options to improve the long-term performance of the water system and the robust, adaptive plan that was identified and incorporated into Monterrey\u2019s latest water plan. Chapter Five summarizes the s"]
[-0.3831925690174103, 12.737629890441895, "t of assumptions about a deeply uncertain future may well prove \ninadequate or even harmful if another future comes to pass.\nComplications arising from deep uncertainty appear to be undermining previous \nconsensus in many policy areas on what constit"]
[-0.4259583055973053, 12.702592849731445, "velopment and comparison, as described in Figure 2.1 and Appen -\ndix A. RDM begins with a decision-framing step in which the key uncertainties, deci -\nsion options, performance measures, and models are defined. This information is gen -\nerally gather"]
[-0.6332162022590637, 12.410426139831543, "hat had three objectives: (1) Describe the man -\ndate and scope of the study; (2) communicate relevant findings; and, most important, (3) engage in a constructive discussion with participants regarding how to improve the study and make it more releva"]
[-0.6674563884735107, 12.374494552612305, "n RDM \nanalysis, using the XLRM framework (X = uncertainties, L = options and strategies, R = model relationships, M = performance measures). In this framework, the cat -\negory uncertainties  (X) represents exogenous factors over which the decisionma"]
[-0.6795718669891357, 12.353053092956543, "ate level, these options could be placed into two groups:  \n(1) infrastructure options that expand the current system\u2019s supply capacity by exploit -Table 2.2\nScope of RDM Analysis\nUncertainties (X)\n1. Water-demand drivers\n\u2022 Ec\nonomic growth \n\u2022 Popu\nl"]
[-0.6880815625190735, 12.355330467224121, "te a solution but instead to provide decisionmakers with much better strategic insight into their near-term options and how to modify their adaptation strategies for the medium and long terms. See Section 2.5 for more elaborations on the performance "]
[-0.6727365255355835, 12.340991973876953, "storical water demand from 1981 to 2016 and a set of plau -\nsible future demand projections through 2050. The future projections are derived from a detailed exploratory analysis of plausible future water demand using an econometric water-demand model"]
[-0.6961781978607178, 12.340786933898926, "\nprobability. Higher probabilities are associated with lower constant flows that can be delivered, lower probabili -\nties are associated with higher flows that can be delivered. Table 2.3\nSupply Sources for Monterrey\nSource Sustainable Supply (m3/s) "]
[-0.7107471227645874, 12.329894065856934, "he aquifers present challenging geological compositions (i.e., limestones, shales, and karstic stones) and locations that could potentially produce less water than anticipated, as the risk of fracture is higher. At the same time, based on the city\u2019s "]
[-0.6995012164115906, 12.346534729003906, " the cost and reliability attributes can be favorable as part of a portfolio of water-management options. Furthermore, as costs decline with grow -\ning technological efficiency, desalination projects become increasingly favorable. Thus, trends in des"]
[-0.6949986815452576, 12.34427547454834, "of options that could be \nimplemented to expand the city\u2019s water infrastructure. Over the course of this study, we interacted closely with local stakeholders to define and characterize a comprehensive list of such options for inclusion in the MWP. Th"]
[-0.6700629591941833, 12.307594299316406, " of the options would complement one another (e.g., an injec -\ntion well and new groundwater wells), while others depend on interdependent water sources (e.g., Cuchillo II Dam, La Libertad Dam, and Tunnel San Francisco II) or are affected differently"]
[-0.6840589642524719, 12.323620796203613, "he study.\n2.4.1. Traditional Water-Management Options \nTable 2.4 lists the complete set of infrastructure options considered, excluding tariffs. Each option is described in terms of its total investment cost\u2014including both con -\nstruction and operati"]
[-0.7042739987373352, 12.329805374145508, "roject 148 100 48 1 3 3 2 3 3\nLa Libertad Dam 184 160 24 1.5 3 3 2 3 3\nCuchillo II Dam 460 352 107 5 3 2 2 2 3\nVicente Guerrero Dam 796 619 177 5 3 2 3 2 3\nPanuco Aqueduct 1,354 1,113 241 5 2 1 3 2 3\nDesalination plant in Matamoros 1,406 1,055 351 5 "]
[-0.7046845555305481, 12.336515426635742, "We developed a tariff optimization tool for exploring an alternative tariff sched -\nule. This tool first estimates the price-demand elasticity for potable water across dif -\nTable 2.5\nMonterrey\u2019s Water-Tariff Segments and Shares of Consumption\nSegmen"]
[-0.6604817509651184, 12.321894645690918, " identify the conditions under which a water-system configuration (i.e. infrastructure and regulations) does not meet the management objectives and to compare the perfor -\nmance of alternative strategies in the near, medium, and long terms. In this s"]
[-0.553514301776886, 12.421576499938965, "me. An econometric autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) demand model is \nused to define the demand projections in a way that accounts for variation across time and geography. Similarly, a Markov autoregressive hydrological model (MARHM) is used to g"]
[-0.6631617546081543, 12.357104301452637, "jections with the  \n54 hydrological projections for a \u201cfull factorial\u201d design of 648 futures. Next, for each of these 648 futures, random values of groundwater assumptions are combined (rang -\ning between 70 and 130 percent of the current estimate) t"]
[-0.5675379037857056, 12.38936996459961, "s. The third experimental design allows for the direct comparison of experimental design 1 and experimental design 2 under two alternative policy levers sets: one that considers only infrastructure investments and another that expands this original s"]
[-0.4684433043003082, 12.419876098632812, " set of futures reflecting uncertainty. The results of these simulations are examined to identify the main drivers of vulnerability. In the optimal strategies stage (described in Chapter Four), the IAM calculates the optimal portfolio of options acro"]
[-0.6874200105667114, 12.335063934326172, "erable otherwise. \nAs an example, Figure 3.1 shows projected total water demand for Monterrey over \ntime (line) and sources of supply (colored stacked bars) for a future in which demand growth is projected to grow slower than current trends (e.g., fi"]
[-0.6899809837341309, 12.331338882446289, " -\nability level of Monterrey\u2019s current water system for each plausible future for the first experimental design described in Chapter Two. Recall that this design is built around uncertainties in demand, hydrology, and groundwater availability. Figur"]
[-0.6874169707298279, 12.303190231323242, "nd groundwater availability (panels). The color legend describes the estimated level of reliability. The \u201cx\u201d indicates results in which reliability is below 97 percent. cms = cubic meters per second. Higher groundwater availability Lower groundwater "]
[-0.6786841154098511, 12.329246520996094, "uencing of these elements, as well as data inputs into each component.Medium-term\nsignpost\nconditions\nMedium-term\ncontingent \noptionsLong-term\nsignpost\nconditions\nLong-term\ncontingent \noptionsPortfolio of\nlow-regret, \nnear-term\noptions\n2016\u20132026 2027"]
[-0.7031353712081909, 12.313775062561035, "ld set for our analysis. At the same time, this example also shows that the cost of meeting this threshold increases as higher water-demand scenarios are faced\u2014from US $154 million under the water-\n1 By definition, those courses of action that perfor"]
[-0.6786017417907715, 12.309257507324219, "liability objective cannot be achieved, even with all projects implemented. \nTable 4.3 summarizes the percentage of times that an option is implemented in \nthe optimal portfolio across the full set of futures, disaggregated by the implementa -\ntion p"]
[-0.6881727576255798, 12.326539039611816, "folios Across Futures Ensemble, by Time and Change in Water Demand and Flow\n2016\u20132026 2027\u20132038 2039\u20132050\nWater-Demand Growth Levels\nLow Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium High\nMonterrey Country  \nGroundwater WellWetter conditions 100% 72% 96% 10"]
[-0.6941373944282532, 12.302093505859375, "he results shown in Table 4.2 provide only partial guidance for which options would be low regret in the first period. While one approach might be just to include the options that appear most often in the near term (left panel of Table 4.2), this wou"]
[-0.6783571839332581, 12.292685508728027, " procedure yields nine different low-regret portfolios that could be \nimplemented during the first decision period (Table 4.6).\nThere are important differences among these near-term portfolios, as they are \ntailored toward different futures. For inst"]
[-0.6934038996696472, 12.310941696166992, "Groundwater \nWellLa \nLibertad \nDamShallow \nWells: La \nUnionWW \nInjection \nWell Project\nObispado \nGroundwater Well27% 25% 21% 8% 17% 16% \u201310% 6% 100%\nLa Libertad Dam22% 27% 29% 24% 28% 29% \u201321% 21% 9% 100%\nLa Union Shallow Wells19% 25% 29% 18% 23% 48%"]
[-0.6915433406829834, 12.314238548278809, "rn, allows us to identify a Pareto frontier in the first decision period\u2014in this case, the set of points that define the trade-off surface along which any improvement on cost regret would entail more reliability regret and vice versa.\nFigure 4.2 show"]
[-0.6884143948554993, 12.319292068481445, "t combine La Libertad Dam, efficiency, and groundwater options (i.e., P1, P2, P3, and P5) but also a project portfolio that relies only on the Cuchillo II Dam (P6). Thus, these groups describe fundamentally different approaches to executing near-term"]
[-0.6469886302947998, 12.384800910949707, "n in the second and third deci -\nsion periods and, as a result, fewer options for adaptation. In contrast, if Monterrey\u2019s water planners decide to implement one of the low cost-regret alternatives, there might be greater supply vulnerability in the n"]
[-0.5175164341926575, 12.53576946258545, "al deci -\nsions with decision nodes that denote a decision to be made on an uncertain factor. For choosing the best split, the algorithm computes two statistics: (1) entropy, which measures how homogenous class values are (i.e., purity of the end-nod"]
[-0.6558458805084229, 12.317378997802734, "cribes the main attributes of the different options, presents the near-term portfolio analysis, presents the decision trees for each near-term portfolio, and summarizes the reliability for the selected robust adaptive strategy. \nMonterrey water plann"]
[-0.6990481615066528, 12.322202682495117, "%) = 100\nNo actionCost (million US $) = 0Reliability (%) = 100\nPanuco aqueduct\nVicente Guerrero DamCuchillo II DamWW Injection Well ProjectCost (million US $) = 2,758Reliability (%) = 100Enhancing the Resilience of Monterrey\u2019s Water System Through a "]
[-0.6883792877197266, 12.337132453918457, "ld suffice for meeting the reliability objectives in the second period. This desalination investment would also be appropriate if demand grows at a medium level or if demand grows at a medium-high level and groundwater availability turns out to be co"]
[-0.6993150115013123, 12.316730499267578, "est represented by the time interval that a drought affects these sources. If the duration during which these basins remain below historical mean conditions is sufficiently large, then more projects are needed for meeting Monterrey\u2019s water plan -\nner"]
[-0.6972483992576599, 12.322409629821777, "00\nNo action\nCost (million US $) = 0Reliability (%) = 100\nNo actionCost (million US $) = 0Reliability (%) = 99Efficiency\nCost (million US $) = 100 Reliability (%) = 100\nEfficiencyCost (million US $) = 100 Reliability (%) = 100Desalination plantEffici"]
[-0.6920122504234314, 12.331805229187012, "aptive strategy than P6.\nFinally, the implementation costs estimated at each decision node in both adap -\ntive plans reveal the huge economic opportunity that exists in managing water-demand growth. For instance, in the case of the adaptive strategy "]
[-0.6919125318527222, 12.328080177307129, " basins (cms)Vulnerability\ncondition\nVulnerable\nNot vulnerable60   Developing a Robust Water Strategy for Monterrey, MexicoFigure 4.8\nMonterrey Adaptive Water Plan Based on P2 Under an Alternative Tariff Schedule\nDemand (cms) <= 14.16\nDemand (cms) > "]
[-0.6834011673927307, 12.324005126953125, "er-demand \nscenarios considered, as seen in Figure 4.8. These differences are more evident in the long term. For example, if demand is low, medium-low, or medium, the number of projects required for meeting the reliability objective is lower than in "]
[-0.6881765127182007, 12.342214584350586, "ovide to other water-planning initiatives in Latin America.   \n5.1. An Adaptive Master Plan: Robust Options and Critical Signposts \nWe estimated reliability levels of Monterrey\u2019s current water system across a diverse set \nof uncertainties regarding f"]
[-0.6920194625854492, 12.3462553024292, "ing in the network\u2019s efficiency is also an important element for robustness of the system.  \nFor the medium- and long-term evolution of Monterrey\u2019s water system, we find \nthat vulnerabilities are best addressed from an adaptive planning perspective. "]
[-0.6810340285301208, 12.35428237915039, "y without adequate computational tools. To better analyze other project proposals, such as increasing forest cover, permeable pavements, and urban densifica -\ntion, it would be necessary to develop new tools and integrate these aspects into the IAM d"]
[-0.6877582669258118, 12.34688663482666, "he system\u2019s reliability, other criteria\u2014such as water- distribution inequality and environmental impacts of project alternatives\u2014can be explicitly considered as performance metrics. \n5.3. Lessons for Water Planning in Latin America \nThe water-plannin"]
[-0.39441347122192383, 12.728053092956543, "rities across alternatives, which can be conducive to the development of more cost-effective and robust expansion strategies. 69APPENDIX A\nRobust Decision Making Methodology\nRDM uses a number of techniques to conduct analyses when deep uncertainty is"]
[-0.4004116654396057, 12.710196495056152, " we are assessing. There may be opposing views difficult to refute with the information available and so this too can become a matter for RDM analy -\nsis. Finally, we need to be able to assess different outcomes that we may observe with different ass"]
[-0.39539727568626404, 12.641927719116211, "ices for Monterrey\u2019s water infrastructure across many futures. This is described in more detail in section 2.7 of this report. \nCases may be generated to model a wide range of proposed candidate strategies \nacross many different plausible futures. Th"]
[-0.4181141257286072, 12.685076713562012, "ically those \nscenarios that make a difference in discriminating among the choices before us. The \n\u201cboxes\u201d proposed by the data-mining algorithms in effect provide precise descriptions of stressful future scenarios that are meaningful for the decisio"]
[-0.39916372299194336, 12.725179672241211, "de-offs among alternative adaptive strategies.  Robust Decision Making Methodology   73\nStep 5: New Options and Strategies\nIn response to analysis in steps 2\u20134, additional options and futures and strategies may \nbe defined. For example, the initial c"]
[-0.6203305721282959, 12.334054946899414, "gle consumer over time. In this study, as a result of our collabora -\ntion with SADM, the panel data used for estimating the model compose the full set of SADM\u2019s consumer-demand records from January 2012 to December 2015.\n1 \nThese records were also s"]
[-0.655139148235321, 12.390624046325684, "l station data relevant to the \ndifferent water-supply sources. The contributing basins for each one of the proposed project alternatives were delimited through the Thiessen polygons spatial weighting method and the available isohyetal information. \n"]
[-0.7105404734611511, 12.357841491699219, "e and water-supply 78    Developing a Robust Water Strategy for Monterrey, Mexico\nenhancing alternative considered in this study. RiverWare uses physical-balance equa -\ntions and discrete equations to describe the interrelation between river basins, "]
[-0.6914348006248474, 12.36438274383545, ". (2018c). \nDynamic Optimization Engine\nWe developed also a dynamic optimization model that estimates the best investment \npath for a specific combination of future circumstances. This optimization routine is forward looking as it identifies the best"]
[-0.648038923740387, 12.380910873413086, "bed in the previous paragraphs is an \nextremely useful computational laboratory to be used in the context of a RDM analy -\nsis. On the one hand, the water-demand and hydrological models allow the exploration of diverse potential demand and supply con"]
[-0.687440037727356, 12.337158203125, " of the group. Additionally, we split these aggre-gated hydrological-change scenarios into three periods matching the dynamic optimi-zation decisions (near term [2016\u20132026], medium term [2027\u20132038], and long term  \n[2039\u20132050]) and also added further"]
[-0.6805455684661865, 12.43496036529541, "a metropolitana,\u201d Monterrey, Mexico: Fondo de Agua Metropolitano de Monterrey, 2017b.\nDeser, Clara, Adam Phillips, Vincent Bourdette, and Haiyan Teng, \u201cUncertainty in Climate Change \nProjections: The Role of Internal Variability,\u201d Climate Dynamics , "]
[-0.4973880648612976, 13.266927719116211, "David G., Robert J. Lempert, Debra Knopman, and Sandra H. Berry, Preparing for an \nUncertain Future Climate in the Inland Empire: Identifying Robust Water-Management Strategies , \nSanta Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, DB-550-NSF, 2008. As of April "]
[-0.5058332681655884, 13.22354793548584, "st \nDecision Making , Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, 2011. \nLempert, Robert J., Steven W. Popper, and Steven C. Bankes, Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis , Santa Monica, Calif.: "]
[-0.6969428658485413, 12.509105682373047, ", J. Ross, C 4.5: Programs for Machine Learning , San Mateo, Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann, \n1993. \nRam\u00edrez, A., L. Herrera, S. Ram\u00edrez, and D. G\u00f3mez, \u201cModelaci\u00f3n estoc\u00e1stica de precipitaciones,\u201d \n2018a. \nRam\u00edrez, A., L. Herrera, S. Ram\u00edrez, D. G\u00f3mez, E. T"]
[-0.6906795501708984, 12.377346992492676, "wakkel, \u201cDeep Uncertainty,\u201d in Saul I. Gass and Michael C. Fu, eds., Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science , 3rd ed., New York: \nSpringer, 2013, pp. 95\u2013402. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nwww.rand.org\nRR-3017-FAMM 9 781977 402745"]
[12.69742488861084, 13.816710472106934, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\n2018 National Survey of \nHealth Attitudes\nDescription and Top-Line Summary Data\nKatherine Grace Carman, Anita Chandra, Sarah Weilant, Carolyn Miller, \nMargaret Tait\nPrepared for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation\n Limit"]
[12.694914817810059, 13.783271789550781, "measure detail, technical reports, and other infor -\nmation, can be found at www.cultureofhealth.org (RWJF, undated). \nResearchers from RAND and RWJF jointly conducted the research reported here; the \nreport is intended for individuals and organizati"]
[12.900501251220703, 14.094545364379883, ".............................................................................................. 11\nSurvey Sample  ................................................................................................... 11\nCombining Sample Data  ..........."]
[12.939648628234863, 14.356792449951172, "......................................... 28\nQ7. You said the following programs are a top priority. Of these which would you consider  \nto be the highest priority? Of these which would you consider to be the lowest priority?  ...... 29\nQ8. Please in"]
[12.935686111450195, 14.361809730529785, "4d. When Americans living in rural communities need health care, do you think it is  \neasier or harder for them to get the care they need than it is for those who live in urban  areas, or is there not much of a difference?\n .........................."]
[12.929811477661133, 14.379613876342773, "............................................ 50\nQ23. Has the poor health of another person affected your life on an ongoing basis for any  \nextended period of time?  ............................................................................... 50\nQ"]
[12.710066795349121, 13.839356422424316, " challenge like a plant closure, major \nincident of community violence?  ....................................................................... 55\nQ33a. If yes: As a result of this event, were you temporarily or permanently displaced from  \nyour hom"]
[12.697385787963867, 13.826567649841309, "n Action Framework and selected measures to advance these goals. The Action Framework and 35 measures were selected as a means of defining, operationalizing, and measuring the United States\u2019 progress toward this goal.\nThis report describes the 2018 R"]
[12.883686065673828, 14.014577865600586, "cription and Top-Line Summary Data\nally representative internet panels whose members are recruited via probability-based sampling \nmethods. Both provide computers and internet connections for respondents who do not have them at the time of panel recr"]
[12.69611644744873, 13.83106803894043, "eristics of the sample. The weighted results are pre-sented separately for each panel sample and for the total. xiiiAcknowledgments\nWe appreciate reviews of Scott Keeter (independent) and Kirsten Becker (RAND). We thank \nLarry L. Bye, Alyssa Ghirarde"]
[12.623336791992188, 13.796762466430664, "n areas specifically. These action areas and drivers work toward the outcome area of a Cul -\nture of Health: improved population health, well-being, and equity . The outcome area is the key \nresult of activities in each action area. We briefly outlin"]
[12.646466255187988, 13.79983139038086, "ction area includes three drivers: the built and physical environment, the social and economic environment, and related policies and governance that support healthier communities. \nAction Area 4 focuses on strengthening the integration of health serv"]
[12.712274551391602, 13.860441207885742, "ure of Health mea -\nsures. However, in the context of making health a shared value, there were large gaps in our 4    2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes: Description and Top-Line Summary Data\nunderstanding of the perspectives of individuals liv"]
[12.712339401245117, 13.862187385559082, "ing so, we drew on findings from broader stakeholder-engagement efforts undertaken as part of the larger Culture of Health development (Acosta et al., 2016; Martin et al., 2017). Second, we reviewed relevant literature and surveys to identify potenti"]
[12.702710151672363, 13.88878059387207, "easure Whether We Are Moving Toward a Culture of Health: Assessing Action Area 1, Making Health a Shared Value\nExpectations to Track  \nOver time in a Culture of Health, more U.S. adults would:Domains\nWhat are the types of things we need to know to as"]
[12.726495742797852, 13.953551292419434, "ces on health (e.g., peer, family, \nneighborhood, and workplace drivers of health); values related to national and community investment for health and well-being; behaviors around health and well-being, including civic engagement on behalf of health;"]
[12.713383674621582, 13.862236976623535, "concepts from the review. \nIn addition, we reviewed surveys, concept scales, and model questionnaires previously known to the team. Table 2.2 lists surveys that we identified through this process that contributed to the design of this survey. We revi"]
[12.704309463500977, 13.84427261352539, "Health (Wellness Forum Health, 2017) Not applicable\nPersonal Health Experience Scale Alyssa T. Brooks et al. (Brooks et al., 2013) 2013\nSense of Community Index Community Science (Chavis, Lee, and Acosta, 2008) Not applicable\nNOTE: Items shown as not"]
[12.730765342712402, 13.887839317321777, " to better align with our Culture of Health Action Framework and drivers. If we could use existing measures, we looked at available psy -\nchometric properties, including reliability and construct validity, though the latter was often not available fo"]
[12.915266990661621, 14.04875373840332, "y, we also include the ques -\ntion number from the previous survey. \nSurvey Length\nThe resulting survey contained 34 questions, some with subquestions or multiple parts. The median time to complete the survey was between 18 and 19 minutes.\nRandomizat"]
[12.930602073669434, 14.07210636138916, "d importance\nReligion and spirituality Q22 2 and 5 Health status and experience with \nhealth and importance\nImpact of others health Q23 2 and 5 Health status and experience with \nhealth and importanceSurvey Overview    13\ndata set. Respondents in bot"]
[12.87873649597168, 14.02734661102295, "ealth status and experience with \nhealth and importance\nLive in other country Q34 2 and 5 Health status and experience with health and importanceTable 2.3\u2014continued14    2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes: Description and Top-Line Summary Data\n"]
[12.87352180480957, 14.022784233093262, "weighting, a statistical \nadjustment. To create weights to match the distribution of characteristics in our sample as closely as possible to that of the population from the 2018 Current Population Survey (CPS), we used a raking algorithm, following t"]
[12.847960472106934, 13.996859550476074, "ng for smartphones, our survey contained sev -\neral large tables\u2014for example, for Question 1, which asked the respondent to rate many differ -\nent things on one screen. These tables can be difficult for respondents using smartphones, and we cannot be"]
[12.726840019226074, 13.876431465148926, "of the action area making health a shared value . Then, \nwe specifically used the survey to collect data for three of the 35 national Culture of Health measures. All measures are associated with the action area making health a shared value .\nAlthough"]
[12.863503456115723, 13.980624198913574, "pectation for Well-Being\nThis measure provides insight on the current landscape of public opinion and attitudes regard -\ning community investment in health and well-being. We calculated this measure using Ques -\ntions 2 through 6, which asked respond"]
[12.945544242858887, 14.084619522094727, "d good diet (Chavis, Lee, and Acosta, 2008).\nFor our measure, we separately calculated a score for each of the two subscales. Each \nscale contains six questions. We measured the membership subscale with items A through F of Question 17. The emotional"]
[13.01188850402832, 14.157870292663574, "f Health Attitudes: Description and Top-Line Summary Data\nRecognized Influence of Physical and Social Factors on Health\nQ1. Here is a list of some things that may affect people\u2019s health and well-being. Please rate \neach on a scale from 1 to 5 where 1"]
[12.986978530883789, 14.140389442443848, "08)3.5 4.5 23.7 34.3 33.6 0.4\nTotal 3.6 4.5 23.4 34.4 33.3 0.7\nL. Income\nSample 1 (No Effect) 2 3 45 (Very Strong \nEffect) Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 4.0 6.3 22.0 35.0 32.1 0.6\nKnowledgePanel  \n(n = 4,708)4.4 7.8 29.0 31.5 26.9 0.4\nTotal 4.2 7.5 27.8 3"]
[13.018203735351562, 14.122157096862793, "n 1.7 1.8 1.7\nNeighborhood options for healthy food and exercise 0.4 1.5 1.3\nExamples set by people around you 1.0 0.9 0.9\nHousing quality 1.7 0.6 0.6\nAmount of social support 0.7 0.4 0.5\nWhere a person lives 0.5 0.5 0.5\nCommunity safety 0.2 0.4 0.4\n"]
[13.109004974365234, 14.196943283081055, "ople do not have to always rely on cars\nor\nMaking sure that there is public transportation, sidewalks for walking, and bike lanes available so that people do not have to always rely on cars\nNote on randomization: Half of the sample received the first"]
[13.085564613342285, 14.183557510375977, "y \nfoods are \nfor sale at \naffordable \nprices in \ncommunities \nwhere they \nare not.Making sure \nthat there are \nsafe, outdoor \nplaces to \nwalk and be \nphysically \nactive in \ncommunities \nwhere there \naren\u2019t any.Making sure \nthat there \nis decent \nhou"]
[13.01483154296875, 14.235272407531738, "to do more to make sure that everyone has [\u2018an equal\u2019/\u2019a fair and just\u2019] opportunity to be healthy\nSampleStrongly \nDisagreeSomewhat \nDisagreeNeither Agree \nNor DisagreeSomewhat \nAgree Strongly Agree Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 3.1 4.2 13.9 31.6 46.5 0.6"]
[13.001945495605469, 14.223322868347168, "Panel \n(n = 4,708)2.3 5.7 20.7 39.6 30.9 0.8\nTotal 2.1 6.4 19.4 39.9 31.3 0.9\nE. Being educated is a result of the choices you have made\nSampleStrongly \nDisagreeSomewhat \nDisagreeNeither Agree \nNor DisagreeSomewhat \nAgree Strongly Agree Missing\nALP ("]
[13.009119987487793, 14.166083335876465, " of the sample saw Q13a and half saw Q13b.\nSampleLocal \nGovernmentsState \nGovernmentsFederal \nGovernmentsNo Government \nCan Lower This \nNumber Missing\nALP ( n = 1,226) 22.8 11.7 19.3 45.6 0.5\nKnowledgePanel \n(n = 2,319)15.7 14.8 16.6 51.1 1.7\nTotal 1"]
[13.033580780029297, 14.130099296569824, "nts who selected each item as a top three \nreason for longer life expectancy. \nAccess to a good education\nSample Not Selected Selected\nALP ( n = 2,479) 83.4 16.6\nKnowledgePanel ( n = 4,708) 85.0 15.0\nTotal 84.6 15.4\nAccess to health careSample Not Se"]
[13.037625312805176, 14.132669448852539, "ate who will address this issue\nSample Very WillingSomewhat \nWillingNeither Willing \nNor UnwillingSomewhat \nUnwilling Very Unwilling Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 38.0 21.4 21.9 5.8 10.6 2.3\nKnowledgePanel \n(n = 4,708)30.6 23.0 28.2 6.1 10.5 1.6\nTotal 33."]
[13.006852149963379, 14.12695598602295, "008).\nNOTE: The order of Questions 17A\u201317P was randomized for each respondent.42    2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes: Description and Top-Line Summary Data\nB. I can recognize most of the members of this community\nSample Not at All Somewhat Mo"]
[13.023460388183594, 14.139472007751465, "t of this community for a long time\nSample Not at All Somewhat Mostly Completely Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 18.3 27.8 30.8 19.7 3.4\nKnowledgePanel \n(n = 4,708)15.6 32.7 32.7 17.7 1.2\nTotal 16.2 31.4 32.3 18.4 1.6\nSOURCE: Sense of Community Index (Chavi"]
[13.002410888671875, 14.164088249206543, "r community. For each, please indicate what impact (positive, negative, or no impact) this group has on the health of your community. If the impact is both positive and negative, please indicate whether the overall impact is more positive or negative"]
[12.999905586242676, 14.139817237854004, "\nTotal 40.1 57.5 2.4\nB. Voted for or against a candidate for public office because of his/her position on other issues such as \neducation, public safety, or community funding\nSample Yes No Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 57.5 39.9 2.6\nKnowledgePanel ( n = 4"]
[13.010092735290527, 14.188632011413574, "ES: RAND and RWJF.\nQ21. Would you say that in general your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?\nSample Excellent Very good Good Fair Poor Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 10.5 37.5 33.6 13.4 2.5 2.5\nKnowledgePanel (n = 4,708)10.3 36.0 36.7 12"]
[12.970595359802246, 14.114879608154297, "th issue or condition or because of disability?\nSample Yes No Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 15.2 82.3 2.5\nKnowledgePanel  \n(n = 4,708)12.0 86.4 1.5\nTotal 13.2 85.0 1.8\nSOURCES:  RAND and RWJF.\nQ28. Is there a place that you usually go to when you are sick"]
[12.974849700927734, 14.095047950744629, " lives]\nSample Covered Not Covered Not Sure Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 14.1 72.4 8.3 5.2\nKnowledgePanel \n(n = 4,708)13.9 77.9 6.8 1.4\nTotal 14.5 75.5 7.2 2.7\nTRICARE or other military health care, including VA health care\nSample Covered Not Covered Not"]
[12.950356483459473, 14.053767204284668, "o Missing\nALP ( n = 2,479) 28.1 69.4 2.5\nKnowledgePanel  \n(n = 4,708)23.9 74.6 1.6\nTotal 25.0 73.2 1.9\nSOURCES:  RAND and RWJF.\nQ33a. If yes: As a result of this event, were you temporarily or permanently displaced from \nyour home or community?\nSampl"]
[12.862296104431152, 14.032591819763184, "1.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0\na The period indicates true 0 (rather than a number that has been rounded down to 0.) \nRespondents by Level of Family Income, in Dollars\nSampleLess Than \n10,000 10,000\u201324,999 25,000\u201349,999 50,000\u201374,999 75,000\u201399,999100,000 or"]
[12.703994750976562, 13.834481239318848, "s/research_reports/RR1391.html\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Questionnaire , \nNovember 18, 2009. As of January 4, 2016: \nhttp://www.cdc.gov/brfss/questionnaires/pdf-ques/2010brfss.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014,"]
[12.707423210144043, 13.836370468139648, "al \nAlignment and the Use of Incentives Can Promote a Culture of Health: Stakeholder Perspectives , Santa Monica, \nCalif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1889-RWJ, 2017. As of February 13, 2019: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1889.html\nNational A"]
[12.718419075012207, 13.853586196899414, "Johnson Foundation.\nU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey: 2013 Results , Washington, D.C., June 18, 2014. As \nof January 6, 2016: \nhttp://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/atus_06182014.htm\nU.S. Census Bureau, \u201cCurrent Population"]
[4.98683500289917, 22.358591079711914, "Examining Civic \nEngagement Links to Health \nFindings from the Literature and \nImplications for a Culture of Health\nChristopher Nelson, Jennifer Sloan, Anita Chandra\nCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and tradem"]
[4.988159656524658, 22.357248306274414, "cross various (mostly nonhealth) disciplines, is still mostly formative in terms of research rigor, and involves complex rela -\ntionships among actors at the local, regional, national, and interna -\ntional levels. Furthermore, much of the empirical r"]
[4.988592147827148, 22.35602569580078, ".......... xix\nCHAPTER ONE\nBackground  ........................................................................ 1\nCHAPTER TWO\nMethods  ............................................................................ 7\nCHAPTER THREE\nHealth and Voting Part"]
[4.988110065460205, 22.356874465942383, "........ 3\nFigures\n 1.1. Culture of Health Action Framework  .............................. 2\n 2.1. Literature Search Process  ............................................ 8\nTables\n 5.1. Summary of Findings from Intervention Studies  ............... "]
[4.987796783447266, 22.357603073120117, "s in knowledge that might point to possible investment opportunities in new research?\nThis narrow focus is intended as a building block for additional \nreviews and analyses describing and characterizing the full range \nof interventions, social moveme"]
[4.998793601989746, 22.346111297607422, "ate this may be related to differences in social stigma (e.g., the extent to which individuals are deemed responsible for their condition), sophistication of pressure groups formed around a condition, and more general differ -\nences in national cultu"]
[4.988940238952637, 22.35630226135254, "nd just a few studies on civic engagement related to religious organizations. Perhaps most importantly, although there is a reasonable body of emerging evidence linking individual civic engagement to individual health, there is little attention to da"]
[4.988654136657715, 22.35654067993164, "onsoring conferences, forums, and networks to provide venues in which researchers can collab -\norate (specifically around shared data sets, as mentioned above) and more actively contribute articles to build the literature base. \n\u2022 Support collaborati"]
[4.9885640144348145, 22.35636329650879, "eclaiming health as a shared priority. RWJF iden -\ntified three drivers of change needed to make progress in this Action Area: (1) mindset and expectations (how the U.S. public views and pri -\noritizes health, well-being, and related investments); (2"]
[4.99060583114624, 22.354591369628906, "collective \naction through movement in perspective, shared narrative, and cultural meaning\u201d (Chandra et al., 2016)\u2014in other words, this action requires a change in mindset among other cultural shifts. A mindset shift in health is currently most evide"]
[5.00034236907959, 22.345136642456055, "ng and characterizing the full range of interventions, social movements, and other efforts that use civic engagement as a tool for addressing the social determinants of health was beyond the scope of this initial study. These elements also are key to"]
[4.9862799644470215, 22.359180450439453, "political science, and other social sciences. Each term was paired with \u201chealth\u201d and \u201cwell-being.\u201d This yielded a total of 1,329 results, from which two members of the team independently identified 157 articles for data abstraction, most of which wer"]
[4.9868245124816895, 22.358644485473633, "information about the links between civic engagement and health outcomes in the most rigorous studies available to date. \nDuring our title vetting, articles were included in the \u201cpossibly \nrelevant\u201d bucket if there was any indication that they might "]
[4.982336044311523, 22.36316680908203, " exploring whether the nature of the conclusions differed across quality ratings.  11CHAPTER THREE\nHealth and Voting Participation\nWe begin with key findings from studies related to voting participa -\ntion and health. Most of these studies focus not "]
[4.959822654724121, 22.385669708251953, "ld Development Study, a longi -\ntudinal study of all people living in Ireland and Britain who were born in one week in March 1958 examined correlates of voting in the 1979, 1987, and 1997 elections (sample sizes were 8,463, 6,653, and 6,782, respecti"]
[4.975082874298096, 22.37053871154785, "r than men, because they are, on average, widowed and live alone at an earlier age than men, and because women live longer and are typically younger than their husbands. Also, older \n1  This is also one a few studies we located that explored the rela"]
[4.978745460510254, 22.366947174072266, " explicit comparison of the effects of \npoor health on voting with other forms of civic participation. S\u00f6derlund and Rapeli (2015) analyzed a 2012\u20132013 cross section of more than Health and Voting Participation    15\n8,000 respondents to the European"]
[4.9741950035095215, 22.37141227722168, "008 U.S. presidential election. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and some health-related confounding factors, they found that individuals with cancer diagnoses are more likely to vote, while those with heart disease diagnoses are "]
[4.979791641235352, 22.365856170654297, "ealth\nSome studies focus specifically on the health-voting connection in the \ncontext of behavioral and mental health. The next sections summarize those findings, starting with behavioral choices. \nVoting and Health Behaviors\nThere are three studies "]
[4.978677272796631, 22.367023468017578, "duals taking precau -\ntions to reduce health risks, including HIV risk. This is important in a population that could be considered less healthy and marginalized and perhaps less likely to engage given prior study findings on poor self-reported health"]
[4.9517927169799805, 22.39383888244629, "s, wave 2 had 14,738 respondents, and wave 3 had \n15,197 respondents.20    Examining Civic Engagement Links to Health\ncommunity engagement might have mental health benefits for youths, \nand that depression might reduce later civic engagement in adult"]
[4.974801063537598, 22.370967864990234, "t the low voting rate among psychiatry inpatients and individuals with mental illness might be the result of issues of access, administrative issues (e.g., lack of an identity card), lack of knowledge, and neglect from political candidates because of"]
[4.977701187133789, 22.367910385131836, "e relationship between regional turnout rates in Finland (district level) and the United States (state level) from 1995 to 2015 with measures of local influenza prevalence. In both countries, regression models sug -\ngested that influenza outbreaks we"]
[4.98330020904541, 22.362199783325195, "ed inequality amplifies psychosocial comparisons up and down the hierarchy. This suggests that socioeconomic inequality in voter turnout is associated with poor self-rated health, independent of both income inequality and state median household incom"]
[4.98512601852417, 22.36055564880371, "es, civic engagement is conceptualized as part of \nthe broader construct of social capital. However, we include only those studies that contained a clear and specific measure of civic engage -\nment as a part of the broader social capital construct. F"]
[4.983835697174072, 22.361618041992188, "\norganization or any group concerned with the environment, pollution, and related issues. Using data from the 1974 and 1994 versions of the Alameda County Study ( n = 6928), the authors prospectively analyzed \nthe association between 1974 volunteeris"]
[4.985047340393066, 22.360795974731445, "that \u201crather than having a contextual influence on health, the benefi -\ncial properties of social capital can be found at the individual level.\u201d Similarly, a global analysis of adults older than age 50 by Van Groezen, Jadoenandansing, and Pasini (201"]
[4.984673023223877, 22.361309051513672, "ture. For instance, Veenstra\u2019s (2000) analysis of 534 observations from a 1997 cross-sectional study of adults in Saskatchewan, Canada, found that an engagement index (including voting, writing letters to editors, and paying attention to community is"]
[4.98919677734375, 22.356346130371094, "lder were less likely to be hypertensive but more likely to have lipid dysregulation than nonvolunteers. Gold et al. (2002),  in turn, used cumulative data from \nthe U.S.-based General Social Survey for 1986\u20131990 (put out by the Centers for Disease C"]
[4.987878799438477, 22.357553482055664, "volunteering was a stronger predictor for physical activity than \u201cother volunteering,\u201d perhaps because environmental vol -\nunteering could require more-active outdoor engagement. Two addi -32    Examining Civic Engagement Links to Health\ntional artic"]
[4.985422134399414, 22.36009979248047, "nxi -\nety and depression) after controlling for sociodemographic variables. CMD was measured using the General Health Quesionnaire-12, which includes three constructs of anxiety, social dysfunction, and loss of confidence. Similarly, Buck-McFayden et"]
[4.9840312004089355, 22.361705780029297, "rs also noticed a theme of political participation \u201cas a component of empowerment for minority groups in general.\u201d\nFinally, a study by Acevedo, Ellison, and Xu (2014) suggests that \nthe effect of civic engagement on health can be indirect. In a 2004 "]
[4.986485958099365, 22.358915328979492, " the mediating role of sense of community and empowerment. Social well-being was measured using the Mental Health Continuum Short Form. The authors found that group membership, other than in recreational groups, is associ -\nated with higher social we"]
[4.98839807510376, 22.357494354248047, "trust decreased significantly and then rose (i.e., were most discrep -\nant from each other across the study) and had the strongest association with high scores on a \u201ccontribution\u201d scale that included community leadership, service, helping behaviors, "]
[4.95924711227417, 22.38642120361328, " family and community during adoles -\ncence predicted greater likelihood of voting, community volunteer ser -\nvice, involvement in social action groups, and a better sense of civic trust. At a broader contextual level, exposure to community violence "]
[4.9876813888549805, 22.35789680480957, "mbership in civic organizations were associated with lower neighborhood death rates (for ages 45\u201364) for total mortality and heart disease mortality for whites and blacks; no association was found with cancer mortality.\nIn another study, Cutlip, Bank"]
[4.989381313323975, 22.355709075927734, "omote civic engage -\nment and/or to help realize the health benefits of engaging civically. We include only studies that explicitly seek to estimate an interven -\ntion\u2019s effects. Therefore, we do not seek to include the full range of studies that des"]
[4.98312520980835, 22.362483978271484, "Brown et al., 2017).\nIn another study, Dabelko-Schoeny, Anderson, and Spinks (2010) \npiloted an intervention in 2008 in a Midwestern city in the United States to promote civic engagement in adults with functional limita -\ntions. Subjects came from a "]
[5.026597023010254, 22.31859588623047, "effects of these participation-increasing measures. \n1  More information on this scale is available online at the Positive Psychology Center\u2019s \nwebsite (undated).44    Examining Civic Engagement Links to Health\nCivic Engagement Interventions to Impro"]
[4.9902873039245605, 22.355426788330078, " indirect effects (such as affordable housing). The authors concluded that community organiz -\ning\u2013based interventions designed and led by community stakeholders could identify environmental and policy solutions to address structural inequities relat"]
[4.98983907699585, 22.35607147216797, "e social support among youths. The authors argue that youths with more social support and meaningful participa -\ntion are more healthy in general. Conducted in Kansas, the campaign started in 1998, targeted adults, and provided information about and "]
[4.988881587982178, 22.356639862060547, "get populations vary in demographic background; therefore, more work is needed to determine how well these interventions might work across a more-diverse population mix. 48    Examining Civic Engagement Links to Health\nInterventionTarget  \nPopulation"]
[4.988162517547607, 22.35735321044922, "nity into tan -\ngible actions that could lead to new partnerships, improvements in the health conditions found in communities, and the degree of integration among health services and systems. However, the evidence base linking civic engagement and he"]
[4.985329627990723, 22.360340118408203, "f Civic Engagement\nHealth Outcome Voting Civic Engagement\nPhysical health 10 20\nMental health 9 13\nPatient populations 2\nCommunity health 4 4\nWell-being 0 9\nAdolescents 0 8Discussion    53\nfindings (e.g., Chola and Alaba, 2013) (see Table 6.2). Moreo"]
[4.984314918518066, 22.361528396606445, "cess, (2) the lack of participation leads to underrepre -\nsentation and a lack of policies that benefit those with depression, and (3) the lack of beneficial policy outcomes perpetuates the experience of depression. And so it repeats. \nIf true, and d"]
[4.98405647277832, 22.361751556396484, "t \nwith this viewpoint\u2014for example, physical disability, which may 56    Examining Civic Engagement Links to Health\nincrease the private costs and burdens of participation, has been shown \nin some studies to be related to lower voting turnout (Schur "]
[4.983911037445068, 22.361875534057617, "e teen and early adult years. There is reason to believe that stigma can apply to health behaviors, such as smoking (Albright et al., 2015; Denny and Doyle, 2007). However, the nature of this relationship might be mediated by culture, as is sug -\nges"]
[4.9857258796691895, 22.359880447387695, "disease  \nbut not from cancer (Lochner et al., 2003). There is also some evi -\ndence that the nature of the health\u2013civic engagement connection might vary by social group, as blacks with low education and cancer are more likely to turn out than well-e"]
[4.985474586486816, 22.359477996826172, "esearch is needed that leverages longitudinal designs to unpack causal relationships and further elucidate how health experience and voting behavior evolve over time. In addition, further analyses on how the health status of a community, and not simp"]
[4.973756313323975, 22.372129440307617, ", environments, and community power structures (and, in turn, can be causally  linked \nto health outcomes) is needed. \n\u2022 Support the development and sustainment of multi-  \ndisciplinary communities of practice. Similarly, work in this area involves a"]
[4.985420227050781, 22.36017608642578, ": The Role of Participation\u201d\nAbu-Ras (2013) \u201cAmerican Muslim Physicians\u2019 Public Role Post-9/11 and \nMinority Community\u201d\u201cEmpowerment: Serving the Underserved\u201d\nAcevedo, Ellison,  and Xu (2014)\u201cIs It Really Religion? Comparing the Main and Stress-Buffer"]
[4.986021518707275, 22.35958480834961, "Illness Experience in the United States\u201d\nBuck-McFadyen (2018) \u201cSocial Capital and Self-Rated Health: A Cross-Sectional Study of the General Social Survey Data Comparing Rural and Urban Adults in Ontario\u201d\nBulanda and Jendrek (2016)\u201cGrandparenting Role"]
[4.987617015838623, 22.357933044433594, " Civic Engagement in Young Adulthood\u201d\nEmerson et al. (2014) \u201cPerceptions of Neighbourhood Quality, Social and Civic Participation and the Self-Rated Health of British Adults with Intellectual Disability: Cross-Sectional Study\u201d\nFang et al. (2018) \u201cHap"]
[4.989872455596924, 22.354921340942383, "c Participation\u201d\nLeedahl, Sellon, and Gallopyn (2017)\u201cFactors Predicting Civic Engagement among Older Adult Nursing Home Residents\u201d\nLenzi et al. (2012) \u201cFamily Affluence, School and Neighborhood Contexts and Adolescents\u2019 Civic Engagement: A Cross-Nat"]
[4.986944198608398, 22.358659744262695, "on Turnout in 30 Countries\u201d\nMattila et al. (2018) \u201cSick Leave from Work and the Voting Booth? A Register-Based Study on Health and Turnout\u201d\nMcAllister (2008) \u201cPublic Support for Democracy: Results from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Proje"]
[4.984954357147217, 22.360595703125, "on in Political Organizations: The Role of Generativity and Its Impact on Well-Being\u201d\nSeyfang (2003) \u201cGrowing Cohesive Communities One Favour at a time: Social Exclusion, Active Citizenship and Time Banks\u201d\nShin and McCarthy (2013)\u201cThe Association Bet"]
[4.985476016998291, 22.3602237701416, "ngagement, Community Size, and Recall of Health Massages\u201d\nWagenaar  et al. (2000)\u201cCommunities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol: Outcomes from a Randomized Community Trial\u201d\nWakefield  et al. (2001)\u201cEnvironmental Risk and (Re)action: Air Quality, Healt"]
[4.984606742858887, 22.361068725585938, "nal Self-rated  \nhealthCivic \nengagementCivic engagement \nnot related to \nbetter health\nBartkowski  \nand Xu (2007)\u201cReligiosity and \nTeen Drug Use \nReconsidered: \nA Social Capital \nPerspective\u201dU.S. Cross-sectional Alcohol use Civic \nengagementHigher c"]
[4.986137866973877, 22.359474182128906, "e (2014)\u201cConnection \nBetween \nAdolescent\u2019s \nExposure to \nCommunity \nViolence and  \nFuture Civic \nEngagement \nBehaviors During \nTheir Young \nAdulthood\u201dU.S. Longitudinal Exposure to \ncommunity \nviolenceCivic \nengagementExposure to \nviolence  \nassociate"]
[4.979773044586182, 22.36626434326172, "ts \nwith Intellectual \nDisability: Cross-\nSectional Study\u201dUK Cross-sectional Self-rated  \nhealthCivic \nengagementHigher civic \nengagement \nrelated to better \nhealth among \nthose with and \nwithout intellectual \ndisabilities\nFang et al. (2018) \u201cHappine"]
[4.983790874481201, 22.361970901489258, "ngagement \nrelated to better \nhealth\nKelleher et al.  (2002)\u201cIndicators of \nDeprivation, Voting \nPatterns, and \nHealth Status at \nArea Level in the \nRepublic of Ireland\u201dIreland Cross-sectional Self-rated health Voting Higher voting rates \nrelated to "]
[4.954423427581787, 22.39218521118164, "agement \nIndicators Association\nMattila et al. (2013) \u201cHealthy Voting: \nThe Effect of Self-\nReported Health \non Turnout in 30 \nCountries\u201d30 European \ncountriesLongitudinal Self-reported \nhealthVoting Better health \nassociated with \nhigher voter \nturn"]
[4.98460054397583, 22.361083984375, "nsome et al. (2016)\u201cSocial Capital Is \nAssociated with \nLate HIV Diagnosis: \nAn Ecological \nAnalysis\u201dU.S.  \n(New York)Cross-sectional HIV diagnosis Civic \nengagementCivic engagement \nrelated to lower rates of late HIV  \ndiagnosis94    Examining Civic"]
[4.985323905944824, 22.360334396362305, "th health \nVeenstra (2002) \u201cSocial Capital \nand Health (Plus \nWealth, Income \nInequality and \nRegional Health \nGovernance)\u201dCanada \n(Saskatchewan)Cross-sectional Mortality Civic \nengagementHigher civic \nengagement  \nrelated  \nto lower  \nmortalityDetai"]
[4.986279487609863, 22.359315872192383, "ion Africaine , Vol. 27, No. 2, 2013, pp. 188\u2013202. As of \nAugust 1, 2019: https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84905057688&doi=10.11564%2f27-2-440&partnerID=40&md5=705030165f69f647449fd1acbabf5274\nBallard, P. J., L. T. Hoyt, and M. C. "]
[4.986989974975586, 22.3585147857666, "olitical Science Review , Vol. 84, No. 2, 1990, \npp.\u00a0377\u2013393. References    101\nBolton, M., I. Moore, A. Ferreira, C. Day, and D. Bolton, \u201cCommunity \nOrganizing and Community Health: Piloting an Innovative Approach to Community Engagement Applied to "]
[4.989395618438721, 22.356313705444336, " Young People: Understanding Pathways from Civic Participation to Social Well-Being,\u201d Voluntas , Vol. 26, No. 1, 2015, pp. 24\u201344. \nCollins, C. R., and S. Guidry, \u201cWhat Effect Does Inequality Have on Residents\u2019 Sense of Safety? Exploring the Mediating"]
[4.987158298492432, 22.358423233032227, "opment , Vol. 42, No. 4, 2018, \npp.\u00a0425\u2013433.\nFinlay, A. K., and C. Flanagan, \u201cAdolescents\u2019 Civic Engagement and Alcohol Use: \nLongitudinal Evidence for Patterns of Engagement and Use in the Adult Lives of a British Cohort,\u201d Journal of Adolescence , V"]
[4.986176490783691, 22.359447479248047, "e Around the World , Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. \nJennings, M. Kent, and Richard G. Niemi, Generations and Politics: A Panel Study of Young Adults and Their Parents , Vol. 68, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University \nPress, 2014. "]
[4.98502254486084, 22.360774993896484, "Classroom Climate: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy,\u201d Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , Vol. 41, 2015, pp. 8\u201318. \nMarquez, B., P. Gonzalez, L. Gallo, and M. Ji, \u201cLatino Civic Group Participation, Social Networks, and Physical Activity,"]
[4.985070705413818, 22.360763549804688, "hers/psychological-well-being-scales\nRamlagan, S., K. Peltzer, and N. Phaswana-Mafuya, \u201cSocial Capital and Health \nAmong Older Adults in South Africa,\u201d BMC Geriatrics , Vol. 13, No. 1, 2013.\nRansome, Y., S. Galea, R. Pabayo, I. Kawachi, S. Braunstein"]
[4.985803127288818, 22.359846115112305, "e First South African National Income Dynamics Study,\u201d Journal of Affective Disorders , \nVol.\u00a0144, No. 1\u20132, 2013, pp. 101\u2013105. \nUrbatsch, R., \u201cInfluenza and Voter Turnout,\u201d Scandinavian Political Studies , \nVol.\u00a040, No. 1, 2017, pp. 107\u2013119. Van Groe"]
[4.985661029815674, 22.360071182250977, "of August 1, 2019: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23629592\nZhu, L., \u201cHealing Alone? Social Capital, Racial Diversity and Health Care \nInequality in the American States,\u201d American Politics Research , Vol. 45, No. 6, \n2017, pp. 1059\u20131087. \nZiegenfu"]
[14.902327537536621, 2.8086631298065186, "CORPORATION\nFuture-Proofing Justice\nBuilding a  Research Agenda to Address the Effects \nof Technological Change on the Protection of \nConstitutional Rights\nBrian A. Jackson, Duren Banks, Dulani Woods, Justin C. Dawson\nAs changes occur in society, fit"]
[14.827741622924805, 2.76454496383667, "s of the panel included require -\nments for best practice and training develop -\nment, addressing such issues as criminal justicedata quality and its implications for individuals\u2019rights; evaluation work to better understand howanalytic tools (such as"]
[14.87039566040039, 2.788814067840576, "t data from those devices? The correct answer to such questions is not obvious, but what is clear is that simple analogies between new and old technologies are likely not enough to understand their implications. For example, it might be easy to make "]
[14.864582061767578, 2.7872533798217773, "enforcement through the issuance of warrants and determining the length and nature of punishment for an individual in the correctional system\u2014our focus broadened to explore questions of how technological change might affect the protection of individu"]
[14.879623413085938, 2.789619207382202, " to shape trial outcomes (Davis, 2013).\nAs discussed earlier in the context of virtual presence, \nwhen it comes to protecting individuals\u2019 rights, a single tech-nology may produce positive effects, negative effects, or both. For example, significant "]
[14.784286499023438, 2.7575559616088867, "rovide government might begin to affect individual behavior and infringe on freedoms protecting expression, association, and political action (see Kaminski and Witnov, 2015) .\nTo move beyond these contemporary examples, we devel-\noped a framework for"]
[14.784247398376465, 2.6680662631988525, "ntire business models rely on wresting data about individuals from their control in order to sell the information\n \u2014for e\nxample, for \ndelivering targeted advertising or building customer profiles for commercial purposes.4Next, we identified personal"]
[14.806957244873047, 2.743748188018799, "y, we defined a class of the wider societal technology \necosystem  to capture the fact that sensors are being installed in a wide variety of public places\u2014not just by government but by private property owners\u2014for security and other purposes. The more"]
[14.789652824401855, 2.73337459564209, "rns about the following:o\n fair\nness (e.g., in analytic tools)\no influ\nence (e.g., whether virtual simulations might \ninfluence juries beyond the facts of the case)\no effec\ntiveness (e.g., whether virtual presence \nmeets justice objectives as well as"]
[14.765118598937988, 2.7769694328308105, "ls\u2019 (e.g., purchasers, other occupants, and visitors) knowledge or understanding.\n\u2022\tTechnologies (e.g., voice-command systems) may monitor constantly and send data to external businesses\u2019 systems for analysis. \nVehicle-integrated technologies\u2022\n Conn\n"]
[14.59674072265625, 2.8415937423706055, "ore the meeting date, we sent panel members a back-\nground document and pre-workshop questionnaire that drew on the research team\u2019s review of published literature on these issues. The materials were structured using different categories of rights\u2014the"]
[14.819710731506348, 1.8543899059295654, "dividuals\u2019 rights. To \nprovide structure to the set of identified needs, we asked the panel members to rank each need based on its expected benefit (how important they thought it would be if the need was met) and the probability of success of actuall"]
[14.371905326843262, 2.9719252586364746, "at were identified, the research team also identified five key overarching themes.\n2 Although the \nworkshop was framed to explore both challenges and opportuni -\nties that new technologies present to the protection of indivi -\ndual\ns\u2019 rights, the gre"]
[14.433260917663574, 2.960441827774048, "y problems and responding more effectively to deter and solve crimes when they occur, and these initiatives are now broadly accepted in many departments (Police Executive Research Forum, 2013; Ratcliffe, 2016). As alluded to in the introduction, the "]
[14.401899337768555, 2.8908286094665527, "With data-sharing, inaccuracy can travel\u2014because of either objective inaccuracy from data-entry errors or more-\n subj\nective \ninaccuracy from how uncertain information is recorded.4 And \nwhen data are copied and ingested into many separate data sets,"]
[14.62696361541748, 2.8254737854003906, ", 1987). Academic stud-ies have shown that although some risk assessment tools have reasonable levels of predictive power, results from others are much less predictive, and some assessment tools show different rates of false positives and negatives f"]
[14.754515647888184, 2.734123945236206, ", Joh, 2016, p. 40) but also for forensics tech -\nniques and data sets (e.g., National Research Council, 2009, pp.\u00a0273\u2013274; Murphy, 2007), and even physical devices used by law enforcement for collecting data (e.g., Liebow, 2010).\nDuring the panel\u2019s "]
[14.792607307434082, 2.771601915359497, " how people see themselves; for example, people spend money on virtual goods that exist only in online systems and see such goods as part of their effort to define their own identities (see, for example, Koles and Nagy, 2012; Nagy and Koles, 2014). M"]
[14.795655250549316, 2.62977933883667, "nd will continue to provide protections against self-incrimination. We are already at a point where several programs are unbreakable.\u201d\n\u2013 Panel Memberet al., 2015, p. 58), although they also indicated that what is \nshared on social media is \u201cless auth"]
[14.768046379089355, 2.639674663543701, "text of lifelogging\u2014research has sug-gested that using these technologies has had an effect on how their users think, what information they remember, and where  \nthey remember it. Studies have suggested that given connec-tivity to extensive resources"]
[14.752634048461914, 2.65385103225708, " Internet adver-tisements to help shape sales messages. Biometric data from personal fitness devices can also be analyzed to make inferences about individuals\u2019 emotions or activities. Data collected from a personal fitness tracker has already been us"]
[14.774737358093262, 2.6975836753845215, "nd no longer part of their \u201cpapers and effects?\u201d The case of a technology that is implanted within a person would seem to cross that line and be more appropriately viewed as part of the person rather than something they own or possess. But how far be"]
[14.800682067871094, 2.7334988117218018, " should have walked the 15 miles to the grocery store? In practical terms, his other choice was basically not to eat or go to the doctor .\nIn the criminal justice system, the third-party doctrine  \ngoverns government access to data that individuals h"]
[14.797022819519043, 2.5933003425598145, ", at least for some people, may take the place of person-to-person phone calls, capturing communication in written form that might have once been conveyed verbally in a way that was not routinely stored.\n11 The revealing nature \nof these streams of c"]
[14.787949562072754, 2.6341419219970703, "use become ubiquitous in products\u2014for example, all automobiles are equipped with black boxes that record driving behavior and performance, or future intelligent transportation systems capture such data themselves (see Douma, Garry, and Simon, 2012)\u2014t"]
[14.77174186706543, 2.6927690505981445, "t before involved actions that were much more clearly invasive\u2014and generally required warrants. For instance, access to smartphone location logs provides data similar to physical surveillance of a person or installation of a tracking device on the pe"]
[14.759331703186035, 2.803238868713379, "e \nto the top tier\u2014fundamentally examining how the validity of \nthe third-party doctrine may shift given the increasing require-ment for disclosure of data to third parties and addressing the pressures that social media use by varied criminal justice"]
[14.93249225616455, 2.772493600845337, "without \nmassive disclosure of data to third parties. This is especially important given that modern life necessitates individuals turning over large amounts of data about themselves to others.\nTier 2 \u2022\n Crea\nte improved mechanisms (e.g., educational"]
[14.831344604492188, 2.7016565799713135, " argue about a defendant\u2019s emotional state during an alleged crime, what do judges, prosecutors, and defense counsel need to know to sufficiently understand how electronic devices compile, store, and process data? When varied types of data are brough"]
[14.847214698791504, 2.6934735774993896, "ec -\ntions related to ESI has focused on how to effectively apply the existing rules of evidence. Frieden and Murray (2011) argue that counsel should draw analogies between the source of ESI and the most similar, non-ESI or traditional source of evi "]
[14.832849502563477, 2.665414571762085, "he need for stronger knowledge in the legal system \nregarding such digital evidence is known, and there is no short-age of courses and opportunities for continuing legal education on such topics. For example, the National District Attorneys Associati"]
[14.873982429504395, 2.6938483715057373, "otected hinges on whether judges and counsel are suf-ficiently informed about ESI to appropriately and effectively apply that guidance. Such knowledge is critical to challenge the admissibility of electronic evidence resulting from poor chain of cust"]
[14.866628646850586, 2.7972943782806396, "rants at all parts of the process. This is especially important given the role of prosecutors and judges in issuing warrants and of defense attorneys in challenging search and seizure of new technological data.\n\u2022\n Deve\nlop best practices and qualific"]
[16.218652725219727, 2.9606454372406006, "at night. We would like to bring all of this together for you. Please put on the headsets next to each of your seats.\nThe jurors put on the virtual reality headsets, which \ncover their eyes and ears. The reenactment begins.\nProsecutor: What you are s"]
[16.23253059387207, 2.9466843605041504, "he country for hearings that are presumed to not affect the outcome of a case, such as hearings to determine bail, waive right to a jury trial, receive a jury verdict, enter a plea, sentence a defendant, and conduct post-conviction and parole reviews"]
[16.249980926513672, 2.959291458129883, " during the study period, which was significantly greater than the 13-percent increase in bond amount experienced by the control group of felony defendants who appeared in person for bail hearings (Diamond et al., 2010). Research on the use of remote"]
[16.17546844482422, 2.9712812900543213, "urtrooms through-out the country, innovators are developing technologies that push further into virtual space, and these might be used in courtrooms in the future. For instance, advances in technology are under way to support more-realistic virtual r"]
[16.203351974487305, 2.9633901119232178, " Feigenson, 2006, and refer-ences therein; Nemeth, 2011, and references therein). With advances in video game technologies, simulation capability \n\u201cThese new technologies \nare [computer graphics] on steroids. The more real and personal interpretation"]
[14.818602561950684, 2.7911107540130615, "to do so by identifying research needs to understand and mitigate potentially negative effects of technology on the protection of individuals\u2019 rights and by identifying and exploring how new technologies could aid in protecting those rights. During t"]
[14.670774459838867, 2.858793258666992, "ariety of such resources are available. As a result, some of the best practices identified in the workshop\u2019s research agenda are likely already available, while others still need to be developed. For example, because telepresence and video\n-\nconfe\nre"]
[14.460575103759766, 2.852227210998535, " quality and reliability with retention and use as articulated by the panel.\nBeyond best practices, the panelists also identified needs \nrelated to educating various actors in the criminal justice sys-tem to better take on the complexities of new tec"]
[14.820547103881836, 2.7982263565063477, "ers).\nFundamental Research\nBecause many of the issues discussed dur-ing the panel covered technologies that are still developing, related shortfalls in knowledge on several issues will require \nfundamental research to inform future decisions. The top"]
[14.818887710571289, 1.9313654899597168, " where data volume has been a core issue in considering e-discovery in commercial and other types of cases (Pace and Zakaras, 2012). Just as a large volume of information can complicate the inves -\ntigation and prosecution of a case (see, for example"]
[14.990835189819336, 2.742816686630249, "e top-tier needs, but panel members felt that these issues were somewhat more difficult to solve or that the solutions were more difficult to implement.\nWithin that second tier, needs fell into each of the three \nresearch agenda categories, including"]
[14.801275253295898, 2.7412643432617188, "ation is ensuring that justice processes protect the rights of individuals guaranteed in the Constitution. While not the only vector of change in society, technology can be a powerful force, with the potential to transform what is possible for citize"]
[14.885720252990723, 2.824291944503784, "ets of organizational behavior to find evidence of misbehavior that would otherwise be hidden. But maintaining balance in the effects of technology on individuals\u2019 rights and protection of due process within the justice system is challenged by resour"]
[14.86136245727539, 2.8267877101898193, "and emerging technologies and the different categories of rights they may affect.1\nSocial media platforms have created opportunities for inappropriate activities, such as attorneys, judges, and jurors \u201cfriending\u201d each other. Some media platforms (e.g"]
[14.782572746276855, 2.881618022918701, "ce system participants on modern electronic technologies and scientific evidence. 1\nCriminal justice agencies are creating, collecting, storing, and reusing data that are of questionable quality. Once recorded, such data lose their full context, ofte"]
[14.857966423034668, 2.8033432960510254, "ot be fully explained by the human analysts who apply them.Develop best practices related to what level of certainty is necessary from automated algorithms for different justice system applications (e.g., probable cause, evidentiary purposes) and wha"]
[14.848787307739258, 2.7745752334594727, ", integrating motor vehicle records, welfare records, and follow-up programs).2 None\nThe nearly ubiquitous availability of online and social media has dramatically increased the potential for inappropriate extrajudicial research by jurors and other p"]
[14.884450912475586, 2.805574655532837, "urt proceedings.Create standards to quickly and transparently assess the authenticity of converted and admitted video evidence. 333Problem or Opportunity Associated Need TierRelated \nTheme(s)\nBody-worn technologies (e.g., fitness trackers) \nmay broad"]
[14.754186630249023, 2.632932662963867, "equential decisions that affect individuals. In the credit context, however, provisions of the Fair Credit Reporting Act provide consumers access and procedures to dispute contents of their credit file that they believe are inaccurate.\n5 Both analyst"]
[14.875479698181152, 2.7444515228271484, "t the telephone stations.\n16 For discussion of this issue in the legal literature, see, for example, \nHenderson, 2006\u20132007; Spencer, 2013; and Kerr, 2009.\n17 Authenticating data must also consider the possibility that evidence \non a person\u2019s device w"]
[14.698145866394043, 3.14350962638855, "ors or corrections\u201d (Code of Federal Regulations, 2015).\n25 For a discussion of this issue, see, for example, Bushway and \nSmith,\u00a02007.\n26 For examples of recent debates about the tools\u2019 fairness, see discus-\nsion from a variety of perspectives in Ja"]
[14.687331199645996, 3.1635637283325195, "I, No.  3, 20\n11. As of December 12, 2016: \nhttp://jolt.richmond.edu/v17i3/article9.pdf\nBarry, Nicholas, \u201cMan Versus Machine Review: The Showdown \nBetween Hordes of Discovery Lawyers and a Computer-Utilizing Predictive-Coding Technology,\u201d Vanderbilt "]
[14.771671295166016, 3.0909175872802734, "cus.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Draft_Best%2520Practices%2520Video%2520Hearings_10-09-14_1.pdf\nChauriye, Nicole, \u201cWearable Devices as Admissible Evidence: \nTechnology Is Killing Our Opportunity to Lie,\u201d Catholic University Journal of Law and Te"]
[14.707441329956055, 3.153651475906372, "stiglione, Giuseppe Cattaneo, \nGiancarlo De Maio, and Mario Ianulardo, \u201cAutomated Construction of a False Digital Alibi,\u201d in A M. Tjoa, Gerald Quirchmayr, Ilsun You, and Lida Xu, eds., Availability, Reliability and Security for Business, Enterprise a"]
[14.430517196655273, 3.3360755443573, "2016:  \nhttp://www.okbar.org/members/BarJournal/archive2008/Mararchive08/obj797esi.aspx\nElectronic Privacy Information Center, \u201cAlgorithms in the Criminal \nJustice System,\u201d web page, undated. As of December 12, 2016: https://epic.org/algorithmic-tran"]
[14.763980865478516, 3.07755184173584, "38Heintz, Michael E., \u201cThe Digital Divide and Courtroom Technology: \nCan David Keep Up With Goliath?\u201d Federal Communications Law Journal , Vol.\n 54, N\no. 3, 20\n02, pp.  567\n\u2013589.\nHenderson, Stephen E., \u201cBeyond the (Current) Fourth Amendment: Protecti"]
[14.677057266235352, 3.1204710006713867, "ngs: Legal and Empirical Issues and Directions for Research,\u201d Law and Policy , Vol.\n 28, N\no. 2, \n20\n06, pp.  211\n\u2013227.\n\u201cJuries \u2018Could Enter Virtual Crime Scenes\u2019 Following Research,\u201d BBC News, May 24, 2016. As of December 12, 2016: http://www.bbc.co"]
[14.600478172302246, 3.266284227371216, "After Underdahl,\u201d Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology , Vol.\n 11, N\no. 2, \n20\n10, pp.  853\n\u2013875. As of December 12, 2016: \nhttp://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst/vol11/iss2/15\nLogan, Wayne A., and Andrew Guthrie Ferguson, \u201cPolicing Crimin"]
[14.709335327148438, 3.167513132095337, "Practices.ashx\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cJury Managers\u2019 Toolbox: Best Practices to Decrease \nUndeliverable Rates,\u201d 2009b. As of December 12, 2016: http://www.ncsc-jurystudies.org/~/media/Microsites/Files/CJS/Toolbox/Undeliverable%20Best%20Practices.ashx\nNational Legal A"]
[14.534104347229004, 3.1897106170654297, "ivacy-age-smartphone\nR.A. Malatest and Associates Ltd., Evaluation of the Bail Reform Pilot \nProject, Peace Region and Surrey , March 31, 2010 .\nRatcliffe, Jerry H., Intelligence-Led Policing , 2nd ed., Abingdon, \nOxon, UK: Routledge, 2016.\nRaynes-Go"]
[14.747885704040527, 3.004103422164917, "More from the #Jury Box: The Latest on Juries and Social Media,\u201d Duke Law & Technology Review , Vol.\n 12, N\no. 1, 20\n14, pp.  64\u2013\n91.\nSt. Eve, Amy J., and Michael A. Zuckerman, \u201cEnsuring an Impartial Jury in the Age of Social Media,\u201d Duke Law & Techn"]
[14.719576835632324, 2.97945499420166, "lem/Villasenor, John, \u201cWhat You Need to Know About the Third-Party Doctrine,\u201d The Atlantic , December 30, 2013. As of August 26, 2016: \nhttp://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-third-party-doctrine/282721/"]
[13.893284797668457, 4.239118576049805, "urt system and criminal justice overall. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of Martin Novak and Steve Schuetz of the National Institute of Justice. James Anderson of the RAND Corporation provided advice and assistance in legal elemen"]
[13.917947769165039, 4.158034801483154, "officer on afloat and ashore assignments in Miami, Fla.; New London, Conn.; and Baltimore, Md.\nJustin C. Dawson is a senior research scientist at RTI International. His research focuses on courts and corrections, criminal justice, and inter -\nnationa"]
[13.86374282836914, 4.598623275756836, "ations do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. \nR\u00ae is a \nregistered trademark.\nRR-1748-NIJCORPORATION\u00a9 Copyright 2017 RAND Corporation\nwww.rand.orgThis publication was made possible by Award Number 2013-MU-CX-K00"]
[2.9840023517608643, 16.496009826660156, "The Cost and Affordability \nof Flood Insurance in  New York City\nEconomic Impacts of Rising Premiums and \nPolicy Options for One- to Four-Family Homes\nLloyd Dixon, Noreen Clancy, Benjamin M. Miller, Sue Hoegberg, \nMichael M. Lewis, Bruce Bender, Sama"]
[2.997251510620117, 16.51826286315918, " the national level. Congress instructed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to develop an affordability framework in light of legislation that directs FEMA to gradually eliminate certain program subsidies and to collect additional program"]
[2.950496196746826, 16.514789581298828, "...................................................................................... 1\nPurpose of This Study  ................................................................................. 2\nStudy Approach  ......................................"]
[2.9446866512298584, 16.541149139404297, "............................................................. 54\nCanarsie  ............................................................................................. 54\nGerritsen Beach and Sheepshead Bay ..........................................."]
[2.9080240726470947, 16.53098487854004, "....................................................................... 119\nTo What Extent Is Purchasing Flood Insurance Burdensome for Households  \nLiving in One- to Four-Family Homes in the Study Area?  ............................... 119\nHow Might"]
[2.754065990447998, 16.518972396850586, " U\nnder PFIRM Versus 2007 FIRM for Properties in  \nHigh-Risk Zones of the 2007 FIRM  ................................................. 42\n 3.4. Difference B\netween Structure Elevation and PFIRM BFE in the Study Area  ..43\n 3.5. Premium Pro\njections U"]
[3.0363855361938477, 16.73176383972168, "............................................................. 82\n 6.1. Structure f\nor Income-Based Subsidy  .................................................. 91\n 6.2. Alternati\nve Versions of the Income-Based Subsidy Design  ........................"]
[2.8515279293060303, 16.537446975708008, "tructure C\nharacteristics for Premium Example  .................................... 36\n 3.3. Rates from th\ne NFIP April 2015 Rate Schedule  ..................................... 37\n 3.4. Premiums fo\nr the Example Structure  .........................."]
[3.0402567386627197, 16.774404525756836, " Burden\u2013Based Subsidy: Program Outcomes  \nwith Full Participation  ................................................................. 99\n 6.8. Design 2: Enr\nollment and Program Cost Under Different  \nProgram Participation Assumptions  ................"]
[2.987389326095581, 16.644624710083008, "ehold Income and Household Net Worth  .......... 149\n D.1. Fraction of I\nncome Spent by One- to Four-Family Households in the Study  \nArea on the Components of PITI, Owner-Occupied Residences Only  ......... 153\n D.2. Fraction of I\nncome Spent on PIT"]
[2.9541783332824707, 16.491365432739258, "ions, with a focus on one- to four-family homes in areas of the city that are at high risk of flooding (the study area):\n1.\n To what extent i\ns purchasing flood insurance burdensome for households living \nin one- to four-family homes in the study are"]
[2.900722026824951, 16.52765655517578, "s than 40 percent of the households living in them are low income, and the percentage of low-income households is substantially higher in some of the five subareas examined. A considerable number of one- to four-family structures face substantial flo"]
[2.7873501777648926, 16.493854522705078, "at flood insurance is burdensome for 64 percent of extremely and very low\u2013income households and for 41 percent of low-income households. The proportion of households for which flood insurance is burdensome varies across the five subareas, with the hi"]
[2.754807949066162, 16.487056732177734, " some policyholders are \noffset by charging higher rates to other policyholders. Although this cross-subsidy does not come from outside the \nprogram, it nevertheless is a subsidy for certain policyholders. Table S.1\nMedian Premium in Flood Insurance "]
[2.7889468669891357, 16.5362491607666, "into an 8-inch increase in BFE across the study area. We estimate that such an increase in BFE would cause the average full-risk rates projected using the PFIRM to increase by approximately 10 percent across the study area as a whole. However, more w"]
[2.791429281234741, 16.496610641479492, "n the study area, resulting in defaults rising from roughly just more than 300 per year to roughly 450 per year, or 1.5 percent of homes with mort -\ngages per year. Most of these defaults will be in the high-risk zones of the 2007 FIRM. \nTable S.2\nDe"]
[3.048250198364258, 16.77478790283203, " larger benefits are delivered to the target popu -\nlation by this design, even though the program cost is substantially less than that for the income-based subsidy (design 1). One downside of the housing burden\u2013based sub -\nsidy is the extra informat"]
[3.0393264293670654, 16.780309677124023, " occurs, is reimbursed for deductible payments that exceed $2,000; benefit reduced for moderate- and middle-income households\n4. Mitigation loans and grants Grants for the low-income households and low-interest  loans for moderate- and middle-income "]
[2.9899890422821045, 16.651927947998047, "nd the 2015 NFIP rate schedule \nwith pre-FIRM rates.\nb Assumes that flood insurance premiums are based on the PFIRM and the 2015 NFIP rate schedule \nwithout pre-FIRM rates or grandfathering.\nc Does not include administrative cost.Summary    xxv\nfinan"]
[2.999008893966675, 16.480854034423828, " \nCity Mayor\u2019s Office of Recovery and Resiliency for providing intellectual leadership throughout the course of the project. They also played key roles in efforts to encourage residents to participate in the study and helped us obtain data from other"]
[2.999221086502075, 16.454174041748047, " draft report. Elizabeth Asche, Claudia Murphy, and Andy Neal at FEMA provided helpful feedback on interim findings. The report is a better product because of their efforts. \nAt RAND, statisticians Stephanie Kovalchik and Michael Robbins designed the"]
[2.9772019386291504, 16.494552612304688, "andy struck New York City on October 29, 2012, with devastating conse-\nquences. It highlighted the importance of programs and policies that promote greater resilience to flood events. Flood insurance is an important part of this resilience strat -\neg"]
[2.964003086090088, 16.481121063232422, "levant not only to New York City, but also to the United States \nas a whole. Congress recognized the challenges that the phase-out of subsidies could create for households and directed Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to study \u201cmethods of e"]
[2.9757916927337646, 16.365859985351562, "Beach, and Hamilton \nBeach in Queens)\n\u2022 Rockaway Pe\nninsula (in Queens)5\n\u2022 East Shore, Staten Island (South Beach, Midland Beach, New Dorp Beach, and Oakwood).\nMap\ns showing the location of these subareas are provided in the discussion of our \nfindin"]
[2.9077041149139404, 16.464101791381836, ", so findings on the distribution of properties by residency are based on the 615 households completing the survey. In contrast, data from the EC are required to project flood insurance premiums, and thus premium projections are based on the 485 prop"]
[2.92807674407959, 16.517295837402344, "result from sea level rise (SLR). It also examines the effects of these rate increases on housing burden. \nWhile Chapters Two and Three focus on the study area as whole, Chapter Four \nexplores how the results vary across the five study subareas. \nCha"]
[2.8724913597106934, 16.476472854614258, "are in \nthe high-risk zones of the 2007 FIRM (A, AE, AO, V, and VE zones) with the remain -\ning properties newly mapped into the high-risk zones by the PFIRM.3 \nA high percentage (84 percent) of the one- to four-family structures in the study \narea w"]
[2.824692487716675, 16.457870483398438, "Flood Insurance in New York City    9\ntures are eligible for \u201cpre-FIRM construction rates\u201d from the NFIP, or \u201cpre-FIRM\u201d \nrates for simplicity (FEMA, 2015a, p. RATE-2).4 Pre-FIRM rates are on average less \nthan actuarially based rates for the structur"]
[2.9374444484710693, 16.486949920654297, "eas. Because all 48,100 properties are represented, \nconfidence intervals are not necessary.\nc Based on the study sample with complete surveys ( N = 615).\nd Based on the study sample with ECs ( N = 485).Table 2.1\u2014Continued10    The Cost and Affordabi"]
[2.8599600791931152, 16.498756408691406, "ally affect the rental market. \n9 The BFE is the elevation water reaches in a flood that occurs with a 1-percent annual chance.\n10 For structures with basements, structure elevation is measured from the top of the basement floor. For struc -\ntures wi"]
[3.0990235805511475, 16.774452209472656, "ds 95% Confidence Interval\nTotal owner-occupied residences 42,700 100% 40,800\u201344,100 \u2014\nHousehold size (persons)\n1 6,100 14% 4,800\u20137,600 11\u201318%\n2 12,100 28% 10,300\u201314,000 24\u201333%\n3 6,400 15% 5,100\u20138,000 12\u201319%\n4 9,000 21% 7,400\u201310,900 17\u201325%\n5 3,700 9%"]
[3.0997538566589355, 16.787874221801758, "edian income in our sample is $74,500, which is higher than the median income for all households in New York City ($53,782 in 2016 dollars) (U.S. Census Bureau, undated[a]). It should not be surprising that median income for New York City homeowners "]
[3.0706188678741455, 16.76066017150879, "vides income cutoffs for these income categories (which vary by house-hold size) in the New York, New York Metro Fair Market Housing Area. \nTable 2.3 shows that just less than 20 percent of households in owner-occupied, \none- to four-family homes in "]
[2.9925410747528076, 16.644559860229492, ") 7,200 17% 5,800\u20138,900 14\u201321%\nHigher income (> 165% of AMI) 10,000 23% 8,300\u201311,900 20\u201328%\nLow income and below  \n(\u2264 80% of AMI)16,800 39% 14,800\u201318,900 35\u201344%\nNOTE: These values are based on a sample of 569 owner-occupied residences. Categories may"]
[2.8956124782562256, 16.48004722595215, "P \npolicies were accurately assigned to property parcels. They found a match rate of 88 percent, suggesting that the \nestimate in that study may overstate the actual take-up rate. \n13 Kousky (2016) finds that the majority of the increase in flood ins"]
[2.960184097290039, 16.61563491821289, "hat take-up rate increases as \nhousehold income increases, particularly for 2016. The relatively large confidence inter -\nvals, however, prevent any firm conclusions. We will return to the relation between take-up rate and housing burden (the last se"]
[2.8621628284454346, 16.587295532226562, "ximately 45 percent carry the maximum $100,000 \noffered by the NFIP.\nThe relation between building coverage and structure replacement cost is one \nindicator of the extent to which property owners are protected from flood losses. The \nNFIP policy appl"]
[2.800121545791626, 16.48845100402832, "s in the study sample with a flood insurance policy as of December 31, \n2014 (N = 775).RAND RR1776-2.3Percentage of policies\n1\u201350 51\u2013100 101\u2013\n150151\u2013\n200201\u2013250251\u2013500501\u2013750751\u20131,000>1,000Building coverage \nStructure replacement cost The Affordabili"]
[2.779606342315674, 16.500581741333008, "    increased c\nost of compliance (ICC) premium +  \n    deductible\n adjustment +  \n    reserve fun\nd assessment +  \n    federal poli\ncy fee +  \n    HFIAA su\nrcharge. \nSpecifically, the premium in the PMF does not include the reserve fund assess -\nmen"]
[2.819042921066284, 16.500288009643555, "s much higher than the $1,120 average for the elevation-rated structures.\n24 A surprising 10 percent of policies are PRPs\u2014\nsurprising because PRPs are not available in high-risk areas. A likely explanation is that the flood zone was incorrectly state"]
[3.0437870025634766, 16.760677337646484, "inition back to the National Housing Act of 1937. \nThe regulations promulgated pursuant to this act originally offered public housing to families with incomes less \nthan five to six times the rent. This rule was quickly changed to limit maximum rent "]
[3.065534830093384, 16.774742126464844, "ity Department of Finance. Careful efforts were made not to double-count property taxes and insurance payments escrowed in the mortgage. Consistent with common terminology in the lending industry, we refer to these costs collectively as PITI (mortgag"]
[3.0598649978637695, 16.764440536499023, ". Six households that report \nannual household income of less than $20,000 and have a PITI ratio greater than 2.5 but less than 4.1 are not shown on this chart.RAND RR1776-2.4\nPITI ratio\n200 100 0 300PITI ratio = 0.4Cutoff for \nmiddle-incomehousehold"]
[3.0439980030059814, 16.750070571899414, "lds with PITI ratios above 0.4 do not have flood insurance, and purchasing flood insurance would only increase their PITI ratio further above 0.4. Consequently, flood insurance is also burdensome for these households using this measure of housing bur"]
[2.7702741622924805, 16.476579666137695, "miums that are currently paid and the \nextent to which they are financially burdensome. That analysis was predicated on the FIRM currently in place (the 2007 FIRM), the NFIP rate schedule in effect between July 1, 2015, and June 30, 2016, and the ava"]
[2.7884957790374756, 16.47370147705078, "ructure t\nype (e.g., slab, basement, enclosure, crawlspace, subgrade crawlspace)\n\u2022 number of floors\n\u2022 location of M\n&E \n\u2022 flood zone\n\u2022 structure el\nevation relative to BFE\n\u2022 residency (\nwhether primary residence of property owner).\nWhen a structure i"]
[2.7671546936035156, 16.474756240844727, " annual flood insurance premium increases to 18 percent per year, so large premium increases would be phased in over multiple years. For exam -\nple, if premiums triple as they do in some of the scenarios below, it would take approxi -\nmately seven ye"]
[2.8647167682647705, 16.606061935424805, "d:\n\u2022\n building co\nverage: the lesser of replacement cost and $250,000 (the maximum \noffered by the NFIP)\n\u2022 contents co\nverage: $100,000 for structures with $250,000 in building coverage \nand 40 percent of the amount of building coverage for structure"]
[2.829726457595825, 16.546581268310547, "s to $2,500 and is shown in Table 3.4. Including the other premium components increases the total premium to $2,762. \nThe bottom part of Table 3.4 shows the non -elevation-based premium for this \nstructure. The building and contents rates are shown i"]
[2.7973930835723877, 16.533245086669922, "tructure\nLocation of M&E In basement\nBuilding coverage $250,000 with $2,000 deductible\nContents coverage $100,000 with $2,000 deductibleFlood Insurance Premium Scenarios    37\nSomewhat unexpectedly, changes in the NFIP rate schedule between 2012 and "]
[2.7556402683258057, 16.47918128967285, "62\nNon-elevation-based rate\nBase premium $2,850 $1,203 $4,053\nIncreased cost of compliance premium \u2014 \u2014 $55\nDeductible adjustmentc\u2014 \u2014 0\nReserve fund assessmentb\u2014 \u2014 $616\nFederal policy fee \u2014 \u2014 $45\nHFIAA surcharge \u2014 \u2014 $25\nTotal $4,794\na \u20137.5% of base pr"]
[2.7307333946228027, 16.472549438476562, "paid in the high-risk areas of the 2007 FIRM is $1,880 (see Table 2.8 in Chapter Two), just more than one-half of the $3,500 average projected in scenario B. Primary reasons for this for gap are:\n\u2022\n The coverage le\nvels observed for policies in force"]
[2.758664846420288, 16.481380462646484, "PFIRM affects flood insurance premiums by increasing the number of struc -\ntures in high-risk areas and by increasing, for most properties, the property-specific BFE. As shown in Table 3.5, there are 25,900 \u201cnewly mapped\u201d properties under the PFIRM\u2014t"]
[2.751023054122925, 16.479537963867188, "ifference for one- to four-family structures in the study is area is \u20135.0 feet. \nPremiums for Properties Already in High-Risk Zones\nHow premiums would change under the increasing risk depicted by the PFIRM depends importantly on whether the property "]
[2.74930739402771, 16.489898681640625, "perience a premium increase and the average premium across properties increases by $500. \nEliminating grandfathering does have a considerable impact for properties that \nare already in high-risk zones according to the 2007 FIRM. As can be seen by com"]
[2.740116834640503, 16.475683212280273, "igure 3.7), and at least  \n75 percent of properties see increases of $1,800 or more (first column of Figure 3.8). The reason is that Congress directed FEMA to gradually increase rates from the PRP rate to the standard X-zone rate for newly mapped pro"]
[2.7616689205169678, 16.4814395904541, "grandfatheringDrop \ngrandfathering, \nkeep pre-FIRM \nratesAdopt PFIRM \nwith risk-based \nratesAdd 8 inches of SLR \n06,000\n5,0004,0003,000\n2,0001,0007,000\nRAND RR1776-3.8\nPremium change ($)\n5th \npercentile$400 $0 $0 $400 $0\n25th percentile$1,800 $0 $300"]
[2.785386085510254, 16.49253273010254, "he \nPITI ratio when the premiums in scenarios B and G are assumed. In both of these sce-narios, all properties are assumed to have flood coverage at the same coverage amounts assumed in this chapter. Moving to premium scenario B does not increase the"]
[2.755718469619751, 16.468446731567383, "E. \nOutside the high-risk zones of the 2007 FIRM, the median premium remains at \n$500, with or without pre-FIRM rates. This assumes that property owners continue to qualify for PRP rates outside the high-risk area. Continued qualification for the PRP"]
[2.9101815223693848, 16.33185577392578, "y as the Jamaica Bay subarea)\n\u2022 South Beach/\nMidland Beach/New Dorp Beach/Oakwood (referred to jointly at \nthe East Shore subarea).\nWe oversampled in these subareas to get a better representation of vulnerable \ncommunities in our study.1 This chapter"]
[2.9144370555877686, 16.37246322631836, "\nJamaica Bay 2,800 2,600\nRockaway Peninsula 11,300 9,700\nEast Shore 6,300 5,800\nRest of study area 21,100 18,300\nOverall study area 48,100 42,700\nSOURCE: Property address provided by the New York City Department and Finance. Residency status \ndetermi"]
[2.928609848022461, 16.352514266967773, "s full of summer bungalows by the early 20th century. Over time, these bungalows were winterized and became year-round residences. These two communities are home to approximately 11,000 people and more than 9,000 residen -\ntial units.\nFlood Risk Prof"]
[2.9314205646514893, 16.361793518066406, "head Bay comprise detached (see Figure 4.8) and semidetached one- and two-family homes, and there are numerous multifamily buildings. Elevating or retrofitting \nFigure 4.5\nFirst Floor Below Street Level in Gerritsen Beach\nSOURCE: Image used with perm"]
[2.9644484519958496, 16.29722023010254, " Boulevard. These communities were expanded by dredging and filling in marshland (NYC Plan -\nning, 2016). \nFlood Risk Profile\nThese communities have long experienced flooding during storm events and even regu -\nlar tidal flooding. These communities e"]
[2.9191982746124268, 16.32917594909668, ",000 residents. In mid- to late 19th century, the Rockaways was primarily a waterfront resort area. The construction of the Cross Bay Bridge, the Marine Parkway Bridge, and improvements to railway services between the 1920s and 1940s made the Rockawa"]
[2.9386086463928223, 16.361982345581055, "sion of the New York City Department \nof City Planning. All rights reserved.\nRAND RR1776-4.1266   The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nEast Shore Subarea\nBackground\nThe East Shore of the Staten Island study area consisted pr"]
[2.9154343605041504, 16.428144454956055, "ity in Five Vulnerable Subareas    67\nTake-Up Rates and Housing Burden\nFlood insurance take-up rates vary considerably across the five study subareas.  \nTable 4.2 reports estimates of the take-up rate in 2012 and 2016 for one- to four-family \npropert"]
[2.883181095123291, 16.428144454956055, "\n (\u226480% AMI)Percentage Housing \nBurdened  \n(PITI Ratio >0.40)Percentage Older \n(Financially Responsible \nPerson \u226565 Years Old)\nStudy SubareaEstimated \nPercentage95% \nConfidence \nIntervalEstimated \nPercentage95% \nConfidence \nIntervalEstimated \nPercent"]
[2.8011462688446045, 16.4410457611084, "000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 \n5th percentile $400 $400 $500 $400 $400 $400\n25th \npercentile$500 $500 $700 $700 $500 $500\nMedian $700 $500 $1,300 $1,700 $1,700 $700\n75th percentile$700 $700 $3,000 $3,100 $3,500 $3,400\n95th percentile$700 $3,600 "]
[2.8509111404418945, 16.458831787109375, "wner-occupied residences in Canarsie. Reflecting the large premium increases in the Rockaway Penin-sula, the increase in the percentage of households that are housing burdened is particu -\nlarly large\u2014increasing from 16 percent under current conditio"]
[2.779477834701538, 16.478559494018555, "d, flood insurance premiums are particularly burdensome \nfor households in Canarsie. A substantially higher proportion of households in Canar -\nsie are currently housing burdened than in the other subareas examined and a substan-tially higher proport"]
[2.7523093223571777, 16.502717971801758, "d be affected by shifting from the effective FIRM to the PFIRM can provide insight into how households and neighborhoods will be affected by whatever change ultimately occurs.\nAnother source of uncertainty is that the magnitude of price changes will "]
[2.844794750213623, 16.539546966552734, " study area is in the high-risk zones of the PFIRM). Many factors beyond floodplain location and flood insurance prices go into determin -\ning property values; for example, the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis had an enormous effect on housing prices. O"]
[2.8370494842529297, 16.522178649902344, "eas\n5th percentile $235,000\n25th percentile $307,000\n50th percentile $407,000\n75th percentile $516,000\n95th percentile $850,000\nMedian home price by study subarea\nCanarsie $390,000\nSouthern Brooklyn Waterfront $361,000\nJamaica Bay $400,000\nRockaway P"]
[2.839515209197998, 16.546916961669922, "ecline in value of some property \nin the current high-risk zone is so large that the property is almost worthless. This \n3 The average mortgage is prepaid in fewer than 30 years, but the value of the property is based on its resale value \nand not how"]
[2.8307676315307617, 16.551652908325195, "00\nNOTES: Sample limited to one- to four-family properties in the PFIRM with complete ECs. There are no \nhomes from Canarsie in our sample with an EC that are inside the high-risk zones of the effective FIRM. Maximum decline in value is bounded at th"]
[2.881981372833252, 16.572736740112305, "ome drops, the household no longer ben -\nefits from spending the same amount of money to purchase a now less-valuable home from the lender. Because the value of the home has dropped, selling the home also does not raise sufficient revenue to pay back"]
[2.8868541717529297, 16.5494327545166, "4) and Gyourko and Tracy (2014).\nIn January 2016, the mortgage default rate in New York City was 1.0 per -\ncent (Barraza, 2016), or just over 300 mortgage defaults per year among owner- occupied residences in the study area. Table 5.4 shows over 150 "]
[2.850680112838745, 16.56351661682129, "uch of an empirical difference.7 These inelastic \nestimates are also based on much smaller changes in price than those considered here. If the probability that a $5,000 increase in insurance costs causes a household to drop its insurance is more than"]
[2.8254284858703613, 16.547868728637695, "n flood insurance prices will cause sig -\nnificant decreases in property values. Table 5.2 shows that households in the study area but outside the high-risk zones of the effective FIRM will see the value of their property decrease by roughly $10,000 "]
[2.9955554008483887, 16.596248626708984, "ed by the National Academies of Sci -\nences, Engineering, and Medicine on behalf of the Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA).\n1 The first three programs subsidize flood insurance premiums \nin different ways. The fourth makes flood i"]
[3.0304205417633057, 16.722064971923828, "is complete.\nWe do not examine the potential for incorporating CRS participation into a flood insurance affordability \nstrategy in this report. That topic warrants further study.Table 6.1\nFlood Insurance Affordability Program Designs\nDesign Name Desc"]
[3.0591988563537598, 16.781211853027344, " designs are also modeled using premium scenario E (PFIRM, 2015 rate schedule without pre-FIRM rates, but with grandfathering). \n5.\n Design para\nmeters.  Each design is modeled under a set of base-case design \nparameters for eligibility and benefit l"]
[3.072765350341797, 16.77411460876465, "g Burdened Not Housing Burdened\nExtremely and very low  \nincome (\u2264 50% of AMI)6,800 (16%)b4,500 (46%) 2,300 (7%)\nLow income  (51 to 80% of AMI)8,600 (20%) 3,400 (35%) 5,200 (16%)\nModerate income  (81\u2013120% of AMI)9,100 (21%) 1,200 (12%) 7,900 (24%)\nMi"]
[3.057218313217163, 16.779359817504883, "2  The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\ndecline in benefits avoids a sudden change in benefits from 80 percent of the premium \nto zero and the associated incentive to reduce income to just below the threshold. It also opens "]
[3.1003732681274414, 16.831340789794922, "o 0.80, but remains high.6 As shown in the last column of  \nTable 6.3, this design provides benefits to many households that are not housing bur -\ndened and thus could afford the flood insurance premium without the program. More than one-half of the "]
[3.043398380279541, 16.76132583618164, "households that are housing burdened without the program increases when full-risk rates are used (from 9,700 to 14,200). For scenarios B and E the program causes little change in the percentage of households that are housing burdened in the study are"]
[3.086916923522949, 16.79949188232422, ",000 to 15,400), while the number of beneficiaries who are housing burdened declines by 600 (from 9,700 to 9,100). Even though the cost of the more narrowly targeted program is 18-percent lower than in the base case, the outcomes for the housing-burd"]
[3.0739495754241943, 16.784435272216797, "d by HUD\u2019s Section 8 housing choice vouchers for renters. That program expects renters to pay 30 percent of household income toward rent and then fills in the gap between the household contribution and a measure of market rent in the area.\n8 In the d"]
[3.080146312713623, 16.800111770629883, "his design tends to reward less financially conservative households. A household that, for example, took on the maximum amount of debt when times were good would be more likely to benefit from the program than households that did not borrow up to the"]
[3.0550148487091064, 16.788864135742188, "ects the number of beneficiaries \nand program cost. Higher flood insurance premiums increase a household\u2019s PITI ratio, \nand, as expected, the number of beneficiaries is higher when the program is run using premium scenarios based on the PFIRM. As is "]
[3.0737063884735107, 16.790653228759766, "00)15,500  \n(13,000\u201318,000)\nAnnual premium subsidy $14 million \n(7\u201321)$19 million \n(11\u201326)$26 million \n(18\u201334)\nOutcomes for households that are housing burdened without the program\nNumber of beneficiaries 6,900 9,700 9,700\nAnnual premium subsidy $14 "]
[2.9643797874450684, 16.671674728393555, "e pre-\nmium charged for the $2,000/$2,000 and $10,000/$10,000 policies. NFIP actuaries consulted during this study indicated that the deductible factors are based on actu -\narial data and that differences in the factors provide a first estimate of th"]
[3.024200201034546, 16.74585723876953, "ere could be years where \nno flooding events take place or years where multiple flooding events take place.\n12 Because of this relationship between expected outlays and the difference in premiums, the annual cost of a \nprogram in which the government"]
[3.022376298904419, 16.770545959472656, "vious designs have provided financial assistance for flood insurance premiums \nbut have not made any effort to modify the structure to reduce risk. This design makes flood insurance more affordable by modifying structures in ways that reduce the NFIP"]
[3.029151201248169, 16.76816177368164, " approach is attractive because, rather than funding subsidy \npayments year after year, mitigation reduces risk and the need for subsidies in the first place. Mitigation also means that households experience fewer and less-severe flood losses and the"]
[3.0285890102386475, 16.769943237304688, "ned, but rather the cost of the loans after repayments have been made. This cost is due to the below-market interest rates and loan default. The subsidy rate for the low-interest loans provided by the SBA provides a basis for estimating the cost of  "]
[2.968797206878662, 16.71756362915039, "levation is determined using the \nfloor above the crawlspace or enclosure. Retrofitting a residential structure with flood vents typically costs between $6,000 and $9,000, and we assume a cost of $8,000 in the program simulations (see Table 6.15). \nR"]
[2.957995891571045, 16.7044734954834, "$70,000 in our program simulations. An obvious downside of this mitigation measure is the loss in utility and potential rental income that basements generate for homeowners. \nStructure Elevation\nThe last and most expensive mitigation measure consider"]
[3.0383191108703613, 16.782817840576172, "ber of structures for which  \nmitigation measure is feasible and household is eligible2,600  \n(1,500\u20133.600)7,200  \n(5,300\u20139,100)21,100  \n(18,300\u2013\n23,900)15,700  \n(13,100 \u201318,100)\nNumber of structures for which mitigation measure is cost-effective and"]
[2.994851589202881, 16.72739028930664, "households in the study area that are housing burdened (given the rate schedule that underlies pre-mium scenario B). \nA final point to underscore regarding the projections in Table 6.16 is that they pre-\nsume all eligible structures participate in th"]
[3.056723117828369, 16.80124282836914, "ion $94 million $330 million\nAverage premium without program $9,100 $4,600 $5,000 $26,500\nAverage premium with program$5,300 $3,900 $1,200 $4,400\nAverage PITI ratio without program 1.32 0.82 0.83 1.11\nAverage PITI ratio with program1.07 0.80 0.72 0.5"]
[3.036247730255127, 16.78183364868164, " row six.\nFinally, row seven reports the difference in costs between the two designs. The \nresults show that government cost for design 5 will be lower than for design 1 under particular circumstances. Government cost is lower if the subsidy is provi"]
[3.0501132011413574, 16.785778045654297, "out \nProgram\nDesignFlood Insurance \nUnaffordableFlood Insurance \nAffordableBenefit Cost \nwith Full \nParticipationaWithout \nProgramWith \nProgram Pros Cons\n1. Income-based subsidy 9,700 22,000 $33 million per \nyear$2,100 $650 Least data required on \nho"]
[3.0107452869415283, 16.728559494018555, "rs the relatively small number of middle-income households that are housing burdened from the program. \nThe premium reductions and program costs for the deductible subsidy design are \nmore modest than in other programs. We have modeled a program in w"]
[2.9940011501312256, 16.705018997192383, "art of the program.Table 6.20\nNumber of Beneficiaries and Program Costs Under Premium Scenario B and Premium Scenario G\nWith Premium Scenario B With Premium Scenario G\nDesignNumber of \nBeneficiaries Program CostNumber of \nBeneficiaries Program Cost\n1"]
[2.761370897293091, 16.493635177612305, " be largely phased out by the time a revised FIRM is adopted for New York City, but even without pre-FIRM rates, the median premium with grandfathering is not much higher than under the 2007 FIRM. It should be remembered, however, that not all homeow"]
[2.9751720428466797, 16.663347244262695, " 450 per year, or 1.5 percent of homes with mortgages per year. Most of these defaults will be in the high-risk zones of the effective FIRM. Some study areas, such as the Rockaway Penin -\nsula, could be particularly hard hit by increased default rate"]
[3.0192935466766357, 16.62863540649414, "tentially lower than with the premium subsidy alone. We illustrate that this can indeed be the case with savings up to hun -\ndreds of millions of certain multiyear scenarios, but only if the low-income households that qualify for the income-based sub"]
[3.045330762863159, 16.40768814086914, ". to provide a reliable and representative estimate of the affordability of flood \ninsuranc\ne for one- to four-family homes in New York City\n2. to provide acc\nurate estimates of flood insurance affordability for one- to four-\nfamily homes in each of "]
[3.0831642150878906, 16.3725528717041, "me. Study subarea was not a factor in sampling in this stage, so the additional sample would be expected to be proportional to the representation of each study area among the sample frame structures. The final sample size was 2,800 structures with an"]
[3.0702314376831055, 16.403358459472656, "2015 and May 2016. Waves were \norganized in part by geographic location.\nTo enable survey results to be projected to the study area as a whole, properties \neligible to participate in the study were randomly selected; consequently, we could not accept"]
[3.08060359954834, 16.396398544311523, "rt staff to ensure accurate information was communicated in response to inquiries. Staff fluent in Spanish, Chinese, Russian, and other languages were available on call as needed.\nDuring the course of the study, 345 phone-based inquiries were receive"]
[3.066486120223999, 16.383705139160156, "60 study participants.\nSite Visits and Elevation Certificates\nFollowing completion of the questionnaire by study participants, the project- scheduling team contacted each participant by phone and/or email to schedule the site visit for the land surve"]
[3.0647006034851074, 16.378074645996094, "ic command. The outcome variable is an indicator variable for participation in the study (1 indicating yes), and the explanatory variables are also all indicator variables. As shown in Table A.4, the following variables are included in the response-r"]
[3.0269663333892822, 16.42150115966797, "e Coefficient Prob > |z| Coefficient Prob > |z|\nStudy subarea\nCanarsie 1.102 0.56 1.122 0.54\nSouthern Brooklyn \nWaterfront0.679 0.04 0.908 0.63\nJamaica Bay 1.097 0.56 1.070 0.71\nRockaway Peninsula Reference \u2014 Reference \u2014\nEast Shore, Staten Island 0.7"]
[3.029982328414917, 16.42486572265625, "y duration, creation of maps for use by door-to-door canvassers, the process used to match the study addresses to the NFIP policy database, and the process used to match the study addresses to the Build It Back database. \nGeodatabase Development: Dat"]
[2.981994390487671, 16.42256736755371, "ch\n \u2013Canarsie\n \u2013 Rockaway Pe\nninsula including Rockaway Park and Rockaway Beach\n \u2013 Sheepshea\nd Bay, Gerritsen Beach\n \u2013 South Beach, M\nidland Beach, New Dorp Beach, Oakwood.\nSource Data Manipulation\nThe following data-manipulation steps were performed"]
[2.914327383041382, 16.39409637451172, "l. \nFor riverine areas, the BFEs are stored in the FIRM database as attributes to line \nfeatures that cross the floodplain perpendicular to stream flow. Using the elevation of the BFE lines as input and the zone AE flood hazard areas as a mask, a Tri"]
[3.11765456199646, 16.39925765991211, "d. PINs were assigned for the first 300 addresses in wave A. PINs were assigned for sub -\nsequent mailing waves as the mailing waves were identified (number of addresses and neighborhoods).\nPrepare Data for Mailings and Telephone Outreach\nThe study d"]
[3.1085550785064697, 16.409162521362305, "e addresses were geocoded and their points were moved to locations that better represented real-world locations. \nTo improve the display of tabular information in AGOL, only selected fields were \nkept in the study geodatabase that was prepared for AG"]
[3.041905403137207, 16.4276065826416, "aded into the tool. A starting and ending location for each route was chosen, and an ordered route and directions were output. Once the route was created, map sheets at a size and scale that could be printed and carried in the field were gener -\nated"]
[3.1078102588653564, 16.795040130615234, "au on the relationship between household income and household net worth. These data are based on statistics for households nationwide, but they provide an initial sense of how adding an asset test to an income-based eligibility criterion could reduce"]
[3.101180076599121, 16.793668746948242, "m an \n1  The ranges were $19,999 or less, $20,000 to $29,999, $30,000 to $39,999, $40,000 to $49,999, $50,000 to \n$59,999, $60,000 to $79,999, $80,000 to $99,999, $100,000 to $119,999, $120,000 to $149,999, and $150,000 \nor more.Table C.1\nAMI-Based I"]
[3.051988363265991, 16.75235939025879, "3 15.6 33.8\nNOTE: Data on household net worth by income quintile from U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Income \nand Program Participation (SIPP), 2008 Panel, Wave 10 (U.S. Census Bureau, undated[c]). Net worth is defined as total assets less total liabil"]
[3.0386133193969727, 16.74186897277832, "a change in jobs has reduced household income. It could also be the case that workers in the household have retired. The extent to which remaining costs are unsustainable to a household depends on their level of accumulated assets. The role of assets"]
[2.8958756923675537, 16.632951736450195, "auses a substantial movement of households to the higher-income share categories. \nRelationship Between Building Coverage, Contents Coverage, \nReplacement Cost, and Mortgage Balance\nThe top section of Table D.3 examines the relationship between build"]
[2.934807777404785, 16.666532516479492, "h NFIP policies.\n1 Mortgage balance is reported by survey respondents. \nProperties with building coverage are divided into three groups:\n1. those with a mortgage and mortgage balance less than or equal to replacement cost\n2. those with a mortgage and"]
[2.8813517093658447, 16.617507934570312, ".3\u201339.3%\n30% < x \u2264 45% 9,600 22.1% 8,000\u201311,400 18.4\u201326.4%\n45% < x \u2264 60% 4,600 10.7% 3,500\u20136,100 8.1\u201314.1%\n60% < x 8,300 19.1% 6,700\u201310,100 15.6\u201323.3%\nNOTE: These values are based on a sample of 569 owner-occupied residence households. Categories \nma"]
[2.7812042236328125, 16.47997283935547, "or building coverage.159APPENDIX E\nFlood Insurance Premium Model\nThis appendix first describes the model that was developed to project flood insurance \npremiums under a number of assumptions about the FIRM in effect and the availabil -\nity of pre-FIR"]
[2.7604739665985107, 16.463754653930664, "r\nElevation-based rates in VE zones\nNFIP rate table 2012 and 2015\nFlood zone VE\nStructure type Elevated with enclosure, elevated without enclosure, all other\nElevation difference +4 to \u201313 in feet\nPRP \nNFIP rate table 2012 and 2015\nFlood zone Xa\nStru"]
[2.759507417678833, 16.485769271850586, " 2012 and $45 \n                    in 2015 for other policies\nHFIAA charge = $0 in 2012; $25 in 2015 for primary residences; $250 in 2015 \n                           for nonprimary residences.\nThis premium information is used to develop the following"]
[2.761890172958374, 16.478727340698242, "truc- \n   ture and PR\n3 is lower than the rate after Step 3 (allows for pre- \n   FIRM rates fo\nr grandfathered structures in high-risk zones of  \n   2007 FIRM and se\nts rates for newly mapped pre-FIRM prop \n   erties to sta\nndard X-zone rate).3 \nStep"]
[2.7146172523498535, 16.4317626953125, "schedule used in the premium model went into effect. Rates generally increase over time, and one would expect the model to overpredict premiums for policies that Table E.3\nComparison of Model Predictions with Premiums in the 2012 Policy Master File ("]
[2.7491912841796875, 16.452898025512695, "se with coverage).Table E.4\nComparison of Flood Zone\nFlood Zone According to \n2016 Policy Master FileFlood Zone According to EC Completed for Study\nA or AE V or VE B, C, and X Total\nA or AE 154 0 3 157\nV or VE 0 1 0 1\nB, C, X 18 1 114 133\nTotal 172 2"]
[2.763262987136841, 16.47525405883789, "e, but it is somewhat more common for structure to be declared pre-FIRM in the PMF when it is post-FIRM on New York City\u2019s PLUTO property database than the reverse. Nineteen percent of post-FIRM properties are identified as pre-FIRM in the PMF (11 of"]
[2.7654402256011963, 16.47275161743164, "s and 18%  per property.If there is no lender requirement, the lapse rule does not apply.\nSOURCE: FEMA, 2016a, Section 5 (Rating).170    The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nTable F.2\nRating Options Available When the Flood "]
[2.759777069091797, 16.46727752685547, "r V can be canceled and rewritten to a PRP  going back to the inception date of the current term (the term the map change took place in). If the building does not qualify for a  PRP (based on loss-  \nhistory requirements\nb), \nthe policy can be endors"]
[2.955251932144165, 16.644344329833984, "e pay-ment associated with taking a loan worth 80 percent of the 2016 assessed property value at a 5-percent interest rate. For the two remaining primary residences that have mortgages but are still missing mortgage payments, we impute mortgage payme"]
[2.8975915908813477, 16.604755401611328, "tional insurance expenditures.\n2\nUtilities\nIn addition to the costs associated with PITI, we collect information on utility expen -\nditure as another component of housing cost. We ask homeowners to report their prior month\u2019s electric and gas bills, a"]
[2.8337879180908203, 16.56327247619629, "ms unlikely based on current take-up rates, but would be socially desir -\nable because it reduces the risk of households facing sudden unexpected loses. How -\never, such a change in practice would also mean an increase in insurance prices causes a la"]
[2.8128676414489746, 16.528932571411133, "ults.Economic Effects Model   177\nTable G.1\nDecline in Property Value Because of Change in Flood Insurance Premium from Scenario B to Scenario G, Flood Insurance Purchased Indefinitely (2016 Dollars)\nProperties in \nthe High-Risk Zones \nof the Effecti"]
[2.9950010776519775, 16.497434616088867, " RR1776-H.1-2182    The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nFigure H.1\u2014Continued\nRAND RR1776-H.1-3Survey Instrument    183\nFigure H.1\u2014Continued\nRAND RR1776-H.1-4184    The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York C"]
[2.9984030723571777, 16.465248107910156, "a Monica, Calif.: RAND \nCorporation, RR-328-NYC, 2013. As of March 15, 2017: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR328.html192    The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City \nDixon, Lloyd, Noreen Clancy, Seth Seabury, and Adr"]
[3.076131820678711, 16.725521087646484, "S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.\n\u201cIncome Limits,\u201d Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, undated. As of March 29, 2017: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/il.html#2015Re"]
[2.940648078918457, 16.355154037475586, "orhoods/gerritsen-beach.page\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cResilient Neighborhoods,\u201d nyc.gov, undated(d). As of March 20, 2017: \nhttp://www1.nyc.gov/site/planning/plans/resilient-neighborhoods.page\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cRockaway Park and Rockaway Beach,\u201d nyc.gov, undated(e). As of March 22"]
[3.021117925643921, 16.629600524902344, "ualifying Ratios (4155.1),\u201d hud.gov website, March 1, 2011b. As of \nMarch 20, 2017: https://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=4155-1_4_secF.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, FHA Single Family Housing Policy Handbook 4000.1 , Washington, D.C., December 30, \n2016. A"]
[3.002222776412964, 16.507312774658203, "ns that reduce \ufb02ood \ninsurance premiums by making the home less susceptible to \ufb02ood risk. This report builds  \non a previous work by the RAND Corporation on \ufb02ood insurance in New York City, Flood \nInsurance in New York City Following Hurricane Sandy "]
[12.646225929260254, 13.546173095703125, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nEvaluation of the Homeless \nMultidisciplinary Street Team for the City of Santa Monica\nJ. Scott Ashwood, Karishma Patel, David Kravitz, David M. Adamson,  \nM. Audrey Burnam\nPrepared for the City of Santa MonicaLimited P"]
[12.626192092895508, 13.513630867004395, "cerns that are influenced by the \nnatural and built environment, technology, and co mmunity organizations and institutions that \naffect well-being. For more information, email chep@rand.org. \n  iv Contents \nPreface ..................................."]
[16.80735206604004, 10.213956832885742, "............................................ .................... 17 \t\nLimitations ................................................................................................................... ........................... 17 \t\nRecommendations .."]
[16.787696838378906, 10.234511375427246, "eral population to \nseek services to address these conditions on their own. For thes e reasons, chronically homeless \nindividuals are often repeat us ers of emergency services\u2014including medical, law-enforcement, \nand paramedic-response services. Th i"]
[16.798328399658203, 10.220242500305176, ", to date only one client has formally \u201cgraduated\u201d and transitioned to step-down care and is no longer receiving services from the HMST. Transitioning clients to step-down care is currently the program\u2019s greatest challenge.  \nHow do community stakeho"]
[16.79299545288086, 10.224724769592285, " recommend that the HMST provide more in formation on the impact of their efforts to \nthe other stakeholders in the community. So me individuals we interviewed said they \nwould like to know the outcomes of encounters with the clients.  \n\uf0b7 We recommen"]
[16.744375228881836, 10.246439933776855, "asons, chronically homel ess individuals are often repeat users of \nemergency services\u2014including medical, law-enfo rcement, and paramedic-response services. \nThis pattern of service use is expensive for ci ties both in dollars and manpower. A recent "]
[16.790149688720703, 10.222000122070312, "nity and \norganizations within it, and recommendations for improvement based on our interviews.  \nThe goal of the HMST is to reduce the public co st of services by the highest utilizers of \nemergency services among the homeless population in the City"]
[16.794902801513672, 10.219949722290039, "sion in 2016 based on input from the city attorney\u2019s office, the police \ndepartment, and the fire department, and using ad ded consideration for data from the emergency \nrooms of local hospitals. Future additions to the HMST roster are made in a simi"]
[16.78262710571289, 10.192659378051758, "gs he was willing to work on kind of snowballed.\u201d1 \nIn the early stages, HMST focuses on small, da ily tasks that a client wants done. Then, as \nsmaller goals are accomplished, the case manage r focuses on bigger goals, such as access to \ngeneral rel"]
[16.79349136352539, 10.210817337036133, "w, June 25, 2018. 6 someone who can diagnose mental illness and develop meaningful treatment plans.2 However, \nwhile there are advantages to the HMST\u2019s abilit ies in the field, there is only so much that \nspecialists can do \u201cwith a backpack on.\u201d3 Lik"]
[16.78372573852539, 10.22171688079834, " \n2 Interview with city administrator, August 30, 2018. \n3 HMST interview, June 25, 2018. \n4 HMST interview, June 25, 2018. \n5 Interview with Santa Monica Police Depa rtment representatives, June 27, 2018. \n6 HMST interview, June 25, 2018. 7 Client g"]
[16.800893783569336, 10.218931198120117, " working with or  responding to calls involving \nhomeless individuals. \nClients of the HMST say that going beyond trad itional case management has contributed to \nthe team\u2019s success but has also built high expe ctations. Many clients rely on the team"]
[16.825057983398438, 10.192710876464844, "12 months following. We received Santa Monica \nPolice Department (SMPD) encounter data cove ring both the pre-period and post-period for the \nclients and comparison groups. The HMST clients had a much higher average number of police \nencounters (22.1"]
[16.818185806274414, 10.19717025756836, " Experienced Fewer Encounters with First Responders and Emergency \nDepartments Than Those in Comparable Ho meless Population 6 to 18 Months After \nEngagement \nTable 2 summarizes the change in outcomes between the year prior to the HMST and the \nyear "]
[17.025968551635742, 10.186439514160156, "isit $1,3254 \nNOTE: The original estimates from Wu & Stevens are in  2014 dollars. We have converted their estimates to 2016 \ndollars. \n1 This is the per-arrest cost.  \n2 This is the per-arrest cost plus the cost  of one day of jail in a male facilit"]
[16.784761428833008, 10.23758602142334, "verag e annual spending of \n$500,000. When we sum the total savings per client in the first 12 m onths and in months 6 to 18, \nwe estimate annual savings of $103,000 in the fi rst year and $259,000 between months 6 and 18. \nThis represents an offset "]
[16.806175231933594, 10.226458549499512, "erve, such \nas other factors that may be changing during th e same time period or random fluctuation in \nencounter rates. We do have police department encounter data for a comparison population of chronically homeless individuals, but the comparison "]
[16.800493240356445, 10.212058067321777, "ck outcomes beyond those within the na rrow focus of this evaluation. Our small \nsample size limited our ability to conduct more  rigorous statistical analyses of outcomes \nas well as our ability to tell a more comple te story of client experience. E"]
[16.796464920043945, 10.221819877624512, " contribute to the primary progr am goals that motivate the intervention. \nFor the HMST, the major inputs are the select ion of the cohort that  ensures the highest \nutilizers are being served; the human, logistical, and financia l resources that mak"]
[16.790851593017578, 10.204535484313965, "nesses \n- Ways to Improve \nDevelopment of Individual Treatment Plans How do you know HMST to enroll? (if familiar) \n- Strengths - Weaknesses \n- Ways to Improve \nEvaluation of Clients and \nProvision of Services  How do you know HMST to evaluate servic"]
[16.798173904418945, 10.21363639831543, "zing themes included how the HMST works, the visibility of the intervention, the \neffectiveness of the intervention, and recommen dations. In addition to key themes, we noted \nrecommendations by the category of interviewee (e.g., staff member, client"]
[16.80318832397461, 10.191169738769531, "to use name, middle name, a nd date of birth to match records. The SMFD \ndata were in an electronic fo rmat but required significant mani pulation before they could be \nadded to the database. Table A3 summarizes the data we received. Data from the HM"]
[16.867685317993164, 10.145833969116211, "th the pre- and post-peri ods in our evaluation. 26 The patterns in the figures reflect the patterns described in the main text above. There is a \ndecline in encounters over time fo r most of the HMST clients and little change in encounters for \nthe "]
[16.771194458007812, 10.244688987731934, "t that there are few clients of the \nHMST. The small sample size prevented us from controlling for additional predictors in our \nmodels, such as individual dem ographics or individual measures of health or behavior. We did \nnot have the statistical p"]
[16.68714141845703, 10.24764347076416, "ng return \non investment over time, we are able to  capture this aspect of the HMST.  30 References \nCity of Santa Monica, City Council Report from Public He aring of the Annual Review of the \nCity\u2019s Plan for Homeless Services , Santa Monica, Calif.:"]
[-3.384598731994629, 3.8996479511260986, "CORPORATION\nDigital Resources for \nSTEM Educators and Recommendations for Cyberlearning Initiatives\nResults from the National Science Foundation \nDigital Library/Distributed Learning Program Evaluation\nTora K. Bikson, Susan G. Straus, Grace Agnew, Ni"]
[-3.4023799896240234, 3.8817861080169678, "ernally. Findings were made available to the RAND Corporation researchers who conducted the second and third phases of the evaluation.  \nThe Phase 2 evaluation provided a preliminary assessment of the program, based largely on \nexisting information r"]
[13.819561958312988, 4.543055534362793, "nment, a division of the \nRAND Corporation dedicated to improving policy- and decisionmaking in a wide range of policy domains, including civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, a"]
[-3.3718979358673096, 3.9115049839019775, ".................................................... xxviii\tAbbreviations ............................................................................................................................. xxix\t\nGlossary ..................................."]
[-3.374091386795044, 3.908963918685913, "......................................................................................... . 70 \t\n5. Digital Tools and Services ........................................................................................................ 73\t\nBroad Review o"]
[-3.386138916015625, 3.897686004638672, "rship ............................................................................ 154\tAppendix B. Evaluation of the NSDL Technical Platform ........................................................ 155\tAppendix C. Key NSDL Tools and Services ........"]
[-3.3993775844573975, 3.885037422180176, ".. 103\tFigure 6.4. Mean Number of URLs by Starting Point and Task ................................................ 104\tFigure 6.5. Total Number of Host URLs by Starting Point and Task ........................................ 105\tFigure 6.6. Distribut"]
[-3.3821821212768555, 3.9027302265167236, ". Questions for Search Strategies ................................................................................. 60\tTable 4.16. Search Strategies Supported ...................................................................................... 60\tT"]
[-3.386486053466797, 3.898343324661255, "rocesses, and Outputs Contributing to Success .............................. 141\tTable A.1. Timeline of the NSDL Leadership Projects .............................................................. 154\tTable B.1. Navica OSMM Categories ................"]
[-3.3997035026550293, 3.897144317626953, "gineering, and mathematics (STEM) education at all levels\u201d (NSF, 2010). By default, when we use the term NSDL in this report, we are referring to the program. The NSDL portal refers specifically to the website NSDL.org, which is a starting point for "]
[-3.3820443153381348, 3.904209613800049, "uture or similar enterprises. Lessons learned about the sustainability of digital initiatives for STEM education are relevant to a range of stakeholders, including NSF, the broader NSDL community of researchers and developers, \nxiii \n STEM educators,"]
[-3.350492477416992, 3.9341812133789062, "development and application of a framework for evaluating the health and sustainability of digital initiatives, a review of tools and services funded through the NSDL program, usability studies, and case studies of three full instantiations of the NS"]
[-3.3127124309539795, 3.971526622772217, "es the service, and the customer, who often funds or pays for it; small enterprises often focus their attention on the client when the customer is more critical to their success (Rothschild, 2012). Communication with the target audience can be facili"]
[-3.340254306793213, 3.9446749687194824, "ent institution to document the project\u2019s contribution to advancing the parent institution\u2019s mission. Another sustainability strategy is to look for natural alignments of the initiative across departments in the institution, such as the library, depa"]
[-3.3572816848754883, 3.927464485168457, "d to enable users to display, \ncopy, download, or modify resources, as well as whether this information has been conveyed clearly. Ensuring an effective rights platform involves not only acknowledging and documenting the copyright of site content, di"]
[-3.359663248062134, 3.925475835800171, "e, could be viewed as sustainability strengths for NSDL. However, improvements were needed in integrated security beyond basic user identification and password protection and in support for users in terms of training and personalized services. \nThe N"]
[-3.388131856918335, 3.895545482635498, "a few key tools and services for further analysis. It should be noted that our analysis of NSDL services was limited; therefore, many of the conclusions discussed here should be considered tentative.  \nWe found a diverse range of themes in the techno"]
[-3.3956139087677, 3.8882415294647217, "earch service in comparison with a general search engine (Google) when seeking representative STEM content. In the second, we designed a usability experiment with preservice teachers and library science students to assess the relative effectiveness a"]
[-3.4342103004455566, 3.848959445953369, "ess, is likely to have a positive effect on the uptake of NSDL. Adding graphical displays to NSDL may also influence use of search results. \nLessons from Case Studies  \nWe evaluated three full instantiations of the NSDL logic model using a replicated"]
[-3.4739298820495605, 3.8076746463775635, "vice or preservice \nscience teachers). \nAll three cases show ed evidence of success. In all cases, teachers were enthusiastic about \nthe benefits of access to vetted, digital resources that are aligned with standards. They report ed \nthat the resourc"]
[-3.38086199760437, 3.903338670730591, " and persistent user-developer communities and partners. The communities and partners promote sustainability through their demand for resources and services and through the social capital they generate as they contribute back to the digital initiativ"]
[-3.378323554992676, 3.906351327896118, " resources by vetting collections; on the other hand, this strategy excluded a good deal of dynamic and interesting content on the w eb, such as YouTube channels, Twitter feeds from \nprominent scientists, and open-source online textbooks. Likewise, w"]
[-3.3663673400878906, 3.918187141418457, " and innovate. In later stages, projects that have produced promising results and have designed plans for sustainability can be funded under contract or cooperative agreement to implement such plans and transition their products to other sponsors. Li"]
[-3.4266319274902344, 3.857545852661133, "rs) \nand students to evaluate program goals, NSF opted not to seek approval for data collection as \nrequired by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (Public Law 104-13), which mandates approval for systematic data collection from ten or more persons u"]
[-3.3795111179351807, 3.905748128890991, "ey themes and topics in these sources of secondary data. \n\u2022 Finally, another critical recommendation is that cyberlearning initiatives, particularly \nmultiyear, collaborative initiatives such as NSDL, need a much greater focus on \nsustainability from"]
[-3.3859503269195557, 3.898949146270752, " the Phase 1 evaluation of National Science Digital Library/Distributed Learning at GOH in 2008. He subsequently served as a consultant to GOH for the Phase 2 evaluation and as a consultant to GOH and RAND for the Phase 3 evaluation. His principal ef"]
[-3.3727684020996094, 3.911646842956543, "dvisory Board \nTD-ESC  Teacher Domain Educational Standards Correlation \nTNS  Technical Network Services \nUCAR University Center for Atmospheric Research  \nUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization \nURL uniform resource "]
[-3.391104221343994, 3.8966128826141357, "vices or tools, such as search \ncapabilities, website authoring, and blogging applications, to support users, collection providers, and the Core Integration project to enhance the usability, usefulness, and value of the digital library \nTargeted Rese"]
[-3.386733055114746, 3.9019408226013184, "ive evaluation of NSDL, based on the assumption that the program would continue for several years. However, because the program was discontinued, NSF requested a shift in focus of \n                                                \n1 As noted in Bikson"]
[-3.4188249111175537, 3.866999387741089, "brant community of developers and users who can create innovative content and tools and improve them on an ongoing basis.  \nThe results of the Phase 3 evaluation of NSDL are intended to benefit the Directorate of \nEducation and Human Resources within"]
[-3.4059290885925293, 3.877861976623535, "y funded contracts; NSF opted not to seek such approval, which greatly limited the extent and nature of primary data that we could collect to address program outcomes and impacts. The evaluation team also was not provided with annual progress reports"]
[-3.379258871078491, 3.913217306137085, "ions sought to develop, organize, and manage sets of digital content related to STEM learning within a coherent theme (e.g., subject area or grade level) (this track was discontinued in 2004). \n\u2022 Pathways, which replaced the Collections track in 2004"]
[-3.357956886291504, 3.927912473678589, " collaboration and no common elements of look and feel across pathways. These findings suggest that NSDL.org did not appear to be substantially greater than the sum of its parts. \nEvidence of User Activities to Find and Access Resources  \nThe NSDL po"]
[-3.371863603591919, 3.9118192195892334, "ecause the NSDL portal and pathways are tightly associated with the collections they represent, we assess ed them jointly. NSDL.org and pathways are expected to \nhelp users find their way to appropriate collections and to locate resources of interest"]
[-3.3879339694976807, 3.8960700035095215, " regarding the state of health of the collections. Therefore, in Phase 3, we focused more narrowly on dimensions of collections noted in the Phase 2 evaluation related to authoritativeness (e.g., evidence of peer review and professional oversight), c"]
[-3.410677194595337, 3.875661849975586, "ter Six ), and case \nstudies (Chapter Seven). Chapter Eight summarizes our results and presents recommendations.  \nThe chapters are not necessarily stand-alone\u2014i.e., understanding the content of some of the \nchapters requires a general understanding "]
[-3.411012649536133, 3.875650644302368, "gital content (Griffin, 1998; Zia, 2008). DLI ran from 1994 through 1998; based on its impressive achievements\u2014which included the original development of Google\u2019s search technology\u2014DLI -2 began in the spring of 1998 \n(Griffin, 2005). DLI-2 enjoyed su"]
[-3.379160165786743, 3.905463695526123, "geted Research. (Note that we use the term stage to refer to periods of development of the NSDL program, whereas we use the term phase to refer to the evaluation of the NSDL program.) \nTable 2.1. NSDL Program Tracks , Stage 1 (2000\u2013 2003)  \nName  Des"]
[-3.376587390899658, 3.915931463241577, "s a basic metadata repository, and collections were intended to aggregate a very large number of online resources (Howe et al., 2011). \nTable 2.2. New NSDL Program Tracks , Stage 2 (2004\u2013 2008)  \nName  Description and Relationshi ps \nPathways  Pathwa"]
[-3.376491069793701, 3.908919334411621, "program (see Table 2.3 for details). \n  \n 16 Table 2.3. NSDL Pathways Projects \nFYs Funded  \nPathway Name  URL Description  Pathways I  Pathways II  \n2004\u2013 2007 2008\u2013 2011  NSDL Applied Math and Science: Community College \n(AMSER)  amser.org  All dis"]
[-3.395482301712036, 3.8948655128479004, "o -cost extensions or rece ived supplementary support.   \n18 As these changes were taking place within the Services and Pathways tracks, the CI project \nwas overhauling the technical infrastructure of NSDL.org in ways that would support the needs \nof"]
[-3.378255605697632, 3.9065165519714355, "Similarly, the Pathways II grants were much smaller than the original awards and required the projects to implement a sustainability plan. The final award to UCAR in 2011 (see Table A.1) was intended to support the reorganization and business plannin"]
[-3.377986431121826, 3.9037563800811768, "ding levels rather than \nproject counts, as shown in Figure 2.2. In comparison to Collections, far fewer Pathway projects were funded, although the level of funding for Pathways projects by the end of the program (approximately $43.4M) approached tha"]
[-3.3785560131073, 3.9069883823394775, " NSDL program solicitation thus influenced the projects that \nwere supported\u23afbut the changes took many years to substantially affect the program\u2019s portfolio \nand transform the NSDL community. \n \n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 \n00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 0"]
[-3.3528048992156982, 3.9322292804718018, "op a framework to delineate the elements of sustainability for digital initiatives that develop collections or curate collections assembled from other sources. In this chapter, we review and synthesize the relevant literature to develop a comprehensi"]
[-3.338129997253418, 3.9466896057128906, "s must be able to attract customers in a competitive marketplace where they have many options, even in the nonprofit space.  \nFinally, we have included findings from the learning object repository and open educational \nresources (OER) literatures. OE"]
[-3.302198886871338, 3.983455181121826, " and the organizations that manage them, we will discuss search services that\nare specific to the collections, since these affect the usability, and hence the sustainability, of the collections. \nHowever, the broader range of digital library tools an"]
[-3.3506977558135986, 3.934504985809326, "lection contributors, and parent organizations, who have varied interests in the collection and its success. However, a more nuanced view of the organization\u2019s audience is critical when considering the sustainability of a digital collection initiativ"]
[-3.3565282821655273, 3.928884506225586, "we et al., 2011, p. 1), and \u201cNSDL\u2019s ability innovate and achieve educational impact is depend[e]nt upon a diverse ecosystem of large and small entities whose interleaved efforts produce, consume, process, aggregate, reorganize, embellish and tinker w"]
[-3.3799240589141846, 3.904536247253418, "ng success.  \nAn initiative that functions in this way has come to be known in the literature as a community \nof practice. Etienne and Beverly Wenger-Trayner defined a community of practice as \u201cpeople who engage in a process of collective learning in"]
[-3.3141655921936035, 3.970615863800049, "ders, and users. The idea that the \u201cuser knows best\u201d also may not work well with emerging technologies, such as digital libraries, where users may not conceive of ways that technology can dramatically improve and transform their work processes.  \nAcc"]
[-3.328366279602051, 3.9566328525543213, " development policy and safeguards for protecting copyright of resources (particularly for repositories that encourage user contributions) are other important policies that are relevant for accountability to the audience and are related to the usabil"]
[-3.3037943840026855, 3.9795589447021484, "ntified user needs. Different expectations for technical infrastructure among developers and users can pose a significant risk to the sustainability of grant-funded projects. Grants are usually awarded for innovative, groundbreaking technologies, whe"]
[-3.320535182952881, 3.9638845920562744, "ices. Webster (1992) described the focus of marketing as relationship management. Madhusudhan (2008) echoed this view and delineated a number of marketing activities, including customer relationships, branding and corporate identity, marketing commun"]
[-3.3253109455108643, 3.959667682647705, "profit\torganizations.\tOngoing\treview\tof\tthe\tstrategic\tplan\tis\trequired\tto\tensure\tthat\tit\tis\tflexible\tto\tchanging\tcircumstances.\tThe\torganization \u2019s\tstakeholders\tand\t\naudience\tshould\tbe\tencouraged\tto\tprovide\tongoing\tfeedback\tabout\tthe\tstrategic\tplan\ta"]
[-3.313082456588745, 3.9717464447021484, "-defined audience, strong leadership, and measurable goals, it is difficult, if \nnot impossible, to obtain funding for digital initiatives. Even if projects demonstrate these attributes of sustainability, funding to sustain digital collection initiat"]
[-3.339841842651367, 3.9433538913726807, "zed. Rothschild (2012) offered a similar approach in which organizations develop innovative resources that can be sold for profit, supporting the nonprofit arm of the enterprise. Minnesota Public Radio, for example, has many successful product spin-o"]
[-3.32739520072937, 3.9577226638793945, "es for cost-savings and factoring them into a business plan, however, can be complex (Bishoff and Allen, 2004). \nCollections  \nWe end our sustainability literature review with a discussion of the health of collections. A \ngrowing body of literature ("]
[-3.3376691341400146, 3.947697639465332, "es that do not support the mission, do not conform to collection scope, or are not intended for the primary and secondary audiences can often be eliminated. However, elimination can be interpreted broadly to mean finding a new home for the resources,"]
[-3.3505477905273438, 3.934260845184326, "le for an extended time? Although all usability factors are important, impact is \nthe primary criterion for weeding resources. Resources that can demonstrate high impact will help the portal be competitive for ongoing funding and stakeholder support,"]
[-3.3524365425109863, 3.9329757690429688, "building trust in the repository by its user base. However, an \nessential attribute of usability is responsiveness to a user need. In the e-learning space, usability requires resources to be appropriate for the intended learning task (Ardito et al., "]
[-3.360031843185425, 3.9250617027282715, "ver, assessing quality in a federated metadata repository, such as the NSDL portal, has an added layer of complexity. In their study of metadata in federated repositories, Shreeves et al. (2005) noted that metadata may be of high quality within a loc"]
[-3.34889554977417, 3.9422664642333984, "el. Creators of resources own the rights to the \nfurther exploitation and use of the works of their creation, unless they transfer those rights to another person or organization. Copyright confers the right to control use of the resource, such as cop"]
[-3.352229118347168, 3.9331185817718506, "sources, and metadata but also  documenting the licensing \nthat enables permitted uses of the resource by the audience. A sustainable repository will invest considerable time and effort in a rights management strategy that enables the fullest,  \n43 b"]
[-3.344102621078491, 3.941110134124756, "ous chapter, we reviewed the sustainability literatures on digital collections, \nlearning object repositories, and nonprofit businesses to develop a general model for assessing \nthe health and sustainability of digital initiatives (see Figure 3.1). T"]
[-3.3595688343048096, 3.925734281539917, "ther ways to assess attributes of the model. \nTable 4. 1. Sustainability Model Concepts and Attributes for Digital Library Initiatives  \nAudience  Organization  Collections  \n\u2022 Identification  \n\u2212 Mission, purpose, and value \nproposition \n\u2212 Clients an"]
[-3.3457467555999756, 3.939894914627075, " services of the portal, since these \nshould be aligned to the needs of the audience. Prominently advertising the identified audience \nalso tells potential users that the portal has collections and services suited to their particular needs. Questions"]
[-3.3447208404541016, 3.940845012664795, "an help you engage student interest, shorten lesson preparation time, provide concept updates, and develop curricula that are in line with national standards for content, use of animals and humans, and student safety.\u201d  \nThe NSDL portal and all the p"]
[-3.344511032104492, 3.9412598609924316, "  \nResource organization  Does the site provide private workspaces, where users can organize and \nsave resources in personal folders and share resources with others?  \nAudience participation  Does the site solicit or encourage participation through s"]
[-3.351034641265869, 3.934180974960327, "igned and implemented separately from the primary portal, such as the Middle School Portal, SMART (Science and Mathematics Accessible Resource Tool), which provides resources created by students for other students that are separate from the Middle Sc"]
[-3.3567581176757812, 3.928711414337158, "data consist of \u201cdynamic information about digital learning objects that is generated as they are used, reused, adapted, contextualized, favorited, tweeted, retweeted, shared, and all the other social media style ways in which educational users inter"]
[-3.3417513370513916, 3.9437389373779297, "ent been conducted, as indicated by pop -up surveys \nwhen the portal or pathway site was visited, or information about  staff dedicated \nto evaluation of the portal?  \nExternal assessment  Has an external assessment been conducted by an independent g"]
[-3.3492276668548584, 3.9362335205078125, " pathways have made progress in identifying target \naudiences, although there are opportunities for improvement: \n\u2022 While NSDL.org and the pathways identify their audiences, in many cases, the audience \nis very broad, such as K\u201312 or K\u2013gray, and we f"]
[-3.318208932876587, 3.96662974357605, "ithin digital initiatives. This research could demonstrate how paradata influence or reflect user workflows and could validate the usefulness of different types of paradata to support teachers\u2019 decisions about which resources to select and use.  \nWit"]
[-3.311131238937378, 3.973600149154663, " used several measures to assess evidence of sustainable organizations on projects\u2019 \nwebsites. In particular, we looked for the staffing roles (described in Chapter Three), as shown in Table 4.9. \nTable 4. 9. Questions for Leadership and Strategic St"]
[-3.3427929878234863, 3.942200183868408, " was limited information we could obtain about other aspects of organization, such as the \nrole of the parent organization and opportunities for alignment of the initiative across departments in the parent institution. Likewise, without access to the"]
[-3.315659284591675, 3.9697554111480713, "e educational outreach missions of their parent \ninstitutions. One example is SMILE, which is a portal for informal education, reflecting the key mission of its lead organization, the University of California at Berkeley\u2019s Lawrence Hall of Science an"]
[-3.338172435760498, 3.9471540451049805, "keholder confidence in the sustainability of the initiative. If not, and if the projects seek to become sustainable (either as independent start-ups or in coordination with their host institutions), our literature review provides guidance about how t"]
[-3.3216168880462646, 3.963850736618042, "s in the collection been selected by a peer -review process \nor other professional oversight , with selection (accessioning) according to \na documented process and removal (deaccessioning) when they are no \nlonger viable?  \nAvailability (or attrition"]
[-3.369105815887451, 3.9161064624786377, "g that resources were available for ten metadata records in each pathway. For this analysis, we conducted ten portal-appropriate searches and selected the first resource appearing in the results list. As Table 4.14 demonstrates, the low attrition rat"]
[-3.3986785411834717, 3.8859448432922363, "ilability was similar across both assessment periods .  \nTable 4.1 6. Search Strategies Supported  \n Number of \nSimple Search es Number of \nAdvanced Search es Number of \nBrows ing Options  \nNSDL .org Phase 2  1 1 1 \nNSDL .org Phase 3  1 1 1 \nPathways"]
[-3.3450586795806885, 3.940277099609375, " educator workflows. NSDL has made these advances largely through the development of the Learning Activity Readiness (LAR) metadata schema (see box). The NSDL rubric for assessing metadata for LAR compliance includes the following elements: title, UR"]
[-3.34708309173584, 3.9381752014160156, "a tional \nstandards? \n \nWe examined ten metadata records from each pathway and these same 180 records in NSDL \n(using the same records assessed for availability described earlier). We rated each of these criteria (accuracy, completeness, and consiste"]
[-3.3634254932403564, 3.9219295978546143, "e value of NSDL as a one-stop shop. In particular, NSDL often provides composite records consisting of reviews and suggestions for use from annotation metadata, along with aggregated use from paradata, such as number of views and comments. This is on"]
[-3.350461959838867, 3.9350767135620117, " ChemEdDL (Chemical Education Digital Library) resources that are not available at the ChemEdDL portal.  \n \n67 \u2022 The NSDL portal leaders, working in conjunction with several pathways partners, have \ncompiled a growing collection of math Common Core r"]
[-3.352372646331787, 3.9329655170440674, "ce for users about the rights associated with a resource (copyright metadata) and the uses they are permitted to make of a resource (permitted-use metadata). \nTable 4.2 2. Rights and Permitted -Use Policies and Metadata  \n Copyright and  \nUse Polic i"]
[-3.3499062061309814, 3.9357049465179443, " provide accurate and complete metadata that are consistent across records. Perhaps the most-important metadata improvements, however, consist of greatly enriched descriptions of resources, such as the alignment of NSDL materials to educational stand"]
[-3.342784881591797, 3.9422152042388916, "ortal, presumably merely a gateway to the collections of pathways and the third-party resources selected by the NSDL RC, has a significant investment in its science literacy maps, professional development resources, and the policy and guidelines reso"]
[-3.3591206073760986, 3.930098056793213, "le NSDL and most portals have an identified \naudience, the audience identification is generally very broad. Although there is considerable improvement in metadata and metadata displays, there is no evidence that these changes are being made in collab"]
[-3.3684558868408203, 3.915250301361084, "el as our organizing perspective. Tools and services are important attributes of sustainability because they support use of digital collections, and NSDL projects were expected to generate an array of diverse tools and services to discover, organize,"]
[-3.372859239578247, 3.908208131790161, "ysis of the development of and user communities associated with them (selection criteria for the key tools and services are described below). We asked two sets of questions related to the logic model, the first focusing on the products and outputs of"]
[-3.361086845397949, 3.911134719848633, "lection Services  - - - - 0 3 0 2 1 2 4 12 \nIntegrated Services  - - - - 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 4 \nUsage Development  - - - - 4 4 1 1 0 7 5 22 \nOther  9 13 12 11 11 4 2 4 3 6 5 80 \nTOTAL 9 13 12 11 15 11 4 10 4 15 14 118 \nNOTE: \u201c Other \u201d refers to all Service"]
[-3.398686647415161, 3.8863749504089355, " simulations.  \nStandardConnection \u2014\nMapping NSDL Educational \nObjects to Content Standards (0121543)  The investigators are developing a natural language processing tool \n(\u201cStandardConnection \u201d) for the automatic assignment of content standards and "]
[-3.3778111934661865, 3.905083417892456, "itutional partners.  \nPedagogic Services for \nDigital Libraries (0532768)  Building on a successful example, the Starting Point Digital Library connects pedagogic \nmaterials to teaching materials in digital library collections. It is helping teachers"]
[-3.3596460819244385, 3.8901100158691406, " courses. \nOur review of abstracts also showed that some projects proposed redundant services. \nFor example, ten distinct award abstracts from 2000 to 2010 mentioned commenting tools, while more than 20 abstracts mentioned annotating resources.  \nAlt"]
[-3.3722422122955322, 3.909363269805908, "evidence of whether the projects were completed, \npartially completed, not completed, or of unknown completion status. Measurement of the relationship of services to NSDL captured two features of NSDL collaborative development: We classified projects"]
[-3.3941402435302734, 3.8849198818206787, "research. Finally, we found no evidence of tool or service development, or research products, for the remaining four projects. \nRelationship of Project s to NSDL  Program  \nThe columns in Table 5.3 show the sample of 22 services in terms of their rel"]
[-3.391052484512329, 3.8918559551239014, "originally proposed to develop.  \n\u2022 Other projects apparently never committed to developing NSDL-ready services, although their products may have led to new ideas, new projects, or new services, some of which stayed within the NSDL community and some"]
[-3.318800449371338, 3.9581830501556396, "ecific instantiation of the latter.  \n \nAlthough the services differed substantially in their purposes, user communities, and \nlongevity, we established a standard template to capture the common features of the services that \nworked relatively well. "]
[-3.3866467475891113, 3.8952369689941406, "xpert Voices, for example, had many thousands of page views per month and hundreds of persistent users. IA has more than 7,500 registered users and has produced more than 17,000 projects. Nevertheless, of the services discussed here, only the Strand "]
[-3.367250919342041, 3.920943260192871, "ed by groups outside the NSDL.org team (Zia, 2008). The case of IA demonstrates that this was indeed possible.  \nSeveral reasons for the declines in activity of the NSDL Services projects are apparent. \nFirst, even popular services showed a quick dec"]
[-3.3748042583465576, 3.9067296981811523, "egration may become increasingly important. For example, the NSDL  program\u2019s plan to reposition itself for the future (Howe et al., 2011) \ndiscussed the STEM Exchange, which is a system that enables education practitioners to integrate paradata and i"]
[-3.378891944885254, 3.9093403816223145, "on iTunes project also expanded the idea of integration in an innovative way, by \nsuccessfully integrating NSDL content in a broadly used platform outside the NSDL \ninfrastructure. Given the range of widespread platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter"]
[-3.3906285762786865, 3.892969846725464, "to touch on several of the broad themes related \nto services that were discussed earlier. One relates to the trade-offs inherent in trying to control the digital resources and services being developed by projects, to ensure that they reuse materials "]
[-3.3899452686309814, 3.8940188884735107, "scientific accuracy, bias, advertising, design and usability, and other aspects of digital libraries. In McCown, Bollen, and Nelson (2005), public school teachers evaluated 38 search terms and search results from Google and NSDL, but participants wer"]
[-3.382159471511841, 3.9017250537872314, "s trust in the resource and is an increasingly important measure of information retrieval effectiveness (Abdul-Rahman and Hailes, 1999; Karlgren, 2008; Ramachandran et al., 2009). The trustworthiness of the resource is particularly important on the w"]
[-3.388070821762085, 3.8958232402801514, "earch functionality in the current NSDL portal are now aligned with these \nrecommendations. However, it is not evident from the description of relevance ranking provided to searchers (NSDL , n.d.-b) that the presence of filtering-element metadata cor"]
[-3.3883378505706787, 3.8959248065948486, "hool  educational level = \nhigh school; \nresource type = data  \nset, instructional \nmaterial  \n4 Classroom activity to \ndemonstrate pattern recognition in middle school mathematics  Topic  pattern recognition \nmathematics classroom activity middle sc"]
[-3.391575574874878, 3.8923075199127197, "., conditions 1\u20135). We applied appropriate filters to the first five results from each of these five search conditions and compared ratings of cumulative gain and discounted cumulative gain for the results from key word\u2013only searches in NSDL and Goog"]
[-3.412052631378174, 3.872274875640869, " the eight searches was 124 for NSDL and 203 for Google. The total score for NSDL was 39 percent lower than the score from Google, showing that NSDL produced much less relevant results. Similarly, using a different approach for ranking relevance, McC"]
[-3.395193338394165, 3.8888633251190186, "ers are considered together, the NSDL relevance \nrankings are closer to those of Google. Table 6.5 shows discounted cumulative gain scores for results from the NSDL filtered search and Google. Results show much closer relevance scores. When filters a"]
[-3.39575457572937, 3.8887360095977783, " step.  \n  \n97 Figure 6.1. Google Result Set for Animal Camouflage Photograph  \n \nSOURCE: Screenshot  of Google search results  for \u201canimal camouflage photograph,\u201d  2013.  \n \n98 Figure 6.2. NSDL Result Set for Animal Camouflage Photograph \n \nSOURCE: "]
[-3.398113250732422, 3.8860995769500732, " Different sites led participants to different resources\u2014e.g., resources reported by DLESE and MSP2 users were only sometimes in the set of resources reported by NSDL users, \nand resources found by DLESE, MSP2, and NSDL users were only sometimes in t"]
[-3.4035098552703857, 3.8807332515716553, "and beyond. Second, the development of an improved middle school pathway presents an opportunity to explore whether there are usability differences as a function of grade-level orientation versus subject-matter domain, in comparison to generic starti"]
[-3.3986194133758545, 3.8850581645965576, " to complete. The criteria also ensured that we could compare grade-oriented pathways (specifically, MSP2, which focuses on all STEM topics taught in middle school), subject-oriented pathways (which vary based on the subject chosen), and NSDL.org.  \n"]
[-3.3993172645568848, 3.8837313652038574, "tor degrees of freedom varied because of a \nsmall number of missing responses.17 Results are shown in Figures 6.3\u20136.8. \nParticipants had an easier time finding resources for some tasks than others. Results \nshow a statistically significant effect for"]
[-3.3953068256378174, 3.8889694213867188, "ing points affected the diversity of host websites.23 \nGiven that there were few effects for domain, we combined results across earth sciences and \nphysical sciences for our remaining analyses.  \nGoogle led to the widest range of results, followed by"]
[-3.401135206222534, 3.883272409439087, " URLs, and the number of pages viewed per site was generally less than for the text-plus-image task. Findings differed slightly in that participants in the NSDL starting point had the smallest maximum page views (nine) compared with the other startin"]
[-3.382011890411377, 3.9024205207824707, "al in Table 6.8 show that NSDL users were more likely to find resources also found by pathway starters than the reverse, suggesting that pathway sites are more discoverable through NSDL than the reverse. Likewise, the differences between common resou"]
[-3.390397310256958, 3.89418363571167, "this is the case for some of the sites that were selected most frequently by Google users (e.g., youtube.com and quizlet.com). In addition, when users started their searches with Google, results did not include an NSDL-affiliated site until the 11th "]
[-3.4087939262390137, 3.8741822242736816, "ngs of authoritativeness did, F(3,91) = 5.15, p < 0.01. \nA contrast showed substantially lower ratings of authoritativeness for resources in .com domains (M = 1.71 out of 3.0) compared with those in .edu, .org, and .gov domains (means ranged from 2.5"]
[-3.394435405731201, 3.889103889465332, "nt, but relevance ratings remained lower than those from Google. In addition, NSDL does not take full advantage of the metadata to rank the relevance of search results. It is common in digital library initiatives to rank information provided in metad"]
[-3.427715539932251, 3.859433889389038, "ture research should systematically review the content of the resources that users find. It also is critical to obtain feedback from users about the search experience. As noted, federal regulations on research limited our ability to investigate users"]
[-3.4513635635375977, 3.8324546813964844, "t cases reflecting different models of implementation. Our intent was to find field settings where lessons could be learned about successful implementation of cyberlearning approaches to advance STEM education. \nWe evaluated these full instantiations"]
[-3.4703238010406494, 3.811795711517334, "ajors to become K\u201312 math and science teachers \nand by increasing the number of strong STEM K\u201312 teachers in high-need school \ndistricts. \n\u2022 iCPALMS aims to create online tools and services to enable K\u201312 math and science teachers to integrate high-q"]
[-3.4673421382904053, 3.814098596572876, " of varied academic ability levels in mastering a science field. \n\u2022 Support new standards-based curricula effectively for earth science instruction in DPS. \nRAND\u2019s prior formative evaluation study included a visit to the CCS and DPS site in a \nprelim"]
[-3.465749502182007, 3.8157758712768555, "guides. Curriculum units were framed in terms of standards, key concepts, and learning goals to be achieved. What was lacking were high-quality interactive and tailorable resources\u2014the sorts of materials likely to engage diverse students with differi"]
[-3.4653940200805664, 3.816200017929077, " However, some aspects of the organizational context raised concerns among the districts.   \n119 First, although acquisition and use of CCS was free, which likely promoted adoption, a \nnonnegligible amount of teacher time would be expended in develop"]
[-3.4373366832733154, 3.8459866046905518, "by the National Center for Atmospheric Research at UCAR and well-known to the technical team. The follow-on effort examined whether the system could readily accommodate a different science domain; the choice of physical sciences was driven in part by"]
[-3.4576709270477295, 3.824172258377075, "space with their own contributions. By the start of the following academic year (2009\u20132010), the system was judged ready for rollout; all earth science teachers in DPS received four hours of training led by the CCS principal investigators and TAB mem"]
[-3.4626994132995605, 3.818962574005127, "districts we visited, a key point is that the CCS interface is \nintuitive, as is navigation. A second major consideration is that the resources CCS presents are selected from trusted providers of high-quality materials and have been vetted, so teache"]
[-3.4646265506744385, 3.816984176635742, "utility of the resource ratings. \nOutcomes \nEffects on Teaching and Learning  \nTeacher uptake of CCS is widespread and voluntary in earth science instruction. CCS \nresearchers estimated that across the six adopting districts, about a third of them ar"]
[-3.463547468185425, 3.818686008453369, "l districts in particular. \nThe Noyce program was first authorized in 2002 through the NSF Authorization Act and \nthen reauthorized through America COMPETES in 2007 and 2010. The program provides funds \nto universities for student instruction, academ"]
[-3.4578897953033447, 3.8241238594055176, "enjoy a rich virtual community and to access high-quality teaching resources from their classrooms, thus improving their retention and enhancing their professional development opportunities. \nNoyce scholars also play a key role in developing and diss"]
[-3.4422593116760254, 3.8403773307800293, "olars see [digital \nresources] more frequently. Some are virtual, others are in -person day or multi -\nday workshops on how to use different resources. Those were very popular. And \nwhen presenter is partnered with Noyce alum, that makes a big differ"]
[-3.4598281383514404, 3.8224847316741943, "imilar search engines\u2014reflecting views about resource authoritativeness and usability. One participant noted, for example: \nI do a lot of \u201cFrankenstein \u201d stuff\u2014sometimes I take individual photos, \nsometimes labs, and piece it together.  \nI \u201cFrankenst"]
[-3.4872965812683105, 3.7945539951324463, "folios, to information about effective classroom-management strategies, and to Noyce Voices, which is a Noyce-tailored portal to MERLOT Voices that helps Noyce scholars remain in contact with each other. Participants in our discussions noted that the"]
[-3.465646266937256, 3.8162310123443604, "ask [the] master teacher,  \u201cDo you think this would work? What would be \npitfalls? How can I make it better? \u201d  \nI was only in Noyce for a semester, but in that semester, I networked with in -\nservice teachers and professors, and I was involved in NS"]
[-3.443671941757202, 3.8387434482574463, "bstacles \nto uptake.  \nVariations in the Availability and Quality of Technology  \nThe technology available in high-need classrooms varies significantly, and many teachers do \nnot have sufficient access to computers and projectors. Firewalls inhibit s"]
[-3.4418489933013916, 3.8402087688446045, " exercises that would not otherwise be possible: \nWhen you find videos, you find a way of teaching something you hadn \u2019t really \nrealized. It opens up your vocabulary for things. The way you say it to some kids \nmake s sense, and you have to say it f"]
[-3.4677681922912598, 3.8141865730285645, "ese [online] resources.  \nThe resources are more critical once we are advanced. We can know how much \ntime the resources require, know if  it is appropriate.  \nInterviewees reported that digital resources also have positive effects on student \nlearni"]
[-3.4898622035980225, 3.791412830352783, "ers. \n\u2022 Establish a collaborative network of users. \n\u2022 Build capacity for long-term sustainability. \nIn brief, CPALMS is a website that provides standards-based, instructional content for users, \nand iCPALMS is a portal that allows users to customize"]
[-3.493112087249756, 3.786830186843872, "he development process accounts for the technical capabilities of diverse systems. For example, in many districts, computers in the schools use outdated Internet browsers because other school software is not compatible with browser updates. As a \nres"]
[-3.5194501876831055, 3.7618777751922607, "training for early adopters, who would then spread the word among other potential contributors and end users. For example, the management team introduced CPALMS at conferences for district math and science curriculum specialists whose role it is to r"]
[-3.4869508743286133, 3.7943902015686035, "of the server were the only complaints that case study participants reported). This problem was resolved by obtaining funding through the Teacher Standards Instructional Tool grant to add servers and update software at the Florida DOE and transfer CP"]
[-3.4886772632598877, 3.7926039695739746, "n the case study provided comments that illustrate these benefits: \nIt\u2019s great to know that teachers have a one -stop shop where they can put in the \nbenchmark, find a great aligned activity that \u2019s age appropriate, that \u2019s already \nvetted and ready "]
[-3.4948196411132812, 3.7864372730255127, "ther teachers.  \nOther Effects  \nAlthough iCPALMS was still under development at the time of this case study, and the study \ndid not identify effects on learning other than statements about improved student engagement, \nCPALMS and iCPALMS have demons"]
[-3.471038341522217, 3.8107826709747314, "rocess in other districts and for other topical domains (physical science). CCS fostered technology readiness by providing all earth science teachers in DPS with hardware and Internet connectivity prior to rollout, in contrast to MERLOT and Noyce Sch"]
[-3.5115480422973633, 3.7696845531463623, " In CPALMS and iCPALMS, the project \ndirector was the primary champion, but a growing community of user-developers also \nserved to stimulate demand for digital resources. \n\u2022 All three cases used participatory design of the system beyond the project\u2019s"]
[-3.4098010063171387, 3.8740484714508057, "ces, and community members\u2019 contributions in the form of creating, sharing, and vetting resources, plus support from partners, furthered the development of diverse collections of high-quality STEM instructional resources\u2014thereby fueling additional de"]
[-3.407283306121826, 3.879859685897827, "he NSDL  portal has also helped to foster communities of developers and users who can share \nideas and resources, tools, and services.  \n143 These roles reflect the components of the NSDL logic model and also mirror its dynamic \nprocesses: The NSDL p"]
[-3.3884856700897217, 3.896963596343994, "e NSDL logic model. To our knowledge, however, CCS is one of the only NSDL projects that has approached this ideal. In the final chapter, we discuss some of the reasons that this goal has been so challenging for the NSDL program to achieve, and we id"]
[-3.402498245239258, 3.8813445568084717, "arch from the top-level page for pathway portals. The NSDL portal may be  \n145 able to improve the relevance of search results by capitalizing on existing strengths\u2014i.e., by \nmaking use of its high-quality metadata, connection to educational standard"]
[-3.39631986618042, 3.889600992202759, "evelop their tools and services independently of other projects, and thus we did not see as much collaborative reuse and mixing of services as the NSDL logic model might have predicted.   \n146 To What Extent Did NSDL Produce a Growing and Vibrant Com"]
[-3.3670175075531006, 3.917893886566162, " program ended in FY 2011, and many of the NSDL pathways continue to \noperate. As of December 2014, management of NSDL.org was transferred to the Institute for the Study of Knowledge Management in Education and is available at https://nsdl.oercommons"]
[-3.386190891265869, 3.9012911319732666, "pand \ncollections to provide access to innovative content and genres and to present resources in \ncompelling and informative ways (e.g., images rather than text), particularly to maintain relevance to digitally savvy users. This poses a potentially t"]
[-3.384565591812134, 3.90520977973938, "t not implemented in NSDL sites. For well-established services, such as faceted search or browsing, it was reasonable that the program would expect funded projects to implement versions that could be integrated quickly into the NSDL platform. However"]
[-3.3708651065826416, 3.9144866466522217, "just passive consumers of digital resources, but this will impose additional management and monitoring costs on the library operators\u2014assuming that they want to maintain high levels of quality. \nRecommendations to Address Trade -offs \nSome of the ten"]
[-3.3640058040618896, 3.921480655670166, "ch the whole of \nNSDL is greater than the sum of its parts; indeed, many of the project s\u2019 products are highly \ninterdependent. For example, the NSDL portal and pathways are jointly generating composite metadata and paradata; in addition, resources a"]
[-3.431549310684204, 3.857349395751953, "cated case studies. At the same time, as we have noted throughout this report, a wider range of research targets and methods is needed for a thorough evaluation of NSDL or other digital initiatives.  \nMost important is evaluating impact on student en"]
[-3.344111204147339, 3.9410500526428223, "stainability, such as development of strategic plans and funding for sustainability, and how the initiative contributes to the mission of the parent and sponsoring institutions (and vice versa). Data from parent and sponsoring institutions would addr"]
[-3.338434934616089, 3.947131872177124, "collection and analysis to a relatively few key projects and results, yielding more-complete information about outcomes, such the diversity of products, gaps, and redundancies in tools and collections and perhaps unexpected new topics of research and"]
[-3.363416910171509, 3.921982765197754, "it intends on STEM education for the long term. We examine the major components of the NSDL technical infrastructure and assess them according to standard and emerging rubrics for open-source software applications. The components that are evaluated a"]
[-3.378136396408081, 3.9070851802825928, "Collection System) \nand the Java-based Open Access Initiative (jOAI) Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) \napplication.  \nThe NCS is a reference implementation of the Digital Collection System (DCS). The NCS is \na web-based metadata creation an"]
[-3.3758604526519775, 3.9091317653656006, "r) \nassociated with privileges within specific collections. Workflow control at the record level is \nprovided by statuses, with the ability to publish a metadata record in the NSDL Digital Discovery System (DDS) tied to a status indicating readiness "]
[-3.382110595703125, 3.902693748474121, "s of the organization evaluating the software. A popular model is the Navica Open Software Maturity Model (OSMM) (OSS Watch, 2010). The OSMM assesses maturity across six categories, with each category weighted according to the need of the organizatio"]
[-3.3645787239074707, 3.9202728271484375, "s broadly to a collection of metadata items. OAI-PMH applications may support data provision (responding to requests), harvesting (requesting metadata), or both (Open Archives Initiative, n.d.). The OAI implementation within the NCS, discussed above,"]
[-3.364056348800659, 3.9210188388824463, "ty of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Grainger Engineering Library, n.d.) and the OCLC WorldCat OAIster database (OCLC, n.d.), a union catalog of millions of metadata records harvested via OAI from OAI data providers. \nThe most important role for the jO"]
[-3.387944459915161, 3.8965978622436523, "CPALMS  10 9 (90%)  \nMatDL  10 10 (100%)  \nMathDL  10 6 (60%)  \nMathLanding  10 10 (100%)  \nMiddle School Portal  10 10 (100%)  \nSMILE  10 9 (90%)  \nTeacher\u2019s Domain   10 10 (100%)  \nTeaching with Data  9 9 (100%)  \nTeach the Earth  10 10 (100%)  \nTO"]
[-3.3542325496673584, 3.9308032989501953, "ipt eye-readable text or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format, allowing developers to embed and reuse NSDL resources using a wide range of technologies, such as JavaScript, PHP (Personal Home Page), and JSP (JavaServer Pages) (John Weatherley, pe"]
[-3.4164199829101562, 3.868286371231079, " the components, particularly the scheduling of jOAI harvesting and the implementation of the DDS Search API. We evaluated search more extensively in Chapter Six , where we also provide recommendations for improving search \nprecision through the sett"]
[-3.42257022857666, 3.861546754837036, "omized Mediawiki. It included NSDL branding and was \nintegrated into the NSDL framework; new pages in the wiki were added to the NSDL repository , \nand plug- ins allowed the wiki editing tool to directly reference and incorporate content from the \nNS"]
[-3.404895782470703, 3.8798627853393555, "oted below. The NSDL Science Literacy Map service (http://strandmaps.nsdl.org/) continues to be used, with approximately 3,000 visitors a week between October 1, 2009, and \nSeptember 30, 2012.  \nSustainability  The future of the Strand Map Service an"]
[-3.403202533721924, 3.881375551223755, "DL \nResource Center. Subsequent grants from NSF also offered professional development to teachers and evaluated the effectiveness of those efforts.  \nSubsequent \nservices/ tools or \nuses None  \n  \n168 Table C.5. NSDL on iTunesU  \nService/Tool \nName  "]
[-3.493834972381592, 3.7874317169189453, "ake several modifications to CPALMS; \nadd servers to host \nCPALMS/iCPALMS ; and \nupdate software  \nMath an d Science \nPartnerships/Bioscopes  2011 U.S. Department of Education (funded \nthrough the State of Florida)  Teachers , along with arts and \nsc"]
[-3.4063892364501953, 3.873704195022583, "e used for research purposes only.  We will not link your email address \nwith your responses.  We will keep all responses confidential and will not retain your email \naddress after the study.  \nIf you prefer a hard copy of the survey , along wi th a "]
[-3.408935785293579, 3.8747384548187256, "th \t\no Once\t or\ttwice\ta\tterm \t\no Less\toften\t\n\t \t \n174 \t\n7.\tPlease\tcheck\tall\tof\tthe\tways\tthat\tyou\thave\tused\tNSDL. \t\no Find\tinformation\tabout\ta\tSTEM\tsubject\tto\tplan\tor\tupdate\ta\tlesson \t\no Find\tother\tresources\tto\tuse\tfor\tdelivering\ta\tlesson,\tsuch\tas\tvid"]
[-3.4267516136169434, 3.855745553970337, "sagree Disagree \nSomewhat  Neither \nAgree nor \nDisagree Agree \nSomewhat  Agree  Strongly \nAgree  \n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 \na. are\tcurrent. \t o o o o o o o \nb. are\tcomprehensive. \t o o o o o o o \nc. are\taccurate. \t o o o o o o o \nd. reflect\treal -world\tcontent."]
[-3.4373269081115723, 3.844595193862915, "\tschool \u2019s\tnetwork\taccess\t (e.g.,\t\nspeed\tand\treliability )\tsupports\tmy\tuse\t\nof\tNSDL\tresources.\t \to o o o o o o \nj. My\tnetwork\taccess\tat\thome\tsupports\t\nmy\tuse\tof\tNSDL\tresources. \to o o o o o o \n\t \t \n179 12.\tPlease\trate\tthe\t following\tstatements\tabout\t"]
[-3.41357159614563, 3.865668773651123, "ee, \u201d\tplease\trate\t\nthese\tdescriptions\tof\tyour\texperience\twith\ttechnology.\t\n \n Strongly \nDisagree Disagree Disagree \nSomewhat  Neither \nAgree nor \nDisagree Agree \nSomewhat  Agree  Strongly \nAgree  \n\t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 \na. If\tI\theard\tabout\ta\tnew\tinformatio"]
[-3.375479221343994, 3.909522533416748, "ternational Symposium on Database, Web and Cooperative Systems , \n1999. As of October 17, 2013: \nhttp://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.38.7934  \nAckerman, S. L., K. Tebb, J. C. Stein, B. W. Frazee, G. W. Hendey, L. A. Schmidt, and R"]
[-3.371471643447876, 3.9134888648986816, "ce of Creative Tension \nwith Technical Developments,\u201d Bulletin of the IEEE TCDL , 2003. As of January 18, 2013: \nhttp://www.ieee-tcdl.org/Bulletin/v1n1/blandford/blandford.html \nBlue Ribbon Task Force on Sustainable Digital Preservation and Access, S"]
[-3.368152379989624, 3.9168765544891357, "n Rules for Evaluating Open Source Software, Collaborative Consulting, 2004.  \nDownes, S., \u201cModels for Sustainable Open Educational Resources,\u201d Interdisciplinary Journal of \nKnowledge and Learning Objects, Vol. 3, 2007, pp. 29\u201344.  \nDupret, G., \u201cDisc"]
[-3.3695178031921387, 3.9153952598571777, "ucation Development Center, Inc.: Waltham, Mass., 2005.  \nHarley, D., J. Henke, and D. Nasatir, Use and Users of Digital Resources: A Focus on \nUndergraduate Education in the Humanities and Social Sciences , Berkeley: Center for \nStudies in Higher Ed"]
[-3.3677053451538086, 3.9172186851501465, "Karlgren, J., \u201cChanging the Subject\u2014One Way of Measuring Trust in Information,\u201d Workshop \non Novel Methodologies for Evaluation in Information Retrieval, Glasgow, March 30, 2008. \nAs of May 23, 2013: http://soda.swedish-ict.se/2763/ \nKennedy, J., \u201cA "]
[-3.370274782180786, 3.914635181427002, "Archives Info, \nVol. 1, No. 3, 2001\u20132002. As of December 19, 2016: http://www.archivesinfo.com/newsletter/Winter2001.pdf \nMargaritopoulos, T., M. Margaritopoulos, I. Mavridis, and A. Manitsaris, \u201cA Conceptual \nFramework for Metadata Quality Assessmen"]
[-3.3807601928710938, 3.905143976211548, ". As of January 18, 2013: http://www.tccgrp.com/pdfs/per_brief_tenkeys.pdf \nMultimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching, \u201cPartner Communities and \nInstitutional Teaching Commons,\u201d web page, 2009. As of March 6, 2017: http://info."]
[-3.3696534633636475, 3.9154458045959473, "ion. \nOCLC, \u201cThe OAIster Database,\u201d web page, n.d. As of October 17, 2013: \nhttp://www.oclc.org/oaister.en.html?urlm=168646 \nOpen Archives Initiative, \u201cOpen Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting, \nInteroperability Through Metadata Harv"]
[-3.3705520629882812, 3.914682388305664, "nuary 18, 2013: http://hdl.handle.net/2142/145 \n  \n195 Smith, A., Building and Sustaining Digital Collections: Models for Libraries and Museums, \nWashington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2001. As of January 18, \n2013: http://ww"]
[-3.3705387115478516, 3.9145190715789795, "009/11/best-practices-for-6-common-user-interface-elements/ \nWebster, F. E., \u201cThe Changing Role of Marketing in the Corporation,\u201d Journal of Marketing, \nVol. 56, 1992, pp. 1\u201317.  \nWenger-Trayner, E., and B. Wenger-Trayner, Introduction to Communities"]
[-4.934861183166504, 16.235252380371094, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nUpdating the Costs of \nCompliance for California\u2019s Hospital Seismic Safety Standards\nAppendix D. Regional Cost Analysis\nBenjamin Lee Preston, Tom LaTourrette, James R. Broyles, R. J. Briggs,  \nDavid Catt, Christopher Ne"]
[-4.962783336639404, 16.2622013092041, "riteria, we defined analysis regions as individual counties with at least ten \nhospitals and groups of counties containing fewer than ten hospitals each. For county groupings, we used the California economic markets defined by the California Employme"]
[-4.933189392089844, 16.232948303222656, "iring structural performance category (SPC) and nonstructural performance category (NPC) upgrades.  3 Table D.2. Regional Seismic Upgrade Costs  \nAnalysis Region  Hospitals  Retrofit \nCost \n($B) Escalated \nCost \n4%/year  Demand Surge \nEscalated Cost "]
[16.182260513305664, 12.454002380371094, "CORPORATIONAppendix\nThe Welcome Baby Program\nAn Implementation and Outcomes \nEvaluation\nSarah B. Hunter, M. Rebecca Kilburn, Teryn Mattox, Jill S. Cannon,  \nTerry Marsh, Melissa Felician, Maya Buenaventura, Lauren Davis,  \nMatthew CefaluLimited Print"]
[16.169740676879883, 12.47085952758789, "......................................... 34\t\nTable B.2. Other Reviewed Documents ........................................................................................ 43\t\nTable C.1. Fidelity Domain One: Staff Qualifications ......................"]
[16.180500030517578, 12.459208488464355, "Back to Sleep ............................................................................................................... 62\t\nTable D.10. Co-Sleeping ................................................................................................"]
[16.180038452148438, 12.459027290344238, "was specifically designed by the research team \nfor this project. It was developed based on both a review of the Welcome Baby program materials that outlined the key elements of the program and meetings with F5LA, LABBN, and \nthe Welcome Baby sites a"]
[16.18833351135254, 12.450348854064941, " that \nidentifies you, including the audio recording of this interview, at the end of the study. Due to the \nextensive data protection procedures we have in place there is minimal risk associated with participation in this interview. There is no dire"]
[16.204328536987305, 12.431968688964844, " recruitment  \na. Is there anything about your site or organization that has helped your staff to recruit women postnatally? (e.g., bilingual hospital liaisons) \nb. Is there a system in place to monitor outreach and recruitment activities? If so, 11 "]
[16.187829971313477, 12.452377319335938, "erience \nNext, I would like to ask you about training resources and technical assistance \n18. Can you describe your experience with PAC/LAC\u2019s [Perinatal Advisory Council: Leadership, Advocacy, and Consultation\u2019s] workshops and technical assistance? \n"]
[16.186229705810547, 12.45140552520752, "Name ___________________ Date ___________________ \n \nParticipant Name: ___________________ Welcome Baby Site ____________________ \nThe purpose of this protocol is to guide the semi-structured interviews with Welcome Baby \nHome Visiting staff (includi"]
[16.18759536743164, 12.452628135681152, "ts.  \nIf you have any questions or concerns about the study or this interview, you can contact \nSarah Hunter, the Principal Investigator or Jim Tebow from RAND\u2019s Human Subjects Protection Committee. Their contact information is provided in the initia"]
[16.185998916625977, 12.455057144165039, "ively? \n12. Provision of service delivery/home visits  \na. Is there anything about your site or organization that has helped to ensure that participants received their nurse visit? 16 \n b. Is there anything about your site or organization that has he"]
[16.182716369628906, 12.456400871276855, "ain communication challenges?  \nStaff Support  \nNow I will ask you some questions related to staff support and supervision \n19. Do you receive support from your supervisor? If so: \na. What kind of support do you receive? \na. How often do you receive "]
[16.18427085876465, 12.45344066619873, " been enrolled in the Welcome Baby program. \nExperience with Program \nProgram Enrollment  \n1. How did you learn about the Welcome Baby Program? (Ask where and when they were approached). \n2. How was your enrollment experience? \n3. Did you have any pr"]
[16.188148498535156, 12.451888084411621, "ffsurvey@rand.org.  \nPlease enter your 5 -digit survey password. ____________________  \nScreen 2 [ALL]  \nFirst 5 LA, has contracted the RAND Corporation, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, research organization, to conduct an \nevaluation of the Welcome Baby p"]
[16.187667846679688, 12.44432258605957, "@rand.org. If possible, \nwhen you contact the Committee, please reference Study #2015 -0645.  \nPlease indicate whether or not you agr ee to participate in this study.  \n______Yes, I agree to participate in this study  \n______No, I do not agree to par"]
[16.19273567199707, 12.44713306427002, " CDA  \n\u25a1 CHES \n\u25a1 CIPSW    \n\u25a1 CLC \n\u25a1 CLE   \n\u25a1 IBCLC/RLC  \n\u25a1 ISW   \u25a1 LCSW  \n\u25a1 LPN \n\u25a1 LISW    \n\u25a1 LMFT  \n\u25a1 PHN    \n\u25a1 RN  \n\u25a1 Other, please specify: _____ ____ \n9. In what language(s) are you able to provide Welcome Baby services? [select all that apply]  "]
[16.193574905395508, 12.447047233581543, "\nknow the exact date, please enter your best estimate .  \n__________ [clickable calendar] \nIf your supervisor has never observed one of your home visits, please leave the date field blank and check \nthe box below.  \no My supervisor has never observed"]
[16.1951961517334, 12.444995880126953, "\n30. Please indicate your agreement with the following statements using this scale:  \n[Strongly Agree; Agree; Neutral; Disagree; Strongly Disagree]  \na. I believe that Welcome Baby services help the families I serve.  \nb. Welcome Baby program materia"]
[16.185993194580078, 12.451847076416016, "enter  \no Valley Presbyterian Hospital  \no White Memorial Medical Center  \nScreen 27 [ALL]  \n37. What is your current Welcome Baby job title at <site name>? [select one]  \nIf you do not see your exact title listed, please select the standard Welcome "]
[16.189056396484375, 12.450545310974121, "is scale:  \n[Strongly Agree; Agree; Neutral; Disagree; Strongly Disagree]  \na. The Welcome Baby new staff training (also called \u201cCohort Training\u201d) prepared me to deliver \nWelcome Baby as required by my current position.  \nb. The regional training ses"]
[16.15607261657715, 12.478889465332031, "uding contact lists, protocols, forms, and \nmemoranda of understanding, were gathered from each site and abstracted for relevant information.  \nAbstraction content: The research team designed the abstraction form to cover the required \nelements of th"]
[16.183019638061523, 12.454974174499512, "    \n        \n   \nTransportation      \n        \n    \n 36 Document Type   Referral Directory/Binder   Referral Protocols   Formal MOU  \nChecklist Items   \nUp-to-Date \nEnglish \nContact \nInformation \nfor Referral \nType  (Y/N)  Up-to-Date \nSpanish \nConta"]
[16.18955421447754, 12.449668884277344, "to any of these questions. The survey should take about \n10\u201315 minutes.  \nIn this next section, please answer some questions about the services you have received from Welcome \nBaby. We are interested in your honest opinions, whether they are positive"]
[16.1986026763916, 12.441736221313477, " \u00a8 \u00a8  \n 40  Agree Disagree  Not sure \n16. A baby with colic can cry for 20 or 30 minutes at a time, \nno matter how much you try to comfort him (her).  \u00a8 \u00a8 \u00a8 \n17. Fathers are naturally clumsy when it comes to taking care \nof babies.  \u00a8 \u00a8 \u00a8 \n18. Taking"]
[16.181175231933594, 12.458552360534668, "aches, and Parent Coach Supervisors over the course of a client\u2019s engagement with the \nWelcome Baby program. Examples of information recorded in the SFDB are the types of content covered during home visits, measures of maternal and child health and s"]
[16.170103073120117, 12.470768928527832, "This appendix provides an overview of our methods for calculating fidelity domain \nachievement thresholds described in Chapter 4 of the report. Each table provides information on \none fidelity domain\u2019s specifications for data, sample, method for crea"]
[16.173328399658203, 12.464442253112793, "me of survey,  as applicable.  \nDates covered by data  May\u2013August 2017  \nFrequency of measurement  Once  \nReporting process  Self-reported survey answers  \nAverage across sites 101 of 117 staff (86%) met minimum requirements.  \nAdditional notes \u2022 Ref"]
[16.160781860351562, 12.480116844177246, "ervision than other staff positions surveyed. \n\u2022 Four sites had a Staff Survey response rate less than 54%. \n\u2022 Across sites, total Staff Survey sample size ranges from 2 \u201317. \n\u2022 A site achieved domain fidelity if 100% of surveyed staff met minimum re"]
[16.141895294189453, 12.498854637145996, ".7. Fidelity Domain Seven : Hospital Enrollment  \nFidelity domain  Hospital Liaisons approach mothers who give birth at the hospital and \nencourage them to enroll into Welcome Baby.  \nData source  Monthly site data reports provided by LAB BN \nSample "]
[16.192644119262695, 12.449760437011719, "ring these time periods:  \n\u2022 prenatal home engagement (up to 27 weeks)  \n\u2022 prenatal telephone assessment  (by 32 weeks of pregnancy ) \n\u2022 prenatal home engagement (by 38 weeks of pregnancy)  \n\u2022 postpartum hospital engagement  \n\u2022 postpartum Nurse home "]
[16.162412643432617, 12.478347778320312, "iance Inventory, Bond subscale \u20134 items)  \nSample 1,976 client visits (a client may have completed more than one survey) ; \nBest Start families  \nMeasure/indicator  All staff are mentored and trained to build positive relationships with their \nclient"]
[16.17718505859375, 12.463241577148438, "tions.   \n\u2022 We did not include content related to referrals for services.  \n\u2022 We excluded visits designated \u201cOther.\u201d  \n\u2022 We base the site -level domain status on site achieving average \npercentage or above based on Welcome Baby \u2013wide average \nacross "]
[16.196842193603516, 12.433101654052734, "pecifications for individual outcome measures reported in \nChapter 4.  \nTable D.1. Parenting Practices  \nData source  Five mother -reported HOME inventory (Caldwell and Bradley, 1984)  items on \nthe Client Survey . Note that the full HOME inventory i"]
[16.200233459472656, 12.436678886413574, " D.3. Family Planning  \nData source  SFDB  \nSample  Data from 21,266 visits. We excluded the following from our analyses:  \n\u2022 family planning data from the post -NICU -discharge visits or visits \nlabeled \u201cOther\u201d  \n\u2022 data from clients not enrolled in "]
[16.201398849487305, 12.435047149658203, "ck all that apply .\u201d In a very small \nnumber of cases, staff person checked a valid type of insurance for \nthe child (in most cases Medicaid) and also checked the \u201cno insurance\u201d box. In these cases, the child was marked as having insurance.  \n \nTable"]
[16.202159881591797, 12.435358047485352, "me \n\u2022 visits with missing home safety data \nMeasure/indicator  Percentage of visits where home safety inspection is completed with no \nhome safety issues identified \nDates covered by data January 2016 through December 2017  \nFrequency of measurement "]
[16.19245719909668, 12.43474292755127, "ge of children above the ASQ- 3 cut -off on all five ASQ scales, \nat a given visit  \nDates covered by data  January 2016 through December 2017 \nFrequency of measurement  Every postpartum visit excluding the  hospital and post-NICU -discharge \nvisits "]
[16.187570571899414, 12.443222045898438, "0.24 5,232 \nPercentagge of content  covered  \u20130.19 0.27 9,954 \nRN to Two -to-Four -Week Visit     \nFamily Characteristics     \nLow income \u20130.24*  0.11 7,130 \nLow-birthweight child  0.26 0.21 7,082 \nBirth complications  0.15 0.15 7,132 \nFirst birth  \u2013"]
[16.187944412231445, 12.40276050567627, "ications  \u20130.19 0.11 5,380 \nFirst birth  \u20130.09 0.07 5,366 \nEnrolled prenatally 0.30***  0.09 5,380  \n 67  Coefficient \nEstimate  Standard Error  Number of \nObservations  \nSome English 0.66*** 0.12 5,374 \nNo English  0.48***  0.11 5,374 \nMother black "]
[16.21025276184082, 12.420912742614746, "n #6 Technical Appendix  \nTable F.1. Outcomes by Time Point, Including Benchmarks  \nOutcome \nCategory Outcome \nMeasure  Data \nSource Measure   Rates and Number of Observations  \n(bold = outcome analysis)  \nBenchmarks  \n (sources below table)  Hospita"]
[16.201696395874023, 12.43345832824707, "t \nrecommended \nintervals SFDB  % with up -to-\ndate well-child \nvisits % N/A N/A 91.6 89.6 93.6 83.2 89.9 LAMB Survey (2010, 2012 \ncombined): % of infants with any well- baby \ncheckup: 98.1% in LAC, \n96.7% in BSC (2)  \nN N/A N/A 5,089 4,269 4,070 3,4"]
[16.19246482849121, 12.443255424499512, "eastfeeding  3-month \nvisit 33.1 34.9 40.3 31.7 31.9 33.0 35.7 43.7 33.3 36.9 35.7 32.2 \nAny \nbreastfeeding  SFDB % with any \nbreastfeeding  72-hour \nRN visit  91.5 81.5 91.7 90.7 94.0 93.2 93.7 93.0 95.9 93.3 93.6 95.0 \n% with any \nbreastfeeding  3-"]
[16.190000534057617, 12.446772575378418, " co -sleeping  \u2022 No co -sleeping  \nHome visitor \nworkloads  Positive   \u2022 Immunizations up  \nto date  \u2022 Child insurance \n\u2022 Immunizations \nup to date  \n\u2022 No home safety \nissues  \u2022 Back to sleep  \nNegative  \u2022 Family \nplanning  \u2022 Family planning  \u2022 Famil"]
[16.190303802490234, 12.437115669250488, ", and J. Arthur Gillaspy, \u201cDevelopment and Validation of a Revised Short \nVersion of the Working Alliance Inventory,\u201d Psychotherapy Research, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2006, pp. 12\u201325. \nLarsen, Daniel L., C. Clifford Attkisson, William A. Hargreaves, and Tuan "]
[13.807571411132812, 4.731918811798096, "Image credits\u2014Cover: Violetastock/GettyImages; p. iv: digitalskillet/GettyImages; p. xvi: asiseeit/GettyImages;  \np.\u00a04: Debby Lewis-Harrison/GettyImages; p. 8: digitalskillet/GettyImages; p. 14: oscarhdez/GettyImages;p. 38: fstop123/GettyImages; p. 4"]
[18.575647354125977, 12.597280502319336, "alth. Maltreated children fare worse than their peers on many important outcomes within these domains. The effects can persist and have long-term consequences into adulthood, including reduced labor market productivity, increased involvement with the"]
[18.58363151550293, 12.58786392211914, " into young adulthood, manifested in numerous ways, including home-lessness, underemployment, criminal conviction, and substance abuse. Overall societal costs associated with child maltreatment may total $80 billion annually (Gelles and Perlman, 2012"]
[18.527164459228516, 12.652097702026367, "tives. Increases in prevention lead to decreases in mal-treatment and improvements in young adult outcomes but do not affect the experiences of children who enter the system and result in small additional costs. Increases in treatment lead to improve"]
[18.5606746673584, 12.618192672729492, " experiencing the different events in the model (e.g., maltreatment, referral to the system, placement in foster home). The baseline model, therefore, is intended to represent the current situation. We then used the model to assess the average effect"]
[18.592782974243164, 12.58426570892334, "ilies involved with the child welfare system, whether to emphasize in-home options or out-of-home placements.\nWhat Effects Do Individual Policies Have?\nTo understand the effects of individual policies, we estimated how the quantity and quality of pre"]
[18.609514236450195, 12.565741539001465, "eventive services in the model, such as the Nurse-Family Partnership, have been shown to have a number of positive benefits for children and families beyond reducing the likelihood of maltreatment (Olds, 2006). These benefits include improved infant "]
[18.59549331665039, 12.582172393798828, "Specifically, family preservation efforts led to changes in the young adult outcomes, with the largest changes when both quantity and quality of the policy were increased. The effects ranged from 0.4 to \u20139.8 percent for substance abuse, from \u20133.6 to "]
[18.595888137817383, 12.582314491271973, "f the individual options that we considered achieves all these objectives.\nWe estimated the effect of a policy package that combined increases in \npreventive services and treatment in the form of support for kinship care. The results are summarized a"]
[18.57767105102539, 12.596338272094727, "ce of those children who are in the system and their outcomes in young adulthood. Family preservation and kinship care efforts also lead to reductions in the overall cost of the system because they promote placements that are less costly than the oth"]
[18.570823669433594, 12.609135627746582, "ific jurisdictions would allow a number of important improvements, including more-specific informa-tion on pathways through the system; better data on children\u2019s experiences in the system; and information on how the child welfare system interacts wit"]
[18.580089569091797, 12.5960693359375, " the \nproject. She was highly engaged and provided invaluable input throughout the entire process. We are particularly grateful for her assistance in identifying and connecting us with experts to provide input into the model.\nSusan Gates, director of"]
[18.57134437561035, 12.579410552978516, "ations at 37.4 percent (Kim et al., 2017) and lifetime substantiated maltreatment at 12.5 percent (Wildeman et al., 2014). Child maltreatment has been linked with child and family characteristics, such as a child\u2019s age, race/ethnicity, gender, and sp"]
[18.571067810058594, 12.602872848510742, "t to sepa-rate them when looking at outcomes (Masten and Wright, 1998). \nOver time, the effects of maltreatment and child welfare system in-\nvolvement can persist, with effects on outcomes that last into young adulthood, including reduced labor marke"]
[18.574676513671875, 12.60193157196045, "er comes from a mix of state and local funding (DeVooght and Cooper, 2013). This total likely does not include funding for all child maltreat-ment preventive services. The survey that generates these estimates asks about funding for these services pr"]
[18.569778442382812, 12.607965469360352, "ult is a model that estimates the average \neffect of implementing the policy in all jurisdictions across the country. \nTo simulate the effect for a particular state or locale, the model assump-tions and data would need to be changed to better reflect"]
[18.57586097717285, 12.600845336914062, "maltreatment and detection component of the model until he or she leaves childhood.\nSystem Pathways\nThe child welfare system pathways component of the model represents the possible pathways through the child welfare system for a child whose suspected"]
[18.564945220947266, 12.614156723022461, "plex array of risk and protective factors ultimately influence how children fare over time. The outcomes are influenced by the circumstances that led to the maltreat-ment itself and, to some extent, the involvement with the child wel-\nfare system. At"]
[18.572589874267578, 12.605805397033691, "d the model to estimate the effect of implementing several\ndifferent policy, program, or practice changes.\nThese steps are briefly described below and in greater detail in \nAppendix B, available on the project website (www.rand.org/child-welfare-mode"]
[18.561038970947266, 12.61918830871582, "features, such as poverty rate.\n1 \nTo simulate the experiences of these children, we had to determine \ntheir chances of experiencing each of the many child welfare events \nand/or outcomes in our model. We pooled information from admin-\nistrative data"]
[18.57354164123535, 12.607027053833008, "S reports 18\u201322. We also reference the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW) Wave II Child Permanency report. With these data, our model simulates the childhood experiences for a cohort that is like the 2010 to 2015 cohort over t"]
[18.570804595947266, 12.60898494720459, "typical goal for calibration is to get model outputs that are within the natural variance from year to year for \neach metric. The 0.3-percent difference between our model outputs and the calibration targets is generally much smaller than the natural "]
[18.5687255859375, 12.610331535339355, "ot directly account for all of the complexities in how \nboth risk and protective factors interact and the uncertainties about the causal pathways. However, it allows for an understanding of how child maltreatment and system involvement affect outcome"]
[18.576576232910156, 12.592217445373535, "Some children experience multiple types of maltreatment (e.g., neglect and physical abuse); the estimates have been adjusted to account for this.\nEfforts to prevent maltreatment will also occur during this period. \nCollectively, our model estimates t"]
[18.58152198791504, 12.593766212463379, " 1,000 children.\nIn higher-risk cases, the child is moved from the home to an out-of-\nhome placement. Our model projects that there will be 59 out-of-home \nplacements per 1,000 children. Most children who are removed from \nthe home will experience on"]
[18.581310272216797, 12.595720291137695, "ixed, regular, adequate \nnighttime residence by age 25. This includes adults living in travel accommodations, sharing the housing of \nother persons due to hardship, having a nighttime residence that is not designed for ordinary use as a regular \nslee"]
[18.595958709716797, 12.579452514648438, "es in child welfare. \n8   Substance abuse includes heavy drinking, defined as typically consuming five or more drinks three times per \nweek, and drug use, defined as use within the past ye ar of cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, or heroin, \nbut n"]
[18.590208053588867, 12.565264701843262, "d maltreatment. \nAmong promising targeted primary prevention approaches, home vis-\niting is the most widely studied. A number of assessments have found associations between prevention approaches and reductions in the risk factors for child maltreatme"]
[18.594608306884766, 12.582919120788574, "t but assumes that\neffectiveness does not change (Scenario A).9\n\u2022The s\necond scenario holds the quantity of services constant but\nassumes that preventive services are of higher quality (Scenario\u00a0B).We assume that the increase in the effectiveness is "]
[18.594039916992188, 12.584572792053223, "agencies or community-based organizations may not \nbe included in this total. Over the same time period, the population of children in NCANDS-reporting states was approximately 67.7 million. Taken together, this equates to 33.9 preventive services fu"]
[18.594661712646484, 12.58320426940918, "f prevention, the model estimates approximately \n0.3\u00a0percent fewer investigations and 1.1 percent fewer substantia-\ntions and out-of-home placements relative to baseline. With increases in both quantity and quality (Scenario C), we see somewhat large"]
[18.59682273864746, 12.579127311706543, "1.6% \u20131.5% \u20131.6% \u20131.6%\n\u20133.6%\u20133.4% \u20133.5%\u20133.6%FIGURE 4.6\nEffects of Prevention Scenarios on Outcomes, Percentage Change \nfrom Baseline26Family Preservation Services\nFamily preservation programs are designed to prevent out-of-home \nplacements or to reun"]
[18.59731101989746, 12.581741333007812, "ot find that the program increased the likelihood that children would remain in the home, program participa-tion was associated with a higher rate of reunification for chil-dren in out-of-home care (Olsen, Laprade, and Holmes, 2015).\nHow the Policy I"]
[18.595224380493164, 12.583395004272461, "reatment also increased slightly, both because the number of incidents increased and because of increased opportunities for detecting maltreatment when families receive family preservation services. For the quality scenario (B), both the average numb"]
[18.594926834106445, 12.583780288696289, "r Family Preservation Scenarios30RAND  RR1775x1-4.9Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C\nPrevention spending\nChild welfare system spending\nNet spending\u20130.3%\n\u20139.9%\u20139.1%\u20136.7%\u20136.2%\n\u201313.7%\u201312.7%\u20130.1%+0.2%FIGURE 4.9\nEffects of Family Preservation Scenarios on "]
[18.59467887878418, 12.583785057067871, "ounseling, respite care, and legal services (Lin, 2014). How and where services are offered varies significantly (for example, they can be peer to peer, provider-led, school-based, or community-based). Training and education interventions can support"]
[18.596092224121094, 12.581393241882324, "anship as a permanent outcome;receipt of targeted preventive services;receipt of supports and services for transition to adulthoodTABLE 4.3\nKinship Care Scenarios33relatively little impact on detecting maltreatment in the population. \nThere is a very"]
[18.596094131469727, 12.582845687866211, "first, which focuses on quantity, results in a 50-percent increase in the quantity of funded preventive services and in the number of children placed with kin (Scenario A). The second option focuses on quality by assuming that the preventive services"]
[18.595420837402344, 12.583418846130371, "oodTABLE 4.4\nCombined Prevention and Kinship Care Scenarios\nRAND  RR1775x1-4.13Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C\nMaltreatment episodes\nReferrals to child welfare\u20131.6%\u20130.2%\u20130.6%\n\u20134.1%\u20131.5%\u20130.2%FIGURE 4.13\nEffects of Combined Approach of Prevention and "]
[18.581209182739258, 12.59570598602295, "nge from Baseline\nRAND  RR1775x1-4.16Scenario A Scenario B Scenario C\nHomelessness\nUnderemployment\nSubstance abuseCriminal conviction\u20132.8%\u20131.6%\n\u20132.3%\n\u20133.3%\u20132.2%\n\u20133.0%\u20132.5%\n\u20135.8%\u20135.6%\n\u20136.4%\u20135.2%\u20132.4%38\n39CHAPTER FIVE\nDiscussion\nUnder current policy, f"]
[18.617904663085938, 12.559725761413574, "vices are designed to prevent child maltreatment from occurring and thus reduce the number of children that ever enter the system. If a child has been maltreated, family preservation treatment efforts are aimed at providing services and supports that"]
[18.59865379333496, 12.579483985900879, "ore children. The increase is partially offset by reductions in spending on screenings, investigations, services, and temporary placements as fewer children flow through the system. We assume that quality can be improved at no additional cost by real"]
[18.596181869506836, 12.582464218139648, "ide services and supports to the kin caregivers to ultimately decrease time in care and increase the child\u2019s chances of returning to the family. The increases in temporary kinship care and permanency outcomes with kin lead to small improvements in ou"]
[18.573932647705078, 12.606315612792969, "ich is extremely com-plicated. Building such a model requires many assumptions. In many cases, the available data and literature do not provide as much infor-mation as would be ideal, and there is certainly room for reasonable disagreement about the "]
[18.568361282348633, 12.612859725952148, "placement. However, it is difficult to say how much of the discrepancy represents real differences in the sources and how much is simply the result of not being able to make an apples-to-apples comparison between empirical data and the internal calcu"]
[18.569562911987305, 12.610270500183105, "the effects of system experience on outcomes. To address this problem, we augmented the information we found in the literature by conducting data analyses designed to address this question specifically, but additional research in this area is needed "]
[18.570703506469727, 12.608262062072754, "nformation on pathways through the system; better data on children\u2019s experiences in the system; and information on how the child welfare system interacts with other related systems, such as education or criminal justice.\nFinally, while the baseline m"]
[18.572858810424805, 12.60540771484375, " pathways through the system, and consequences in a comprehensive quantitative model that can be used to simulate the potential impact of policy changes. The estimates presented here provide policymakers with a sense of the relative costs and benefit"]
[16.82553482055664, 8.033143043518066, "rmer Foster Youth: Outcomes at Age\u00a023 and 24,\u201d Chicago, Ill.: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago, 2009.\nCourtney, M. E., B. Needell, and F. Wulczyn, \u201cUnintended \nConsequences of the Push for Accountability: The Case of National Child Welfare Pe"]
[16.798141479492188, 8.060225486755371, "es Bell Associates, Profiles of the Active Title IV-E Child Welfare \nWaiver Demonstrations , Arlington, Va., 2016.\nJones Harden, B. J., \u201cSafety and Stability for Foster Children: A \nDevelopmental Perspective,\u201d The Future of Children , Vol. 14, No. 1,"]
[16.81312370300293, 8.041659355163574, "ly Partnership: An Evidence\u2010Based \nPreventive Intervention,\u201d Infant Mental Health Journal , Vol. 27, \nNo.\u00a01, 2006, pp. 5\u201325.\nOlds, D. L., J. Eckenrode, C. R. Henderson, Jr., H. Kitzman, J. Powers, \nR. Cole, K. Sidora, P. Morris, L. M. Pettitt, and D."]
[16.745363235473633, 8.056011199951172, "hildren\u2019s Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2014 , \nWashington, D.C., 2016.\nWashington State Institute for Public Policy, Intensive Family \nPreservation Programs: Program Fidelity Influences Effectiveness\u2014Revised , Olympia, Wash., 2006.\nWildeman, C., N. Ema"]
[8.023049354553223, 0.9703789353370667, "Discount Justice\nState Court Belt-Tightening in  \nan Era of Fiscal Austerity\nMichael D. Greenberg, Samantha Cherney\nCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This"]
[11.376203536987305, 17.569564819335938, "participants included judges, state court administrators, prominent mem -\nbers of the bar, and legal scholars. \nThis report shares key issues and topics from the January 2015 conference sessions. This \ndocument is not a transcript. Rather, it summari"]
[8.019979476928711, 0.9694624543190002, "mitted to the public interest.\nRAND Ventures is a vehicle for investing in policy solutions. Philanthropic contributions \nsupport our ability to take the long view, tackle tough and often-controversial topics, and share our findings in innovative and"]
[8.036347389221191, 0.9821978807449341, "....................................... 12\nDo Courts Risk Being Delegitimized When Challenging the Constitutionality of Budget Cuts \nImposed by Other Branches of State Government?  .................................................... 13\nWhat Role Can"]
[8.022282600402832, 0.9707165956497192, "....... 29\nQ&A from the Audience  ...................................................................................... 30\nCHAPTER SIX\nAccess to Justice and Business-to-Business Litigation  .................................................. 33\nQuest"]
[8.031108856201172, 0.9764547348022461, ", state court administrators, prominent members of the bar, and legal scholars. \nKeynote speeches at the conference were given by Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye, the Chief \nJustice of California, and by William T. Robinson III, co-chair of the American Bar A"]
[8.028993606567383, 0.9753997325897217, "nd all those who engaged in the conference discussions. We would particularly like to \nthank the following participants for their contribution to the panels and the discussion, with -\nout which the conference would not have been feasible: Joseph Dohe"]
[8.02603816986084, 0.9732713103294373, "d by chapters, which correspond to the panel discussions \nand speeches that took place during the conference. Each of the panel discussions is sum -\nmarized by the major themes that were discussed in the order that they were covered at the conference"]
[7.986478805541992, 0.936330258846283, "nd somebody asked me, \u201cWhat are you working on now, and what excites you about it?\u201d And I replied, \u201cThere are two things that have been on my mind lately. One of them is the institutional administration and governance of state court systems. The othe"]
[7.996747970581055, 0.946191132068634, " most elegant text, and the best Constitution. But at the end of the day, if you\u2019re not willing to put money into the institutions that actually carry out the work, the documents are capable of becoming empty. The promises are capable of being unfulf"]
[7.998918056488037, 0.9482001662254333, "it comes to the money side of the picture. This is true with regard to the courts and the judiciary, as it is with regard to lots of other kinds of institutions.4    Discount Justice: State Court Belt-Tightening in an Era of Fiscal Austerity\nIt turns"]
[8.004426002502441, 0.953245222568512, "dea of the Minnesota Supreme Court; Judge Carolyn Kuhl of the Los Angeles Superior Court; Mary McQueen, president of the National Center for State Courts; and Michael Greenberg, senior behavioral scientist and then director of the RAND Center for Cor"]
[8.006133079528809, 0.9548816680908203, "e funding mechanism worked well during the temporary surge in foreclosure filings, but it then caused the courts to go into the red when foreclosures started to tail off several years later. McQueen and Greenberg also talked about the pros and cons o"]
[8.00078296661377, 0.9499703645706177, "urt system in Minnesota. She observed that when the state transi -\ntioned from county funding to state funding in 2005, the Chief Justice decided to share her governance authority over the courts by creating the Judicial Council, which is a 25-member"]
[8.003358840942383, 0.9525315165519714, "en shifted to address the court system governance models and choices of \nother states. McQueen described the governance systems in Oregon and Florida. In Oregon, she pointed out, the move to centralize funding for the courts by the state legislature "]
[8.009974479675293, 0.9581838250160217, "d that that financing mech -\nanism ties back to governance, since the flow of money also reflects who has decisionmaking authority over the money. Greenberg concluded that Ohio illustrates how complex the local budgeting and governance picture actual"]
[8.028929710388184, 0.9726758599281311, "he impact on the system, Kuhl described morale, security, and geographic \naccess challenges that have resulted from the resourcing cuts. She also described several func -\ntional measures suggesting impairments in the speed and volume of cases process"]
[8.022592544555664, 0.9699883460998535, "bmit their budget proposals for the governor\u2019s approval prior to reaching the legislature (a practice akin to that of an execu -\ntive branch agency) or else by being subject to detailed line-item appropriations that restrict the courts in shifting th"]
[8.043670654296875, 0.9901583790779114, "obert Peck then spoke to the latter question and about the response of the courts them -\nselves to funding shortfalls that putatively threatened their constitutional function. Peck observed that there has been a series of cases addressing the status "]
[8.028658866882324, 0.9756401181221008, "opriation below the level at which it had been prior to 1991. This was a compromise result, but it generated lots of ill will and distrust between the branches of government in New York.\nLippman concluded that the New York experience in 1991 invites "]
[8.03276538848877, 0.977423369884491, "summarized this another way by emphasizing that public recognition of the importance of the courts, and of keeping them fully functional by keeping them fully funded, is often central in these kinds of disputes\u2014and lack of public recognition is probl"]
[8.039565086364746, 0.985991895198822, "o litigants. This got noticed by the newspapers and by the legislature. The courts made the decision to con -\ntinue allocating money to legal aid for the poor, based on the belief that this was constitution -\nally imperative, even while staff were be"]
[8.03905200958252, 0.9845934510231018, "Equal Protection Problem?\nA member of the audience observed that the burdens of the budget shortfall in California \ncourts have fallen heavily on personal injury cases, such that delays and geographic problems in accessing the courts have become part"]
[8.03381633758545, 0.9794026613235474, "o say that a shutdown response is not only not unprecedented, but that it is almost a necessity when budget cuts become draconian. In those situations, Lippman said that the courts run through all the options presented by Judge Kuhl in the earlier se"]
[8.015769958496094, 0.9636057019233704, " the judiciary is a unified system, there is a lot of autonomy built into it at the local, trial court level.\nCan You Describe the Transition from Local to State Funding of the \nJudiciary?\nSungaila followed up with a question about the transition fro"]
[8.035655975341797, 0.9805887937545776, " choices to make about each disposable dollar and that she must make the best case for why they should invest in the judicial branch. This takes time, education, and exposure to the courts. Now when she goes to the Capitol, Cantil-Sakauye does not as"]
[8.041346549987793, 0.9845051765441895, "the broader, long-term future of the judicial branch. Cantil-Sakauye shared a term she coined to reflect her vision: \u201cAccess 3-D.\u201d The first element of three-dimensional access is remote access to the courts. Litigants should be able to file, search,"]
[8.034075736999512, 0.9783840775489807, "t of their own districts: how many judicial officers are employed, how many cases there are, where budgets have been cut, and how many people have been laid off. In those snapshots, the Judicial Council also tries to include anecdotal information to "]
[8.033270835876465, 0.9783431887626648, "but a significant amount of money had been spent on it, and it had been cited as wasteful. Several Keynote Address: Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye, Chief Justice of California    21\ncounties were prepared to implement it, but it would have taken millions of "]
[8.048561096191406, 0.9878138899803162, "filings have declined.\nAs for criminal filing fees, Cantil-Sakauye explained that current thinking posits that law \nenforcement personnel were laid off during the recession, which led to fewer arrests and crimi -\nnal reports and, ultimately, fewer fi"]
[8.038061141967773, 0.9803871512413025, "lawyers and litigants, noting the cost of such technol -\nogies as the CourtCall remote appearance system. Cantil-Sakauye acknowledged the possibil -\nity of adverse impact from such advances and affirmed that the judiciary cannot be improved on the ba"]
[8.029753684997559, 0.9754993319511414, "riefly summarize the empiri -\ncal research that has been done on the economic impact of state courts and also to recreate the intellectual journey that NCSC undertook during 2009\u20132014 in attempting to help the courts with their funding crisis, by way"]
[8.029582023620605, 0.9730904698371887, "een little formal evaluation work done on these to quantify and validate their impact. Clarke went on to suggest that even in theory, their chief impact may have less to do with their economic effects than with their impact on rule of law. In turn, C"]
[16.181188583374023, 2.983783483505249, "rts are likely to become increasingly reliant on remote technology to adjudicate cases in the service of cost-cutting efforts.\nEagly began by describing the basic concept of remote adjudication, which (in the immi -\ngration context) involves a detain"]
[16.09144401550293, 2.963677406311035, "tigants. However, she also went on to describe her qualitative work to investigate the impact of remote adjudication on immigration respondents who are being held in remote locations and to assess why those persons may become disengaged from the proc"]
[8.005084991455078, 0.9541231989860535, "bserved that this theme had already come up in bits and pieces in the earlier panel discussion in the conference. The pilot qualitative study that Greenberg and McGovern did looked specifically at the court systems in Utah, California, Massachusetts,"]
[8.03144645690918, 0.9755592942237854, "e states that have adopted it? What has the impact been on access to justice? What are the implications of remit -\ntances from judicial fees and fines to a state\u2019s general fund? Is funding for the courts more or less resilient for court systems in wh"]
[8.03686809539795, 0.9763827323913574, " of the reasons why empirical research on courts \nand litigation is difficult to conduct and to interpret across studies. One problem that he pointed out is the difficulty in simply designating a unit of observation, like a \u201ccase\u201d or a \u201ctrial.\u201d These"]
[8.041693687438965, 0.9817642569541931, "ative dispute resolution schemes. Kritzer agreed with the premise of the question and observed that the vast majority of trial-like proceedings and adjudications are happening outside the court system, as in the context of unemployment proceedings, S"]
[8.03652286529541, 0.9804201126098633, "Community in California Been Affected by the Funding Crisis That the Courts Are Facing?\nHolden commended the court leadership for doing as much as they can under difficult cir -\ncumstances and noted that the funding crisis has affected businesses dif"]
[8.083334922790527, 1.0181063413619995, "sinesses have, particularly in resolving complex cases in an efficient manner. In sum, Holden opined that there is a need for stronger funding by the legislature to the courts overall, including the complex litigation courts, to improve the timelines"]
[8.058608055114746, 0.9908249378204346, "tigation    35\nSandefur suggested that these dynamics create two basic problems for the courts. First, \nthere are high rates of default in civil matters, simply because people do not realize that they \nare supposed to show up and do not understand th"]
[8.082189559936523, 1.0195162296295166, "of lack of diversity in the field of mediation, which he explained as resulting in large part from the difficulties for young people trying to break into the field. In turn, he described those difficulties as being exacerbated by submarket rates for "]
[8.077619552612305, 0.9968060255050659, " to Sandefur, \nasking her about the importance of the 92 percent of justiciable problems reported in her survey that nevertheless did not generate any court system involvement. The audience member asked whether the courts should be concerned about th"]
[8.053536415100098, 0.9988899230957031, "n a manner with which they are okay. Kichaven also pointed out that similar systems are being developed in Europe to handle other categories of civil matters beyond divorce. 39CHAPTER SEVEN\nFinal Keynote Address\nThe concluding address of the conferen"]
[8.038285255432129, 0.981838583946228, " we were kidding earlier, I think during the lunch break several of us [said], when\u2019s \nthe last time you went to a cocktail party and somebody came up to you and said, \u201cLet\u2019s talk 40    Discount Justice: State Court Belt-Tightening in an Era of Fisca"]
[8.065266609191895, 1.006536841392517, "e should take on a cause that had historical significance and merited continuity of leadership. We wouldn\u2019t worry about who got the credit. We would be focused on the opportunity to serve and to make a difference over a period of time. And we chose t"]
[8.037491798400879, 0.9818316698074341, "ge, the most experience, the most perspective; and yet, for whatever reason, it remains one of our biggest challenges to figure out how to get our judges out into the com -\nmunities. In politics we say, \u201cMake friends before you need them.\u201d And I get "]
[8.03441333770752, 0.9804888367652893, "are in crisis. Courthouses must be \nopen to keep the public peace and tranquility. Courthouses must be open for the wheels of justice to turn. \nWe\u2019re committed. We need to be more missionary-like, I respectfully submit, and enlist \nmore of our sister"]
[8.033337593078613, 0.9803830981254578, "3:00 p.m. Break \n \n3:15 p.m.  Panel #4:  Access to Justice and B2B Litigation  \n \nModerator: Geoffrey McGovern  \n\u2022 Rebecca Sandefur, University of Illinois College of Law  \n\u2022 Craig Holden, Lewis Brisbois  Bisgaard & Smith \n\u2022 Jeff Kichaven, Jeff Kicha"]
[-2.068148374557495, 13.738978385925293, "Incorporating Resilience \ninto Transportation Planning and Assessment\nSARAH WEILANT, AARON STRONG, BENJAMIN M. MILLER\nSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nPrepared for the Transportation Research BoardLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis d"]
[-2.0822808742523193, 13.733356475830078, "ation system assets: transportation activities, transportation outputs and outcomes, and, finally, socioeconomic outcomes. This logic model, together with more-traditional views of resilience, informed the development of the absorptive capacity, rest"]
[-2.09918475151062, 13.705900192260742, "...................................................................... 1\t2. Resilience in a Transportation Context ....................................................................................... 4\t\nStakeholder Interviews ....................."]
[-2.0613577365875244, 13.758270263671875, ".................................................................................... 50 \t\nWhat Stakeholders Are Saying About Transportation Planning and Resilience  .................................... 52 \t\nInterview Recruitment and Protocol  ......."]
[-2.067901849746704, 13.776128768920898, "neau et al., 2003, Framework ........................................ 79\t\n \n     viii Tables \nTable 2.1. Resilience Metrics, Based on Bruneau and Colleagues\u2019 Components of Resilience .... 8\t\nTable 3.1. Potential Hazards to Resilience ................"]
[-2.0898184776306152, 13.720205307006836, "te more \naspects of resilience: \n\u2022 Expand the objectives and scope of the framework to include shocks and stresses that are \nnot directly tied to climate change, including cyberattacks.  \n\u2022 Broaden the asset data to include human and equipment assets"]
[-2.0904340744018555, 13.724588394165039, "n Research Board \nTTTR Truck Travel Time Reliability \nVAF Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Framework \nVMT vehicle miles traveled \n \n     xii   \n   1 1. Introduction \nThe Federal Highway Administration\u2019s (FHWA\u2019s) Vulnerability Assessment and Ad"]
[-2.0856637954711914, 13.731805801391602, "luable locations. Overlaying these ideas on a more traditional characterization of resilience could contradict or miss key aspects of the value of the transportation system in times of stress or shock. Therefore, our approach for better integrating r"]
[-2.092931032180786, 13.718768119812012, "ting organizations, academics, and others who focus on resilience in transportation. This approach informed our conceptual framework and provided context for resilience that can be used to modify the implementation of the VAF. Our conceptual framewor"]
[-2.0946426391601562, 13.713412284851074, "ach to resilience. Each of the AREA dimensions of resilience suggests a means through which to increase the resilience of the system, although by different methods. Importantly, the networked nature of the transportation system means that the aim of "]
[-2.1028409004211426, 13.69655990600586, "er to glean insights from those facing different geographies and contexts, although some organizations did not respond or declined to participate. Stakeholders that were interviewed provided valuable information about how transportation planners and "]
[-2.097195863723755, 13.710006713867188, "pected new challenges to arise in the future, such as autonomous vehicle adaptation, coordination among organizations for long-term planning with a resilience focus, increased wear and tear on infrastructure, climate change impacts, and sustainable f"]
[-1.9976263046264648, 14.012043952941895, "em while maintaining functions in the presence of a shock, and (3) reducing the time to recovery to normal functioning, which might be different from pre-event functioning. These themes translate into three capacities at the community or regional lev"]
[-2.088872194290161, 13.709736824035645, " withstand and recover from incidents\u201d (Tennessee DOT, 2015, p. 4). As  \n   7 noted by Dix and colleagues, 2018, p. 5, state DOTs and MPOs differ on how they propose to \nimprove their resilience capabilities: \u201cSome emphasize the importance of system "]
[-2.0880231857299805, 13.717936515808105, "lternate routes  \nAvailable capacity on alternate routes  \nCongestion on alternate routes  \nAvailability of alternate routes, such as g raph theory connectivity score  \nTransit alternatives  \nAdjacent park -and-ride lots  \nResourcefulness  Safety ser"]
[-2.0763766765594482, 13.73624324798584, "ete qualities of those segments. Preferences among different qualities of the roadway segments are determined by the preferences incorporated into the model. \nPlanners care about how \u201ccritical\u201d a roadway segment is in terms of usage, availability of "]
[-2.087425708770752, 13.717594146728516, "lanning process. The FAST Act adds resilience to sections of the U.S. Code (particularly Title 23, Highways, and Title 49, Transportation). For example, 49 C.F.R. \u00a7 5303 (a)(1), Metropolitan Transportation Planning, now seeks \u201cto encourage and promot"]
[-2.0974113941192627, 13.706144332885742, "n a major transportation route is closed. The Colorado DOT, for example, has been proactive in thinking about system resilience rather than solely focusing on hardening infrastructure. States also are required to develop a risk-based asset management"]
[-2.0890040397644043, 13.714757919311523, "In particular, they highlight metrics focused on job access, such as cumulative opportunity and gravity metrics (discussed in Chapter 4). Jobs are not the only destination users might want to access. Nicholls, 2001, looks at access to public parks as"]
[-2.0951945781707764, 13.707391738891602, " such as achieving environmental objectives or supporting emergency management capabilities. Indeed, 49 C.F.R. \u00a7 5303 (a)(1) states that resilient surface transportation systems should be encouraged \u201cwhile minimizing transportation-related fuel consu"]
[-2.103651523590088, 13.69353199005127, "gions, such as \npermafrost melt, coastal erosion, and volcanic activity, can affect both transportation planning and a variety of environmental benefits ( duVair, Wickizer, and Burer, 2003).  \n   14 Who Benefits from Transportation Infrastructure?  \n"]
[-2.09002947807312, 13.723670959472656, "h mobility options to providing citizens with access to a system, even when that system faces shocks or stresses.    \n   15 3. Conceptual Framework  \nIn this chapter, as well as in Chapters 4 and 5, we discuss our conceptual framework, which \nexpands"]
[-2.094036102294922, 13.72104263305664, "nsportation organizations are doing, specifically focusing on hazards associated with climate change and extreme weather events. We use the VAF as a starting point for incorporating resilience into transportation planning. As illustrated in Figure 3."]
[-2.089773654937744, 13.7197265625, "systems approach, the benefits of prioritized or \nincreased investments in the transportation system likely will increase the probability that the \ntransportation system stays at or near a preferred state of well-being. In this case, we would note th"]
[-2.0969467163085938, 13.705622673034668, "ctivities). These outputs then lead to higher-level outcomes, which are system achievements, including desired or observed changes for the transportation system and in the context of the system of systems. As noted earlier, the left side of the figur"]
[-2.0961904525756836, 13.711477279663086, "frastructure assets, roads, bridges, and tunnels that are vulnerable to risk. Information on the social system also is needed, including on education; health services; and economic systems, such as businesses, in order to understand the criticality a"]
[-2.1445913314819336, 13.654512405395508, "tation system. \nTransportation System Outputs \nIn an ideal system, the inputs and activities will achieve three main outputs. The first output is \naccess to critical social and economic systems. The transportation infrastructure provides access to \nc"]
[-2.1157591342926025, 13.688623428344727, "om transportation infrastructure; and those who lacked options with affordable fees for service for public transit and community-led ride sharing services, or personal vehicles. Collaboration and service provision for all populations are important el"]
[-2.0902490615844727, 13.722158432006836, "ansportation \nsystems and the aspects of resilience that can be used to achieve well -being (Figure 3.3). \nSpecifically, we describe the capacities needed to improve the resilience of the system.  \nWhat This System M eans for Resilience and What Is N"]
[-2.043879270553589, 13.903676986694336, "of Resilience \nAs discussed in Chapter 2 and in Appendix B, Bruneau and colleagues\u2019 2003 framework defines \na resilient system as having the following characteristics: \n\u2022 reflective: continuously evolving \n\u2022 robust: anticipating potential failures \n\u2022"]
[-2.082451105117798, 13.734057426452637, "unity or by providing multimodal access to vulnerable and remote populations. Adaptive capacity investments could include adding roads that provide redundancy so that the system can handle more traffic, reducing potential congestion during both disru"]
[-2.1188957691192627, 13.692085266113281, "red critical according to the Colorado DOT criticality index. In essence, criticality is how important a segment is to the movement of goods and people, while providing access to vulnerable populations. This is consistent with the definition of criti"]
[-2.0907340049743652, 13.7210693359375, "e system. Additionally, the criticality of different assets and how they are distributed across the community provides a means for understanding equitable access to the transportation system. Long-term transportation planning should consider the suit"]
[-2.0752477645874023, 13.738985061645508, "ible outcomes listed in Chapter 3. Assessing resilience first requires defining the desired level of service the transportation system should be able to maintain when faced with specific hazards that result in stresses or shocks. For example, transpo"]
[-2.0700292587280273, 13.72911548614502, "resilience for different elements of \nthe transportation system (see Figure 3.4 in Chapter 3). Metrics based on existing or desired data and information can be mapped to each element of the logic model to help planners clarify what they are measuring"]
[-2.0721700191497803, 13.73405647277832, "systems to make more-informed decisions that contribute to a resilient transportation system. The metrics described in this section include some of those documented in Chapter 2 and new metrics for consideration.  \nMeasuring Inputs and Activities \nIn"]
[-2.0690314769744873, 13.74277114868164, " a cyber disruption interferes with their normal ability to regulate traffic flow. Planners also should consider the return periods of risks that are most relevant to their regions. \nTransportation planners frequently invest in activities to increase"]
[-2.0811824798583984, 13.723917007446289, "hysical resources set aside for known disruptions, such as snow, fire, cyber system disruptions, or congestion. \nHaving response plans in place can greatly improve the speed and effectiveness of efforts to \nrestore transportation capacity. Some of th"]
[-2.075904130935669, 13.731437683105469, "ined and \nsupported roles in disasters  \nMeasures of \ncommunities\u2019 communication \ncapabilities  Amount  of time it takes to contact all community \nresidents in the immediate aftermath of an event  \nPercentage of community residents that can be \nconta"]
[-2.0808920860290527, 13.722970962524414, "tive Capacity Inputs  and Activities \nStep of Logic \nModel  Category  Sample Me trics \nInputs  Availability of alternate \nroutes and alternative mode choices  The distance to alternative routes  \nFriability , or the change in the population -weighted"]
[-2.0795981884002686, 13.723602294921875, "nors\u2019 Institute on Community Design, 2017. \nDifferent groups might have different access to the transportation system during times of shock \nor stress. Such metrics as heat vulnerability ind exes, as described in Madrigano et al., 2015, can \nhighligh"]
[-2.0807266235351562, 13.71236515045166, "fferent times. Discussions of such metrics can be found in Venter, 2016; Governors\u2019 Institute on Community Design, 2017; and Dix et al., 2018. These metrics are useful for assessing the absorptive capacity for traffic flow and congestion, either as a"]
[-2.077606678009033, 13.723011016845703, "l highway system  \nPavement and bridge condition on local roads  \nCondition and availability of sidewalks, crosswalks, and bicycle \ninfrastructure  \nReliability metrics  Measures of resilience (Zhang et al. , 2010) \nTruck Travel Time Reliability (TTT"]
[-2.07655930519104, 13.728038787841797, "es in travel costs, travel time, or travel speed before and after an event. Absorptive capacity is concerned with keeping this change as small as possible, while restorative capacity is concerned with having \nany changes return to normal operating le"]
[-2.083636999130249, 13.698972702026367, "given area \nor on a given route  \nNumber (or rate) of alcohol -related incidents  that occur \neach year in a given area or on a given route  \nNumber (or rate) of tr uck-related incidents that occur \neach year in a given area or on a given route  \nSea"]
[-2.0916919708251953, 13.724936485290527, "this problem, it is important to measure the cost of transportation and cost of living for system users, particularly vulnerable or low-income populations. Such metrics include measures of housing costs, single-mode or multimodal transportation costs"]
[-2.0747859477996826, 13.755467414855957, "e the hazards that will be considered as part of \nthe vulnerability assessment. The VAF is designed to consider climate change vulnerability but it can be expanded to consider shocks and stresses that are not directly tied to climate change. In  \n   "]
[-2.089359760284424, 13.72779369354248, "ncrease the resilience of the system. By having alternate routes or modes available or by expanding capacity, an individual asset would become less critical to the functioning of the system as a whole. This would increase the resilience of the system"]
[-2.092881917953491, 13.719040870666504, "ties. The AREA approach to resilience highlights approaches \nthat subject-matter experts could use to incorporate resilience from a systems-level perspective. Given the subjective nature of the stakeholder input process, many of the suggested improve"]
[-2.0549113750457764, 13.761961936950684, "is \ndifficult to analyze as a whole but that should be considered through the AREA approach. Thus, capacity and equity concerns can be considered jointly, and solutions can be identified that take into account the different aspects of the AREA approa"]
[-2.08705735206604, 13.742304801940918, "y could be more cost-effective and increase the resilience of the entire system. The focus should be on the resilience of the network rather than of an asset. Having options across the spectrum of capacities is important, given the scarce resources t"]
[-2.1077051162719727, 13.75532341003418, "ience into the transportation system requires a change in perspective from \nprotecting every asset to a systems-level view. It is not simply the direct transportation infrastructure \nthat is important in building resilience; it is also the human and "]
[-2.1018877029418945, 13.695757865905762, "e costs and benefits of resilience when making long-term investments in highway and transportation infrastructure. The interviews also provided insight into how stakeholders think about and understand transportation resilience, which might influence "]
[-2.112484931945801, 13.680692672729492, "el DOTs  and MPOs. Invitations \nwere emailed to participants; the recruitment email is included at the end of this Appendix. \nFinal Sample and Interview Timeline  \nWe conducted nine interviews at eight organizations over three months. We acknowledge "]
[-2.1131784915924072, 13.676860809326172, "more than one conversation, as well as detailed examples of problems, successes, or recommendations related to planning for transportation resilience. \nWhat Stakeholders Are Saying About Transportat ion Planning  and Resilience   \nIn this section, we"]
[-2.1182806491851807, 13.670401573181152, "or all transportation \nprojects that receive federal funding ( U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal  Transit Administration, 2019).   \n   53 current status of roads, their maintenance, and future construction. MPOs also might interact with \nmul"]
[-2.105374336242676, 13.691515922546387, "erations for resilience.  \nFinally, stakeholders noted a few additional influencers in transportation planning and \ninvestment with whom they might interact only tangentially or not at all. This includes such organizations as local or grassroots advo"]
[-2.111625909805298, 13.684930801391602, "events, was mentioned. Stakeholders noted that it was important that this information be shared with MPOs in all locations affected by hurricanes to help plan for future stresses and shocks.  \nIn terms of interaction and communication with other sect"]
[-2.1266796588897705, 13.659544944763184, "gn, it will be important to understand the implications of those options in a broader, long-term context. \nTransportation Funding  \nWith the exception of pilot projects funded by FHWA (U.S. Department of Transportation, \nFHWA,  2018c), none of the in"]
[-2.1378157138824463, 13.652962684631348, "recreation, \ndaycare, [and] senior centers. You can\u2019t get anything done in the community if [the] \nsystem isn\u2019t functioning properly.  \nTransportation planning and infrastructure influence the location of housing facilities, utilities, \nand other ele"]
[-2.1073532104492188, 13.688977241516113, " because of changing U.S. tariffs \n\u2022 jurisdictional overlap, lack of clarity about who owns certain road infrastructure and who can\u2014or who understands the need to\u2014act to address issues that affect multiple jurisdictions  \n\u2022 unclear roles and responsi"]
[-2.108285665512085, 13.695079803466797, "work in \norder to understand how transportation can affect the resilience of bigger systems and entire regions. Finally, one stakeholder noted that transportation resilience is the ability to learn from experience to better respond with the assets pr"]
[-2.105095624923706, 13.692723274230957, "ods. Increased communication with the public and improved warning systems would provide them with the ability to make more-informed decisions about what to do in certain events.  \nData and Measur ement \nThe stakeholders we interviewed were not collec"]
[-2.098917245864868, 13.705214500427246, "ent resilience strategies for the short, medium, and long term  \n\u2022 the need to understand the connectivity between transportation programs and systems during events so that appropriate plans result in sustained movement of people and goods  \n\u2022 the ne"]
[-2.0932445526123047, 13.709663391113281, "ortation resilience and improving opportunities for MPOs to consult each other for guidance on how to meet those standards. The stakeholders suggested \nthat the standards should extend beyond transportation agencies in their applicability and \nshould"]
[-2.0960581302642822, 13.689007759094238, "pant name],  \nHello, my name is [name] and I am a/an [title] at the RAND Corporation (www.rand.org). I am \nconducting a study on behalf of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) to help them develop an analytic framework for the Federal Highway Admi"]
[-2.1082451343536377, 13.685235023498535, "participation are minimal. \nDo you have any questions about our confidentiality procedures before we begin? [If yes, respond \nto all questions. If no, proceed with discussion.] \nGeneral Background Questions  \n1. Can you describe your role at [respond"]
[-2.104771137237549, 13.716578483581543, "ticipate, prepare for, and adapt to changing conditions and withstand, respond to, and rapidly \nrecover from disruptions, along with a reduction in overall vulnerability.]  \nBased on that [if not already answered],  \n12. What do you want to be resili"]
[-1.9273267984390259, 14.125215530395508, "urces based on \nsearches using widely available online databases and keywords relevant to each of the topic areas. \nWe searched Google Scholar and Web of Science using the following keywords: \u201cresilience,\u201d \u201cresilience framework,\u201d \u201cresilience conceptu"]
[-2.0450074672698975, 14.168534278869629, "red by the movement of the system from one equilibrium state to another, and the length of time it takes for the system to rebalance once the stressor has been removed. Holling, 1973, was the first to transfer these ideas from the physical sciences t"]
[-2.042283058166504, 14.176587104797363, "capacity to deal with future stressors, whereas mitigation efforts are limited to minimizing and repairing damage after the event (i.e., recovery). \nComponents of Resilience  \nThere is a growing convergence of the definitions of resilience used in di"]
[-2.0423879623413086, 14.156786918640137, "cal \nsystem  The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to retain essentially the \nsame function, structure , and feedbacks \u2014and therefore  the same identity  \nAdger, 2000 Social  The ability of commun"]
[-1.9642395973205566, 14.120640754699707, " Norris et al. , 2008, p. 129.  \n  \n   71 Resilience Frameworks in the Literature  \nMany of the nuances in definitions of resilience arise when developing frameworks for \nanalyzing resilience and community risk. A system-of-systems approach disaggreg"]
[-1.9659814834594727, 14.118463516235352, "conomy and society, and \ninfrastructure and environment through the seven qualities of resilient cities described earlier. \nThis framework integrates the individual systems through various channels. \nFigure B.1. The City Resilience Framework  \n \nAcco"]
[-1.9732547998428345, 14.122649192810059, "he system is dysfunctional at this point, it can, again, take one of two  paths. The system\u2019s ability to adapt to the changed environment, together with the \nsystem\u2019s ability to recover, determines whether the system can adjust to the changed environ"]
[-1.9948503971099854, 14.12981128692627, "em sends to firms and households. In other words, how individuals and \n \n   75 firms behave before, during, and after a shock (or in the presence of a stressor) are mitigating \nfactors that influence the resilience of the system. \nAlthough Rose, 2004"]
[-1.9774017333984375, 14.127991676330566, "base \n4. policies \n5. implementation \n6. monitoring and evaluation \n7. internal consistency \n8. organization and presentation \n9. interorganizational coordination \n10. compliance. \nThe first six principles contribute to the seventh, internal consiste"]
[-1.9656615257263184, 14.14588451385498, " incorporated into a larger, community-level analysis that considers the joint determination of the larger system. In addition to those two points of analysis, the framework explicitly incorporates decision support as a subsystem within the larger sy"]
[-1.9577136039733887, 14.127593040466309, "o other interdependent systems\u2014to that subsystem. This approach is very similar to that of Rose, 2004, and others, who have used input-output and computable general equilibrium\u2013type models that can simulate the interdependencies in the supply chain. "]
[-1.9504563808441162, 14.118351936340332, " actors, environments, purposes , \nand disciplines involved.  Instead, the landscape of resilience indicators is just as \ndiverse as the systems, communities, or disasters that are studied . \nIt is difficult to develop a single system of metrics that"]
[-1.9250186681747437, 14.095210075378418, "ional, community capital, environmental, educational, and health systems that were identified in Cutter, 2016.  \nIn addition to the systems discussed in the aforementioned reviews, there are various \nresilience indexes that have been considered. For "]
[-1.9686129093170166, 14.126205444335938, " of the indicator systems is that if the subsystems are resilient, then the \nsystem is resilient. This is a significant assumption and one that misses a point often made in the \nresilience literature: There are cascading consequences across the syste"]
[-1.9544340372085571, 14.134415626525879, "atrix that summarizes the strength and presence of a connection between two subsystems can be used as a weighting matrix in the development of an index of resilience that comes from indicators of resilience of the subsystems. Rather than relying on s"]
[-1.9992456436157227, 14.070189476013184, ", pp. 1403\u20131409.  \nAdger, W. Neil, \u201cSocial and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related?\u201d Progress in Human \nGeography, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2000, pp. 347\u2013364. \nAhmed, Rashid, Mohamed Seedat, Ashley van Niekerk, and Samed Bulbulia, \u201cDiscerning \nCommunity R"]
[-1.9758868217468262, 13.85577392578125, "s of Coordinating Human \nService Transportation and Transit Services, Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, Report 91, 2003. As of August 5, 2019: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_rpt_91.pdf \nButler, Lisa D., Leslie A. Morlan"]
[-1.9504636526107788, 13.894515037536621, "8\u2013606.  \nCutter, Susan, Bryan Boruff, and W. Lynn Shirley, \u201cSocial Vulnerability to Environmental \nHazards,\u201d Social Science Quarterly, Vol. 84, No. 2, June 2003, pp. 242\u2013261.  \nda Silva, Jo, and Braulio Eduardo Morera, City Resilience Framework, Unit"]
[-1.922065258026123, 13.948338508605957, "rd, NCHRP Synthesis 527, 2018.  \n   89 Francis, Royce, and Behailu Bekera, \u201cA Metric and Frameworks for Resilience Analysis of \nEngineered and Infrastructure Systems,\u201d Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Vol. \n121, January 2014, pp. 90\u2013103. \nG"]
[-2.0249102115631104, 14.175220489501953, "ty and Emergency Management, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2009, pp. 1\u201348. \nKimhi, Shaul, and Michal Shamai, \u201cCommunity Resilience and the Impact of Stress: Adult \nResponse to Israel\u2019s Withdrawal from Lebanon,\u201d Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. \n32, No. 4, July"]
[-1.990918755531311, 13.844635963439941, "North America,\u201d Transport Policy, Vol. 37, January 2015, pp. 167\u2013176. \nMarshall, Wesley E., Alejandro Henao, and Rachel Bronson, Building a Framework for \nTransportation Resiliency and Evaluating the Resiliency Benefits of Light Rail Transit in Denve"]
[-1.8860803842544556, 13.852198600769043, "gy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Longitudinal Study from Vancouver, Canada,\u201d Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 62, 2018, pp. 715\u2013725. \nNicholls, Sarah, \u201cMeasuring the Accessibility and Equity of Public Parks: A Cas"]
[-1.9630082845687866, 13.876444816589355, " Act, Washington, D.C., December \n4, 2015. \nPublic Law 115-254, Federal Aviation Administration Reauthorization Act, Division D, Disaster \nRecovery Reform, 2018.  \n   94 Putnam-Walkerly, Kris, and Elizabeth Russell, \u201cWhat the Heck Does \u2018Equity\u2019 Mean?"]
[-1.98292875289917, 13.848699569702148, "enter, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Working Paper No. 2018-01, March 2018. As of August 5, 2019: https://web-oup.s3-us-gov-west -1.amazonaws.com/showc/assets/File/ \nCIRI_Tonn_Improving%20US%20Transportation%20Infrastructure%20Resil"]
[-1.9243403673171997, 13.893804550170898, "in/erelief.cfm \nU.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, \u201cTransportation \nImprovement Program (TIP),\u201d webpage, March 11, 2019. As of March 11, 2019: https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations-and-guidance/transportation-plannin"]
[16.205196380615234, 12.428565979003906, "CORPORATIONResearch Report\nThe Welcome Baby Program\nAn Implementation and Outcomes \nEvaluation\nSarah B. Hunter, M. Rebecca Kilburn, Teryn Mattox, Jill S. Cannon,  \nTerry Marsh, Melissa Felician, Maya Buenaventura, Lauren Davis,  \nMatthew CefaluLimite"]
[12.650224685668945, 13.586584091186523, "icy concerns that are influenced by social \nand behavioral actions and systems that affect well-being. For more information, email \nsbp@rand.org.  \nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to \nactively impr"]
[16.182085037231445, 12.45938777923584, " Question 1: To What Extent Are Sites Implementing Welcome Baby to Fidelity?  ............. 19\t\nEvaluation Question 2: Is There Variability in Site s\u2019 Ability to Reach Fidelity to Welcome Baby?  ..... 23\t\nEvaluation Question 3: How Are Sites Maintain"]
[16.17487907409668, 12.462118148803711, "............................................ 40\t\nFigure 4.2. Percentage of Primary and Secondary Referral Types for Which Each Site Has  \nValid Contact Information ......................................................................................"]
[16.174789428710938, 12.463703155517578, "............................ 70\t\nFigure 4.18. Percentage of Infants with Passing Scores on Each of the ASQ-3 Domains ............ 71\t\n \n   vi Tables  \nTable S.1. The Welcome Baby Fidelity Domains ......................................................"]
[16.169248580932617, 12.470052719116211, "......................................................... 29\t\nTable 4.7. Hospital Enrollment (Domain 7) Percentage Approached and Enrolled,  \nby Site ...................................................................................................."]
[16.193462371826172, 12.442426681518555, "ty are born healthy, maintain a healthy weight, are safe from abuse and \nneglect, and enter kindergarten ready to succeed in school and life (F5LA, 2014a). Over the last \ndecade, F5LA has developed a unique approach to supporting families through a t"]
[16.1876163482666, 12.44819164276123, "n was designed to help F5LA decide how to best allocate resources for \ntraining, program monitoring, and other program management activities. The evaluation findings \nare also likely to be valuable to other home visiting programs, as the fidelity com"]
[16.178205490112305, 12.461729049682617, "ndated.  \nF5LA developed a Welcome Baby Fidelity Framework (see Table S.1; Appendix A) to guide \nthe implementation of the program, and the framework specifies central components of the \nprogram in terms of staff training and expertise, number and ti"]
[16.176616668701172, 12.463715553283691, "ent  \nFocus \nGroups  Staff  \nSurvey  Referral \nDocuments  Client  \nSurvey  Stronger \nFamilies \nDatabasea \n1. To what extent are \nsites implementing \nWelcome Baby to \nfidelity?    X  X X \n2. Is there variability in \nsites\u2019 ability to reach fidelity to"]
[16.17723274230957, 12.46318531036377, "aining Community Resource and Referral Networks? What, If \nAny, Gaps Exist in These Networks? \nThe completeness of referral directories varied widely across sites. Very few sites had \ndeveloped the organizational infrastructure to facilitate successf"]
[16.167558670043945, 12.472506523132324, " leaving the program. \n6. To What Extent Do Participants Achieve Short- and Intermediate-Term Outcomes? \nWe examined Welcome Baby participants\u2019 outcomes across all sites and visits for 12 \noutcome measures. Where regional or national benchmarks were "]
[16.17731475830078, 12.46250057220459, " is particularly important because reflective supervision was related to several positive participant outcomes, such as well-child \nvisits, immunizations, home safety, and safe sleeping practices. Reflective supervision also \nappears to negatively re"]
[16.175724029541016, 12.462393760681152, "pment of \ndetailed protocols for all high-priority referral types, including public benefits, alcohol, smoking, and drug treatment (all protocols should include the provision of client confidentiality). F5LA \nshould also support sites in developing a"]
[17.453969955444336, 8.29150390625, " Agniel, Mollie Rudnick, Christian Lopez, Patricia Lozano, Anamarie Auger, and Lance Tan. Rachana Seelam and Rodger Madison were the study \nprogrammers and assisted with the data safeguarding plan. We appreciate Tiffany Hruby\u2019s help \npreparing this d"]
[16.203845977783203, 12.431743621826172, "the quantity of births and diversity of families, it is not surprising that child and family \noutcomes are highly variable. There have been gains in some areas over the last decade\u2014for \ninstance, the rate of third-grade students scoring at or above p"]
[16.191774368286133, 12.434586524963379, "s to use a \nfamily-centered, strength-based approach to accomplish the following objectives: ensuring \nparents can provide enriching structured and nurturing environments, strengthening parental \nresilience and self-efficacy, ensuring that children a"]
[16.188379287719727, 12.446224212646484, "act evaluation should be conducted.   3 Figure 1. 1. Welcome Baby Logic Model: Family & Child Level  \n \nSOURCE: F5LA, \u201c First 5 LA Welcome Baby Logic Model: Family & Child Level,\u201d fact sheet, undated. \nNOTE: PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire; ASQ = "]
[16.185340881347656, 12.452066421508789, "dy of the early implementation of the Welcome Baby expansion in the \nremaining Best Start sites was conducted in March 2014. Through semistructured interviews with a variety of key stakeholders, researchers found that stakeholders were enthusiastic a"]
[16.18604850769043, 12.452266693115234, " our approach to examining \nimplementation and outcomes, results from the evaluation, implications, and conclusions. \nChapter 2 provides an overview of the Welcome Baby program. Chapter 3 describes the data \nsources used for each of the evaluation qu"]
[16.19318389892578, 12.438913345336914, "lp them better \nconnect with their child.  \nSoon after delivery, a Hospital Liaison conducts a risk assessment with women interested in \nreceiving home visitation services. The level of risk identified through the Modified Bridges for Newborns Screen"]
[16.178382873535156, 12.460403442382812, "1 \nAsian 1.92 \nMother \u2019s risk  factors   \nAverage Bridges Score  (standard deviation)  43.27* \n(16.33)  \nPercentage first time mothers 36.60 \nChild \u2019s risk factors   \nPercentage gestational age < 37 weeks at birth  7.26 \nPercentage low birth weight  "]
[16.17729377746582, 12.462728500366211, "treach Specialists develop and maintain key community contacts, conduct client intakes, and follow up with potential clients. \nFigure 2.2 depicts an organizational chart for a typical site. \nFigure 2.2. Typical Welcome Baby Site Organizational Chart "]
[16.180402755737305, 12.459248542785645, "m families, the Welcome Baby pilot study, and extensive meetings with other \nstakeholders (LABBN, 2008).  \nTable 2.3. The Welcome Baby Fidelity Domains  \nFidelity Domain  Description \n1. Staff Qualifications  Staff meet minimum requirements  \n2. Staf"]
[16.173355102539062, 12.46448040008545, "of Welcome Baby stakeholders to ensure that multiple perspectives are included \n\u2022 pilot test all instruments before deploying \n\u2022 design data collection, analysis, and reporting procedures to facilitate sustainability by \nWelcome Baby stakeholders for"]
[16.164016723632812, 12.477228164672852, "ion on the staffing- and service delivery\u2013related domains, \nand client focus groups helped to explain variation in the participant-related domains (e.g., participant perception of the relationship).   \n 14 Table 3 .2. Quant itative Data Sources That "]
[16.175025939941406, 12.46567440032959, "on allowed us to collect qualitatively rich \ninformation about staff perceptions of support for Welcome Baby program implementation, \nincluding factors that staff perceived as influencing program delivery. Key domains in the \ninterview protocol inclu"]
[16.181364059448242, 12.458913803100586, "variability in sites\u2019 abil ity to reach fidelity to Welcome \nBaby? If so, what factors account for this variability?  \n \nTopic areas (components of \nfidelity framework)  \n \u2022 staff qualifications  \n\u2022 staff training  \n\u2022 supervisory requirements  \n\u2022 ref"]
[16.178598403930664, 12.461755752563477, "m outcomes?  \n7. What are the relationships between program fid elity outcomes \nand participant outcomes?   \nTopic areas (components \nof fidelity framework)  \u2022 parent perceptions of the relationship with the Welcome Baby \nproviders (part of fidelity "]
[16.17168617248535, 12.46752643585205, "ut every site achieved fidelity in at least two domains (supervisory \nrequirements and participant perception of the relationship). Individual sites achieved fidelity in \n18 to 80 percent of measured domains, with an average of 48 percent. \nMethods \n"]
[16.175119400024414, 12.466032981872559, ", Parent Coach \nSupervis ors, and RNs met minimum \nclient engagement requirements, \nbased on number of visits in  last week \nworked prior to survey  78% of staff \nD7. Hospital \nEnrollment  Site reports  \n(12 months \nper site)  January\u2013\nDecember  \n201"]
[16.19167137145996, 12.446328163146973, "y \nshading and \u201cN/A\u201d indicates we did not have data for that site and domain. Additionally, we \nexclude from the summary the three domains for which we did not have available data for site-\nlevel analysis (domains 6, 12, and 14). Eight of the 12 site"]
[16.172630310058594, 12.468534469604492, "ts and participant perceptions of \nthe relationship), all assessed sites achieved fidelity thresholds with the Welcome Baby model; \nthree sites achieved one domain each (one site met staff qualifications, one met reflective \nsupervision, and one met "]
[15.136077880859375, 13.609909057617188, "alysis. Data were coded independently by research staff using a  \n 24 constant comparative process. Initial coding was done on notes from 25 of the earliest interviews \nconducted, using a conventional content analysis approach and allowing the conten"]
[16.157886505126953, 12.483637809753418, " the 11 measured domains \n(domains for staff qualifications, reflective supervision, and hospital enrollment), only one site \nmet fidelity thresholds. For one domain (participant perception of the relationship), all 12 sites \nmet fidelity thresholds;"]
[16.170717239379883, 12.47084903717041, "blic \nhealth certification and six months of home visiting experience. That\u2019s hard to find, especially the home visiting experience. It would be easier to get [RNs] if they could \nshadow for training and get that home visiting experience that way.  \n"]
[16.170745849609375, 12.47120189666748, "allenging because on \ntraining days that are back to back it really cuts into seeing clients. We have to see \n32\u201340 [clients] and if I miss two to three days in a month for training, I can only see \n32 at the most. It cuts into my numbers when we hav"]
[16.16672134399414, 12.476320266723633, "is supervisory \nrequirement.  \n 28 Domain 4: Reflective Supervision  \nAcross the five staff positions, an average of 61 percent of all staff met minimum individual \nand group reflective supervision requirements in the past three months (Table 4.5). O"]
[16.092594146728516, 12.551692008972168, "rcent \nmeeting workload requirements (Table 4.6). We note that threshold achievement rates were \ncalculated based on survey responses for the number of client visits conducted in the last week \nworked, which we multiplied by four to determine number "]
[16.141456604003906, 12.498750686645508, "three to four clients a day and \nstretching themselves. \nDomain 6: Prenatal Enrollment  \nAlthough we were unable to assess whether sites met the fidelity threshold on this domain \nusing quantitative data, staff were asked in the interviews whether th"]
[16.17009735107422, 12.470930099487305, "cember 2017 . \nDomain 7: Qualitative Findings  \nConsistent with the quantitative findings, staff reported more challenges in missing some \nclients at the hospital (the \u201capproach\u201d requirement of this domain) than in enrolling families once \napproached"]
[16.168441772460938, 12.47362232208252, " losing a client. \nAlthough the largest drop-off in program participation occurs between the hospital and home \nvisits, we did not find consistent themes addressing this time point. \nDomain 9: Timing of Service Delivery  \nThe fidelity threshold was b"]
[16.171613693237305, 12.46877670288086, "er examples about these points).  \nDomain 10: Referrals to C ommunity Services \nThe fidelity threshold was based on rates at or above the Welcome Baby\u2013wide average, \nwhich was 25 percent of referrals as reported in SFDB data. We included referrals ma"]
[16.187088012695312, 12.451669692993164, "a are not subject to external validation. Additional information \non how this measure was specified can be found in Appendix C. Most recommended content \nitems from the Welcome Baby Fidelity Framework were captured in the SFDB data, but in a few \ncas"]
[16.11910629272461, 12.510713577270508, "ted documents, we  \n 37 identified gaps in referral networks or procedures that may be preventing the proper \nimplementation or successful completion of referrals. \nUsing this approach, we requested the following documents from each site\u2019s Program \nM"]
[16.139591217041016, 12.491284370422363, "ral types.   \n 39 Table 4.13. C ategories of Information Gathered for Primary and Secondary Referral Types  \nDocument Type  Primary Referral Types  Secondary Referral Types  \nReferral directory  Contact information present in a centrally  \nmaintained"]
[16.13912010192871, 12.496195793151855, "gure 4.2). One site did not \nhave a referral directory, while two additional sites had referral directories with less than 50 \npercent of categories covered. Across the primary referral types, with respect to smoking \ncessation and SSDI/Supplemental "]
[16.1617488861084, 12.474355697631836, "l types \n 42 consideration indicates the presence of a clear and present danger to an individual or to \nothers (Alliance of Information and Referral Systems, 2017). \n\u2022 Role of home visitor in making referral: Does the protocol require staff to assist"]
[16.173309326171875, 12.467700958251953, "re not made because there were no resources in the \ncommunity to refer families. The most common responses were the lack of mental health care \nresources, especially for clients with Medi-Cal or with no insurance, and limited housing service supports"]
[15.20097827911377, 13.513002395629883, "obtain qualitative feedback, we conducted 20 focus groups (in Spanish and English) that \nincluded 140 participants across the 12 sites. Similar to the site interviews, field notes taken \nduring the focus groups were reviewed against the digital recor"]
[16.18657112121582, 12.448974609375, " to the nine-month visit). The size of the sample across some of the sites precluded us from running \nstatistical tests, but the observed average values and standard deviations showed consistently \npositive scores with low variability across the site"]
[16.179279327392578, 12.460772514343262, " requires a lot of \ninformation. Here with Welcome Baby it was fast and did not take much time. \n\u2022 It was pretty fun, she explained a lot of cool things about the program. \n\u2022 It was a good experience, the lady who enrolled me was really nice, and she"]
[16.174545288085938, 12.466891288757324, " a question\u2014it would be much easier.  \n\u2022 I would like to get the information in a way that has more visuals. The book that we get \nhas too much information [that is difficult to digest].  \nAnother commonly expressed program improvement recommendation"]
[16.198387145996094, 12.443129539489746, "g me with information. \nProgram participants also felt that Parent Coaches gave them the confidence they needed, \noften assured them that they were doing a good job, and cared not only about the baby but also \nabout them (as moms) and about their oth"]
[16.1629695892334, 12.476701736450195, "ient or visit characteristics were associated with continuing to the next visit.  \nMethods \nThe dependent variable in the model was the visit. The visits considered were \n\u2022 the RN visit \n\u2022 the two-to-four-week visit \n\u2022 the two-month visit \n\u2022 the thre"]
[16.17766761779785, 12.463475227355957, "ferent types of families. The fidelity variable was measured at the previous visit\u2014for example, staff qualifications at the hospital visit for the \u201chospital to RN\u201d \ntransition analysis. Not accounting for these differences may bias the estimates of t"]
[16.177919387817383, 12.458893775939941, "ns. \nRelationship Between Family Characteristics and Program Retention \nWe examined demographic/family, birth, and visit characteristics to better understand \nprogram retention. Across all visits, receiving prenatal services was the only characterist"]
[16.180757522583008, 12.458601951599121, "\u20130.31 \u20130.17 \u20130.17 \nAge >34 \u20130.02 0.00 0.26 0.13 0.19 \nFirst birth  0.11 \u20130.10 \u20130.01 \u20130.09 \u20130.08 \nLow-birthweight \nchild 0.28 0.26 \u20130.22 \u20130.21 \u20130.26 \nBirth complications  0.26 0.15 0.19 \u20130.19 \u20130.19 \nPrevious Visit  Variables  \nWorked full  time 0.08 N"]
[16.176895141601562, 12.464017868041992, "sit Transition  \nFidelity Component  Hospital to \nRN Visit  RN to Two -to-\nFour -Week \nVisit Two-to-Four -\nWeek to Two-\nMonth Visit  Two-Month \nto Three -to-\nFour -Month \nVisit Three -to-\nFour -Month \nto Nine-\nMonth Visit  \nD1. Provider met \nminimum "]
[16.194177627563477, 12.439652442932129, "nsight into how Welcome Baby clients fare relative to these \nexternal benchmarks. While we do not have the data to assess the degree to which the samples in \nthese other data sets are comparable to the Welcome Baby sample, they use similar age groups"]
[16.194677352905273, 12.44272232055664, "  \nAbout how often does your child have \na chance to get ou t of the house?  5 = every day \n4 = 4 or more times a week  \n3 = a few times a week  \n2 = about once a week \n1 = a few times a month or less  Child gets out of the house at least 4 \ntimes pe"]
[16.193235397338867, 12.441038131713867, " measured using a modified version of the \nKIDI (MacPhee, 1981). Several items on the KIDI were modified, and many items were \nremoved entirely from the survey at the request of F5LA, such that the full KIDI scale was not \nkept intact. The full list "]
[16.219335556030273, 12.422728538513184, "ternal depression, \nusing data from the SFDB, the Welcome Baby administrative database described in Chapter 3.  \nFamily planning was measured using the home visitor\u2019s report of whether the client used any \nform of family planning or contraception. Th"]
[16.191082000732422, 12.447991371154785, "e 5\nSite 1Site 9Site 6Site 7Site 3\nSite 8\nSite 10\nSite 4\nSite 12Site 11\nSite 2\nPRAMS (2004\u2013 2006) NSFG (2006 \u20132010) \n 63 nurse should administer the PHQ-9 (Kroenke, Spitzer, and Williams, 2001), which is a more \ndetailed evaluation for assessing mild"]
[16.200895309448242, 12.43443775177002, "h visits (36 percent in \nWelcome Baby versus 38 percent in the LAMB), and slightly more likely to be incorporating \nbreastfeeding in some capacity into their infant feeding routine than the average for Los Angeles \nCounty at both the 72-hour (93 perc"]
[16.201183319091797, 12.434338569641113, "e was no recent benchmark for children\u2019s insurance coverage at hospital exit, or at a specific \ntime in the first year.  \nFigure 4.12. Percentage of  Clients Whose Infant Is Covered by Health Insurance, by Visit , with Los \nAngeles County Benchmark  "]
[16.197772979736328, 12.435269355773926, "home safety inspection was completed with no issues identified. Home visitors then provide \ntailored home safety education to the client according to needs identified.  \nThe vast majority of home safety issues identified fall in the category of inade"]
[16.18785858154297, 12.449087142944336, "nchmarks  \n \nSOURCES : SFDB  for Welcome Baby ( n = 4,958, January 2016\u2013 December  2017); Los Angeles County Department \nof Public Health for LAMB, 2014 (n  = 6,035) . \nChild Development \nAs part of the Welcome Baby curriculum, Parent Coaches adminis"]
[16.178178787231445, 12.46308708190918, " For the five \npostpartum visits beginning with the RN visit, we estimated a set of models for 12 outcomes \nwith these fidelity components. The outcomes were positive parenting practices, parent \nknowledge of infant development, use of family plannin"]
[16.179615020751953, 12.46141529083252, "nt for \nclustering. For the few continuous outcomes in our analysis, we used the mixed command in \nSTATA. Also as described in the methods for Evaluation Question 5, we used the Benjamini-\nHochberg procedure with a false discovery rate of 0.10 to adj"]
[16.153850555419922, 12.48671817779541, "taff training \nand workload standards were associated with lower rates of family planning. Further, meeting \nthe home visitor workload fidelity threshold was associated with lower use of family planning \nfor the last four visits, one of the most cons"]
[16.17224884033203, 12.468353271484375, "e \nrelationships across all the outcomes for the five visits.  \nOverall we find little evidence to support a relationship between the fidelity components and \nclient outcomes. This finding could be because of a true null effect or to the analyses bei"]
[16.139238357543945, 12.501277923583984, "idelity in at least two domains  (supervisory requirements and participant \nperception of the relationship). Within each domain, between 18 and 80 percent of sites met the fidelity threshold.  \n2. Is there variability in sites\u2019 ability to reach fidel"]
[16.177444458007812, 12.463597297668457, "but a lower likelihood of staying in the program for later visits.  For the \n2-to-4-week visit and later visits, adherence to Welcome Baby fidelity standards is related to lower rates of \nparticipant s leaving the program.  \n6. To what extent do part"]
[16.17632293701172, 12.465229034423828, "here the sites on average scored well, but we did not have any \nbenchmarks to compare to the Welcome Baby site performance, including \n\u2022parenting knowledge\n\u2022immunization rates\n\u2022home safety. \n 78 Recommendations for Improving the Welcome Baby Program "]
[16.171571731567383, 12.469614028930664, "frequently, and staff across positions and sites \nquestioned the quality and value of reflective supervision. Since reflective supervision appeared \nto negatively relate to retention between the hospital and RN visit, an examination of the quality \no"]
[16.195276260375977, 12.445534706115723, "ompleting four or more postpartum visits, there are potentially lessons \nlearned from staff at the high-performing sites that could help improve performance at other \nsites.  \nReferrals to  Community Services ( Domain 10)  \nSite performance on this f"]
[16.17345428466797, 12.46870231628418, "ition (i.e., Evaluation Question 5), we examined both \nparticipant characteristics and performance on the fidelity domains. The practical value of the \nfindings from these analyses is twofold. Knowing which family characteristics are associated \nwith"]
[16.179367065429688, 12.461481094360352, "pecific policy issue. The findings do suggest some areas where \nF5LA could explore some improvements or clarity in Welcome Baby policies and procedures as \ndescribed in more detail in next section.  \nOngoing Monitoring for Quality Improvement \nAs des"]
[16.17821502685547, 12.462835311889648, "uation was designed to gather information on the 14 elements or domains of program fidelity within the \nWelcome Baby Fidelity Framework. However, we lacked available data to assess site fidelity in \nthree domains: prenatal recruitment and enrollment "]
[16.177661895751953, 12.463501930236816, "o be a self-administered instrument and \nvalidated for pen-and-paper as well as electronic administration (Erbe et al., 2016). The \nreliability of the PHQ when administered verbally has not been well-established (Mission \nHealth, 2018). In the Welcom"]
[16.204971313476562, 12.430941581726074, "amount of variability in the degree to which individual \nsites achieved fidelity to the Welcome Baby model and the rate at which thresholds were met across the different fidelity domains. Similarly, sites varied widely in the completeness of their \nr"]
[16.199214935302734, 12.425674438476562, "stitute, 2013.  \nBenatar, Sarah, Heather Sandstrom, Embry Howell, Timothy Triplett, Ian Hill, Margaret \nWilkinson, and Todd Franke, Best Start in LA Pilot Community Evaluation: Effects of \nWelcome Baby Home Visiting: Findings from the 24-Month Child "]
[16.21053695678711, 12.40478801727295, " Replicating Home Visiting \nPrograms with Fidelity: Baseline Data and Preliminary Findings , Washington, D.C.: \nChildren\u2019s Bureau, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012.   \n 87 Daro, Deborah, Kar"]
[16.198768615722656, 12.424089431762695, " Jennifer Ho, Effects of Welcome Baby Home Visiting on Maternal \nand Child Medi-Cal Enrollment and Utilization: Findings from a Merger of Welcome Baby \nand Medi-Cal Data, Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 2017.  \nIngoldsby, Erin M., Pilar Baca, "]
[16.805694580078125, 8.04482650756836, "de for Communities, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND \nCorporation, RB-9741-SNM, 2013. As of August 8, 2018: \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9741.html \nMcCroskey, Jacquelyn, and William Meezan, \u201cFamily-Centered Services: Approaches and \nEffecti"]
[2.8249003887176514, 4.287787437438965, "ased Examination of Risk Factors for Involvement with Child Protective Services,\u201d Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 37, No. 1, January 2013, pp. 33\u201346. \nO\u2019Connor, Elizabeth, Rebecca C. Rossom, Michelle Henninger, Holly C. Groom, and Brittany \nU. Burda, \u201c"]
[2.8184709548950195, 4.285436630249023, "l. 52, No. 2, 2015, p. 30. \nWhite, Kari, Stephanie B. Teal, and Joseph E. Potter, \u201cContraception After Delivery and Short \nInterpregnancy Intervals Among Women in the United States,\u201d Obstetrics and Gynecology, \nVol. 125, No. 6, 2015, p. 7. \nWhiteman,"]
[10.45369815826416, 18.370925903320312, "CORPORATION\nPhysician Reporting \nRequirements for Injured Workers in California\nA Review of Reporting Processes and Payment \nPolicies\nDenise D. Quigley, Madeline B. Doyle, Barbara O. WynnLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document "]
[11.326472282409668, 17.691566467285156, "nt of Industrial Relations under contract \n41336064. It was conducted under the umbrella of RAND\u2019s Justice Policy Program. \nRAND Justice Policy  \nThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Justice Policy Program, which spans \nboth criminal "]
[10.05276870727539, 18.435401916503906, " Physician Services ............................................................... 5 \nSummary of Methods .................................................................................................................. 6 \nOrganization of This Repor"]
[10.13149642944336, 18.46677017211914, ".................................................................... 35  vi Chapter Five: Allowances for Workers\u2019 Compensation\u2013Required Reports Within the  \nResource-Based Relative Value System Context ................................................"]
[10.084228515625, 18.44822120666504, "..............................................................................................................................3 \nTable 1.2. Summary of Physician Reporting Requirements Across California and the  \n20 States in Environmental Scan ......"]
[10.176767349243164, 18.470125198364258, "...90 \n   ix Summary \nCalifornia\u2019s workers\u2019 compensation (WC) program provides medical care and wage-\nreplacement benefits to workers who suffer on-the-job injuries and illnesses. Injured workers are \nentitled to receive all medical care reasonably r"]
[10.000019073486328, 18.42225456237793, "t. Third, we compared the  x allowances for the WC-required reports under the Official Medical Fee Schedule (OMFS) with \nthe allowances for other services that require comparable physician activities and estimated the impact of any changes in the fee"]
[9.992856979370117, 18.4269962310791, "patient\u2019s \nprogression toward maximal medical improvement and return to work. Within this overall framework, the reporting requirements should be designed to provide information needed for claims management and care coordination while imposing minima"]
[9.973180770874023, 18.41556739807129, "smissions, it does not include transmission of a paper form via \nfacsimile (U .S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2013).   xii \u2022 To facilitate care coordination: \n- Clarify that secondary treating physicians should submit RFAs for proposed \n"]
[9.98473834991455, 18.429914474487305, "n to similar services paid under the \nRBRVS and substantially lower than the allowances under the medical-legal fee schedule. \n! Give the primary treating physician the option of not evaluating the impairment level and completing the P&S report. Inco"]
[9.988253593444824, 18.436874389648438, "\nHCPCS Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System \nICD-9 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision \nML Medical-Legal  \nMMI maximal medical improvement \nOMFS Official Medical Fee Schedule \nP&S Permanent and Stationary \nPE practice expens"]
[10.013827323913574, 18.425251007080078, "                                       \n1 SB 863, which was enacted on September 18, 2012, contained a number of provisions that touch on different aspects of the \nmedical care system. The intent is to constrain the rate of increase in medical expens"]
[9.973217010498047, 18.41156578063965, "the report is not separately payable but rather is included within the allowance for the underlying evaluation and management (E&M) visit. \nPrimary Treating Physician\u2019s Progress Report \nOver the course of treatment for a WC claimant, primary treating"]
[9.981274604797363, 18.433988571166992, "                                                                  \n2 All issues related to utilization review will be  addressed in a separate RAND study examining the impact of the SB 863 \nprovisions. The report is currently being reviewed and canno"]
[10.005976676940918, 18.507083892822266, "ng as his  or her report contains all the information required by 8CCR \u00a710606.  \n4 In contrast, DWC maintains two elect ronic record systems for other claims transactions. The Workers \u2019 Compensation \nInformation System  (WCIS)  uses the standards ado"]
[9.660645484924316, 18.97950553894043, "nsition period beginning January 1, 2014. Relative to the pre-RBRVS fee schedule, the RBRVS fee schedule increased the overall allowances for E&M visits and for medicine and decreased the allowances for surgery, radiology, pathology, and anesthesia. "]
[10.010261535644531, 18.42679786682129, "or the typical non-WC patient. The PR-2 and P&S report were viewed as atypical, WC-specific reporting requirements, and separate allowances were continued at pre-RBRVS levels but with regular updates. The separate allowances are not included in the 1"]
[10.025583267211914, 18.43504524230957, "d the  \n20 States in Environmental Scan \n DFR PR-2 P&S Report  \nArizona  Required  Required  Required  \nCalifornia  Required  Required  Required  \nFlorida  Required  Required  Required  \nGeorgia Not required (optional)  Not required  Required  \nIllin"]
[10.034209251403809, 18.432340621948242, "C-required reports and compares them to the OMFS allowances for comparable services. \n\u2022 Chapter Six summarizes our findings and potential refinements that might be made in the reporting requirements and reporting policies to improve the quality of re"]
[9.97143268585205, 18.40542984008789, "ally agree to submitting comparable information in another format and reporting mode.  SB 1160 (Mendoza) amended the Labor Code in September 2016 to require that the DFR be filed electronically with DWC and the employer.\n2 \nBecause separate bills are"]
[9.990729331970215, 18.418046951293945, "the selected states. Nearly all states requiring a DFR permit the form to be submitted electronically\n5 and also have a print-\nformat version of the form to be completed manually and submitted as a hard copy via mail, fax, or hand delivery. \nAmong th"]
[9.985937118530273, 18.427093505859375, "at  Fillable PDF,  \nread-only PDF Fillable PDF,  \nread-only PDF Read -only PDF Fillable PDF, read-only \nPDF, Word  file \nReporting mode  Mail, fax, email, or \nelectronic (if payer \nand provider agree)  \n Electronic \nsubmission (online portal) , mail "]
[9.987646102905273, 18.42221450805664, "e case in \nCalifornia) believe that the allowance for the E&M visit does not appropriately compensate the provider for filing a DFR. In Texas, where the DFR is paid at a flat rate, physician compliance with submitting the report is not an issue. In W"]
[9.974087715148926, 18.410329818725586, "parison to the \nCalifornia DFR ).  13 When the physician sees and examines the patient, he or she performs the following steps, \nwhich are considered part of the E&M visit: \n\u2022 Review the patient\u2019s history and the patient\u2019s account of the injury and h"]
[9.977784156799316, 18.410057067871094, "he life of the claim. \nReporting Issues and Potential Improvement s \nDuring the interviews with California physicians and users, several issues were raised \nconcerning the DFR. Physicians and users alike indicated that there is a lack of clarity on w"]
[9.966614723205566, 18.392955780029297, "d, information on a DFR \ncompleted by an emergency physician is often not consistent with or as comprehensive as the information on subsequent DFRs. Some payer interviewees indicated that the DFR serves to alert the payer that there has been a change"]
[9.96807861328125, 18.4224853515625, "d to manage the claim, other \nthan as a potential mechanism to alert the claims administrator that a change of primary treating physician has occurred. \nPhysicians believe that bundling the report into the allowance for the examination does not \nappr"]
[9.96841812133789, 18.432157516479492, " In total, an estimated 1.4 million reports were filed that resulted in more than $15 million in medical expenditures in 2014. Because of WCIS underreporting, these estimates understate total volume  18 and spending. Payments for PR-2s were nearly 1 "]
[9.974554061889648, 18.42909812927246, "ss Reports \nOf the 20 most populated states, 6 states require the primary treating physician and, in some \ninstances, any ancillary physician to complete and file progress reports throughout the life of a \nWC claim. These states are Arizona, Florida,"]
[10.006606101989746, 18.418033599853516, " there is a change in the injured worker\u2019s work status or work restrictions or the carrier has established a reporting schedule based on the worker\u2019s scheduled appointments with the primary treating physician.   20 Table 3. 2. Features of PR -2 for C"]
[9.975895881652832, 18.413908004760742, " the most populated states require prospective authorization for at least some \ntreatments or services. These states are Florida, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and Washington. Six of these states have a separate form. Flo"]
[9.976987838745117, 18.400066375732422, "f the primary treating physician. \nAfter a patient visit, the primary treating physician reviews and incorporates his or her \nobservations and findings from the recent visit and any secondary or specialty treating physician reports. Then, the physici"]
[9.967376708984375, 18.40376091003418, " on the authorization, it would be appropriate to see the patient more or less frequently than 45 days.  23 Request for Authorization \nAccording to our interviews held with physicians and users, the primary purpose of the RFA \nis to request authoriza"]
[9.952278137207031, 18.39180564880371, "medical reasons for specific medication or procedural requests, and that only in instances in which there is a significant delay will the primary treating physician submit the RFA on behalf of the specialist. \nThe level of effort required to complete"]
[9.961203575134277, 18.401498794555664, "s with the patient\u2019s progress \nUsers indicated that the progress report should provide a comprehensive and thorough \ndescription of the patient\u2019s progress and response to treatment. It should be focused on the  25 patient\u2019s status and future treatmen"]
[9.969563484191895, 18.40991973876953, "nt requested \n\u2022 Indicates the page number on which the requested treatment can be found (if a medical report is attached to the form) \n\u2022 Is consistent with the treatment plan \n\u2022 Combines all treatments on the same RFA (rather than multiple forms for "]
[16.876596450805664, 20.281557083129883, "                                                                                         \n4 Assembly Bill 1124 (Perea) requires DWC to implement a drug formulary by July 1, 2017. DWC is proposing to designate a list \nof exempt  drugs that will not re"]
[9.936736106872559, 18.366439819335938, "plan, and information on the requested \ntreatment or service to be located in one place. \n\u2022 Allow for modified timelines for submission of PR-2s to align with the patient\u2019s \ntreatment timeline and to correspond with what is medically necessary in the"]
[9.97474193572998, 18.421749114990234, "s, which results in insufficient time to review the records before the patient is seen or delays in submitting the PR-2. Finally, the quality of progress reports needs improvement. The physicians and users noted that the reports often do not reflect "]
[9.981924057006836, 18.420761108398438, "robat PDF form that can be completed and submitted electronically or can be downloaded and submitted in hard copy. The primary treating physician may substitute or append a narrative report to accompany or replace the form to report adequately on the"]
[9.980854988098145, 18.43501853942871, "ery status as P&S and rating the impairment. These are Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Minnesota, New York, Tennessee, Texas, and Wisconsin. Washington requires a report from the primary treating physician that the claimant is P&S, but the impai"]
[9.945401191711426, 18.47621726989746, "  evaluation \nand report ($90)  No \nseparate allowance ; \nCPT 99455 used for the evaluation and report ($217.22)  No separate \nallowance ; \nallowance for the evaluation and report set at Level 5 E&M consultation code (CPT 99245)  Yes; allowance \nis t"]
[9.971811294555664, 18.435834884643555, "ices), which includes the report. However, the evaluation often includes medical record review, which does not have an established fee schedule amount and is payable \u201cby report\u201d based on the physician\u2019s report describing the services. By default, thi"]
[9.966514587402344, 18.433298110961914, "ess, many reported that completion of the P&S report often takes several hours because the physician is required to account for the research involved, provide a report of the evaluation, and calculate the impairment rating based on the AMA guides. We"]
[9.954916954040527, 18.429122924804688, "shes causation, addresses apportionment, and provides a rationale for why the injured worker has been determined to have P&S status \n\u2022 Describes in detail how the physician arrived at the rating and provides supporting information \n\u2022 Indicates the pe"]
[9.966062545776367, 18.438196182250977, " the initial report is increasing. \nWe also discussed several opportunities to improve the quality and efficiency of filing final \nP&S reports. The following options were suggested: \n\u2022 Implement graduated allowances to align with timely submission of"]
[9.988024711608887, 18.423561096191406, "the patient is P&S. It is used to inform the employer of the work capacities and \nactivity restrictions resulting from the injury that are relevant to potential regular work, modified work, or alternative work. The RTW and Voucher report is required "]
[9.723249435424805, 18.97008514404297, "ients, ranging from a Level 1 visit involving a problem-focused history and examination and straightforward medical decisionmaking (typically involving ten minutes of physician face-to-face time) to a Level 5 visit \n                                  "]
[9.78824520111084, 18.796422958374023, "The longer time estimates for new patient visits translate into higher RVUs for both the physician work and the practice expense component of new patient visits than for established patients. \nAssumptions regarding any additional reporting and docume"]
[9.930559158325195, 18.49639129638672, "patient. When the RBRVS was implemented, the underlying pre-RBRVS \n                                                                                                     \n2 The DFR also imposes a reporting burden on the office administrative staff in o"]
[9.663446426391602, 18.95155906677246, "ved in preparing the report. To address this challenge, we identified other codes that might be used as indicators for the reasonableness of the allowance for progress reports. Codes that include one or more activities related to coordinating with ot"]
[9.640149116516113, 18.99703025817871, "ervice. For example, CPT 99358 is defined as one hour of prolonged service related to an E&M visit without patient contact. Assuming the allowance was for 60 minutes, we calculated the equivalent RVUs at 25 percent of total RVUs. The last columns of "]
[9.67974853515625, 18.927745819091797, " physicians. It would account for \nnot only the effort required to complete the report but also the effort involved in \nmanaging the patient between progress reports. \n\u2022 G0181 is billable in a given month if the physician spends at least 30 minutes i"]
[9.942282676696777, 18.478294372558594, "mpairment rating, including any medical record review. Both activities are integrally related, and an assessment of the adequacy of the allowance for the report needs to be considered in concert with the allowance for the disability evaluation. In th"]
[9.920890808105469, 18.508119583129883, "the combined allowance for the E&M visit (assuming a CPT 99215\u2013established patient visit is billed) and the final PR-2 is $209.42 (line 1 in the table). If the injured worker is determined to be P&S with permanent impairment, the same E&M allowance a"]
[9.947022438049316, 18.467689514160156, " are bundled, so we did not find codes that describe the actual activities involved in completing the DFR and PR-2; instead, we identified codes that appear to describe comparable activities. For the P&S, we expanded our comparison to include the fee"]
[9.978865623474121, 18.426393508911133, "arch 1, 2017, an additional allowance may be payable for the examination or report when prolonged services are involved.   47 Chapter Six: Summary of Findings, Discussion , and \nRecommendations  \nIn this chapter, we first summarize the main findings "]
[9.955046653747559, 18.45265007019043, "s from the Lewin study \nimply that the additional reporting burden is not any greater for new WC patients than for other WC patients and that, to the extent that the 20-percent add-on is intended to compensate for the additional resources required to"]
[9.955883979797363, 18.399465560913086, "orts from physicians caring for Medicare patients, and most activities performed for Medicare patients that are similar to those required to complete a progress report are separately payable. When we compared what is payable for the average PR-2 with"]
[9.949594497680664, 18.45905303955078, "rment and apportionment issues should be eliminated from the P&S report and addressed only in medical-legal examinations. \nThe states with similar data elements to California\u2019s include the allowance for the report in \nthe allowance for the examinatio"]
[9.969324111938477, 18.409318923950195, "ount for reporting burden that is not otherwise incorporated into the allowance for the related medical care, and any separate allowances should be designed to encourage high-quality reporting in a timely manner. The remainder of this section discuss"]
[9.972559928894043, 18.414531707763672, "e were requested in RFAs that underwent utilization review.\n1 Because DWC rules anticipate physicians will submit RFAs and our review \nof utilization review plans indicates that the use of prior authorization (which waives the RFA) is not widespread,"]
[9.972794532775879, 18.405899047851562, "process RFAs could be reduced. Depending on how it is implemented, electronic reporting could provide a platform for communications between the primary treating physician, secondary treating physicians, and the claims administrator. If properly desig"]
[9.95532512664795, 18.398571014404297, " to respond to questions that may arise during the medical necessity review process, yet the communication is between the reviewer and the primary treating physician. Second, utilization review decisions, appeal requests for independent medical revie"]
[9.961170196533203, 18.405635833740234, "hysician. This way, the primary treating physician would be apprised of the secondary physician\u2019s proposed treatment and could intervene if appropriate. There would be no delays in treatment. Both the primary and secondary physicians should be advise"]
[9.971985816955566, 18.415613174438477, "rements could affect a physician\u2019s administrative \nburden in filing the  DFR. Completing and filing the report through a website portal is likely to be \nmore burdensome tha n scanning an d uploading a completed document. Either method involves  \naddi"]
[9.949462890625, 18.459197998046875, "tre atment \nfor pesticide poisoning . \n4 In the past, first- aid-only claims have been underreported to the Workers \u2019 Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau , but the \nextent of the underreporting has not been determined. The bureau\u2019 s rules effective "]
[9.937997817993164, 18.471660614013672, "t the 1.2 multiplier. Because the benchmark is based on an estimate of the physician\u2019s time spent completing the PR-2, we do not believe the multiplier is appropriate. A $30 allowance would be a substantial increase (144 percent) over the current all"]
[9.923076629638672, 18.45940399169922, "owance to the primary \ntreating physician for the PR-2 only if the PR-2 is complete and addresses all components of the report. In our interviews, we heard concerns from claims administrators regarding the quality of the PR-2s. The rationale for this"]
[9.953888893127441, 18.456768035888672, "S report. Without further clarification, the prolonged service codes could lead to duplicate payments. Close monitoring of the use of the codes will be required to identify any abusive billing practices. \nA related issue is whether the current struct"]
[9.948892593383789, 18.392440795898438, " as is done in Washington, or whether the primary treating physician can independently choose to perform the rating. \nPotential Improvements in Physician R eporting Requirements \nAs discussed previously, we identified three overarching refinement obj"]
[10.006917953491211, 18.426973342895508, "ned using the medical-legal evaluation process. \n- Use the allowance for the DFR and any increases in the allowances for other \nreports to incentivize timely electronic submissions of high-quality WC-required \nreports. \nOur research was completed pri"]
[10.093428611755371, 18.45933723449707, "setts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin. Refer to Table A.1 for the population numbers and Figure A.1 as a visual representation of the stat"]
[10.111353874206543, 18.521976470947266, "ding each form\u2019s data elements. The web search also included systematically searching state statutes and regulations to better understand rules concerning physician reporting, and reviewing each state\u2019s physician fee schedule to determine whether the"]
[10.121062278747559, 18.48838996887207, "er states in order to identify valuable \naspects of the reporting required of physicians in documenting treatment of injured workers in California. The environmental scan consisted of conducting exploratory, informal interviews with state WC staff, a"]
[10.104220390319824, 18.50063133239746, "eived purpose of the reports, the attributes of a good report, what is involved in the filing process, the level of effort required to  65 complete a report, the reasonableness of the deadlines, and any improvements that could be \nmade. \nEach member "]
[10.106327056884766, 18.48197364807129, " group of physicians and users. We developed a set of slides to guide the discussions and sent ahead of the webinar a set of background slides with more detail on the background of the reports and the findings from interviews and the environmental sc"]
[10.022110939025879, 18.43202018737793, "views across the workers\u2019 compensation experts and reporting the \ninformation in aggregate form. \n7. Your participation is voluntary, and you can decline to discuss any topic that we raise. We will not be reporting your participation to anyone outsid"]
[10.004891395568848, 18.420209884643555, " the roles or tasks of each of these people?  69 4. What is your level of personal involvement in the processing or submitting of this \ninformation? Peripheral? Central? Does this vary by type of injury? Other factors? \n5. Apart from the time you spe"]
[10.008358001708984, 18.41774559020996, "ason for the PR-2 \nor if a Request for Authorization is also involved? \n13. Next, I would like to talk about the resources and time it takes your practice to fill out and submit these Progress Reports. \nProbe: Overall, how much time do you think your"]
[10.000558853149414, 18.38125228881836, "l, how much time do you think your staff spends on helping prepare and \nsubmit the Permanent and Stationary Report? Clinical or administrative staff? \n22. Is the deadline of 20 days after last examination for the submission of the Permanent and \nStat"]
[10.015730857849121, 18.412967681884766, " Would you please tell me the typical process for preparing, processing, and submitting a medical-legal report? \nA. Probe: Who is involved? \nYourself as the primary care physician or treating physician? (Yes/No) \nNurse practitioner? (Yes/No) \nMedical"]
[9.989645004272461, 18.408260345458984, "Report of Injury or Primary Treating Physician\u2019s Progress Report \n8. There seem to be different practices regarding who can submit a progress report and be paid for it. What policy does your organization follow? \nProbe: The regulations require that a"]
[10.0784330368042, 18.44302749633789, " you have told us, are there any areas that we failed to cover or important questions that we should have asked? \n5. If you were going to summarize the most important points of our discussion today that relate to the efficiency or utility of reportin"]
[9.937520980834961, 18.364757537841797, "r Illness \nThe DFR is the initial documentation recorded by a treating physician on the extent of the \ninjured worker\u2019s illness or injury. The DFR is a one-page form that lists the insurer\u2019s and \nemployer\u2019s contact information, details the injured wo"]
[9.97742748260498, 18.407392501831055, "opportunity to document the injured worker\u2019s work status, including whether the patient should remain off work, return to modified work, or return to work with no limitations. Last, the treating physician must log his or her credentials\u2014including med"]
[10.003060340881348, 18.422584533691406, "ination s, including any specific  79 measurements  of atrophy, range of motion, and strength and a full report of any diagnostic test \nresults, all related diagnoses, and their respective ICD-9 codes. The primary treating physician is \nexpected to r"]
[9.997408866882324, 18.40956687927246, "k with restrictions. If the latter option is selected, the physician is asked to indicate the number of hours the worker is restricted to performing specific functions, motions, positions, or activities. The physician must also specify any lift or ca"]
[9.980321884155273, 18.420122146606445, "y deadline \n\u2022 Printable PDF  \n\u2022 Mail, fax reporting \nmodes  \n\u2022 Not separately payable; bundled into \nE&M visit \u2022 Required  \n\u2022 Progress Report \n(Narrative) \n\u2022 Separate from DFR  \n\u2022 30-day frequency \n\u2022 Narrative/chart note format  \n\u2022 Mail, fax reportin"]
[9.976990699768066, 18.41106414794922, "Minnesota \u2022 Required  \n\u2022 Health Care Provider Report  \n\u2022 10-day deadline \n\u2022 Printable PDF, fillable \nPDF \n\u2022 Electronic Data Interchange (online \nportal), mail, fax reporting modes  \n\u2022 Not separately \npayable; bundled into \nE&M visit \u2022 Required  \n\u2022 He"]
[9.969010353088379, 18.424142837524414, "rting modes  \n\u2022 Separately payable (not to exceed $10 \nfor reports 20 pages in length, and 25 cents per page for \nany additional page \nafter 20)  \u2022 Not required  \u2022 Required  \n\u2022 Final Medical Report  \n\u2022 Separate from DFR  \n\u2022 21-day deadline \n(after MM"]
[10.792191505432129, 18.399606704711914, " Compensation, September 19, 2012. As of \nFebruary 1, 2016: http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120SB863 \nCalifornia Senate Bill 1160 (Mendoza), Workers\u2019 Compensation, September 30, 2016. As of \nFebruary 1, 2017:"]
[11.050187110900879, 18.214740753173828, "enko, WCRI Medical Price Index for Workers\u2019 Compensation, 8th ed. \n(MPI-WC), Cambridge, Mass.: Workers\u2019 Compensation Research Institute, 2016. As of February 1, 2017:  http://www.wcrinet.org/studies/public/books/wcri184.pdf \nFor reference, Table R.1 "]
[10.318410873413086, 18.379117965698242, "rtment of Labor and Industries, Workers \u2019 Compensation  \nhttp://www.lni.wa.gov/claimsins/claims/  \nWisconsin  Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development, Workers \u2019 Compensation  \nhttps://dwd.wisconsin.gov/wc/  \nTable R.2. Links to States\u2019 Doctor\u2019s"]
[10.14905834197998, 18.39156723022461, "//www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/PR -4.pdf  \nFlorida Uniform Medical Treatment/Status Reporting Form (DFS- F5-DWC- 25) \nhttps://www.myfloridacfo.com/division/risk/WorkersCompensation/Documents/06.DW\nC-25_Uniform_Treatments.pdf  \nGeorgia  Final Medical Report (WC"]
[22.081865310668945, 20.44487953186035, "An Evaluation of New \nMexico\u2019s Online Intake System for Civil Legal Aid\nShamena Anwar, Mauri Matsuda, Cassia Spohn, Meagan CahillJUSTICE, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND ENVIRONMENTLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) c"]
[22.07911491394043, 20.4433536529541, "ce, infrastructure development and financing, environmental policy, transportation planning and technology, immigration and border protection, public and occupational safety, energy policy, science and innovation policy, space, telecommunications, an"]
[22.081863403320312, 20.44541358947754, "...................... 14\t\r \u00a0\nDevelopment and Rollout of the Online Intake System  .......................................................................... 14\t\r \u00a0\nHow New Mexico's Online Intake System Works  ........................................"]
[22.081867218017578, 20.445100784301758, "....... 70     v Figures  \nFigure 2.1. Map of New Mexico and NMLA Offices  ................................................................... 7 \t\r \u00a0\nFigure 3.1. Process Map of the Online Intake System  ..............................................."]
[22.082685470581055, 20.44525909423828, "seeking legal assistance who receive help is constrained by the available resources (Sandefur and Smyth, 2011). One way to enable the scarce existing resources to serve more individuals in need is to increase the overall efficiency of the process. In"]
[22.08390235900879, 20.443199157714844, "intake systems seem to have many benefits, it is useful to \nunderstand the experiences of agencies that have implemented these systems to see if these benefits are realized, as well as whether there are unintended consequences that arise after implem"]
[22.081302642822266, 20.445938110351562, "resolved by adjusting the online intake system so that cases could directly feed \ninto LANM and NMLA\u2019s CMS.  However, this issue was present during the entire time of our eva luation (from \nMay 2016 through December 2016).     ix many of these applic"]
[22.08346176147461, 20.443984985351562, "this online intake system is not truly online\u2014rather, it is a hybrid system that allows individuals to initiate the intake process when it is convenient for them but requires them to complete it through a phone call during regular business hours. Bec"]
[22.085067749023438, 20.443117141723633, "e of it. Out of the 100 survey respondents who answered all relevant questions, 40 percent said they would have used the online intake option had they known about it, which indicates that wider advertising of the online system should result in increa"]
[22.08364486694336, 20.443782806396484, "ement in efficiency during this period, and they also  did not make any staffing \nchanges due to perceived efficiency improvements.  It is thus unrealistic to expect to see any real \nchange in the number of individuals who m these legal aid agencies "]
[22.082876205444336, 20.444454193115234, " cannot be reached.  \nThe online system should request  that applicants provide \nseveral time windows during which they would be \navailable to receive a callback.   Improve efficiency of the online intake process by \nreducing the number of online app"]
[22.087066650390625, 20.436546325683594, "ges (both potential and already implemented) listed in Table  S.1 \nmight lead to increased efficiency and usage of the online intake system, it is important to note that there is no empirical evidence to support this yet. Due to the recentness of som"]
[22.082286834716797, 20.4450626373291, "legal issues are not entitled to legal assistance, there are a variety of agencies and services that exist to provide civil legal assistance, which is defined as free legal advice and representation to qualifying (low-income) individuals. These servi"]
[22.083110809326172, 20.444412231445312, "online as well as through traditional call-in or walk-in methods. Data were collected from three sources: (1) staff interviews were conducted with agency directors and intake staff at the two legal aid agencies involved five months after the online i"]
[22.088125228881836, 20.436687469482422, "ng their own system. We thus expect these results to be helpful to other legal aid agencies as they identify many potential issues that agencies will need to think about as they develop their online intake system.    3 The remainder of this chapter p"]
[22.049869537353516, 20.469432830810547, "reduce the portion of intake hours that are spent on litigants who are over the income threshold (or who have an issue outside the range the agency handles) and that they therefore cannot help; instead these intake hours can primarily focus on workin"]
[22.076969146728516, 20.44875717163086, "their online intake \nprocess. Note that this agency already had an existing online intake process that accounted for one-third of all intakes. TIG funding was used to overhaul their online intake web interface such that it was more user-friendly and "]
[22.08106803894043, 20.445783615112305, "onducted too soon after implementation and often are not able to go into detail regarding the extent of process inefficiencies, whether these online systems reach new types of applicants, and what the key barriers are for applicants in using the onli"]
[22.0811767578125, 20.44605255126953, "ne intake system was implemented, LANM had approximately 16 staff members, while NMLA had approximately 65 staff members.  \n \n                                                \n1 We conducted our site visit together with John Tull, who authored the eva"]
[22.080684661865234, 20.44658660888672, "ies for services, LANM can refer the case back to NMLA for services, or they can provide services (i.e., legal advice) themselves.\n4 \nThus, with the exception of domestic violence and emergency cases, LANM is set up to be the centralized point of int"]
[22.080116271972656, 20.448305130004883, "e individuals do not live in New Mexico. This is what we define as a prescreening stage, as applicants who are screened out at this stage do not have their information entered into the agency\u2019s CMS, and there are no records kept regarding them. All a"]
[22.075864791870117, 20.440858840942383, "es for Children, Senior Citizens Law Office, Disability Rights New Mexico, and the Southwest Women\u2019s Law Center. When a case is referred, the agency that completed intake can send this information to the new agency if the applicant consents to having"]
[22.081928253173828, 20.445520401000977, "have diffuse intake systems, \nimplementing an online intake system will require many agencies to adopt this technology.   \nComparison of Law Access New Mexico and New Mexico Legal Aid Clients  \nTable 2.2 presents summary statistics of the cases LANM "]
[22.07941246032715, 20.450471878051758, "r 3, LANM did not accept family law cases through the online intake \nsystem for most of the period we will be evaluating.  Family law cases fall into the categories Divorce/Sepa ration/  \nAnnulment and Custody/Visitation listed in Table 2.2.   12 Tab"]
[22.082122802734375, 20.445070266723633, "he remaining case types were seen by both agencies, the composition and the nature of the case within a category will differ across the agencies.  \nThe \u201cLocation\u201d  panel in Table 2.2 looks at the county groupi ngs where applicants reside.  The \ncount"]
[22.081727981567383, 20.44535255432129, "esigned to give individuals in need of legal aid assistance another way to be initially triaged to \neither LANM or NMLA. Whereas before individuals would initially contact one of the two agencies (usually by phone) and then would be triaged to the ap"]
[22.080217361450195, 20.443212509155273, "ncy of the legal aid providers (Tull, 2016). The project partners developed the online intake system during 2014 and 2015 and began by reviewing the documentation for triage systems in place in Illinois, Massachusetts, Ohio, Iowa, and New York City ("]
[22.07880973815918, 20.44920539855957, "any of the cases that the online system triages to NMLA are later transferred over to LANM. Very rarely is a case transferred from LANM to NMLA.   16 Figure 3.1. Process Map of the Online Intake System  \n \nThe first screen asks individuals to enter t"]
[22.05152702331543, 20.48543930053711, "income threshold that individuals must meet to qualify for services. Because it is difficult to conduct exact income qualification screens with individuals self-entering information (and likely generating noisy estimates of their actual income), the "]
[22.080158233642578, 20.4464111328125, "e screeners use when applicants either call or walk in (described in Chapter 2). LANM took the remaining cases and automatically entered those into their CMS and had their intake screeners call the applicants back during their normal intake hours to "]
[22.082902908325195, 20.44378089904785, " all of the service providers, as well as providing links to online information that can help individuals who are over the income threshold and will need to represent themselves (pro se litigants). Currently, the system can only refer individuals to "]
[22.083791732788086, 20.44367218017578, "ve civil legal aid. We discuss below how the online intake system can affect each \nof these outcomes. \nBecause the online intake system is available 24 hours a day, there is an expectation that \nindividuals who are not available during regular busine"]
[22.07938575744629, 20.44854736328125, "trast, when intake screeners spend an hour handling cases that were triaged to LANM through the online system, they will directly call a set of individuals who made it through an initial screening process online and had an issue that \n               "]
[22.080699920654297, 20.44655990600586, " via the phone and internet availability is relatively limited in some of these rural areas. Staff working in the outlying offices noted that there is limited web and cell coverage in the southeast, southwest, and northwest quadrants of the state, as"]
[22.084186553955078, 20.44321632385254, " these agencies can reach these individuals \nby phone during business hours to complete the intake process. Staff noted it was \ndifficult to reach many of these applicants; in Chapter 5 we show quantitative evidence \nthat a large percentage of these "]
[22.08159828186035, 20.44597053527832, " designed to help the agencies conduct a conflict check asked applicants whether there were any adverse parties; staff noted \napplicants generally did not understand how to respond to this question.  \n\u2022 When the online intake system sends the applica"]
[22.08197021484375, 20.445356369018555, "ding implementation, LANM had a backlog in family law cases, \nand therefore they decided to not use the online intake system for these cases for most of the period that we evaluated the use of the online system (from May 2016 through December 2016). "]
[22.082717895507812, 20.445043563842773, "                                    \n5 This is shown in Figure 5.5.    26 4. Quantitative Data  \nIn addition to the qualitative data we collected during our site visit, we also collected several \nquantitative data sets that form the crux of our analy"]
[22.07933807373047, 20.449495315551758, " it.     27 The third and fourth data sets provide more detailed information on all cases that went through \nintake at NMLA and LANM, including the age, gender, race /ethnicity, disability status and zip \ncode of the applicant, the case type, the dat"]
[22.08069610595703, 20.447629928588867, "riable, as any case that is identified as coming through the online system in  \nthe CMS data should also be present in the online triage data. Merging these data sets also allowed us to identify \nthe length of time it takes to open a case in the CMS "]
[22.080442428588867, 20.44700813293457, ". First,  we \nintended to administer the survey between September 2016 and June 2017. While the survey was fielded in this way to the individuals using the online system, the survey that was administered to the applicants using the traditional intake"]
[22.083410263061523, 20.444107055664062, " regarding the representativeness of these survey results. Note that all survey respondents are likely to skew toward being primarily English speakers as we did not develop a Spanish version of the survey.  \nTable 4.1 presents descriptive statistics "]
[22.08139991760254, 20.445907592773438, "use the period s during which the surveys were administered to online intake users and traditional intake users \nwere different, the differences between the columns in Table 4.1 may also represent a difference in case mixes due \nto seasonal trends.  "]
[22.08070945739746, 20.447721481323242, "t of the system.  \nWith these caveats in mind, this chapter presents a variety of analyses that aim to conduct \nas much of the ideal evaluation plan that is currently possible.  The chapter is organized into \nthree parts, which compose the three key "]
[22.082103729248047, 20.4473934173584, "e and intake process, as well as the cases accepted, is different for LANM and NMLA, we conduct these process comparisons separately by agency. At the conclusion of this section, we discuss some of the key takeaways regarding the likely impacts on ef"]
[22.08038902282715, 20.447755813598633, "telephone intake process, they were not allowed to enter through the online intake system. This indicates that if LANM had not chosen to divert these family law cases, the usage of the online intake system would have been measurably higher during thi"]
[22.081592559814453, 20.446203231811523, "w of Table 5.1 lists 772 cases as com ing through the online intake system during this period, \nwhile Figure 5.1 notes that 808 cases were accepted for intake through the online system during this period. While there should be a one- to-one correspon"]
[22.080615997314453, 20.447052001953125, "when median days are being compared .    36 the client withdrawing from the process, 44 percent of the online cases resulted in the client \nwithdrawing from the process. The next panel in the table (\u201cResults When Withdrawals Dropped\u201d) shows that once"]
[22.079429626464844, 20.44961929321289, "duals had to call in during normal business hours to begin the intake process, one would expect them to continue to be available during this time frame.\n9 This issue of the online cases \n                                                \n8 For the phon"]
[22.0808162689209, 20.447372436523438, "g it on Monday through Friday 8:00 a.m.\u20135:00 p.m.). Each \ncoefficient presented in Table 5.2 reveals how the proportion of online applicants in that group that were unable to be reached differs from the proportion of applicants that were unable to be"]
[22.078601837158203, 20.450572967529297, " system sent 179 cases to NMLA. Similar to the process at LANM, NMLA had \n                                                \n10 Note that a priori it was not clear which group would have the higher percentage of rejected cases that are rejected \nbecaus"]
[22.08212661743164, 20.446353912353516, "tem sends significantly more cases to NMLA than actually belong there. Recall from Chapter 3 that this issue was brought up to us in discussions regarding the issues with the online system\u2014these analyses provide evidence that confirms these perceptio"]
[22.08335304260254, 20.445232391357422, "that have not reached a final outcome by January 26, 2017. A \ntotal of 7 online intake cases and 489 traditional intake cases were dropped due to this sample restri ction. While this \nrestriction results in disproportionately dropping cases that are "]
[22.09488868713379, 20.43329429626465, "                                 \n14 There were only eight online intake cases that were rejected.  \n   42 Our results also highlighted two key inefficiencies with the online system that existed \nbetween May and December 2016. First, 35 percent of th"]
[22.081607818603516, 20.446516036987305, "applicants who  will never complete intake because they cannot be reached.\n16  \n                                                \n15 Staff intake hours fluctuated quite a bit over the period examined \u2014while the intake hours tended to stay the same, \ns"]
[22.083507537841797, 20.443803787231445, "ake system that might reduce the rate at which online applicants drop out include having applicants select a time window when they could most easily receive a callback. The online system should also make it clear to applicants before they even begin "]
[22.081438064575195, 20.44586753845215, " The last row of the table presents the usage level over the entire evaluation period. Monthly trends are important to examine as the average usage level will underestimate the usage level going forward if usage is increasing over time. Using data on"]
[22.082130432128906, 20.445581436157227, "ocess is technically a hybrid system that allows individuals to initiate the intake process online \nwhen it is convenient for them but requires them to complete it by receiving a callback from an intake worker during \nregular business hours.  \n \nfami"]
[22.083940505981445, 20.443714141845703, "through the \nonline system and the percentage of total NMLA intakes. The results show that the usage rate of \nthe online system was consistently low for NMLA during this entire period, and there does not seem to be any evidence of an upward usage tre"]
[22.086421966552734, 20.441570281982422, " use this method. In our interviews with some of the  outlying NMLA offices, staff suggested that a majority of their intakes came \nfrom the shelters.    47 able to address any of the current barriers, they may be able to increase usage of the online"]
[22.0887393951416, 20.43914222717285, "lected a given reason.\n25 The first five reasons listed in the table correspond \n                                                \n23 Three individuals were dropped from the data because they either did not answer whether they knew about the \nonline i"]
[22.08273696899414, 20.445083618164062, " the LANM clients who used the online intake system with those who used the traditional intake system using a \n                                                \n26 We coded a respondent as having an issue with internet access if they selected either o"]
[22.105419158935547, 20.45441436767578, "uage version. All minority groups (i.e., blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans) were less likely to use the online system than whites. Applicants with physical disabilities were also less likely to use the online system, while applicants with consu"]
[22.084394454956055, 20.44795036315918, "hich the issue was either missing or related to family law. The reference group (i.e., left-out group) for the location groupings \nin the table is living in the Albuquerque/Santa Ana and Santa Fe county groupings.  The reference group for the case ty"]
[22.088741302490234, 20.435195922851562, "ects  \nAccess to Justice?  \nAs discussed earlier in Chapter 3 (and shown in the logic model presented in Figure 3.2), \nthere are two ways in which the online intake system might be expected to affect access to \njustice: (1) It can allow individuals t"]
[22.085641860961914, 20.442468643188477, "duals who used the online system while they were at work during regular business hours may have found it difficult to use the traditional call-in service during that same time\u2014calling in generally takes longer (as it includes waiting on the line for "]
[22.131059646606445, 20.399534225463867, "d with their case.  0.63\t\r \u00a0\n0.24\t\r \u00a0\n0.13\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a010%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a030%\t\r \u00a040%\t\r \u00a050%\t\r \u00a060%\t\r \u00a070%\t\r \u00a0\nbusiness\t\r \u00a0hours\t\r \u00a0 weekday\t\r \u00a0off\t\r \u00a0hours\t\r \u00a0 weekend\t\r \u00a0  54 Figure 5.4. Did the Online Intake System Allow New Clients Access to Legal Aid? \n"]
[22.084726333618164, 20.444049835205078, "ividuals would have been able to complete the intake process \u2014\nthese would then be the sole individuals who  submitted an online application who would be able \nto complete the intake process and who would not have if only traditional intake methods w"]
[22.085742950439453, 20.44152069091797, "io because there was no realized efficiency gain. Thus, one would not expect the online intake system to have any real impact on the overall level of individuals who received legal aid services from NMLA and LANM during this period.  \n               "]
[22.086158752441406, 20.44205093383789, "number of hours they work will automatically reduce the number of individuals that can receive services. LANM was also consistently understaffed in attorneys across this period. Thus, because there was a general decline in the number of intakes and i"]
[22.08441162109375, 20.442975997924805, "\nwebsites used to assist individuals in filling out legal forms is Law Help Interactive, which was launched by Pro Bono Net in 2005.  \n  58 Because our evaluation examines a relatively short period after implementation, it is not \nsurprising that man"]
[22.09530258178711, 20.431650161743164, "period. First, New Mexico intentionally did not widely advertise the online system during this period as they wanted to ensure the system was working smoothly before encouraging widespread use. As evidence of this, our survey of individuals that used"]
[22.085206985473633, 20.442285537719727, "he legal aid agencies likely did not see real  \nimprovement in efficiency of the intake process, and they also did not make any staffing changes due to perceived efficiency improvements. Thus, while we do not expect to find that the online intake sys"]
[22.084529876708984, 20.443349838256836, "process by \nreducing the number of online applicants that drop out of \nthe process because they cannot be reached.  \nThe online system should request that applicants provide \nseveral  time windows during which they would be \navailable to receive a ca"]
[22.081388473510742, 20.446271896362305, "out this report, this online intake system is really a hybrid \nof an online and traditional call-in or walk-in system. The fact that so many individuals that accessed the online intake system subsequently dropped out indicates there is likely a reaso"]
[22.08159065246582, 20.446727752685547, "line Triage Data  \n The original data file included all cases for which the online triage tool referred the case to \nNMLA between April 25, 2016, and December 31, 2016. We deleted 3 observations that were \nduplicates (based on name, date of birth, an"]
[22.087379455566406, 20.439842224121094, "\n8. How many hours do you use the internet in a typical week? \no 0 hours \no 1\u20133 hours \no 4\u20137 hours \no 8\u201314 hours \no 15 or more hours \n9. If you wanted to use the internet, how easy would it be for you to get access (either at home or \nthrough work, a"]
[22.08831214904785, 20.439998626708984, " read in English?  \no Very well \no Well \no Not well \no Not at all \n7. How often do you read in English? (this includes reading anything such as instructions, forms, \nnews, recipes, etc.) \no Every day \no A few times a week \no Once a week \no Less than "]
[22.084394454956055, 20.419179916381836, "and Aaron Smyth, \u201cAccess Across America: First Report of the Civil Justice \nInfrastructure Mapping Project,\u201d SSRN, October 11, 2011. As of September 6, 2018: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1962790 \nSandefur, Rebecca L., \u201cWhat We Know and Need to Know"]
[5.921989440917969, 7.427432060241699, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nThe Potential Economic \nValue of Unlicensed Spectrum in the 5.9 GHz Frequency Band \nInsights for Future Spectrum Allocation Policy\nDiana Gehlhaus Carew, Nicholas Martin, Marjory S. Blumenthal, Philip Armour, \nJesse Last"]
[5.922138690948486, 7.426243782043457, "ctrum that is the current subject of debate\u2014the 75 MHz that comprises the 5.9 GHz frequency band.  \nThis study had several core objectives: \n\u2022Estimate the potential economic value of an unlicensed frequency band that is currently\nunder discussion for"]
[5.916604995727539, 7.431534290313721, ".................. xii\t1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 12. Policy Importance of Unlicensed Spectrum ...................................."]
[5.914098262786865, 7.433286190032959, ".................................................... 37\t\nTrade Policy  ............................................................................................................................................ 37\t\nInternet Regulation  ............."]
[5.929586410522461, 7.421476364135742, ".......................................... 7\t\nFigure 5.1 Correlation Among Variables of Interest ..................................................................... 15\tFigure 5.2. Variation in Speed Relative to Average Speed Across All States over "]
[5.916123867034912, 7.431971549987793, " and businesses. It also enables the proliferation of technologies such \nas smart homes, sensor-based transportation networks, smart electric grids, and sustainable smart cities. Yet this emergence also creates new challenges for policymakers and rai"]
[5.9072699546813965, 7.436184883117676, "e.   x For Approach 1, we estimate that the annual potential contribution to GDP ranges from $59.8 \nbillion to $96.8 billion. For Approach 2, we estimate that the potential annual contribution to \nGDP ranges from $71.0 billion to $105.8 billion. Acro"]
[5.908430576324463, 7.435947895050049, "formation criterion \nBIC Bayesian information criterion \nDFS dynamic frequency sharing \nDSRC dedicated short-range communications \nFCC Federal Communications Commission \nGB gigabyte \nGDP gross domestic product \nGHz gigahertz \nGbps gigabit(s) per seco"]
[5.900084495544434, 7.442093849182129, "ave been raised, for example, about sufficient spectrum throughput to access the millions of apps that do everything from online banking to health monitoring, and the resulting effect on consumers if \n1 For example, see Zaber, Bohlin, and Lindmark (2"]
[5.912105083465576, 7.432734966278076, "asuring economic value, along with \nthe challenges inherent in estimating the potential economic value of spectrum, and explains our methodological approach to valuation. Chapter 4 explores the potential net effect on our estimates of the inherent tr"]
[5.89597749710083, 7.444272518157959, "2 (Ericsson, undated). Cisco\u2019s Visual Networking Index predicts that global mobile traffic will increase at a compound annual growth rate of 47 percent though 2021, at which time three-quarters of all mobile data traffic will be high-bandwidth video "]
[5.9168195724487305, 7.430640697479248, "r WiFi-enabled communications.7 We hope \nthat this study helps advance the question of how to allocate spectrum going forward, given the pace of wireless communications innovation and the projected proliferation in wireless data demand. \n \n  \n \n \n   "]
[5.920045375823975, 7.428321838378906, "e marginal value is constant), which adds to measurement challenges. The actual value of a given MHz of frequency will depend on the modulation scheme that runs on it and the type of device or application that is sending or receiving data. Marginal v"]
[5.923815727233887, 7.426407337188721, "roadband engage in a measurement approach that uses proxies and rough approximation for demand, such as through number of internet-enabled devices and wireless data consumption. This includes studies by Katz (2018), GSMA Intelligence (Lewin, Phillipa"]
[5.90635871887207, 7.437068462371826, "at makes this 75 MHz valuable. We see two ways in which this frequency could generate potential economic gains: (1) It supplies an additional 75 MHz of spectrum for unlicensed use, and (2) it enables the creation of larger-bandwidth channels\u201480 MHz a"]
[5.9236273765563965, 7.426300525665283, "1 for our estimate for contribution to GDP, this time looking at the gains to consumers from having faster speeds enabled by higher-bandwidth channels. Implicit in this estimate is an assumption that the price that consumers pay for WiFi is unchanged"]
[5.844645023345947, 7.475591659545898, "fits stemming from residential use of WiFi represent the \nlargest segment of current value according to Katz: about 50 percent of the total estimated value \nin 2017, and forecast to increase to 60 percent of total value by 2020. Moreover, from a prac"]
[5.587889671325684, 7.643762588500977, "tively limited launch of V2V technology using the DSRC band in the United States \nmeans the current economic market value of such technology is likely small.\n9 One recent report \nfound that the U.S. DSRC market was forecast to reach a value of $12.2 "]
[5.924472808837891, 7.425159931182861, " value. However, because of the wide range in forecasted value of the V2V and V2I technologies market, over long time horizons, along with uncertainty in the estimates of social value, we do not pursue that calculation here. Given the limited data on"]
[5.974616527557373, 7.391830921173096, "lable observations, which could lead to bias in the estimates. The instrument used for speed is also not valid, as an analysis of U.S. data shows that the residential internet penetration rate is highly correlated with GDP. Moreover, the justificatio"]
[6.007059574127197, 7.37135648727417, "ross All States over Time  \n \n \nUsing this graph, we identified four states that could be potential outliers in terms of \nvariation. Three states\u2014Delaware, Ohio, and Kansas\u2014demonstrate large deviations from the mean relative to other states at variou"]
[5.999993801116943, 7.381080627441406, "eed1) instead of the natural log of average speed. \n5. Same specification as Model 1, except variation outlier states (Delaware, Ohio, Kansas) \nremoved. \n6. Same specification as Model 1, except temporal trend outlier state (Washington, D.C.) removed"]
[5.956507682800293, 7.420900344848633, "rimary estimate for the elasticity of speed suggests a 1 percent increase in internet \nspeed results in a 0.0197 percent increase in real GDP. However, given the log-log functional form, this is not a linear estimate and holds only for small changes "]
[5.940488815307617, 7.418610572814941, "nown as the \u201cexclusion\u201d restriction) means that the lags of broadband speed affect current GDP only through current average internet speed. This isolates the true effect.\n17  \nThe second main confounder is reverse causality. It is possible that highe"]
[5.924394130706787, 7.425595760345459, "in \nuse, using the allocation provided by Katz (2018), which estimates the value of unlicensed spectrum in the United States. However, given the available information on these devices, we assume that each of them has the same product specification in"]
[5.926244735717773, 7.423890113830566, "rage speed, here 80 percent, and multiply that by our measure for returns to speed for a 100 percent increase, 1.37, to get 1.10 percent. We next multiply this by per capita GDP along with our share of WiFi consumption that is on the 2.4 GHz network,"]
[5.9360551834106445, 7.414681911468506, " increase the weighted average speed possible in larger-bandwidth channels. Therefore, the contribution to GDP would be potentially larger. Second, as population increases over time, the potential value over time will also increase. This can be demon"]
[5.965027809143066, 7.385324954986572, " estimates. Similarly, changing from one spatial stream to two spatial streams will not change the estimated contribution to GDP as long as it is consistently applied across scenarios.  \nThe same also holds even if we consider a change in technologic"]
[5.930592060089111, 7.419075965881348, "he potential economic value created from opening an \nadditional 75 MHz under given assumptions and conditions. This includes technical assumptions \nrelated to device specifications, modulation scheme, bit coding rate, and guard interval, which are de"]
[5.927910327911377, 7.421741008758545, "haracteristics: \n\u2022 two spatial streams \n\u2022 80 MHz channel bandwidth (4 x 20-MHz channels, bonded) \n\u2022 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 5/6 coding rate, 400 ns guard interval \n\u2022 802.11ac compliant. \nPer the MCS Index,22 this configuration prov"]
[5.953942775726318, 7.40184211730957, "d for Devices by Load Share and Device Share, 2017  \nDevice  Load Share, 2017 Share of Devices, 2017  \n4G smartphone  17.8%  41.7%  \nTablet  14.0%  20.9%  \nSmart home devices  0.1%  1.1%  \nLaptop  66.5%  29.0%  \nGaming console 0.3%  4.5%  \nVirtual re"]
[5.932549476623535, 7.416571140289307, "2,067  4,255,148,529  \nSmart home \ndevices  75 1.70 3.0 0.1%  245,810  26,579  18,435,730  \nLaptop  750 43.49  2.0 66.5%  118,219,368  326,981,498  88,664,526,168  \nGaming \nconsole 300 1.17 3.0 0.3%  681,398  50,794  204,419,259  \nVirtual reality \nsy"]
[5.942425727844238, 7.409156799316406, "blished to enable quick and unambiguous reference to a particular hardware configuration. Because the MCS Index table captures diverse configurations with respect to each system characteristic, it is useful for performing technical sensitivity analys"]
[5.954410552978516, 7.400920867919922, "ly more sensitive to the traffic load from laptops than any other category of device, although overall varying traffic load does not sizably impact the baseline estimates. Table 6.7 shows the GDP  32 increase comparison against the baseline derived a"]
[5.927099704742432, 7.422753810882568, "rs, since they pay for WiFi access privileges (it is included as part of the standard internet package). \nThe approach presented here aligns with the physics identity presented in Chapter 6 \n(Approach 2) and takes advantage of a measure of willingnes"]
[5.905888557434082, 7.446121692657471, "onal amount consumers are willing to pay for an additional Mbps (Nevo, 2016): \n$1.76. \n\u2022 U.S. households: 125.1 million. \n\u2022 U.S. residential internet penetration rate: 0.71. \n\u2022 residential WiFi share of total WiFi consumption (Katz, 2018): 0.43. \nWe "]
[5.898248195648193, 7.443248748779297, "viders and come from mobile off-loading. Another potential gain to producers, especially from opening the 5.9 GHz band, is from the increased capacity for backhaul\u2014the middle-mile networks between the consumer\u2019s connection point (edge network) and in"]
[5.915346622467041, 7.4318060874938965, "ion to GDP.  \n \n \n  37 8. Looking Forward: Implications of Current Trends and Potential \nFuture Policies  \nIn this chapter, we consider how current trends and potential future policies might affect \nconsumers\u2019 demand for online data\u2014and therefore unl"]
[5.90852689743042, 7.435960292816162, "ces, people, and content come online. Some privacy and security against online threats is likely to make consumers more comfortable relying on the internet, and therefore increase demand. Alternatively, depending on the severity of restrictions, regu"]
[5.824007511138916, 7.5092620849609375, "icensed use, which would not add new WiFi capacity. However, no such discussion for this type of rededication has been noted to date. \nEach of these options come with trade-offs that could affect not only the realized economic \nvalue of spectrum in t"]
[5.806753635406494, 7.512074947357178, "Alternatively, another option could be co-channel-sharing without prioritization. One new research study conducted simulations of co-sharing WiFi traffic with DSRC and found little interference when both operated jointly (Pang, Padden, and Alderfer, "]
[5.929264545440674, 7.419403076171875, " (Approach 1) or $71 billion and $106 billion (Approach 2) annually, depending on assumptions. We further find a total potential economic surplus that ranges between $82 billion and $190 billion. A summary of our estimates is provided in Table 10.1. "]
[5.895383358001709, 7.443538188934326, "growing concerns over satellite-based communications creating additional congestion and interference in higher-frequency bands suggests that more research could help policymakers work through these issues (Canis, 2016). This research would also serve"]
[5.927733421325684, 7.421059608459473, "nelization Chart  \nSOURCE : IEEE, 2015.  \nWhen determining the economic value of additional unlicensed bandwidth, it is essential to \nconsider the physical limitations of current technical capabilities regarding wireless \ncommunications. These attrib"]
[5.904798984527588, 7.437644004821777, "missions. The guard interval is typically a very small unit of time; for example, 400 or 800 ns is the standard described for 802.11ac. As with code rate, guard intervals represent a trade-off between speed and accuracy, as longer guard intervals dec"]
[5.926472187042236, 7.420733451843262, "s  per second kbps\t\n\ud835\udc35\ud835\udc35!=Bandwidth per channel,in kilohertz  (kHz) \nM = Signal levels in use, typically 2n for \u201cn\u201d- bit digital communication systems . \n\t\nThis equation provides the mathematical relationship between bandwidth, data rate, and the \nsign"]
[5.926119327545166, 7.405352592468262, " system. However, this phenomenon is highly localized, affected even by building materials and physical layout of an area. As a result, credible analysis using the Shannon-Hartley noise constraint should not be generalized to large areas. So, in situ"]
[5.936807155609131, 7.408946514129639, " \nThis category holds the most uncertainty when trying to predict demand in the next five \nyears. The promise of a \u201csmart home\u201d has endured for decades, but little technical definition exists. As currently imagined, it typically represents an Interne"]
[5.934134006500244, 7.415737628936768, "he headset uses to provide an immersive experience. While these systems are still evolving, and only a handful of systems are available on the market, our research found that a representative data rate for these systems (based on pixel density and sc"]
[5.9341559410095215, 7.419173717498779, "0 7,200 \n5G smartphone  3 802.11ax  1024- QAM  Unavailable Unavailable 40 1,000 \nSOURCES AND NOTES: We obtained these specifications from the following websites in mid -2018:  \n\u2022 4G smartphones: http://www.apple.com/iphone -x/specs  \n\u2022 Tablet: http:/"]
[5.939131259918213, 7.416244029998779, "l three pieces of the change in consumer surplus. \nBecause of limitations in available data, we solve for r twice using the same formula but \nunder two sets of assumptions about wireless residential monthly data consumption. We then carry through the"]
[5.928619861602783, 7.423432350158691, "d estimates. \nTable C.2 . Change in Consumer Surplus per Household with Isoelastic Demand  \n\t\t Moderate  Heavy  \nR \u20130.3 \u20130.155  \nP(Q)  \t\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc52(!\"(!\"!.!) \u2013 !\"(!))/!.!\t\t\ud835\udc52\ud835\udc52(!\"(!!\".!) \u2013 !\"(!))/!.!\"\"\t\nQ1 152 294 \nQ2 172 314 \nP1 $52 $52 \nP2 $41.31  $40.65  \n\u0394C"]
[5.9096808433532715, 7.433357238769531, "hmic Transformations,\u201d Methodology \nInstitute, London School of Economics, March 17, 2011. \nBerry, Steven, and Philip Haile, \u201cIdentification in Differentiated Product Markets,\u201d Annual \nReview of Economics, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2016, pp. 27\u201352. \nBeuse, Nath"]
[5.948455333709717, 7.398833274841309, ", and Qingjiang Tian, A Quantification of 5 GHz \nUnlicensed Band Spectrum Needs, San Diego, Calif.: Qualcomm Technologies, 2017. As of November 7, 2018: https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/a-quantification-of-5-ghz-unlicensed-band-spectrum"]
[5.921797275543213, 7.427122592926025, "omeplug Alliance, HomePlug AV2 Technology: Raising the Bar for Sustained High-\nThroughput Performance and Interoperability for Multi-Stream Networking Using Existing Powerline Wiring in the Home, 2015. As of November 6, 2018: http://www.homeplug.org/"]
[5.9269819259643555, 7.423582553863525, "vember 6, 2018: https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2017-11-01/ap-newsbreak-govt-wont-pursue-talking-car-mandate \nMCS Index, website, undated. As of November 7, 2018: \nhttp://www.mcsindex.com  61 Meltzer, Joshua P., and Peter Lovelock, Regu"]
[5.9305524826049805, 7.419742584228516, "o-electronics.com/info/wireless/wi-fi/80211-channels-number-frequencies-bandwidth.php \nReed, William Robert, \u201cOn the Practice of Lagging Variables to Avoid Simultaneity,\u201d Oxford \nBulletin of Economics and Statistics , Vol. 77, No. 6, 2015, pp. 897\u201390"]
[4.3611860275268555, 18.087080001831055, "Energy Efficiency as a \nTool for Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing\nEvaluation of the Efficiency Emphasis in the \nMacArthur Foundation\u2019s Window of Opportunity Initiative\nHeather L. Schwartz, Aimee E. Curtright, Cordaye Ogletree, \nElizabeth Tho"]
[4.415741920471191, 18.056026458740234, "ss its potentially disas -\ntrous consequences for affordable rental housing. We saw that the imperative to raise energy-  \nef\nficiency standards could undercut the preservation of affordable rental housing.\nMultifamily buildings are generally older a"]
[4.398576736450195, 18.093040466308594, "olicy devel -\nopment based on evidence, we  we\nre heartened by even the limited impact our grantmaking \nhad on the data used by building  ow\nners, utilities, policymakers, and financiers when consid -\nering energy-  ef\nficiency improvements, incentiv"]
[4.417413234710693, 18.063356399536133, "l housing.\nIn the WOO-\n EE i\nnitiative and in this evaluation, the term energy efficiency (EE) refers to \ntechnologies and mea  su\nres aimed at using less energy (at less cost) to provide the same level of \nser vi\nce, without necessarily modifying th"]
[4.411241054534912, 18.072996139526367, "ther policy concerns that are influenced by the natural and built envi -\nronment, technology, and community organizations and institutions that affect well-being. For more information, email chep@rand.org.vii Table of Contents\nForeword  ............."]
[4.408743381500244, 18.079086303710938, " Studies of Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing in Win  dow o f Opportunity  .......... 43\nThe Rise of a Nonprofit Industry Leader from an Ecosystem of Organ  iz\nations:  \nElevate Energy  .........................................................."]
[4.409877777099609, 18.08026123046875, "orth Sharing  .................................................................... 78\nAPPENDIXES\nA. Interview Methods  ................................................................................................. 81\nB. Experts Interviewed  ......"]
[4.370903491973877, 18.10673713684082, "mes of the Energy-  Ef\nficiency Focus of the Win  do\nw of  \nOpportunity Initiative  ..................................................................................................... 58\nC\n.1. WO\nO- EE G\nrants in Chronological Order  .............."]
[4.393886089324951, 18.102815628051758, "d numbers of homes preserved through the philanthropic initiative.\nAbsent the appropriate research design to quantify the energy-  ef\nficiency innovations and \nactivities that occurred solely  bec\nause of the MacArthur Foundation\u2019s philanthropic init"]
[4.39848518371582, 18.098562240600586, "al housing sectorYes Somewhat\n4.\n \n I\nncreased cross-  se\nctor (e.g., between affordable \nhousing and energy-efficiency sectors) awareness and collaborationYes Yes\n5.\n \n I\nncreased share of energy-efficiency incentives/ \nsubsidies/policies/regulatory"]
[4.390769004821777, 18.10354232788086, "d enduring impact. Among other benefits, \nthe foundation\u2019s considerable investments in the Preservation Compact helped to grow Elevate Energy, which has gone on to be a leading organ\n iz\nation in energy efficiency and \nwhich nearly half of the interv"]
[4.4033026695251465, 18.091949462890625, "e include MacArthur Foundation staff members Allison Clark and Mijo Vodopic, who pro -\nvided documentation, sat down for interviews, met monthly with RAND staff, and reviewed \nand provided feedback on the draft document. Debra Schwartz and Julia Stas"]
[4.431543827056885, 18.112442016601562, "r  vi\nce. Activities  un\nder WOO-  EE  we\nre intended \nto increase the deployment of energy-  ef\nficiency technologies to reduce electricity and heating \ndemand in affordable multifamily rental housing; WOO-  EE d\nid not focus on  wa\nter use or waste"]
[4.427034854888916, 18.131040573120117, "o u\nnderstand how the foundation\u2019s focus evolved over the course of the four-  ye\nar \nWOO-  EE \ninitiative\n2. to e\nxplain what organ  iz\nations and activities  we\nre funded in WOO-  EE\n3. to i\ndentify  whe\nther the WOO-  EE f\nunded organ  iz\nations a"]
[4.401183128356934, 18.093976974487305, "(using American Community Survey data from the U.S. Census Bureau). Additionally, we drew on the National Housing Trust\u2019s (NHT\u2019s) Prez-Cat database to cata\n lo\ng changes to states\u2019 Qualified Allocation Plans (QAPs) and on the \nDSIRE database to tally"]
[4.403006553649902, 18.097900390625, "-\n EE c\naused the intermediate outcomes to occur. For example, we lack counterfactual \nexamples of housing markets that are comparable to the ones where WOO-  EE g\nrantees pri -\nmarily worked to compare rates of local cross-  sec\ntor collaboration or"]
[4.413273334503174, 18.06268310546875, "s in technology and tech -\nnology policy, we refer readers to recent reviews by U.S. Department of Energy (DOE, 2015) and ACEEE (Nadel, Elliott, and Langer, 2015).\nFor this chapter we draw on published research, information found online about specifi"]
[4.439366340637207, 18.006486892700195, "s due to  ei\nther low rents or limited subsidies\u2014or both. The founda -\ntion hypothesized that improved financial viability afforded by mea  su\nres like improving the \nenergy efficiency of a multifamily rental property can help to preserve affordable "]
[4.426051616668701, 17.918739318847656, "\nficiency gap\u201d between multifamily rental housing relative to other \nhousing types, resulting in an estimated $200\u2013  $4\n00 per year more being spent by lower-  in\ncome \nrenters (Raziei, Hallinan, and Brecha, 2016). U.S. Department of Housing and Urba"]
[4.421333312988281, 17.94325065612793, "e EPA, 2017.\n3 This is consistent with observations of one of our study interviewees who operates multifamily buildings primarily in the \nMidwest. This interviewee\u2019s rule of thumb was to invest about $3,000 per  ho\nuse ho\nld in energy upgrades and re"]
[4.4251909255981445, 17.94338035583496, "zed rental programs,  ow\nners can take a series of steps to lower the utility allowance due to \nenergy-  ef\nficiency investments while increasing tenant contribution to the rent by an equivalent \namount as a way to pay for energy-  ef\nficiency upgrad"]
[4.4156413078308105, 17.9516658782959, "rowing economy (EIA, 2017b).\nSeveral interviewees for this evaluation mentioned the decline in energy prices as a con -\ntributing  fac\ntor to the erosion of perceived benefits for EE, and as a reason that focus on EE \nwas not as pronounced as it migh"]
[4.385009288787842, 17.890134811401367, " since 2002.\n8 The same interviewee, however, also noted that \u201c  pe ople are turning more attention to  wa ter; . . .  th e  wa ter prices are \nskyrocketing.\u201d\n9 We define a  fa mily as \u201clow-  in come\u201d if they indicate that they participated in the Su"]
[4.424640655517578, 17.93743133544922, "\nRAND RR2293-2.1Natural gas\nElectricityFigure\u00a02.1\nAverage\u00a0U.S. Residential Natu  ra\nl Gas and Electricity Prices, 2000\u20132016Energy Efficiency as a Tool for the Preservation of Affordable Multifamily Rental Housing    11\n were one of a few operating ex"]
[4.430707931518555, 17.985069274902344, " th\nose goals. EISA superseded EPAct \nand included standards for energy conservation; for regionally specific efficiency of heating and \ncooling products; and for energy-  ef\nficiency labeling of products such as home appliances and \nboilers (White H"]
[4.44109582901001, 17.97785186767578, "ith major federal regulations such as EPAct and EISA. For example, Section\u00a0124 of EPAct of 2005 authorized DOE to supplement energy-\n ef\nficiency rebate programs in eligible states (109th\u00a0Congress, 2005, p.\u00a025), \nand many states created their own reb"]
[4.437929630279541, 17.994190216064453, "2 2013 2014 2015 2016Figure\u00a02.3\nNumber of State, Local, and Utility Residential Energy-  Ef\nficiency Programs,  \nby Year in Which They  We\nre Created, 2000\u2013201614    Energy Efficiency as a Tool for Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing\nUnited Sta"]
[4.432715892791748, 17.971654891967773, "g; they can include new construction, although programs designated for new construction only are excluded.\nRAND RR2293-2.4Figure\u00a02.4\nNumber of State, Local, and Utility Multifamily Residential Energy-  Ef\nficiency Programs,  \nby Year in Which They  W"]
[4.445265769958496, 17.990219116210938, "ltifamily/green-initiative-financing; Freddie Mac:  \nhttps://mf.freddiemac.com/docs/mf_securitization_investor-presentation.pdf; FHA: MIP reductions: https://www  \n.hud.gov/sites/documents/MFHOUSINGNEWSISSUE7.PDF\nNOTES: ASHRAE\n = Am\nerican Society of"]
[4.476422309875488, 17.967172622680664, "ut also  bec\nause of \na focus on educating and incentivizing loan originators through reduced fees, marketing, and simplification. As a GSE interviewee told us, \u201cWe\u2019ve \n re\nally had to simplify energy \nefficiency, simplify the pro  ce\nss, simplify th"]
[4.444697380065918, 17.99683952331543, "k can obtain economies of scale on soft costs like  le\ngal and loan-  or\nigination fees \nas the bank connects the intermediaries\u2019 bundled proj  ec\nts to capital markets.\n\u2022 Sp\nlit incentives continuing to \u201cdog every  body.\n\u201d  Be\ncause of the split-  i"]
[4.436080455780029, 17.98464012145996, "d pro  ce\nssing of Energy Savings Per  fo\nr ma\nnce Contract (ESPC) applications. HUD \nalso offered add-  on\ns to HUD-  fu\nnded management fees for PHAs for activities like creating a \ngreen operations and maintenance plan, benchmarking, and data coll"]
[4.468103408813477, 17.894250869750977, " for developers to \nobtain  th\nese highly competitive tax credits is one of the most significant ways to increase \nthe share of resources for energy efficiency within affordable multifamily rentals. Created in 1986, LIHTC has created or preserved app"]
[4.443763732910156, 17.97783851623535, "mic and environmental benefits.\u201d\na26 states had functioning EERSs: AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, HI, IL, IA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, NV, NH, NM, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, RI, TX, VT, WA, WI\nOn-\n b\nill financing A loan offered in partnership with or by a utility com  pa\n"]
[4.486512184143066, 17.861534118652344, "ces in the QAP; for example, a QAP might \nset aside some portion of the tax credits for transit-  or\niented development, or for housing to \nserve special populations, or for EE-  rel\nated investments. The intense competition for tax cred -\nits has ma"]
[4.462156772613525, 17.941329956054688, "eral \nstates, including Vermont, Mas  sa ch\nu set\nts, and Rhode Island,  ad\nopted policies in 2017 stipulat -\ning that the state  wi\nll enforce any appliance regulations that the federal government rolls back.\nBuilding Energy Codes\nAlthough most buil"]
[4.441309452056885, 17.989458084106445, "ent \nreduction in building energy-  use i\nntensity three years  la\nter and a 14\u00a0  per\ncent reduction four years \n la\nter. Disclosure of Energy Star scores led to a 9\u00a0  per\ncent decline in building energy-  use i\nnten-\nsity three years  la\nter and 13\u00a0"]
[4.452171325683594, 17.960336685180664, "sources  to\nward the underperformers.\u201d\nBut as the limited number of states and localities that mandate benchmarking attests,  th\nere \nare numerous barriers to building energy-  da\nta sharing. For example, when the utilities are split \nbetween the pro"]
[4.4453558921813965, 17.982040405273438, "lding to repay the up-  fr\nont costs of EE improvements over time \nthrough their existing monthly utility bill. It is one way that utilities can help meet energy-  sa\nving 24    Energy Efficiency as a Tool for Preservation of Affordable Rental Housin"]
[4.441070079803467, 17.97808837890625, " \nplan. Depending on the program, PACE borrowers typically pay back the loan through a lien on the property.\nAlthough C-\n PA\nCE transactions have doubled  ev\nery two years since 2012, with approxi -\nmately $450\u00a0million in cumulative transactions as o"]
[4.438407897949219, 18.004680633544922, "d increased spending so that utili -\nties can meet the EERS targets.\nACEEE estimated that in 2015 the number of utility-  sec\ntor multifamily EE programs \nhad grown to 38 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), as compared to 30\u00a0in 2013. (The 2013 fig"]
[4.423394203186035, 18.035112380981445, "th $30\u00a0million in funding aimed at building 5,000 more homes over five years. In 2017, a call for proposals by the Home Depot Foundation was focused on supporting veterans and their families with new construction or rehabilitation of permanent suppor"]
[4.444819927215576, 18.00692367553711, "for green affordable housing. It provides a set of criteria for green  pr\noj ec\nts \n11 See the Enterprise Green Communities Resource Guide  (undated).Energy Efficiency as a Tool for the Preservation of Affordable Multifamily Rental Housing    27\nand "]
[4.448822975158691, 18.006412506103516, "ntial EE proj  ec\nts carry some of \nthe same fixed costs and time required for a retrofit as does a much larger building or a portfo -\nlio of many similar buildings. This reduces the profitability of small-  sc\nale EE retrofits for ser  vi\nce \nfirms."]
[4.453708171844482, 18.004701614379883, "guidance and second \nopinions on technical quotes are increasing in some places. The combination of a properly \ntrained contractor, a third-  pa\nrty adviser, and a willing financial partner to fund EE \ninvestments can functionally replace an ESCO.\n\u2022 "]
[4.442412853240967, 17.986764907836914, "alls and owns the EE improvements, and the building owner pays a ser  vi\nce fee \nto the third party for ongoing use of  th\nose improvements. The benefit of an ESA is  th\nere is no \nadditional lien on the property.\nAn example of an ESA is New York Cit"]
[4.440194129943848, 18.023311614990234, ", arranges for contractors \nto install EE upgrades, and assem  bl\nes the financing, which requires no loan to or guarantees \nfrom the owner. A third example is the nascent New Energy Model Organ  iz\nation (NEMO), \nwhich intends to serve as a national"]
[4.409451484680176, 18.0850772857666, "and standardize EE upgrades to lower cost and risk, which is a  fu\nture \ndirection for the field that we discuss in the concluding chapter.\n16 Affordable Community Energy Services (ACE), \u201cOur Story,\u201d undated.31CHAPTER\u00a0THREE\nEnergy Efficiency in the W"]
[4.436931133270264, 18.036569595336914, "r activities in the scope of this evaluation, as described in the next section of this chapter.32    Energy Efficiency as a Tool for Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing\nof directors, foundation staff identified EE as a \u201ccentral concern\u201d and a p"]
[4.438736438751221, 18.036100387573242, "E for increasing rental affordability for tenants and for broader preservation of multi -\nfamily rental properties.\nFoundation staff also noted the risk of the affordable multifamily rental sector not  taking \nadvantage of the momentum in EE, which c"]
[4.440042495727539, 18.041215896606445, "but inherently risk-  \nave\nrse.\n Th\nese actors had diverse and often disparate goals and incentives. The foundation\u2019s result -\ning theory of change was to work across  th\nese stakeholders to find common ground and both \ndeepen and broaden reach and i"]
[4.401488304138184, 18.098310470581055, "e development of social enterprises and for-  pr\nofit \nfirms to provide energy-  ef\nficiency ser  vi\nces and products to the multifamily  ho\nusing \nmarket.\n7. Ev\naluation and assessment : Provide funding for studies of existing and new energy-  \nef\nf"]
[4.430484294891357, 18.05027198791504, "s about trends and practices in energy efficiency within commer -\ncial real estate and in high-  en\nd multifamily residential, where EE investments  we\nre expected \nto be more common. The idea was to apply lessons from  th\nose asset classes and to po"]
[4.403156757354736, 18.081815719604492, "l sector\n7. \n I\nncreased pace and volume  of energy-efficiency improvements in the stock of affordable multifamily \nrental housing\nSOURCE: Schwartz, Vodopic, and Lamond, 2011.36    Energy Efficiency as a Tool for Preservation of Affordable Rental Hou"]
[4.3971381187438965, 18.10557746887207, " with \nother WOO-  EE a\nwardees and affiliates.\n Ta\nble\u00a03.3 tallies the number of grants and PRIs the foundation made according to primary \nsector and primary activity. Also included is the total dollar amount provided to each of  th\nese \nactivities,"]
[4.412354469299316, 18.107458114624023, " of - \nsev\nen types of activity to which the foundation had originally assigned them. As an example, \nACEEE used a 2014 grant to both conduct research and  host a conference. We classified this \ngrant as primarily a research activity, although it als"]
[4.407170295715332, 18.092456817626953, "stments in EE for building technologies.\nData and Benchmarking\nThe foundation made three grants totaling $700,000 for activities related to improved data and benchmarking for energy efficiency, making this the smallest WOO-\n EE ac\ntivity area in term"]
[4.423773288726807, 18.037439346313477, "$125,000 to $200,000 and \n we\nre primarily for research papers on applied topics such as net \nmetering, utility EE programs for multifamily rental housing, and financing models for retrofits.\nFor example, the Energy Foundation created a series of rep"]
[4.41965389251709, 18.0645751953125, "econd Small Lenders\u2019 Energy Efficiency Community \n(SLEEC) meeting.  La\nter that year, ACEEE\u2019s Buildings and Finance Teams presented \ntheir upcoming work on  th\nese topics to the Multifamily Utility Working Group. ACEEE \nwas an \u201canchor grantee\u201d (accor"]
[4.396097183227539, 18.109697341918945, "gy costs  we re both more variable and more controllable than previously under -\nstood. But WOO-  EE a\nlso diverged somewhat from WOO by working more explic  it\nly outside \n(as well as inside) the affordable rental housing industry. Namely, WOO-  EE "]
[4.407948970794678, 18.07777976989746, "market, among other mission-\n or\niented sectors, which \nare typically not served by for-  pr\nofit ESCOs, as described in Chapter\u00a0Two. The PPESCO has \nhad some accomplishments, which we note, but is still in the stage of testing the new business model"]
[4.4138054847717285, 18.074981689453125, "t in 2007. Elevate Energy is a \u201cfull ser\n vi\nce\u201d organ  iz\nation that guides  ow\nners and man  ag er\ns \nfrom energy assessment to completed retrofit. The companion Energy Savers Loan program provides low-\n in\nterest loans to cover the costs of retrof"]
[4.422394752502441, 18.074390411376953, " need help with retrofit financing can \nobtain resources from CIC through the Energy Savers Loan Fund (Schwartz et\u00a0al., 2016).\n6 Additionally,  un der WOO, CIC received four grants ($1.65\u00a0million in total) and a $2\u00a0million PRI for activities that sup"]
[4.369378566741943, 18.09404182434082, "tes they have kept more than 35,000 apartment units affordable with efficiency improvements, implemented nearly $58 million in energy saving building improvements, and avoided more than 65,000 metric tons of carbon pollution.\n7 They have also had an "]
[4.410356521606445, 18.076513290405273, "o be cost-  ef\nfective (Braman, Kolberg, and Perlman, 2014).\nOverall, the program has provided EE retrofits to more than 35,000 units in 800 buildings,8 \nfinanced with more than $16 million from the Energy Savers Loan administered by CIC.9 Partic -\ni"]
[4.42935037612915, 18.049699783325195, "ducated Peer Organ  iza\ntions in Other Regions\nElevate Energy has expanded their work from the Cook County area to the  who le state of \nIllinois and more broadly in the Midwest. Although still headquartered in Chicago,  tod\nay \nElevate Energy has of"]
[4.40656042098999, 18.078746795654297, "g with the Michigan State Hous-ing Finance Authority and a regional affordable multifamily lender, Cinnaire, to help design a PRI for Cinnaire to finance implementation of energy and \n wa\nter upgrades during the redevel -\nopment pro  ce\nss. And with "]
[4.409211158752441, 18.079574584960938, "vate Energy has received sizable investment over approximately \nt\nen years from the MacArthur Foundation. This has supported Elevate Energy\u2019s direct involve-\nment in the Preservation Compact, which appears to have been a key ingredient for TPC\u2019s \nsuc"]
[4.4534173011779785, 18.03388786315918, "ly hap -\npens if they know and trust you. Once  yo\nu\u2019ve worked with a building owner and they see the \n ben\nefits . . .  th\ney may come back and work with Elevate Energy.\u201d\n13 As noted in the closing section below, this interviewee asserted that the E"]
[4.432454586029053, 18.04498291015625, "energy assistance. And \n th\nere is no built-in source for that. I\u2019ve \nseen many finance agencies like ours around the country who  do\nn\u2019t have the  . . . \n ex\npertise of an \nElevate Energy  . . .  an\nd it\u2019s not easily supportable in a financing progr"]
[4.431974411010742, 18.05335235595703, "solar and to bring job training to a broader, more diverse set of individuals. Both ele\n me\nnts directly target the goals of \nincreased equity and access to the benefits of solar deployment. In addition to executing commu -\nnity solar proj  ec\nts, El"]
[4.4301300048828125, 18.05458641052246, "st be tailored to the needs \nof the specific market, including local and regional regulations, utility markets, and real estate pricing.\nAn Experiment in Bringing a For-\n Pr\nofit Model to Affordable Multifamily  \nEE Finance: VEIC, Commons Energy, and"]
[4.4271721839904785, 18.05735969543457, "ose energy ser  vi\nces com  pa\nny designed to reduce energy costs for multifamily housing \nand other public-  ser\nving buildings\u201d (VEIC, 2014). Commons Energy was created to be \u201cthe \nnation\u2019s first public-  pu\nrpose Energy Ser  vi\nces Com  pa\nny,\u201d wi"]
[4.415696144104004, 18.06425666809082, "ved a $600,000 grant and a $2\u00a0million PRI, respec -\ntively, to \u201cAccelerate preservation of and reinvestment in affordable rental housing through targeted outreach and technical \nassistance for private  ow\nners and nonprofits, energy efficiency, prede"]
[4.426209926605225, 18.06756591796875, "aller than ESCOs typically participate in (see discussion in Chapter\u00a0Two).\n\u2022\n Th\nird, by investing in more EE than its ESCO competitor. For example, not only do they \nimplement standard technology fixes like lights and fans; they also address insulat"]
[4.455387115478516, 18.047138214111328, "till disproportionately burdensome for low-\n in\ncome  ho\nuse ho\nlds (Figure\u00a02.2), but lower overall energy costs have hurt the business case \nfor EE in the short run and have eroded margins for EE upgrades that reduce the use of natu  ra\nl \ngas (e.g."]
[4.428078651428223, 18.062166213989258, "sing loans. Similarly, within the organ\n iz\nation, it has been impor  ta\nnt to pair individuals with 56    Energy Efficiency as a Tool for Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing\n \u201ccomplementary  . . .  ex pertise and background and de  ca des of b"]
[4.394107341766357, 18.101606369018555, "using at the level needed to build trust and \neducate the consumer. Both have stressed the importance of pairing energy technology and engineering expertise with finance expertise. Both have found that many of their transactions do not involve financ"]
[4.378170967102051, 18.119918823242188, ", \nVodopic, and Lamond, 2011). We used a stoplight chart to indicate the level of success for each:  dark green indicates that the intermediate outcome was achieved, light green indicates that it was somewhat achieved, and red indicates that it was n"]
[4.390287399291992, 18.101696014404297, "\nWOO-  E E Investments?\n1. \n I\nncreased awareness  of energy efficiency as a \ntool for preservation Yes Yes\n2. \n Ne\nw and more energy-efficiency public policies  \nfocused on accommodating the needs of affordable multifamily rental housingYes Somewhat"]
[4.387844562530518, 18.11147117614746, "e found that awareness of energy efficiency as a tool for preservation of \nmultifamily affordable rental housing has increased among actors working outside and within the traditional affordable housing sector. The combination of WOO-\n EE g\nrantee act"]
[4.386344909667969, 18.108922958374023, ", on \ntopics related to the costs and opportunities of energy efficiency in multifamily housing via workshops, summits, and road shows. As an example of influence, several of \n th\nese grantees \nare high-  pr\nofile organ  iz\nations such as ACEEE that "]
[4.392024517059326, 18.102746963500977, "Arthur for putting \u201cenergy efficiency in affordable multifamily housing on the Outcomes from WOO-  EE    6 1\nmap\u201d with investors and nonprofits operating in the housing sector. In short, as one grantee put it, \n\u201cConvening power  ma\ntters, and MacArth"]
[4.400069236755371, 18.0887393951416, "ans that effecting change across the country is an especially large task.\nWOO-  E E Influence\nThe two most relevant WOO-  EE ac tivity areas (see  Ta ble\u00a03.3) to this outcome are peer exchange \nand convenings ($2.5\u00a0million of foundation investment), "]
[4.434298038482666, 18.032081604003906, "have been multibillion-  do llar increases in green lending for \nenergy-  ef\nficient multifamily rental buildings, which includes but is not limited to affordable \nrental housing, since 2010. In 2017, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac alone purchased $45\u00a0bi"]
[4.39634895324707, 18.10661506652832, "E Influence\nThe foundation invested $21.9\u00a0million in five grants and six PRIs for the promulgation of new or innovative financing vehicles for energy efficiency. \n Th\nese funds helped to pi  lo\nt on- bi\nll financ -\ning, launch a PPESCO, create loan f"]
[4.370423793792725, 18.13115119934082, "hstanding the Freddie Mac example, interviewees gen -\nerally felt that the impact of WOO-  EE w\nas greater on state and local financing practices\u2014  \nan\nd specifically in the localities in which they focused their resources\u2014  th\nan at the national \nle"]
[4.398192882537842, 18.101945877075195, " that grew over time:\nOne of the challenges of preserving affordability in multifamily housing is that the stake -\nholders have siloed perspectives: I\u2019m a  ho\nuser; I\u2019m an energy-  ef\nficiency person; and I\u2019m a \nfinance person.  . . . \n Th\ney speak d"]
[4.415940284729004, 18.074655532836914, "ctive impact of the work that was happening rather than just \n th\nese one-  of\nf funding opportunities.\u201d\nIntermediate Outcome 5: Increased Share of Energy-  Ef\nficiency  \nSubsidies and Policies for Affordable Rental Housing\nWe rated this outcome as u"]
[4.420802593231201, 18.063884735107422, "mple of increased share, an interviewee estimated \nthat $15\u00a0million (an increase over the previous level of $500,000) of Illinois\u2019s $250\u00a0million in funds spent on energy efficiency now went to affordable multifamily rental housing thanks to changes t"]
[4.406491279602051, 18.076814651489258, "their Multifamily Energy Savings proj  ec\nt and not specifically to their scorecards.) A Mac  Ar\nthur \nstaff person indicated that a lesson learned from the scorecards was the importance of \u201cratch -\neting up the [EE] regulations, [and] more important"]
[4.418023109436035, 18.099573135375977, "using, and LIHTC \nallocations for energy-  ef\nficient affordable multifamily rentals. Second-  or\nder changes that pro -\nmote EE include data-  rel\nated activities like benchmarking and disclosure of building energy \nuse, as described in Chapter\u00a0Two."]
[4.3975300788879395, 18.10782814025879, " hosted in 2013. We also conclude from interviews that WOO-  EE \nh\nelped effect a change in attitude among siloed actors, enabling them to move beyond simply \narticulating barriers to EE investments in multifamily rental (such as split incentives) to"]
[4.396032333374023, 18.177091598510742, "apter, we summarize what worked and what did not work in WOO-  EE , drawing \non the outcomes presented in Chapter\u00a0Five. We then discuss what barriers remain for EE in \nmultifamily housing and potential next directions for the field. Fi  na\nlly, we co"]
[4.375545024871826, 18.122020721435547, "s for end users (in this case, \n ow\nners of multifamily rental housing) to \ninvest in EE\u2014  al\nign with the more general strategies recommended in an earlier RAND report \nabout innovation in housing (Hassell et\u00a0al., 2003).\nMacArthur Effectively Used I"]
[4.366367816925049, 18.118602752685547, "PRIs are early-  st\nage \nloans to allow businesses to incubate and prove ideas.\nAnd as with the broader WOO initiative, organ  iz\nations we interviewed lamented Mac -\nAr\nthur\u2019s departure from multifamily housing energy efficiency. Some expressed conc"]
[4.344721794128418, 18.126232147216797, " such as solar installations at affordable rental housing and the formation of a PPESCO. And several of the PRIs \n we\nre objectively successful, such as the series of loans described in Chapter\u00a0Four for \nthe Loan Savers Program, and NYCEEC\u2019s loan fun"]
[4.406400680541992, 18.0528507232666, "ficiency in multifamily rental. Elevate Energy, in partnership with CIC, is considered \u201ca big influence\u201d on energy-\n ef\nficiency work with small and medium-  \nsi\nzed  ow\nners of multifamily housing, and its example has generated some of the lessons a"]
[4.439626693725586, 18.040359497070312, "elatively similar markets (e.g., across the Midwest), state and local conditions and idiosyncrasies often require fine-\n tu\nning \nbefore they can be executed. Reflecting on the Preservation Compact in Chicago, a MacAr -\nthur program officer noted the"]
[4.441247940063477, 18.002235412597656, "g tenant data to anonymize it and thus allow multifamily  ow\nners to view \nwhole-  bu\nilding energy-  use d\nata is a related achievement that also holds promise to mitigate the \nsplit- in\ncentive prob  le\nm. All other solutions of which we are aware "]
[4.429182529449463, 18.05213165283203, "of funds. NEMO, described in Chapter\u00a0Two, is a brand-\n ne\nw, as yet untested model \nthat  wi\nll target LIHTC properties, but aided initially with philanthropic funds. The Commons \nEnergy PPESCO that is the subject of a case study in Chapter\u00a0Four is a"]
[4.429544448852539, 18.046598434448242, "e good news is that \nwe . . . \n ha\nve proven now that this [EE for multifamily rental] is not just a save-  th\ne- ea\nrth kind \nof  th\ning. . . .  Yo\nu can approach this from a fiscal responsibility perspective.\u201d\nComing to consensus on the case for EE"]
[4.393329620361328, 18.10416603088379, "lt that local partners  we\nre needed to directly interact with  ow\nners in person. \u201cYou \nneed someone who\u2019s with them.  . . . \n Wh\nerever you roll out a lending program,  yo\nu\u2019re  goi\nng \nto need a local presence.\u201d While  th\nere are some such interme"]
[4.368341445922852, 18.120559692382812, "onger terms, and, as an extension \nof the larger WOO initiative that launched in 2000, it benefitted from that initiative\u2019s lon -\ngevity. WOO-  EE g\nrantees noted that the financial support from MacArthur provided their \n org\nan iz\nation stability an"]
[4.37062406539917, 18.129043579101562, "erviews  we\nre voluntary and confidential. Thus, in the \nreport, we do not attribute comments and opinions to specific individuals.\nInterviews of MacArthur Staff\nFrom April to May 2017, we conducted four structured interviews with current MacArthur \n"]
[4.349420547485352, 18.161083221435547, " had received a WOO-  EE g\nrant or loan from MacArthur, their geographic \nlocation, and their industry sector (finance, housing, energy) to allow us to compare opinions across each of \n th\nese dimensions. Fi  na\nlly, we coded interviewees\u2019 characteri"]
[4.371081829071045, 18.12721824645996, " Corporation (CIC)Linda Metropulos, Acting Deputy Director for Sustainability and Housing Development, \nSarah Ralich, Energy and Construction Man\n ag er\n, and Larry Swanson, Executive Direc -\ntor: ACTION Housing\nCliff Majersik: Institute for Market T"]
[4.386886119842529, 18.134737014770508, "er exchange, \ncommunications, convenings\n8 Citizen\u2019s Utility Board $200,000 2012 No E Policy analy\n si\ns, program \nevaluation, and research\n9 CNT Energy $75,000 2012 Yes E Financial innovations and  \nnew financial vehicles\n10 Energy Foundation $125,0"]
[4.410135746002197, 18.083227157592773, " 2011 Expansion of an on-  bill r\nepayment program \nto finance energy-  ef\nficiency improvements \nto multifamily affordable rental housing in \nOregon\nCommons Energy $4,750,000 2014 First PPESCO, subsidiary of VEIC; working capital for Commons Energy\u2019"]
[4.385725498199463, 18.112512588500977, "ne \nto answer any question, or stop the interview at any time.\nWe plan to audio rec  or\nd our conversation, solely for our internal note-  ta\nking purposes. \nThe audio recording  wi\nll only be accessible to proj  ec\nt staff, and we  wi\nll destroy the"]
[4.39097785949707, 18.088485717773438, "ergy efficient?\n Who  faces  th ese challenges?\n Do challenges differ by type of property, age of property, owner type, region, or income b\nracket targeted?\n Are  there regulatory or practical barriers that prevent or hinder subsidy streams from \nbe\n"]
[4.360780239105225, 18.13062858581543, "e housing? Of raising the visibility of specific \nproj ec\nts, activities, and tactics? Can and should MacArthur do more to raise visibil -\nity?\nLessons Learned and Wrap-  Up\n10) [For interviewees familiar with MacArthur\u2019s WOO-  EE initiative] Do you "]
[4.363829135894775, 18.060012817382812, "any of our reports.\nYour participation in this interview is voluntary.\u00a0You may choose not to participate, decline \nto answer any question, or stop the interview at any time.\nWe plan to audio rec  or\nd our conversation, solely for our internal note-  "]
[4.386016368865967, 18.100135803222656, "tal housing?\n16) W\nhat pro g\nress, if any, was made in the 2010s in the United States to address the bar -\nriers and challenges, and leverage the opportunities, for integrating renewable energy sources into multifamily residential buildings and in ma"]
[4.354811668395996, 18.122562408447266, "r organ -\niz\nations and activities? How  we\nre  th\nese other organ  iz\nations influential?\n22) Pr\nior to the start of MacArthur\u2019s initiatives in this area (ca. 2005\u20132010), how well \nunderstood was the potential for renewable energy and energy efficie"]
[4.3498358726501465, 18.136613845825195, "ervation of affordable rental housing over time?\nLessons Learned and Wrap-  Up\n31) Do you think that your activities, or  th ose of other awardees in the WOO program, \nenhanced the preservation of affordable housing, and how?\n What worked, what did n"]
[4.424533367156982, 18.041433334350586, "on Compact\nVEIC Vermont Energy Investment Corporation\nWOO Win do\nw of Opportunity initiative\nWOO-  EE W\nin do\nw of Opportunity: Energy Efficiency (a focus of the WOO initiative \nfrom 2012 to 2015)99References\n109th\u00a0Congress. Energy Policy Act of 2005"]
[4.436941146850586, 17.97610092163086, "ncy Resource Standards (EERS) , \nWashington, D.C.: American Council for an Energy-\n Eff\nicient Economy, 2017. As of July\u00a018, 2018: \nhttps://aceee.org/policy-brief/state-energy-efficiency-resource-standard-activity100    Energy Efficiency as a Tool fo"]
[4.43676233291626, 17.982370376586914, "\n Pe\nrcent-  of\n- In\ncome Standard . \nWashington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and \nResearch, 2008.\nEIA\u2014  See U\n.S. Energy Information Administration\nEldridge, M., B. Prindle, D. York, and S. Na"]
[4.413483619689941, 18.005617141723633, "commendations , Chicago, Ill.: Energy Foundation, 2013. As of July\u00a028, 2018: \nhttp://www.ef.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/BRIM_SingleFamily_20131.pdf\nFannie Mae, Fannie Mae Multifamily Mortgage Business Information , 2018. As of July\u00a028, 2018: \nhttp"]
[4.430477619171143, 17.986865997314453, ", Santa Monica, Calif.: Global Green USA, 2016.\nHassell, S., A. Wong, A. Houser, D. Knopman, and M.\u00a0A. Bern  st\nein, Building Better Homes: Government \nStrategies for Promoting Innovation in Housing , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MR-1658, "]
[4.430004119873047, 17.983922958374023, "ng/\nKrukowski, A., and A.\u00a0C. Burr, Energy Transparency in the Multifamily Housing Sector: Assessing Energy \nBenchmarking and Disclosure Policies . Washington, D.C.: Institute for Market Transformation, 2012. As of \nJuly\u00a028, 2018: http://www.imt.org/u"]
[4.416312217712402, 17.977542877197266, "ly_Buildings.pdf\nNew York City Energy Efficiency Corporation (NYCEEC), \u201cMarcus Garvey Apartments,\u201d n.d. As of July\u00a028, \n2018:  \nhttps://www.nyceec.com/work/marcus-garvey-apartments\nPazuniak, R., V. Reina, and M. Willis, Utility Allowances in Federall"]
[4.426614761352539, 17.96500587463379, "tive , Chicago, Ill.: MacArthur Foundation Housing Program, 2011.\nSchwartz, H.\u00a0L., R.\u00a0W. Bostic, R.\u00a0K. Green, V.\u00a0J. Reina, L.\u00a0M. Davis, and C.\u00a0H. Augustine, Preservation of Affordable Rental Housing , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1444, "]
[4.422109603881836, 17.95648956298828, "gy Efficiency in Multifamily Rental Housing,\u201d Evidence Matters , Summer 2011. \nAs of July 28, 2018:  \nhttps://www.huduser.gov/portal/publications/EM_Newsletter_Summer_2011_FNL.pdf\nU.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Monthly Energy Review , "]
[4.430880069732666, 17.98897361755371, "ram Design Considerations for Policymakers and Administrators, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and State & Local Energy Efficiency Action Network (SEE Action), 2014. As of July\u00a018, 2018: https://www4.eere.energy.gov/seeaction/publication/financ"]
[20.594385147094727, 9.10827922821045, "CORPORATION\nImpact of Proposition 47 \non Los Angeles County Operations and Budget\nSarah B. Hunter, Lois M. Davis, Rosanna Smart, Susan TurnerLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protecte"]
[13.8690824508667, 4.360293865203857, "strict Attorney, Public Defender, Alternate Public Defender, Sheriff, Probation, Health, Mental Health, and Public Health. Interested stakeholders also include other offices or groups that provide supporting services to criminal justice populations i"]
[20.602256774902344, 9.082100868225098, "............................................................................ 4 \t\r \u00a0\nCounty Estimates  .................................................................................................................................. 5 \t\r \u00a0\nLos Angele"]
[20.621912002563477, 9.141423225402832, ".................................................................................................................. 17\t\r \u00a0\nOffice of the Public Defender  ................................................................................................."]
[20.61397933959961, 9.13448715209961, ".............................................................................................................. 44\t\r \u00a0\nIntegrated Data Systems  ..........................................................................................................."]
[20.622920989990234, 9.143383026123047, "..... 19\t\r \u00a03.3.  Adult Misdemeanor Cases Prosecuted by the DA, by Month .............................................. 20\t\r \u00a03.4.  Juvenile DA Cases Prosecuted ........................................................................................."]
[20.61395263671875, 9.132317543029785, "... 47\t\r \u00a03.11. Components of the Integrated Data Systems ....................................................................... 50\t\r \u00a04.1. Estimated Changes Affecting Workload for County Departments Since Proposition 47 ..... 57\t\r \u00a0B.1. Workflow an"]
[20.608354568481445, 9.127497673034668, "operational and fiscal impacts of Proposition 47 and other legislative initiatives. \nMethods \nWe used a mixed-methods approach and data from multiple sources to undertake a new \napproach of how county departments have been affected by Proposition 47,"]
[20.625293731689453, 9.142146110534668, "eting minutes, websites, and other public information regarding state and other county efforts to enhance our understanding about trends in workload and Proposition 47\u2013relevant activities. \nFindings \nSummary of the Impact on County Operations and Wor"]
[20.607131958007812, 9.115290641784668, "ct.\n3 However, LASD experienced \nan increase in arrests for larceny theft offenses following Proposition 47, although the larceny theft arrest rates appear to be at about the same levels as 2010\u20132011 (the years before and after Public Safety Realignm"]
[20.618654251098633, 9.137789726257324, " the effect of Proposition 47 on health services utilization suggest that further examination is merited to understand how these individuals are referred to and use services, as well as these individuals\u2019 outcomes. \nIssues Associated with Reliably Es"]
[20.600017547607422, 9.120061874389648, "trics: The Board of State and Community Corrections will provide all 58 counties\u2019 information from 2011\u20132015 on population data, crimes reported, arrests, and jail populations, but it is up to each county to analyze its own data. In our review, possi"]
[20.624021530151367, 9.144845962524414, "ected by Proposition 47.  \nMeasuring Workload \nAlthough several county departments (e.g., the APD) have developed systems to capture data \non the level of effort associated with different types of cases, it likely is impossible to implement \nsimilar "]
[20.605850219726562, 9.138409614562988, "mples of both types of metrics for each goal: \n\u2022 Goal One: Enhance public order and safety. Output metrics are especially relevant to \nlaw enforcement agencies, such as numbers of arrests by offense type and charge, number of citation and releases \u201ci"]
[20.603713989257812, 9.121039390563965, "justice system of nonserious, nonviolent offenders. A central question the Los Angeles County Auditor-Controller has tried to address is the cost savings to county departments as a result of Proposition 47. However, given current \ninformation systems"]
[20.594707489013672, 9.078536033630371, "riminal justice reforms passed in California over the last five years\u2014e.g., Proposition 36 (2012), Assembly Bill 109 (2011), Assembly Bill 1468 (2014), Proposition 57 (2016)\u2014designed to reduce state prison overcrowding, focus criminal justice expendi"]
[20.613140106201172, 9.12198543548584, "\nIn the remainder of this chapter, we first provide a brief overview of Proposition 47 and \nhighlight some of the considerations in evaluating how the measure has affected state and county \nagencies. Next, as context for this report, we summarize pre"]
[20.613149642944336, 9.128968238830566, "capacity of 10,000 to 30,000 beds, with additional potential savings from a reduction in county \nprobation caseloads (Males and Buchen, 2014; Taylor and Cohen, 2014). One preliminary estimate suggested annual savings between $100 million and $175 mil"]
[20.605939865112305, 9.117718696594238, "ition 47  also limits when theft of property of $950 or less can be charged as a felony. For shoplifting, under \nProposition 47, shoplifting property worth $950 or less is always a misdemeanor and can no longer be charged as \nburglary in the second d"]
[20.625226974487305, 9.138036727905273, "acts. \nState Estimates \nIn January 2016, the California Department of Finance released an estimate for fiscal year \n(FY) 2015\u20132016 state net savings from Proposition 47 of $29.3 million (California Department \nof Finance, 2016). This estimate was bas"]
[20.59966278076172, 9.098104476928711, "47\u2019s total fiscal effect. \nWhile the initial Department of Finance estimate was revised upward to $39.4 million and \nsupplemented by a discretionary one-time investment of $28 million, resulting in a total allocation related to Proposition 47 of $67."]
[20.610397338867188, 9.125999450683594, "s would opt for drug treatment programs if they were not compelled to with the threat of jail time. In addition, Proposition 47\u2013eligible individuals\u2019 mental health and drug treatments needs are unclear. \nFourth, county-level efforts to quantify the i"]
[20.61804962158203, 9.137327194213867, "velopments in metrics and tracking methods (Naimo, 2016b). The status update noted newly developed methods implemented by several county departments (Probation, PD, APD, and DA) to improve tracking of workload and cost changes resulting from Proposit"]
[20.61258888244629, 9.13113021850586, "osition 47 on county operations and workload, discussion of recommendations for measuring the impact of Proposition 47 and other legislative initiatives moving forward, and recommendations for county metrics. \nAppendix A details the statutory changes"]
[20.607803344726562, 9.125900268554688, "nties and research institutions, such as the Public Policy Institute of California [PPIC] report titled \u201cHow Has Proposition 47 Affected California\u2019s Jail Population,\u201d Bird et al., 2016) to enhance our understanding of Proposition 47\u2013relevant activit"]
[20.60457992553711, 9.124495506286621, "ow each entity\u2019s operations had changed as a result of Proposition 47 and the entity\u2019s effort to monitor operational and fiscal impact. We explored issues related to the ability of the departments to measure and track workload related to Proposition "]
[20.61315155029297, 9.13338851928711, "mber 15, 2016. We also participated in the Los Angeles County Criminal Justice Reform Metrics meeting held on November 14, 2016.  \nThe meetings that we attended allowed us to learn more about the status of different activities \nand initiatives relate"]
[20.61385154724121, 9.133953094482422, "e department\u2019s efforts, as presented in \nthe following chapter, were circulated to individuals designated as our key points of contact regarding the operations, budget, and information technology (IT) to check for factual accuracy. Revisions to the d"]
[20.61916732788086, 9.139010429382324, "departments, followed by law enforcement, and \nfinishing with the health service departments. For each department, we provide budget information; we do not analyze budget changes, but focus on workload changes and potential cost implications. We also"]
[20.635936737060547, 9.156451225280762, "ey agency, for misdemeanor consideration; or (3) \ndecline the case for prosecution pending a request for further investigation from law enforcement.\n2 They decide what charge or charges, if any, are appropriate based on the evidence \npresented. Prose"]
[20.619651794433594, 9.138321876525879, "950 limit for property offenses is not the only factor \n                                                \n2 If the case is a straight misdemeanor in a city that has its own city attorney or city prosecutor, law enforcement can \npresent the investigati"]
[20.623628616333008, 9.145244598388672, "ee months after Proposition 47 passed) for both new cases and old cases that require amendment. \nThese changes are reflected in PIMS. The PIMS database system is 25 years old and was developed to produce case statistics and produce charging documents"]
[20.62380599975586, 9.14441967010498, "ion 47 went into effect. Applications currently represent the majority of the Proposition 47 legacy caseload.\n4 Since the \ndeadline was extended to 2022 for legal relief, workload on applications, as well as petitions and preconviction motions which "]
[20.621814727783203, 9.144193649291992, "he process, and are less likely to go to preliminary hearing or jury \ntrial. \nFigure 3.2. Adult Felony C ases Prosecuted by the DA , by Month  \n \nSOURCE : DA, 2016b.  \nNOTES: Vertical red line marks Proposition 47  implementation. T hese numbers refl"]
[20.622568130493164, 9.143494606018066, " processes: outreach, case intake, eligibility review, legal proceedings, related legal proceedings, and data compilation (see Table B.1 in Appendix B).  \n0\t\r \u00a0500\t\r \u00a01,000\t\r \u00a01,500\t\r \u00a02,000\t\r \u00a02,500\t\r \u00a0Number\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0Prosecuted\t\r \u00a0Juvenile\t\r \u00a0Petit"]
[20.626911163330078, 9.148811340332031, "additional legal action was taken following the court hearing. The PD classifies its Proposition 47 caseload into three effort levels, labeled \u201cCategory 1,\u201d  \u201cCategory 2,\u201d and \u201cCategory 3.\u201d As of October 2016, the PD had handled a total of 58,512 cas"]
[20.630691528320312, 9.143973350524902, "47 legacy cases. Finding more cost-effective or efficient ways to conduct outreach could thus help reduce the workload and fiscal impact of Proposition 47 going forward (see Appendix B). \nLimitations \nThe dashboard only reflects the average weighted "]
[20.623010635375977, 9.142791748046875, "ics (including but not limited to \n0\t\r \u00a01000\t\r \u00a02000\t\r \u00a03000\t\r \u00a04000\t\r \u00a05000\t\r \u00a06000\t\r \u00a0New\t\r \u00a0Case\t\r \u00a0Filings\t\r \u00a0\nFelony\t\r \u00a0 Misdemeanor\t\r \u00a0 \n26 mental health issues, homelessness, substance use status, and jail status); (2) case characteristics, \ni"]
[20.617887496948242, 9.136800765991211, " what kind of work is being generated for each case type.  \nLegacy Case Petitions and Applications \nBased on the eWorkflow management system, APD estimates for FY 2014\u20132015 that its \ndirect costs for Proposition 47 requests for service were $451,838."]
[20.613786697387695, 9.136459350585938, "\n  \n0\t\r \u00a0100\t\r \u00a0200\t\r \u00a0300\t\r \u00a0400\t\r \u00a0500\t\r \u00a0600\t\r \u00a0700\t\r \u00a0Number\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0APD\t\r \u00a0Case\t\r \u00a0Filings\t\r \u00a0\nFelony\t\r \u00a0 Misdemeanor\t\r \u00a0 \n29 Table 3.4. APD\u2019s Estimate of Average Cost per Case, by Case Type and Fiscal Year \n FY 2013\u2013 2014 \n(Pre\u2013Proposition 47)"]
[20.609119415283203, 9.127249717712402, "ns is further complicated by limitations of the department\u2019s existing data systems. \nDuring our discussions with LASD staff and our review of materials, it was clear that LASD data systems do not allow calculations of changes in the level of staffing"]
[20.609188079833984, 9.124016761779785, "ounty before and after Proposition 47, \nbut we want to note here that designation of a case as Proposition 47 by LASD is done at a very early stage in the justice process. Designation is not updated based on plea bargaining or \n                      "]
[20.60992431640625, 9.124074935913086, " for Los Angeles County, 2008 \u20132015\nSOURCE : LASD , 2016b .  \nNOTE: Statistics broken down by Part I offense category are provided in Appendix C. \nNational crime trends suggest that Los Angeles County experienced an above-average \nincrease in Part I "]
[20.60152244567871, 9.11737060546875, "sition 47 led to changes in charging behavior; for instance, the decrease in arrests for possession of a controlled substance (HS 11350) may have been displaced by an increase in arrests for possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell (H"]
[20.610727310180664, 9.127392768859863, "cate the average amount of time or staffing resources needed to quantify costs associated with increased calls for service. LASD noted that there is substantial variability in the resource needs for handling a call for service, depending on the speci"]
[20.608339309692383, 9.126496315002441, "ncapacitation effect prior to Proposition 47.  \n70,000\t\r \u00a075,000\t\r \u00a080,000\t\r \u00a085,000\t\r \u00a090,000\t\r \u00a095,000\t\r \u00a0100,000\t\r \u00a0105,000\t\r \u00a0110,000\t\r \u00a0\nJan-\u00ad\u201013\t\r \u00a0\nMar-\u00ad\u201013\t\r \u00a0\nMay-\u00ad\u201013\t\r \u00a0\nJul-\u00ad\u201013\t\r \u00a0\nSep-\u00ad\u201013\t\r \u00a0\nNov-\u00ad\u201013\t\r \u00a0\nJan-\u00ad\u201014\t\r \u00a0\nMar-\u00ad\u201014\t\r \u00a0\nMay-"]
[20.618562698364258, 9.140628814697266, "fferencing ADIP one year pre- post Proposition 47 that the Auditor -Controller initially calculated hard \ncost savings for LASD of $13.7 million in FY 2015 \u20132016.  37 Figure 3.11. Trends in Custody Population and Functional Beds , Jan uary 2010 \u2013Octo"]
[20.6070499420166, 9.129420280456543, "the second quarter of 2016, with a corresponding increase in the share of inmates requiring medium or high security (levels 5\u20137 and 8\u20139, respectively) (LASD, 2015a, 2015b). Again, since statistics prior to Proposition 47 are not available, it is not "]
[20.60948371887207, 9.126846313476562, "d to be pulled from past reports.   \n39 Proposition 47, these percentages increased to 90 percent in early 2015 but have since dropped \nsteadily. In July 2016, male and female release criteria were 30 percent. The implementation of mandatory split se"]
[20.59164047241211, 9.107467651367188, "rt dedicated to Proposition 47 cases. \nCost Analysis \nAs with other departments, based on the data available, we feel it is impossible to calculate \npotential savings or cost increases in LASD operations as a result of Proposition 47. The  \n40 Audito"]
[20.606943130493164, 9.126911163330078, "population of 5,107 (Table 3.5). Specifically, of the initial probationer population (as of November 4, 2014), 30 percent (or 15,329 individuals) were identified by Probation as potentially being eligible for legal relief under Proposition 47. As of "]
[20.61797523498535, 9.137306213378906, "ints in time: September 2014 (before Proposition 47 was implemented), \nOctober 2015 (one year following the passage of Proposition 47), and July 2016 (2.5 years following the passage of Proposition 47). Probation uses somewhat different categories of"]
[20.60403060913086, 9.119954109191895, "igible Proposition 47 probationers; to assist with outreach efforts by posting Proposition 47 signage in probation supervision offices; to train deputy probation officers to provide supervised individuals with general information; and to refer indivi"]
[20.604724884033203, 9.129185676574707, "passing of Proposition 47 because of their criminal justice status are no longer receiving those services. However, they represent a very small subset of the potential population affected by Proposition 47 that may be receiving DMH services, given th"]
[20.600622177124023, 9.133614540100098, "et al., 2001; Hubbard et al., 1989; Simpson et al., 1997).\n \nTable 3. 8. DPH Proposition 47  Cases, November 4, 2014 , to September 30, 2016 \nProposition 47 cases  318 \nRemained in treatment after Proposition 47  154 \nDischarge d after remaining in t"]
[20.528230667114258, 9.118425369262695, "(6.4%)  127 days  55 days  \nDischarges  5,978  \nFY 2013 \u20132014 Admissions  8,327  3,109 \n(51.5%)  2,433 \n(40.3%)  491 \n(8.1%)  121 days  57 days  \nDischarges  6,033  \nFY 2014 \u20132015 Admissions  7,611  2,418 \n(47.6%)  2,219 \n(43.7%)  443 \n(8.7%)  112 da"]
[20.54540252685547, 9.10286808013916, "ere is some controversy \nregarding court-mandated treatment due to its potential coercive nature, research suggests that court-mandated substance-use treatment may be just as effective as treatment that is not court-mandated. For example, several stu"]
[15.867494583129883, 10.380032539367676, "mation (e.g., disability and insurance status). Once data are matched across departments, a unique identifier can be assigned (identifiable information can be removed before analysis). \nSet up in 2007, the ELP can track individuals longitudinally, al"]
[13.95849323272705, 3.192638397216797, "ore inclusive than the ELP; it will include information from the courts, prosecution, and defense as well as from law enforcement and probation departments in Los Angeles County. JAIMS includes information from the Proactive Information Exchange syst"]
[20.572023391723633, 9.114985466003418, "anagement system using the same software product as CWMDM with future plans to link its master data management to CWMDM. JAIMS will deploy the ISAB master data management with links to CWMDM once ISAB master data management is fully operational; ther"]
[20.60591697692871, 9.12790584564209, "is eligible, anyone with a felony arrest or conviction prior to November 2014 was included, which likely means that the database overestimates the number of individuals who are qualified for relief. For example, prior criminal history that would prec"]
[20.567197799682617, 9.093457221984863, "ilized to provide data analytics to support agency workload analysis, service integration, and program evaluation. Integration between JAIMS and CWMDM would allow for measurement of service utilization. The data analytics and statistics are still in "]
[20.590261459350586, 9.097521781921387, "t had identified 196 Post-Release \nCommunity Supervision offenders and 827 mandatory supervision offenders released from supervision as a result of Proposition 47 (Riverside County Community Corrections Partnership Executive Committee, 2016). The Riv"]
[20.616975784301758, 9.138347625732422, "ely following Proposition 47, but perceived changes in prosecution charging (e.g., increased filing of felony drug sales cases under HS 11366). Of the 40 courts reporting complete data in the first six months of 2015, misdemeanor filings increased by"]
[20.6058349609375, 9.1244478225708, "1 (the years before and after Public Safety Realignment was enacted). Calls for \nservice increased about 5 percent from the year prior to Proposition 47, although there \ndoes not appear to be a trend break at the time of Proposition 47. LASD also has"]
[20.63083839416504, 9.145341873168945, "e county \ndepartments lacked the infrastructure to readily monitor workload changes and then translate \nthose changes to fiscal impacts. Although caseload information is available, translating caseloads to workload was reported to be relatively diffi"]
[20.606962203979492, 9.12424087524414, "tion 47 \nfor county departments. To do so, we provided assessments of changes in workload resulting from Proposition 47 for the individual departments, as well as estimates of costs obtained from several different departments, such as the PD and APD."]
[20.585163116455078, 9.103096008300781, "eles County\u2019s efforts: arrests (including by offense type); changes in jail bookings and populations; probation caseload changes; increases in cases handled by the DA, PD, and APD; and changes in drug court participants. At the same time, there is ex"]
[20.624595642089844, 9.142779350280762, "to draw a sample of cases and ultimately individuals to follow over time.\n1 With respect to identifying a cohort of new Proposition 47 \ncases, ISAB agencies have developed a Proposition 47 data strategy and logic model, as discussed in Chapter Three."]
[20.70045280456543, 9.192937850952148, " the agency (e.g., training sessions, community outreach, administrative responsibilities). This approach addresses many of the limitations of other assessment methods that were based on aggregate case counts or weighted caseloads (Gramckow, 2012). W"]
[20.622135162353516, 9.150315284729004, "ed by a program, policy change, or activity, as opposed to the consequences of \nthat workload. County departments are able to directly influence outputs, and they can represent measures of what is most directly salient for county agencies. Outcome me"]
[20.616809844970703, 9.140204429626465, "ber or percentage of individuals with identified need or \nrisk profile referred to appropriate services, by service type or program provider; and \nnumber or percentage of inmates released from custody with supervision or service \nreferral. Possible o"]
[20.63987922668457, 9.16946029663086, "r drug-related crimes\u2014including sales, \npossession for sales, transportation, and possession of narcotics while armed with a \nfirearm\u2014remain unchanged. \n\u2022 Forgery crimes: Proposition 47 amended PC 473, adding a new subdivision (b) that makes the offe"]
[7.687721252441406, 4.545830726623535, "sued to another person, without consent, with the intent to \ndefraud. \nA nonexhaustive list of superseding priors is provided below. \n\u2022 PC 37: treason \n\u2022 PC 128: perjury causing the execution of an innocent person \n\u2022 PC 182: conspiracy to commit a cr"]
[7.694103717803955, 4.548907279968262, "n \n\u2022 PC 311.1 (F/M): sending, bringing, or possessing obscene material depicting a person under age 18, with the intent to distribute or exhibit \n\u2022 PC 311.2(b): sending, bringing, or possessing obscene material depicting a person under age 18, with t"]
[20.705669403076172, 9.227080345153809, "d Party  \nCat 1 \nCases ** Cat 2 \nCases** Cat 3 \nCases** Assumed Item  DPD III  Paralegal  ITC ITC ITC Ware -\nhouse \nWorker II  IT \nTechnical \nSupport \nAnalyst I  IT Super -\nvisor  N/A \n14,934  37,241  5,218  Monthly Budgeted Salary FY 2016\u2013\n2017 $12,"]
[20.626176834106445, 9.147109031677246, "gal services that \noriginate with Proposition 47 intake.*Category 3 Proposition 47  Case \nTime CalculationAverage time to complete \nexpungement .\n**Case totals as of September 5, 2016. \n  Filing only done on Proposition 47 \u2013eligible cases . \n \nPropos"]
[20.63802146911621, 9.152347564697266, "  5 minutes 2\u20135 \nminutes       \n\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0  5.4   Court filing          X \n\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0  5.5   Court proceeding  5\u201320 \nminutes         \n\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a06 \n    Process 6 : \nProposition  47 data \ncompilation          \n"]
[20.5771484375, 9.11214542388916, " \n11 Category 2 Proposition 47  Case Time Calculation: High end of determined range.  \n12 Category 3 Proposition 47  Case Time Calculation: Average time to complete an \nexpungement.  \n13 Monthly will be updated on the first Monday of the following mo"]
[20.619970321655273, 9.13895034790039, "OTES: Leftmost vertical red line represents timing of Assembly Bill  109, and rightmost vertical red line represents \ntiming of Proposition 47 . Seasonal adjustment calculated by the authors, with details on methodology provided below.  \n0\t\r \u00a020\t\r \u00a04"]
[23.00128746032715, 9.90322208404541, "and assess changes in workload and resource needs following policy changes moving forward. \nStep One: Identifying the Scope of the Study \nAt the outset of the study, stakeholders need to determine the scope of the study that is \nfeasible given time a"]
[23.06226348876953, 9.904427528381348, "on steps performed and not solely on statutory requirements. It should also be recognized that, even when different professions participate in the same processing step, they may have different time requirements. \nThe key pieces of information needed "]
[23.12733268737793, 9.924210548400879, "t in which the study will take place. Below, we outline the relevant potential data collection methods. \nSelf-Reported Time Logs \nSelf-reported time log methods require county department staff to keep a daily record of the \ntime spent on various task"]
[23.01319122314453, 9.892233848571777, "rt can be estimated for each case type by \nsumming the time spent by each agency (and within each agency, each profession) in each major processing step. The total time spent is then divided by the total number of cases recorded at \neach processing s"]
[20.570363998413086, 9.085508346557617, "ons/Crime_Data_Dec2015.pdf \nBuchen, Lizzie, and Michael Males, \u201cProposition 47: Estimating Potential County-Level Savings \nand Jail Population Reductions,\u201d Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, October 2014. As of December 19, 2016:  http://www.cj"]
[20.529949188232422, 9.039634704589844, "ry 3, 2017: \nhttp://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/probation/CCPdocs/CCP_Meeting_Presentation_02-16-15.pdf \nCounty of San Diego, Public Safety Group, Adopted Operational Plan Fiscal Years 2015\u201316 \nand 2016\u201317, San Diego, Calif.: County of San"]
[20.529977798461914, 9.076493263244629, "erced \nTreatment for Drug-Abusing Offenders,\u201d Federal Probation, Vol. 62, 1998, pp. 3\u201310.  \nFederal Bureau of Investigation, \u201cCrime in the United States, 2015,\u201d undated. As of March 8, \n2017: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s"]
[20.559993743896484, 9.071141242980957, "d Study \nReport, Madison, Wisc.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2006.  \nJudicial Council of California, \u201cEarly Impacts of Proposition 47 on the Courts ,\u201d Operations and \nPrograms Division, Criminal Justice Services, March 2016. As of Dece"]
[20.579164505004883, 9.090948104858398, ". \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, ISAB\u2019s Proposition 47 Data Analytics Strategy, provided to RAND on December 7, \n2016c. \nLos Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department, \u201cAbout the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s \nDepartment,\u201d web page, 2010. As of February 22, 2017: \nhttp://www.la-she"]
[20.55971908569336, 9.069576263427734, "015),\u201d County of Los Angeles Department of Auditor-Controller, April 5, 2016a. As of December 21, 2016: http://file.lacounty.gov/bc/q2_2016/cms1_242181.pdf  \n89 \u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cProposition 47: Status of Tracking Methods and Metrics (Board Agenda April 12, \n201"]
[20.542875289916992, 9.062129020690918, " Street-Level Officers,\u201d Criminal Justice Review, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2001,  pp. 17\u201337.  \nSmith, Brad W., Kenneth J. Novak, James Frank, and Christopher Lowenkamp, \u201cExplaining \nPolice Officer Discretionary Activity,\u201d Criminal Justice Review, Vol. 30, No."]
[15.775426864624023, 10.250744819641113, "hington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2012.  \nWu, Fei, and Max Stevens, \u201cThe Services Homeless Single Adults Use and Their Associated \nCosts: An Examination of Utilization Patterns and Expenditures "]
[7.34368371963501, -4.0650105476379395, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nForensic Familial and \nModerate Stringency  DNA Searches\nPolicies and Practices in the United States, \nEngland, and Wales\nTepring Piquado, Carl F. Matthies, Lucy Strang, James M. Anderson\nPrepared for the National Insti"]
[13.900894165039062, 4.28641414642334, "s research was conducte d in the Justice Policy Program within RAND \nSocial and Economic Well-Being. The program fo cuses on such topics as access to justice, \npolicing, corrections, drug policy, and court system reform, as well as other policy conce"]
[7.333108425140381, -4.053225040435791, "......................................................................... ....... 6\t\nQualitative U.S. State Laboratory Interviews .................................................................................. ..... 7\t\nQualitative England and Wale"]
[7.343488693237305, -4.064456939697266, "....................................................................................................... ........................ 27 \t\nModerate Stringency Matches ........................................................................................"]
[7.338150978088379, -4.056695461273193, "... 45 \t\nFuture Research ............................................................................................................... ....................... 46 \t\nCost Estimates ....................................................................."]
[7.3451361656188965, -4.066208839416504, "s for Local and State DNA Database Matches Among \nResponding LDIS Laboratories, 2010 and 2018 (Prorated) ................................................. 26 \t\nTable 3.3. Familial Database Search  (FDS) of the California and Texas Arrestee Databases "]
[7.337631702423096, -4.060396671295166, "ith familial \nDNA testing policies to develop a more in-depth understanding of the effect of familial and \nmoderate stringency DNA testing. One case study ex amined a state where familiar searching and \nmoderate stringency match reporting is explic i"]
[7.339640140533447, -4.0577802658081055, " Federal Bureau of Investigation, \u201cFrequently Asked Questions on CODIS and NDIS, Questions 25 and 28,\u201d \nundated.  x Of responding LDIS laboratories, 42 percent ar e using probabilistic genotyping software to \ninterpret DNA profiles derived from crime"]
[7.341681480407715, -4.060904026031494, "ty estimate thresholds \nif specific loci are searched at moderate stri ngency. SDIS laboratories were focused on hiring \nadditional personnel because curren t staff struggle to keep pace with DNA testing and database \nmanagement responsibilities. \n  "]
[7.348690032958984, -4.068599700927734, "source forensic profile that has already been uploaded \nto NDIS without producing any exact matches through rou tine searches.  \n                                                 \n3 Federal Bureau of Investigation, \u201cCODIS-NDIS Statistics,\u201d September 2"]
[7.346791744232178, -4.068699836730957, "tremel y partial profile would be disregarded unless it \nrelated to a serious offense such as murder or  sexual assault, for which every DNA result is \nscrutinized for its value and potential  contribution to th e investigation. \nConclusion and Impli"]
[7.345820426940918, -4.066939353942871, " e fficacy, we know little about familial searching or \nmoderate stringency search  policies or practices.  \nA number of regulatory and res ource constraints may limit its application and/or adversely \nimpact other avenues of investigation. Where pol"]
[7.347634792327881, -4.067690849304199, "ble offense and all \nconvicted offenders.2  \nFollowing practices originally used in Engla nd, U.S. forensic DNA databases have steadily \nincreased in size and scope through revision of stat e statutes to expand the class of individuals \nfor whom a DN"]
[7.34569787979126, -4.0657148361206055, "tations, \nY-STR profiles are the same for all male first- degree relatives of the same paternal lineage \n(i.e., a father and his sons will all have the same Y-STR profiles, as will their sons). Y-STR \nprofiles are the preferred method of confirming k"]
[7.353165626525879, -4.07449197769165, " close matches . 4 one allele at each locus. Some state policies also stipul ate that these partial matches suggestive of \nkinship must be discovered by happenstance, or routine moderate stringency searches, rather \nthan through a deliberate familial"]
[7.361091613769531, -4.082553863525391, "ing Post-Conviction \nLitigants\u2019 Access to DNA Database Searches to Prove Innocence,\u201d Boston College Law Review , Vol. 60, No. 2, \n2019, p. 709\u2013751. \n9 Daniel Schorn, \u201cA Not So Perfect Match: How Near DNA Match Can Incriminate Relatives of Criminals,\u201d"]
[7.315424919128418, -4.036823749542236, " of this report, we provide an overview of forensic  DNA laws, regulations, policies, \nand practices that govern the use of fam ilial DNA or moderate stringency searches.  \nSDIS and LDIS Laboratory Survey \nWe invited all SDIS and LDIS administrators "]
[7.330783843994141, -4.0626959800720215, "d the \nimplications of this policy option.  \nThe topics discussed during the interviews were \n\uf0b7 processes on the use of familial moderate stringency searches and the resulting partial \nmatches \n\uf0b7 stakeholders involved in authorizing, conducting, and "]
[7.297159671783447, -4.01721715927124, "ve tool. Familial searches \nwere first used in England in 2002 and led police to the perpetrator of th ree cold-case homicides \nthrough the DNA of his son, who committed auto theft and whose DNA was already in the database.\n1 \nModerate stringency sea"]
[7.335773468017578, -4.05710506439209, " as models, the director of the Texas \nDepartment of Public Safety asked the SDIS administrators to devise a procedure for familial \nsearch in response to a series of unsolved sexual assaults of elderly women. With the assistance \nof attorneys from t"]
[7.35306978225708, -4.071893692016602, "019. \n9 Utilizing DNA Technology to Solve Cold Cases Act of 2011, H.R. 3361, 112th Congress (2011). \n10 Federal Bureau of Investigation, \u201cLabor atory Services: Famili al Searching,\u201d 2011.   11 several states have explicitly prohibited its us e. The c"]
[7.353107452392578, -4.066363334655762, " U.S. Department of Justice, NCJ 230183, 2010.  \n13 Nelson, 2010. \n14 The White House, Office of the Pre ss Secretary, \u201cFact Sheet: Investments to Reduce the Rape Kit Backlog and \nCombat Violence Against Women,\u201d press release, March 16, 2015.  \n15 J."]
[7.362932205200195, -4.083003997802734, "y exogenous timing of state da tabase expansions, she finds \nthat the combined deterrent and probative effects of adding fel ony convicts decreased violent and \nvolume property crime rates. A 12-percent increase in database size (i.e., the approximat"]
[7.358263969421387, -4.078353404998779, "                                       \n21 Stephen P. Myers et al., \u201cSearching for First-Degree  Familial Relationships in California\u2019s Offender DNA \nDatabase: Validation of a Like lihood Ratio-Based Approach,\u201d Forensic Science International: Genetic"]
[7.354263782501221, -4.074700832366943, "ch is believed to be the first conviction using familial search techniques \nin Australia.31 \nGranja and Machado review the use of familial searching in the United Kingdom and \nPoland.32 They argue that the use of familial searching depends in part on"]
[7.337733268737793, -4.056794166564941, "      \n34 Aaron Opoku Amankwaa and Carole McCartney, \u201c The Effectiveness of the U .K. National DNA Database,\u201d \nForensic Science International: Synergy, Vol. 1, 2019, pp. 45\u2013 55.  \n16 assault kits, \u201ctouch DNA\u201d). None of the SDIS laboratories report ed"]
[7.339330673217773, -4.058122158050537, "ate matches 909 956 \u201322% \nModerate and partial SDIS/NDIS \nmatches confirmed 330 140 \u201369% \nTotal matches 1,753 2,371   35%b \na The third column is a percent change in a percentage, derived by taking, for example, exact matches 2010/total \nmatches 2010"]
[7.341511249542236, -4.054051399230957, "ns.36  \nFigure 3.5 shows 25 of 26 LDIS laboratories that responded to  the survey currently use \nCODIS 20 STRs. Eighteen of the responding LDIS laboratories conduct Y-STR testing as well, \nwith another four relying on cont ract laboratories for th e "]
[7.344706058502197, -4.056849479675293, "laboratories reported that they \nshared some suspect profiles with SDIS in accordance with the law.  \nAs a means of ensuring that our understanding of CODIS terminology was consistent with \nLDIS laboratories, our survey asked LDIS labor atories wheth"]
[7.337337017059326, -4.0570197105407715, " trace DNA samples in property crimes had \nincreased the fraction of forensic partials and forensic mixtures in LDIS and SDIS databases. \nLDIS laboratories were asked to report the number of forensic partials, forensic mixtures, and forensic profiles"]
[7.354735374450684, -4.044353485107422, "of LDIS Laboratories Using Fortuitous Partial Matches or \nFamilial Searches to Aid Investigations \n \nLDIS laboratories that use fortuitous partia l matches were asked whether they conducted \nY-STR or mtDNA testing to confir m the likelihood of kinshi"]
[7.335183143615723, -4.053191184997559, "s portion of the surv ey. Seven of eight res ponding LDIS laboratories \nreplied that it was either \u201ctoo time-consuming\u201d  or \u201crequired data they do not collect.\u201d One \nresponding LDIS laboratory commented on the defi nition of \u201cconfirmed,\u201d stating that"]
[7.3398823738098145, -4.0572733879089355, " in the \ncase of California), some portion of which are not exact matches. Thus, these SDIS laboratory \nadministrators have dealt exte nsively with moderate stringency matches. Both Texas and \nCalifornia were early adopters of familial searching as w"]
[7.341088771820068, -4.060775279998779, "s from the investigating and prosecuti ng agencies. The request forms describe the \nconditions under which the familial search will be conducted and require applicants\u2019 signatures \nto attest that they unders tand and agree to the terms.43 \nThe famili"]
[7.31476354598999, -4.033168315887451, "S administrator, the laboratory information management \nspecialist, the DNA technical lea d, and three other SDIS laboratory personnel. In California, \nthere are seven people on the FDS committee, including the state CODIS administrator, DNA \ntechnic"]
[7.300985813140869, -4.014598846435547, "tative from the office of the district attorney. The offender name is revealed at the conclusion of an informational session, afte r making sure investigators and prosecutors \nunderstand the significance of the prospective FD S match and the proper w"]
[7.353405475616455, -4.073537826538086, "o cover it, and Interviewee 1 noted th at it was only after the technique had been \nemployed on a number of occasions that discus sions around legislation emerged. The Protection \nof Freedom Act 2012 sets out the legal framework re lating to the coll"]
[7.352448463439941, -4.083103179931641, "dited and have authorization to take genetic material and \ngenerate a profile that is loaded and stored in the National DNA Database.  \nWhen a law enforcement agency wishes to c onduct a familial DNA search with a crime-stain \nprofile that is suitabl"]
[7.352632522583008, -4.074201583862305, "onsiderations. For exampl e, if you have an offender in his 30s [with a \nprofile in the National DNA Database], and th e offense happened 15 years ago, what are the \nchances that a child of that offender would be  20 or 25 now? Those sorts of calcula"]
[7.351185321807861, -4.072859764099121, "he lowest one we\u2019ve found is 1,100th on the list.\u201d In some cases, if the \nDNA profile has distinction\u2014for example, some unusual components\u2014a relevant hit may move \ncloser to the top of the list. Adding age and ge ographical parameters was also report"]
[7.353386402130127, -4.075441360473633, " is a probabilistic thing.\u201d Furthermore,  the interviewee stated that the efficacy of a \nfamilial inquiry will be significantly lower when  looking at sibling relationships rather than \nparent-child relationships, noting the similarity in the DNA of "]
[7.324002265930176, -4.045802116394043, ". Several interviewees hi ghlighted the relative \nexpense of running a familial inquiry (Interviewees  1 and 6). In terms of contributing costs, \nInterviewee 1 noted that cold cas es may be investigated by retired detectives who have been \nhired as c"]
[7.350241661071777, -4.071494102478027, "rom a \npolicing perspective, then, the argument could be made that conducting an investigation with the \nuse of a familial DNA search is an extensi on of normal police operations. However, the \ninterviewee raised two matters of concern. First, for th"]
[7.3582634925842285, -4.0789690017700195, "e are a number of estimates available on the \nproportion of young Black men from urban areas in  the National DNA database, which suggests \nthat they constitute between one-quarter and one-third of profiles in the database. The 38 interviewee also de"]
[7.347902774810791, -4.067743301391602, "hnology has advanced and become more \nsensitive, increasingly mixed and partial samples are being gathered and used in investigations. \nInitially, these searches were predominantly us ed in sexual offense cases, but they are now \nincreasingly common "]
[7.352921009063721, -4.073406219482422, "butor.  \nIn this area, Interviewee 2 described the National DNA Database St rategy Board as taking \nthe lead role in minimizing ri sk associated with using mixe d samples by establishing strong \nelimination procedures. The inte rviewee noted that th "]
[7.343595504760742, -4.06552791595459, ", criminal justice policymakers are hampered from adopting evidence-based familial \nDNA practices by our lack of knowledge about the us e and effect of this evidence. Our project\u2019s \nrelated studies sought to incr ease that knowledge base.  \nOur findi"]
[7.323861598968506, -4.044562816619873, "sins), and even sixth-de gree relatives (second cousins, \nonce removed).3 The genetic genealogy databases can also provide matches with more distant \ncousins.4 These trends raise issues of privacy, bias, and efficacy.5 Additionally, while familial \ns"]
[7.4120402336120605, -4.132358551025391, "h at exist within the crim inal justice systems will \nresult in racially biased genetic population surveillance. In California, for example, Black people \naccount for about 20 percent of felony arrestees,  but only 6 percent of  the state\u2019s populatio"]
[7.35670804977417, -4.076922416687012, "d Marper v. the United Kingdom (European Court of Human Rights, 2008). \n15 National DNA Database Strategy Board Annual Report 2012\u201313 , Gov.UK, Home Office, 2013.  44 may also be the case that the exoneration of  Black and Latinx people could be poss"]
[7.356330871582031, -4.077256202697754, "ther than identifying a few \nsuspects based on an investigation of a crime, it can subject large numbers of people to \n                                                \n \n16 Schorn, April 1, 2007.  \n17 Carpenter v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2206 (2018"]
[7.357740879058838, -4.078457832336426, "Matches, 2009.\n21 Ram, 2011.\n22 L. Gusmao et al., \u201cDNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG): An Update of the\nRecommendations on the Use of Y-STRs in Forensic Analysis,\u201d International Journal of Legal Medicine , Vol. 12"]
[7.3409037590026855, -4.062514781951904, "\nother investigative leads have been exhausted,\u201d  convenes a committee to review familial search \nrequests and results,27 and uses supplemental test ing of Y-chromosome DNA.28 Depending on \n                                                 \n25James Ra"]
[7.345314025878906, -4.065855503082275, "orcement the inexact nature  of the investigative lead in searches that \nyielded candidates and counseled caution. Thus , concerns about pr ivacy and government \noverreach implied by the policies seem genuine.  \nAdditionally, given the p ace of techn"]
[7.342838764190674, -4.0643768310546875, "rate stringency searching \nand reporting of partial match results. Additionally, it is our recommendation for the future \nimprovement of policies that this informati on should be made publicly available online. \nOverall, this report sought to  provid"]
[7.414862632751465, -4.132264614105225, ", p. 36. As of June 12, 2019: \nhttps://cbssacramento.files. wordpress.com/2018/07/crime- in-california-2017c2a0.pdf \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCrime in California 2017,\u201d Table 37, Di spositions of Adult Felony Arrests, \n1982\u20132017, p. 49. As of June 12, 2019: https://cbs"]
[7.359817981719971, -4.078447341918945, "m Sleeper\u2019 Is \nWinning over Skeptics,\u201d Los Angeles Times , October 25, 2016. \nGierlack, Keith, Shara Williams, Tom LaTourette , James M. Anderson, Lauren A. Mayer, and \nJohanna Zmud, License Plate Readers for Law Enforcement: Opportunities and \nObsta"]
[7.358152866363525, -4.079100608825684, " of Arrestee DNA Expungement,\u201d University of Pennsylvania Law \nReview Online, Vol. 164, No. 51, 2015, pp. 51\u201360. \nKennett, Debbie, \u201cUsing Genetic Genealogy Databa ses in Missing Persons Cases and to Develop \nSuspect Leads in Violent Crimes,\u201d Forensic"]
[7.3943281173706055, -4.113832473754883, "loads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252885/NDNAD_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf \nNational Police Chiefs\u2019 C ouncil and Home Office, National DNA Database Annual Report, 2017 \nto 2018, London: Home Office, 2019. As of June 11, 2019: https://assets.pub"]
[7.353306770324707, -4.065715789794922, "res, CODIS Master Document \nList, DRN: CO-MDL,\u201d 2012. As of June 11, 2019: https://txdpslabs.qualtraxcloud.com/ShowDocument.aspx?ID=43050 \nThomas, Laura, \u201cNothing to Hide, Something to Fear: The Use of Partial DNA Matching in \nCriminal Investigations"]
[20.65550994873047, 0.0786440372467041, "CORPORATION\nThe Energy Implications \nof Drones for Package Delivery\nA Geographic Information System Comparison\nTimothy R. GuldenLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. Thi"]
[20.65964126586914, 0.07687332481145859, "following areas: energy consumption, infrastructure requirements, aerial congestion, privacy, and noise. The other forthcoming RAND publications include the following: \n\u2022 \u00a0What\u2019s the Buzz on Delivery Drones? (Welser and Xu, 2016)  \n\u2022 \u00a0What\u2019s the Buzz"]
[20.63522720336914, 0.08986779302358627, " that division. Collectively, their contributions reflect pooled grants from a range of sources, including corporations, trade and professional associations, individuals, government agencies, and private foundations.    \u00a0\n v Contents  \u00a0\nPreface ....."]
[20.640615463256836, 0.08226373791694641, "as from the Geo-Registered Map ........................................... 4\t\r \u00a0Figure 2.3. Delivery Areas Overlaid with 2010 U.S. Census Block-Level Data ........................... 5\t\r \u00a0Figure 2.4. Synthetic Delivery Districts Derived from Block-Le"]
[20.63956642150879, 0.08409617841243744, "bined the estimated energy used by trucks and drones to produce an estimate of total energy consumption under the drone scenario.  \nWe found that the 20-percent drone scenario would require 13 fewer truck routes, 468 fewer \ntruck miles, and 46.8 fewe"]
[20.64045524597168, 0.08152513206005096, "focus on larger items and difficult delivery situations. Drones and trucks are quite different with respect to their weight, energy needs, and optimal routing strategies. This raises the question of how such a shift might be expected to change the ov"]
[20.636274337768555, 0.08534647524356842, "ning 20-percent more people) and repeated the mileage and diesel consumption estimate for these areas. Finally, we compared the energy content of the diesel saved with  the electricity used by the drones to find the energy consumption of the two deli"]
[20.638032913208008, 0.08392563462257385, "day. We therefore assume that district boundaries are drawn primarily based on the population that they contain. This assumption is used in subsequent steps to define a set of hypothetical delivery areas covering the metropolitan region. \nFigure \u00a02.3"]
[20.640748977661133, 0.08174014091491699, "s might require deviations from the great circle distance (GCD) shortest path. For the sake of simplicity, we will use GCDs, assuming that such deviations would not be required for most flight paths. \nFigure \u00a02.6. \u00a0Estimating \u00a0Drone \u00a0Stops \u00a0as \u00a0a \u00a0Ra"]
[20.635568618774414, 0.08651749044656754, "\u00a0miles  \u00a0\nTruck \u00a0 fuel \u00a0use \u00a0(10 \u00a0 MPG ) \u00a0 459.6 \u00a0 gallons \u00a0 412.8 \u00a0 gallons \u00a0 46.8 \u00a0 fewer \u00a0gallons  \u00a0\nDrone \u00a0 stops \u00a0 0 \u00a0stops  \u00a0 1,550 \u00a0stops  \u00a0 1,550 \u00a0more \u00a0drone \u00a0stops \u00a0\nDrone \u00a0 miles \u00a0 0 \u00a0miles  \u00a0 9,406 \u00a0miles  \u00a0 9,406 \u00a0more \u00a0drone \u00a0miles  \u00a0\nD"]
[20.646636962890625, 0.08011288940906525, "nt of \ndelivery stops could be serviced by drones instead of trucks. We conducted the analysis by \nconstructing a simple simulation model using real data for an actual city: Minneapolis, Minnesota. While the numbers and calculations in this prelimina"]
[20.669044494628906, 0.06905192881822586, "\u201d data set, 2010. As of September 17, \n2017: https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/maps/block/2010/ \nWelser, William, IV, and Jia Xu, What\u2019s the Buzz on Delivery Drones? Santa Monica, Calif.: \nRAND Corporation, PE-230-RC, 2016. As of September 12, 201"]
[7.167145252227783, -0.9232864379882812, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nWhat America\u2019s Users \nSpend on Illegal Drugs, 2006\u20132016\nAppendixes\nGregory Midgette, Steven Davenport,  \nJonathan P. Caulkins, Beau Kilmer\nPrepared for the Office of National Drug Control PolicyLimited Print and Electro"]
[7.190525531768799, -0.9031000137329102, "g the number of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine users, and Appendix D presents survey-based data about the size of marijuana purchases. Appendix E extends the consumption estimates based on the limited set of drug use indicators available for 20"]
[7.220806121826172, -0.8759864568710327, "........ 3 Figure A.6. Heroin Consumption Estimates ................................................................................... 4 Figure A.7. Marijuana Users by Use Category ...................................................................."]
[7.226683139801025, -0.8705914616584778, "....................................... 33 Table E.4. Methamphetamine Consumption and Use Indicators, 2006\u20132017 ............................. 35 \n \n   vii Abbreviations  \nADAM Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring \nASI Addiction Severity Index \nCBSA core-ba"]
[7.237687110900879, -0.8590514063835144, "278 278 324 327 322 282 200 161 1450100200300400500600Cocaine (PMT)3Figure A.4. Estimates of Chronic Heroin Users \n \nFigure A.5. Heroin Expenditure Estimates \n 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016\nBest "]
[7.262282371520996, -0.8354954123497009, "6 $37 $42 $37 $31 $27 $28 $28 $27 $31 $36 $39 $46 $44\nLower $6 $7 $8 $10 $10 $12 $10 $8 $6 $7 $7 $7 $7 $9 $9 $11 $11\nONDCP (2014a) $9 $13 $17 $20 $23 $26 $25 $23 $18 $17 $150102030405060708090Methamphetamine \nexpenditure\n(billions, 2018 dollars)\n2000"]
[7.263720512390137, -0.8340390920639038, "co;  Denver ; Las Vegas; Phoenix; Salt Lake City; Tucson, Arizona; Rio Arriba \nCounty, New Mexico  \nNortheast: Albany, N ew York; Boston; Manhattan , New York City; Philadelphia  \nPacific:  Anchorage, Alaska; Honolulu; Los Ang eles; Portland, Oregon;"]
[7.255304336547852, -0.8422211408615112, "r  because of  admissions rules or availability constraints, the former \u2019s reported \ntreatment rate in TEDS will be twice as large as the latter. However, we expect that such a situation is unlikely.   9 substance or substances leading to admissions "]
[7.229184627532959, -0.869713544845581, "verall prevalence over several years of data (e.g., 0.10 percent between 2008 and 2010), even small changes in the number of positive tests observed in any area result in relatively large changes in prevalence rates entering our models. At this point"]
[7.255908966064453, -0.8423808813095093, "oisoning rate per 10,000 people (cocaine, heroin), and NSDUH reported \npast-year use rates for drug d in county a in time t.  \n\u2022 I represents six region indicator variables, where each county a belongs to exactly one \nregion A and A contains at least"]
[7.255734920501709, -0.8422794938087463, "ariables, and drug use by region interaction terms, we chose a final specification for each drug model empirically. We selected models based on whether any coefficients in the group were significant in the saturated model and refined each specificati"]
[7.254453659057617, -0.8433248996734619, "il later \nin this appendix.  \nUpdates to the Logistic Regression Model  \nOne may expect that the demographic profile of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine users \nhas changed in the time since the original model described in Kilmer et al. (2014b) wa"]
[7.2794952392578125, -0.8197082281112671, "st two reasons. First, the fact that data in ADAM counties are different from the rest of the United States suggests the two groups may not be equivalent, and that the estimated coefficient based on ADAM data does not accurately represent national da"]
[7.265031337738037, -0.8326674103736877, "f low-reporting agencies from the county-level aggregate data (National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, 2019). However, the coverage indicator provided in the UCR county file cannot be used reliably to scale to a nationally representative count of "]
[7.238206386566162, -0.8600621223449707, " \nOpiates  Methamphetamine  \nCDC overdose cocaine \u00d7 region 6  1.458    \n \n0.829    \nCDC overdose cocaine \u00d7 region 7  1.766    \n 1.178    \nCDC overdose psychostimulant  \u00d7 region 2    \u221256.487a  \n \n  19.573  \nCDC overdose psychostimulant  \u00d7 region 3    "]
[7.2559051513671875, -0.8421101570129395, "y and transform upper and lower bound 95-percent confidence intervals for each using the same basic formula: \n\ud835\udc45\ud835\udc45A\nJK%=expMlogisticG\ud835\udc45\ud835\udc45AH\u00b1seElogisticG\ud835\udc45\ud835\udc45AH\u00d71.96IR\n1+expMlogisticG\ud835\udc45\ud835\udc45AH\u00b1seElogisticG\ud835\udc45\ud835\udc45 AH\u00d71.96IR. \nAt this point, we have a predicted value fo"]
[7.073251724243164, -0.9984255433082581, "an four past-month use days), misreporting due to responses clustering along these intervals could influence our consumption estimates, though the direction of the potential bias is difficult to guess. \nAlthough there is a decent-sized literature abo"]
[7.257895469665527, -0.8393869996070862, "as reported a false negative. Although the third reason can be an issue, there is also the possibility of a false positive or that the user misreported use days. The bias because of the specificity and sensitivity of the urinalysis test can work in b"]
[7.234777927398682, -0.8622143268585205, " activity that occurred further in the past and may not be tied to current drug use. However, \nthis exclusion had very little effect on our estimates.   23 Table C.3. Arrests per Arrestee  \nDrug  1\u201310 Use Days  \nin Past Month  11 or More  Use Days  \n"]
[7.231352806091309, -0.8645134568214417, " past month  42,672 8,513 17,489 \n4\u201310 use days in past month  121,116 13,325 24,657 \nFewer  than 4 use days in past month 204,734 12,811 21,930 \n Although these individuals are not otherwise criminally involved, they are CDUs. Similar to \nwhat was d"]
[7.21597957611084, -0.8813745975494385, " 21.1%  7.0%  30.2%  1.4%  \n2007  42.7%  20.5%  6.1%  29.0%  1.7%  \n2008  41.6%  21.6%  6.3%  28.8%  1.6%  \n2009 46.2%  19.4%  6.0%  27.0%  1.4%  \n2010  47.6%  19.2%  5.5%  26.7%  1.0%  \n2011  50.2%  18.4%  6.2%  23.6%  1.6%  \n2012  50.1%  20.9%  5.4"]
[7.257776737213135, -0.8456636667251587, "t. Examining overdose deaths without accounting for the impact of fentanyl likely grossly overstates use, as many of the recorded deaths likely also involve fentanyl. The relationship between overdose deaths and consumption lies somewhere between all"]
[7.230571746826172, -0.8685213327407837, "hetamine. \nThe consumption model used in this report draws on the relationships among the various \ndrug use indicators available as the foundation for our estimates. We also assume by necessity that these relationships are stable over time, as we ext"]
[7.237074375152588, -0.8624286651611328, "rcise to avoid the suggestion of confidence that may be associated with a more complicated method. The upper and lower points in the ranges defined in the following figures do not incorporate statistical uncertainty. \n   31 Cocaine \nTable E.2. Cocain"]
[7.271729469299316, -0.8276500701904297, " 93,327 \n2008 30 281,715 0.39%  232,392 3,041 3,013 103,326 \n2009 31 286,671 0.46%  191,792 3,278 3,249 118,136 \n2010 27 266,023 0.40%  236,936 3,036 2,991 110,393 \n2011 30 281,936 0.40%  260,408 4,397 4,353 119,765 \n2012 33 293,622 0.50%  309,232 5,"]
[6.92259407043457, -1.127492904663086, "pters Five and Six, an \nincrease in the potency of marijuana available and the proliferation of THC consumption methods other than smoking suggest measures of consumption by weight are potentially spurious. Implicit in these estimates is the assumpti"]
[7.1361470222473145, -0.9512528777122498, "y 17, 2019:  https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/content/NACJD/guides/ucr.html   39 Reuter, Peter H., \u201cSeizure of Drugs,\u201d in Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, ed., Encyclopedia of Drugs and \nAlcohol, Vol. III, revised ed., New York, Macmillan, 2001, pp. 1022\u20131"]
[7.150420188903809, -0.9384031891822815, "What America\u2019s Users \nSpend on Illegal Drugs, 2006\u20132016\nGregory Midgette, Steven Davenport, \nJonathan P. Caulkins, Beau Kilmer\nCORPORATION\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected "]
[7.180233478546143, -0.9098442196846008, "economic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. This research was conducted in the Social and Behavioral Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well-Being. The program focuses on such topics as risk factors and preven"]
[7.197182655334473, -0.8974382281303406, "of the Modern Marijuana and Opioid Markets  .............................. 57\nChanges in Marijuana Markets  ..................................................................... 57\nChanges in Opioid Markets and Associated Challenges  ................"]
[7.248126983642578, -0.8495070338249207, "............................................... xiii\n S.\n2. Re\ntail Expenditures on Illicit Drugs, 2006\u20132016  .................................. xiv\n S.\n3. Co\ncaine, Heroin, and Methamphetamine Consumption, 2006\u20132016  .......... xiv\n 2.\n1. Es\ntimatin"]
[7.212808132171631, -0.885341465473175, "hat drug overdose deaths in 2018 exceeded 68,000, of which more than 47,000 involved opioids\u2014close to the number of AIDS deaths at their peak in 1995 (CDC, 2011). Although heroin, prescription opioids, and synthetic opioids (such as fentanyl) receive"]
[7.218146800994873, -0.8797617554664612, "t consumption grew in 2016 among a stable number of users as price per pure gram declined.\n\u2022\n He\nroin consumption increased 10 percent per year between 2010 and 2016. \nWhereas most heroin consumed in the United States comes from poppies grown in Mexi"]
[7.23318338394165, -0.864437460899353, " but they have a very specific and nuanced meaning that is vulnerable to misinterpretation. They reflect only one source of uncertainty: a 95-percent confidence interval surrounding the share of adult male arrests involving a positive drug test.\n4 Th"]
[7.213056564331055, -0.8847243785858154, "124 121 123 129 143 145 146\nNOTES: The lower and higher ends of the ranges for cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine reflect \nonly one source of uncertainty: a 95-percent confidence interval surrounding the share of adult male arrest events involving "]
[7.188609600067139, -0.9113853573799133, "7). Figuring out how data from these new sources can be mined to develop insights about the markets should be a priority.\nWith respect to the other drugs, bringing back the ADAM program or some ver -\nsion of it would be enormously useful, particularl"]
[7.164741039276123, -0.9288714528083801, "ths at their peak in 1995 (CDC, 2011). Although heroin, prescription opioids, and synthetic opioids (such as fentanyl) receive most of the attention, deaths involving methamphetamine and cocaine are both on the rise. Marijuana continues to receive at"]
[7.215628147125244, -0.8808706998825073, "can be done. Numbers of chronic users can be estimated more accurately than spending, which in turn is subject to less uncertainty than estimates of quantities (weights) consumed. Likewise, there is a stronger foundation of evidence for marijuana tha"]
[7.232439041137695, -0.8645822405815125, "d C provide additional information about our approach to estimating the number of cocaine, heroin, and metham-phetamine users, and Appendix D presents survey-based data about the size of marijuana purchases. Appendix E extends the consumption estimat"]
[7.256484031677246, -0.8413511514663696, "untry for 2000\u20132016.\n3 We extrapolate estimates for 2014\u20132016 \nby imposing the associations estimated for 2000\u20132013 on observed covariate values for 2014\u20132016.\n2.\n Pr\noject the share of positive drug tests among adult male arrest events in all \ncount"]
[7.257674217224121, -0.8402639031410217, "s two criteria. For \neach drug, we estimated models that optimize the amount of variation in county-level prevalence that is associated with variation in the included covariates. Among candidate models, several may produce similar predicted prevalenc"]
[7.258502006530762, -0.8391745090484619, "(based on urinalysis and self-report information)Average across annual estimates, 2000\u20132003, 2007\u20132013Calculate for three groups: 4\u201310, 11\u201320, and 21 or more use days in past month\nMultiplying by F1 yields the number of adult male CDU arrest events w"]
[7.239392280578613, -0.8575717806816101, "tanding warrants has \nrelatively little effect.\nc Based on ONDCP\u2019s (Rhodes et al., 2012; Kilmer et al., 2014b) assumption that occasional users of cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine in NSDUH \nshould be multiplied by four because of underreporting.1"]
[7.23593807220459, -0.8618645071983337, " to the CDU total generates an estimate of the number of adult male CDUs in the country. \nFigures in Chapters Two, Three, and Four include error bands to visualize the \nscale of uncertainty underlying our best estimates. These uncertainty ranges refl"]
[7.227962493896484, -0.8712872266769409, "urvey both indicate an increase in use among those sample frames. TEDS data show that cocaine admissions dropped linearly between 2006 and 2015. TEDS is strongly related to prevalence in ADAM historically and is likely to \n6  The impact of fentanyl i"]
[7.209157943725586, -0.891237735748291, "has changed since ADAM was terminated in 2013, we may understate the true number of chronic users. Given that the composition of treatment admissions and overdose decedents is now more female and less concentrated in a few big cities than was the his"]
[7.240622520446777, -0.8625931739807129, " data series that underlie the CDU estimates. Past-\nmonth heroin users in NSDUH, heroin treatment admissions, and heroin overdose deaths all show increases starting in 2006 or 2007. The figure is dominated by over -\ndose deaths with evidence of heroi"]
[7.244772911071777, -0.8548669815063477, "gest that about two-thirds of chronic heroin users are in the group that uses 21 or more days per month (Table 2.5), a considerably larger propor -\ntion than for cocaine.\nMethamphetamine\nFigure 2.5 and Table 2.6 present estimates of the number of chr"]
[7.228104114532471, -0.8703358769416809, "sts to the FBI, meth -\namphetamine gets combined with \u201cother dangerous drugs.\u201d \nThese issues dramatically increase the uncertainty concerning the model results, which is captured in the very large error bands (Kilmer et al., 2014a, p. 26). \nFigure 2."]
[7.238482475280762, -0.8583807349205017, " those who traded them for some other good or service, or those who produced their own). \nThe estimates presented in this chapter come with an important caveat. Cocaine, \nheroin, and methamphetamine expenditure data are extremely limited in the Unite"]
[7.236105442047119, -0.8595113754272461, "ated for the 2000\u20132003 period and the 2007\u20132013 period. \n3.\n Use t\nhe change between the periods 2000\u20132003 and 2007\u20132013 for ADAM-II \ncounties to extrapolate the linear growth in expenditures between these periods in the larger set of ADAM-I counties"]
[7.222659587860107, -0.8743845224380493, "end and 130 percent more than what methamphetamine users spend because of the concentration of expenditures among daily/near-daily users. Average spending on \nTable 3.1\nAverage Monthly Cocaine Expenditures (nominal dollars)\nYear21 or More Days in \nPa"]
[7.263204097747803, -0.8330176472663879, "3. \nWe adjust the annual expenditure estimate for inflation using the Bureau of \nLabor Statistics\u2019 CPI-U, which increased by 24 percent from 2006 to 2018 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2019). Note that trends in expenditure estimates for all three drug"]
[7.236021041870117, -0.8604499697685242, "OTE: Figure does not include expenditures by non-CDUs.0102030405060Cocaine expenditure (billions, 2018 dollars)\n2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016Light\nWeeklyMore than weeklyDaily/near-daily\nTable 3.5\nCocaine Expenditures by User "]
[7.230597972869873, -0.8660397529602051, "/near-daily\nTable 3.9\nMethamphetamine Expenditures by User Type (billions, 2018 dollars)\nUser Type 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016\nLight 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.4\nWeekly 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.5 3.0"]
[7.22649621963501, -0.8706678748130798, "arter-based acquisitions were more or less common than the 1.125 figure would sug -\ngest, it is a simple exercise to modify this assumption. For example, if one-fifth of product consumed was acquired via in-kind transfers, then the factor would be 1."]
[7.193062782287598, -0.9051371812820435, "(percent)Heroin\nMethCocaine36    What America\u2019s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2006\u20132016\nto have fallen 30 percent since 2010. Although fentanyl-laced heroin, methamphet -\namine, and cocaine have been reported, we cannot assess the impact of fentanyl "]
[7.221594333648682, -0.8763498067855835, "As was discussed in Chapter Two, the range depicted by the \u201chigher\u201d and \u201clower\u201d estimates reflects only a portion of the uncertainty in these estimates.Figure 4.3\nCocaine Consumption Estimates\n0100200300400500600\n2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 20"]
[6.910346031188965, -1.136967658996582, "18; Orens et al., 2018; and Oregon Liquor Control Commission, 2019). \nAs will be discussed in greater detail in the next chapter, these changes might well \nhave influenced the average quantity consumed per day of use and even threatened how meaningfu"]
[6.872975826263428, -1.1698644161224365, "available (through 2013), and (3) the remaining adult non\u2013criminal justice\u2013involved population, using an adjustment factor discussed later in this chapter. We also present estimates for infrequent marijuana users who report consuming in the past year"]
[6.878116607666016, -1.1645100116729736, "report 11\u201320 days of use per month), and (5) daily/near-daily users (those who report 21 or more days of use in the past month).\nTable 5.1 provides estimates of the number of marijuana users by user group \n(both unadjusted and adjusted). The unadjust"]
[6.925233364105225, -1.1232632398605347, "ily (21 \nor more days of use). For users who report using blunts but not marijuana, unless they later clarified that their blunt use did not include marijuana, the maximum number of their blunt-use days was taken as their number of marijuana-use days"]
[6.879817485809326, -1.1629314422607422, "and Related Conditions \n(NESARC) data provided parameters for average numbers of joints consumed per day, estimated separately for each past-month user group: occasional (1.68), weekly (1.92), more than weekly (1.92), and daily/near-daily users (3.87"]
[6.9280805587768555, -1.1212594509124756, "stantially beyond the traditional smoked products, such as joints and blunts. In Washington state\u2019s legal market, extract-based products, such as edibles, vaping oils, and waxes, accounted for more than 20 percent of sales by the latter part of 2016 "]
[6.908212661743164, -1.142659068107605, "er groups (i.e., one to three, four to ten, 11\u201320, and 21 or more past-month use days). Each group-specific RASTUD is multiplied by the number of use days reported by that group\u2019s past-month buyers  who did not report reselling . Multiplying by \n12 c"]
[6.939643859863281, -1.111708164215088, "res may be underreported to a larger extent than use. For example, respondents may feel comfortable admitting to use but not to purchasing, or they may misremember or underreport the number of days they pur -\nchased in the past month or how much they"]
[6.941374778747559, -1.1100784540176392, ".5 percent higher than the RASTUD-based series.Figure 5.3\nTwo NSDUH-Based Series Related to Marijuana Expenditures\n2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 201604080Expenditure (billions, 2018 dollars)20Legacy replication\nRASTUD-based estima"]
[6.916600227355957, -1.131531000137329, "t-month use days) increased from 9.7 million to 11.1 million (a 14-percent increase). That group\u2019s RASTUD increased from $8.39 to $8.92 (or 6 percent), and the proportion who recently purchased marijuana for personal consumption increased from 68.7 p"]
[6.930301189422607, -1.1201667785644531, "tment generates an estimate of $49.2 billion of spending for 2014, which is close to what is reported in Table 5.3 ($53.7 billion).\nExtrapolating from Washington State\nCaulkins et al. (2019) estimates that Washington state\u2019s 755,000 NSDUH-identified "]
[6.923985481262207, -1.1273945569992065, "ative approaches to estimat -\ning market size that may transcend these challenges\u2014though, in some cases, only if the right additional data collection is undertaken. \nChanges in Marijuana Markets \nMarijuana markets have been changing rapidly due to in"]
[6.891040802001953, -1.1598988771438599, "was consumed in the United States by combust -\ning dried plant material in joints, pipes, or bongs. Often, only the parts of the plant that contained higher concentrations of THC (notably the flowers or buds) were used, and other material (leaves, tr"]
[6.909609317779541, -1.1387443542480469, "l \nmarket, where extract-based products, such as edibles, vaping oils, and dabs, accounted for roughly one-third of sales in mid-2017 (see Chapter Five). It is no longer reasonable to treat nonflower consumption as unimportant. \nThe next few sections"]
[6.8878703117370605, -1.1559433937072754, "AUSID reports (e.g., Rhodes et al., 2001, and Kilmer et al., 2014a) by estimating the number of days of use broken down by type of user, and then multiplying those figures by an estimate of the average number of grams consumed per day of use. Those r"]
[6.887584686279297, -1.1557444334030151, " users in Washington state in 2013 sug -\ngest that daily/near-daily users consumed between 1.3 and 1.9 grams per use day, with \na best estimate close to 1.6 grams (Kilmer et al., 2013). A similar survey conducted for the Colorado Department of Revenu"]
[6.896572589874268, -1.1524931192398071, "that weight consumed per \nday of use has changed, and data are insufficient to settle the matter empirically. Hence, we do not think it is safe to make any particular assumption about stability or change in consumption per day of use and do not view "]
[7.076845645904541, -1.0069808959960938, "f THC purchased is better defined, but focusing on it would fail to \nrecord material that is grown by the user, given to or shared with others by the grow -\ners, or obtained by barter (such as when workers in the illegal marijuana industry are paid i"]
[7.200289249420166, -0.9006810188293457, "ariation can be seen in Figure 6.1 by plotting data series for two other fentanyl-related measures for the entire country and by geographic region: (1) total mortality attributed to synthetic opioids, derived from the CDC\u2019s Multiple Cause of Death re"]
[7.197799205780029, -0.9035702347755432, " Atlantic\n906030\n0120\n2013 2014 2015 2016 2013 2014 2015 2016West North CentralPacific\n1,000\n500\n0New England\n2013 2014 2015 2016West South Central\n1,000\n500\n066    What America\u2019s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2006\u20132016\ndeaths to fentanyl consumption"]
[7.185778617858887, -0.91073077917099, "ude 100-kilogram seizures of cocaine. Measurement of the Modern Marijuana and Opioid Markets    67\nLet Wd equal the weight of drug d consumed in the United States and Wdi equal \nthe weight of drug d consumed in region i . Because heavy users dominate"]
[7.115666389465332, -0.9701061844825745, "ty card programs, and other sources (Caulkins, 2016, and Kilmer and Pacula, 2017). Figuring out how data from these new sources can be aggregated and manipulated to develop scientifi -\ncally based insights should be a priority for those who want bett"]
[7.037681579589844, -1.033629059791565, "endence , Vol. 117, No. 1, \nAugust 2011, pp. 59\u201361. \nCaulkins, Jonathan P., \u201cCannabis Policy Research Agenda,\u201d comments presented at the Cannabis \nScience and Policy Summit 2016, New York, April 2016. As of May 17, 2019: https://www.youtube.com/watch"]
[7.034670352935791, -1.0374280214309692, "t Drugs: 1981\u20132007 , Alexandria, Va.: Institute for Defense Analyses, October \n2008. \nGallet, Craig A., \u201cCan Price Get the Monkey Off Our Back? A Meta-Analysis of Illicit Drug \nDemand,\u201d Health Economics , Vol. 23, No. 1, January 2014, pp. 55\u221268.\nGmel"]
[7.051680564880371, -1.0217151641845703, "LCB, 2013. As of May 17, 2019: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR466.html\nKilmer, Beau, Steven Davenport, Rosanna Smart, Jonathan P. Caulkins, and Gregory Midgette, \nAfter the Grand Opening: Assessing Cannabis Supply and Demand in Washingt"]
[7.0117316246032715, -1.0522987842559814, "2005 , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND \nCorporation, MG-829-MPF/NIDA, 2009. As of May 17, 2019: https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG829.html\nOffice of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Data Supplement 2016 , \nWashington D.C."]
[7.037593364715576, -1.0333919525146484, "anna, Jonathan P. Caulkins, Beau Kilmer, Steven Davenport, and Greg Midgette, \n\u201cVariation in Cannabis Potency and Prices in a Newly Legal Market: Evidence from 30 Million Cannabis Sales in Washington State,\u201d Addiction , Vol. 112, No. 12, December 201"]
[20.670238494873047, 0.06797120720148087, "CORPORATION\nInternational Commercial \nDrone Regulation and Drone Delivery Services\nTherese JonesLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND \nintell"]
[20.655710220336914, 0.07821373641490936, "ergy Implications of Drones for Package Delivery: A Geographic Information \nSystem Comparison (Gulden, 2017)  \n\u2022 \u00a0Design Perspectives of Delivery Drones  (Xu, 2017) \n\u2022 \u00a0Small Unmanned Aerial System Certification and Traffic Management Systems  (Kuhn,"]
[20.85515785217285, -0.06766105443239212, "s  \u00a0\nPreface ............................................................................................................................................ iii\t\r \u00a0\nTables ................................................................................."]
[20.869522094726562, -0.07778126001358032, "ry  \u00a0\nDue to a sharp increase in drone use internationally, countries are struggling to incorporate \ndrones into their aviation regulatory frameworks. This report draws on a literature review and \ndiscussions with subject-matter experts to summarize "]
[20.87685775756836, -0.08402859419584274, " \u00a0guidelines \u00a0or \u00a0require \u00a0licensing, \u00a0registration, \u00a0and \u00a0insurance, \u00a0\nbut \u00a0upon \u00a0following \u00a0\nproper \u00a0procedures \u00a0it \u00a0is \u00a0straightforward \u00a0to \u00a0operate \u00a0\na \u00a0commercial \u00a0delivery \u00a0drone.  \u00a0\u2022 \u00a0Costa \u00a0Rica  \n\u2022 \u00a0Iceland \n\u2022 \u00a0Italy \u2022 \u00a0Norway  \n\u2022 \u00a0Sweden  \n"]
[20.869930267333984, -0.07859984785318375, "s are struggling to adapt current laws to new technology. To address this issue, this report summarizes national-level commercial drone regulations across the world, discusses the regulatory approaches taken by different countries, and examines how s"]
[20.868995666503906, -0.07810802757740021, "allow drones at all for commercial use. \n2. \u00a0Effective ban: Countries have a formal process for commercial drone licensing, \nbut requirements are either impossible to meet or licenses do not appear to have \nbeen approved. \n3. \u00a0Requirement for constan"]
[20.86439323425293, -0.07577681541442871, "s, but legal obstacles\u2014such as the inability to procure proper certification or insurance\u2014make these rules into an effective ban.    4 Table \u00a02. 1. \u00a0Drone \u00a0Legislation \u00a0Approaches, \u00a0 by \u00a0Country  \u00a0\nApproach Definition  Countries \nOutright \u00a0b an Count"]
[20.880178451538086, -0.08615570515394211, "art 107, which governs drones under 55 lb. As of August 24, 2017, almost exactly one year after its enactment, seven companies have been given Part 107.31 exemptions, allowing them to operate BVLOS.\n2 In October 2017, President \nDonald Trump advocate"]
[20.85838508605957, -0.07107916474342346, " of \nexperimental BVLOS technology. The United Arab Emirates regulations explicitly list parcel delivery as a possible use. \nWhile other countries have drafted or enacted drone legislation, it is largely vague \nbecause of a lack of need, capacity, or"]
[20.902353286743164, -0.10427382588386536, "g/  \u00a0\nTraining \u00a0\nRequirements \u00a0\nfor \u00a0Pilots \u00a0Regulations \u00a0Regarding \u00a0\nRegistration, \u00a0\nOperational \u00a0\nRequirements \u00a0Insurance \u00a0\nRequired \u00a0Distribution \u00a0\nof \u00a0Goods \u00a0\nAllowed \u00a0Obstacles \u00a0to \u00a0\nDelivery \u00a0Drone \u00a0Use \u00a0\n(if \u00a0any)  \nCosta \u00a0Rica  No Authorizati"]
[20.8914737701416, -0.09585011005401611, "ation, \u00a0\nOperational \u00a0\nRequirement s Insurance  \u00a0\nRequired Distribution \u00a0\nof \u00a0Goods \u00a0\nAllowed  Obstacles \u00a0to \u00a0Delivery \u00a0\nDrone \u00a0Use \u00a0(if \u00a0any)  \nArgentina        Commercial \u00a0use \u00a0\nbanned  \nBrazil Possible  \u00a0under \u00a0\n25 \u00a0kg \u00a0if \u00a0\nauthorized;\u037e \u00a0\nmust \u00a0a"]
[20.892030715942383, -0.09652046859264374, "name \u00a0and \u00a0address ;\u037e \u00a0\nlimited \u00a0to \u00a0100 \u00a0 m \u00a0in \u00a0\naltitude    \nBelgium  Yes  Drone \u00a0pilot \u00a0\nlicense \u00a0required  Manufacturer\u2019s \u00a0\ncertificate, \u00a0regist ration \u00a0\nrequired;\u037e \u00a0maximum \u00a0\nheight \u00a090  \u00a0m \u00a0for \u00a0\ncommercial  \u00a0use Yes Transport \u00a0of \u00a0\nmail \u00a0or \u00a0"]
[20.887563705444336, -0.09586919844150543, "e;\u037e \u00a0\ncertificate \u00a0if \u00a0<\n \u00a025 \u00a0kg \u00a0Required \u00a0to \u00a0d isplay \u00a0ID \u00a0\nthat \u00a0transmits/  \u00a0\nrecords \u00a0data \u00a0in \u00a0real \u00a0\ntime;\u037e \u00a0license \u00a0plate \u00a0and \u00a0\ndeclaration \u00a0of \u00a0vehicle \u00a0\ncompetence \u00a0required  \u00a0  LOS \u00a0operations  \nLatvia Yes \u00a0  \u00a0  \u00a0 Requires \u00a0a \u00a0flight \u00a0"]
[20.888351440429688, -0.09390202164649963, "ion \u00a0\nof \u00a0Goods \u00a0\nAllowed  Obstacles \u00a0to \u00a0 Delivery \u00a0\nDrone \u00a0Use \u00a0(if \u00a0any)  \u00a0\nSwitzerland  May \u00a0grant \u00a0\nexemptions  \u00a0May \u00a0grant \u00a0\nexemptions  \u00a0None \u00a0required \u00a0\n< \u00a030 \u00a0kg \u00a0None \u00a0required \u00a0<  \u00a030 \u00a0kg \u00a0Yes  LOS \u00a0operations  \nUkraine \u00a0 \u00a0  \u00a0  \u00a0 > \u00a020 \u00a0kg"]
[20.92149543762207, -0.11879200488328934, "required \u00a0 for \u00a0\ncommercial \u00a0use;\u037e \u00a0\ncostly \u00a0(up \u00a0to \u00a0$4,000)  Registration \u00a0 required \u00a0 for \u00a0\ncommercial \u00a0use, \u00a0manual \u00a0\nand \u00a0log \u00a0book \u00a0needed    LOS \u00a0operations    17 Country LOS \u00a0\nOperations \u00a0\nRequired Flight \u00a0Permitted \u00a0\nOver \u00a0Populated \u00a0\nAreas "]
[20.89097785949707, -0.09575116634368896, "ing \u00a0course ;\u037e \u00a0\nair \u00a0traffic \u00a0control \u00a0\nlicense \u00a0or \u00a0flight \u00a0\ncrew \u00a0license  \u00a0\nrequired  Registration,  \u00a0operations \u00a0\nmanual, \u00a0airworthiness \u00a0\ncertificate  \u00a0required  Yes   \nQatar     Permission \u00a0required     \nSaudi \u00a0Arabia        Ban   19 Country L"]
[20.87185287475586, -0.08081503957509995, "for countries with existing drone legislation, laws are constantly being \nreevaluated: Almost all of the laws listed were written or amended within the past two \nyears. While drone laws almost always move toward a more permissive approach to regulati"]
[20.8759765625, -0.08328080922365189, "ugust 13, 2017. As of August 28, 2017: \nhttps://www.casa.gov.au/aircraft/landing-page/flying-drones-australia  \nSzal, Andy, \u201cAmazon Could Test More Drone Deliveries with Australia Expansion,\u201d \nManufacturing.net, May 24, 2017. As of August 28, 2017: h"]
[20.87579917907715, -0.08330760151147842, "ugust 29, 2017: \nhttp://www.mincom.gov.bn/dca/_layouts/15/start.aspx#//dca/Theme/Home.aspx \nCambodia \nMarkert, Francis, \u201cDrone Regulations in Cambodia,\u201d Drone Traveller blog, April 18, 2017. As \nof August 29, 2017: \nhttps://drone-traveller.com/drone-"]
[20.867713928222656, -0.07765041291713715, "dla Bez \nPilota,\u201d CAA/S-SLS-010-0/2012, March 1, 2012. As of August 28, 2017: http://webdav.agents.fel.cvut.cz/data/teaching/bep/smernice_caa-s-sls-010-0-2012.pdf \nDenmark \nNjord Law, \u201cNjord Insight: New Danish Drone Rules in 2016 and 2017,\u201d January "]
[20.866933822631836, -0.07707113772630692, "atory-response-pub-68218 \nIndonesia \nHanafiah Ponggawa & Partners, \u201cUpdated Drone Regulations in Indonesia: Now, a Specific Rule \nfor a Specific Drone,\u201d July 12, 2016. August 29, 2017: \nhttp://hprplawyers.com/updated-drone-regulations-in-indonesia-no"]
[20.866500854492188, -0.07677316665649414, "ar,\u201d 2017. As of August 29, 2017: \nhttps://www.airport-uav.com/drone-rules/legislation-africa/regulations-madagascar/ \nMalawi \u201cMalawi and Unicef Launch Drone Air Corridor,\u201d BBC News, June 29, 2017. As of August 29, \n2017: \nhttp://www.bbc.com/news/wor"]
[20.867712020874023, -0.07765650749206543, "ry-of-pizza-in-New-Zealand/4271479363638/ \nCivil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, \u201cPart 101 CAA Consolidation,\u201d March 10, 2017. As \nof August 29, 2017: https://www.caa.govt.nz/rules/Rule_Consolidations/Part_101_Consolidation.pdf \nNorway \nLuftfa rts"]
[20.904069900512695, -0.10326001048088074, "drone-control-network-paving-way-for-commercial-boom/ \n\u201cRussia Introduces Obligatory Drone Registration,\u201d RT, December 31, 2015. As of August 28, \n2017: https://www.rt.com/politics/327536-russian-introduces-obligatory-registration-of/ \nSaudi Arabia \n"]
[20.849273681640625, -0.06485239416360855, "uary 1, 2017. As of August 29, 2017: \nhttp://www.tcaa.go.tz/files/Air%20Navigation%20Services/Aeronatical%20Information%20Circulars/AIC%2005%20-%202017%20Unmanned%20Aircraft%20Systems.pdf \nThailand \nBarrow, Richard, \u201cQuick Look at the New Drone Law i"]
[20.664487838745117, 0.0679342970252037, "-RC, 2017. As of October 5, 2017: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1718z1.html \nKuhn, Kenneth, Small Unmanned Aerial System Certification and Traffic Management Systems , \nSanta Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, PE-269-RC, 2017. As of Nov"]
[-1.884043574333191, 15.557876586914062, "www.rand.org\nRR-2129-RF9780833 098962ISBN-13 978-0-8330-9896-2ISBN-10 0-8330-9896-9\n54550$45.50Policymakers, program practitioners, and investors who want to achieve the greatest possible benefits from the \nresilience projects that they support lack "]
[-1.9132899045944214, 15.573801040649414, "d.orgFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2129\nLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data  is available for this publication.\nISBN: 978-0-8330-9896-2\nPublished by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.\n\u00a9 Copyri"]
[-0.42989474534988403, 13.570396423339844, "s conducted in the RAND Infrastructure Resilience and \nEnvironmental Policy program, which performs analyses on urbanization and other stresses. \nThis includes research on infrastructure de velopment; infrastructure financing; energy policy; \nurban p"]
[-1.9228076934814453, 15.604901313781738, "................................................................................... .........4\nCHAPTER 2\nA Review of Resilience Frameworks  ................................................................................................5\nFoundations "]
[-1.936960220336914, 15.598869323730469, ".......................... .......... 35\nA Graphical Representation of the Framework .............................................................................. 36\nPrimary Challenges in Estimating the Resilience Di vidend ........................."]
[-1.9305952787399292, 15.613081932067871, "...................................................................7 5\nDiamond Valley ................................................................................................................ ............76\nExecuti ve Summary ................."]
[-1.9157973527908325, 15.625358581542969, "........................................................................... .... 117\nApplying the RDVM to Estimate the Potential Di vidend for Da Nang ................................... 118\nData ......................................................"]
[-1.9339544773101807, 14.162275314331055, " Key Definitions Used in this Report  ..................................................................... 151\nReferences  .............................................................................................................................."]
[-1.8731480836868286, 15.39236068725586, "..........................98\nFigure 4.12. Mapping a Forest Ecosystem ......................................................................................1 00\nFigure 4.1 3. Mapping of the Resilience System ..........................................."]
[-1.837753176689148, 15.472299575805664, "Table 4.18. Runoff by Restoration and Fire in Conklin et al. (2015) .............................................106\nTable 4.19. Other Studies That Estimate the Relationship Between Restoration and Runoff ........107\nTable 4.20. Value of Water Runoff"]
[-1.921531319618225, 15.605063438415527, "ro vide a systematic, \u201cstructural\u201d frame-\nwork for assessing resilience inter ventions that ultimately create benefits and costs within a \nsystem such as a community or city. The model is a means to systemically account for the returns to resilience "]
[-1.925799012184143, 15.610793113708496, "to the future. \nThe RDVM is a flexible approach that helps users think about inter ventions in a structured, \nsystems-focused way, and it guides users in how to use data to pro vide evidence of the di vi-\ndend.  In real-world settings with limited da"]
[-1.9220129251480103, 15.616447448730469, " vidend, and the limitations of the model. While we belie ve that the \ninclusi ve wealth conceptualization of systems for e valuating resilience projects is a promising \nway forward, the need to generate and use extensi ve quantities of data in compl"]
[-1.9523569345474243, 15.635629653930664, "ill allow for the construction of portfolios that can, potentially, make all stakeholders winners with the appropriate choices of projects with portfolios. The budget constraints that arise in portfolio analysis pro vide additional limitations that t"]
[-1.9203940629959106, 15.60828685760498, "S i e r r a  N e vada \nAdapti ve Management Project, and Blue Forest Conser vation. In particular, Phong Tran at \nISET; Simone Lombardini and Rob Fuller at Oxfam; N ick W obbrock at Blue Forest Con-\nservation; Sasank Vemuri and Elma Morsheda at the A"]
[-1.9259612560272217, 15.612529754638672, "e the case.  \nDeveloped to help o vercome these issues, the Resilience Di vidend Valuation Model (RDVM) \ndocumented in this report is a modeling framework designed to help analysts and practitioners estimate the realized or potential resilience di vi"]
[-1.9452491998672485, 15.639702796936035, "isk of loss from an outside shock or stressor and any co-benefits the project or in vest-\nment produces.\nHowe ver, as noted by Anderies, et al.:\nThe resilience lens is useful for making suggestions about broad categories of in vestment \nsuch as in th"]
[-1.937120795249939, 15.642266273498535, " of an ad verse e vent. As such, the resil-\nience di vidend is not equi valent to the value of increased resilience of the system, though it \ntheoretically includes these potential net benefits.\nValuing the resilience di vidend requires that we under"]
[-1.9401155710220337, 15.628076553344727, " estimates of the resilience di vidend can be calculated either before (ex ante) or after (ex post) \nthey are implemented.4This report is not designed to be a users\u2019 guide for the RDVM. We ha ve produced a separate \nguidethat focuses on when and how "]
[-2.0151031017303467, 14.158935546875, " length of time it takes for the system to rebalance once the stressor has been remo ved. C.S. Holling\n3 was the first to transfer these ideas from the physical sciences to the bio-\nlogical sciences. Holling\u2019s distinction from the physical sciences i"]
[-2.035207509994507, 14.147564888000488, "ow quickly can the system get back to \u201cnormal\u201d functioning\u2014understanding that \u201cnormal\u201d may look different after the e vent than before it\u2014labeled \nrestorati ve capacity. These ideas are laid out implicitly in Francis and Bekera\n7 and explicitly \nin R"]
[-2.037435531616211, 14.178665161132812, "e, may remo ve some responses to risk that may be \nbeneficial. In particular, if the focus is solely on what happens after a disaster occurs, there is a risk that strategies or actions to reduce vulnerabilities will be under valued or ignored entirel"]
[-2.0407984256744385, 14.176222801208496, "n, 1998 Community The process through which mediating structures (schools, peer \ngroups, family) and activity settings moderate the impact of oppressive systems\nPaton, 2001 Community The capability to bounce back and to use physical and economic \nres"]
[-1.967878818511963, 14.1204195022583, "Arup International De velopment.\n14 NIST (2015). Disaster resilie nce framework .9and the long-standing notion of cities as \u2018systems of systems.\u2019\u201d15 Howe ver, Arup re views stud-\nies on subsystems rather than on the system as a whole. This lea ves th"]
[-1.9734960794448853, 14.128653526306152, "approach disasters \nas problems of risk management within a systems-of-systems framework combined with some form of either risk management or resilience. The major differences are the detail and connec-tions among the different systems and subsystems"]
[-2.0144035816192627, 14.153508186340332, "es into account the three major elements of resilience: adaptation, absorption, and reco very. Additionally, Norris et al. do not \nrecognize that post-e vent functioning from one e vent is the pre-e vent functioning for the next \nevent. This circular"]
[-2.0085408687591553, 14.165511131286621, "they use to produce goods and ser vices and, ultimately, community well-being.  How flexible \nthe system is, inherently, and how it is enhanced through the mitigating acti vities of firms \nand indi vidual households determines the system\u2019s inherent l"]
[-1.9808446168899536, 14.11130142211914, "licitly discusses the objecti ves of increasing resilience. It is paramount when \nbeginning an exercise aimed at increasing resilience to know what the goals are. These goals tie into the metrics that will measure progress toward increasing resilienc"]
[-1.9910186529159546, 14.141975402832031, "ng of a community. By making this distinction between vulner-\nability and resilience, these potential complementarities may be lost. One key point the Cutter work recognizes is the link between resilience and sustainability. Sustainability is a large"]
[-1.9516798257827759, 14.137444496154785, "tion &\n     infrastructure in placeCommunity\nOther\nsystems\nHospital\nsystemElectric power\nservice\nWater\nserviceLocal emergency\nMgmt.system\nSOURCE: Bruneau et al. (2003). Used with permission.\nFigure 2.6. Bruneau et al. (2003) Framework\nRESILENT\nCOMMUN"]
[-1.9855402708053589, 14.122737884521484, " vide a le vel playing field for all participants to the decisionmaking process. \nTo obtain accurate tradeoffs, the spillo ver of resilience in one subsystem to the other subsys-\ntems needs to be incorporated with the direct effect on the subsystem. "]
[-1.9185210466384888, 15.593295097351074, "d to the role of adapti ve beha viors and substitutability when discussing the resiliency of systems. Furthermore, \nwhen taking a system-of-systems approach, the interdependencies across subsystems play an important role in how the entire system resp"]
[-1.9306671619415283, 15.603649139404297, " relationships between \ncapital stocks, goods and ser vices, and the value of goods and ser vices to stakeholders in an \neconomic system o ver time. Capital stocks are durable resources that can be used together to \nproduce a stream of goods and ser "]
[-1.959804654121399, 15.617969512939453, " the capital stocks is gi ven by state transition \nequations  Kn  = fn  (K1, K2,..., KN )An. This portfolio of stocks is broadly defined and can \ninclude man-made, natural, human, and social stock le vels.3 Changes in the quantity and qual-\nity of ca"]
[-1.947445273399353, 15.60045051574707, "ion mechanism. \nOur experience to date has suggested that many resilience projects view changes in this alloca-\ntion mechanism as key sub-objecti ves in the inter vention. The pro vision of information has the \nability to change how people respond an"]
[-1.9462461471557617, 15.613658905029297, "silience is defined as one minus the probability of a switch into \nthe bad state, and valued as the change in the net present value of future flows associated with \na change in a related resilience \u201cstock.\u201d9 The approach was used by Walker, et al. in"]
[-1.9373246431350708, 15.628291130065918, "end \nThis framework can be adapted to our definition of the resilience di vidend. Let social pref-\nerences be represented by a utility function U\n(C(t)), where C(t) is a vector of valued flows \nthat accrue o ver time t, and assume that this vector of"]
[-1.9293924570083618, 15.603281021118164, "oods and ser vices produced from these stocks, \nand the well-being that these flows create. Each of these elements is assumed to be functionally related, mimicking a system-of-systems approach, and can be affected either directly or indi-rectly by re"]
[-1.955725073814392, 15.627058982849121, "nd ser vices that cannot be valued quantitati vely can be discussed qualitati vely.\nGoods a nd services  are the tangible and intangible items that are produced within a system.  \nThe capital stocks are the durable inputs used in the production relat"]
[-1.9455639123916626, 15.620157241821289, "o pri vate or public insurance. Then the willingness to pay for the in vestment \nwould be equal to the damage to the home, as the household would be indifferent between paying for the in vestment \nand the home being damaged, irrespecti ve of what act"]
[-1.994946002960205, 15.645791053771973, " of a \ndeveloping country with a large agricultural economy. For simplicity, we assume households in \nthis economy only produce one crop. Due to a lack of fertilizer, households face a stressor in the form of declining land fertility. In this example"]
[-1.9290974140167236, 15.615804672241211, "duals in volved. \nSuch changes, relati ve to BAU, would ha ve to be estimated or simulated in order to quantify \nthe resilience di vidend associated with these acti vities.\nSocial Welfare Function\nThe social welfare fu nction reflects the full social"]
[-1.9457207918167114, 15.643821716308594, "puts, howe ver, would require \nempirical data. Furthermore, we note that in the ex post case, the resultant (partial) resilience dividend is conditional on what actually happened and thus does not include the expected \nvalue associated with all poten"]
[-1.9217113256454468, 15.595316886901855, "and organizations \nor go vernments.\nBecause of their properties, the proper valuation of a change in the pro vision of a public \ngood is to sum the benefits that accrue to e very stakeholder affected. Many public goods \nare not traded in a market, ma"]
[-1.9684449434280396, 15.588946342468262, ", an inter vention may slow or re verse depreciation of a stock, such \nas increased maintenance of a man-made stock, or augment its quality, such as an in vest-\nment in education affecting human capital and augmenting o verall labor producti vity.\n\u2022 "]
[-1.946518063545227, 15.621423721313477, "that is producti ve since it helps achie ve certain outcomes once it is put to use. Social \ncapital arises from social networks, and these networks themsel ves produce social capital. \nTrust and reciprocity in volved in the relationships within these"]
[-1.9401435852050781, 15.629495620727539, ".\nFor consumers, goods and ser vices pro vide welfare through the generation of a gap between \nwillingness to pay and what is actually paid, which is termed consumer surplus. Direct benefits from a resilience project should thus be calculated as the "]
[-1.9445422887802124, 15.640352249145508, " generate income and produce more sa vings. \nBene\ufb01ts Related to the Allocation Mechanism \nAlthough the direct benefits and co-benefits are more or less comprehensi ve categories, the \nimportance of the link between beha viors and benefits is importan"]
[-1.945738673210144, 15.643685340881348, "ws a graphical example of how one might approach the ex post e valuation of a \nresilience project that creates co-benefits and has experienced a shock prior to the e valuation. \nThe well-being, or measure of social welfare, for the (obser vable) worl"]
[-1.9454803466796875, 15.640302658081055, "he project and BAU cases gi ven \nshocks that actually happened. This approach, while practical, may ignore rele vant \nshocks in the future, which may be different from shocks experienced in the past.\nIn the case of forward-looking ex ante cases, we c"]
[-1.9459182024002075, 15.639535903930664, " a poten-\ntially complex e valuation. For ex ante settings, simulation modeling can often pro vide \nestimates of the project and BAU paths. \nFor additional details about data collection and estimation, readers are referred to the \npractitioner\u2019s guid"]
[-1.9747940301895142, 15.664693832397461, "e \nchange, PovertyHousehold/ \nCommunityNo estimate Data limitations mean only a partial RD \ncan be estimated, but there is evidence that the project changed behaviors and certain capital stocks with bene\ufb01ts to the communities. Obtaining a full RD wou"]
[-1.9454929828643799, 15.640386581420898, "RD of a project before \nit is complete, it is advisable to use a pre-project estimate approach on disaster risk reduction, broad-based development for community resilience, and economic development investments, and it is important to de\ufb01ne a counterf"]
[-1.9684815406799316, 15.659289360046387, "o a treatment-and-control framework.\nThe resilience di vidend is defined as the difference in outcomes between inter ventions that \ntake a resilience view and those that do not. Outcomes are typically related to the ability of \n\u201cpeople to better with"]
[-1.99576735496521, 15.666629791259766, " others, help their neighbors, and engage in search-and-rescue efforts. Furthermore, we ha ve evidence that indi viduals trust their community lead-\ners more after the inter vention, leading to increases in social capital. While we do not ha ve the \n"]
[-1.9907437562942505, 15.670001029968262, " a The effects on social capital can affect absorptive capacity, co-bene\ufb01ts, and recovery/transformative \ncapacities. As such, we treat it as its own category in the exposition.\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 calculation based on multivariate regression analysis.4"]
[-1.9977279901504517, 15.677411079406738, " Project\nThe systems being analyzed are certain Nepalese communities that primarily grow crops \nand li vestock for income and face flood risk. The objecti ve of the analysis is to compare the \ndifferences in well-being outcomes for households in comm"]
[-1.9968897104263306, 15.664796829223633, "ssets that a household values in terms of information or \nentertainment, such as tele visions, radios, or DVD players. Additionally, households ha ve \ndurable capital stocks of housing, livestock co ntainment, and storage . Essentially, increased own"]
[-1.9949907064437866, 15.65047550201416, "ld well-being.\nWell-Being\nMeasures of well-being in the model are closely related to the good and ser vices discussed \nabove. Damage  (including loss of crops, other property, and life) is a direct measure of well-\nbeing after a flood, though the dat"]
[-1.9851791858673096, 15.66716194152832, "heoretic framework is the dynamic feed-\nbacks that occur between outputs and capital stocks and among capital stocks themsel ves. As \nhouseholds generate income, they may in vest in capital stocks. As households produce goods, \nthey may be deteriorat"]
[-1.9952781200408936, 15.675869941711426, "n the \u201cparallel trends\u201d assumption that \nthe groups would ha ve otherwise turned out the same. Howe ver, when there is only one period \nof data before the treatment period (as in this case), it is impossible to verify this assumption \nother than thro"]
[-2.0125555992126465, 15.695018768310547, "ccess to credit and sa vings in 201 3;\n\u2022 other forms of income beyond agriculture in 201 3;\n\u2022 whether they recei ved an early warning about the 2012 storm;\n\u2022 what actions they took following the early warning in 2012;\u2022 opinion data on community leade"]
[-2.0059030055999756, 15.684517860412598, "ousehold engaged in casual employment in 2010; whether the \nhousehold engaged in formal employment in 2010; whether the household owned a business in 2010; whether the household engaged in crop production in 2010; whether the household owned li vesto"]
[-2.004909038543701, 15.684793472290039, "ouseholds and not exploiting \nthe treatment/control group structure). \nAs shown in the second column of Table 4.4, results demonstrated the counterintuiti ve result \nthat only pri vate flood protection has a significant impact on crop losses7\u2014but hou"]
[-2.000051498413086, 15.677433013916016, "pri vate and \npublic protection measures are substitutes for other actions (like changing crop patterns, moving li vestock, etc.) and that public and pri vate protections are complements to each other. \nThat is, if the community takes public protecti"]
[-2.013500690460205, 15.690855979919434, "teraction on social capital. In particular, Oxfam asked \nhouseholds if, mo ving forward, they had trust in their community leaders in the face of the \nnext e vent. As was found in Oxfam\u2019s effecti veness re view, inter vention households trust their \n"]
[-2.0100247859954834, 15.690513610839844, " from the flood of \n2012. Thus, some differences in income may be dri ven by the flood and carried o ver to 201 3. \nAdditionally, we ha ve information on changes in soil fertility. One of the main dri vers of soil \nfertility is erosion, which is asso"]
[-2.0461106300354004, 15.736495018005371, "sets Between Intervention and BAU Households\nAssetsDifference Between \nIntervention and BAU 2010Difference Between \nIntervention and BAU 2013Change in \nOwnership  2010\u20132013\nOxen 0.16* -0.02 -0.18*\nCows 0.36*** 0.38*** 0.01Buffalo -0.19** -0.22*** -0."]
[-1.947770357131958, 15.640058517456055, "kely not feasible for many projects. Indeed, for any large-scale project with implications that stretch into the future, such data cannot be compiled ex post. Future research (and data collection) might be better ser ved to identify those parts of th"]
[-1.9547970294952393, 15.646697998046875, "lar threshold, making ex ante analysis valuable mo ving forward. 60Ideal ex post data structures should include data for at least four points in time: prior \nto the intervention, after the intervention and before a shock, after a shock, and at some p"]
[-1.9733082056045532, 15.653265953063965, "ther case studies presented in Chapter 4 and the lessons learned \nfrom all the cases in Chapter 5. This case study is intended primarily to help readers under-\nstand how to apply  the RDVM framework gi ven a set of data or information about a gi ven "]
[-2.0090243816375732, 15.691445350646973, "ock from the storm compared to similar households (in the control group) that did not participate in the inter vention nor were exposed to the storm.\n10 These benefits were \ngenerated because the project changed farmers\u2019 crop choices (or, in terms of"]
[-2.0059590339660645, 15.68415641784668, "s\u2019 analysis.\nOxfam Pakistan Intervention Background11\nOxfam conducted an inter vention in three districts in Pakistan in 2010\u20132011 through part-\nnerships with the Sindh Agricultural and Forestry Workers Coordinating Organisation (SAFWCO) and the Balo"]
[-2.0035481452941895, 15.689645767211914, "ion increases, build social \ntrust, and pro vide a means for resol ving disputes. This may change the allocation mechanism \nor capital stocks within the system.\nThe inter vention acti vities took place in 2010\u20132011. There was a shock\u2014se vere flooding"]
[-2.006415843963623, 15.693559646606445, "ocation mechanism or production process that is go verned by the \nstock of a vailable resources. Oxfam\u2019s inter vention aims to change both how and which crops \nare grown. 65Figure 4.4. Mapping of the Pakistan System\nLand\nAssets\nHumanCrops\nLivestockAg"]
[-1.9983152151107788, 15.682311058044434, "These \u201ccontrol\u201d communities were chosen based on their proximity \nto the treatment communities.\nThis sur vey design allows us to estimate the partial net resilience di vidend of the inter ven-\ntion by comparing treatment and control households. Impor"]
[-2.014437198638916, 15.69642162322998, "ot affect all households. This allows us to esti-\nmate the annual partial resilience di vidend for households not affected by the flood and those \nthat were, since treatment and control households are similar prior to the inter vention.\nOur approach,"]
[-2.006150722503662, 15.687429428100586, "and in particular dairy production\u2014was an important focus of Oxfam\u2019s \nintervention. Additionally, we know that households obtain income that is not related to farm-\ning but not the amount.\n17 This is why we belie ve we are only estimating a portion o"]
[-1.9754995107650757, 15.66981029510498, " may be significant compared to crop income.69Results\nWe di vide our presentation of the results into two broad sections. First, using a partial measure \nof well-being (agricultural income), we estimate the net annual value in 2012 of the resilience "]
[-1.9971067905426025, 15.680636405944824, "zed the de velopment path between treatment and control \nhouseholds without a shock. Alternati vely, the inter vention may be a le vel shift up rather than \na growth cur ve. \n18 Because Oxfam only collected flood damage data, we ha ve no physical mea"]
[-1.9906407594680786, 15.684245109558105, "as measured by a positi ve self-reported crop loss. Figure 4.6 presents \nour conceptualization for this analysis. With only one year of data (2012), the estimate of the resilience di vidend for those households affected by the shock includes the tota"]
[-2.002798318862915, 15.686368942260742, "find no significant difference between treatment and control.72control group, but the reco very benefit was likely negati ve compared to households that did \nnot experience the shock. Note that this conclusion rests on the assumption that we ha ve ac"]
[-2.036849021911621, 15.720358848571777, "ds. Additionally, while the pre vious analysis takes the inter vention as an \u201call or noth-\ning\u201d construct that estimates a verage effects, this analysis will allow us to better understand \nwhich aspects of the inter vention pro vided value to the hou"]
[-2.0441982746124268, 15.727416038513184, "crease income. \nThe last two practices require a little more explanation. Kitchen gardens do not necessarily \nincrease production but are used to grow higher- value crops for personal consumption. Thus, \nit isn\u2019t the quantity of production that appea"]
[-2.000720262527466, 15.686544418334961, "e di vidend. We are able to identify which \naspects of the inter vention increased income as well as which aspects were successfully incor-\nporated into beha vior. \nConclusions and Lessons Learned\nThe Oxfam\u2013Pakistan case shows that it is feasible to "]
[-1.9749269485473633, 15.657452583312988, "one.   76Another challenge with estimating the resilience di vidend for those that experience the shock is \nthat we must condition on the obser ved event. Estimating the resilience dividend associated \nwith a particular shock is difficult , since the"]
[-1.922675609588623, 15.64371395111084, "the resilience di v\nidend elements of interest.\nDiamond Valley\nThis case study is based on the RDVM. It pro vides a demonstration of how RDVM can be \napplied in real-world situations. The case can be read on its own, but it is part of the broader pac"]
[-1.927950382232666, 15.673074722290039, "e resilience di vidend that may result from \nimposing a share-based rights system. As such, the proposed inter vention is an institutional \nchange (water rights structure and enforcement), which in turn changes beha vior of agricul-\ntural producers ("]
[-1.9120889902114868, 15.695037841796875, "ue of non-production-\nbased public goods related to community viability and stability. As such, the resilience di vi-\ndend is really a measure of the total (pri vate and public) net benefits pro vided via the inter ven-\ntion and achie ved by exercisi"]
[-1.8768454790115356, 15.706765174865723, " allows us to estimate the change in profitability to water \nusers, the Duke Uni versity analytical report did not calculate the secondary and tertiary values \nassociated with community viability and cohesion. These include the value of a voiding the"]
[-1.833348274230957, 15.751442909240723, "propriated by a factor of about 4 \u00bd when \nconsidering all water rights in the basin (see Figure 4.7). Perennial yield, defined as the maxi-mum amount of groundwater that can be consumed in the long run without depleting the reservoir, is estimated at"]
[-1.8952300548553467, 15.699128150939941, "withdrawal of groundwater.\nApplying the Resilience Dividend Model to Estimate the Potential Dividend \nfor the Diamond Valley\nThe system under consideration is the quantity-based agricultural-hydrological system. The \nGMP is the hypothetical inter ven"]
[-1.8855321407318115, 15.699712753295898, "ate to withdraw water \nfor purposes other than domestic use.83Figure 4.8). Historically, irrigators in the basin ha ve grown Timothy hay and alfalfa on an \n11-year rotation. While there may be some potential for a producer whose water rights are curt"]
[-1.887542486190796, 15.708041191101074, "ral equilibrium \n28 Zeff, H., et al. (2016). Benefits, costs, a nd distributio nal impacts of a grou ndwater tradi ng program i n the Diamo nd Valley, \nNevada . New York: Rockefeller Foundation.\n29 Possibilities for future  analysis include a sur vey"]
[-1.9021706581115723, 15.631921768188477, " di vidend. \nThere are se veral elements that are not included in the model due to a lack of data. First, we do \nnot include bankruptcies, monitoring costs, legal costs, or other financial costs that might be associated with a change of the system.\n3"]
[-1.8921178579330444, 15.702709197998047, "igators (i.e., o verdrawing water relati ve to their allotment) would \nlead to increased pri vate profitability at the expense of others.\nEmpirical Methods\nAs mentioned earlier, a quantitati ve assessment of the expected benefits of a share-based, \nr"]
[-1.892916202545166, 15.696213722229004, "oduction (lack of system di versity or a vailable substitutes). Readers \ninterested in additional technical details are referred to the original analysis.\n38\nFor the purposes of this case study, we assume that modeling scenario (B), \u201csudden curtailme"]
[-1.9041365385055542, 15.675215721130371, "me full curtailment to 35,000 acre-feet either during or \nimmediately after the planning horizon. Drawdown rates for project scenarios are either 3% or 6% per year, for a total of four project scenarios. BAU curtailment is in accordance with current "]
[-1.9049619436264038, 15.687775611877441, "llion in scenario (E) and $8.2 million under scenario (F). 88Figure 4.9. Estimated Resilience Dividend from Agricultural Production, Net Present Value,  \n30-Year Time Horizon\n$  -$10$20$30$40$50$60$70\nScenario E, 3% Scenario F, 3% Scenario E, 6% Scen"]
[-1.8966954946517944, 15.69799518585205, "eping more water. 3% and 6% refer to assumed rate of decline of assignable water due to curtailment. Basinwide, there are 9 owners of senior rights only, 17 owners with mixed rights, and 40 with junior rights only. Baseline pro\ufb01tability for senior ri"]
[-1.9008818864822388, 15.691274642944336, "undwater management plan is \ndeveloped in the region, there would be e vidence of a community stability resilience di vidend \nif any particular producer is willing to accept less profitability in exchange for keeping junior rightholders in production"]
[-1.897839069366455, 15.684200286865234, " also likely to impair community stability and vitality. \nConsideration of this alternati ve baseline highlights the short-run/long-run trade-offs between \nprofitability and the long-term sustainability of the community as it exists today. It also pr"]
[-1.919820785522461, 15.6620512008667, "he discount rate is used in net present value calculations to enable comparison of monetary flows at different points in \ntime. A positi ve discount rate suggests less weight on future flows. So, for example, the net present value of $100 next \nyear "]
[-1.956505298614502, 15.654740333557129, "e appropriate methods to detail the expected beha vioral changes associated with any \nproject inter vention.\nCalculation of the resilience dividend may be highly dependent on assumptions made \nabout adaptive and transformative capacities of the agent"]
[-1.9395198822021484, 15.651677131652832, "ti ve resilience di vidend for each of the four \nscenarios examined, there were both \u201cwinners\u201d and \u201closers\u201d in terms of profitability. Thus, an overall social net benefit, when aggregated, does not necessarily imply that e veryone wins. We \nrecommend"]
[-1.9275059700012207, 15.646148681640625, "ity element to the resilience di vidend. Although we currently lack such \ninformation, any realized management plan that results in decreased net profitability for senior rightholders relati ve to the baseline, but for which there is support from thi"]
[-1.896720290184021, 15.677166938781738, "entify \neach and e very element of the resilience di vidend at a detailed le vel, limited information and \ndata may preclude doing so. In these cases, aggregating a set of (perhaps ill-defined) benefits into a broader category (like the benefits from"]
[-1.8320832252502441, 15.53941535949707, "d not the type of rights system in place (e.g., prior appropriation versus a shares-based system). Howe ver, the distribution of the di vidend varied significantly, \nwith mixed rightholders accounting for nearly 60 percent of the o verall gain for sc"]
[-1.7907594442367554, 15.402848243713379, ". In addition to estimating a resilience di vi-\ndend of forest restoration, we discuss some of the estimation and policy challenges that may arise in the de velopment of a forest resilience bond. \nFor this case study, the resilience di vidend would b"]
[-1.7598923444747925, 15.358769416809082, "Unknown (Site Speci\ufb01c)Fire Suppression Cost $18-21Fire Structural Damage Unknown (Site Speci\ufb01c)Fire Water Quality/ \nSedimentation$8.70\nSocial Bene\ufb01t Unknown (Site Speci\ufb01c)\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 calculations.\nThis approach pro vides bounds for a partial qu"]
[-1.756059169769287, 15.308476448059082, "anagement. Throug h ecosystem restoratio n.\n45 Vilsack, T. (2015). \u201cThe cost of fighting wildfires is sapping forest ser vice budget.\u201d U.S. Forest Ser vice 2017.99Restoring forests to a more natural state may ha ve other benefits as well: there is po"]
[-1.7719687223434448, 15.317438125610352, "lliot, W. J., Miller, M. E., and Enstice, N. (2016). \u201c Targeting forest management through fire and erosion modelling.\u201d \nInternational Jour nal of Wildla nd Fire , 25(8), 876-887.\n49 We assume that the BAU case is the present situation of an unrestor"]
[-1.7629181146621704, 15.355690002441406, "ecosystem restoration that selecti vely har vests different ages of trees depending on the \nrestoration\u2019s goals. \nSecond, fires are a result of the fuel pro vided by trees and forest debris. We treat fire severity \nas  \u201cbad\u201d because, while fires pre "]
[-1.8576964139938354, 15.497675895690918, "pproach, we \nwould know what stakeholders are willing to pay for each of the goods and ser vices pro vided \nby a forest, and could then estimate the value of the indi vidual capital stocks and, in aggregate, \nthe forest as a whole. Because we do not "]
[-1.7866190671920776, 15.382060050964355, "ystem. 103There are two important outside forces\u2014forest fires and precipitation\u2014that we ha ve not \nexplicitly described in Figure 4.12. First, from the data presented in Figure 4.11, it appears that forest fires are determined outside the system, and"]
[-1.7617746591567993, 15.355935096740723, "cult \nto estimate and may be geographically dependent.\nThe impacts of fire suppressio n: The main focus of the restoration is not necessarily ecosystem \nservices but fire suppression costs. There are two sets of impacts to consider: First, what is th"]
[-1.7516276836395264, 15.325705528259277, "S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser vice, Rocky Mountain Research Station. \npp. 141\u2013148.\n53 Lynch, D. L., and Mackes, K. (200 3). Costs for reduci ng fuels i n Colorado forest restoratio n projects . U. F. Ser vice, USDA \nForest Ser vice Proceed"]
[-1.7499929666519165, 15.346826553344727, "t within the forest and is equal to a board that is one foot long by one \nfoot wide by one inch thick.\nSOURCE: Wilm and Dunford (1948).\n56 Wilm, H., and Dunford, E. (1948). \u201cEffect of timber cutting on water a vailable for stream flow from a lodgepol"]
[-1.7527786493301392, 15.350723266601562, "ra-tion to 0.5 cm 10 years out (2 cm of increased runoff translates into 0.06 acre-feet of water per acre of restoration and 0.5 cm translates into 0.01 acre-feet).  \nOther studies ha ve also estimated the impact of changes in forest structure on run"]
[-1.74636971950531, 15.350127220153809, "efficiency of 80% and a dam height of 300 feet, an acre-foot of water produces \napproximately 244.8 kWh of energy or 0.245 MWh. Using data from the EIA, we estimate that the a verage day ahead price for wholesale electricity in 2016 was $ 30.31 per M"]
[-1.7524014711380005, 15.35131549835205, "urn in California, this implies that the annual probability of an acre of forest burning in California is approximately 0.5 percent. If these forests were restored, the expected savings in fire suppression costs are $2.10\u2013$2.50 per acre of fire in an"]
[-1.755887746810913, 15.35328483581543, " differences \nin runoff between restored and unrestored forest that would gi ve rise to changes in value for \nwater and electric utilities. These changes will be small in comparison to the sedimentation and potentially increased treatment costs. As s"]
[-1.758246660232544, 15.365059852600098, "al Damage Unknown (Site Speci\ufb01c)Fire Water Quality/Sedimentation $8.70Social Bene\ufb01t Unknown (Site Speci\ufb01c)\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 Analysis.\nIn addition to the resilience di vidend estimates of a forest restoration project, there exist a \nnumber of aspects "]
[-2.0283701419830322, 15.680582046508789, "essed. Additionally, some work suggests that to realize these estimated ben-efits, 20%- 30% of the landscape would need to be restored.\nISET Da Nang, Vietnam\nThis case study is based on the RDVM. It pro vides a demonstration of\u00a0how the RDVM can \nbe a"]
[-2.03499436378479, 15.708248138427734, "nam.\u201d \nUrba n Climate , 12, 85.\n69 Throughout this analysis we use the term typhoon-resilient housing, as ISE T-Vietnam did in its cost-benefit analysis. \nISET also used the term storm-resistant housing in its housing inter vention. We chose to use t"]
[-2.0180718898773193, 15.686297416687012, "t rate as of June 2015, and each inter vention household also had some sa vings. In \naddition, ISE T\u2019s pre-inter vention feasibility study found that households are willing to take \nloans to in vest in resilient housing,71 suggesting that poor and ne"]
[-2.012497663497925, 15.688055038452148, "e outcomes of intervention and non-intervention population and their perceptions on trust in community to rely on each other in case of storm events; early warning reception; capacity to prepare and respond to events based on training; understanding "]
[-2.02777361869812, 15.673433303833008, "ntial to grow e ven \nstronger due to climate change. Weather, combined with an increasing population and rapid economic de velopment, make Da Nang prone to flooding and disasters. The area has increas-\ningly experienced typhoon and flood e vents that"]
[-2.0208041667938232, 15.682798385620117, "ented technical training for local builders and financial sa vings training for households, hosted community \nrisk management workshops, and created sa vings groups aimed at building good sa vings habits \nand trust among participants. The objecti ve "]
[-2.018841028213501, 15.676820755004883, "lable for analysis. Howe ver, a number of potentially broader \nsocial impacts ha ve been assessed. For example, 702 Women\u2019s Union staff trained in commu-\nnity-based disaster risk management and climate change, and at least 644 people in the target be"]
[-1.9865281581878662, 15.66127872467041, " very and transformational capacities in the broader \ncommunity. We cannot directly measure these aspects but understand there are changes in behavior that may affect social capital, which is discussed in the following sections. \nApplying the RDVM to"]
[-2.0181684494018555, 15.682683944702148, " Financial capital  plays a critical role both in the \nprovision of housing capital and in the reco very process after a typhoon occurs. As ISE T has \nshown, in vesting in typhoon-resistant housing is cost-effecti ve, but households may lack the \nfin"]
[-2.013772487640381, 15.684832572937012, "k associated with the absorpti ve capacities is \ntyphoon protectio n. Resilient houses protect household members but can also shelter members \nof the public  (e.g., neighbors, tra velers, fishermen) who lack resilient housing, which may build \ncommun"]
[-2.0316765308380127, 15.659455299377441, "nducted a random selection household assessment87 \nfr o m Ma y t o J un e 20 1 2 tha t in cl uded dem ograp hi c an d eco n o mi c co n di ti o ns info rma ti o n , construction conditions of homes, household assets, and historical information regard"]
[-2.016073703765869, 15.692625045776367, "sehold le vels. These estimates would include things \nlike increased economic wealth due to increased income associated with the well-being of resilient households. They would include other human and social capital estimates at the com-munity le vel "]
[-2.0241613388061523, 15.668769836425781, "ed? Housing, &  Human Capital (No electricity \nor internet reduces access to information)\nDisaster Response & \nPreparednessMethod alerted of storm/s (TV, \nNewspaper, Radio, neighbors etc.)Human & Social Capital \nDid you move due to past storms (2009 "]
[-2.0207839012145996, 15.64183235168457, "atisfaction on as scale of \n1-5 (very satis\ufb01ed) with things like the following: success in your life, safety during storms and \ufb02oods, feeling that you are part of the community, future securityHuman & Social Capital, well-being as it \nrelates to the "]
[-2.033137083053589, 15.710174560546875, ". ** Responses for this question were not included in the dataset from ISET.\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 analysis.\nFor each of the questions outlined in this table, we ha ve identified where each fits within the \nconceptual model elements. This process indicate"]
[-2.017345666885376, 15.693246841430664, "on the community for support in an e vent like Typhoon Nari; a follow-up \nquestion could ask how much and what types of support they would anticipate recei ving. \nFinally, se veral questions could be asked about the household perception of their well"]
[-2.045844078063965, 15.718977928161621, "ecti ve \ncan contribute to household well-being in a typhoon resilience system. The steps identified in this analysis can be used to consider similar analysis in future projects. \nSocioeconomic data should be collected. More detailed information on t"]
[-1.9600884914398193, 15.655473709106445, "both pre-project and post-project approaches for estimating the resilience di vi-\ndend. It is a good example of a large-scale, broad-based resilience project, but the project design also makes calculating the resilience di vidend challenging. \nExecut"]
[-1.9648996591567993, 15.663174629211426, "t two strategies for estimating the resilience di vidend, \none based on a pre-project perspecti ve and one that looks forward to a post-project period when \nit may be feasible to measure the realized benefits if data are collected to support measurem"]
[-1.9493906497955322, 15.643141746520996, "\nbaria project includes planning, preparation, and procurement in 201 3\u20132015 and infrastruc-\nture construction in 2016\u20132017. Data collection for the Mathbaria project\u2014especially the output assessment at the household and community le vel\u2014has not been"]
[-1.9664040803909302, 15.650798797607422, "sical capital  includes changes to piped water, bridges, drainage, roads, and cyclone shel-\nters. This suite of infrastructure impro vements pro vides both pri vate and public benefits. Pri-\nvate benefits come through in vestments in water and sewage"]
[-2.0154497623443604, 15.683839797973633, "income, employment, and health quality. Income  \nis a measurable proxy for household utility, capturing changes in earnings that dri ve other \naspects of welfare. At the household le vel, employme nt will be correlated with income, but at a \ncommunit"]
[-1.950589656829834, 15.648128509521484, "silience di vidend. The components can be di vided into three broad catego-\nries. The first set is in vestments that target disaster risk reduction and are unlikely to produce \nco-benefits, such as community cyclone shelters. The second set is in ves"]
[-1.960044264793396, 15.66426944732666, ", which limits our ability to calculate numerical estimates of the resilience \ndividend. \nOur approach using ADB-generated rate of return estimates is straightforward: we would \ncategorize estimated net benefits according to the resilience di vidend "]
[-1.9751262664794922, 15.670822143554688, "ta. In addition, where feasible \nthe project should measure changes in outputs, since those will be realized on a shorter time horizon than outcomes. Household data, collected through sur veys, would support estimates \nof the changes in well-being, i"]
[-1.992730736732483, 15.69262409210205, "81.1 TBD TBD TBDBridges 41.2 TBD TBD TBDCyclone shelters 69.9 TBD TBD TBDTotal 1,057.5\nNOTES: Bene\ufb01ts estimates from ADB 2014(a) and component summaries from ADB 2014(b). TBD indicates that \nthese estimates are to be determined given existing data th"]
[-1.9594180583953857, 15.666692733764648, "ost-Project Resilience Dividend\nType of capital or good/service Outputs to measure Outcomes to measure\nPhysical capital Infrastructure built Avoided damage\nAvoided mortality/morbidity\nHuman capital Residents trained \nMunicipal workers trained Worker "]
[-1.9450643062591553, 15.637689590454102, "only for the resilience project but also for the \nrelevant BAU cases, whether they are for alternati ve investment or no in vestment. \nNon-physical capital is difficult to incorporate. Economic analysis of infrastructure projects \nis unlikely to addr"]
[-1.9532384872436523, 15.659405708312988, "enarios that can be used. For instance, with the forest bond project, the BAU case could ha ve been either \u201cdo nothing\u201d or the opposite extreme of clear cutting the entire forest. \nIn fact, any alternati ve forest management strategy could be used as"]
[-1.9790838956832886, 15.673810005187988, "he lack of a benefit may be because the shock was larger than what had been planned for and the investment in protection was too small compared to the shock that was obser ved. Protection \nmeasures are typically designed for either an entire distribu"]
[-1.9584472179412842, 15.637639045715332, " beha vior \nto shift to something new\u2014perhaps relaxing a constraint or introducing new opportunities\u2014can be an indicator of changes in resilience capacities, and is also directly linked to the pro-duction or consumption of goods and ser vices. In Nep"]
[-1.9984301328659058, 15.6755952835083, "e actions to reduce damage. This informa-\ntion likely changed people\u2019s beha vior by encouraging them to take pri vate mitigation actions, \nbut not all households in the inter ventions will take action. In the case of these households, \nthe resilience"]
[-1.9548224210739136, 15.628604888916016, "ger term could help shed light on this process, but the ability \nto determine a casual effect from the inter vention versus other inter ventions or circumstances \nis complicated the further remo ved one is from project completion.\nRegardless of data "]
[-1.9695215225219727, 15.669424057006836, "ltural producers had choices of 1) buying or sell-\ning water rights; 2) extending the depth of their wells based on the state of the groundwater capital stock; and 3) ceasing production entirely. The hydro-economic model captured this \nbehavior using"]
[-1.9415684938430786, 15.636245727539062, "ected for both project and BAU stakeholders if a casual \ninference approach was to be used, or simulated in the case of a forward-looking project that has not yet been implemented.\nThese four time periods are important because they allow us to isolat"]
[-1.9405807256698608, 15.626949310302734, "e cases, aggregation of various components of the resilience dividend into broad \ncategories of goods and services may be an effective empirical strategy. As noted through-\nout this document, changes in the flows of valuable goods and ser vices are t"]
[-1.930444598197937, 15.623711585998535, "ssary to create a consistent model of a system. Howe ver, the relationships between these model elements are \ncomplex and, in some cases, not well understood. Examples include how changes in institu-tions will ultimately change human beha vior, and t"]
[-1.9240596294403076, 15.604565620422363, "alth founda-\ntion of the RDVM relies hea vily on theories of value that predominate modern economics. In \nparticular, we assume that something (i.e., a good, ser vice, policy, or action) is valuable if and \nonly if an indi vidual would be willing to "]
[-1.9307490587234497, 15.621003150939941, "ata structures that can best suit quantification of \nthe di vidend, the importance of beha vior in generating a resilience di vidend, and the limita-\ntions of the model. While we belie ve that the inclusi ve wealth conceptualization of systems for \ne"]
[-1.958884358406067, 14.184954643249512, "he RAND research team, the Rockefeller Foundation has defined \nfive characteristics of resilient systems.1 The following reproduces those characteristics and \ntheir definitions:\n\u2022 Aware: knowing your strengths, assets, liabilities and vulnerabilities"]
[-1.9927507638931274, 14.30237865447998, "h which these changes might be \nmade is informational (as with awareness), as exposure to differing ideas or strategies may result in pri vate or public actions that are different than that which would ha ve been taken other-\nwise. Another channel mi"]
[-1.9470700025558472, 15.640329360961914, "d that has the potential to produce other bene\ufb01ts not directly related to the shock or stressor\nResilience Lens An approach to project and portfolio development that \nbetter accounts for system interdependencies and potential co-bene\ufb01ts, with the ult"]
[-2.109717845916748, 14.241241455078125, "t h System Scie nce, 13(11), 2707-2716. \nAnderies, J., Folke, C., Walker, B., and Ostrom, E. (201 3). \u201cAligning key concepts for global \nchange policy: Robustness, resilience, and sustainability.\u201d Ecology a nd Society , 18(2), 8.\nArrow, K. J., Dasgup"]
[-2.0830917358398438, 14.261150360107422, "i ve and acti ve learning in the adapti ve management of nutrients in shallow \nlakes.\u201d Canadian Jour nal of Agricultural Eco nomics/Revue ca nadienne d\u2019agroeco nomie,  \n57(4), 555-57 3.\nBrown, D., & Kulig, J. (1996/97). The concept of resiliency: The"]
[-1.962786316871643, 14.535621643066406, "and \nPsychopathology, 5, 517\u2013528.\nElliot, W. J., Miller, M. E., and Enstice, N. (2016). \u201c Targeting forest management through fire \nand erosion modelling.\u201d International Jour nal of Wildla nd Fire , 25(8), 876-887.\nEureka County (2016, September). Eu"]
[-2.06005597114563, 14.277835845947266, " adaptation from a disaster risk perspecti ve.\u201d Natural Hazards , 70(1), 609-627.\nLongstaff, P. H., Security, Resilie nce, and Commu nicatio n in Unpredictable E nvironments Suc h \nas T errorism, N atural Dis as ters, a nd Complex Tec hnology, Cambri"]
[-2.145164728164673, 14.307534217834473, "Commu nity Psyc hology, 41(1-2), 127-150.\nPaton, D., and Johnston, D. (2001). Disasters and communities: Vulnerability, resilience, and \npreparedness. Disaster Pre vention and Management, 10, 270-277.\nPawson, R. (200 3). \u201cNothing as practical as a go"]
[-2.0204362869262695, 15.583067893981934, "alysis for typhoon resilient housing in Danang city, Vietnam.\u201d Urba n Climate , \n12, 85-10 3.\nTurner, B. L., Kasperson, R. R., Matson, P. A., McCarthy, J. J., Corell, R. W., Christensen, L.,  \net al. (200 3). \u201cA framework for vulnerability analysis i"]
[-1.9188432693481445, 15.610095977783203, "the net benefits of a resilience project. We call the framework the Resilience Dividend Valuation Model (RDVM). We use the term resilience dividend to describe the net benefits associated with the absorption of shocks and stressors, the recovery path"]
[15.684511184692383, 16.493017196655273, "Nicholas M. Pace, Lloyd DixonAssigning Responsibility \nFollowing a Catastrophe\nAlternatives to Relying Solely on Traditional \nCivil LitigationCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein "]
[15.649577140808105, 16.566587448120117, "e that traditional civil \nlitigation might not be the best way to assign responsibility . We do not, however, address the \nunderlying question of whether an alternative to ordinary litigation is actually needed for any \nparticular type of adverse eve"]
[15.684904098510742, 16.461694717407227, "...................................................................................................  iii!\nTables  ........................................................................................................................................"]
[15.702445030212402, 16.36788558959961, "\nAgency Investigations  ..............................................................................................................................  14 !\nAgency Determinations  ......................................................................"]
[15.749273300170898, 16.286869049072266, ".........  31 !\nNational Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986  ............................................................................ 31 !\nNational Swine Flu Immunization Program of 1976  ........................................................"]
[15.781545639038086, 16.34217071533203, ".................................................................................. 44 !\nChapter Five:  Oil Spills in Navigable Waters  ...........................................................................................  47 !\nBackground ......"]
[15.689179420471191, 16.44699478149414, "................................................................................  113 !\nOverview of Framework Examples  ...................................................................................................... 113 !\nPrimary Goals of the "]
[15.679230690002441, 16.454044342041016, "le  S.2. Primary Goals of Example Frameworks  ..................................................................................  xx !\nTable  S.3. Liability Protections Embedded in Frameworks .........................................................."]
[15.690502166748047, 16.446813583374023, "e have argued that an approach better suited to handle \nthe flood of claims that arises fo llowing a major disaster is needed, one that minimizes the \ngeneration of substantial legal and other transaction costs while extending liability protections \n"]
[15.689785957336426, 16.459230422973633, "ility for an adverse event might be affixed upon or accepted by \nindividuals or entities through formal procedures (such as agency hearings), informal actions \n(such as when a company voluntarily sets up a claim fac ility to pay requests for compensa"]
[15.723016738891602, 16.419458389282227, " Determinations \nAgency determinations are nonadversarial  proceedings in which agency staff affix \nresponsibility on a party based on its internal review of relevant facts and controlling \nregulations, statutes, and departmental guidelines and proce"]
[15.694530487060547, 16.431560516357422, "t might  arise in the future, regardless of the party \u2019s \nactions.  \nFrameworks \nThese processes must be viewed in the context of overarching frameworks  that reflect \nlegislatures \u2019 intentions as to how legal relationships between actors ought to be"]
[15.70129108428955, 16.31483268737793, "s) with pneumoconiosis ( \u201cblack lung\u201d), as well as to their surviving \ndependents; it typically requires the operator of the last coal mine in which the \ninjured or diseased worker was employed for a year or more to  cover the cost of \nthose benefits"]
[15.706106185913086, 16.361499786376953, "S. Senate issued its resolution of advice and consent to ratify the \ntreaty on July  31, 2003.  \n10 Pub. L. No.  101-380. \n11 Pub. L. No.  85-256.  xvi Personnel Protection Act of 2003  and the National Smallpox Vaccination Program  made \npossible  b"]
[15.720352172851562, 16.306081771850586, "hose limitations.  Punitive damages continued to be prohibited, but carriers would now \nbe strictly liable (sometimes referred to as presumed liable ) for proven injury claims up to \nabout $153 ,000 (as of April 2017 ). Claims beyond that point would"]
[15.875311851501465, 16.25377082824707, "overed persons)  \nNOTE : OSLTF  = Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, created by OPA.  \na A demise charter is a vessel lease in which all of the vessel\u2019s operating expenses pass to the lessee .  xviii OPA was expressly enacted to address responsibility i"]
[15.740150451660156, 16.310155868530273, "er o f licensees across the \ncountry, this equates to a potential fund of about  $13 billion to address claims arising out of a \nsingle incident, although the owner or operator of the power plant where the incident actually \noccurred would be directl"]
[15.739264488220215, 16.289064407348633, "itional tort lawsuit.  \nThe NCVIA took a different approach, conferring no blanket immunity on manufacturers of \nspecified types of vaccines, but instead markedly narrowing the theories of liability that could \nbe used against them.  Claims for compe"]
[15.736413955688477, 16.34071922302246, "be vital to the nation \u2019s public health \nwere at risk or currently inadequate.  The story behind OPA is not as straightforward : \nDeveloping a comprehensive and rapid response to immediate needs following a spill was \narguably a motivation of at leas"]
[15.81232738494873, 16.346982955932617, "  Although  the favored parties under OPA and Price \u2013Anderson  \ncontinue to bear responsibility for the costs of compensation, remediation, and recovery (as well as a ssociated transactional expenses), such parties have the benefit of potentially \nsi"]
[15.763406753540039, 16.367883682250977, "hly structured system \nfor considering a very s pecific type of claim and rules crafted for a singular purpose (such as \nthe NCVIA program), but it would also cover instances in which traditional tort litigation is the \nsole option available to claim"]
[15.795778274536133, 16.312850952148438, "st \na PRP for claims \npreviously paid  \u2022!Not relevant; claimant does \nnot participate because its \nclaims have already been \nresolved  Responsible party \n(\u201cclaimant \u201d is the OSLTF)  \nOPA: Claim \nresolution through \nlitigation  Civil lawsuit of c laim"]
[15.78656005859375, 16.285945892333984, "allpox vaccine \nacts: Agency claim \nresolutions  Semiformal  internal \nagency determination \nof claims against the \nUnited States  \u2022!There are limits on \nattorneys\u2019 fees (assuming \nno impact on the availability \nof counsel) . \n\u2022!If the claim meets th"]
[15.788140296936035, 16.300281524658203, "s to one year . \nFor PRPs:  Results of agency claim decisions  are \nnot relevant until trust fund reimbursement \naction is initiated . \nOPA: Agency -initiated  \ncivil reimbursement \nactions Civil lawsuit  brought by an \nagency against a PRP for \nclai"]
[15.783183097839355, 16.283349990844727, "mination of a claim pres ented to it, such as when OPA \nclaimants proceed against the OSLTF to recover damages or recovery costs or when Swine Flu \nAct and smallpox vaccine act  claimants seek compensation from the Secretary of Health and \nHuman Serv"]
[15.783641815185547, 16.33978271484375, "are considered.  In contrast are semiformal  agency determinations in which the \ndecisionmaker has some sort of preexisting relationship with what might be thought of as an \ninterested party.  For example, claims submitted against the OSLTF under OPA"]
[15.787005424499512, 16.312942504882812, "e PRP in district \ncourt  \nFor PRPs: Not as part of this \nprocess, although defenses \ncould be put forth if an agency \nseeks reimbursement through court action \nOPA: Agency -\ninitiated  civil \nreimbursement  \nactions Civil lawsuit  \nbrought by an \nag"]
[15.782480239868164, 16.26559066772461, "specifically address claim \nprocedures . \nFor PRPs:  Not directly relevant \nfollowing substitution of the \nUnited States as defendant -payor  For claimants : The claimant \ncould request reconsideration \nof the decision, although \nappellate review wo "]
[15.707432746887207, 16.397579193115234, " in this regard  because aviation litigation is a target- rich \nenvironment, especially in the period following the disaster , when so much about the \ncircumstances leading up to the incident is still unknown.  There are few downsides to filing \nsuit"]
[15.69671630859375, 16.431800842285156, "catastrop he-level losses.  Given that reality, policymakers \ndesiring to create a functional alternative model for determining responsibility should be less \nconcerned with building an impregnable wall against ancillary litigation and instead focus "]
[15.69580078125, 16.429134368896484, "ntained the following features in varying forms:  \n\u2022!a set of underlying goals for making the effort to change traditional tort  \n\u2022!various protections for individuals and entities that would otherwise find \nthemselves embroiled as defendants in liti"]
[15.690088272094727, 16.445899963378906, "the political consensus that supported its creation.  Framework designers \nmust incorporate realistic means for claimants to seek redress of losses that are no longer \navailable through traditional tort remedie s. This does not imply that claimants m"]
[15.690717697143555, 16.42829132080078, "king sure that some sort of credible governmental \nbackstop is in place seems like a necessary component of any framework that purports to deal \nwith the liability consequences aris ing from a potential catastrophe.  \nProgram designers must also anti"]
[15.683829307556152, 16.406633377075195, "lpful.  Such an ex post,  ad hoc  \napproach maximizes the  amount of political will that would be needed  to move a radical \nproposal through an otherwise -sluggish and suspic ious legislature.  An argument could be made \nthat, even with foreknowledg"]
[15.7197847366333, 16.338729858398438, "ted external defibrillator  \nALJ administrative law judge  \nAPA Administrative Procedure Act  \nATSA Aviation and Transportation Security Act  \nATSSSA  Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act  of 2001  \nCAA Clean Air Act  \nCDC Centers f"]
[15.694608688354492, 16.455463409423828, "There was an implicit assumption that  the resolution of a dispute would affect the interests \nand behaviors of the parties alleging and defending such claims almost exclusively because the \nconcerns and actions of those not directly involved in the "]
[15.692974090576172, 16.438133239746094, "t reimburse  an injured party . It reviews \nexamples of circumstances in which s tatutory substitutes for the traditional tort system have \nbeen adopted for dealing with at least some of the consequences of widespread harm, \ndescribing the approaches"]
[15.64907455444336, 16.488399505615234, " elements of negligence, the losses that a plaintiff alleges must be proven t o exist or there \ncannot be a finding of legal responsibility on the part of the defendant (in other words, no injury means \nno tort).   3 Terminology \nCatastrophes and  Di"]
[15.679601669311523, 16.46613121032715, "rom providing assistance , with near -total \ndisruption of everyday life); and Sugarman, 2007 (major disasters are harms that are catastrophic to many \npeople and often sufficiently grave to overtax the capacity of moderate and larger communities to "]
[15.673312187194824, 16.459339141845703, "erest in responsibility is  not solely in identifying the root or proximal cause of \na catastrophe.  Actions that are asserted to contribute , to any degree , in the sequence of events \nleading to onset are in play, as are postonset  actions that als"]
[15.690253257751465, 16.433372497558594, "ther  process that might be utilized for assigning \nresponsibility . In Chapter Two, we describe different types of processes in greater detail. \nThese processes generally have a well -defined  structure . The NTSB does not examine the causes \nof tra"]
[15.677427291870117, 16.438823699951172, "ons, if the number of lawsuits filed in courts throughout the country \nis any indication.25 And although  NTSB  investigations target the nation \u2019s most serious aviation, \nrail, maritime, highway, and pipeline incidents each year in order to make the"]
[15.692277908325195, 16.4344425201416, "iver was intoxicated . This mosaic of rules and regulations are \nthe background against which an individual or entity is determined to be responsible for an \naccident  and the extent of a responsible party \u2019s financial  liability for th e resulting \n"]
[15.707526206970215, 16.4168643951416, "rative  determination, and \nthe outcome of the civil lawsuit in the example presented above as individual  processes within \nthe sam e larger framework.  Although the EPA might rely on the outcome of the NTSB \ninvestigation before deciding who should"]
[15.697729110717773, 16.443708419799805, "ance of fairness  \n\u2022!\u201cleakage \u201d to the traditional civil litigation system  \n\u2022!rationalizations offered  for changing traditional legal relationships between parties.  \nFinally, in Chapter Nine , we provide some concluding comments on the application"]
[15.794465065002441, 16.617557525634766, "n addressing catastrophe -related claims on behalf of themselves and those similarly \nsituated.  If a judge approves the representative plaintiffs \u2019 motion for class certification, one or \n                                         \n27 We refer to this"]
[15.714624404907227, 16.492101669311523, "ence  would be presented to the trier of fact . The role of judges in the litigation process has \ntraditionally been limited to ruling on pretrial  motions and overseeing the conduct of trials . \nJuries are typically used to decide questions of fact "]
[15.705862045288086, 16.448894500732422, "d other subjective \ncomplaints) . In most jurisdictions, the trier of fact also has the option of awarding punitive \ndamages to the plaintiffs, primarily for the purpose of punishing the defendants.  \nUnder certain circumstances, multiple  defendants"]
[15.684303283691406, 16.46552085876465, "licy, the insurer might  pay the defendant\u2019s attorneys\u2019 fees \nand litigation  expenses.  \nModified Tort Litigation  \nAn argument can be made that seemingly minor modifications to traditional tort liability can \nessentially create what amounts to a ve"]
[15.71327018737793, 16.404354095458984, "rtain types of parties might  not be held \nliable  for damages arising out of specified acts or omissions.  Intentional acts are \noften  excepted.  \n\u2022!limitations on total financial liability : Liability can attach to certain parties, but they \nwoul "]
[15.71546459197998, 16.41094970703125, " similar rule change but only with regard to noneconomic  \nawards . \n\u2022!imposition of a w aiting period : A potential plaintiff  would be prohibited from filing \na new lawsuit until a specific period of time has elapsed from the event , presumably \nto"]
[15.694412231445312, 16.40737533569336, " inspect chemical  facilities ; obtain  samples or equipment ; and examine company records, \ninventories, and operating procedures .31 An investigation might take  12 months  before a report \ncontaining  key findings and root causes  of the accident "]
[15.750411987304688, 16.37423324584961, "ite \n                                         \n31 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 7412(6)(L); EPA, 2013b, p.  1. \n32 CSB, undated . \n33 CSB, 2013 , p. 10. \n34 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 7412(6)(G).  \n35 MSHA, 2011 , p. 7.  16 physical examination s of the accident site, inspect compan"]
[15.810381889343262, 16.33762550354004, " reimbursing the costs \nof cleanup.  That determination is not a rigidly formal process and might , for example,  simply \ncome from a quick search of  property records to find out who owned an abandoned oil-storage \nfacility.  \nThese determinations a"]
[15.767005920410156, 16.394868850708008, "ncy determinations can involve a more extensive and focused investigation, one that might  have a \nrole for stakeholders.  For example, an EPA designation of a PRP can, should the agency so choose, include \nreviewing documents, conducting site invest"]
[15.745487213134766, 16.39789581298828, "cisions , or to the courts ), \nhave the decision based solely on the record, and receive a statement of reasons for the \ndecision.45 That said, ordinary criminal and civil proceedings offer par ties far more -liberal \nopportunities to defend allegati"]
[15.751214981079102, 16.437009811401367, "ning argument, presentation  of witnesses and exhibits, and opportunities for cross -\nexamination and evident iary challenges. Closing arguments can take the form of a posthearing  \nbrief submitted by each party , filed at least a month after the con"]
[15.741186141967773, 16.422578811645508, "gulations.  Moving out of the \nrealm of administrative  law and int o the civil and criminal courts is done to seek the judgment \nof a decisionmaker  in a neutral forum that the agency\u2019 s conclusion about a party\u2019 s \nresponsibility was, in fact, a co"]
[15.748252868652344, 16.504262924194336, "ion, DOJ \nwill file the recovery action in court.  As was true for the civil penalty actions described above, \nat trial , the defendant can challenge its responsibility for the underlying incident  giving rise to \nthe cleanup operations . \n          "]
[15.69914722442627, 16.441497802734375, " \u2019s \nperspective) in these proceedings  might  be far more of a co ncern to a corporate defendant  than \nthe size of any civil or criminal fine.  Convictions can lead to debarment or the loss of an \noperating license , events that could  push a once "]
[15.698150634765625, 16.406890869140625, "cceptance of responsibility can also come much later in the process, when it can be a tactical \ndecision.  In the 200 0 crash of Alaska Ai rlines Flight 261, the airline and the successor to the \nmanufacturer conceded liability on the eve of trials  "]
[15.740654945373535, 16.316875457763672, " which law, rather than \ncontract, requires a party to bear some responsibility  for an adverse event that might  arise in \nthe future, regardless of the party \u2019s actions.  Under  the Price \u2013Anderson  Nuclear Industries  \nIndemnity  Act, for example,"]
[15.692631721496582, 16.388381958007812, "this chapter is illustrative rather than \ncomprehensive and focus es on those that were intended to replace or modify some aspect of \ntraditional tort litigation (for example, we do not include the legislation that granted the  NTSB \nthe power  to co"]
[15.701476097106934, 16.341651916503906, "ment of Transportation that an air carrier was a victim of an act \nof terrorism limits the carrier \u2019s responsibility to third parties to a maximum of $10 0 million  in \nthe aggregate, with the federal government responsible for any liability above th"]
[15.707405090332031, 16.294038772583008, "HSA) of 2002, major legislation enacted in \nreaction to the events of September  11, 2001.65 HSA contain s several  provisions related to \nvaccine injury liability that we discuss  at length in Chapter Seven, as well as the Support Anti -\nTerrorism b"]
[15.70854377746582, 16.32670021057129, "ment of the 1984 Warner \namendment (Pub.  L. No.  98-525, \u00a7 1631) , which provided essentially the same protections to government \ncontractors.  \n69 Pub. L. No.  105-170 (1998).  28 negligence or intentional misconduct.70 Legislative  history suggest"]
[15.708414077758789, 16.325408935546875, "can submit \nevidence opposing a determination of eligibility or later challenge an award by arguing that it \nwas made based on a mistake of fact or that there has been a change in the claimant \u2019s medical \ncondition . The Benefits Review Board can rev"]
[15.727865219116211, 16.348594665527344, "f the amount calculated by \nthe federal government  as the \u201cmaximum probab le loss \u201d for such claims, $50 0 million , or the \nmaximum liability  insurance then available on the world market at a \u201creasonable cost. \u201d The \nfederal government provides a "]
[15.6943941116333, 16.300552368164062, "the \nproviders were complying with national security requirements will trigger a dismissal  of any \ncivil action , unless the court finds that the certification was not supported by substantial \nevidence.  \nGeneral Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994"]
[15.832026481628418, 16.290599822998047, "ecovering losses related to oil pollution and limitations on the \nliability of those deemed responsible for the discharges.83 In Chapter Five, we describe OPA in \ndetail . \nPaul D. Coverdell Teacher Protection Act of 2001 \nIn states that receive fede"]
[15.7426118850708, 16.32756233215332, "duct defect claims  (other than when the firearm was used in the commission of a \ncrime) , and in certain actions brought by the U.S. Attorney General.85 The act also include s the \nChild Safety Lock Act of 2005  as one of its provisions, which exten"]
[15.726318359375, 16.259098052978516, "ed for \nscanning seaborne cargo for the presence of nuclear material might be one such technology).90 \nThe protections apply to all claims against the seller that are related to an act of terrorism \nwhen its DHS -certified technology was deployed in "]
[19.025724411010742, 15.390925407409668, "n, we describe the smallpox vaccine acts in detail. \nTerrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 \nThe Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) provide s a federal government reinsurance \u201cbackstop\u201d \nfor losses associated with acts of terrorism in exchange for req"]
[15.700932502746582, 16.35174560546875, " of a computer system to appropriately handle date- related data for \nthe year 2000 and beyond.94 \nThe act includes imposition of a uniform punitive -damage standard of \u201cclear and convincing \nevidence \u201d and, in instances in which the defendant is a s"]
[15.727069854736328, 16.360904693603516, "6-37 (1999).  36 power plant accidents  in Chapter Six), we look at the development of a regime under the Price \u2013\nAnderson  Act for addressing liability in the face of accidents at commercial nuclear power \nplants.  Finally ( mass vaccine injuries  i"]
[15.7018404006958, 16.365140914916992, " to adopt (via the r atification of a \ntreaty) a framework for assessing responsibility to serve  as an alternative to traditional tort.  \nLegal proceedings  involving  international aviation accidents offer a particularly  interesting case \nstudy be"]
[15.715241432189941, 16.35782241821289, "r. 1991); and El Al Isr. Airlines v. Tsui Yuan Tseng, 525  U.S. 155 (1999).   38 In the 1960s,  a de facto carve- out was created for the liability cap as it pertained to passengers \ndeparting  from or arriving in the United States , made possible by"]
[15.703958511352539, 16.367584228515625, "        \n99 Order of Civil Aeronautics Board Approving Increases in Liability Limitations of Warsaw Convention and \nHague Protocol, reprinted in a note following 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 40105 (1994).  \n100 Lloyd v. Am. Airlines (In re Air Crash at Little Rock Ar"]
[15.71178913116455, 16.354204177856445, "without physical injuries  Depends on the state \nwhere the case is \nfiled; might include \ninstances in which the claimant \nsustained  no physical \ninjuries Depends on the \nstate where the \ncase is filed; might \ninclude instances in which the claimant"]
[15.710878372192383, 16.369091033935547, "urisdiction al \nrules  \nImmediate \npayments by \ncarrier  Required within \n15 days Required within \n15 days No requirement  No requirement  \n  41 For some aspects of the litigation that ensued from the Flight  214 incident, where the claim is \nbrought"]
[15.707072257995605, 16.352867126464844, "gine manufacturers , parts suppliers, \nairports, air traffic controllers, hijackers, or other passengers , fall outside of the legal \nframework  established by the convention for modified tort litigation . The fourth column of \n                      "]
[15.693172454833984, 16.33460235595703, "plier) , Honeywell International, and the San Francisco Fire Department were formal parties.  \nThe investigation was extensive, as evidenced by a docket containing more than 90,000 \nseparate entries logging  evidence submissions, investigatory  event"]
[15.737360954284668, 16.367347717285156, "ries.118 The MDL cases \nwould not include a lawsuit filed in California state court by the family of a Chinese student \nwho was killed during the incident ; the suits claim that errors by local first responders (and not \nthe Montreal -protected carri"]
[15.689163208007812, 16.380998611450195, "hold.  This can be helpful in the context of relatively minor injuries, in \nwhich the complex proof required to show negligence on the part of the carrier might  require \nsignificant legal resources that can overwhelm the potential recovery . The exp"]
[15.742579460144043, 16.335453033447266, "in which the airline was essentially \nblameless , at least insofar as monetary claims exceeding the threshold are involved. The many \nnon-Montreal  claims being brought on behalf of passengers on Asiana Flight  214, a flight \ncertainly international "]
[15.854419708251953, 16.300535202026367, "unate possibilities. None of these incidents, however, compares with \nthe national attention and legislative concern triggered by the 1989 grounding of the Exxon \nValdez  and its implications for the environmental health of Prince William Sound, Alas"]
[15.84165096282959, 16.30094337463379, "enses would have no limitation \n(recovery costs in CWA, federal and state cleanup costs for OCSLA).  Recoverable damages \nwould , in every instance , include cleanup costs incurred by the government, but the laws \ndiffered markedly as to wh ether oth"]
[15.862675666809082, 16.295852661132812, "tive and immediate removal of a discharge, and [provide] mitigation or prevention \nof a substantial threat of a discharge, of oil or a h azardous substance\u201d131 involving the nation\u2019s \nnavigable waters, the adjoining shorelines, an exclusive economic "]
[15.862525939941406, 16.30080223083496, " depend for food, economic security, or other products.  The \ncrew of a commercial fishing boat might fall under this definition.  \n\u2022!profits and earning capacity: Any claimant  could recover for lost profits or \ndiminished earning capacity arising o"]
[15.851930618286133, 16.30093002319336, "ircumstances in which liability can be shifted or eliminated completely can  be narrow.141 A \n2004 revision to OPA added an \u201cinnocent landowner\u201d defense, in which  a responsible party \ncould argue that , when the real property where the discharge ema"]
[15.880278587341309, 16.289806365966797, "pe Line Co. v. Conewago \nContractors, Inc. , 1994 WL 539326 [M.D. Pa. Aug.  22, 1994] ). \n142 33 U.S.C. \u00a7 2703(d).  The 2004 revision mentioned is Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of \n2004, Pub.  L. No.  108-293. \n143 OPA, \u00a7  1003(c).  \n14"]
[15.86495304107666, 16.288616180419922, "nsible parties to operate within U.S. territory.152 The requirements extend, however, only \nto vessels, offshore facilities, and deepwater  ports, and , in some instances , the minimum \ninsurance level might  be lower than the cap.  \nThe liability ca"]
[15.845711708068848, 16.29438018798828, " tax on crude oil used in or exported fro m the United States.155 With OPA, \nexisting environmental cleanup funds (such as the CWA\u2019s  \u00a7 311 revolving fund; the DWPA\u2019s \nliability fund ; and TAPAA\u2019s Trans -Alaska Pipeline Liability Fund) were subsumed "]
[15.826976776123047, 16.30743408203125, "the OSLTF)  for a determination and would be successful only to the \nextent that their losses were not caused by their own gross negligen ce or willful m isconduct.165 \nThere would be a time limit of six years following the end of recovery efforts to"]
[15.854758262634277, 16.298017501831055, "over remova l costs or damages takes place, the action could be brought  in state \ncourt (depending on applicable jurisdictional rules) or federal court.172 A set of time limits \ndifferent from  those for bringing claims against the fund exists for f"]
[15.844587326049805, 16.303361892700195, "00.135(c); see also 40 C.F.R. \u00a7  300.305(b)(2).  \n176 U.S. Coast Guard, 2013b. \n177 33 C.F.R. \u00a7  136.305(a).  \n178 33 C.F.R. \u00a7  136.307.   56 unlike the civil litigation process, in which blanket denials of each allegation and statement of \nfact in t"]
[15.857658386230469, 16.298595428466797, "dentified them as responsible and stating that , if the identification was \ndisputed, evidence would need to be provided.\n183 There was no response to the letter.  A \nsubsequent complaint that DOJ filed on behalf of the Coast Guard sought to recover "]
[15.870059967041016, 16.279977798461914, "e \nnotice of design ation might get the agency to reconsider, but there does not appear to be any \nduty on the agency to do so , at least not one set forth in OPA. Although  the federal APA rules \nregardi ng informal agency decisions could be utilize"]
[15.81982135772705, 16.305957794189453, "ent  of the total costs of \ndamages and re medi ation  (none of these incidents fell into the \u201cmystery spill \u201d category because \nthe source of the discharge was always identifiable ).192 In such instances, the OSLTF was able to \ncover the remaining 3"]
[15.8616304397583, 16.296768188476562, " contemplates a situation in which \nresponsible parties could pay claims for \u201c interim short- term damages \u201d without precluding any \nfuture recoveries for losses outside the scope of those interim payments,\n194 a situation that \nwould not be common i"]
[15.874710083007812, 16.2897891998291, "e outside of OPA, but \nthey might  be subject to restrictions, such as the Limitation of Liability Ac t, which limits all shipowner \nliability for damages to the postincident  value of the vessel and its cargo.   60 Taken together, these points sugge"]
[15.904699325561523, 16.257333755493164, "            \n198 \u201cComplaint, \u201d filed April  21, 2010, in Shane Roshto & Natalie Roshto v. Transocean, Ltd. & BP, plc. , Civil \nAction No.  2:10- cv-01156, E.D. La . \n199 Some of these consolidated cases had been terminated or transferred by this time"]
[15.917696952819824, 16.266315460205078, "igher than the applicable limits of liability.204 Although  Deepwater Horizon  \nis obviously the most prominent example o f those 64  events, the 2010 Enbridge pipeline \nrupture in Michigan and subsequent release of more than  843,000 gallons of tar "]
[15.877588272094727, 16.291412353515625, " And often , more than one  agency \nconducts its own inquiry.  In Deepwater Horizon , government investigation reports were issued, \nfor example, by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, a national commission \nformed by the preside"]
[15.860648155212402, 16.320539474487305, "es \u201d \n(46 U.S. Code \u00a7  6308[a] ). As a result , a Coast Guard accident report could not be used in a trial for \ndamages , nor could it be used in an admin istrative proceeding brought by th e designated responsible \nparty.  \n208 CSB, 2014; National C"]
[15.737725257873535, 16.314069747924805, "ikely health and public welfare  consequences of a severe nuclear \npower plant incident in the United States at the pre sent time range from the modest  to the \nhorrific, photographic images of the destruction at the  Chernobyl power station and the "]
[15.747284889221191, 16.32610511779785, "er \nplant near Pleasanton , California , became the first commercially licensed reactor to supply significant \npower to the electric grid.  \n211 Duke Pow er Co. v. Carolina Envtl. Study Group , 438  U.S. 59, 89 (1978).   66 companions in tort . Altho"]
[15.745503425598145, 16.33661651611328, "mnibus coverage \nto deal with future claims due to injury latency.215 \n                                         \n212 Pub. L. No.  85-256 (1957). The Price\u2013 Anderson Act  has been characterized as a congressional response \nto a \u201c lack of adequate avai"]
[15.761151313781738, 16.334903717041016, "o be promulgated by the AEC.219 Such \nstandards were subsequently defined as a release related to a \u201csubstantial discharge or \ndispersal of radioactive material offsite \u201d that \u201chas resulted or will probably result in substantial \ndamages to persons o"]
[15.748178482055664, 16.338354110717773, "tion was substantially changed  by congressional \namendment .225 The mi nimum limits of private insurance had risen to $14 0 million , but, instead \nof a fixed amount of government financial assurance beyond that point, the basic core of protection i"]
[15.754408836364746, 16.3319034576416, " process  that sets strict limits on available damages.229 Or it could decide that \nmassive funding of  radiation cleanup operations completely satisfied its statutory requirement  \nto protect the public, even if some individuals a nd entities with p"]
[15.751311302185059, 16.327869415283203, "ed until a later date\u201d) , and provide \nrecommendations of additional sources of funds, such as new revenue measures, to a ddress \npotential above -cap losses.231 It would be up to Congress, of course, to enact legislation  to \nactually create the com"]
[15.735566139221191, 16.34151268005371, "ntended a \ncomplete bar against punitives; others assert that the prohibition is effective only when the layers of \nprivate insurance and postincident  assessments have been exhauste d, requiring the federal government to \nfill in any gap in coverage"]
[15.742127418518066, 16.35129165649414, "the work, such as reporting \npotential issues to NRC staff when discovered during the course of an investigation, and the \nOffice of Investigations can  assist staff in reviewing matters of regulatory concern, but its \nprimary interest is in law enfo"]
[15.754945755004883, 16.31000518798828, "ensed facility that poses an \nactual or a potential hazard to public health and safety, property, or the environment. \u201d242 \nAn example of an IIT causal investigation involved the June 2011 fire and associated power loss \nto certain systems at the For"]
[15.744795799255371, 16.32928466796875, "e being one of the oldest congressionally  created frameworks for \nassessing responsibility  following a disaster , actual experience with Price \u2013Anderson  is limited \nin this regard.  It has been reported that the insurance pool facilitated by the a"]
[15.748991966247559, 16.351634979248047, " as \u201ca little judicial jiu -jitsu,\u201d the plaintiffs then seemed to embrace the \ndefendants \u2019 theory by disclaim ing any effort to prove that a Price\u2013Anderson  nuclear incident \nhad occurred  and instead  argued that the verdict should stand because  i"]
[15.731758117675781, 16.37818145751953, " program or \nwho will pay for it.  Second, there is no requi rement that the president submit a proposed plan \nin advance  of a nuclear crisis  that might involve tens of billions of dollars \u2019 worth of losses and \nwidespread calamity . The 1988 amend"]
[15.710988998413086, 16.391456604003906, "ntangible losses (such as for pain, suffering, \ndisfigurement, or emotional distress ) should  be allowed only under  narrowly defined \ncircumstances  and, when available, the amounts strictly controlled . A more traditional tort- like \napproach woul"]
[15.726068496704102, 16.2576847076416, "in  response to these threats unexpectedly triggers severe illnesses in a substantial \nproportion of recipients , causing both significant injuries and widespread economic disruption, \nwith a latency period that is long enough to allow large numbers "]
[15.723416328430176, 16.253816604614258, " resulted in a major federal effort, as \nPresident Gerald Ford put it in March of that year when making a request to Congress for \nfunding, to \u201cinoculate every man, woman and child in the United States. \u201d258 The proposed \nstrategy w as for the federa"]
[15.745621681213379, 16.271846771240234, "ndant in any action against a participant.  Because the federal courts would have \nexclusive jurisdiction over swine flu vaccine \u2013related claims, cases originally filed in a state \ncourt would be removed to federal court.  \nSwine flu vaccine \u2013related"]
[15.7461576461792, 16.272005081176758, "ries, is arguably one such exercise in judgment. \n265 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2675(a).  \n266 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2401(b); DuBose v. Kansas City S. R. Co. , 729 F.2d 1026, 1030 (5th Cir. 1984) .  80 months to settle the claim or deny it .267 And, if denied, the claimant "]
[15.749902725219727, 16.2662296295166, "                   \n267 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2675(a).  \n268 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2401(b).  \n269 Pascale v. United States , 998  F.2d 186, 188 (3d Cir. 1993).  \n270 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2402.  \n271 28 U.S.C. \u00a7 2678.  \n272 Pub. L. No.  94-380. \n273 Pub. L. No.  94-380. \n274 Pub."]
[15.740097999572754, 16.255451202392578, ", Civil Division, developed \nprocedures as claims began to be filed . The procedures were revised as \nthe claims workload increased . At the time of our review,  the \nadministrative procedures for processing swine flu claims had not been \ndocumented "]
[15.735459327697754, 16.17123794555664, " and soreness during the first day or two after vaccination \u201d \nwould be \u201chighly unlikely. \u201d285 The consent form itself simply noted that \u201cmost people will have \nno side effects from the vaccine, \u201d although some people (presumably everyone outside of "]
[15.729747772216797, 16.255659103393555, "imately \nsurvived appellate scrutiny.294 \nAs the litigants were engaging in extensive discovery in the MDL proceeding, in June 1978 , HEW \nSecretary Joseph  A. Califano Jr. described a new policy under which  GBS claimants need not  \nprove negligen c"]
[15.732876777648926, 16.249746322631836, "toid arthritis , all common complaints in claims received \nby HEW ) had resulted would still need to prove that the facts of the case supported a liability \nstandard available  to the plaintiff under the appropriate state law where the incident occur"]
[15.698041915893555, 16.2330322265625, "ng Office, 1981 . \n301 U.S. General Accounting Office, 1981 , Enclosure  I, p. 5. \n302 By late March 1979, there were 1,045  GBS claims among the total of 3,694 and 276  GBS lawsuits out of \n464 ( Office of Technology Assessment, 1979, p.  100). \n303"]
[15.746795654296875, 16.26810073852539, "l Research Council, 1985 , Table  6.1, p.  91. As of December  15, \n1983, 4,152 claims had been filed, with 34 then pending.  Given that  4,179 claims would ultimately be \nfiled, the 61  claims that , by the end of 1983, were either still pending or "]
[15.73998737335205, 16.27083969116211, "port:  \nManufacturers have become concerned not only with the problems of time  and expense \n[in dealing with the civil tort system], but with the issue of the availability of affordable \nproduct liability insurance that is used to cover losses relat"]
[15.740803718566895, 16.26710319519043, "ort system. \u201d\n317 Tort \nlawsuits were still possible, but the NCVIA required every claimant (which could include the \nrecipients of the vaccine or their families) to first seek compensation through an administrative \nprogram (described in the act as "]
[15.732584953308105, 16.256187438964844, "ong as certain specific conditions were present, the claimant would have no \nneed to prove causation during the administrative process.  The VICP table described, for each \nvaccin e covered by the program, known  adverse side effects and the time per"]
[15.735634803771973, 16.26534080505371, " have been cause d by other, defined \nillnesses or factors and the injury is demonstrated to have met the other requirements of Section  2111 \nand the Table, the injury is to be deemed to be vaccine -related \u201d); Bunting v. Sec\u2019y of Dep\u2019t of Health & "]
[15.735123634338379, 16.256805419921875, "ensated claims would have to show that the action was brought in \u201cgood \nfaith \u201d and with a \u201creasonable basis \u201d for the claim in order to recover attorneys \u2019 fees. \nIt is important to keep in mind that most of the special rules regarding the types of "]
[15.741536140441895, 16.264183044433594, "ld be outside of the act\u2019s limitations on \nliability. But even though the health care provider would not receive the liability protections, \nclaims agains t the provider would still have to be submitted to the mandatory administrative \nclaim process "]
[15.721585273742676, 16.26729965209961, " or administrator, but instead would be \nthe trust fund , which is  already financed by the per -dose excise tax.  \nPart of the rationale behind creating the administrative compensation program was to address \na large number of claims that would othe"]
[15.744427680969238, 16.25274658203125, " m \ndisorders in children led to the establishment of an Omnibus Autism Proceeding within the Court of Federal Claims to consolidate the processing of more than 5,400  autism -related  cases.  \nUltimately , six test cases presenting two different the"]
[15.771984100341797, 16.23200798034668, "njuries Resulting in Autism \nSpectrum Disorder or a Similar Neurodevelopmental Disorder , Autism Master File, Office of Special \nMasters, U.S. Court of Fede ral Claims.  \n347 HHS, 2014 . Dismissals include adverse determinations by specia l masters ("]
[15.73947525024414, 16.261695861816406, "ess . Many \nhad their roots in claims involving the relationship between vaccines and autism, usually turning on the question of whether adulterants or contaminants in the injected materials were \nresponsible for the alleged injuries.  The argument w"]
[15.7144775390625, 16.233909606933594, "n $20 0 million  defending such claims.358 \nSuch expenditures were likely to be prime motivators behind a few extra sentences added at the last minute to HSA, sweeping  legislation en acted in the shadow of 9/11.\n359 Applying to both \npending and fut"]
[15.680889129638672, 16.198932647705078, "as achieved for the more common and somewhat milder form two \ndecades later.363 \nSimilar efforts were being conducted in other countries, and, by 1980, the World Health \nOrganization (WHO) formally declared that the disease had been eradicated from t"]
[15.685754776000977, 16.199853897094727, "ior -level \nexercise ( \u201cDark Winter \u201d) at Andrews Air Force Base that simulated a bioterrorism at tack \ninvolving simultaneous releases of smallpox at shopping malls in three U.S. cities.  The \nparticipants concluded that such an attack could signifi"]
[15.663714408874512, 16.16747283935547, " event of a terrorist attack.374 That policy shifted \nmarked ly over the following year, the result of considerable debate within President Bush \u2019s \nadministration about whether the risk of a terrorist attack involving smallpox had increased to \nthe "]
[15.692626953125, 16.20162010192871, "ing the location of newly discovered infected people . \n375 Weisberg, 2008; Stevenson and Stolberg, 2002.  \n376 Broad, 2002; \u201cThe Expanding Smallpox Plan,\u201d 2002 ; Weisberg,  2008.  \n377 Stevenson and Stolberg, 2002.  \n378 During a House session on No"]
[15.702366828918457, 16.225727081298828, "inancial exposure of vaccine manufacturers, it could have simply indemnified \nthe producers from potential liability and reimbursed them for any trial awards or \nsettlements.385 Instead, it was claimed, making the federal government the sole target o"]
[15.709705352783203, 16.226985931396484, "program !to increase the nation \u2019s bioterrorism preparedness. \u201d388 Under \nHSA, the IOM suggested, claimants alleging adverse reactions would be limited to lawsuits \nbased on theories of negligence in manufacturing or administration, and, as a result "]
[15.710156440734863, 16.22735023498535, "ment \nand are licensed and are doing everything properly, negligence would not \napply.391 \nThe fallback position for such a result would be a mix of health insurance and workers \u2019 \ncompensation:  \nSo then the next step is how do these individuals get"]
[15.712665557861328, 16.223133087158203, "ith striking speed, and , on the same day (April  11), the Senate passed the bill by unanimous \nconsent and the House voted passage without objection.394 When President Bush signed t he act \ninto law two weeks later, a type of no -fault compensation "]
[15.749457359313965, 16.254676818847656, "er existing 42  U.S.C. \u00a7 233(a) , describing USPHS  liability for damages related to  \npersonal injury, including death, resulting from the performance of \nmedi cal, surgical, dental, or related functions, including the conduct of \nclinical studies o"]
[15.72143840789795, 16.239057540893555, "t of 1992, Pub.  L. No.  102-501. \n402 HSA \u00a7 304(c), amending PHSA, \u00a7  224(p)(3).  \n403 HSA \u00a7 304(c), amending PHSA, \u00a7  224(p)(2)(B).  The protections would also apply if the administrator had \nreasonable grounds to believe that the recipient was in "]
[15.69094467163086, 16.196821212768555, "n January  24 not only set in motion the liability protections contained in HSA; it \narguably expanded their scope beyond what the legislation described.409 As part of the \u201cPolicy \nDeterminations \u201d in the declaration, the Secretary stated that determ"]
[15.703373908996582, 16.2187442779541, "spect of program design involves the \ndevelopment of a smallpox vaccine injury table that, like the one used for the VICP, would \nidentify the types of injuries, illnesses, and other conditions that would be presumed to have \nresulted from primary ad"]
[15.710803985595703, 16.223133087158203, " total ceiling that matched the amount that SEPPA authorize s for death cases.423 In \ninstances in which  the claimant was actually the survivor of an eligible person , that dea th \nbenefit would be calculated in a manner modeled after the approach u"]
[15.70368766784668, 16.205020904541016, "ing in the vaccination \ncampaign, if one of its employees had been inoculated elsewhere and inadvertently was the \nsource of a secondary transmission.432 The issue of liability protection for th ose falling outside \nof a strict official , agent , or "]
[15.71642017364502, 16.23008155822754, "oth Section  304 and SEPPA remain on the books and can be triggered as \ncircumstances require . However,  although the liability protections of Section  304 could be \navailable in advance of an actua l attack (any declaration of a potential public he"]
[15.698564529418945, 16.215953826904297, "d. Reg.  61869\u2013 61871 \n(Oct. 17, 2008).  108 in December 2015 and remains in effect until the end of 2022.440 Given the more -expansive \ndefinitions of what constitutes covered countermeasures in PREPA and the far greater powers \nafforded to HHS to s"]
[15.720928192138672, 16.250999450683594, "p the benefits of a fully  featured compensation program (operated at \ngovernment expense) that would siphon off the vast majority of claims that would otherwise \nmanifest themselves as costly lawsuits (regardless of whether compensated) spread acros"]
[15.698493003845215, 16.260438919067383, "ry litigation . Presumably, the autism spike was totally unexpected by those drafting the \nlegislation and those overseeing the day -to-day operation of the claiming process.  \nEpidemiologists arguably have a fairly precise view of the most likely in"]
[15.710323333740234, 16.265146255493164, "h risks associated with receiving a particular \ntype of vaccination . It is unlikely, for example, that parents weighing the risks and benefits of \nchildhood vaccines take into account the compensation rules, inner workings , and annual \nstatistics o"]
[15.699380874633789, 16.4205379486084, "  types of mass \nadverse events.  A wide range of policy choices  are represented in the case studies, some \naffecting the behavior of actors only before the event unfolds (such as with mandatory \ninsurance coverage),  and some coming into play only "]
[15.790385246276855, 16.313417434692383, "ees  \nAgency adjudication  OSLTF, although potentially also \nparties that the agency later \ndeem s responsible  \nAgency -initiated \nrecovery litigation  Parties deemed responsible by \nagency determination  \nModified tort  litigation  Parties deemed r"]
[15.76767349243164, 16.266721725463867, "as well as its caps on \nfinancial exposure and modifications to ordinary tort litigation , apply to any party that might \nconceivably be liable  for the event.  The funds for compensation would come from Price \u2013\nAnderson \u2019s mandated  mix of private i"]
[15.74288272857666, 16.26593017578125, "mmunity  on manufacturers  of \nspecified  types of vaccine s, but instead  markedly narrow ing the theories of liability that could \nbe used against them . Claims for compensation advanced against  those manufacturers  (as well \nas vaccine administra"]
[15.767170906066895, 16.30931282043457, "ntly inadequate .443 The story behind OPA is not as \nstraightforward ; developing a comprehensive and rapid response to immediate needs following \na spill was arguably a motivation of at least equal importance to industry protection, but the \n       "]
[15.740440368652344, 16.296804428100586, "s as \nDefendant  Caps on \nAggregate \nLiability  Funding for \nLosses \nSpread \nAcross Other \nSources Eliminate or \nLimit the Use \nof Strict \nLiability  Punitive \nDamages \nProhibited Other Limits on \nBases for \nRecovery, \nAvailabl e \nDamages , or \nAttor"]
[15.754561424255371, 16.312541961669922, "e trier of fact, the availability of the \noften  extremely powerful discretionary- act defense , and a requirement that the claim be \npresented to a federal agency for consideration prior to filing suit  (a prohibition on strict -\nliability  theories"]
[15.735616683959961, 16.289913177490234, "ld pay claims under the NCVIA\u2019 s administrative  compensation scheme . \nAt this point , the focus of the protections in Table  8.3 shifts from limiting the exposure of a \nfavored party to restrictions on individual claims . One approach involves alte"]
[15.756123542785645, 16.28551483154297, "s are clearly off the table for  \nMontreal,  Price \u2013Anderson , the Swine Flu Act , and the smallpox vaccine acts, although there is \nnot yet universal agreement on the question of whether OPA permits punitive damages if they \nwere available under gen"]
[15.750382423400879, 16.243572235107422, "ard or EPA) . \n                                         \n447 On the former assertion, see, e.g., Eisenberg et al., 1997 . On the latte r, see, e.g., Exxon Shipping  Co. v. \nBaker , 554  U.S. 471 (2008).  \n448 Punitive damages are unavailable to claim"]
[15.694817543029785, 16.420124053955078, "king the payment at the time might  seek to \nrecover the sums advanced down the line . In addition, a requirement that a claimant must first \nturn toward  an administrative compensation scheme can go far toward  siphoning off lesser-\nvalue cases that"]
[15.802689552307129, 16.319015502929688, "l PRP \ndetermination of \nclaims  \u2022!The responsible party is \nalready identified as a \nresult of agency \ndetermination . \n\u2022!The responsible party is \nstrictly liable . \n\u2022!A wide range of damages \nis available, including pure economic loss . \n\u2022!The cla"]
[15.734053611755371, 16.261327743530273, "sible \ndespite a federal \ndefendant . \n\u2022!Strict liability would be \npresumed for claims \ninvolving GBS. United States (general fund)  \nNCVIA: Agency  \nclaim resolutions  Formal adjudication of \nclaims against the \nUnited States  \u2022!There is no need to"]
[15.743882179260254, 16.29668426513672, "lematic, the value of such a presumption cannot be \noverstated.450 But many claims advanced with the benefit of a presumption nevertheless fail \nbecause the claimant cannot or will not (or does n ot understand the need to) provide needed \ndocumentati"]
[15.801278114318848, 16.30282974243164, "iffs in civil litigation instead . \nSpeed of Determination  \nDespite the fact that comprehensive data on time needed to reach a decision regarding \nresponsibility in these frameworks were not always available, it is probably safe to say that the \nfas"]
[15.802096366882324, 16.310850143432617, "\nOPA: Agency -initiated  \ncivil reimbursement  \nactions Civil lawsuit  brought by an \nagency against a PRP for \nclaims previously paid  For claimants : Not relevant because individual \nclaims would already have been reso lved \nadministratively  \nFor "]
[15.811388969421387, 16.296478271484375, "ancial liability for \ndamages and (in most  instances) recover y costs might  provide considerable incentive to accept \nthe result except in instances of clear error.  \nOPA envisions a relatively simple but somewhat more adversarial  process for clai"]
[15.797032356262207, 16.228435516357422, "al significance for the party  \nbecause a future ac tion to recover the administrative award is certainly possible).  \nOnce  third -party neutrals  do get involved , time to reach a decision increases markedly.  A claim \npresented as part of the NCVI"]
[15.750825881958008, 16.37501335144043, " of control or opportunity  to participate in the \ndecisionmakin g.453 The illustrative frameworks we have reviewed differ markedly in the \nprocedures in place to provide parties with this sense of fairness.  Measured by  the appearance \nof impartial"]
[15.781118392944336, 16.332626342773438, "             \n453 See, generally, Longan, 1995, pp.  298\u2013 300. 133 Table 8.7. Fairness-Related Features of the Responsibility Determination Process\nFramework and \nActivity Process for \nAssigning \nResponsibility Rights and Limitations of \nParties Oppo"]
[15.811344146728516, 16.3558349609375, "es without \nspecific regulatory authority . \nFor PRPs:  Not directly relevant \nfollowing substitution of the \nUnited States as defendant -payor  For claimants : Can request \nreconsideration ; if a claimant \nremains unsatisfied , that \nclaimant can pr"]
[15.770641326904297, 16.26076889038086, "view  \nFor PRPs: Not directly relevant \nfollowing substitution of the \nUnited States as defendant -\npayor  \n \nLawsuits filed by those alleging personal injuries initiated after the completion of the \nadministrative claim resolution  processes under t"]
[15.7687349319458, 16.259944915771484, "al industry . . . . Lawmakers designed vaccine court to favor \npayouts, but the government fights legitimate claims and fails its obligation to publici ze \nthe court, worried that if they concede a vaccine caused harm, the public will react by \nskipp"]
[15.828258514404297, 16.227399826049805, "nd the NCVIA because  any compensation to be paid actually comes out of the \nexisting trust fund , not the pockets of any private party.  That said, the  situation for responsible \nparties under OPA and the NCVIA (defined here as the source of the di"]
[15.830707550048828, 16.30565071105957, "n erroneous  decision  on a claim . Providing at least the opportunity for a responsible party to \nintervene in an earlier administrative  process in which a claimant  is seeking compensation from \nthe fund !a proceeding in which the responsible part"]
[15.698307991027832, 16.408191680908203, "ay in accepting that \nresponsibility  could have adverse consequences.457 \nLeakage to Civil Liti gation  \nAnother area  we wish to explore in this chapter involves the degree to which the frameworks \nfully address the responsibility -assignment  need"]
[15.75047779083252, 16.300369262695312, "cine claims , but there have been many attempts to \nadvance autism and thimerosal lawsuits . \nSmallpox \nvaccine acts Low There is little reason to go outside the act. \nPrice \u2013Anderson  has also had low leakage historically because the definition of w"]
[15.690747261047363, 16.44252586364746, "tages compared to having their legal relationships determined \nby traditional tort liability.458 In the discussion that follows , we describe some of the rationales  \nthat have been offered in support of these outcomes . \nTable 8.9. Potential Consequ"]
[15.73617172241211, 16.299606323242188, "ater Montreal , facilitate maritime activities involving oil propulsion or \nproduction or trade by protecting shipowners and certain other parties from unlimited liability \nthrough OPA, encourage commercial nuclear power by facilitating insurance pro"]
[15.70200252532959, 16.391780853271484, "                                       \n459 Arguably , the Black Lung Benefits Act of 1972  could also be considered a type of framewo rk with \nretrospective application. One of its provisions is that the last coal mine in which the worker was  142 r"]
[15.751054763793945, 16.32679557800293, "ments of national policy to assist in a n \nentirely governmental task \u201d in which the \u201cgovernment sets policy, makes decisions, and controls activities \nand circumstances \u201d (H.Rept  98-124, Part  1 [1983] ). \n461 See, e.g., Popper, 1998, p.  134: The "]
[15.74301815032959, 16.33965301513672, " U.S. companies would be at a competitive disadvantage in the global marketplace in \nthe conduct of these risky but important activities without the benefit of similar limitations.467 \nPrice increases would be one negative result of the reduced level"]
[15.744711875915527, 16.339393615722656, "situation, although they could provide bene ficial \ncompetition in a stronger U.S. market.   144 caps argue that , although  smaller companies (or U.S. companies generally , if the competition \nthreat is global) might  be forced to engage in other ac"]
[15.734895706176758, 16.359516143798828, " \n471 See, e.g., Thompson, 2010: \nIf we make companies responsible for 10 0 percent  of damages, they might pay more on \nboth safety measures and insurance . . . . That could discourage smaller start -ups and raise \nthe cost of exploration and drilli"]
[15.91699504852295, 16.243881225585938, "le for injury claims below the current threshold of about $153,000, thus \neliminating the difficult task of proving negligence.  Absent narrowly drawn circumstances, \nvessel and oil production facility owners and operators are deemed responsible unde"]
[15.732776641845703, 16.293296813964844, "e smallpox vaccine acts), and, although the third (the NCVIA) offered a \nform of strict liability in an administrative setting, it applied to only a narrow set of \ncircumstances , and the money to pay claims came not from the manufac turer or distrib"]
[15.758562088012695, 16.386871337890625, "n the injuries and times of onset are listed in the programs \u2019 respective vaccine tables.  \nFrom a claimant \u2019s perspective, the  flip side of these potentially positive features is, of course, \nthe same liability limitations that work to the benefit "]
[15.708953857421875, 16.281091690063477, "                                        \n481 See, e.g., La Fetra, 2003 (arguing that the NCVIA , Biomaterials Access Assurance Act  of 1998, a nd \nGeneral Aviation Revitalization Act  of 1994 constitute the \u201cthree narrow areas in which Congress has \n"]
[15.706578254699707, 16.43905258178711, "t produced \nthe catastrophe is repeated daily. In addition, existing procedures for resolving disputes might  \nnot be well  suited to handling the flood  of claims that could arise following a major disaster, \npossibly generating substantial legal an"]
[15.697504043579102, 16.407421112060547, "ular industry , product, or  activity.  At least within the confines of this \nparticular report, we are not in a position to opine about whether such concerns are valid ones \nor whether the underlying issues in play (such as the promotion of  childho"]
[15.723346710205078, 16.38921546936035, "p.  524 ( \u201chighly individualized and very generous tort system in the United \nStates  . . . remains the most prominent system for awarding financial compensation to victims \u201d of human-\ncaused  disasters); and Rabin and Bratis, 2006, p.  353 ( \u201cVirtua"]
[15.6995210647583, 16.387351989746094, "l either look elsewhere to adjudicat e their disputes  or refrain from conducting \nthe types of activities the alternative framework was designed to support . \nCreating a Viable Alternative to Traditional Tort  \nWhat does it take to put a  comprehens"]
[15.70904541015625, 16.388084411621094, "n the aftermath of the 9/11 disaster has been told \nmany times, but it too reflects a period in U.S. history when the nation was essentially on a war \nfooting.491 Had the requisite political will to move the act from a blank sheet of paper to fully \n"]
[15.73572063446045, 16.37089729309082, "on Fund), and  153 of liability shield without creating any sort of  offsetting opportunities for those who would find \nthe courthouse door at least partially shut when looking for full redress of their grievances.  But, \nfor the most part, the poten"]
[15.727757453918457, 16.346445083618164, "ct of 2002 do not prohibit or \ncap tort claims , although the former substitutes the United States as the defendant while the latter created \nan exclusive federal cause of action for terrorism -related claims (it should be noted that the Atomic \nTest"]
[15.693646430969238, 16.22478675842285, "lm of the possible . Similar problems with planning \nahead can be found in the Swine Flu Act saga, when an unexpected surge in GBS claims \noverwhelmed an already- stressed administrative claim handling program  that had been largely \ndeveloped on the"]
[15.70439338684082, 16.421794891357422, "e \nof a f avored party without including some sort of corresponding compensation program . In the \nshadow of a looming national emergency or when it is likely  that the restrictions would \nadversely affect few  individuals or businesses , widespread "]
[15.711380958557129, 16.386741638183594, "s often because their designers did \nnot fully flesh out necessary details in their haste to change the status quo or because they did \nnot consider how the program \u2019s features would play out under real-world  conditions and when \ninvolving actual, r"]
[15.789058685302734, 16.30342674255371, "ext of a dramatic and unforeseen spike in demand, with perhaps \ntwo exceptions. \nFirst was Price \u2013Anderson \u2019s experience with TMI . The act was designed from day  1 to act as the \nprimary foundation for addressing legal questions arising from a major"]
[15.680130004882812, 16.446374893188477, " when subjected to stresses arising not from the \nmost likely  worst -case scenario  (the one imagined during program design) but instead from the \nworst -possible -case scenario . A type of red-team analysis might  be required, one that forces \ndesi"]
[15.746607780456543, 16.378875732421875, "on \nbenefits  would be a sufficient  and no-cost (at least to PRPs ) avenue  for satisfying claimants  \nturned away from courthouse doors, underscores the dangers of ignoring the problem.  \nIt is also important to  make sure that the program can oper"]
[15.671228408813477, 16.455738067626953, " purposes . \nAdministrators need this sort of general road map  to help guide their design decisions, judges \nrequire it as well to more accurately interpret how the law should be app lied, and the public at \nlarge is no less deserving of legislative"]
[15.654961585998535, 16.472747802734375, " justice, on the other hand,  would seek to make the victim \nwhole via a \u201cmore fulsome process to ensure that the claimant really is a victim and that the person \nagainst whom a claim is made really is a responsible party \u201d (p. 586).  \n505 Price\u2013 And"]
[15.699820518493652, 16.429718017578125, "ations?  Parties will not hesitate to bypass the framework in \nfavor of alternative approaches that they perceive to be fairer, quicker, more certain, capable of \ngreater finality, or less expe nsive . What is to stop the local courts from being clog"]
[15.647194862365723, 16.434043884277344, " correction s to fix ill -considered language is not a process \nthe public welfare can afford. \nLooking Forward  \nIt is worth reflecting how fortunate this country was to have some of the best legal minds in \nplay when drafting  ATSSSA legislation  f"]
[15.700871467590332, 16.40899658203125, "ank page .511 \nIn that light , essentially three options are available to policymakers in the context of planning \nfor legal determinations following a disaster. First, they could cross their fingers and hope that \nwhat is already in place will work "]
[15.682400703430176, 16.382110595703125, "r 11th Victim \nCompensation Fund of 2 001 would never have made it out of committee  before the tragic \nevents of that day unfolded . The problem is that the window of opportunity will be short, and \nlittle time would be available for any sort of tho"]
[15.62264347076416, 16.204269409179688, ",\u201d October  7, 1987. As of March 31, 2016:  \nhttps ://www.asme.org/getmedia/3663519d -0882- 4b7e -ab6c -f036b080cfdd/ \n128-Vallecitos -Boiling -Water -Reactor -1957.aspx  \n\u201cAmtrak Bill Clears in Final Hours,\u201d CQ Almanac 1997, 53rd ed., March  22\u201328, "]
[15.656049728393555, 16.176319122314453, "p://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/07/us/  \nus-to-vaccinate -500000- workers -against -smallpox.html  \nBroad, William  J., and Judith Miller, \u201cGovernment Report Says 3  Nations Hide Stocks of \nSmallpox,\u201d New York Times , June  13, 1999. As of September  12,"]
[15.630430221557617, 16.144508361816406, ":  \nhttps://www.citizen.org/article/  \nletter -transportation -secretary -rodney -slater -opposing- corporate- welfare -and-liability  \nCohen,  Henry, Making Private Entities and Individuals  Immune from Tort Liability by  Declaring  \nThem  Federal E"]
[15.834339141845703, 16.2354679107666, ". As of July  22, 2017:  \nhttps://www.uscg.mil/foia/docs/DWH/2886.pdf  \nDirector, NPFC \u2014See Director, National Pollution Funds Center.  \nDupree, James  H., president, BP Exploration and Production, \u201cDeepwater Horizon,\u201d letter to \nThomas Morrison, chi"]
[15.636636734008789, 16.21159553527832, " Journal of Empirical Legal Studies , Vol. 6, No.  4, December 2009, \npp. 637\u2013 686. \nGarvin Law Firm, \u201cFlorida Supreme Court to Rule on Medical Malpractice Damage Caps ,\u201d \nNovember  21, 2011. As of Apr il 25, 2016:  \nhttp://www.garvinlegal.com/blog/c"]
[15.630688667297363, 16.199199676513672, "//www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting/  \namtrak -faces-95-million -hit-as-congress- celebrates -new-highway- bill/2015/12/10/  \n1a33379c -9a8f-11e5- 8917- 653b65c809eb_story.html  \nHarvey, Steve, \u201cCalifornia\u2019s Legendary Oil Spill,\u201d Los A"]
[15.639883995056152, 16.22765350341797, "rticles/ \nlaw-clouds -compensation -for-amtrak -crash -victims -1431636543 \nKlein, Jerome  O., and Charles  M. Helms, \u201cStrengthening the Supply of Routinely Administered \nVaccines in the United States: Progress and Problems \u20142005,\u201d Clinical Infectiou"]
[15.629870414733887, 16.20293617248535, "e Safety and Health, Coal Mine \nSafety an d Health, Accident/Illness Investigations Procedures , Handbook  PH11 -I-1, June 2011.  \nAs of July  22, 2017:  \nhttps://arlweb.msha.gov/READROOM/HANDBOOK/PH11-I- 1.pdf  \nMinority staff , Committee on Governm"]
[15.6255464553833, 16.204225540161133, ", \nNTSB/AAR -14/01, June 24, 2014a.  As of Jul y 22, 2017:  \nhttps://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Reports/AAR1401.pdf  \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201c NTSB Finds Mismanagement of Approach and Inadequate Monitoring of Airspeed Led \nto Crash of Asiana Flight 21"]
[15.646930694580078, 16.18580436706543, "org/futures/globalprospects/37944611.pdf  \nOrin, Deborah, \u201cBush: All Americans Are Troops vs.  Terror,\u201d New York Post , Nov ember  9, 2001. \nAs of Dec ember  8, 2014:  \nhttp://nypost.com/2001/11/09/bush -all-americans- are-troops -vs-terror/  \nOrnste"]
[15.610547065734863, 16.16193962097168, ", New \nYork: Springer, 2006 , pp. 303\u2013 360. \nRamseur, Jonathan L., Oil Spills in U.S. Coastal Waters: Background, Governance, and Issues for \nCongress , Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Report  7-5700, Apr il 30, 2010.  \nAs of July  "]
[15.625997543334961, 16.199626922607422, "m/2014/01/20/asiana -flight- 214-passengers -sue-boeing/  \nSchleifstein, Mark,  \u201cFederal Judge Dismisses Most of Remaining Katrina Damage Lawsuits,\u201d \nTimes -Picayune, Dec ember  27, 2013 (updated March  2, 2017) . As of July  28, 2014:  \nhttp://www.n"]
[15.629615783691406, 16.17757225036621, "ays Out Plan on Smallpox Shots; Military Is First,\u201d New York Times , Dec ember  14, 2002. As \nof November  1, 2014:  \nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/14/us/  \nthreats -responses -vaccinations -bush- lays-plan- smallpox -shots- military -first.html  \nS"]
[15.821688652038574, 16.280651092529297, "Pollution Funds Center, \u201cRE: J05003 -0021,\u201d letter to IMC Shipping , October 15, \n2013a (copy  on file with the authors) . \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, National Pollution Funds Center, \u201c Oil Pollution Act (OPA) Frequently Asked Questions ,\u201d \nOctober 22, 2013b (last modifie"]
[15.614189147949219, 16.182764053344727, "chair, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign \nCommerce Su bcommittee on Energy and Power, and Bob Eckhardt, chair, U.S. House of \nRepresentatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce Subcommittee on \nOversight and "]
[15.626811981201172, 16.203248977661133, "r Accident Consequences , NUREG/BR -0359, Rev. 1, Dec ember \n2012b. As of May  2, 2017:  \nhttps://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1234/ML12347A049.pdf  \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201c Backgrounder on the Three Mile Island Accident ,\u201d February  2013 (last reviewed and \nupdated December  "]
[15.692468643188477, 16.457082748413086, ".S. civil litigation system might not always be the most effective and ef\ufb01cient means for assigning \nresponsibility following a catastrophic event and providing just compensation to large numbers of affected individuals and entities. Some have argued"]
[11.40090274810791, 17.876449584960938, "CORPORATION\nModeling the Economic \nImpact of a California Workers\u2019 Compensation Formulary\nAndrew W. Mulcahy, Simon Hollands, Erin L. Duffy, Aaron Strong,        \nBarbara O. WynnLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and tradem"]
[11.341113090515137, 17.67721939086914, "g in a wide range of policy domains, including civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resource policy. \nThis report also drew on the expertise in RA"]
[16.857566833496094, 20.263208389282227, "......... 8 \t\r \u00a0\nData Source  ............................................................................................................................................... 8 \t\r \u00a0\nData Source Limitations and Discussion  ............................."]
[16.841733932495117, 20.245031356811523, "cian  Dispensing Module ............................................................................................................. 32 \t\r \u00a0\nGeneric Substitution Module ................................................................................"]
[16.852420806884766, 20.25687599182129, " S.1. Modeling Steps ............................................................................................................ xi \t\r \u00a0\nFigure S.2. Model Output by Step, 12-Month Utilization in Terms of Systemwide  \nPrescription Bill Lines ........"]
[16.87297248840332, 20.281518936157227, ". 22 \t\r \u00a0\nTable 3.5. Share of Volume and Spending Meeting Special Fill Criteria and Listed as  \nSpecial Fill Drugs, 2014 WCIS Data .................................................................................... 23 \t\r \u00a0\nTable 3.6. Share of Volume"]
[16.90501594543457, 20.30841636657715, " (IMR) appeals.  \nAssembly Bill (AB) 1124 requires the Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation (DWC) in \nCalifornia\u2019s Department of Industrial Relations to implement a drug formulary no later than July 1, 2017. The legislation intended that the formulary f"]
[16.89689826965332, 20.298246383666992, "escriber decisionmaking and, ultimately, prescription fills and spending. The magnitude and direction of the adjustments are informed by a review of the literature on the effects of formularies and utilization management tools on prescription drug vo"]
[16.859882354736328, 20.263822555541992, " third module reduces prescription fill volume for drugs subject to PR after shielding prescription fills subject to special and perioperative fill rules (as in the first module). Some of the reduction in volume is shifted to preferred drugs in the s"]
[16.852426528930664, 20.25938606262207, "p two therapeutic classes by total 2014 spending were opioid analgesics and \nnonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These two classes accounted for 39 percent of California WC payments and 48 percent of both California WC prescription bill li"]
[16.83403778076172, 20.248384475708008, "alculating the maximum amounts that Medicaid programs pay for certain multisource drugs. In most cases, these changes reduce the maximum amount paid for drugs based on the previous formula. Because the WC fee schedule is based on MediCal prices, and "]
[16.853857040405273, 20.258569717407227, "ical prescription bill data subject to modeling steps and \nassumptions described above.  \nThe change in WC employer costs in the 12 months immediately following the full \nimplementation of the formulary is by assumption half of the reduction in medic"]
[16.881027221679688, 20.28421974182129, "S guidelines, and the formulary listing is publicly available at no cost. In terms of changes in per-prescription frictional costs, it is not clear how insurers/pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) will implement PR, although this process is similar to \u201c"]
[16.9058895111084, 20.30848503112793, "report. \nRosalie Malsberger provided invaluable programming assistance. We would also like to thank our peer reviewers, Frank Neuhauser (UC Berkeley) and Christine Buttorff (RAND).  \n \n   xvii Abbreviations  \nAB Assembly Bill \nACOEM American College "]
[16.90485191345215, 20.30733299255371, "ical treatment for work-related injuries and illnesses that \nincludes both physicians and other ancillary providers. \nThere must be a written agreement between the employer \nand the provider, and the provider must agree to provide \ncare consistent wi"]
[16.909746170043945, 20.311756134033203, "al properties and clinical use. Drugs assigned \nto the same therapeutic class are often therapeutic \nalternatives.  \ntherapeutic equivalent This term refers to FDA-designated \u201cAB\u201d substitutable versions of the same active ingredient (that is, drugs t"]
[16.89369773864746, 20.296714782714844, "r therapies, an injured worker is entitled to pharmaceuticals that are \nindicated for his or her injuries and prescribed and dispensed consistent with the MTUS guidelines. However, there have been concerns over both the rising cost per claim for phar"]
[16.920289993286133, 20.321043014526367, "(PR)3 and other utilization management \ntools to confirm medical necessity and encourage appropriate use. Insurers often conduct drug utilization review to monitor prescription activity relative to the formulary. When implemented in conjunction with "]
[16.9066162109375, 20.30791473388672, "ith an independent six-member Pharmacy & Therapeutics (P&T) committee. These updates are exempt from rulemaking and may be implemented through orders posted on the DWC website.  \nIn addition to the Labor Code revisions, AB 1124 expresses legislative "]
[16.863479614257812, 20.266162872314453, "ent and update the formulary, and made recommendations for the formulary implementation policies and updating process (Wynn et al., 2016). This report estimates the impacts of the formulary on the volume of and spending on prescription drugs, as well"]
[16.82636260986328, 20.23038673400879, " developed five separate modeling steps (or \u201cmodules\u201d) that we apply sequentially to the \nbaseline data (Figure 1.1). These modeling steps incorporate the various provisions of the formulary, such as requiring PR for physician-dispensed prescriptions"]
[16.838062286376953, 20.24898910522461, "stem assigns identifiers to specific drug products and is maintained by the U.S. Food and Drug\nAdministration (FDA).  Physician\t\r \u00a0Dispensing\t\r \u00a0Module\t\r \u00a0\nGeneric\t\r \u00a0Subs titution\t\r \u00a0Module\t\r \u00a0\nProspective\t\r \u00a0Review\t\r \u00a0Module\t\r \u00a0\nBulk\t\r \u00a0Drug\t\r \u00a0Mod"]
[16.872831344604492, 20.27893829345703, " and pharmacy-dispensed fills recorded as prescription bill lines. Each medical bill includes information on the injured worker and provider, diagnosis and procedure codes, the provider\u2019s charges, actual payments to providers, and codes explaining th"]
[16.94802474975586, 20.343589782714844, " the drug ingredient or drug ingredient route \nof administration level into our NDC-level WCIS data. This step required several adjustments so that drug ingredients matched between the California WC drug listing and Truven\u2019s RED BOOK data, due to dif"]
[16.829570770263672, 20.2384033203125, "for example, 5-mL \nincrements of volume for liquid and topical formulations)\u2014was almost always reported for pharmacy-dispensed fills but was often missing for physician-dispensed fills. We imputed quantity for physician-dispensed fills using a combin"]
[16.856334686279297, 20.265594482421875, "iber would have written two prescriptions\u2014one for the initial four-day supply and another for the remaining 26 days. In reality some prescribers will not write the second prescription at all, while others may write a full 30-day prescription as the s"]
[16.878631591796875, 20.2723445892334, "rescribed in conjunction with opioid and \nNSAID analgesics to control side effects from these drugs.  \n\u2022 \u201cPsychotherapeutic agents\u201d includes primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs"]
[16.854019165039062, 20.25338363647461, "\t\r \u00a0\nSkin/Mucous\t\r \u00a0 Membrane\t\r \u00a0 Ag.,\t\r \u00a0Misc.\t\r \u00a0 4.79\t\r \u00a0 37,696\t\r \u00a0 4.33\t\r \u00a0\nAntihyperlipidemic\t\r \u00a0 Drugs\t\r \u00a0 4.34\t\r \u00a0 23,198\t\r \u00a0 3.88\t\r \u00a0\nCardiac\t\r \u00a0Drugs\t\r \u00a0 4.16\t\r \u00a0 56,919\t\r \u00a0 7.95\t\r \u00a0\nAntiemetics\t\r \u00a0 3.50\t\r \u00a0 12,059\t\r \u00a0 0.41\t\r \u00a0\nAntivirals\t\r"]
[16.851123809814453, 20.25583839416504, "nsdermal.  \n  15 \n Table 3 .3. Spending and Volume for the T op 20 Drugs by Volume, 2014 WCIS Data \nDrug Ingredient  Form  Route Drug Class  Spending \n($millions) Bill \nLines Imputed \nStandard Units  \n(millions) \nAcetaminophen/Hydrocodone Bitartrate "]
[16.903818130493164, 20.305742263793945, "y equivalent to reference drugs and often less expensive, payers often encourage the use of generics to control costs. CA Labor Code Section 4600.1 requires dispensing of FDA-approved substitutable generics unless a generic is not available or the pr"]
[16.8792724609375, 20.29100799560547, " implicitly recognizes physician in-office dispensing in Section \n4600.1 (dealing with generic drugs) and Section 5307.1 (dealing with the Official Medical Fee Schedule or OMFS).  \nPhysician dispensing is facilitated by FDA-approved \u201crepackagers,\u201d wh"]
[16.844139099121094, 20.25135040283203, "hysician-dispensed drugs account for more than half of total spending for most of these classes plus skeletal muscle relaxants.  0%\t\r \u00a010%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a030%\t\r \u00a040%\t\r \u00a050%\t\r \u00a060%\t\r \u00a070%\t\r \u00a080%\t\r \u00a090%\t\r \u00a0100%\t\r \u00a0Share\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0Generic\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Brand\t\r \u00a0Sp"]
[16.859764099121094, 20.26607894897461, "ecial and Perioperative Fills Before for All Drugs \nA small share of prescription volume (in standard units) and spending meets the special or \nperioperative fill criteria (regardless of whether they are listed as being eligible for either \nprovision"]
[16.843965530395508, 20.252620697021484, "lume and Spending Meeting Special and Perioperative Fill Criteria for \nSelected Therapeutic Classes, 2014 WCIS Data (%) \n\t\r \u00a0Share of V olume (standard units)  Share of S pending \n\t\r \u00a0Perioperative  Special  Perioperative  Special  \nTotal  0.7 2.5 1."]
[16.836763381958008, 20.244831085205078, "Meeting Perioperative Criteria a nd Listed as P erioperative Drugs, 2014 WCIS Data \n\t\r \u00a0Spending\t\r \u00a0($mils) \t\r \u00a0Periop.\t\r \u00a0Share\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0\nSpending\t\r \u00a0(%)\t\r \u00a0Volume\t\r \u00a0(000\u2019s\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0\nstandard\t\r \u00a0units) \t\r \u00a0Periop.\t\r \u00a0Share\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0\nVolume\t\r \u00a0(%)\t\r"]
[16.843341827392578, 20.259675979614258, "12 106.20 1.66 \n2013 103.4 3 1.61 \n2014 101.9 5 1.59 \nNOTES : RAND analysis of 2012 through 2014 WCIS pharmacy and medical prescription bill \ndata for outpatient drugs. Reported prices are calculated as the sum of total payments divided \nby the sum o"]
[16.816192626953125, 20.225614547729492, "ily a single brand-name drug [pregabalin]).   27 \n Table 3 .8. Spending and Volume by Therapeutic Class, Selected Classes,  \n2014 WCIS D ata With and W ithout 2017 FUL P rices Applied  \n Observed \nSpending W ithout \n2017 FUL P rices \n($millions) Spen"]
[16.828989028930664, 20.23298454284668, "inator. In cases where we found tentative approvals in the 2015 through 2017 range, we conducted a broader Internet search to find news articles, court decisions, and industry reports to identify a likely date for first marketing. \nThrough this proce"]
[16.869035720825195, 20.327932357788086, "were informed by our review of the \nliterature and our expert opinion. The literature review focused on peer-reviewed studies \nevaluating the impacts of prior authorization (that is, PR in the California WC context) on utilization and spending for dr"]
[16.891063690185547, 20.294689178466797, "ird of prescriptions was not written. \nFinally, we reviewed a recent report from the Texas Department of Insurance Workers\u2019 \nCompensation Research and Evaluation Group documenting the impacts of a recently implemented (in 2011) formulary for its WC p"]
[16.846755981445312, 20.250438690185547, "riptions to avoid the time costs of PR. In addition, the formulary will help prescribers more easily identify preferred drugs that are consistent with MTUS guidelines. For these reasons, we expect prescribers will shift to preferred drugs and will wr"]
[16.87773895263672, 20.279756546020508, "rcent) to other drugs in the same class. We report results assuming (a) a 10 percent discontinuation rate and a 25 percent switch rate to other drugs in the same class; and (b) a 30 percent discontinuation rate and a 75 percent switch rate to other d"]
[16.8563289642334, 20.261165618896484, "ding first fill and perioperative prescriptions where appropriate. Next, we aggregated these reallocated prescriptions at the therapeutic class level. We then allocated these prescriptions to preferred drugs in the same class based on volume shares. "]
[16.833070755004883, 20.243389129638672, "ate analysis of all calendar year 2014 WCIS medical data (to be included in a forthcoming report), RAND estimated total 2014 WCIS medical spending to be $4.2 billion. Before implementing spending changes to reflect new FUL prices and generic entry, w"]
[16.84825897216797, 20.254610061645508, "California. Macroeconomic impacts are modeled within an input-output model, IMPLAN. IMPLAN assumes a linear relationship between production and consumption and bridges these two via local production and consumption as well as sector-specific imports "]
[16.810632705688477, 20.215110778808594, " \u00a03\t\r \u00a04\t\r \u00a05\t\r \u00a06\t\r \u00a0\nBaseline\t\r \u00a0(2014\t\r \u00a0\nutilization\t\r \u00a0at\t\r \u00a0\n2017\t\r \u00a0fee\t\r \u00a0\nschedule\t\r \u00a0prices)\t\r \u00a0After\t\r \u00a0Physician\t\r \u00a0\nDispensing\t\r \u00a0\nModule\t\r \u00a0After\t\r \u00a0Generic\t\r \u00a0\nSubstitution\t\r \u00a0\nModule\t\r \u00a0After\t\r \u00a0\nProspective\t\r \u00a0\nReview\t\r \u00a0Module\t\r \u00a0Af"]
[16.83138084411621, 20.23736000061035, "ptions  tend to have modest effects on estimating changes in utilization and costs. The combination of  all lower- and upper-bound estimates, however, results in a significant range in estimates.  For example, the lower- and upper-bound reductions in"]
[16.849014282226562, 20.254920959472656, "ng the full \nimplementation of the formulary is half of the reduction in medical spending, or $22.7 million. \nOver the longer term, a larger share of the prescription drug spending reduction may accrue to California businesses and insurers, although "]
[16.851720809936523, 20.263608932495117, "algesic spending and utilization in particular is reduced in each module, especially when we allow for substitution to NSAIDs. The estimated changes in California WC prescription drug spending and net revenue for California providers dispensing presc"]
[16.86554527282715, 20.270917892456055, "l liens. Liens can include payments for prescription drugs. If the formulary reduces prescription utilization contributing to medical liens\u2014particularly for compounded drugs or drugs with particularly high per-unit prices\u2014our results will underestima"]
[16.915979385375977, 20.316123962402344, "ated to prescribing or specific formulary provisions. For example, because the special fill policy could have the unintended effect of increasing the number of office visits (particularly in the cases of physician dispensing) for practitioners to wri"]
[16.945388793945312, 20.341697692871094, "eferred  \n  Ciclesonide  Non-Preferred  \n  Cimetidine  Preferred  \n  Ciprofloxacin  Preferred  \n  Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride  Preferred  \n  Citalopram Hydrobromide  Non-Preferred  \n  Clarithromycin  Non-Preferred  \n  Clindamycin Hydrochloride  Prefe"]
[16.94003677368164, 20.337678909301758, "red  \n  Hydrocortisone  Non-Preferred  Yes \n Hydromorphone Hydrochloride  Non-Preferred  \n  Hypromellose  Preferred  \n  Ibandronate Sodium  Non-Preferred  \n  Ibuprofen  Preferred  \n  Imipramine Hydrochloride Non-Preferred  \n  Indomethacin  Preferred "]
[16.986366271972656, 20.38334846496582, "  Non-Preferred  \n  Rabeprazole Sodium  Preferred  \n  Ranitidine Hydrochloride  Preferred  \n  Rimexolone Non-Preferred  \n  Risedronate Sodium Non-Preferred  \n  Rivaroxaban  Non-Preferred  \n Yes \nSalmeterol Xinafoate  Non-Preferred  \n  Salsalate  Pref"]
[16.876794815063477, 20.279001235961914, "(Lu et al., 2010) \n(McCombs et al., 2002) \n(Louder et al., 2011) \n(Workers\u2019 Compensation Research Institute, 2014) \n(Texas Department of Insurance, 2013) 51 \n References   \nAdams, Alyce S., Fang Zhang, Robert F. LeCates, Amy Johnson Graves, Dennis Ro"]
[16.876218795776367, 20.278301239013672, ". R. Cline, J. C. Schommer, R. S. Hadsall, and J. A. Nyman, \u201cRetrospective \nAssessment of Medicaid Step-Therapy Prior Authorization Policy for Atypical Antipsychotic \nMedications,\u201d Clinical Therapeutics, Vol. 30, No. 8, August 2008, pp. 1524\u20131539; di"]
[16.87700653076172, 20.27867317199707, "e: Results of a Longitudinal, Population-Based Study,\u201d Clinical Therapeutics, Vol. 32, No. 4, April 2010, pp. 729\u2013741; discussion 716.  \nLaw, M. R., D. Ross-Degnan, and S. B. Soumerai, \u201cEffect of Prior Authorization of Second-\nGeneration Antipsychoti"]
[16.87810516357422, 20.27973747253418, "lary Change with Therapeutic Interchange for Statin Drugs in a Multistate Managed Medicaid Organization,\u201d Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2006, pp. 331\u2013340.  \nMomani, Aiman A., S. Suresh Madhavan, and David P. Nau, \u201cImpact of NSAIDs"]
[16.890317916870117, 20.29292106628418, " Dongchun Wang, and Te-Chun Liu, Interstate Variations in Use of \nNarcotics, 2nd ed., Cambridge, Mass.: Workers Compensation Research Institute, 2014.  \nVon Korff, Michael R., \u201cLong-Term Use of Opioids for Complex Chronic Pain,\u201d Best Practice \n& Rese"]
[14.343490600585938, 2.934190034866333, "Fostering Innovation to Respond to \nTop Challenges in Law Enforcement\nProceedings of the National Institute of Justice\u2019s \n2018 Chiefs\u2019 Panel on Priority Law Enforcement Issues and Needs\nJohn S. Hollywood, Sean E. Goodison, Dulani Woods, Michael J. D."]
[14.25770378112793, 2.7815122604370117, " skills, abilities, andexperiences that are most useful to have in today\u2019s policingenvironment\n\u2022develop a continually updated inventory of law enforcementinformation analysis tools. This process should also highlightgaps in the available tools.Key Fi"]
[14.213111877441406, 3.189235210418701, "ciated interventions to improve trust, as well as improved, more-realistic interaction skills training.\n \u2212The need for longer-term reform.  To get at the underly -\ning causes of distrust, panelists called for a systematic review of the criminal justi"]
[14.3035888671875, 2.954718828201294, "ntire community of practice. PCJNI reports on prior sector-wide panels for law enforcement include the following:\n\u2022 High-Priority Information Technology Needs for Law Enforcement , which identified needs for innovation broadly \nrelated to IT and data"]
[14.382976531982422, 2.861755847930908, "did not attempt to recruit a representative sample of executives, nor should the results be considered representative of law enforcement practitioners\u2019 general opinions on technologies. Instead, the results reflect the expertise and experience of the"]
[14.539156913757324, 2.324556350708008, "riority needs and issues identified in the previous law enforcement Workshop Participants\nRichard Biehl\nDayton, Ohio, Police Department\nJean-Michel Blais\nHalifax Regional Police\nJimmy Chapman\nRoanoke County, Virginia, Police Department\nJohn Donohue\nN"]
[14.752606391906738, 1.8696929216384888, "s, the panelists rerated the need based on what they heard. Following the second round of voting, we used a clustering algorithm to group the needs into three tiers (Tier\u00a01, high EV; Tier\u00a02, medium EV; and Tier\u00a03, lower EV). In the third and final ro"]
[14.270187377929688, 2.797191858291626, "he development of use cases and meshing new tools with \nexisting practices\n\u2022 difficulties in acquisition processes\n\u2022 cybersecurity and interoperability issues\n\u2022 unintended consequences (e.g., floods of body-worn cam -\nera data challenging data manage"]
[14.271254539489746, 2.7713472843170166, " discussed the fact that technology providers have such an advantage in technical expertise and resources that it is often the vendors who set the requirements and directions of law enforcement technology. \nMarket power.  Panelists noted that law enf"]
[14.292013168334961, 2.799078941345215, "dards and certifi -\ncation schemes for various technologies in partnership with associations and industry because NIJ did this effectively with body armor. That said, panelists mentioned the downside that standards development, maintenance, and compl"]
[14.360113143920898, 2.8491475582122803, " the value and appropriateness of capturing and showing video evidence from body-worn cameras. One panelist noted that he or she quickly realized that the videos shown on cameras often did not reflect the real situation experienced by officers (becau"]
[14.322912216186523, 2.721644163131714, "ithholding those data. However, a key challenge to such national guidelines is the wide variation in state and local laws dictating retention and release that are currently in place. One point of concern was the growing call for officers filming or o"]
[14.229168891906738, 2.814328670501709, "internet-enabled devices in cars and clothing\u2014is growing. There also are increasing numbers of programs and apps being run on these devices, such as officer-installed apps with unknown data reten -\ntion and cybersecurity protections. These, in turn, "]
[14.231318473815918, 2.9427759647369385, "igative resources. \nIt was noted that the current state of affairs often leads to \nvictims of cybercrime being frustrated when their local agency has no means or resources to investigate incidents in which they were harmed. It was further noted that "]
[14.234339714050293, 2.6217873096466064, "eed for this topic:  research to \ndevelop a general strategy on which organizations should take the lead regarding various cybercrimes and how that would be determined. It was of middling priority to the panel (Tier 2), possibly trading off the growi"]
[14.28637981414795, 2.724374771118164, "o be able to return DNA profiles of arrestees, as well as matches to crime-scene DNA stored in an FBI database, within two hours (FBI Laboratory Services, undated). \nIn this area, panelists specifically focused on issues sur -\nrounding rapid DNA iden"]
[14.684813499450684, 3.110353708267212, " reported feeling that agencies and, hence, officers themselves did not have sufficient resources to respond to this environment. \nThese pressures, combined with a lack of resources, were \nseen as likely to have negative effects on officers\u2019 physical"]
[14.36075496673584, 2.9955077171325684, "omen in law enforcement. \nPanelists noted that the recommended assessments should reflect and support the growing presence of women in policing. \nFamily involvement.  Panelists suggested that involv -\ning officers\u2019 families in new health strategies i"]
[14.379108428955078, 2.94313645362854, "etail in the following sec -\ntions.\nTheme 6: A Systematic Review of the \nCriminal Justice System and the Roles of All Stakeholders in It Is Needed\nDiscussion on this topic began with comments that those \nconcerned with trust commonly focus on bias in"]
[14.341848373413086, 2.9015040397644043, "lved shootings. For an outside perspective, they also sug -\ngested looking at community-led ways to improve public safety without having to resort to traditional policing tactics. \nAgencies Need Assistance in Improving \nCommunication with Communities"]
[14.343674659729004, 3.011746883392334, "rch and Training on Reducing \nBias and Use of Force\nPanelists emphasized the importance of methods to reduce \nofficer-involved shootings and officer bias resulting in dispa -\nrate outcomes. They emphasized that such methods need to be realistic and r"]
[14.297855377197266, 2.8340272903442383, "practices, and techniques.\nGiven the breadth of this challenge, discussions have been \nsimilarly broad. These discussions included such topics as \n\u2022 difficulty developing solutions relevant to departments of \ntwo to 2,000 officers\n\u2022 models including "]
[14.279921531677246, 2.8281376361846924, "urces and improve effectiveness for core missions.16Theme 9: There Is a Need to Specify How \nto Select and Train Officers of the Future Selecting Officers of the Future\nGiven the discussion about officers needing problem-solving \nand soft skills (eit"]
[14.281940460205078, 2.8104629516601562, "cal or hard skills; soft skills, e.g., empathy and communication; life experience; and technology skills.Need:  Conduct research to identify the sets of \nskills, abilities, and experiences that are most useful to have in today\u2019s policing environment."]
[14.101585388183594, 2.838620185852051, " of dissemi -\nnating evidence-based business cases to share specified types of information in specific ways. The second motivation was the concern that those receiving law enforcement\u2013sensitive infor -\nmation would not protect it appropriately or tha"]
[14.32153034210205, 2.830500602722168, "ders. On the issue of analytic quality, including building capabilities for independent review of privately provided tools, panelists proposed law enforcement application to ensure that quality and accuracy were sufficient. Other proposals focused on"]
[14.180203437805176, 2.730623722076416, "ated to Addressing the Flood \nof Information\n\u00f3\u00f3\u00f3\u00f3 (Tier 1) Issue:  Officers and agencies are often \nunaware of the tools, systems, and processes \navailable to them.Need:  Develop a continually updated \ninventory of law enforcement information analysi"]
[14.317102432250977, 2.794590473175049, ". That said, according to one panelist, \u201cthere is more information out there that is still hard to get,\u201d and readers needed help not only with finding research but also in deter -\nmining which results are \u201cmeaningful to me as a police chief [or other"]
[14.31218147277832, 2.8276443481445312, "at emerged from the workshop lacked \npriority needs for innovation. These top issues can be priori -\ntized for further consideration in terms of the types of innova -\ntions that might help: \n\u2022 training on digital evidence\n\u2022 determining state and law "]
[14.226057052612305, 2.794478178024292, "sure that high-demand closed publications are converted to open access (e.g., by paying for them).21Table 1. Themes and Priority Needs for Innovation\nTopic Themes High-Priority Needs\nUsing new \ntechnologies while responding to technological changes i"]
[14.352458953857422, 2.90030574798584, "ps should be repeated. \n\u2022 6A. (\u00f3\u00f3\u00f3 ) Call for a National Commission on \nCriminal Justice to evaluate the current state of criminal justice practices and the equity, efficacy, and legitimacy across the entire criminal justice system.\n7 . Better strate"]
[14.23746109008789, 2.8032689094543457, "em (typically from crash scenes).\na\n13. Agencies need assistance in order to interact more effectively with social media companies. \u2022 13A. (\u00f3\u00f3\u00f3 ) Conduct research to identify the \nlegislative gaps in order to standardize when and how emergency or inv"]
[14.357074737548828, 2.9148192405700684, "e top-three needs from the panel was in this area: calling for research and evaluation of public-sentiment moni -toring tools. This panel also called for research on improved training to reduce bias and uses of force. \nPanel members then expanded wha"]
[14.342333793640137, 2.8002748489379883, "tainty about how to ensure that vendors provide data in the event of a lethal crash and, if they do provide such data, that the data are in a form that could be understood by investigators. They also called for creating liaisons between law enforceme"]
[14.350380897521973, 2.9063799381256104, "ould accept that regulation. \nA Lack of Easy Solutions to Top Challenges\nSecond, despite the range of innovation needs, the panel discus -\nsion reflected the reality that some of the most pressing chal -\nlenges were not found to have easy, short-term"]
[14.470481872558594, 2.751110076904297, "om presentations at other national conferences, with an emphasis on the annual International Association of Chiefs of Police Technology meet -\nings. Given the scope of this workshop, searches were restricted to law enforcement invitees without inclus"]
[14.780708312988281, 1.8036471605300903, "ext sec -\ntion. \nAt the end of the meeting, panelists were asked to react to \nthe prior two days of discussion and findings and provide top takeaways for readers. These takeaways were captured in the conclusions section of this report. \nPrioritizatio"]
[14.765423774719238, 1.7560776472091675, "ium, and low EV groupings. The use of three EV tiers is manageable and provides a clear focus for decision -\nmakers (e.g., the needs in the high-EV tier); it is also consistent with prior PCJNI studies. Figure A.2 shows a histogram of the needs\u2019 over"]
[14.217463493347168, 3.2084386348724365, " (NIJ), the Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative has carried out research to assess \nand prioritize technology needs across the criminal justice community. The fundamental goal is to enable innovation in the U.S. \ncriminal justice community\u2014fro"]
[14.164029121398926, 2.6195056438446045, "\u201d to optimize forensic analyst labor across state and local demandsNeed to develop best practices and best practice business rules for body-worn camera videoInvite researchers and organizations (e.g., International Association of Chiefs of Police, PE"]
[14.163247108459473, 2.6333696842193604, " alerts) \ndynamically tailored to individual officers both in the field and at headquarters. Should automatically generate alerts when people of interest (such as parolees) have made contact with police\nNeed educational materials for key web technolo"]
[14.121533393859863, 2.6409764289855957, "wledge across the systemUtilize existing software tools for analysis of data sets like cell tower data. Examples exist that are web-based and can be bought on a \ncase-by-case basis, but knowledge of what is available is limited\nDepartments must acqui"]
[13.61839485168457, 1.8516266345977783, " being developed (who needs what information with what \nattributes) by different groups (National Public Safety Telecoms Council, FirstNet, Global, etc.). Need to include concepts, policy, and procedures for mutual aid networks. Must explicitly consi"]
[13.758638381958008, 2.7090015411376953, "ility movement\u201d\u2014get to consensus on tools being used, quality assurance, protections against bias, \nand civil liberties protections.\nConduct a gap analysis on existing automated social monitoring tools to determine the shortcomings for criminal justi"]
[14.291350364685059, 2.7586328983306885, "ards for \nhandling and securing public data held by law enforcement.\n3. Law enforcement is challenged by the rise of cybercrimes.\n\u2022 Law enforcement is not prepared for cyber threats, especially threats from the IoT.\n\u2022 Law enforcement\u2019s role in fighti"]
[14.381304740905762, 2.9203286170959473, "ate of criminal jus -\ntice practices and the equity, efficacy, and legitimacy across the entire criminal justice system.\n7 . Better strategies, tactics, and tools to improve community relations and public trust. \n\u2022 Agencies need assistance in improvi"]
[13.854593276977539, 2.930340528488159, "p a federal law enforcement infor -\nmation protection law, because it might facilitate the sharing of information that is protected by other laws (e.g., HIPAA, FERPA).\n\u2022 10B. (\u00f3) Collect and publicize \u201csuccess stories\u201d \nthat occurred as a result of p"]
[14.47559928894043, 2.70209002494812, "n the detection of basic activities like walking, running, throwing, entering and exiting a car, carrying an object, handing off an object, and assembling and dispersing (Intelligent Systems Laboratory, undated). \n3    For a general characterization "]
[13.939223289489746, 3.7116854190826416, "t C. Davis, and Brian A. Jackson, Digital \nEvidence and the U.S. Criminal Justice System: Identifying Technology and Other Needs to More Effectively Acquire and Utilize Digital Evidence , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-890-NIJ, \n2015. As "]
[13.485236167907715, 3.787304401397705, "5. As of November 5, 2018: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR928.html\nIJIS Institute, homepage, undated. As of May\u00a022, 2019: \nhttps://www.ijis.org/\nInternational Association of Chiefs of Police, \u201cIACP Introduces \nNational Criminal Justice "]
[13.582847595214844, 3.717353582382202, "html \nViolanti, J. M., \u201cCoping Strategies Among Police Recruits in a High-\nStress Training Environment,\u201d Journal of Social Psychology , Vol. 132, \nNo. 6, 1992, pp. 717\u2013729. \nVincent, James, \u201cU.S. Lawmakers Say AI Deepfakes \u2018Have the \nPotential to Dis"]
[13.920589447021484, 4.177037239074707, " Criminology and Criminal Justice.\nDulani Woods  is a data science practitioner adept at data acquisition, transformation, visualization, and analysis. His primary areas of \nresearch have included homeland security and justice policy. He has a master"]
[13.862380027770996, 4.600431442260742, "ersonal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint \nand linking permissions, please visit ww"]
[-0.8252068161964417, 14.536553382873535, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nDecision Support Tool for \nthe San Francisco Bay-Delta Levees Investment Strategy\nDocumentation and Use\nDavid G. Groves, Nidhi Kalra, James Syme, Hollie Ellis, Charles L. Gardiner, \nLawrence H. Roth\nSponsored by the Del"]
[12.637805938720703, 13.57614803314209, "he world. This research was conducted in the Community Health and \nEnvironmental Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well -Being. The program \nfocuses on such topics as infrastructure, science and technology, community design, community he"]
[-0.849841833114624, 14.598938941955566, "................................................................. 8\t\nRisk to Habitat ........................................................................................................................ 9\tRisk to DAP .............................."]
[-0.8220622539520264, 14.6312837600708, "............................................. 14\t\nFigure 3.1. DST Overview (Panel 1.1) ......................................................................................... 17\t\nFigure 3.2. Islands and Tracts (Panel 2.1) .........................."]
[-0.8225120902061462, 14.635324478149414, "anking of Islands (Panel 5.3) ...................................................................... 35\t\nFigure 3.24. Impact on DAP (Panel 5.4) ...................................................................................... 36\t\nFigure 3.25. Is"]
[-0.8537396788597107, 14.588703155517578, "tate\u2019s water supply, flooding important habitat, or compromising the Delta\u2019s historic towns, prime agricultural land, or public roadways. \nThe possible investments to mitigate these risks are numerous, and they will affect Delta risks differently. Th"]
[-0.838883638381958, 14.610732078552246, " Expected Annual Fatalities \nSLR sea level rise \n   1 1. Introduction \nSacramento \u2013San Joaquin Delta Levees \nThe Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin Delta comprises over 100 islands and tracts northeast of the \nSan Francisco Bay (Figure 1.1). Most are below sea l"]
[-0.8622789978981018, 14.592085838317871, "ty vs. risk \nto water supply vs. risk to habitat) and assumptions about future risks to enable a transparent \ncomparison of results across different metrics. Such an exploratory modeling approach is suited \nfor long-term policy questions in which the"]
[-0.8517765998840332, 14.602815628051758, "e metric or time  \nperiod), set metric weights for island rank and investment rankings, define portfolios of levee investments,  and explore different trade -offs across the portfolios. Figure 1 .2 summarizes the \ninputs, discussion  and analysis, an"]
[-0.8406204581260681, 14.597017288208008, "itation timing and patterns, including extended periods of \ndrought; earthquake hazards; ecosystem factors; or project costs could be assimilated into the \nDST to inform revised priorities. \n1 See the Project Documents section of the Delta S tewardsh"]
[-0.8451418876647949, 14.588232040405273, "physical processes. Many of these characteristics\u2014such as biodiversity, water \nquality, habitat structure and connectivity, food web dynamics, nutrient cycling, and species \npopulation dynamics\u2014could be used to measure ecosystem function and flood ri"]
[-0.8048000335693359, 14.583806991577148, "e depends only on river stage), a population proportion at risk given \nthe warning time, proportions of the population considered willing and able to evacuate \ngiven warnings, and a mortality function, which is used to estimate the mortality rate giv"]
[-0.8279767036437988, 14.609561920166016, "s south of the Delta and within the Delta. Levee breaches and resulting floods threaten  \nto disrupt water supply.  \nIdeally, one would measure the risk to water supply as a product of the probability of levee \nfailure and the consequence of that fai"]
[-0.8439681529998779, 14.601259231567383, " and biologically appropriate habitats, functional corridors,  and \necosystem processes (Delta Stewardship Council , 2013). The elements that create ecosystem \nvalue are complex. For decisionmakers and stakeholders to understand and trade off the imp"]
[-0.8265202045440674, 14.621381759643555, "ial tidal habitat. \nRisk to DAP \nThe State Legislature recognizes \u201cthe unique cultural, historical, recreational, agricultural, \nand economic values of the Delta as an evolving place\u201d (California Water Code Section 29702). \nAs such, the Council provi"]
[-0.5875616073608398, 14.34339714050293, "ddresses two questions. First, what are the risks now, and \nwhat will they be in 2030 and 2050 if the State does not make levee investments? This is the risk \nin a future without action. Second, what would the risks be now and what would they be in 2"]
[-0.4398021996021271, 14.163299560546875, " however, is uncertain. \nThere is much uncertainty about how future risks will evolve over time. For instance, while \nsea levels will increase, the magnitude and timing of these increases are uncertain. As another \nexample, the likelihood of the magn"]
[-0.8384777307510376, 14.589019775390625, "ethodology Report \n(Arcadis, 2017b). Specifically, the report describes six uncertain factors that could affect the \ncalculations of probability of flooding: \n\u2022 Discharge-Recurrence: frequency of peak river flows \n\u2022 Stage-Discharge: relationship betw"]
[-0.834835946559906, 14.618867874145508, "pecified \nweights to develop an aggregate risk metric. The aggregate risk ranking is then used to classify \nthe islands into three priority categories, per Council request: \n\u2022 Very High Priority \n\u2022 High Priority \n\u2022 Other Priority. \nTo aggregate risk "]
[-0.8520895838737488, 14.602006912231445, "year  Reduction in flooded acres/ million \ndollars  invested  \n \nThe DST ranks investments first by their effect with respect to risk reduction. Then the DST \nallows the user to construct portfolios by including projects that are cost-effective above"]
[-0.82673180103302, 14.63280963897705, "map of the Delta study area and allows the user to highlight islands and tracts by \nname and to filter the islands shown by levee status (e.g., unleveed, leveed, or flooded) and area \n(Figure 3.2). There are 170 islands and tracts included in the stu"]
[-0.828368067741394, 14.6115083694458, "hat about $30 billion of assets is vulnerable \nto flooding across the entire Delta. As with population, most of the assets are on the eastern \nedges of the Delta\u2014namely North and Central Stockton and West Sacramento and Maintenance \nArea 9 North. \n  "]
[-0.8274248838424683, 14.627154350280762, "roup. This was determined in consultation with the Council, DWR, user groups, and \nother stakeholders. The version below shows the many islands important to the State Water \nProject/Central Valley Project (SWP/CVP), colored by the various functions e"]
[-0.8203278183937073, 14.635065078735352, "H\nEGBERT TRACT\nEMPIRE TRACT\nHASTINGS TRACT\nHOLLAND TRACT\nHOLT STATION\nHONKER LAKE TRACT\nPerforms Function?\nYes\nNo\nIslands Important for Water Supply for Different User Groups\nFilters and Options\nWater Supply Users\nAntioch\nCCWD\nEBMUD\nNorth Delta\nSacra"]
[-0.8286092281341553, 14.633819580078125, "results indicate the number of legacy  \nFigure 3.8 . Legacy Towns ( DAP) (Panel 2.9a) \n   \nDelta as Place\nLegacy Towns (#) Island/Tract\n0 1 2\nDelta As Place Asset\n[number; acres; 1/0]GRAND ISLAND\nBETHEL ISLAND\nBRANNAN-ANDRUS\nDLIS-07 (KNIGHTSEN A..\nDL"]
[-0.8218107223510742, 14.632888793945312, "-27DLIS-28\nDLIS-31 (GARABALDI ..\nDLIS-32DLIS-33\nDLIS-43 (POTRERO HIL..\nDREXLER TRACT\nEHRHEARDT CLUB\nFABIAN TRACT\nGLANVILLE\nGLIDE DISTRICT\nGRAND ISLAND1\n111\n1\n11\n1\n1111111111111111Delta As Place Assets\nLegacy Towns (#)\nPrime Agricultural Land (acres)\n"]
[-0.8086700439453125, 14.62629508972168, ". Islands shaded darker red are estimated to \nhave higher expected annual fatalities. In general, these risks increase under later years and \nthe high SLR scenario, as selected on the left. Three islands under baseline conditions have \nEAF greater th"]
[-0.8164471387863159, 14.633451461791992, " S..\nSHIN KEE TRACT\nDLIS-41 (JOICE ISLAND A..\nDLIS-34\nGLANVILLE\nSTATEN ISLAND\nEMPIRE TRACT\nWINTER ISLAND\nDLIS-44 (HILL SLOUGH U..\nMCCORMACK-WILLIAMS..\nDLIS-33\nDEAD HORSE ISLAND\nRIO BLANCO TRACT\nDLIS-40\nDREXLER TRACT\nPROSPECT ISLAND\nKASSON DISTRICT10."]
[-0.8131835460662842, 14.631808280944824, "aseline\n2030, nominal\n2030, high\n2050, nominal\n2050, high\n0.0 4.0Expected Annual Fatalities\n    \nRisk to Property\nIsland or Tract\n$0.0M $20.0M $40.0M $60.0M\nExpected Annual Damage [$]MAINTENANCE AREA 9 N..\nNORTH STOCKTON\nBISHOP TRACT/DLIS-14\nRECLAMAT"]
[-0.816719114780426, 14.639165878295898, "AND\nWEBB TRACT\nCLIFTON COURT F..\nTWITCHELL ISLAND\nMCDONALD ISLAND\nBACON ISLAND\nBYRON TRACT\nHOLLAND TRACT\nBETHEL ISLAND\nMANDEVILLE ISLAN..\nSHERMAN ISLAND\nHASTINGS TRACT\nWOODWARD ISLAND\nJERSEY ISLAND\nJONES TRACT\nUNION ISLAND WES..\nVICTORIA ISLAND\nMAINT"]
[-0.8211889863014221, 14.635180473327637, "eton, Rio Vista, Knightsen,\nand Bethel Island).\nClick on the next \"Risk to\nDelta as Place\" panel aboveto advance.Year & SLR Scenario\n2012, baseline\n2030, nominal\n2030, high\n2050, nominal\n2050, high\n2.0% 10.0%Probability of Flooding 30 This panel show"]
[-0.8091948628425598, 14.632637023925781, "e threshold value are deemed high risk \nfor the specific metric. The DST allows the user to adjust the thresholds and explore how the \nsettings affect the analysis. Table 3.1 shows results for the default thresholds. These thresholds \nare set so that"]
[-0.8157385587692261, 14.626919746398926, "The visualization shows the amount of risk for each \nisland and metric (length of horizontal bars) and defined threshold (vertical red bars). Bars shaded in dark red represent risks that are greater than the threshold. The user can sort the islands b"]
[-0.8244040608406067, 14.632030487060547, "ore of 4.0, followed by Byron Tract and Maintenance Area 9 North. \nFigure 3. 20. Identify Islands Have the Most Risk Across All Risk Metrics to  \nCreate a Composite Risk Score  (Panel 4.2) \n \nSection 5. Ranking Islands by Risk  \nThe DST next maps and"]
[-0.8208245038986206, 14.63611888885498, "ight\n1\nProperty Weight\n1\nWater Supply Weight\n1\nNon-Tidal\nHabitat Weight\n1\n0.0 2.0 4.0\nComposite Risk\nScoreMAINTENANCE AREA 9 SOUTH\nBYRON TRACT\nMAINTENANCE AREA 9 NORTH\nBRANNAN-ANDRUS\nGRAND ISLAND\nSHERMAN ISLAND\nBETHEL ISLAND\nBISHOP TRACT/DLIS-14\nNORT"]
[-0.8162721991539001, 14.638815879821777, "tial\nOther PriorityShow High Tidal\nHabitat Potential\nDon't Show\nShowYear & SLR Scenario\n2012, baseline\n2030, nominal\n2030, high\n2050, nominal\n2050, high\n5.3) Tiered Ranking of Islands\n                            JERSEY ISLAND  (2.0)CENTRAL STOCKTON  "]
[-0.826129138469696, 14.632318496704102, "c events. See Chapter One  for \nadditional information on the PL84 -99 guidelines. Panel 6.1) Islands and Tracts with Investments , 76Legacy Towns\n198,433139,97872,298Prime Agricultural LandThis panel reports out the\nimpact of the ranking on\nDelta as"]
[-0.8281505107879639, 14.63094711303711, "r which islands a\nPL84-99 (or other) investment is\ndefined. The bar chart and map shading\nindicates the cost of the investment.\nPL84-99 guidance is a minimum\nrequirement established by the U.S.\nArmy Corps of Engineers (USACE) for\nlevees in its Rehabi"]
[-0.8207488059997559, 14.637737274169922, " Scenario\n2012, baseline\n2030, nominal\n2030, high\n2050, nominal\n2050, highOptions and Filters Island/Tract\n0.000 0.020 0.040 0.060\nEAF Reduction [lives/year]BRANNAN-ANDRUS\nGRAND ISLAND\nTERMINOUS TRACT\nBETHEL ISLAND\nHOLT STATION\nNEW HOPE TRACT\nWALNUT "]
[-0.8220310807228088, 14.639045715332031, "Flooding of Non -Tidal Habitat  with  \nInvestments (Panel 6 .6) \n     \nChange in Flooding for Islands Posing Greatest Water Supply Risk with Investments\nFilters and Options\nYear & SLR Scenario\n2012, baseline\n2030, nominal\n2030, high\n2050, nominal\n205"]
[-0.8292418718338013, 14.628005981445312, "nt Priorities  (Panel 7) \n \nSection 8. Developing a Portfolio  of Levee Investment s \nSection 8 of the DST\u2014Developing a Portfolio of Levee Investments\u2014allows the user to \ndevelop portfolios that cost-effectively reduce risk to lives, property, water "]
[-0.8207112550735474, 14.636979103088379, "Very High SHERMAN ISLAND $1.3M 0.1%\nMCCORMACK-WILLIAMSON.. $3.6M 1.8%\nTWITCHELL ISLAND $4.2M 0.3%\nJERSEY ISLAND $2.4M 0.1%\nHigh TERMINOUS TRACT $18.1M 1.5%\nGLANVILLE $6.4M 3.4%\nTYLER ISLAND $6.2M 0.8%\nLITTLE EGBERT TRACT $2.3M 4.4%\nDREXLER TRACT $5.3"]
[-0.8247068524360657, 14.634061813354492, "ST $11.6M 0.2%\nBOULDIN ISLAND $11.1M 0.6%\nBRADFORD ISLAND $3.8M 0.5%\nHOLLAND TRACT $1.9M 0.2%\nBACON ISLAND $8.1M 0.2%\nMANDEVILLE ISLAND $6.3M 0.2%\nVICTORIA ISLAND $2 1M 0 0%9.89 $0.10 0.12% 0.4\n4.95 $0.07 0.1\n4.42 $0.11 0.2\n1.00 $0.02 0.10% 9.0\n0.380"]
[-0.8285889625549316, 14.611987113952637, "  \nand other factors, before approving projects at high priority or other priority tracts. If available funds are sufficient to fully fund levee improvements at the very high priority tracts, then funds for improvements or major rehabilitation of lev"]
[-0.7828441262245178, 14.502016067504883, "alog.data.gov/dataset/public-and-conservation-trust-lands \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, California EcoRestore Fact Sheet, 2015.  \nhttp://resources.ca.gov/docs/ecorestore/ECO_FS_Overview.pdf  \nCouncil\u2014See Delta Stewardship Council. \nCRA\u2014See California Resources Agency. \nDelt"]
[-0.647235631942749, 13.403477668762207, "s and Applications,\u201d Environment International, Vol. 32, \n2006, pp. 1072\u20131093. \nNAS\u2014See National Academy of Sciences. \nNational Academy of Sciences, Sea-Level Rise for the Coasts of California, Oregon, and \nWashington, 2012.   49 National Research Co"]
[11.408205032348633, 17.63443946838379, "Lloyd Dixon, Kathryn Kuznitsky Emerging Trends  \nin Compensation  for Widespread LossesCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND \ninte"]
[11.377937316894531, 17.576099395751953, "AND Institute for Civil Justice  \nICJ was founded in 1979, and it has been dedicated to making the civil justice system more \nefficient and more equitable by supplying government and private decisionmakers with the results of empirical analyses and a"]
[16.13867950439453, 17.332265853881836, ".................................................................................4 \t\nFactors That Prompted Coordination of Regulators and Indi vidual Claimants in the  \nVolkswagen Case  ................................................................"]
[16.09000015258789, 17.278900146484375, ".................................................... 25\tAppendix. Conference Agenda ..................................................................................................... 27\t\n \n    1 Introduction  \nEvents that cause widespread losses a"]
[16.129934310913086, 17.317604064941406, "and obvious mass tort \nsituation. Everybody started simultaneously off to the races: the federal government, the \nstate government, and private plaintiffs. It ended up being a missed opportunity for \ncoordination. The government was able to extract s"]
[16.1590576171875, 17.3503360748291, "e, comprehensive settlement.     \nIs Coordination Becoming More Common? \nParticipants agreed that coordination between public and private litigants is becoming more \ncommon, but that it is not new (particularly in environmental cases) and it does not"]
[16.17974853515625, 17.371458053588867, " \nFactors That Prompted Coordination of Regulators and Individual \nClaimants in the Volkswagen Case  \nAlthough the panelists covered a wide range of recent examples of how regulators and \nlitigants have interacted in mass litigation, the Volkswagen \u201c"]
[16.17108154296875, 17.36369514465332, " judge for the Northern District of California, presided over the case. One participant observed that some judges would have been more passive and allowed parties to \u201crun wild,\u201d but Judge Breyer saw the importance of a global resolution. The court no"]
[16.16039276123047, 17.351749420166016, "fs, and to the regulators. But there was another interesting problem: a continuing problem with respect to damages. In the Volkswagen case, there were vehicles on the road that were continuing to pollute, and that was a problem that had to be address"]
[16.1984920501709, 17.3911190032959, " the key to the whole case was that EPA and CARB needed to approve the method for fixing the cars. \nA different participant pointed out that one size does not fit all. There are cases in which one \nwould absolutely want to stage compensation. One wou"]
[16.152849197387695, 17.34400749206543, "nmental harm, they knew that they had an opportunity to work together with government prosecutors to ameliorate that harm, and they knew they had an opportunity to work with the Federal Trade Commission to compensate consumers. Everyone knew that all"]
[16.17323875427246, 17.366100311279297, "ccording to one participant, is for the federal courts to move \nquickly. But they can only move quickly if they have the cooperation of the litigants, and cooperation is not a given; it can be urged, but it is not necessarily achieved. The way it was"]
[16.170103073120117, 17.362125396728516, "olkswagen diesel emissions case.   \nLack of Transparency  \nWhen regulators and public agencies are involved in the settlement process, transparency is \nimportant. The need for transparency is somewhat unusual in the settlement process because \nsettle"]
[11.319859504699707, 16.618173599243164, "at contracts with the government. While the government will sometimes administer a claims process (either directly or through a contract), it is not something the government prefers to do, particularly for claims programs that can go on for years.   "]
[11.32130241394043, 16.598976135253906, " worked on the defense side for many years observed that liens were not part of the conversation with pharmaceutical and medical device claims that were settled years ago\u2014they were the plaintiffs\u2019 and plaintiffs\u2019 lawyers\u2019 problems. Then Medicare and "]
[11.314512252807617, 16.618066787719727, "osited that there will be more and more attempts by Medicare to \narticulate how it can assert rights to reimbursement for future medical costs.  \nOne participant observed that Medicaid increasingly has the same status as Medicare \nregarding liens. Me"]
[11.318536758422852, 16.601404190063477, "utting out bids for contractors to do liability set asides. This will be an issue moving forward.   \nOne participant foresaw problems with future medical costs on the private side. For example, \ncould a private health care insurer file a lien for fut"]
[11.32114315032959, 16.599042892456055, "y plan has the responsibility to make payment. Yet Medicare seems to ignore that and instead demands payment regardless of the limits of the defendant\u2019s liability (e.g., when the defendant is only 45 percent liable).  \nAnother participant agreed, sta"]
[11.322821617126465, 16.603527069091797, "column one and held back column two. If plaintiffs\u2019 lawyers did not want to work with a claim resolution company, they needed to work with the lawyers for the lienholders to resolve the lien. Once the liens were resolved, any amount remaining in colu"]
[16.09083366394043, 17.27358055114746, "l rules and other procedures were originally tailored to a civil \nlitigation paradigm of one plaintiff, one defendant, and two lawyers. However, the paradigm is changing, and it has become increasingly common to see litigation with large numbers of c"]
[16.090734481811523, 17.275575637817383, "ers and judges involved in MDLs is small, \nand this \u201crepeat player effect\u201d has resulted in outcomes that are in the interest of lawyers and judges but not the injured parties. Many academics criticize judges for using too many \u201cinnovative\u201d procedures"]
[16.06437873840332, 17.247886657714844, "e the elements of their claims).\n3  \nInventory Settlement: Paxil Birth Defects Litigation     \nThe Paxil birth defect litigation did not use an MDL, class action, or quasi\u2013class action; \nrather, it used an inventory approach. The defense\u2019s strategy w"]
[16.053491592407227, 17.236804962158203, " always result in payments. Many cases are vigorously defended and result in no payment or very limited payments to a limited set of people.   \nA potential advantage of class actions is something approaching global peace. One \nparticipant pointed out"]
[16.046337127685547, 17.215734481811523, " result can be claims for injuries that are not caused by the product in question. In Vioxx, for example, about one-third of the claimants could not produce medical records that they had taken Vioxx. For many products, there are no signature symptoms"]
[16.050586700439453, 17.2304630279541, "ers wanting a return on their up-front investments.   \nFurther work is also warranted on alternative systems around the world for processing mass \nclaims\u2014specifically, on the New Zealand system. American scholarship has not looked at New Zealand\u2019s sy"]
[16.046178817749023, 17.242944717407227, "rss  iinn  SSeettttlleemmeennttss  \n\u2022 Moderator: Nicholas Pace, Social Scientist, RAND Corporation\n\u2022 The Honorable Charles R. Breyer,  Senior Judge,  United States District Court for the\nNorthern District of California\n\u2022 Elizabeth J. Cabraser,  Partn"]
[11.324771881103516, 16.601036071777344, " explored the role o f liens in \nthe settlem ent process and how different aggregation processes (class action, multidist rict litigation,  and inventory \nsettlement) affec t compensation. Multiple participants argued that collec ting more data on th"]
[13.920083999633789, 4.025036334991455, "Fostering \nInnovation  in U.S. Law Enforcement\nIdentifying High-Priority  \nTechnology and Other Needs  for Improving Law Enforcement Operations and Outcomes\nJohn S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Sean E. Goodison, Andrew Lauland,  \nLisa Wagner, Thomas J. W"]
[13.988243103027344, 3.837155342102051, "t a research effort to assess and prioritize technology and related needs across the criminal justice community. This initiative is a component of NIJ\u2019s National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC) system and is intended to sup"]
[13.827418327331543, 3.9919068813323975, "2016.\n\u2022 Schwartz, Heather L., Rajeev Ramchand, Dionne Barnes-Proby, Sean Grant, Brian A. Jackson, Kristin Leuschner, Mauri Matsuda, and Jessica Saunders, The Role of Technol -\nogy in Improving K\u201312 School Safety , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporati"]
[14.172419548034668, 2.745483875274658, "nd Policing  .................................................................................. 8\nThe Challenge of Race and Perceptions of Police  ........................................................... 9\nIncreased Scrutiny from the Community and"]
[14.22070026397705, 2.62607479095459, "................................................. 62\nPriority Needs for Improving Defenses Against Active Shooters  .......................................... 62\nFostering Innovation in U.S. Law Enforcement: A Short-Term Roadmap  ...................."]
[14.184379577636719, 2.610569477081299, ".................... 82\n  D.3.  Identifying Special Priority Needs\u2014Operational  ............................................. 83\n  D.4.  Identifying Special Priority Needs\u2014Strategic and Administrative  ......................... 84\n  D.5.  Low-Hanging"]
[14.185820579528809, 2.677957534790039, "or service  to help solve an operational problem facing law \nenforcement or take advantage of an opportunity (such as new technologies coming on line). Products and services can include materiel items, such as improved equipment or software, and nonm"]
[14.218111991882324, 2.7723751068115234, " driven \nlargely by the social and political tensions raised in recent years, in the wake of officer-involved shootings and civic unrest in Ferguson, Missouri, and Baltimore, Maryland. Under this theme, panelists had Tier 1 needs on improving how age"]
[14.20263385772705, 2.685041666030884, "ociation of Chiefs of Police (IACP).\nThere is a need to improve dispatch center operations.  Tier 1 needs include calls to \nassess costs and benefits of consolidating dispatch operations, as well as improve the question trees used by 911 call operato"]
[14.091379165649414, 2.905553102493286, "ry) that include sustainment costsWork with other government agencies and associations to prepare the model language and identify examples.\nKnowledge of effective practices and technologies: improving management practicesBrief explanation of evidence"]
[14.110751152038574, 2.887213945388794, "d staff who provided guidance and suggestions during all parts of the project. We specifically recognize Steven Schuetz and William Ford, who were most involved in this effort.\nWe would like to acknowledge the reviewers, Elizabeth Groff at Temple Uni"]
[14.19408130645752, 2.6236538887023926, " in comparison, covered a full range of law enforcement problems, opportunities, and responses, including needs related to vehicles, facilities, personal equipment, personnel development, and training, as well as IT. \nLEAP 2 took place over the cours"]
[13.067063331604004, 4.3616132736206055, "ders, and themselves during enforcement activity. More broadly, they are charged with maintaining positive relations and trust with the communities they serve, giving life to the widely cited \u201cPrinciples\u201d statement that \u201cthe police are the public and"]
[14.144760131835938, 2.9488415718078613, "ncounter and then share that recording with the world through social media. Cam -\neras of all types, including police body-worn and dashboard-mounted cameras, have given the public a never-before-seen view into police work and have raised the expecta"]
[14.109273910522461, 2.9218649864196777, " leaders of other organizations) over the past few years, backed with evidence captured in a range of scholarly articles. \nChapter Three describes the current state of law enforcement technology and practice, as \nwell as previously generated needs fo"]
[13.769232749938965, 3.3908138275146484, "been motivated by anti-police hatred tied to use-of-force incidents (Fernandez, P\u00e9rez-Pe\u00f1a, and Bromwich, 2016). This environment may have contributed to increas -\ning fear among officers for their own safety , as measured in a recent Pew poll (Morin"]
[13.13915729522705, 4.145145416259766, " even more critical, and more challenging, in the future. \nThe purpose of this chapter is to provide a contemporary narrative review of modern \nAmerican policing. This modern history and associated challenges have been directly influ -\nenced by polic"]
[12.960797309875488, 4.349376678466797, "he country. \nIn the process, the term \u201cFerguson\u201d would become shorthand not just for the Michael \nBrown shooting and its immediate aftermath. It would come to represent the beginning of an intensive public examination of police use-of-force policies,"]
[12.96764850616455, 4.333242416381836, "Vaughn, and Lim, 2014) or limited pool of incidents (Nix et al., 2017; Hine et al., 2016). But, for the profession as a whole, the new national system should help answer fundamental questions about police use-of-force trends. \nAnother federal respons"]
[13.035035133361816, 4.28251314163208, "te video, agencies must expect that the video will be viewed almost instanta -\nneously by thousands of people across the country and around the world. They must also know that, in today\u2019s environment, a single controversial incident captured on video"]
[13.122676849365234, 4.211802959442139, " both criminal and internal probes of the incident (Miller, Toliver, and Police Executive Research Forum, 2014). \nA growing number of jurisdictions are enacting laws or regulations governing when and \nhow videos will be released (National Conference "]
[13.037096977233887, 4.350678443908691, "ce and found vast differences of opinion between African-Americans and whites. Seventy-five percent of whites said the police treat different racial and ethnic groups fairly; three-quarters of whites also said police use the right amount of force for"]
[12.975351333618164, 4.296011924743652, " formal consent decrees (i.e., legal agreements in which an agency agrees to make specified changes, with the implementation of those changes overseen by a court) (U.S. Department of Justice, 2016). In the first five fiscal years of the Obama adminis"]
[13.16067123413086, 4.070342540740967, "er year in the 1920s, which was the 12    Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs for Improving Law Enforcement Operations and Outcomes\ndeadliest decade in U.S. law enforcement history (National Law Enforcement Officers Memo -\nrial Fund,"]
[13.115274429321289, 4.153901100158691, "inhabitants, 1996\u20132015.\u201d \n5  Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States , 2015, Table 12, \u201cCrime Trends, by Population Group, \n2014\u20132015.\u201d \n6  Of the 1,532 additional homicides recorded in 2015 as compared to 2014, these four cities "]
[13.196431159973145, 4.089739799499512, "dent in Ferguson. While the evi -\ndence for a national Ferguson effect is lacking, some cities may be seeing increases consistent with the Ferguson effect hypothesis, particularly cities with large African-American popula -\ntions.\n8 Further research "]
[14.284400939941406, 3.045835494995117, "daunting in the current environment, in which negative perceptions of the police, more opportunities in the private sector, and sometimes archaic police hiring policies and standards are making it difficult to attract new recruits (Wilson et al., 201"]
[14.5567045211792, 2.647749423980713, "is of digital evidence not only possible but also crucial for solving crime (Goodison, Davis, and Jackson, 2015). And in today\u2019s \u201cCSI\u201d world, digital evidence is becoming increas -\ningly important\u2014indeed, expected\u2014by juries in many criminal cases. Ho"]
[14.207234382629395, 2.6921510696411133, "elopment and training\nFacilitiesVehicles\n\u2022 Personal clothing, protection, \nor augmentation\n\u2022 Weapons and force\u2022 Ground\n\u2022 Aircraft\u2022 Watercraft\u2022 Associated technologies\n\u2022 Internal access control\u2022 Internal environmental control\u2022 Internal physical infras"]
[14.175175666809082, 2.694167375564575, "s of training at all levels. \n3. Facility Operations and Population Services , which includes all aspects of maintain -\ning the buildings and structures, as well as the related security. This topic also includes management of infrastructure and logis"]
[13.449394226074219, 3.2066473960876465, "5, p. 3) \nIt is not clear whether these changes have made police more effective. Evaluation research \non police technology has tended to focus more on operation and outputs\u2014for example, \nwhether a technology works and makes a process faster\u2014than on i"]
[14.301578521728516, 2.644120216369629, "resented in each subcategory. \nInformation Collection \nThe collection of information is vital to performing day-to-day law enforcement operations, and currently many information collection tools are available to law enforcement. Basic data collection"]
[13.974871635437012, 2.857231855392456, "g, 2015). Farrar and Ariel (2103) found that body-worn cameras were associated with a 50 percent decrease in use-of-force incidents. Similarly, a University of Cambridge study found a 93 percent decrease in complaints against the police after officer"]
[13.6155366897583, 1.9181724786758423, "G), and wireless Internet from both public and private hosts. \nFrom an information delivery perspective, we have seen an upsurge in the number of \nvendors offering systems with common operational picture-type displays, which show anno -\ntated maps, t"]
[13.843771934509277, 3.0005075931549072, "ork has been done to improve the sharing and use of information. Feder -\nally supported examples alone include, but are not limited to, the following:\n\u2022 The National Information Exchange Model (NIEM) is a common technical framework for sharing struct"]
[13.69619083404541, 3.087908983230591, "vely involved in information sharing, to include sponsoring several IEPD standards packages; it maintains a center on social media, as well. \nAt a lower level, we have seen an upsurge in vendors offering information integration \nservices.\nHowever, th"]
[14.052237510681152, 3.0494682788848877, "ledge Development and Training \nDOJ and other organizations have put a great deal of resources into creating online resources for disseminating law enforcement\u2013related knowledge. As the first of just a few examples, NIJ maintains the CrimeSolutions.g"]
[14.060836791992188, 2.8382105827331543, "nsic backlogs, although most, except for the general Paul Coverdell Forensic Science Improvement Law Enforcement Technology and Practice Today    25Table 3.1\nSample Technology and Practice Resources for Law Enforcement Agencies\nNeed Resource Descript"]
[14.01950454711914, 2.880908489227295, "Center for Problem-Oriented Policing (University at Albany/Office of Community Oriented Policing Services)Repository of over 100 guides with ideas to address different types of crime-generating problemshttp://www.popcenter.org/26    Identifying High-"]
[14.159954071044922, 2.673929452896118, "The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2016) maintains a portal on motor vehicle risks and potential solutions. \nThis domain does cover unmanned or remotely piloted vehicles\u2014aerial, ground, and on \nthe water. Unmanned aerial vehic"]
[14.159494400024414, 2.6523125171661377, "nducted energy weapons to its offi -\ncers, for example (D\u2019Onofrio, 2016). \nPrior Law Enforcement Needs: The First Law Enforcement Advisory Panel \n(LEAP 1) and Related Studies\nThere have been a number of studies on law enforcement agencies\u2019 needs for "]
[14.17876148223877, 2.7377331256866455, "rds, common operational pictures, health monitoring systems, and law enforcement process initiatives than there was \u201csupply.\u201d Finally, top themes in keynote addresses in IACP conferences from 2011 to 2014 were also reflected as top-ranking needs, of "]
[14.126506805419922, 2.7432568073272705, "stions have included: How can sponsors make practitioners better \naware of technology information and training? How can sponsors make it easier for practi -\ntioners to find the information they need? How can the presentation of information be better "]
[14.12624454498291, 2.7416090965270996, "s for policies, procedures, and guidance related \nto video surveillance, sensor systems, and cybersecurity. This continues to be an area where RAND sees high demand from both practitioners and external organizations for additional guidance and knowle"]
[13.944804191589355, 2.240858316421509, "eployable biometric devices with a range of biometric sensors and connectivity needed to positively identify some -\none within a minute; a device that can extract photos, texts, and other electronic evidence from \n5  Recent articles starting to exami"]
[14.200093269348145, 2.6675093173980713, "a new technology into their organizations and operations?\n\u2022 Are there any people in your organization who publish articles to inform other agencies on how to integrate new technologies into their organizations and operations?\n\u2022 Who comes to mind when"]
[14.255294799804688, 2.601407051086426, "lists also discussed how the operational context of policing has changed since the original LEAP in 2013. Panelists then identified issues facing law enforcement, focusing on issues that go beyond what LEAP 1 covered in 2013, and brainstormed and dev"]
[14.317072868347168, 2.4982709884643555, "ds that rose to the top of the highest tier likely merit par -\nticular attention and focus. Needs in the middle-rated group are in Tier 2, and needs in the bottom-rated group are in Tier 3. \nThese steps are explained in more detail below. Appendix C "]
[14.243922233581543, 2.715129852294922, "ower, with lowering costs being weighted, on average, far lower than the others.\nThe 2013\u20132014 LEAP 1 showed a somewhat different pattern of weights on the objec -\ntives. That panel rated reducing crime as the most important, followed by improving co"]
[14.245007514953613, 2.643291473388672, "unity rela -\ntions and uses of force. At the same time, budgetary pressures have been reduced since the height of the 2008 recession. We find it likely that these changes in priorities reflect changes in the social, political, and budgetary environme"]
[14.458354949951172, 2.371842384338379, "AP 2. At the end of both sessions of LEAP 2, we had 82 needs from the Operational session and 72 needs from the Strategic and Administrative session.\nPrioritizing Needs\nThe first step in prioritization was to capture the objectives that each need sup"]
[14.696608543395996, 1.9290107488632202, "areas as\n\u2022 cost to the fielding agencies\n\u2022 policy and politics, notably including security, privacy, and civil rights concerns\n\u2022 culture\n\u2022 human factors (solution not too hard to use).\nHigh-rated solutions were seen as likely to succeed in the field,"]
[14.28003215789795, 2.5163700580596924, ".5\nStrategic and Administrative Needs, by Overall Score and Tier\n0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 \n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Median objective-weighted expected value \nNeed rank \nRAND RR1814-4.5Top\nTier 1Tier 2Tier 3 \nFigure 4.6\nLEAP 2 Needs, by Pr"]
[14.28466510772705, 2.5367870330810547, "rove\ntrustLower\ncostsImprove \nresponsesImprove \ncompetencies\nRAND RR1814-4.7Number of needs\nWeight\nLaw enforcement objective\nTier 1                 Tier 2                 Tier 3                 WeightIdentifying and Prioritizing Innovation Needs in T"]
[14.202564239501953, 2.6144015789031982, "ment, and dispatch center (i.e., PSAP) operations. Consistent with this panel\u2019s emphasis on improving community trust, there also was a dramatic increase in needs related to communicating with the public. There were also slight increases in needs for"]
[14.273223876953125, 2.550297737121582, "ment but that support only one or two objectives. If improvement on those objectives was viewed as particularly important by the panelists, then neglecting to identify those needs would potentially miss an opportunity to do so.\nAnother way to look at"]
[14.260655403137207, 2.773118257522583, " assessments of community policing implementations to determine which ones are more successful.\nS\nEvidence-based management practices are often not generalizable across different agency sizes and environments.Examine ways to better present to decisio"]
[14.191800117492676, 2.7304437160491943, "g that can be read and understood quickly.\nO\nTraining best (and worst) practices and instructional design are either not well known or not implemented widely.Develop a taxonomy or set of categories and supporting information that can be used to desig"]
[14.149040222167969, 2.7103826999664307, " and disseminate partnerships with universities, community colleges, and federal training programs (enrollment limited) that already provide training and support on Internet investigations, to make it a routine part of training and operations. Traini"]
[14.171783447265625, 2.6094722747802734, "ansparency may give the public the incorrect impression of what is actually going on (e.g., \u201cshots fired\u201d ended up being firecrackers, \u201ddangerous area\u201d is a busy shopping mall).Develop best practices surrounding ensuring that the appropriate levels o"]
[14.174860000610352, 2.6727616786956787, "imes it is optimized for fire and emergency medical services [EMS]).Research the locally optimal sets of questions (with branching) to gather the critical information and be able to dispatch law enforcement, firefighters, and EMS.\nS\nAgencies unwillin"]
[14.43036937713623, 2.588836669921875, "Opportunity) Associated Need\nSolve more casesS Insufficient data exist to adequately measure the impact of forensic backlogs and other bottlenecks on criminal justice system efficiency and throughput.Do a study to measure the impact of forensic backl"]
[14.701260566711426, 2.448871374130249, " needs that can be considered \u201clow-hanging fruit,\u201d which are needs \nthat had top-rated median risk scores (defined as technical feasibility score \u00d7 operational feasi -\nbility score). All low-hanging fruit needs were already captured either as Tier 1 "]
[14.173050880432129, 2.6616809368133545, "nforcement\u2019s sharing and use of \ninformation.\n\u2022 About 15 percent were needs to improve law enforcement\u2019s forensic capabilities.\n1  Figure 5.1 reflects both Tier 1 needs and special priority needs, as discussed in Chapter Four.Figure 5.1\nBuilding the "]
[14.282618522644043, 2.7540111541748047, "arting with the repository and working outward.\nNeed for a Research Repository\nPanelists noted that important research and technology results are not widely known by the practitioner community. In this top-ranked need, they called for a repository th"]
[14.27784252166748, 2.7475485801696777, "ivacy, \ncivil rights, and cybersecurity protections for new technologies. LEAP 2 had few top-rated needs on these topics; instead, the discussion focused on privacy, civil rights, and security as attributes that needed to be embedded by default. One "]
[14.22814655303955, 2.8109219074249268, "ctices, and may be more realistic. One potential example cited was public commentary by law enforcement officials; while a need for more and better training was cited, it was also acknowledged that it can be difficult to foster the instincts needed f"]
[14.361128807067871, 2.805020332336426, "). Change management strategies will need to be able to respond to such objections directly.\nDesires for change management specifically included calls for help in evolving agency \nstructure, hiring, retention, and human resources. For example, paneli"]
[14.370903015136719, 2.9232375621795654, "nelists noted, the problems are clearer than the \nsolutions. Technology would seem to be an obvious means to help support improved relations; however, while the potential for new technology to create new problems is clear (for example, the failure to"]
[14.412847518920898, 2.880974531173706, "sion was that agencies need to actually listen to the feedback, \u201ctruly listening\u201d to concerns from the community, and to create a feedback loop so that the community would have evidence that law enforcement had heard their concerns, even if law enfor"]
[14.316250801086426, 2.776013135910034, "d that since agencies already do not feel they are able to train offi -\ncers sufficiently on topics such as technology, even on the basics, new tools and systems can leave officers worn out and overloaded. \nTo address this, panelists called for metho"]
[14.618352890014648, 2.683227777481079, "l evidence indefinitely may result in both higher facility costs and higher labor costs to find, access, and manage all of the evidence when needed. They even noted that problems in finding and maintaining evidence in large stores could result in pro"]
[14.162187576293945, 2.6820855140686035, "es for selecting gear, carrying gear, and informing the public of why different types of personal gear are needed.\nTechnologies to Reduce Casualties: Incapacitation Devices\nPanelists noted that current less-lethal weapons, including conducted energy "]
[14.209636688232422, 2.6447577476501465, "ticipants citing problematic consolidations of fire and police dispatch. Participants wanted operational and financial efficiencies but also wanted to retain ownership, direction, and control of important assets. Participants also called for research"]
[14.186448097229004, 2.64837384223938, " need to be coordinated with the development and education efforts of DHS, such as with DHS\u2019s First Responders Group (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, First Responders Group, 2016). Needs to reduce crime were well-covered in LEAP 1, and a number"]
[14.156414985656738, 2.873032569885254, "rials to produce an initial taxonomy.\nPolice-community relations: strategiesR&E on sectoral/community policing practicesReview prior references to produce a quick guide on what seems to work best.\nMeasures for evaluating community-relations activitie"]
[14.182574272155762, 2.7145919799804688, "e law enforcement discipline as a whole. \nLaw enforcement today is facing a number of challenges, including erosion in public trust \nand confidence, a rise in homicides and other violent crime that includes a spike in attacks on officers, and continu"]
[14.270456314086914, 2.626708745956421, "ty (California)\nGary Woodruff  Depu ty Chief, Lawrence (Indiana) Police Department\nHarlan Yu  Princip al, Upturn (D.C.)\nMike Yu   Dete ctive, Montgomery County (Maryland) Police Department69APPENDIX B\nPre-Meeting Questionnaire\nThank you for agreeing "]
[14.224333763122559, 2.691444158554077, "s include tracking the numbers of sick days, long-term leave days, and health-related departures from agencies over time.\nReduce Casualties in the Line of DutyReduce the numbers of serious or fatal injuries to law enforcement, bystanders, and suspect"]
[14.215014457702637, 2.6338589191436768, "uding lethal, less-lethal, restraints, and related technologies\n\u2022Management, Personnel Development, and Training \u2014including departmental poli -\ncies, strategy and tactics, training, education, management and business process, andother concerns.\nQuest"]
[14.30539321899414, 2.629253625869751, "as you would like)\n1. \n2. \n3. \nQ7. What problems or shortfalls exist in the area of management, personnel, develop -\nment, and training  that hurt LE agencies\u2019 ability to achieve their missions effectively and \nefficiently? (List as many or as few as"]
[14.784833908081055, 1.8992923498153687, ", and Re-Rating the Needs\nThe ratings process is a variant of RAND\u2019s Delphi method, which was first introduced in the \n1950s (for example, Dalkey and Helmer, 1963). As RAND\u2019s portal on the Delphi method notes,\nThe method entails a group of experts wh"]
[14.766180992126465, 1.8192087411880493, "list j , E(V\nij), is:\nE(Vij)= CkIk\nk=18\n\u2211\u239b\n\u239d\u239c\u239e\n\u23a0\u239f(MijXTijXOij).\nHere,\n\u2022 The first summation in the formula reflects the weighted number of objectives that the \nneed supports. Ck represents the weight for each objective (recall this was generated by \n"]
[14.75674057006836, 1.8422582149505615, "ntial outcomes of an effort to meet a need with a real-world benefits perspec -\ntive. The approach provides for much more rigor than simply asking panelists how important each need is.\nCategorizing the Needs into Priority Tiers\nWe used a hierarchical"]
[14.670620918273926, 1.9110685586929321, ", \u201c1\u201d represents the need that had the \nhighest score, and \u201c82\u201d represents the need that had the lowest score. The pattern of branches \nshows when each \nneed or group of needs was combined into a larger group, with the length of \neach branch \nreflect"]
[14.61637020111084, 1.9871059656143188, "alue score for each need. Dendrogram \ngenerated using Wessa (2016).\nRAND RR1814-D.1Tier 3\n(55\u201382)\nCut: 470\nTier 2\n(30\u201354)\nTier 1\n(1\u201329)\nCut: 665\nTier 1+\n(1\u20137)\nCut: 1,03082    Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs for Improving Law Enfo"]
[14.194778442382812, 2.6613106727600098, "ng\n2. Social media strategies and tools for interacting with the public\n ii. Fiel d analytic tools or test technologies\n1. Drug and alcohol screens and tests\n iii. Labo ratory tools and techniques for evidence analysis (forensics technologies)\n1. Chr"]
[14.172098159790039, 2.6961660385131836, "ecision dashboards (e.g., COMPSTAT)\n2. Tablet or mobile applications for presentation of data to officers\n2. Vehicles\na. Ground\ni. Automobiles\n1. Patrol cars\n2. Patrol SUVs\n ii. Moto rcycles\n1. Patrol motorcycles\n2. Patrol tricycles\niii. Bicycles\niv."]
[14.271862983703613, 2.7770416736602783, " center design\n6. Real-time crime centersFull Law Enforcement Technology Taxonomy    91\n7. For jail design and related technologies, see \u201cFostering innovation in \ncommunity and institutional corrections\u201d\n ii. Fur nishings and contents\n1. Visitor inte"]
[14.146578788757324, 2.647043228149414, "ing\n iii. Pol icies and knowledge for carrying out roles\n1. Standard operating procedures and department specific policies\n2. Special operations plan templates and tools\ne. Specialist/technologist knowledge development and trainingFull Law Enforcemen"]
[14.253535270690918, 2.7296152114868164, "current situation.***\nO75 1 *Doctrine and Strategy for Carrying Out Agency MissionsBest practices on sectoral policing with community engagement elementsIssue: Overcoming \u201cus versus them\u201d mentalities between departments and communities. \nNeed: Develo"]
[14.254913330078125, 2.7437708377838135, "entions are effectiveIssue: Evidence-based management practices are often not generalizable across different agency sizes and environments.\nNeed: Evaluation reports need to show information about \nwhen and where interventions/technologies are more ar"]
[14.18149471282959, 2.6627745628356934, "2 Acquisition and Technology DecisionmakingUse cases for portable fingerprint scannersIssue: It is difficult to verify identities when individuals lie about who they are.\nNeed: Collect and disseminate agency use cases and \nexperience with portable fi"]
[14.234481811523438, 2.704633951187134, "enforcement personnelIssue: Law enforcement agencies are often \u201ctraining grounds\u201d for individuals who leave for larger agencies/salaries (especially in highly technical fields). As a result, law enforcement agencies have difficulty retaining experien"]
[14.215654373168945, 2.7107646465301514, "gy for Carrying Out Agency MissionsIdentify sources of assistance for agencies to measure their effectivenessIssue: There is not a common understanding of the definition of what it means for agencies to be effective.\nNeed: Identify sources of assista"]
[14.181242942810059, 2.687790632247925, "yIssue: Reduce information overload and lack of accessibility of academic/technical papers. \nNeed: Academics need to work with practitioners to create \ndocuments and training that can be read and understood quickly.* * *\nO91 1 Practices and Tactics T"]
[14.157639503479004, 2.651881456375122, "t between standards for recording and standards for public disclosure, which is having a de facto affect on cases. \nNeed: Set up a collaborative effort to identify promising \nlegal provisions and policies around video footage and other law enforcemen"]
[14.189789772033691, 2.677431344985962, "ble F.1\u2014continuedFull List of Needs from LEAP 2    105ID Tier Top Category Title Description\nReduce Crime\nSolve Cases\nImprove HealthReduce CasualtiesImprove TrustLower CostsReduce CompetenciesImprove Responses\nS127 3 Firearm Range Technologies Study "]
[14.27871036529541, 2.690225839614868, "ers, etc.) that are most likely to get support. **\nS129 2 Staff Equipment Storage and MaintenanceStudy costs of storing excess evidenceIssue: Significant amounts of excess evidence are being retained well beyond retention standards.\nNeed: Study the c"]
[14.202313423156738, 2.694469690322876, " linking, forensic evidence, and tracking tools to solve more crimes. \nNeed: Research and dissemination on integration and \nfiltering of crime analysis and forensic analysis data to collectively solve crimes.* *\nO17 2 Computational Tools R&D on impro"]
[14.171767234802246, 2.6390483379364014, "esulting in delayed justice and wasting other law enforcement resources. \nNeed: Examine the potential effects of \u201csharing \narrangements\u201d to optimize forensic analyst labor across state and local demands. * **Table F.1\u2014continuedFull List of Needs from"]
[14.225846290588379, 2.6599349975585938, "Monitoring R&D on \u201cgoing dark\u201d and \nworkaroundsIssue: End-to-end encryption supports both improved protection of law enforcement and the public and concealment of criminal activity. \nNeed: Research and dissemination on data on the nature \nand extent "]
[14.101749420166016, 2.6055185794830322, "ratory Tools and Techniques for Evidence Analysis (Forensics Technologies)Partner with universities on studying forensic backlogsIssue: Forensics backlogs at labs (especially state and federal) are resulting in delayed justice and wasting other law e"]
[14.124674797058105, 2.655280828475952, "e vendors with identifying information needed by officers at different points on a callIssue: Many information displays result in information overload for responding officers.\nNeed: Assist software vendors with identifying the pieces \nof information "]
[14.180682182312012, 2.647362470626831, "cement dataIssue: Open data/transparency may give the public the incorrect impression of what is actually going on (\u201cshots fired\u201d ended up being firecrackers, \u201ddangerous area\u201d is a busy shopping mall).\nNeed: Develop best practices for ensuring that t"]
[14.193683624267578, 2.6503021717071533, "om LEAP 2    115ID Tier Top Category Title Description\nReduce Crime\nSolve Cases\nImprove HealthReduce CasualtiesImprove TrustLower CostsReduce CompetenciesImprove Responses\nO29 2 Information Presentation \nTools and DashboardsR&D on interfaces for prep"]
[13.882685661315918, 2.958914041519165, "esistant to facilitating data interchange). \nNeed: Have DOJ publish model interoperability language \nthat can be readily dropped into requests for proposals for new RMSs. Language will need to support being configured for different sizes and types of"]
[13.931797981262207, 2.9311559200286865, "interchange standards.* *\nS55 2 System Integration and Information SharingModel records and evidence lawsIssue: Records and evidence laws are out of date\u2014many were written in the paper records era. \nNeed: Develop model laws that can be easily adapted"]
[14.000057220458984, 2.9117748737335205, " Develop data interchange standards (including \nbusiness rules) to facilitate making the connection between law enforcement records and court records.* *\nS99 3 IT Systems for Managing Mission-Related DataStandards for RMS/CAD systems to include built"]
[14.150777816772461, 2.675257444381714, "esImprove Responses\nS63 3 Information Security Case studies on how agencies \nhave implemented cyber protectionsIssue: Law enforcement agencies are still susceptible to cyber attacks. \nNeed: Disseminate case study vignettes that describe the \nsuccesse"]
[14.090339660644531, 2.6407699584960938, " more consistent incapacitation effectsIssue: Need more-reliable and safer incapacitation weapons than the status quo (conducted energy weapons, beanbags, pepperballs). \nNeed: Research to develop weapons and practices that \nhave consistent effects in"]
[14.142972946166992, 2.673910617828369, "cene lighting.* *\nO151 3 Pursuit Management Research on remote vehicle immobilization technologiesIssue: Insufficient pursuit mitigation/vehicle immobilization technologies to address changes in pursuit policies. \nNeed: Research on remote immobilizat"]
[13.361719131469727, 3.8344781398773193, "BC News, July 9, 2016. As of June 7, 2017: http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/police-shootings-test-new-era-violent-social-media-video-n605366\nBerg, Mark T., Eric A. Stewart, Jonathan Intravia, Patricia Y. Warren, and Ronald L. Simons, \u201cCynical \nS"]
[13.380459785461426, 3.85942006111145, " Profiling,\u201d Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , \nVol. 28, No. 2, 2012, pp. 206\u2013227.\nComey, Jim, \u201cMessage from the Director,\u201d in Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, \n2014. As of June 7, 2017: https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-"]
[13.430691719055176, 3.792112112045288, "rts References    127\nDurham Constabulary, \u201cSir Robert Peel\u2019s Principles of Law Enforcement,\u201d 1829. As of June 12, 2017: \nhttps://www.durham.police.uk/About-Us/Documents/Peels_Principles_Of_Law_Enforcement.pdf\nThe Economist, \u201cPolice Departments Strug"]
[13.514147758483887, 3.634314775466919, " (RMSs) as They Pertain to FBI Programs and Systems , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, \nno date. As of December 5, 2016: https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/law-enforcement-records-management-system.pdf/view \nFederal Bureau of Investigat"]
[13.510574340820312, 3.3115077018737793, "ation/attachments/MPD%20Annual%20Report%202015_lowres_0.pdf \nGroff, Elizabeth R., and Tom McEwen, Identifying and Measuring the Effects of Information Technologies on \nLaw Enforcement Agencies , Washington, D.C.: Office of Community Oriented Policing"]
[13.892929077148438, 3.158198833465576, "nvironment_Playbook.pdf \nInternational Association of Chiefs of Police, Law Enforcement Priorities for Public Safety: Identifying Critical \nTechnology Needs , Alexandria, Va., 2005.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cRecommended Guidelines for the Use of Unmanned Aircraft,\u201d Alex"]
[13.591126441955566, 3.567922353744507, "oads/2016/09/  \n21-Sep-16-Supt-Johnson-Announced-Major-Hiring-Plan.pdf\nJones, Jeffrey M., \u201cIn U.S., Confidence in Police Lowest in 22 Years,\u201d Gallup, Inc., June 19, 2015. As of June 7, \n2017:  \nhttp://www.gallup.com/poll/183704/confidence-police-lowe"]
[12.933883666992188, 4.452864646911621, "ice \nUse of Force: An Examination at Micro and Meso Levels,\u201d Journal of Criminal Justice , Vol. 42, No. 6, 2014, \npp. 491\u2013499. \nLEITSC\u2014 See Law Enforcement Information Technology Standards Council.\nLevenson, Laurie L., \u201cPolice Corruption and New Mode"]
[13.327455520629883, 3.918637990951538, "ril 13, 2017: \nhttp://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Documents/Police_Evaluation/  \nthe%20bottom%20line%20of%20policing%202003.pdf Morin, Rich, Kim Parker, Renee Stepler, and Andrew Mercer, Behind the Badge: Amid Protests and Calls for \n"]
[13.376189231872559, 3.848616123199463, "cademies Press, 2004. Newport, Frank, \u201cU.S. Confidence in Police Recovers from Last Year\u2019s Low,\u201d Gallup, Inc., June 14, 2016.  \nAs of April 26, 2017: http://www.gallup.com/poll/192701/confidence-police-recovers-last-year-low.aspx \nNIJ\u2014 See National I"]
[13.320295333862305, 3.884052038192749, "d Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free \nSociety , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967.\n\u201cProtests Against Police Violence Continue Across U.S.,\u201d CBS News, July 11, 2016.\nPublic Law 106-297, Death in Custody R"]
[13.711468696594238, 3.826826333999634, "afety , \nSanta Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1488-NIJ, 2016. As of June 8, 2017: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1488.html\nShaw, Clifford, and Henry McKay, Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas , Chicago: University of Chicago \nPre"]
[13.320123672485352, 3.9143009185791016, "an.org/features/body-camera-update/index.html \nU.S. Department of Homeland Security, First Responders Group, \u201cFirst Responders,\u201d DHS.gov, 2016. As of \nNovember 3, 2016:  \nhttps://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/first-responders# \nU.S. Department o"]
[13.955415725708008, 3.2988641262054443, "e\u2013Community Relations in a Majority-Black \nCity,\u201d\u00a0 Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , Vol. 45, No. 4, 2008, pp. 398\u2013428. \nWessa, P., \u201cHierarchical Clustering (v1.0.3),\u201d Free Statistics Software (v1.1.23-r7), Office for Research Developmen"]
[14.613579750061035, 3.045166492462158, "ponding to an active shooter. There is also a need for a review of technologies that might improve of\ufb01cers\u2019 \nhealth.\nCORPORATION"]
[4.731743335723877, 7.8545613288879395, "Measuring Automated \nVehicle Safety\nForging a Framework\nLaura Fraade-Blanar, Marjory S. Blumenthal, James M. Anderson, Nidhi Kalra\nCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protect"]
[13.809769630432129, 4.489577770233154, "y held nature of AV data limits the details of what is made public or shared between companies and with the government. The report focuses on identifying key concepts and illuminating the kinds of measurements that might be made and communicated.  \nT"]
[4.767182350158691, 7.747050762176514, "................................................................ 1\t\nContext for Contrasting AV and Conventional Automotive Safety  ......................................................... 1 \t\nMeasurement Framework Focuses on System and Ecosystem Lev"]
[4.740803241729736, 7.713088512420654, "....................................... 29 \t\nMeasure Category 2: Leadin g Measures  ............................................................................................. 29 \t\nMeasure Category 3: Lagging Measure  .............................."]
[4.754316329956055, 7.72159481048584, "..................................................... 55 \t\nRecommendations  ................................................................................................................................... 58 \t\nThe Bigger Picture  ................."]
[4.7782416343688965, 7.757449626922607, "sure (Denominators), and Comparisons  \nfor AV Safety Metrics and Potential Rating of Characteristics (outlined in Table 3.3) ........ 41\t\n   \n viii Summary \nThe race to introduce automated vehicles (AVs) to consumers and communities is premised \nin p"]
[4.741187572479248, 7.673398494720459, " (simulation, closed courses, and public roads) and deployment (on public roads). \nThe practice that we are calling demonstration \n(while acknowledging that there are other uses \nof that term) is common in product development. For AVs, it involves en"]
[4.763908863067627, 7.707433700561523, " and long terms). A third type of measurement, around standards, processes, procedures, and design, is not included because it can be applied at lower levels of vehicle composition (i.e., not for complete vehicles) that evolve constantly, and because"]
[4.817955493927002, 7.737929821014404, "their concerns on the \nsafety of the public, not on how development is progressing per se (which is the \ndeveloper\u2019s concern). \n\u2022 The opportunity to leverage a demonstration stage as a time for communication outside a company about safety (e.g., to p"]
[4.776748180389404, 7.946988582611084, "so benefited from discussions with research organizations, including California PATH at the University of California, Berkeley; Exponent; kVA; the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety; and the PEGASUS Project. Conversations with Advocates for Highw"]
[4.786584854125977, 7.752126693725586, "n computer-\nbased technologies, how to think about, measure, and discuss AV safety is not obvious. That is no small irony; proponents of AVs have emphasized their potential to be safer than the conventional vehicles they are expected to displace. In "]
[4.828429698944092, 7.822414398193359, "ufacturing and mechanical engineering roots. Companies focusing on mobility as a service (e.g., ride-share services) have also entered the fray because of the potential synergy of AVs with new service models. Cross-fertilization of different communit"]
[4.817405700683594, 7.80682373046875, "h as those responsible for perception processes \nand for planning how the AV will move through the environment it perceives.  \nThe macro-level systems of AV composition consist of the vehicle itself, its occupants \n(themselves representing the comple"]
[4.779475688934326, 7.746391773223877, "teady stream of feedback, new inputs, and discussion.  \nA principal constraint on the articulation of very specific metrics is the absence of publicly \navailable data.\n13 AVs\u2019 computer-based technologies collect and analyze vast amounts of data that "]
[4.770682334899902, 7.768022537231445, "h vehicle technology and the \nlarger roadway ecosystem are evolving\u2014what is judged a safe car today might not represent safety tomorrow. As reflected in media coverage and congressional hearings, the average consumer would like to compare the safety "]
[4.695925712585449, 7.745886325836182, "and measures aimed at reducing the risk of accidents. . . . Traffic safety is an indicator of [the] road transport system, as a consequence of the \ninteraction of factors that determine i ts operation.\u201d\nd  \n\u2022 \u201cIn most technical contexts, safety is de"]
[4.699557781219482, 7.978085994720459, "rred relative to the number of people exposed to the \npotential for harm? For motor vehicles, exposure-based rates of risk have been measured based on population (e.g., per licensed driver or registered vehicle), amount of driving (e.g., vehicle mile"]
[4.787359714508057, 7.772934913635254, "otective roadside \nobjects  \nPost-crash \u2022 First-aid skills  \n\u2022 Access to medics  \u2022 Ease of access  \n\u2022 Fire risk  \u2022 Rescue facilities  \n\u2022 Congestion  \nSOURCE: Peden et al., 2004.  \n \nThere are a variety of views on how safe AVs should be before commer"]
[4.818395614624023, 7.79331636428833, "hardware and software) in the face of a malfunction (a kind of functional safety).\n29 It also \nprovides a framework for evaluating associated tools, such as simulators. ISO 26262 starts at the \nvehicle level, and addresses testing of separate compone"]
[4.844466209411621, 7.802156925201416, "p safety and security requirements for the system design. Probability \nRisk Assessments and Fault Tree Analysis focus on hardware -specific failures within a system and can \nassist subcomponent designers in understanding how their electronics affect "]
[4.89608097076416, 7.9403204917907715, "ndustry can agree to as \nbroadly beneficial.39 Deep consideration of policy mechanisms for motor vehicle safety is \nbeyond the scope of this report. \nSpecial Aspects of Level 4 AVs  \nAs with other levels of automated driving systems, the development "]
[4.775722503662109, 7.778436660766602, "hip than consumer ownership).  \n                                                \n41 NHTSA (2017b) outlines the role of ODDs. The industry is guided in more detail by SAE J3016 (SAE Mobilus, \n2018).  \n42 SAE Mobilus, 2018.  \n43 One pair of researchers"]
[4.750242710113525, 7.715538501739502, "ety Considerations  Extent to Which \nPublic Is Exposed  How Risk Is Controlled  \nArtificial settings: \nsimulationa  There is no risk because automated \ndriving is not occurring in a real environment  Not at risk \u2022 No risk exists. The \nenvironment is "]
[4.771015167236328, 7.72623872756958, "nd best practices)?  \n2. External validity:47 Is simulated AV performance consistent with real-world \nperformance under the same and other parameters (e.g., if the simulation assumes full sun \nat a 90-degree angle, does the AV system perform similarl"]
[4.818244457244873, 7.763195991516113, "hysical environment, although environments could be limited and/or highly controlled.53 \nMany closed courses exist around the world\u2014some for exclusive use by a given developer or \nOEM, others available on a membership basis or other paid use. In 2017"]
[4.767879962921143, 7.701778411865234, "er situations that fall within the ODD but in which the AV cannot function, and evaluate \nAV system performance after upgrades can be explored on public roads. Driving in closed courses and simulation provide additional settings to explore and circle"]
[4.764060020446777, 7.678049564361572, "\n \nHowever, these loops risk myopia without the following: \n\u2022 procedures that introduce faults (a process referred to as fault injection59) into the AV \nsystem hardware, software subsystems, or communication between subsystems to test \nrobustness \n\u2022 "]
[4.762186527252197, 7.671318531036377, " deployment stage, where the product is released to the public (Figure 3.3). Sometimes, particularly for software-based technology, refinement and revisions (some characterized as upgrades) continue during deployment. For AVs, safety in development a"]
[4.758340835571289, 7.675613880157471, "res can be generated from scenarios in artificial or public \nroad settings. Many developmental pathways exist, from extensive testing in a private campus \n                                                \n66 SAE Mobilus (20 18) outlines such fallback "]
[4.779454231262207, 7.701577663421631, "me able to show that the AV does not \npresent a danger to the general public\u2014especially people, but also animals and \nproperty outside the vehicle.  \n\u00be During demonstration, the goal is to show publicly that the AV is safe for commercial deployment o"]
[4.782623767852783, 7.701502799987793, "velop \u201ca generally accepted and \nstandardized procedure, for the testing and approval of automated driving functions.\u201d PEGASUS Research Proje ct, \nhomepage, undated -a; PEGASUS Research Project, undated- b.  \n77 Koopman and Wagner, 2018.  \n  \n 25 cou"]
[4.8274922370910645, 7.774623870849609, " and Measuring Systems \nto \u201censure an independent further development and long -lasting maintenance of the standard.\u201d Association for \nStandardization of Automation and Measuring Systems, undated.  \n79 California Code of Regulatio ns, undated; Nowako"]
[4.768479347229004, 7.700094699859619, "ubcomponents are focusing safety requirements around significant mishaps that \nmust be avoided while the lower -level functions  can perform as intended beyond the  safety constraints.  \n \nBy appropriately defining requirements and performing specifi"]
[4.768073558807373, 7.701981067657471, "col by developers, \nwho can be expected to design for satisfying the protocol\u2014which is different from addressing \nreal-world requirements. Demonstration does not prove the vehicle is safe; at best, it shows the vehicle is not unsafe.\n87  \nDeployment "]
[4.7322187423706055, 7.6954665184021, "elopment and demonstration take place in artificial \nsettings and on public roads, deployment only on public roads. Safety in development, \ndemonstration, and deployment can be assessed by multiple measures, with different interpretations and differe"]
[4.729645252227783, 7.679929733276367, "outcome, but in \n                                                \n90 The Abbreviated Injury Scale is maintained by the Associati on for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine \n(undated).  \n91 Government of Alberta, 2015; Occupational Safety and Healt"]
[4.723249912261963, 7.679220199584961, "dated.  \n94 California Department of Motor Vehicles, undated.  \n95 California Department of Motor Vehicles, 2017.  \n96 Felton, 2018.  \n97 Prescott, 2017.  \n98 That reality, echoing situations observed with aviation automation, has motivated the rise "]
[4.712010383605957, 7.661599159240723, "tment of Motor \nVehicles. Waymo, 2016. \n100 Infractions could also include violations or misdemeanors. Exact terminology differs between states. Within this \nreport, infractions  refers to noncriminal violations of state and local traffic law.  \n101 "]
[4.705158710479736, 7.661798477172852, "nite number of driving \nbehavior rules is almost always violated. Somehow, safety envelopes were violated\u2014one of the \nRSS rules was not met by the AV or another road user. There could be other attractive ways to define the safety envelopes and \nother"]
[4.714465141296387, 7.712166786193848, "bjective; physics -based; a vailable using current technology; currently in use in simulation and public road \nsettings  \nWeaknesses  Fails to distinguish initiators from responders; incomplete; might not serve as a proxy for all crash types; \nrelati"]
[4.712904453277588, 7.6707987785339355, "crashes resulting in property damage over a certain cost, crashes resulting in injury, in severe injury (Abbreviated Injury Scale 3+), in death, etc. As an additional layer, outcomes can be classified by crash types or configurations. Measures that i"]
[4.719748497009277, 7.662564754486084, " driving on public roads with a safety driver, meaning the simulated rate had low validity. However, if the simulation were run 5,000 times, always with the same result, the simulated rate could have high reliability. Similarly, safety in the develop"]
[4.720881462097168, 7.66088342666626, "use of an excellent AV system performance or disengagement\u2014is the developer\u2019s purview. In the demonstration stage on closed courses and public roads, disengagement becomes informative if a human safety driver is involved (compared with an unmanned ve"]
[4.6931867599487305, 7.632417678833008, "engagements are not informative) from \ndemonstration (when disengagements are highly informative and central to a comprehensive view of safety). The demonstration stage as outlined in the report doe s not currently exist. Until the demonstration stag"]
[4.7155280113220215, 7.674019813537598, "h a measure might have high validity, medium reliability, high feasibility, and high non -\nmanipula tability.  \n\u2022 In demonstration using simulation s, the measure reflects the count or rate per given simulation (or per \nscenario) of simula ted crashe"]
[4.74094295501709, 7.706627368927002, "ne metric that has high non-manipulatability but medium validity and feasibility with another metric that has high validity and feasibility but medium non-manipulatability might present a coherent safety argument.  \nAt every stage in each setting, th"]
[4.744431972503662, 7.738433361053467, "xtent of penetration)  Per hour driving  \n(on public roads)  All roadway types, in all weather, at all \nspeeds, with clear lane markings and no pedestrians, bicyclists, or scooters detected Same model \u2013year conventional \nvehicles with ADAS, excluding"]
[4.740970134735107, 7.71735143661499, "erwise, the comparison is \nbiased. This concern gives weight to the question of which conventional vehicles should be \nincluded. Contrasting an HAV to a 12-year-old car (the current average vehicle age on the road in 2016\n116) is biased because of th"]
[4.807707786560059, 7.813166618347168, "Level 4 vehicles because the system is expected to be able to operate (monitor the driving \nenvironment; steer; accelerate or decelerate; and respond effectively where it cannot do those \nthings\u2014 i.e., fall back) without the aid of a human driver wit"]
[4.752758026123047, 7.715123653411865, "ng on what consumers need to understand, what regulators need to know, and what information companies need to communicate internally\u2014or, possibly, externally within the industry. Although taxonomic guidelines found in SAE J3016 map levels of automati"]
[4.74806022644043, 7.70894718170166, "ow for differing lengths of time to be analyzed, but still require time to be bucketed. Bucketing exposure requires developers to decide when the system has changed sufficiently to start measuring safety afresh (i.e., to start a new bucket).  \nOne po"]
[4.754352569580078, 7.714013576507568, "there will be larger delays and larger variations in when the upgrade is downloaded. \nFigure 3.6. Decay of Influence of Time Period n over Time  \n \nThe Ecosystem  \nThus far, safety has been considered at the system level. As Figure 1.2 shows, the eco"]
[4.733602046966553, 7.692323207855225, "e in immediate proximity to or contact with, elevating the safety of the entire fleet.\n127  \nAn ecological study could be implemented in many ways. The simplest option is to compare \na safety metric for location X to location Y, where X has AVs and Y"]
[4.951903343200684, 7.980686187744141, "mendations aimed at furthering broad public dialogue about the safety of vehicles that are highly (and eventually fully) automated. \nAVs in the Broad Motor Vehicle Context  \nBeyond passenger vehicles, automation is of interest for trucks and buses. A"]
[4.976259708404541, 7.843351364135742, "t (e.g., the closed course of the American Center for Mobility\n134); so do \nefforts to promote development and use of common scenarios (e.g., the PEGASUS project), \ncommon testing code and procedures (e.g., Voyage\u2019s Open Autonomous Safety Initiative1"]
[4.969327926635742, 7.833844184875488, "sultant information \n3. how the system interacted with the external environment \n4. safety lagging or leading events \n5. cybersecurity incidents (which will be discussed in next section).143  \n \nTheoretically, all data could be shared between compani"]
[4.957355976104736, 7.874439716339111, " have a history of buying, evaluating, and rating automobiles. A new \ndata set containing detailed crash reconstructions for all lagging-measure events at or above a \ngiven severity would enhance understanding of how AVs fail and what happens when th"]
[5.06047248840332, 7.9188971519470215, "on rely at least in part on some kind of connectivity with \nother vehicles, infrastructure, or the internet. This connectivity is probably necessary, but it also increases cybersecurity risks. Even for conventional vehicles, over-the-air communicatio"]
[4.928720474243164, 7.868220329284668, "apers on \nvulnerabilities, threats, and attacks on automotive systems.  \n151 Consumer Reports has weighed in on this issue. Barry, 2018.  \n152 For a discussion of how AV cybers ecurity lapses might implicate liability, see Winkelman et al., forthcomi"]
[4.814117431640625, 7.76009464263916, "                        \n154 Winkelman et al., forthcoming.  \n155 Evtimov et al., 2017.  \n156 The process of learning by doing, combining different modes of development and testing to capture unanticipated \ncircumstances and challenges, was documente"]
[4.9033708572387695, 7.7358903884887695, "stem\u2019s website (undated) underscores that associated reporting is \u201cConfidential. \nVoluntary. Non -punitive.\u201d Other reporting channels for safety incidents in aviation include the Federal Aviation \nAdministration Hotline  (2018) and the National Trans"]
[4.846323490142822, 7.7688422203063965, "mportantly, effective risk communications can lead to the safer use of the vehicles. If there are particular circumstances that lead to even small amounts of increased risk, warning users of these risks could lead to increased vigilance and reduced c"]
[4.770241737365723, 7.709716320037842, "Vs, as Chao noted. When elevators \nwere initially developed, there was considerable public fear. Being supported by unseen machinery while riding in a box that had the potential of dropping one to one\u2019s doom likely elicited considerable fear. To addr"]
[4.766114234924316, 7.698953151702881, " more miles driven) . Demonstration is undertaken \nby testing through simulation and on closed courses and public roads with safety drivers\u2014the \nsettings discussed in this report. In closed courses and on public roads, demonstration protocols must co"]
[4.809800148010254, 7.757248401641846, "ote a safety culture. The great race to develop safe and practical AVs should contribute to the overall goal of safe motor vehicle environments. This report\u2019s framework is intended to assist in that process. At the same time, it is important to ackno"]
[4.760105609893799, 7.794129371643066, " these early results requires care and \ncaution because of differences in severity threshold and a lack of generalizability beyond the \ngeographies, time periods, and manufacturers included. Additionally, results associated with the AVs reflect the c"]
[4.700319290161133, 7.959303855895996, "206e1bb49731bf3.pdf \nAssociation for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, \u201cOverview,\u201d webpage, undated. As \nof September 4, 2018:  https://www.aaam.org/abbreviated-injury-scale -ais \nAssociation for Standardization of Automation and Measuring Syst"]
[4.674503326416016, 7.998178482055664, "al Report of Autonomous Vehicle Disengagements, \nundated.  \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAutonomous Vehicle Disengagement Reports 2017,\u201d webpage, 2017. As of September \n4, 2018: https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vr/autonomous/disengagement_report_2017 \nCenters for D"]
[4.651307106018066, 8.00057315826416, "7. \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cFAA Hotline Reporting Form,\u201d August 13, 2018. As of September 5, 2018: \nhttps://hotline.faa.gov \nFederal Highway Administration, Surrogate Safety Assessment Model and Validation: Final \nReport, McLean, Va.: U.S. Department of Transportation"]
[4.679819107055664, 7.963429927825928, "of September 4, 2018: https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/10/16874410/ voyage-self -driving-cars-villages-florida-retirement-communities \nHayward, John C., \u201cNear Miss Determination Through Use of a Scale of Danger,\u201d in \nProceedings of the 51st Annual Mee"]
[4.694936752319336, 7.949057579040527, "n.  \n 67 Jha, Saurabh, Subho Sankar Banerjee, James Cyriac, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk, and Ravishankar K. \nIyer, AVFI, Fault Injection for Autonomous Vehicles, Luxembourg, IEEE/IFIP International \nConference on Dependable Systems and Networks, June 2018. A"]
[4.638901710510254, 7.998405456542969, "th authors, June 11\u2013August 24, 2018. \nLaris, Michael, \u201cFederal Researchers Are Using Data from Waze and Maryland to Try to Predict \nRoad Dangers,\u201d Washington Post, 2018. \nLe Coze, Jean-Chrisophe, Kenneth Pettersen, and Teemu Reiman, \u201cThe Foundations "]
[4.6529860496521, 7.949644088745117, "rporation, PE-241-RC, 2017. As of September 2, 2018: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE241.html \nM\u00f6ller, Niklas, Sven Ove Hansson, and Martin Peterson, \u201cSafety Is More Than the Antonym of \nRisk,\u201d Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol. 23, No. 4, "]
[4.604732990264893, 8.016890525817871, "files/pre-crash_scenario_typology-final_pdf_version_5-2-07.pdf \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Safety-Related Defects and Automated Safety Technologies , Washington, D.C.: U.S. \nDepartment of Transportation, NHTSA Enforcement Guidance Bulletin 2016-02, Docket No. NHTSA-2016-0"]
[4.677567958831787, 7.998358249664307, "ournal of the Transportation Research Board, Vol. 2559, 2016, pp. 65\u201372.   \n 72 Nowakowski, Christopher, Steven E. Shladover, Ching-Yao Chan, and Han-Shue Tan, \n\u201cDevelopment of California Regulations to Govern Testing and Operation of Automated \nDriv"]
[4.668067455291748, 8.039493560791016, ": \nKluwer, 1991, pp. 175\u2013217. \nRoose, Kevin, \u201cCan Ford Turn Itself into a Tech Company?\u201d New York Times Magazine, \nNovember 9, 2017. As of August 31, 2018: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/09/magazine/tech-design-autonomous-future-cars-det"]
[4.655612468719482, 8.005517959594727, "of-passenger-cars-in-the-united-states/  \nStern, Paul C., and Harvey V. Fineberg, eds., Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a \nDemocratic Society, Washington, D.C.: Committee on Risk Characterization, National Research Council, 1996.  \nStilgoe"]
[4.688061714172363, 7.966351509094238, "d Prevention, Vol. 71, October 2014, pp. 82\u201392. As of September 11, 2018: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457514001365  \n 76 Waymo, Report on Autonomous Mode Disengagements for Waymo Self-Driving Vehicles in \nCalifornia, Mounta"]
[4.796934604644775, 7.744085311889648, "a new kind of measurement.  While acknowledging that the closely held nature of AV data limits the amount of data that are made public or shared between companies and with the government, the report highlights the kinds of information that could be p"]
[6.2580790519714355, 20.31241798400879, "Zero Days, \nThousands of Nights\nThe Life and Times of Zero-Day \nVulnerabilities and Their Exploits\nLillian Ablon, Andy Bogart\nCORPORATION\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected b"]
[6.272727012634277, 20.324434280395508, "ap might justify retention. But without information on the over -\nlap, or concrete metrics based on actual data, it is challenging to make a well-informed decision about stockpiling.\nTo address this question, RAND obtained rare access to a dataset of"]
[11.37741756439209, 17.570003509521484, "widely to policymakers, practitioners in law and business, other researchers, and the public.\nThe ICJ is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a division of \nthe RAND Corporation dedicated to improving policy- and decisionmaking in a"]
[6.281286716461182, 20.3317813873291, ".................................... 22\nCHAPTER THREE\nAnalysis of the Data  ................................................................................ 27\n1. Life Status: Is the Vulnerability Really a Zero-Day? Is It Alive (Publicly Unknown)  \no"]
[6.2591938972473145, 20.323001861572266, "earchers: Who Looks for Vulnerabilities?  ........................ 73\nC. How Mitigations Have Affected Exploitability: Heap Versus Stack  \nExploitation Case Study  ....................................................................... 79\nD. Close Co"]
[6.30520486831665, 20.34547233581543, "Smoothed Hazard Function  ............................................................ 91\n  F.3. 365-\nDay Time Interval, with Percentages per Group and Interval  ............... 96\nTables\n 3.1.  Description of Various Life Statuses  ................."]
[6.270764350891113, 20.323883056640625, "en the zero-day vulnerabilities or exploits the U.S. government keeps and those its adversaries are stockpiling. If both sides have the same stockpiles, then some argue that there is little point to keeping them private\u2014whereas a smaller overlap migh"]
[6.280013084411621, 20.331418991088867, " as alive (publicly unknown) or dead (publicly \nknown) may be misleading and too simplistic \nCommon practice is to classify a vulnerability simply as alive  (publicly unknown) or \ndead (publicly known); however, our analysis revealed that there are s"]
[6.286172866821289, 20.335615158081055, "ties\u2014in particular the ones that exploits are created for gray, or government, market use\u2014are likely old. \nWhile our data showed that a short life is 1.5 years, this might be long enough for \nmost vulnerability researchers. \nFinding #3: No characteri"]
[6.244919776916504, 20.30167579650879, "interval (i.e., all of our data in one time interval) yielded a 40 per -\ncent overlap. With the exception of the 14-year interval, our data show a relatively low collision rate. This may be because those in the private exploitation space are looking "]
[6.260403156280518, 20.315263748168945, "lities and develop -\ning exploits in-house if a long life is desired. \nExploit development time does not appear to have an influence on the lifespan or \nsurvival time of an exploit.\nAt the most basic level, any serious attacker can likely get an affo"]
[6.26499605178833, 20.318920135498047, "it does not come from labor, but rather the value inherent in them and the lack of supply. Other tangible costs (acquiring products to find the vulnerabilities in, setting up test infrastructure, main -\ntaining and porting the exploit to work on mult"]
[6.25892972946167, 20.314420700073242, "chwarz, Caolionn O\u2019Connell, Igor Mikolic-Torreira, and Sasha Romanosky provided invaluable insights and feedback. We also thank Ernesto Amaral for his exper -\ntise and input on methodologies for evaluating demographic data, Andrea Golay for her thoug"]
[6.264923095703125, 20.319169998168945, "reate an exploit for a zero-day vulnerability. \nLittle Is Known About the Extent, Use, Benefit, or Harm of Zero-Day \nExploits \nSoftware vendors aim to create flawless software, but this is aspirational. Devices, net -\nworks, systems, and processes in"]
[6.2686591148376465, 20.321996688842773, " the file system) does not mean the implementation is available (perhaps there is a fixed/static file that is not part of any other directory, thus, nothing an attacker enters will ever get to that desired file location) (Libicki, Ablon, and Webb, 20"]
[6.272437572479248, 20.325807571411133, " used in some operations while still a zero-day.\nBeyond these high-profile examples, little is known about the true extent, use, \nbenefit, and harm of zero-day exploits. Discussions are often speculative or based on what is discovered after the vulne"]
[6.282103538513184, 20.332874298095703, "atch against anyone using it, but it may also leave a critical population vulnerable. Furthermore, who finds the zero-day makes a difference\u2014for example, an affected vendor or a bug hunter working on the vendor\u2019s behalf, or cybercriminals or other ne"]
[6.2817206382751465, 20.337678909301758, "and version of code, how often it gets patched, how long a vulnerability should be held before it is made public, and who the target is. \nThere has been much discussion on this topic: Following the discovery and disclo -\nsure of the Heartbleed vulner"]
[6.267331600189209, 20.32111358642578, "vendor)?12\nIt may be additionally helpful to know:\n4. Cost:  W\nhat is the cost to develop an exploit for the vulnerability (e.g., in order \nto help set purchase price)?\nAnswering these questions can be useful in determining which vulnerabilities to \n"]
[6.227390289306641, 20.287778854370117, "ng zero-day exploits.\nOther groups that may be interested in the research results include:\n\u2022\n Those who a\nre actively looking for vulnerabilities and developing exploits for \noffensive purposes. The results could help them be more efficient in develo"]
[6.268960475921631, 20.322473526000977, "t is no longer considered a potential harm to the public. \nBut this view is largely oversimplified. Vulnerabilities can remain privately known \nbut get quietly patched (so thus are no longer considered zero-day); conversely, vul -\nnerabilities can be"]
[6.266698837280273, 20.320585250854492, "represent those that might use zero-days against the interests of Blue. Furthermore, there is an assumption \nis that, if a vulnerability is private, it is (1) in use and (2) in use by a nation-state or criminal. But vulnerability researchers we spoke"]
[6.307117462158203, 20.354555130004883, "ad been cre-ated, and if and when the vulnerability was found externally by a third party. It also contains information on the analyst who wrote the exploit and the relevant security bulletin (where applicable). \nThe dataset contained numerous catego"]
[6.268890857696533, 20.323148727416992, "erabilities \nand public knowledge vulnerabilities (i.e., the teal overlap between the blue and green in Figure 1.4).\nOur research focuses on the characteristics of vulnerabilities that are in the over -\nlap between Blue (or a reasonable proxy for Blu"]
[6.270891189575195, 20.32380485534668, "find vulnerabilities, they \nmust determine whether or not they are able to develop an exploit. Many factors can come into play when decid -\ning whether an exploit will be developed to take advantage of the vulnerability. For example, there may be oth"]
[6.287720203399658, 20.3360595703125, "t reliable for multiple \nversions, but this timeline was not captured. \n25  These dates are fairly accurate, as exploit developers tend to be quite excited, proud, and eager to share with \ntheir colleagues when one of their exploits is fully function"]
[6.289208889007568, 20.336416244506836, " size for \nanalysis, as it meant that we could use only those with complete information for per -\nforming survival analysis and calculation of expected lifespan. In the cases where we had only the month and year timestamp for the birth date, we defau"]
[6.258382797241211, 20.313861846923828, "ty researchers (Appendix B), a case study on how mitigations have affected exploitability (Appendix C), an investigation of close collisions (Appendix D), a first order look at cost and pricing considerations for zero-day exploits (Appendix E), and a"]
[6.268787384033203, 20.322608947753906, " core develop -\nment team), the \u201cblocker bug\u201d submitted for patch allows the introduction.\n3  For example, the introduction of call flow graphing in Windows 10.18    Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities and T"]
[6.263128757476807, 20.317523956298828, " emerged that would assist in exploitation. \n5  For the cases in our data where no exploit was created (although exploitable vulnerabilities were found), \napproximately half were not exploited because certain capabilities were required or conditions "]
[6.233292579650879, 20.293106079101562, "  Here we are talking about reliability for exploits, not implants or \u201cpayloads.\u201d Reliability is desired for exploits, \nbut it is not always guaranteed. Reliability for an implant, however, is critical. While an exploit provides initial access, an im"]
[6.254453659057617, 20.31021499633789, "ind and what needs to be cleaned up). For more details about the exploit development cycle and some factors that go into exploit development, see Appendix A, \u201cThe Exploit Development Cycle.\u201d\nPeople in the Zero-Day Vulnerability Space\nSome vulnerabili"]
[6.234701633453369, 20.294811248779297, "country), \u201cblack hat\u201d cybercriminals, or hob -\nbyists with various motives.\n18 The most sophisticated aim to not only find zero-day \nvulnerabilities but also to create fully functional exploits for them. \nWhile exact numbers are unknown, many estimat"]
[6.202269554138184, 20.26603889465332, "s in the lowest tier is at least an order of magnitude larger than in the highest tier. For example, there are more than 26,000 researchers on the BugCrowd platform (though it is unclear how many are active bug hunters, as only ten have collectively "]
[6.191664218902588, 20.259065628051758, "e government market. More Discussion of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities    23\ncases, able to avoid detection. As such, PoC exploits are generally an end goal for white \nhat researchers, whereas the gray and black markets deal in fully functioning exploits.2"]
[6.238016128540039, 20.295629501342773, "as a \u201cmaster of the dark arts\u201d to get custom-\ners. Once a vulnerability researcher gained traction, she or he could shift to the white market. \n25  One vulnerability research group shared that they had three to four entities to which they sell; anoth"]
[6.2390055656433105, 20.297746658325195, "-in-the-middle\u201d refers to an attacker who is in the middle of the legitimate \nsender and receiver, relaying and possibly altering the communications between the two parties.More Discussion of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities    25\nExploit Developers (and Exp"]
[6.236915111541748, 20.291860580444336, "ion-based model, whereby subscribers get regular information about zero-\nday vulnerabilities that have not yet been disclosed. Often, subscribers use the feed to test their own products against zero-day vulnerabilities to further secure them, or use "]
[6.260829448699951, 20.314361572265625, "rability or vulnerabilities that the exploit is taking advantage of. An exploit dying means that one of the previously unknown vulnerabilities (if multiple exist) gets discovered.\n1\n1  It could also have a patch available, but at the most basic level"]
[6.263160705566406, 20.318038940429688, "sing terms such as \u201cdead\u201d may be misleading, because the vast majority of cyber actions \nuse these \u201cdead\u201d N-Day vulnerabilities. One expert we spoke with suggested we use the terminology \u201ca vulner -\nability previously undescribed in literature,\u201d espe"]
[6.277280330657959, 20.329925537109375, " the BUSBY vulnerability researchers found that it could provide privilege escalation\u2014something much more severe.\n4  For example, one of BUSBY\u2019s exploits had a vulnerability that had been found in a 32-bit version of a system \nbut was not exploitable"]
[6.261836051940918, 20.3171329498291, "so a security patch will never be issued).\nSecurity Patch A vulnerability found by a third party and recognized as a security vulnerability; an advisory, patch, and/or CVE has been issued.\nKilled by BUSBY A vulnerability publicly disclosed by the pri"]
[6.279857635498047, 20.331336975097656, "abilities). Figure 3.4\nVulnerabilities Found by BUSBY Each Year, by Current Life Status (n = 207)\nRAND RR1751-3.40 5 10 15 20 25 30 \n2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Number of vulnerabilitiesUncertain\nCode refacto"]
[6.326043128967285, 20.353267669677734, "at had a date of birth (n = 127).\n8 \n8  Seven of our exploits that died had no birthdate recorded, as their vulnerabilities were purchased by a third \nparty. We do have date of maturity for those exploits (i.e., the date when a fully functional explo"]
[6.340547561645508, 20.3602352142334, " plots, we obtained the median survival time\u2014\nexploits that had a life status of Immortal; however, because survival analysis and life expectancy analysis are \ntypically done on humans or things that are all expected to die or fail at some point, we "]
[6.364743709564209, 20.395795822143555, "ause there were more data points to draw from, providing greater precision in the estimate of sur -\nvival probability.\n11\nAfter initial detection, any given exploit (and thus its vulnerabilities) has a median \nsurvival time of 5.07 years (95 percent "]
[6.326363563537598, 20.359695434570312, "t developer) to detection by outside partyAnalysis of the Data    37\n1. Vulnerability type:  Mem ory Corruption, Memory Mismanagement, Logic, \nMixed or Other\n2. Platfo\nrm affected:  Linux, OSX, Open Source, PHP, Unix-based (excluding \nLinux), Windows"]
[6.336216449737549, 20.364246368408203, "is analysis on their own, so they were combined. \n15  Curves that end in a horizontal line indicate that the last observed value was alive; curves that end in a verti-\ncal line indicate that the last observed value was death (i.e., public disclosure)"]
[6.350501537322998, 20.374197006225586, "r data, based on its assumption of a constant hazard function, which our data appear to exhibit. Further details about the hazard function and plots of our unadjusted hazard estimates and parametric model comparisons can be found in Appendix F, \u201cAddi"]
[6.339938640594482, 20.366729736328125, "ies) is expected to live 6.90 years (with 95 \npercent confidence interval: 5.39 to 8.84 years).18\nProportional Hazards Regression Modeling \nTo assess whether any particular characteristic of an exploit contributes to a lower or higher probability of "]
[6.282675743103027, 20.333768844604492, "or without adjustment for the other characteristics. Without more data, we \ncannot statistically determine whether any characteristic of an exploit indicates a long or short life. The high p-values may be a result of a true absence of effect, or a re"]
[6.347392559051514, 20.397716522216797, " rich debate that many have spoken and written about. Schneier (2014) believes that vulnerabilities are plentiful (which one might interpret as dense), and as such the overlap is relatively small; Geer (2014) states that vulnerabilities are sparse en"]
[6.305304050445557, 20.35415267944336, " In particular, those who rely on zero-day exploits for offensive or defensive purposes, such as penetration testing or trying out a new detection tool, may want to know how long they can expect to go undetected by their target during a campaign. Vul"]
[6.268556594848633, 20.323078155517578, "efore, the fewer number of points in the higher diagonal bands is \nartificially lower than what the complete plot would display, if we had had additional follow-up time available.\nBecause this analysis does not take into account censoring, we cannot "]
[6.26129674911499, 20.315885543823242, "unable to determine the dates that those exploits were found.\n26  Certainly, there are many times when the use or usefulness of an exploit does not rely on its vulnerabilities \nbeing zero-day. But for the sake of argument, we consider the cases where"]
[6.271378040313721, 20.323490142822266, "o outstanding trends for those exploits (n = 16) that had an exploit development time of more \nthan 90 days: Over 56 percent are still unknown (with one Immortal, and one Code Refactor), and roughly 31 percent are known and have had security patches."]
[6.278039932250977, 20.330448150634766, " of exploits\nTime to develop an exploit (days)55 \n21 31 \n13 \n5 7 5 5 \n1 4 \n0 0 12 \n0\u201310 10\u201320 20\u201330 30\u201340 40\u201350 50\u201360 60\u201370 70\u201380 80\u201390 90\u2013\n100 100\u2013\n110 110\u2013120 >120 Analysis of the Data    49\nWe also evaluated exploit development time compared with "]
[6.282529830932617, 20.333724975585938, "ghts: The Life and Times of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits\nImplications for Defense\nOversimplifying vulnerabilities as either alive (publicly unknown) or dead (publicly \nknown) may be creating a barrier for vulnerability-detection effort"]
[6.279736518859863, 20.331392288208008, " help continuously bring new researchers to looking at code already deemed clean. \nFinding and patching vulnerabilities in code becomes harder with software reuse \nbetween platforms and, in particular, with the Internet of Things, as more code is reu"]
[6.277702331542969, 20.32906723022461, "osed, it often leads to the \ndiscovery and disclosure of other similar vulnerabilities; this could be a factor in increasing collisions. 54    Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits\nOn the ot"]
[6.300280570983887, 20.352005004882812, "icator of a long life was a vulnerability \nbeing found in a class that had already been thoroughly examined by other vulnerability researchers (e.g., font bugs). Other vulnerability researchers we spoke to agreed with this supposition. \n3  Of course,"]
[6.2943267822265625, 20.34552764892578, "rate may be \n4  This is a prime example of how data can be used to support a variety of viewpoints, in particular a high versus \nlow collision rate. Those that have argued that the overlap is small (or large) do not typically specify the time \ninterv"]
[6.224422931671143, 20.284238815307617, "ing a product to the public, or study the techniques of how offense finds vulnerabilities. Additionally, defenders could consider tackling software security by treating all code as insecure, and investing \n5  There are many analogies for this swarm m"]
[6.24559211730957, 20.30244255065918, "al (with a median of 22 days, minimum of 1 day, and maximum of 955 days).\nThe cost to develop (and, relatedly, the value or price of) an exploit can rely on \nmany factors: the time to find a viable zero-day vulnerability (research time), the time to "]
[6.275500297546387, 20.327783584594727, "ly.\nIn our data, vulnerabilities purchased from external third parties had a shorter \nlifespan (average life of 1.4 years). This may be an argument for finding vulnerabilities and developing exploits in-house if a long life is desired. \nGovernments c"]
[6.283248424530029, 20.33374786376953, " code bases and previous versions\u2014exploitable vulnerabilities may still exist, and older products may still be in use around in the world.\nTo beat the software testing programs (\u201cfuzzers\u201d) and bug hunters searching for \nvulnerabilities in the public "]
[6.2642974853515625, 20.318923950195312, "aracteristics not necessarily mutually exclusive). If another vulnerability usu -\nally exists, then the level of protection consumers gain from a researcher disclosing a vulnerability may be seen as modest, and some may conclude that stockpiling zero"]
[6.268773078918457, 20.322769165039062, " the affected vendor finds a vulnerability, it may not say as much. Fur -\nthermore, some researchers choose to not to disclose vulnerabilities they have found. \nThere are several reasons why an exploit developer or bug hunter may have found \na vulner"]
[6.276365280151367, 20.328855514526367, "nd another might focus on web-based applications and server-side software. Others are not as discriminating.\n14 Because \nour data came from one source, not all vulnerability or product types are represented in the data (e.g., indigenous versus commer"]
[6.275404930114746, 20.328048706054688, "nvolved in discus -\nsions. We only scratched the surface of what is possible to investigate with data. More \nresearch threads exist. For example: \n\u2022\n What (\nif any) characteristics of zero-day vulnerabilities indicate a long or short \nlife, and what "]
[6.268956184387207, 20.322195053100586, "ro-day?65APPENDIX A\nThe Exploit Development Cycle\nThe exploit development process consists of many steps, each of which can go through \nmultiple iterations.\nPhase 1: Discovery and Verification\nIn the first phase, vulnerability researchers search for "]
[6.268392562866211, 20.321901321411133, " are created equal. Some have the ability to go deeper than others, and some find different bugs \ndepending on their method. For example, AFL (American Fuzzy Lop) finds bugs quickly by tracking down every \n\u201cif statement\u201d in a code base. \n2  Taint ana"]
[6.26358699798584, 20.318565368652344, "concept). Once narrowed down, the researcher determines exactly what can be done with the crash (e.g., remote code execution, information leak, crash a different process), the potential impact caused by the crash, and other requirements needed to red"]
[6.260837554931641, 20.316051483154297, "not exist in an operational environment. In an operational setting, the target system may be under heavy load, and different language packs and dynamic link libraries (dll\u2019s) may be loaded differ -\nently. Thus, any lab-based assumptions about process"]
[6.238799571990967, 20.29693031311035, "y of estimates for the percentage of crashes or triggered bugs that would turn into useful, exploitable vulnerabilities: 0.5\u20131 per -\ncent, 15\u201320 percent, 25\u201330 percent. One vulnerability researcher shared that that as high as 50 percent of vulnerabil"]
[6.253139495849609, 20.3093204498291, "anyone can write fully func -\ntional exploits. Conference talks, reports, and books can outline how an exploit was created. But taking that information and writing an exploit for a new vulnerability still requires skill. Some liken it to the culinary"]
[6.258666038513184, 20.314836502075195, "publicly \nunknown\u2014and alive\u2014for a long time) may depend on the ability of the exploit devel -\noper to go several layers deeper into code spaces than normal fuzzing (which is typi -\ncally on the surface). \nSome vulnerability researchers are better tha"]
[6.236850261688232, 20.296510696411133, "g a vulnerability. Figure B.2 shows that the rate of devel -\nopment is not steady: In some years, a researcher may not find or develop an exploit. \nFrom these data, it appears that there is a high frequency of early developers (e.g., \nresearchers U, "]
[6.1847381591796875, 20.247425079345703, " career of vulnerability researchers in the gray, or government, markets with the life-time of bug hunters in the white markets (i.e., bug bounties, vendors, and groups such as Google\u2019s Project Zero). \n4  Interestingly, white hat bug hunters who inve"]
[6.248147487640381, 20.30370330810547, "nted, since some exploits developed and vulnerabilities found were not reported or recorded in our data due to sensitivities or ongoing operational use at the time of collection. \n6  The low count for August is statistically significant, while the hi"]
[6.269491672515869, 20.323284149169922, "d manipulate than the heap).\n1 Because of this, exploits based \non stack overflows were more common, and, as such, security vendors focused on cre-ating mitigations for the stack (e.g., stack cookies, stack canaries, stack address space layout random"]
[6.2594146728515625, 20.314407348632812, "an exploit devel -\noper examining the details of a newly released vulnerability advisory, and finding other similar\u2014and still publicly unknown (i.e., alive)\u2014vulnerabilities. \nTwenty-four of BUSBY\u2019s exploits are close collisions. As of our information"]
[6.254179000854492, 20.30971908569336, "e are correct, or getting the right configurations and infrastructure set up. For those who fuzz, once the fuzzing tool is set up, it can be very fast to find vulnerabilities\u2014one person gave an estimate of \n1  This included two teams of exploit devel"]
[6.2525177001953125, 20.308664321899414, "e developers to keep \nlooking. Even then, the research is not continuous. If the exploit developers have not found anything after a few \nmonths of looking (and cycling through a handful of exploit developers), they may wait until a new version of the"]
[6.149780750274658, 20.2186222076416, "sts (premium of a high-demand, low-supply product, etc.) can cause the price to rise dramatically. And, to be clear, our analysis does not take into account the cost or time of failing to find vulnerabilities or to develop a fully function -\ning expl"]
[6.175700664520264, 20.246673583984375, "rabilities claimed that gray market prices of exploits for the Tor Browser Bundle were two orders of magnitude higher than prices paid on the white market for Firefox vulnerabilities. Others we spoke to noted that it is often common practice for expl"]
[6.1852264404296875, 20.254192352294922, "pe a sandbox, or remotely jailbreak [for mobile devices], then the payout is greater). \nIn the end, for those who sell their exploits, the entity that purchases the vul -\nnerability can often be the ultimate decider of what to purchase and for how mu"]
[6.391338348388672, 20.406280517578125, "Kaplan-Meier curve, though they tend to overestimate the Kaplan-Meier curve in the first two years. Subsequently, each approximates the Kaplan-Meier curve\u2019s general shape, with differing rates of decay starting in year five. We chose the exponential "]
[6.340304374694824, 20.359758377075195, "the exponential model-based estimates of expected lifetime.\nWe used Cox proportional hazards regression modeling to determine the hazard \nratio for each characteristic. \nThe hazard function itself can be interpreted as the instantaneous probability o"]
[6.350690841674805, 20.37799835205078, "a common model. In the partially adjusted model, we removed the \u201cplatform affected\u201d category, because source type is heavily correlated to the platform affected (e.g., all Windows is closed source) and just performed regression adjusting for vulnerab"]
[6.297508716583252, 20.34419822692871, "0.969 0.93 \n(0.40, 2.20)0.872 1.04 \n(0.46, 2.37)0.925\nLocal 0.72 \n(0.41, 1.27)0.255 0.62 \n(0.30, 1.32)0.214 0.60 \n(0.31, 1.17)0.134\nMixed 0.64 \n(0.25, 1.69)0.373 0.65 \n(0.24, 1.78)0.406 0.61 \n(0.23, 1.62)0.318\nOther 0.26 \n(0.06, 1.12)0.071 0.15 \n(0.0"]
[6.277520656585693, 20.32965660095215, "AOL, Ethereal, Adobe, Alt-N Tech -\nnologies, CryptoCat, and RealPlayer/RealServer, as well as some lesser-known vendors.\nTable G.1\nData Frequency Counts\nRow Labels Count\nLife Status\nLiving 66\nCode Refactor 21\nImmortal 13\nKilled by BUSBY 8\nOther\u2014featu"]
[6.263530254364014, 20.318523406982422, "ies and Their Exploits\nRow Labels Count\nRemote code injection 1\nSQLi 1\nStack overflow 40\nStack overflow (x2); memory 1\nStack overflow; heap overflow 1\nType confusion/object mismanagement 1\nUnsecure environment variables (so can eventually take \nadvan"]
[6.264720916748047, 20.3181209564209, "am attempts to put data in a memory area past a buffer (Open Web Application Security Project [OWASP], undated-a).\nbug Software flaw.104    Zero Days, Thousands of Nights: The Life and Times of Zero-Day Vulnerabilities and Their Exploits\nbug bounty A"]
[6.263904094696045, 20.317968368530273, "n vulnerability for the version of the product it was created for; that product is no longer main-tained (so a security patch will never be issued).\nimplant A program that solidifies and maintains access initially pro-vided by an exploit (i.e., achie"]
[6.178306579589844, 20.250850677490234, "htly controlled environment that restricts permissions \non what can be run (to prevent malicious code from execut-ing or accessing something it should not, for example).\nsandbox escape Code that can escape a sandbox.\nstack A data area or buffer used "]
[6.089951515197754, 20.180009841918945, "toc9 \nBugCrowd, \u201cWhat\u2019s a Bug Worth?\u201d 2015. As of January 30, 2017:  \nhttps://pages.bugcrowd.com/whats-a-bug-worth-2015 \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cThe State of Bug Bounty,\u201d June 2016. As of January 30, 2017:  \nhttps://pages.bugcrowd.com/hubfs/PDFs/state-of-bug-bounty-20"]
[5.954366207122803, 20.071664810180664, ", 2017: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyber-blackhat-apple-idUSKCN10F2TX\nGeer, Dan, \u201cCybersecurity as Realpolitik,\u201d BlackHat, August 6, 2014. As of January 30, 2017: \nhttp://geer.tinho.net/geer.blackhat.6viii14.txt \nGellman, Barton, and Ellen Nak"]
[6.06121826171875, 20.159069061279297, "de: Platinum Edition , \nNew York: John Wiley & Sons, 2006. Kuehn, Andreas, and Milton Mueller, \u201cAnalyzing Bug Bounty Programs: An Institutional \nPerspective on the Economics of Software Vulnerabilities,\u201d paper presented at 2014 TPRC: The 42nd Researc"]
[5.993658065795898, 20.10588836669922, "Market , presentation given at RSA Conference 2015, San Francisco, April 20\u201324, 2015. As \nof January 30, 2017:  https://www.rsaconference.com/writable/presentations/file_upload/ht-t08-the-wolves-of-vuln-street-the-1st-dynamic-systems-model-of-the-0da"]
[6.064834117889404, 20.15142822265625, "d-hackers-fix-cybersecurity-holes-or-exploit-them/371197/ \nSchryen, Guido, and Eliot Rich, \u201cIncreasing Software Security Through Open Source or Closed \nSource Development? Empirics Suggest That We Have Asked the Wrong Question,\u201d paper presented at th"]
[6.200204372406006, 20.26743507385254, "tems,\u201d in Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security , New York: ACM, 2015. \nZorabedian, John, \u201cHow a Hacking Team Got Hacked,\u201d Naked Security , April 2016. As of \nJanuary 30, 2017:  https://nakedsecurity.so"]
[13.396283149719238, 2.876415491104126, "CORPORATIONKnowing More, but \nAccomplishing What?\nDeveloping Approaches to Measure  \nthe Effects of Information-Sharing on  Criminal Justice Outcomes\nBrian A. Jackson, Lane F. Burgette, Caroline Stevens, Claude Messan \nSetodji, Erinn Herberman, Steph"]
[13.340588569641113, 2.8120696544647217, "ial for governmental boundaries to inhibit those efforts, because criminals frequently do not limit their activities to the jurisdiction of a single law enforcement agency.\nAlthough there are high-profile success stories in which data-sharing assiste"]
[13.30986213684082, 2.7914915084838867, "r at  \njustice@rand.org.vContents\nPreface  ................................................................................................. iii\nFigures and Table  .................................................................................... v"]
[13.29808521270752, 2.7653212547302246, "orts to measure its effects on performance have been \nfew and far between. Anecdotal success stories of cases in which data from sharing systems were critical to cracking a case or quickly stopping a crime in progress are easy to identify. But even t"]
[13.29537582397461, 2.774209976196289, " over -\nall crime rates\u2014is a starting point to gauge whether more data-sharing helps improve those measures. Other possible measures include the speed or probability of arrests or of officers locating and interviewing a suspect. As in some previous e"]
[13.277844429016113, 2.7459094524383545, "\nThree Sets of Measures Linking Sharing to Criminal Justice Outcomes\nIn collaboration with ARJIS and informed by insights from its users, we tested three \napproaches for measuring the effects of information-sharing on criminal justice out -\ncomes. Th"]
[13.278706550598145, 2.7490267753601074, "re than one agency. And the time to the next contact with a different agency was shorter as well: 1.3 years for the group with ONS records versus 1.7 years for the control group without such records. Furthermore, individuals with ONS records were mor"]
[13.258794784545898, 2.753129720687866, "o iden -\ntify crime series across jurisdictions. Although our analysis was suggestive that BOLO notifications increased arrests for cases in which a BOLO was used, those effects did not meet the requirements for statistical significance. \nInformation"]
[13.29371166229248, 2.7587530612945557, "verage monthly number of cross-\n jur\nisdictional xiv    Knowing More, but Accomplishing What? Measuring the Effects of Information-Sharing\narrests increasing from 0.044 to 0.048, while the estimate for the probability of making \na cross-jurisdictiona"]
[13.356590270996094, 2.770338773727417, "lp practitioners across the justice system do their jobs better. Thinking now about which data should be recorded and kept to make that sort of high-resolution analysis of the effects of criminal justice data on outcomes possible would make a down pa"]
[13.564566612243652, 2.866086959838867, "nd the threat of terrorism were frequently the focus of \ndebate about information-sharing, such sharing is just as important for other functions in the criminal justice system\u2014specifically, data moving across jurisdictional bound -\naries so that a po"]
[13.640640258789062, 2.970884084701538, "organization of criminal justice in the United \nStates (as well as the broader U.S. homeland security enterprise, which includes mul -\ntiple federal, state, local, and tribal agencies with many distinct missions), individual organizations are often n"]
[13.617293357849121, 2.932069778442383, "ocalities).\n2\nOther efforts exist across the country at the state and local levels or designed \naround the specific information-sharing needs of particular areas (e.g., the National Capital Region surrounding and including Washington, D.C.). These sh"]
[13.341424942016602, 2.7979040145874023, "f Police, undated).\n3 \nWhile it would be difficult to estimate the resources that have been spent put -\nting information-sharing systems and initiatives in place and supporting their oper -\nation, national expenditures on information-sharing have bee"]
[13.345393180847168, 2.7711102962493896, "tigating crimes; detecting threats; and making decisions about charging, sentencing, or taking other criminal justice actions involve myriad decisions, the quality of which are related to the completeness, relevance, and currency of the data availabl"]
[13.315555572509766, 2.7743144035339355, "the citizens who are its subjects, and depending on how the sharing systems are designed, the information might lose its context\u2014and its meaning and implications might therefore shift\u2014as a result of being shared (Jackson et al., 2017). The accuracy o"]
[13.330737113952637, 2.7763707637786865, "ormation-Sharing?    7\nsaging system and sought to connect its use to arrests, case characteristics, and other \nmeasures (which showed mixed results).3 Koper et al. (2015)\u2019s study on technology \napplications in law enforcement evaluated an internal l"]
[13.298110961914062, 2.7632546424865723, "eading in the criminal justice system, such user perception studies sought \nto link the extent of system use to outcome effects. For example, looking at detectives, Danziger and Kraemer (1985, p. 200) linked use of computing to users\u2019 reports of \u201ccas"]
[13.308809280395508, 2.7875735759735107, " on outcomes of interest limited the ability of both critics and pro -\nponents to support their arguments and to have a productive debate on these systems and capabilities.\nLogically Linking Information-Sharing to Outcomes for Developing \nMeasures\nFo"]
[13.306923866271973, 2.7882490158081055, "olving more crimes), and the efficiency of such activity (e.g., solving them more quickly) may therefore contribute to improvement in broader (and potentially more societally impor -\ntant) measures. Reflecting the complexity of the environment in whi"]
[13.302765846252441, 2.7721893787384033, " his behavior might have justified doing so (e.g., the officer may learn that the subject has a mental illness that causes him to react aggressively, so rather than arrest the sub -\nject, the officer refers him to treatment). Such actions might be re"]
[13.298493385314941, 2.761687994003296, "d the former measure would capture the fact that rapid contact with suspects could have benefits for containing escalating situations and more rapidly clearing cases by arrest, as well as more rapidly resolving suspicion of individuals who turned out"]
[13.302668571472168, 2.7681424617767334, "stem will not be valuable. \n10 In practice, these two effects will be mixed\u2014because getting data to an investigator or officer faster (efficiency) \nmay also help him or her identify and successfully apprehend the perpetrator (effectiveness).12    Kno"]
[13.302270889282227, 2.766413688659668, "nformation-\n sha\nring\u2014whose effects would be expected to be observable at the indi -\nvidual case level\u2014would also be straightforward to assess even for systems that have already been implemented, assuming comparable groups of cases in which the shari"]
[13.301070213317871, 2.762326240539551, "st \ncrime, there may be one critical dot (or a small number of dots) that makes the picture make sense. 14    Knowing More, but Accomplishing What? Measuring the Effects of Information-Sharing\nsible people to contact who were unproductive in solving "]
[13.300800323486328, 2.767301082611084, "tunities for policing to prevent it.\nUnlike the simple and intermediate cases, where the question was how to appro -\npriately distinguish the different mechanisms for how information-sharing affects deci -\nsions and outcomes, in this broader case, di"]
[13.28797721862793, 2.75518798828125, "d into the system in different ways (or different information-sharing features may be relevant to different people), making it possible to distinguish different outcomes. For cases, investigating officers might use the system more or less, or differe"]
[13.264665603637695, 2.73644757270813, "ata in the field, mapping, crime analysis tools, and an enter -\nprise system of applications that help users solve crimes and identify offenders. In this capacity, ARJIS has developed replicable open source technical solutions, policies, and governan"]
[13.270051956176758, 2.742487907409668, " and officers in managerial roles. (Detectives made up slightly more than a quarter, and managerial officers made up less than a quarter.) \nTable 3.1\nSummary of ARJIS Tools\nClass Tool or Feature Description\nUser pull User query of linked databases \n("]
[13.274171829223633, 2.747403383255005, " particularly help -\nful would have been resolved without the availability of cross-jurisdictional information-\n shari\nng.1\nThe ARJIS users we interviewed varied considerably in the circumstances in \nwhich they worked, with variation even among pract"]
[13.284378051757812, 2.755108118057251, "f the cross-jurisdictional systems is prominent for many users, it also demonstrates the evaluation challenge presented when an information-sharing system is not the sole system available to criminal justice practitioners in an area. One driver of th"]
[13.27676773071289, 2.7500596046447754, "h not all interviewees used ARJIS tools the same amount or for the same \nthings, nearly every respondent credited the tools with increases in their productivity. \nSome estimated that the tools provided by ARJIS at least doubled their productivity, sa"]
[13.31787395477295, 2.7786214351654053, " like information-sharing\u2014\nwhether within single agencies or across agency boundaries\u2014requires differences in the level of the intervention (ideally with all other factors constant) to make it pos -\nsible to look for differences in outcomes. Thinking"]
[13.290165901184082, 2.757033348083496, "outinely record created opportunities for this type of evaluation in some cases and, \nin others, seriously complicated the effort. We return to those lessons at the end of the report, because they can inform thinking about system design for areas tha"]
[13.299297332763672, 2.766184091567993, "th respect \nto different suspects or offenders could be used to identify effects for a subset of criminal justice outcomes. This analysis option is most relevant for case clear -\nance (e.g., where more searches regarding suspects in a case might lead"]
[13.29780101776123, 2.7588253021240234, "ls operating across jurisdictional lines could also provide evidence for the effect of information-sharing efforts. \nBecause this research effort was based in a geographic area that has had cross-\njurisdictional information-sharing in place for decad"]
[13.277669906616211, 2.7424256801605225, "fic loca-tions of officer deployment over time) that were necessary to do some analyses. In other cases, limitations in the way data are captured and integrated into the cross-\n \njur\nisdictional information-sharing systems made it difficult or imposs"]
[13.287732124328613, 2.7437829971313477, "ring of information (for notifications related to investigations), the type of record examined in our evaluation experiment pushed information to the user doing the searching, making specific information more prominent and thus reducing the chance it"]
[13.275221824645996, 2.7468783855438232, " bends down in Figure  2.\n1. \n13 The complete analysis is documented in Kovalchik et al., 2017.Developing and Testing Measures with the Automated Regional Justice Information System    27\nOne set of measures we tested focused on the role of this ARJI"]
[13.281935691833496, 2.751779317855835, "that ONS records caused the differences. The observed effects may be driven by systematic differences between the two groups that we could not observe; for example, if the offenders with ONS records were higher risk than those without, such a differe"]
[13.270633697509766, 2.7521860599517822, "LO notifications\u2019 effects on crime cases, \nseveral effects might be observable.\n14 Effects at the case level (e.g., a BOLO issued about \na crime case might increase the chance it was cleared) and at the suspect level (e.g., a BOLO citing a person as "]
[13.302034378051758, 2.772026777267456, "tive underestimates of their actual effects. \nIn an effort to further control for any differences that the matching process did \nnot address between suspects in BOLO cases and suspects in the comparison cases, we compared the pre-post differences in "]
[13.296552658081055, 2.7795846462249756, " improved information-sharing is addressing the fact that criminal activity crosses jurisdictional boundaries; for example, a single person or group may commit crimes in many suburbs of a metropolitan area.\n16 ARJIS users \nemployed BOLO notifications"]
[13.298874855041504, 2.7673609256744385, " perc\nent offended in adjoining jurisdictions, and 7  perc\nent offended in jurisdictions of \nnonadjoining police forces (Wiles and Costello, 2000, p. 26). As cited previously, simi -\nlar work in the  Net\nherlands indicated that offenders who moved ac"]
[13.27491283416748, 2.748441696166992, "tomated Regional Justice Information System    33\nsubmitted to ARJIS that the arrest was related to a warrant originating in another \njurisdiction. If a suspect\u2019s cross-jurisdictional arrest occurring after a crime case was not  \nassociated with a wa"]
[13.284692764282227, 2.7545294761657715, "s, narrowing the matching criteria), the effects were in the same directions but got weaker. At the most restrictive\u2014looking at cases that involved warrants\u2014an increase from zero to ten queries was associated with the average number of cross-jurisdic"]
[13.295164108276367, 2.7570748329162598, "tered during the project also produced a different set of results: lessons on how systems could be designed to make this sort of effort more straightforward by building in fea -\ntures or addressing key problems. These lessons would make it easier to "]
[13.229578971862793, 2.7737038135528564, "ta about individuals, addresses, or vehicles to be more prominently displayed when a system user runs a search. Nothing in available data sets \n21 This issue was raised by Scott (2006, p. 130) in his examination of an information-sharing system in Fl"]
[13.297646522521973, 2.7540194988250732, "rovide very useful data; for example, in Scott (2016, p. 123), this sort of success tagging was used to try to measure the \u201corganizational distance\u201d between the agency that was the source of data and the agency reporting a success based on its use. S"]
[13.304308891296387, 2.7566027641296387, "rview report that contributed to an investigation or the fact that an arrest or booking record is tied to a crime case that already existed in a local agency system. Differences in the way that agencies\u2019 individual systems are designed can significan"]
[13.27871322631836, 2.75327205657959, "useful enough for evaluation to merit saving even if there is not a strong operational reason to maintain the data. In this effort, this situation arose in our attempt to measure the effects of ONASAS 38    Knowing More, but Accomplishing What? Measu"]
[13.486944198608398, 2.786848545074463, "\u2019 data. Even differences in simpler procedures (e.g., departmental conventions for assigning case numbers and whether approaches were the same across participants in the system) could make matching cases, suspects, or arrests across different jurisdi"]
[13.290024757385254, 2.7547569274902344, "evel \n ana\nlyses like this one but would also make it possible to explore more-detailed ques -\ntions. For example, measuring which types of data contribute most to solving cases could make it possible to target investments to provide the highest crim"]
[13.30010986328125, 2.767888307571411, "effect of jurisdictional boundaries on agency activities and effectiveness. Data-sharing via BOLO notifications was associ -\nated with increases in the number of crime cases connected to suspects\u2014an important outcome given the role of serial offender"]
[13.271581649780273, 2.7435760498046875, "and how they might affect evaluation design. Initial interviewees were nominated by organizations that use ARJIS systems and included individuals from different criminal justice roles. Interviewees were asked for suggestions of others whose perspecti"]
[13.267041206359863, 2.742973804473877, " important these systems are to what you do, we want to \nget an estimate of how much you use information from criminal justice IT sys -\ntems (whether your agencies\u2019 or interagency information-sharing via ARJIS) in the course of doing your work. \nTher"]
[13.270106315612793, 2.7444052696228027, "tant/ \nuseful for your Top 3 tasks? How was it used? Is data from ARJIS more fre-quently a source of new leads/information or a way to confirm information from other sources\u2014or a mix of both?\n \u2013 Ind\nividual criminal history\n \u2013 Inc\nident descriptive i"]
[13.319759368896484, 2.781485080718994, "s didn\u2019t exist?\n \u25e6In th\nat \u201cworld without ARJIS,\u201d how do you think the outcome of the situa -\ntion would have differed? \ni. Wou\nld the chance of resolving it been different? \nii. Wou\nld the speed of resolving it been different?49Bibliography\nAgrawal,"]
[13.37186050415039, 2.86946439743042, "the Effects of Information-Sharing\nDanziger, James N., and Kenneth L. Kraemer, \u201cComputerized Data-Based Systems and Productivity \nAmong Professional Workers: The Case of Detectives,\u201d Public Administration Review , Vol.  45\n, No.  1, \nJ\nanuary\u2013Februar"]
[13.6498384475708, 3.051521062850952, " Center for Best Practices, July 2009. As of \nAugust 11, 2017:  https://www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/0907JUSTICEINFOSHARING.PDF\nInformation Sharing Environment, \u201cThe Role of PM-ISE,\u201d web page, undated. As of August 11, \n2017:  https://w"]
[13.324352264404297, 2.8001492023468018, "ion of Serial Offenders\u2019 Crime Locations on Their Probability of Arrest,\u201d European Journal of Criminology , Vol.\n 10\n, No.  2, 2\n013, pp.  16\n8\u2013186.\nLammers, Marre, Wim Bernasco, and Henk Elffers, \u201cHow Long Do Offenders Escape Arrest? Using DNA Trace"]
[13.384493827819824, 2.866018056869507, "al Mobility in Criminal Histories , presentation slides, U.S. \nDepartment of State, Bureau of Justice Statistics, October 30, 2012. As of August 11, 2017:  \nhttp://www.crj.org/page/-/cjifiles/ICRN2_Cross-JurisdictionalMobilityinCriminalHistories.pdf\n"]
[13.304096221923828, 2.8324995040893555, "ut Needs to More Accurately Account for Federal Funding Provided to Centers , Washington, D.C., GAO-15-155, \nNovember 2014.\nWellford, Charles, and James Cronin, An Analysis of Variables Affecting the Clearance of Homicides: A \nMultistate Study , Wash"]
[-0.363965779542923, 14.47806453704834, "CORPORATION\nReducing Coastal \nFlood Risk with a Lake Pontchartrain Barrier\nJordan R. Fischbach, David R. Johnson, Edmundo Molina-PerezLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by la"]
[-0.37460508942604065, 14.452505111694336, "ding Lake Pontchartrain. It is also intended for similar audiences in Mississippi whom a proposed barrier might affect.\nThe research described in this report directly applies an updated version of the CLARA \nmodel developed as part of CPRA\u2019s 2017 Mod"]
[-0.34089672565460205, 14.51590633392334, "............................................................. 1\nGoals of This Study  .............................................................................................. 2\nCHAPTER TWO\nMethods and Data Sources  .............................."]
[-0.2827637493610382, 14.564793586730957, "e \nHeights for Highway\u00a090 with Its Existing Crown and Low Gates, 100-Year Flood \nInterval  ............................................................................................. 23\n 3.6. Expec\nted Annual Damage, by Alignment and Louisiana Regi"]
[-0.32390880584716797, 14.537060737609863, "3.6. Incre\nase in Damage, by Annual Exceedance Probability Interval for Coastal  \nMississippi  .......................................................................................... 33ixSummary\nLouisiana\u2019s coastal communities face a range of chal"]
[-0.2935493588447571, 14.586126327514648, "th median expected annual damage reduc -\ntion benefits ranging from $1.2\u00a0billion to $1.4\u00a0billion per year (Table\u00a0S.2). A barrier could also \nlower future design height requirements for the Greater New Orleans hurricane protection system along the sou"]
[-0.3894990086555481, 14.434369087219238, " implementation as part of the final 2017 Coastal Master Plan.xiiiAcknowledgments\nThis document describes a preliminary investigation that was designed to guide analysis in \nthe 2017 Coastal Master Plan. We gratefully acknowledge the support and feed"]
[-0.3535264730453491, 14.461773872375488, "from \nextreme coastal storms. Tropical storms and hurricanes making landfall nearby can push storm surge and high waves into populated areas, damaging or destroying assets, disrupting economic activity and basic services, and threatening the health a"]
[-0.35023415088653564, 14.507261276245117, "Barrier\npopulated areas. In particular, given the proximity to the border with Mississippi, a primary \nconcern was that a new barrier could induce additional flooding and flood damage to Mis -\nsissippi coastal communities, such as Bay St. Louis, Gulf"]
[-0.34663814306259155, 14.500313758850098, ", 2017 [hereafter FJK, 2017]). We developed results to guide CPRA\u2019s selection of one or more barrier alignments to consider in the 2017 Coastal Master Plan analysis. As a result, we describe only damage reduction benefits and potential induced damage"]
[-0.3327430784702301, 14.520298957824707, " the Louisiana and Mississippi coastlines. Along the coast, CLARA labels different areas as unenclosed (those with no levees, floodwalls, or other barriers or with structures that do not fully enclose the population at risk) or enclosed  (those with "]
[-0.33231455087661743, 14.525764465332031, "nd \nvalue of the assets at risk from flooding and calculates damage in dollars as a function of \n3 AEPs are statistical estimates of the flooding and damage expected to recur with a certain probability in each year. For \nexample, the 1-percent or \u201c10"]
[-0.3369176983833313, 14.51248550415039, "n, and Jackson counties in Mississippi. During the model improvement process, we added grid points for these counties, and Figure\u00a01.1 in Chapter One shows the combined Louisiana and Mississippi domain considered. We identified no enclosed areas for c"]
[-0.35098156332969666, 14.515742301940918, " with the full 232-storm set as a baseline. We conducted two iterations of the analy -\nsis and shared and discussed results with CPRA and Arcadis through in-person and phone meetings. Conclusions from the analysis can be summarized as follows:\n5\n\u2022 Th"]
[-0.3360503613948822, 14.508227348327637, " of assets at risk to include coastal Mississippi, drawing on the \nmost-recent data sources available.\n\u2022 The CLAR\nA\u00a02.0 geospatial grid requires a higher level of geospatial fidelity than the pre-\nvious analysis, motivating a move away from data sour"]
[-0.32013654708862305, 14.525501251220703, "y includes the length of road (in road-miles) that falls within the vicinity of each grid point.\nAgriculture\nFor this study, we did not include crops grown in the coastal region in the updated asset inven -\ntory for Mississippi. The CLARA team analyz"]
[-0.3030214011669159, 14.567038536071777, "tion Type Occupation Type Code Damage Category Code Equivalent GBS Code\nOne story 1STY Residential RES1\nTwo story 2STY Residential RES1\nMobile home MOBHOME Mobile home RES4\nMultiunit MULTI-UNIT Multiunit RES2\nCommercial COM Commercial COM\nIndustrial "]
[-0.31798815727233887, 14.545890808105469, "illion in value and appear as 0.0 in the table because of rounding.Methods and Data Sources    13\nintervening time span. In addition, this simplifying assumption allows for easier interpretation \nof analysis results when looking at a single scenario "]
[-0.341913640499115, 14.515362739562988, "certainty developed for 2017 and documented in Attachment\u00a0C3-25 to the 2017 Coastal Master Plan (FJK, 2017). In this instance, parametric uncertainty  refers to uncertainty \nor noise associated with flood depth and damage assessment that emerges from"]
[-0.29692235589027405, 14.571325302124023, "xisting road grade to a large 24.5-ft. barrier with gates. The lower alignments would be designed to reduce the volume of storm surge entering the lake but not necessarily to prevent surge and wave overtopping (i.e., they would deliberately allow som"]
[-0.2970088720321655, 14.567227363586426, "ps Showing Two Proposed Alignment Configurations\nSOURCE: Arcadis.\nNOTE: Locations are approximate, and the scales of the maps are not equal.\nRAND RR1988-2.2Hwy90/10/10 CSX/10/10\nRoad crest set to a constant elevationof 10 ft.Tie into the existingSlid"]
[-0.290769100189209, 14.556357383728027, "utside HSDRRS East, including Slidell and Plaquemines, also show extensive 100-year flood depths in the FWOA.18    Reducing Coastal Flood Risk with a Lake Pontchartrain Barrier\nFigure\u00a03.1\nFuture Without Action Flood Depths for the Study Region, 100-Y"]
[-0.30251607298851013, 14.569327354431152, "ge, by Region and Asset Class, in Billions of Constant 2015 Dollars\n2.1\n0.5\n0.10.5\n1.6\nNOTE: The stacked bars show the 50th percentiles (medians), and the lines show the 10th- to \n90th-percentile ranges.\nRAND RR1988-3.3RegionSt. Tammany\nOrleans and J"]
[-0.2788253128528595, 14.58642864227295, "erms of both EAD and damage by AEP interval. The subsequent section then details potential negative effects on Mississippi coastal parishes.\nNote that this section summarizes results for four of the five barrier alignments consid -\nered. We do not de"]
[-0.29611971974372864, 14.57699203491211, "are mixed in parishes that are partially inside and partially outside of the barrier, however. For example, average 100-year depth reduction in portions of St. Tammany Parish without an enclosed protection system (i.e., nearly the whole parish except"]
[-0.30786746740341187, 14.546428680419922, "t because of the assumption about future levee lifts and \nmaintenance previously described. Similarly, we observe no increases for enclosed areas of Plaquemines Parish (East Bank). This is because enclosed areas of Plaquemines already overtop and flo"]
[-0.29559409618377686, 14.579143524169922, "t different geographic locations in each region (polder).Average change in surge and wave elevation (ft)\n\u20135 3Results from Proposed Barrier Alignments    25\nicant wave height (right pane) for points surrounding the protection system with Hwy90/0/2 \nin"]
[-0.3025369644165039, 14.590067863464355, "elds $1.8\u00a0billion in remaining damage ($1.2\u00a0billion to $2.5\u00a0billion). Despite a much taller barrier, Hwy90/24.5/24.5 shows remaining EAD similar to that of Hwy90/0/2. This is caused by induced damage in some areas, particu -\nlarly outlying portions o"]
[-0.27812138199806213, 14.6057767868042, "ent to finalizing the analysis in this report, but we did not apply it here.Figure\u00a03.6Expected Annual Damage, by Alignment and Louisiana Region, in Billions of Constant 2015 Dollars\n0.1\n0.1\n0.1 0.10.10.5\n0.2\n0.1 0.10.10.5\n0.20.2 0.20.2\n2.1\n1.5 1.4 1."]
[-0.27827370166778564, 14.60528564453125, "uisiana study region, we see that EAD reduction \nat the median across the Louisiana study area ranges from $1.2\u00a0billion to $1.4\u00a0billion from the different alignments, with Hwy90/10/10 ranking highest in terms of net EAD reduction. Interestingly, Hwy9"]
[-0.28937840461730957, 14.593733787536621, "); red shading indicates induced \ndamage (disbene\nfit). Fragility scenario = MTTG.\nRAND RR1988-T3.3Change in EAD (millions of constant 2015 $)\n\u201350 700Results from Proposed Barrier Alignments    29\nTable\u00a03.4\nDamage Reduction or Inducement, by Annual E"]
[-0.29614147543907166, 14.585732460021973, "ven at the 500-year interval.\nPotential Induced Flood Damage in Coastal Mississippi\nOne of the primary concerns about a new Lake Pontchartrain barrier is the potential that \na new alignment, by preventing storm surge from entering the lake, would ins"]
[-0.29668736457824707, 14.587059020996094, "t results as Figure\u00a0 3.8 but also includes percentage increase and is broken out further \nby type of asset. According to Table\u00a03.5, the percentage increase in EAD from a barrier in Hancock County ranges from 3.2\u00a0percent (Hwy90/0/2) to 9.5\u00a0percent (Hw"]
[-0.2976357936859131, 14.59527587890625, "Table\u00a03.6\nIncrease in Damage, by Annual Exceedance Probability Interval for Coastal Mississippi\nReturn \nInterval, in Years CountyAlignment\nHwy90/0/2 Hwy90/10/10 CSX/10/10 Hwy90/24.5/24.5\nTotal Delta Percentage Total Delta Percentage Total Delta Perce"]
[-0.29429998993873596, 14.588469505310059, "inducement with a particular barrier configuration in place. Figure\u00a03.9, for instance, shows a map of median 100-year damage in the FWOA (top pane) and change in median 100-year damage with Hwy90/0/2 in place (bottom pane). The color scales are logar"]
[-0.30206188559532166, 14.601530075073242, "ences in performance between Hwy90/10/10 and CSX/10/10, however, and these differences occur largely in the immediate vicinity of the barrier. The dis -\ntinction among the project benefits is reduced further when taking parametric uncertainty into ac"]
[-0.29580986499786377, 14.588835716247559, "ertain future scenario reflecting plausible sea level rise, land subsidence conditions, and asset growth 50\u00a0years from today. It also does not formally consider other decision metrics, such as project cost and environmental impact. However, the analy"]
[-0.40063878893852234, 14.41259479522705, "chbach, \nKevin Hanegan, Kristy Lewis, David Lindquist, J.\u00a0Alex McCorquodale, Michael Poff, Hugh Roberts, Jenni Schindler, Jenneke\u00a0M. Visser, Zhanxian Wang, Yushi Wang, and Eric White, 2017 Coastal Master Plan , \nAppendix\u00a0C, Chapter 4: Model Outcomes "]
[-0.4526544213294983, 14.351661682128906, "Information System, \u201cCounty Data Download,\u201d updated April 2016. \nReferenced August\u00a015, 2014. As of August\u00a015, 2014: http://www.maris.state.ms.us/HTM/DownloadData/County.html\nPeyronnin, Natalie, Mandy Green, Carol Parsons Richards, Alaina Owens, Denis"]
[14.673869132995605, 0.09767915308475494, " CORPORATION\nHelping Law Enforcement \nUse Data from  Mobile Applications\nA Guide to the Prototype Mobile Information  \nand Knowledge Ecosystem (MIKE) Tool\nEdward Balkovich, Don Prosnitz, Steven C. Isley, Anne Boustead, Bonnie TriezenbergLimited Print"]
[14.705599784851074, 0.0639742761850357, "rototype \nthat we developed. It is intended to serve as users\u2019 manual for MIKE, by explaining its prin -\nciples, illustrating its potential uses, and describing how to add content. Although this tool is not widely available, our goal in writing this "]
[14.679471015930176, 0.0874980166554451, "......................................................................... 27\nCommercial Use Case  ......................................................................................... 40\nCHAPTER THREE\nCurator\u2019s Guide to MIKE  ...................."]
[14.67978286743164, 0.08571889996528625, "...................................................................... 18\n2.15. The Instag\nram App  ................................................................................ 19\n2.16.  The Instag\nram Corporation  ..............................."]
[14.685054779052734, 0.07507814466953278, "............................................................ 43\n 2.41.  Cost Inf\normation for Facebook  ................................................................. 44\n 2.42.  Cost Inf\normation for Yahoo  ........................................"]
[14.667130470275879, 0.10879139602184296, "....... 4\n 3.1. Level 1 In\nformation Sources ...................................................................... 74\n 3.2. Level 2 In\nformation Sources ...................................................................... 74\n 3.3. Level 3 In\nforma"]
[14.695371627807617, 0.07363460958003998, "the Mobile Information and Knowledge Ecosystem (MIKE). This prototype is not widely distributed. The companion volume, Electronic Surveillance of Mobile Devices: Understanding the Mobile Ecosys -\ntem and Applicable Surveillance Law (Balkovich et al.,"]
[14.67248821258545, 0.09909655153751373, "nt, operation, and/or use. Chapter Two describes how MIKE can be used and is intended for those who adopt and utilize MIKE. Chapter Three describes how MIKE can be edited and maintained and is intended for those who are responsible for curat -\ning MI"]
[14.646098136901855, 0.1416945904493332, "ights and civil liberties. Neither is good. Law enforcement needs to be as well informed as possible when making decisions about the use of electronic surveillance.\n2 While some argue \nthat the mobile ecosystem has created a \u201cgolden age\u201d of surveilla"]
[14.677590370178223, 0.09360834956169128, "the mobile ecosystem, we \ndeveloped a tool\u2014the Mobile Information and Knowledge Ecosystem (MIKE)\u2014that system -\natically relates the commercial entities that collect data about mobile device users to the types of data they collect, the rules governing"]
[14.681760787963867, 0.08588209003210068, "entation and use. We explored MIKE\u2019s utility by demonstrating its use to stake-holders and asking for their feedback (see Appendix A). Preliminary assessments from repre-sentatives of these three stakeholder communities\u2014law enforcement, commercial fi"]
[14.686732292175293, 0.078305684030056, " law. While this volume was not written to provide an introduction to any of the above, the glossary provides specific definitions for terminology used in this volume and may be useful for those less familiar with these topics. Note, however, \n6 Thes"]
[14.729090690612793, 0.036396171897649765, "nd the utility of MIKE. Chap -\nter Four is a reference guide for MIKE and provides an architectural overview.\nThis chapter describes MIKE and illustrates ways to use it. MIKE is intended to be an \ninteractive tool, and it is therefore difficult to fu"]
[14.683145523071289, 0.08610297739505768, "arch for particular types of information. MIKE\u2019s homepage also provides access to help functions.\nFigure\u00a02.1\nMIKE\u2019s Homepage\nRAND RR1482-2.1\nSearch Bar\nHelp\nQuick Links\nQuery \nFunctionUser\u2019s Guide to MIKE    7\nMIKE contains pages pertaining to corpor"]
[14.697755813598633, 0.06875303387641907, "n on the phone is diff  erent from that used on a server. It would probably \nbe useful for an implementation of MIKE to incorporate such details.Figure\u00a02.3\nMIKE\u2019s Description of a Mobile App\nRAND RR1482-2.3\nTechnical \nRequirements\nFunding \nModelEstim"]
[14.683917999267578, 0.08037199825048447, "legal issues she must address to access the \ndata. Th  e example is highly stylized to illustrate many of MIKE\u2019s features and does not pre-sume that this is the only way the investigation might proceed or that the indicated pathways are the only (or "]
[14.682849884033203, 0.08195313811302185, "hat Gmail does in fact maintain MAC addresses and device IDs, along with log information about Gmail accounts (the \u201cData Contexts\u201d table in the lower center of Figure\u00a02.7).\n6\nWe entered the types of information apps gather ( data contexts ) into MIKE"]
[14.70258903503418, 0.061857834458351135, "ed. Th  is is typically done to manage licenses and enable the rein-\nstallation of a deleted app. Th  ese app-tracking apps are only aware of the apps downloaded from the store associated with the app, e.g., Google or Apple. Figure\u00a02.6\nInitial Query "]
[14.684402465820312, 0.0812084972858429, "m\u2019s device from Google.\nClicking on 2703(d) reminds the investigator about what is needed to obtain such an \norder (Figure\u00a02.13). In case of a 2703(d) order, \u201cspecifi  c and articulable facts .\u00a0.\u00a0. reasonable grounds .\u00a0 .\u00a0 . are relevant and material"]
[14.702136039733887, 0.06418220698833466, "elping Law Enforcement Use Data from Mobile Applications\n\u2022 Google Calendar\n\u2022 Foursquare\n\u2022 SquareCash.\n Th  e investigator now has an email account associated with \u201ca\u201d phone, but needs to \nconfi  rm that it is in fact the victim\u2019s phone. Matching a pi"]
[14.68680477142334, 0.07950549572706223, "then off  ers a drop-down listing several choices. She choses the Global Positioning System (GPS), which is likely to be more precise and accurate than Cell Site Location, and runs the query. Th  is produces the list in Figure\u00a02.17.\nTh  e GPS locatio"]
[14.687948226928711, 0.07541131973266602, " court order provides a Yahoo \nemail address for an individual who was to meet the victim at a casino shortly before he was murdered. Given the tenuous tie to this email address, the investigator wonders what legal authorities might be utilized to re"]
[14.683880805969238, 0.08226154744625092, ", she does not know what apps may have been on the POI\u2019s phone. To pursue this line of attack, she returns to MIKE\u2019s homepage and again uses MIKE\u2019s query wizard to query for all mobile apps that collect GPS location.\n13 Th  is query (Figure\u00a02.23) tur"]
[14.673897743225098, 0.09951916337013245, "ed\u2014the courts, law enforcement, and the commercial enterprises.\nAll the data MIKE used in this illustration, and the illustrations that follow, were derived \nfrom previous analyses (independent of any particular investigation) of the commercial enti-"]
[14.684114456176758, 0.08385202288627625, "esponses to requests from those who lack a good grasp of this mate-rial may be delayed because the commercial entity or the courts find them to be overly broad or improperly specified. Here, MIKE could be used in two ways for training purposes. First"]
[14.677725791931152, 0.0912490040063858, " the public and the press become increasingly concerned about geolocation, a state \nlegislator asks one of his staffers to learn more about geolocation and privacy, to figure out how \nto best address the issue. This staffer is unfamiliar with the pri"]
[14.667089462280273, 0.09886179119348526, "er to a page describing how ECPA regulates law enforcement access to basic subscriber information (Figure\u00a02.28). She notes the type of information protected by ECPA in this instance (e.g., a street address) and realizes that this is different from th"]
[14.676586151123047, 0.0902077928185463, "To determine what kinds of protection this law provides, the analyst then clicks on the \nlink in Figure\u00a02.30 for the required legal document. Th  is brings her to Figure\u00a02.31, which explains the requirements for obtaining an order for installation of"]
[14.673908233642578, 0.09955801069736481, "w private corpo-rations, not just law enforcement, use information. For each app, she also investigates the types of encryption used, the retention length, and resolution.\nTh  e analyst recalls the article she read that described the criminal investi"]
[14.677614212036133, 0.08956333994865417, "cts her to the page in Figure\u00a02.38.\nFrom this description, she notices that cell site location data not only seem less specifi  c \nin general but that the level of specifi  city of the data varies. However, Geoloqi is capable of providing fairly deta"]
[14.686189651489258, 0.08058883994817734, "o \nexplore uncertainty and diff  ering opinions in the law. For example, if a privacy advocate adds case law suggesting a broader interpretation of the Fourth Amendment, an assistant district attorney could be motivated to add information about the c"]
[14.68649673461914, 0.07838934659957886, " hired principally to manage the company\u2019s patent portfolio, although she did craft the Protected Gardens privacy policy. WaldGardn Figure\u00a02.37\nGeoloqi\nRAND RR1482-2.37\nGeoloqi\u2019s \nWebsite\nTypes of Location \nInformationExplanation of Geoloqi\nFigure\u00a02."]
[14.689817428588867, 0.07321663945913315, "e request and be reimbursed for the work required. He also wants to know what he can tell his customers.\nThe Analysis\nLG assumes that the guidance from her CEO means that staff members are to help if they can (i.e., do not fight the order) but not to"]
[14.6856050491333, 0.07869305461645126, "s information than it gives to advertisers, so no notifi  cation of custom-\ners should be necessary.\nTh  e state investigator swallows hard, agrees to pay WaldGardn the $15,000, and two \nweeks later is rewarded with the names of two Gardns whose (as "]
[14.712449073791504, 0.06037783622741699, " rewarded with several corporate guide-\nlines for law enforcement (Figure\u00a02.44).\nIn her own legal research, LG uses policies gleaned from guidelines other corporations \nhave issued. After using both MIKE and traditional legal resources to analyze the"]
[14.685113906860352, 0.0784047544002533, "ages \ndata context for WaldGardnUser\u2019s Guide to MIKE    47\nSummary\nTh  is example has illustrated how MIKE can support the commercial sector of the mobile \necosystem by providing guidance for how to respond to court orders and reducing the time devot"]
[14.681966781616211, 0.08119936287403107, "th \nwhat MIKE is and how to use it. For more information these topics, see Chapter Two.\nCurating and Updating MIKE\nEntering Data and Maintaining the Map\nMIKE is flexible in how data can be entered. A user can focus on entering legal statutes, cases, "]
[14.678511619567871, 0.08040736615657806, "typing, a list of previously used inputs will appear in a drop-down \nFigure\u00a03.1\nObtaining Information About Entries on Forms\nRAND RR1482-3.1\nHovering \nMouse Over \nBlue Question \nMark Opens \nPop-Up with \nExplanationCurator\u2019s Guide to MIKE    51\nbox.2 "]
[14.666587829589844, 0.09949082881212234, "n about how to inter -\npret ambiguous situations. The law is particularly problematic in this regard. Law enforce-ment professions and privacy advocates often disagree about policies and can cite different court decisions to support their points of v"]
[14.680939674377441, 0.08447767049074173, "\ndata contexts54    Helping Law Enforcement Use Data from Mobile Applications\nStructured information is added via a series of labeled boxes just below the \u201cGeneral \nInformation\u201d box. Many of these are self-explanatory, with places to enter the name o"]
[14.689620971679688, 0.06893741339445114, "text is accessed in different ways, depending on whether the user is adding a new data context or updating an existing one. A user wanting to add a new data context must do so on the associated mobile app\u2019s page (as described earlier). Once added, th"]
[14.687248229980469, 0.07446866482496262, "\n Encryp\ntion is for describing how the data are encrypted. If no information is available on \nwhether the data are encrypted, this row should be left blank. A user who knows what kind of encryption is used but is unsure how to describe it can press "]
[14.68311882019043, 0.07620488852262497, "ead, MIKE populates appropriate legal information automatically based on the parameters entered in the data context. Figure\u00a03.6 shows a completed data context page. Th  e legal information is in a box on the right. Th  is legal information is not man"]
[14.683859825134277, 0.07434241473674774, "specifi  c details about the fi  rm itself. \u201cActivities\u201d will generate a drop-down list of suggested inputs if the user presses the down arrow on the keyboard.\n5 Real name  refers to how an app characterizes the data type. Of course, that name may be"]
[14.653170585632324, 0.048859868198633194, "nformation about the fi  rm based on other entries already in \nMIKE. For example, even though the user did not specify the mobile apps Facebook operates \nin the form in Figure\u00a03.9, a table describing these apps automatically appeared on the page in F"]
[14.677534103393555, 0.08234170824289322, "itions in it, and each defi  nition links to a separate page pertaining to that defi  nition. Th  e user can then add a description of how the term is defi  ned to the defi  nition page.\nFinally, the user can enter the diff  erent legal contexts. Eac"]
[14.68064022064209, 0.08334656804800034, "ular type of entity they can obtain it from. Correctly defining legal contexts is crucial for ensuring that MIKE connects the appropriate legal information with the appropriate technical information. Figure\u00a03.14 shows the form used to update the lega"]
[14.678879737854004, 0.08118799328804016, "ry and case law.\n\u2022 Policy issue discussed  allows specifi  cation of any policy issues that the user thinks are impli-\ncated by this particular legal context. Th  is enables MIKE to create pages capturing all statutes and cases related to a particula"]
[14.681425094604492, 0.07575994729995728, "ded as \nUnstructured \nInformationCurator\u2019s Guide to MIKE    67\nstatute and the name of the document being described (separated by a slash mark). Figure\u00a03.15 \nis the form for updating the entry for \u201cCourt Order Authorizing Intercept.\u201d\nEach form provid"]
[14.683187484741211, 0.0766109824180603, "s to webpages outside MIKE that pertain to that situation. However, once the user saves any changes, the completed page referring to each law enforcement situation also includes tables summarizing the relevant statutory and case law (Figure\u00a03.17). Th"]
[14.685876846313477, 0.07089880108833313, " to the court that issued the ruling on the particular case being added to \nMIKE. A drop-down menu is available to assist in adding the relevant court.\n\u2022 Constitutional provisions interpreted  refers to the constitutional articles and amendments \ndis"]
[14.686209678649902, 0.08536002784967422, "E if changes to the structure of MIKE negatively affect MIKE\u2019s functionality.\nInstructional Videos\nThe MIKE prototype includes a number of instructional videos to help new users understand the system. These include a broad overview of what MIKE is, a"]
[14.667712211608887, 0.11792664229869843, "el 4 data are sent from the app server to some other server. Users are unlikely to be \naware o\nf this data transfer, and there is no way for them to know that it occurs (aside \nfrom a possible mention in the firm\u2019s privacy policy). The transfer is on"]
[14.677160263061523, 0.11054503917694092, "lt it is to extract the information about an app using the particular source. The \u201cTechnical Difficulty\u201d column is for the programming skill necessary to use the data source.\nThe \u201cScope\u201d and \u201cCoverage\u201d columns describe the total number of apps that c"]
[14.677458763122559, 0.09213390946388245, "re to capture all external data transmissions. TaintDroid (Enck et al., 2010) is an example.High High Full Complete\nInvestigative reportsReports have shown which data are transmitted by particular apps (see, for example, \u201cWhat They Know\u2014Mobile,\u201d 2013"]
[14.675914764404297, 0.09328851848840714, "file. This will not say what data are being sent. However, APIs usually care about only a few things (device ID, ZIP code, GPS location, etc.)Low Medium to \nhighFull Possible\nApp to API data setSome companies have lists of which apps use which APIs. "]
[14.674418449401855, 0.09097959101200104, "ctions against government searches\u2014although this is probably too ambitious and may overwhelm every user of MIKE except for policy analysts.\nBroadening the scope of legal information has two advantages. First, MIKE will become \nmore useful to its inte"]
[14.678288459777832, 0.08718574792146683, "esearcher to develop \ncoding procedures prior to analyzing the documents. These coding procedures are rules for assessing the meaning of the laws: Rather than reading cases individually to determine their substance and importance, the researcher eval"]
[14.682611465454102, 0.08501087129116058, "ny different laws, to allow the user to research and com -\npare laws across jurisdictions.\nAddressing Conflicting Interpretation of the Law\nAlthough electronic surveillance law is evolving rapidly, there will always be areas of ambiguity where applic"]
[14.68198013305664, 0.08529192954301834, "mobile app ecosystem can be difficult to obtain. Fully populating MIKE will require researchers with expertise in technology, commerce, and law to identify and exploit potential sources of information. Particularly as MIKE is being initially develope"]
[14.678156852722168, 0.08902467787265778, "s\u2014could be extended to use Wikipedia\u2019s moderation tools (e.g., blogs to dispute the accuracy or completeness of content). The moderator or editor needs to be neutral so that valid alternative interpretations of ambiguous data by stakeholder groups ar"]
[14.675262451171875, 0.09150718152523041, "ormation is stored within the devices or by the commercial entities and how law enforcement can use that information. MIKE also needed to convey the equally com -\nplex arrangement of federal, state and local laws, and the jurisprudence that governs a"]
[14.6738920211792, 0.09685030579566956, "epiction is likely to be brittle. While static maps may be directionally correct, they are not easily extended in response to changes in the technical, commercial, and legal concepts they describe and are ill-suited to the aims of this project. Howev"]
[14.672492980957031, 0.09834061563014984, "rket segments and representative firms to further investigate.Architect\u2019s Guide to MIKE    83\nFrom the academic world, one deserves special note (Basole, 2009a; Basole, 2009b). Basole \naggregated two main data sets of relationships between firms and "]
[14.67857837677002, 0.10142456740140915, "ide to legal issues directly related to law enforce-\nment searches of the mobile devices, apps, and services across a selection of state and fed -\n1 The four approaches Kerr, 2007, describes are as follows: (1) the probabilistic model, (2) the privat"]
[14.683782577514648, 0.08477115631103516, "set of these views.\nThe prototype\u2019s purely text and hyperlink approach forgoes graphic representations of \ninformation and relationships. Graphics provide powerful ways to understand information and relationships, and it should be feasible to extract"]
[14.673962593078613, 0.11572085320949554, "rs to define additional relation-\nships between data objects \n(e.g., documents and/or webpages) to create a knowledge structure \nthat allows computers to \nextract useful information automatically. Fundamentally, semantic \nweb technologies work by \nli"]
[14.685271263122559, 0.08020579069852829, "at is required for it to be displayed on the new owner\u2019s product list and deleted from the prior owner\u2019s product list.\nMuch more complex queries based on the relationships stored in MIKE are possible. For \ninstance, one can generate a display of all "]
[14.68407154083252, 0.0815177783370018, "ls about sharing emerge, e.g., through a subpoena, it would be useful to capture this informa -\ntion to inform others that the data are, in fact, not shared. MIKE is a proof of concept, and this refinement is something that should be consider by an i"]
[14.676446914672852, 0.08979760855436325, "elationship Diagram\n7\n3615 16\n186\n1413\n1917\n5\n31\n211\n128\n109\n95\n4\nRAND RR1482-4.2Data type\nResolution\nLegal context StatuteLegal\nde/f_initions\nRetentionThird-party\nlibraryFirmEncryptionRequired legal\ndocumentLaw enforcement\nsituation\nStorage modeMobi"]
[14.706603050231934, 0.056728530675172806, "ther the statute applies to data stored locally or remotely.\n15 Has required legal documentIndicates what legal document is required to lawfully gain access to the data protected by the statute.\n16 Has applicable situation Specifies what legal situat"]
[14.669047355651855, 0.107342429459095, " hierarchy  includes the types of services firms perform in the mobile ecosys -\ntem.\n\u2022 The product\ns hierarchy  includes physical or digital things traded in the ecosystem.\n\u2022 The organi\nzation hierarchy  includes social groups.\n\u2022 The context\n and con"]
[14.666765213012695, 0.1068323627114296, "his hierarchy organizes the activities that firms engage in. The purpose of the activity catego -\nrization is to link firms engaged in specific activities to legal statutes containing rules applicable to that activity. Sometimes, that linkage is dire"]
[14.675544738769531, 0.09120648354291916, " interfaces, and the mobile apps.\n\u2022 Legal goo\nds organizes federal and state-specific statutes and legal process documents.\n\u2022 Physic\nal goods organizes the physical platforms, such as the cell towers and the makes and \nmodels of phones.\nOrganizationa"]
[14.675649642944336, 0.09305030852556229, "pts in the future.\nAll collected data items are assumed to have both a data context and a legal context, with \nsome conditions overlapping the two contexts.\nMiscellaneous\nSince MIKE is implemented using open-source software supporting web apps, it al"]
[14.673095703125, 0.09612137079238892, "n and various rules governing access to this infor -\nmation may lead to inefficient requests for information, thus requiring them to expend unnec -\nessary time and money searching for information. Policy advocates were interested in a way to demonstr"]
[14.620687484741211, 0.1488661915063858, "ll represented. In contrast, policy advocates wanted a broad range of apps represented, rather than many examples of apps that fundamen -\ntally perform the same functions. Their perspective was that a range of apps would better allow them to use MIKE"]
[14.644713401794434, 0.15515144169330597, "tion was not whether society should value privacy or public safety more highly but rather how to simultaneously provide meaningful privacy protections and facilitate law enforcement investigations. While stakeholder groups may disagree about the opti"]
[14.661126136779785, 0.11536979675292969, "customers from hackers, i.e., protecting personally iden-tifiable information.\u2022\n Policy gr\noups discussed their interest \nin having clear standards for obtaining information, to protect privacy rights.Stakeholder Reactions to the Wiki    97Table A.2\n"]
[14.675187110900879, 0.0923272892832756, " law en\nforcement officer stated \nthat \u201cthere are times when it could be extremely valuable.\u201d\n\u2022\n Law enfo\nrcement officers described \nthemselves as very likely to use MIKE, provided that it contained useful information.\n\u2022\n One law\n enforcement office"]
[14.643227577209473, 0.1597987860441208, "ntrol\nMIKE Mobile Information Knowledge Ecosystem\nPOI person of interest\nPOP Post Office Protocol\nSMS Short Message Service\nURL Uniform Resource Locator101Glossary\nad exchange service Firm that allows websites to \u201csell\u201d advertising space to the \nhigh"]
[14.631109237670898, 0.17345722019672394, "r Vehicles, real property records, buying habits, etc. The brokerage then sells that information to other brokerages or businesses.\ndeep packet inspection Extension of packet inspection to include examination of both \nidentifying information and cont"]
[14.655064582824707, 0.12785938382148743, " transmission of packets of information \non the internet. These rules are implemented via messaging protocols acting at the different layers of communication: application, transport, and network. A fourth layer\u2014the link layer\u2014is outside the internet "]
[14.618996620178223, 0.18528926372528076, "d services themselves to be part of the mobile ecosystem,)\nonion routing (e.g., The Onion Router)A technique to make communication over the internet resistant to traffic analysis and eavesdropping, using successive layers of encryption to hide not on"]
[14.63161849975586, 0.1765405237674713, "provides a service to a mobile application, e.g., the ability to make a payment, archive data, display information on a geographic map, or determine restaurants in proximity to the phone. 106    Helping Law Enforcement Use Data from Mobile Applicatio"]
[14.63280200958252, 0.17717920243740082, "rred to as a web address.\nweb traffic analytics The measurement, collection, analysis, and reporting of a website\u2019s use, usually to judge the popularity of a specific website or webpage. The data can also be used to assess and improve the effectivene"]
[14.657476425170898, 0.1659122258424759, "y Monitoring on Smartphones,\u201d Proceedings of the 9th USENIX Conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation , \n2010.\nGershowitz, Adam M., \u201cThe iPhone Meets the Fourth Amendment,\u201d UCLA Law Review , Vol. 56, No. 1, \n2008, pp. 27\u201358.Hall, Mark"]
[14.615302085876465, 0.2359863519668579, "ps 2012 Roadmap,\u201d January 30, 2012. As of February 5, 2013: \nhttps://wiki.mozilla.org/Apps/Roadmap\nStewart, Jim, \u201cCrow\u2019s Feet Are Best,\u201d The Data Administration Newsletter , June 1, 2008. As of May 23, 2014: \nhttp://www.tdan.com/view-articles/7474Sve"]
[12.046858787536621, 3.4081966876983643, "Real-Time Crime Centers in \nChicago\nEvaluation of the Chicago Police Department\u2019s \nStrategic Decision Support Centers\nJOHN S. HOLLYWOOD, KENNETH N. MCKAY, DULANI WOODS,  \nDENIS AGNIEL\nSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nPrepared for the Bureau of Justice "]
[13.914030075073242, 4.31960916519165, "g crime. \nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that \nseeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. This research was conducted in the "]
[11.979545593261719, 3.3826231956481934, ".................. 50\nCHAPTER FOUR\nSummary and Conclusions  .................................................................................. 59\nSummary of Findings ...................................................................................."]
[12.00570297241211, 3.387604236602783, ".............................................................. 54\n 3.\n5. Es\ntimated Intervention Effects, by Crime Type (Robbery, Shooting, Theft)  .............. 55\n 3.\n6. Es\ntimated Intervention Effects, by District (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6)  ..........."]
[12.004461288452148, 3.3716394901275635, "Shot detection, which includes fielded sen -\nsors, costs $65,000 per square mile covered. From a labor perspective, the civilian crime ana -\nlysts in each SDSC are new hires; other staffing reflects reassignments of existing personnel. \nRTCCs typical"]
[11.96912956237793, 3.366959810256958, "knowledge: what is or has happened, what it means, and what it might imply in the future. The briefings then include an initial discussion during which participants identify and agree on priorities for watches, areas, and specific missions. \n3.\n Ma\nk"]
[11.971240043640137, 3.3675026893615723, "cruiting and retention of SDSC staff at all levels needs to be bolstered to increase expertise. SDSCs also need to adopt continuous improvement and change management measures to support the improvement of operations over time. Governing policies and "]
[11.994097709655762, 3.3702800273895264, "rate systems. For the SDSC\u2019s app for officers in the field, we recommend cre-ating a \u201cwhat\u2019s important now\u201d screen displaying the most pressing information, rather than having different types of information on separate screens only. \nBesides technolo"]
[12.127376556396484, 3.416468858718872, "ustice Assistance\nCCTV closed-circuit television\nCPD Chicago Police Department\nCVRM Crime and Victimization Risk Model\nFBI Federal Bureau of Investigation\nIIT Illinois Institute of Technology\nOODA Observe, Orient, Decide, Act\nPOD Police Observation D"]
[12.12384033203125, 3.3723816871643066, "software (Vlahos, 2012; Jouvenal, 2016). There have also been evaluations of specific technologies that were present in RTCCs, 2    Real-Time Crime Centers in Chicago\nTable 1.1 \nExamples of Real-Time Crime Centers\nAgency RTCC Emphasis\nAlbuquerque, \nN"]
[12.101509094238281, 3.379403591156006, "her cameras, license plate readers, automated police vehicle locator data, a gunshot detection system, call-for-service data, predictive analysis tools, a \u201cdashboard\u201d displaying key crime statistics, and operators in a central center as well as tools"]
[12.142664909362793, 3.3057258129119873, " providing situational awareness during emergencies and major public events, as well as providing real-time and investigative information to officers responding to crimes. Technologies include more than 340 cameras and an ability to integrate with pr"]
[12.376362800598145, 3.540909767150879, "ication is increasing the number of vehicle theft arrests. It also includes a large data warehouse of police data, corrections and probation data, open-source records data, license plate readers, and tracking and facial recognition software. It is st"]
[13.0838041305542, 4.166449546813965, "erguson, Mo., and subsequent civil unrest began a new period in which law enforcement agencies have come under heavy scrutiny for the lethal use of force and broader problems with community trust and legitimacy. The 2015 death of Freddie Gray while i"]
[13.013202667236328, 4.048005104064941, " to the police. As researchers looking at the nationwide increase in homicides in 2015 noted, \u201cLack of trust and confidence in the police militates against crime preven -\ntion as a co\u2010production of police and community and may promote violence as a f"]
[12.006402969360352, 3.375382423400879, "ns: Laquan McDonald shooting video released; heavy protests follow through February 2016.Introduction    7\nthe CPD to the BJA National Public Safety Partnership to assist with developing a new crime \nreduction strategy to address the crime surge. The"]
[11.977886199951172, 3.3691723346710205, "e receiving SDSCs first. The initial schedule of SDSC deployments was as follows:\n\u2022\n Ja\nnuary 7, 2017: District 7\n\u2022 Fe\nbruary 17, 2017: District 11\n\u2022 Ma\nrch 15, 2017: Districts 6, 9, 10, and 15.\nAs shown in Figure 1.1, these districts had the highest"]
[12.009986877441406, 3.372628688812256, "orting responses to violent crimes, crime prevention efforts, and actions to reduce response times.\n\u2022\n Su\npport the development of crime reduction strategies and day-to-day missions (assigning \nresources to carry out specific policing tasks).\n\u2022 Su\npp"]
[12.409849166870117, 3.463679075241089, "1.7 shows a sample predictive policing display. \nThe predictive algorithm identifies locations to focus on using a combination of inputs, \nincluding historical crime data, broken out by time of day and day of week; weather; the pres -\nence of feature"]
[11.99648666381836, 3.3814823627471924, "ar to each other, with more co-arrest links resulting in greater similarities (Illinois Institute of Tech -\nnology [IIT], 2019). We observed that the CVRM was primarily employed as a static model, with updated risk scores made available to the CPD by"]
[11.970231056213379, 3.3635377883911133, "icago\nWhen assessing the SDSCs\u2019 processes, we compared their processes to known best prac -\ntices and assessment frameworks related to (1) examining whether and how information tech -\nnology improvements lead (or fail to lead) to better situational a"]
[11.978955268859863, 3.3679285049438477, " studies in which we worked with expert panels to determine needs for law enforcement to use emerging technologies. A signifi -\ncant part of the panel discussions concerned identifying needed protections to use the tech -\nnologies safely, legally, an"]
[11.98387622833252, 3.3808977603912354, " reviews (COMPSTAT is a performance management system for police departments), and (3) trigger follow-on analyses.\nc.\n Ca\npture decisions made in the briefings and create action items to implement them, \nboth for those in the room and not in the room"]
[11.964570045471191, 3.363104820251465, "e briefing to share within their area of authority (e.g., priorities, missions).\nc. Id\nentify operational directives and supporting information for SDSC personnel to \nshare using the room\u2019s communication channels.Process Evaluation    19\nSDSC Operati"]
[11.951492309570312, 3.3578860759735107, "tion should acquire to become proficient in an area of expertise; Rosenstock, Johnston, and Anderson, 2000, provides a survey of management-related maturity models. The six levels in Table 2.1 align with incremental increases in added value, accompli"]
[11.956717491149902, 3.3562633991241455, " of any automated or imbedded tools that turn the data into information (basic analyses, aggregate reports). The room personnel request certain statistical processing of data, grouping of associated data, or specific formatting of the data.\nLevel 4 ("]
[11.955452919006348, 3.3591458797454834, "lly automated way. Human judgment and critical thinking are needed, especially in rapidly changing situations in which disjointed information and situational knowledge are dynamically pulled together to arrive at a decision or insight.\nThe levels in "]
[11.958534240722656, 3.3620059490203857, " staff are able to do their tasks.\n\u2022 Po\nlice officer (Part B)\n \u2013 Th\nere are nine tasks or duties listed and all align with Level 1 .\n\u2022 Cr\nime analyst (Part C)\n \u2013Pe\nrform data analytics, formulate strategies, recommend missions ( Level 4  and Level 5 "]
[11.973798751831055, 3.360161304473877, " is done and what the room personnel do. For rooms \nto evolve and get better, the rooms\u2019 personnel need to use some of their time and resources to identify shortfalls in the tools and processes used by the team.\n\u2022\n Ef\nfectiveness focuses on the quali"]
[11.96354866027832, 3.362265110015869, " support regular reviews of best \npractices by internal and external experts.\nIn our observations and discussions, we found evidence of such inward-looking problem-\nsolving, with much of it being ad hoc and independently driven rather than through re"]
[11.954517364501953, 3.3615946769714355, "ensure that each topic is learned at the appropriate, desired level. This process might include a one-to-two-day visit in a room before receiving the official training. By seeing the tools and processes in context, the individuals can ask relevant qu"]
[11.96117877960205, 3.3620965480804443, " aspects. For example, this would include some, but not the majority, of the relevant and potential personnel flows. This would include some support for other units but perhaps more of a hands-off role, rather than in-person, everyday support. This w"]
[11.96477222442627, 3.3632442951202393, "he outputs from any hub must be trusted and valued and must have credibility. Although there are many factors that can affect the trust, value, and credibility\u2014the ultimate factors that affect the performance of a room\u2014there are some common elements."]
[11.978137016296387, 3.3628756999969482, "potter, and camera display, with effective over -\nwatch support limited to those places with cameras and acoustic sensors. Post-event analysis tools were also present, with results delivered to the field via the app, briefings, and roll calls. Figure"]
[11.970647811889648, 3.3666346073150635, "t is needed to make the best use of the \ntechnology\n\u2022 Pe\nrsonnel who understand field operations and activities\n\u2022 Pe\nrsonnel who understand the specific nuances of the situation (e.g., the specifics of their \ndistrict)\n\u2022 Pe\nrsonnel who are available "]
[11.960968017578125, 3.3616559505462646, "m\u2019s objectives\n \u2013Pa\nrtially present; some staff (crime analysts) received training from the University of \nChicago\u2019s Crime Lab, and as noted, there was some ongoing collaboration, dissemina -\ntion (newsletter), and training (all-hands meetings). We a"]
[11.926531791687012, 3.4141883850097656, "ngle formula to ensure that innovations are sustained or will reach their \nlong-term potential. However, using our prior research, we can identify common reasons why innovations such as the SDSC rooms do not sustain results, and we can identify simil"]
[11.938879013061523, 3.3750648498535156, "w superior does not understand the intent, history, and value of the innovation, it is likely that the inno -\nvation will not receive the care and nourishment it requires.\n5.\n Th\ne innovation and its sustainment and evolution are not integrated into "]
[11.963708877563477, 3.3639862537384033, "s static. This is a major risk and con -\ncern. There are some activities that currently exist (e.g., the SDSC newsletter, the docu -\nment repository in the SDSC network area, the biweekly meetings of the analysts and Process Evaluation    33\nsupervis"]
[12.08297061920166, 3.3798635005950928, "empt. Because Genetec Citigraf recently announced that they will integrate ShotSpot-ter displays, this shortcoming will likely be addressed directly by the vendor (Genetec, 2017). \nSDSC staff indicated that they also use Caboodle (a locally developed"]
[12.053450584411621, 3.3774538040161133, "ctly monitoring ShotSpotter alerts at the SDSC (rather than at the citywide Office of Emergency Management Center),\n they are able to quickly get \ncameras trained on the area to begin gathering video evidence. They are also able to get patrol officer"]
[12.264975547790527, 3.460679769515991, " not clear how much the social-networking tool was being used in prac -\ntice in SDSC operations. This tool was not commonly referenced during SDSC daily briefings, which tended to reflect the fact that the official focus of SDSC operations was on pat"]
[12.389680862426758, 3.5067508220672607, "gs in 2018. Thus, the CVRM was reasonably effec -\ntive at identifying a subset of those at a highly elevated risk for being a PTV, and interventions with the roughly 10,000 people in the highest risk categories could potentially preempt about one-qua"]
[12.42203426361084, 3.499918222427368, "terven -\ntions for those at high risk. To start with, given Chicago\u2019s low clearance rates for shootings, the CVRM is de facto a victim prediction system . As noted in a RAND study of the initial ver -\nsion of the CVRM (then called the SSL; Saunders, "]
[12.364906311035156, 3.4767842292785645, "e Minority Report , and/or that the \nmodel constituted computer-assisted discrimination. An article from technology news website The Verge, titled \u201cThe Minority Report: Chicago\u2019s New Police Computer Predicts Crimes, but Is It Racist?\u201d is just one esp"]
[12.063011169433594, 3.3450610637664795, "otections covering the full range of data collection and man -\n2  The Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative, a project for the National Institute of Justice, has worked with several \nexpert panels on law enforcement\u2019s needs for emerging informat"]
[13.670328140258789, 2.7021007537841797, "y rights protections. These included a panel on social media and social network analysis \n(Hollywood, Vermeer, et al., 2018a) and a panel on video analytics and sensor fusion (Hollywood, Vermeer, et al., 2018b).Figure 2.3\nInformation Protections Fram"]
[12.442099571228027, 3.4933688640594482, "e\nospatial predictive policing software. HunchLab\u2019s (now ShotSpotter Missions) \ndevelopers assert that they are transparent about how the algorithm works and that the tool uses only place-based data (no data about individuals) and only forecasts plac"]
[11.997844696044922, 3.3687376976013184, "n National Institute of Justice panel on social media and social network analysis, one comment was \u201cjust because you have 500 Facebook friends doesn\u2019t mean you have a real relationship with more than a few of them\u201d (Hollywood, Vermeer, et al., 2018a,"]
[11.976983070373535, 3.3621435165405273, "tics systems\u2014there is a need for more formal community engagement to develop norms for how cameras will be placed, how data and analyses will be used in making those decisions, and how the cameras should be used. \n\u2022\n CV\nRM.  Descriptions of the most "]
[11.966989517211914, 3.365504264831543, "ilar models) to the SDSC evaluation, we first note that the inputs needed to get to improved understanding, decisionmaking, and performance are not limited to technology in these frameworks. A more complete set of inputs is shown in Figure 2.4. \nThe "]
[11.985590934753418, 3.368668794631958, " in Figure 2.5.\nPolicing also has decision cycle models. The best known of these are the SARA model for \nimplementing problem-oriented policing (Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment; Eck and Spelman, 1987) and the predictive policing cycle (P"]
[12.014469146728516, 3.383103370666504, " and promising crime-reduction strategies. Examples included the following:\n\u2022 Mu\nch of the daily briefings process was about identifying areas with crime problems, \nincreasing resources in those areas, and then following up on the deployments. Hot sp"]
[11.988258361816406, 3.368070363998413, "ctor \nunits on scene faster than waiting for citywide dispatch.\nThe SDSCs directly contribute to the second factor in the following way:\n\u2022 Te\nchnology such as HunchLab, as well as straightforward eyeballing of crime locations, \nhot spot mapping, and "]
[11.988127708435059, 3.5205318927764893, "g in-depth information about locations and persons over the radio as officers were en route or staging. \nAgain, we did not assess officer safety outcomes directly. Note that assessing officer safety \noutcomes statistically is difficult, because assau"]
[12.000539779663086, 3.6110212802886963, "intervals (bars) \nin crimes, by type and period. \nOf the 40 models (ten crime types by four periods), 15 showed significant reductions in \naverage monthly crime counts after districts added SDSCs. Robberies, burglaries, and aggra -\nvated batteries sh"]
[12.029857635498047, 3.608853578567505, "ges in crimes for each district, for both the 2016\u20132018 \nperiod and the 2013\u20132018 period. Figures 3.4, 3.5, and 3.6 show estimated crime changes by crime type. \nAs shown in Figures 3.3\u20133.5, the estimated crime changes include increases and also \nmore"]
[12.0167818069458, 3.6719820499420166, "5\n15121110\n98765432DistrictMotor vehicle theft (2016\u20132018)\n0.5 1.5 1.02515121110\n98765432\n0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4Homicide (2013\u20132018)\n0.4 2.02515121110\n98765432\nMotor vehicle theft (2013\u20132018)\n0.5 1.5 1.02515121110\n98765432\n0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1."]
[12.054133415222168, 3.6522011756896973, "2.0 1.0Theft\nShooting\nRobbery\nMotor vehicle\ntheft\nHomicide\nCriminal sexual\nassault\nBurglary\nBattery\nAssault\n1.5\nEstimated intervention effectCrime Rate Outcomes Evaluation    57\nFigure 3.7\nEstimated Intervention Effects, by District (7, 8, 9, and 10)"]
[11.958687782287598, 3.3597776889801025, "ly planning cycles, and supporting longer-term opera -\ntions to address chronic crime problems and hold specified offenders accountable. In general, we found evidence that SDSCs were supporting much higher levels of awareness and decision -\nmaking th"]
[11.9790620803833, 3.3656249046325684, "tions.  Although the team did not perform detailed technical secu -\nrity, privacy, and civil rights protections evaluations, we did assess alignment of SDSC prac -\ntices and operations with key protections. In general, we did not identify major warni"]
[11.964930534362793, 3.368718385696411, "Findings\nWe statistically assessed the impacts of adding SDSCs for their principal objective: reducing \ncrime. SDSCs were found in this experiment to be effective, overall, at reducing crime. In 40 models, districts\u2019 average monthly crime counts decl"]
[11.963067054748535, 3.3644330501556396, ", there are three needed organi -\nzational knowledge components, as follows: \n1.\n th\ne institutional foundation to provide a basic level of knowledge (including policies \nand SOPs, covered below, along with infrastructure and formal training)\n2. per\n"]
[11.982133865356445, 3.3575592041015625, "ns as well as the frequency of these situations, all of which can be summarized in training sessions. (Here, database  is a bit of a misnomer: \nA searchable document will serve initially, with a database created as knowledge docu -\nmentation accrues."]
[11.957343101501465, 3.3666083812713623, "raining sessions involving hands-on experience in controlled situations. \nThese sessions would lead to doing the actual task in a \u201creal\u201d situation with the \u201creal\u201d pressures and context, either supervised or in a parallel virtual exercise.\n\u2022\n As p\nart"]
[11.956786155700684, 3.3620526790618896, "n the field, \norganizational knowledge, and crime analyses\n\u2022 da\nily briefings, covering reviews of what has been learned, how that knowledge will be \nused, and what is likely coming up and how to respond, especially how upcoming risks will be address"]
[11.932952880859375, 3.3576278686523438, "xt target might be for its evolution (Figure 4.1). The direction of planned, conscious evolution should be toward the lower right, meaning more integration and more functional capability.\nIt is important to progress from Level 1 to 6 and from Stage 1"]
[11.929569244384766, 3.385951280593872, " \nand address those issues throughout the project, using both formal and informal means. \n\u2022 Th\ne core sequence of implementing change is: (1) why do it, what is the problem, (2) what \nneeds to be done, (3) figuring out how it needs to be done, (4) ac"]
[12.51212215423584, 3.803050994873047, "er range of problem-oriented policing solutions. The Better Policing Toolkit\u2019s guide on problem-oriented policing introduces core \nstrategies and methods that are the most promising in making major-crime reductions (Holly -\nwood, Lauland, et al., 201"]
[11.999680519104004, 3.348875045776367, "f use was officers providing cards with personal email and phone numbers as another way to get tips. The commander during the observation period described sometimes being woken up by calls but said that the tips received were worth immediately forwar"]
[12.108476638793945, 3.3576748371124268, "ese tools (especially \nHunchLab) sometimes were left off to the side. If technically feasible, we recommend integrat -\ning ShotSpotter\u2019s shot location hits and HunchLab\u2019s predictive squares (along with any infor -\nmation HunchLab can provide on what "]
[11.949243545532227, 3.3316760063171387, " eye toward tools and supporting methods that (1) are based on recommend -\ning specific services and interventions, and (2) are integrated with service providers, includ -\ning treatment providers, outside of the CPD. Transparency and community partic"]
[11.959755897521973, 3.335036516189575, " as a promising model for improving law enforcement agen -\ncies\u2019 awareness of their communities, improving their decisionmaking, and carrying out more effective and more efficient operations that lead to crime reductions and other policing ben -\nefit"]
[12.00383186340332, 3.364147901535034, "t measures to support improving operations over time.\n5. Recruiting and retention measures are needed.\u2022\n Bo\nlster the recruiting and retention of SDSC staff at all levels, furthering \nexpertise. \n\u2022 SD\nSC supervisors should be as senior as possible, i"]
[13.242103576660156, 3.8073079586029053, "m/pdfs/hunchlab/HunchLab-Under-the-Hood.pdfBauer, Kelly, \u201cBizarre \u2018Stay Fetal\u2019 T-Shirt Shows Baby Police Officer, Mocks Rahm,\u201d DNAInfo , April 7, 2016. \nAs of June 19, 2019:  \nhttps://www.dnainfo.com/chicago/20160407/downtown/bizarre-stay-fetal-t-shi"]
[13.277303695678711, 3.6998748779296875, "t.ojp.gov/CAT/Resource/125\nCheetham, Robert, \u201cWhy We Sold HunchLab,\u201d Azavea Blog , January 23, 2019. As of June 20, 2019:  \nhttps://www.azavea.com/blog/2019/01/23/why-we-sold-hunchlab/Chicago Police Department, \u201cPolice Observation Devices (PODs),\u201d we"]
[13.432692527770996, 3.6294891834259033, " , Washington, D.C.: Office of Force Transformation, April 1, \n2005.\nGenetec, \u201cGenetec Inc. Integrates ShotSpotter Gunshot Detection Technology in Security Center,\u201d press \nrelease, Montreal, Canada, March 30, 201 7. As of June 2 7, 2019:  \nhttps://ww"]
[13.664708137512207, 3.7834386825561523, "earch Agenda That Includes \nBusiness Cases, Privacy and Civil Rights Protections, and Needs for Innovation , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND \nCorporation, RR-2619-NIJ, 2018b. As of September 18, 2019: \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2619.htm"]
[13.425616264343262, 3.7320258617401123, "Appointment Necessary,\u2019\u201d in Brian T Denton, ed., Handbook of Healthcare Operations Management: Methods and Applications , New York: Springer, 2013, \npp. 349\u2013386.\nMcKay, Kenneth N., Fatih Safa Erenay, and B. Wang, Innovation Maturity Study , Toronto: "]
[13.028580665588379, 3.7187862396240234, "licing Cause the Increase in Homicide Rates?\u201d Criminology \n& Public Policy , Vol. 18, No. 1, February 2019, pp. 51\u201375.\nRosenstock, Christian, Robert S. Johnston, and Larry M. Anderson, Maturity Model Implementation and Use: A Case Study , paper prese"]
[13.2327241897583, 3.7114360332489014, "n \nWe Maximize Both Fairness and Effectiveness in the New Proactive Policing?\u201d University of Chicago Legal Forum , Vol. 2016, Article 16, 2016. As of June 20, 2019:  \nhttp://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol2016/iss1/16\nWilliams, Timothy, \u201cCan 30,"]
[16.291780471801758, 9.700900077819824, "Research Report \nLocal Evaluation Report for Los Angeles \nCounty \u2019s Mentally Ill Offender Crime \nReduction (MIOCR) Program \nSarah B. Hunter, Maya Buenaventura, Matthew Cefalu \nRAND Justice Policy \nC O R P O R A T I O NLimited Print and Electronic Dis"]
[13.836446762084961, 4.391978740692139, " which spans both criminal and civil justice system issues with such topics as public safety, effective policing, police\u2013community relations, drug policy and enforcement, corrections policy, use of technology in law enforcement, tort reform, catastro"]
[16.284170150756836, 10.130739212036133, "..................................................................................  4\t\nProject Goals  ............................................................................................................................................. 7 \t\nPr"]
[16.307907104492188, 10.16679573059082, "...................................................................................... 27\t\nProject Cost of Evaluation and Cost per Participant  ........................................................................... 40\t\nConclusions and Next Steps"]
[16.395896911621094, 9.705646514892578, "County MIOCR \nParticipants and Other Populations ....................................................................................... 31\t\nTable 4.9. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test\u2013Consumption (AUDIT-C) Results for  \nLos Angeles County M"]
[16.30861473083496, 9.741368293762207, "itions. To reduce the risk of recidivism and improve outcomes for individuals suffering from mental health disorders who are returning to the community after incarceration, California\u2019s Board of State and Community Corrections issued awards (called M"]
[16.387266159057617, 9.700394630432129, "ear program maintained or improved their \nreported mental health and substance use status. Program graduates also demonstrated \nimprovements in health care insurance status, benefit establishment, and housing stability. Data on criminal justice invol"]
[16.146089553833008, 9.662691116333008, "ion Test\u2013Consumption  \nBSCC California\u2019s Board of State and Community Corrections \nCDC HQROL-4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health-Related Quality of \nLife Survey \nCI confidence interval \nCOMPAS Correctional Offender Management Profilin"]
[15.622779846191406, 4.754930019378662, "ifornia Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 2015).  Silver, \nCohen, and Spodak (1989) analyzed five-year re-arrest rates among a Maryland state prison cohort and found that 73.3 percent of individuals experiencing mental illness were re-arr"]
[16.3037109375, 9.721386909484863, "llargeon, Hoge, and Penn, 2010; Messina et al., 2004; Osher and Steadman, 2007; Peters and Bekman, 2007). Lack of access to treatment and other support results in higher rates of recidivism, \nhomelessness, and poor health outcomes (Baillargeon, Hoge,"]
[16.322433471679688, 9.751583099365234, "ions and next steps from this work. Each of following chapters has been organized to include the topics specified in the local evaluation reporting requirements by the BSCC in its communication to local MIOCR grantees.   \n \n   4 2. Project  Descripti"]
[16.29439353942871, 9.76026439666748, "rograms. An average GR  case consists of one person, living alone, with no income or resources .   5 Table 2.1. This program logic model was initially drafted by the evaluation team. Program \nstakeholders, including staff from the Department of Healt"]
[16.277414321899414, 9.769308090209961, "housing/ICMS, \nsubstance use disorder treatment, and/or other community services (as applicable to individual client)  \n \u2022 Improved health, \nmental health and \nsubstance use \nstatus  \n\u2022 Decreased hospitalizations \nand emergency \ndepartment visits  \n\u2022"]
[16.282426834106445, 9.77725887298584, "s were prepared while in custody. Jail-in reach services were provided, and   8 individuals received a coordinated release to a community-based service provider to ensure \nlinkages to community services upon reentry. In sum, the MIOCR team services i"]
[16.27520179748535, 9.758147239685059, " LAC\u2019s DHS. DHS established a MIOCR Project Workgroup, \ncomposed of members from the District Attorney\u2019s office, Sheriff\u2019s Department, DMH, Department of Public Health (which includes the SAPC unit), Probation Department, Public Defender, and Alterna"]
[16.445894241333008, 9.670913696289062, "der treatment through referral by the SAPC. The program also \nincluded follow-up by a community worker.  \nThese project components were tracked in an Excel-based project tracking worksheet, as further \ndetailed below. We also collected information on"]
[16.564231872558594, 9.631311416625977, "t completion, reentry plan establishment, benefit application activities, and linkage to FSP, permanent supportive housing/ICMS, and/or substance use disorder treatment. Staff also tracked dates of referral, assessment, service referrals, and release"]
[16.487756729125977, 9.640320777893066, "llment using validated tools. As further detailed below, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s standard four-item set of \u201cHealthy Days\u201d core questions was used to collect data on self-perceived physical and mental health; the Mental Health"]
[16.552249908447266, 9.58530044555664, "ems from the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), which measures mental distress and mental well-being. The MHI-5 is a tool used to screen for overall psychological well-being and symptoms of anxiety and depression. The five questions on the MHI"]
[16.455049514770508, 9.666451454162598, "a high level of security during the time of initial recruitment. \nThibodeau et al. (2009) administered the AUDIT-C to a convenience sample of 49 men \nincarcerated in a minimum-security Wisconsin state prison. The AUDIT-C was administered at \none-mont"]
[16.436813354492188, 9.68630313873291, ", 2013; Bolano et al., 2016; Evren et al., 2014; Humphreys et al., 2017; Izenberg et al., 2014; Mukherjee et al., 2016; Myers et al., 2018; Owens, Rogers, and Whitesell, \n2011; Shiu-Yee et al., 2018; Thibodeau et al., 2009; Walker, 2011). For example"]
[16.550172805786133, 9.602115631103516, ". Standard linear regression models assume that observations are independent. However, the surveys were administered to the same individuals at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Thus, observations are not independent. Because multiple observations w"]
[16.316852569580078, 9.807943344116211, "tcomes and program costs. Finally, we provide conclusions and next steps regarding our study findings.  \nResults \nRecruitment and Enrollment  \nDuring the grant period, 152 individuals were referred to the MIOCR program. Of those, 64 \npercent were enr"]
[16.14251136779785, 9.916376113891602, " Center  5.6%  0.0%  \nHomeless Initiative D2  1.9%  1.0%  \nCentury Regional Detention Facility  1.9%  0.0%  \nWhole Person Care  1.9%  0.0%  \nClient request  1.9%  0.0%  \nForensic Inpatient Unit  1.9%  0.0%  \nOffice of Diversion and Reentry  0.0%  3.1"]
[16.37415313720703, 9.738600730895996, "ipants (7 percent) reported visiting the emergency room in the 12 months prior to enrollment in the MIOCR program. Most participants (74 percent) reported not being employed in the 12 months prior to enrollment in the MIOCR program. A little less tha"]
[16.412914276123047, 9.727210998535156, "r more than one \ncategory.    24 Process Evaluation Results \nAs noted previously, the primary project components were (1) generate referrals to the program, \n(2) provide jail-based reentry services, and (3) provide linkage to and follow-up with commu"]
[16.260095596313477, 9.837332725524902, "ntial participant. If the individual was accepted to the program, then a coordinated release was set up so that the contracted program staff would be present at the time of the participant\u2019s release for transport and/or acceptance into their program."]
[16.400606155395508, 9.75202751159668, " \n   26 Table 4.5. Reasons for Program Termination and Days in the Program for All Program Dropouts \n(N=45) \n\tAll\tDropouts \t\nN % \nTermination reason    \nClient declined  10 22.2%  \nMoved out of LAC 2 4.4%  \nNeeded higher level of care 2 4.4%  \nPatton"]
[16.258256912231445, 9.834868431091309, "rom jail to receipt of publicly funded substance use treatment in the future. \nOther program barriers experienced relate to the provision of in-jail services and \ncharacteristics of program participants. More specifically, there were some delays in t"]
[16.489534378051758, 9.643603324890137, " for \nhow many days during the past 30 days was your mental \nhealth not good?  \u20136.69 0.008  \u20139.1 0.017  \nCDCHRQOL 4: During the past 30 days, for about how many \ndays did poor physical or mental health keep you from doing \nyour usual activities, such"]
[16.5145320892334, 9.65286922454834, "des evidence that if bias exists in the full analysis, it appears to be attenuating the estimated effect toward zero. This means that the full analysis may be conservative in its estimation (not biasing the results to favor larger impacts\u2014if anything"]
[16.435760498046875, 9.685456275939941, " Other Populations  \n General U.S.  \nPopulation \n(BRFSS)  Brent and \nMaschi \n(2015) Gjelsvik  \net al. (2014)  LAC \nMIOCR \nBaseline  \n(N=97) LAC \nMIOCR \n6 Months  \n(N=43) LAC \nMIOCR \n12 Months  \n(N=22) \nGeneral health is (Centers for Disease Control a"]
[16.446016311645508, 9.667753219604492, "al., 2015). These statistics are included in Table 4.8. For comparison, summary statistics from the MHI-5 data from Karus et al. (2007) (male inmates seriously ill with HIV/AIDS at two large jails in New \nOrleans and Los Angeles) and Wilkinson et al."]
[16.48182487487793, 9.657245635986328, "ulations at baseline, with about one-third scoring in the positive range for a probable alcohol use disorder. As noted earlier, scores substantially declined at the follow-up time points, with about 21 percent in the positive range for a probable dis"]
[16.445602416992188, 9.74615478515625, "um - \nphreys  \net al. \n(2017) Walker  \n(2011) \n LAC \nMIOCR \nBaseline  \n(N=97) LAC \nMIOCR \n6 Months \n(N=43) LAC \nMIOCR \n12 \nMonths \n(N=22) \nMean  \n(SD) \n[range]  5.99 \n(3.37) \n[0\u201310]  4.57   5.47 \n[0\u201310] 5.84 \n(2.71)  \n[0\u201310] 3.30 \n(2.76) \n[0\u20139] 3.03 "]
[16.536222457885742, 9.745318412780762, "9 0\u20138 0\u20134 0\u20139 \nJail days      \nMean  13.3 6.1 8.1 20.5 \nStandard deviation  31.7 16.5 22.7 40.6 \nRange  0\u2013153 0\u201374 0\u201399 0\u2013153 \n12-month post -period (only includes the 52 individuals who have 12 full months of post -\nenrollment data)  \n All at  \n12 M"]
[16.367965698242188, 9.889371871948242, ".9; SD = 1.8; 95-percent CI = 0.2\u20131.6; post-period mean = 0.4; SD = 1.2; 95-percent CI = \u20130.07\u20130.9; t = 1.2; df = 27; p-\nvalue = 0.2286). \n\u2022 There was a decrease in the mean number of jail days, but this decrease was not statistically significant (p "]
[16.32493782043457, 9.873180389404297, "eipt of Medi- Cal or Other Health Care Insurance Among L os Angeles County  \nMIOCR Participants by Program Status  \n \nThe increase in the proportion of graduates who had some form of health care insurance from \n12 months pre-enrollment to 6 months po"]
[16.25415802001953, 9.915423393249512, "till \nEnrolled All \nDropouts \nN 98 30 23 45 \n12-month pre -period (includes all 98 enrollees)  \nEmployed/stipend (N) 26 6 9 11 \nEmployed/stipend (%) 26.53%  20.0%  39.1%  24.4%  \nProgram completion (includes 30 individuals who graduated)  \nEmployed/s"]
[16.26668930053711, 9.94729995727539, "t may receive 3, 30, 60, or 90 days of residential substance use treatment or receive one to three visits a week from an FSP provider. Taking into account the enrollment of 98 individuals, and subtracting out the evaluation costs ($150,000), the prog"]
[16.350868225097656, 9.804201126098633, "herefore these results should be interpreted with caution in terms of the causal link between program participation and outcomes. In addition, the current program attrition rate of 60 percent suggests there may be some room for improving the connecti"]
[16.441253662109375, 9.79919147491455, "5 45.5 1 33.3 1 20.0 \nUnknown  1 2.2 0 0.0 1 7.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 \nTotal  45 \n 12 \n 14 \n 11 \n 3 \n 5 \n Days in program * \n            Mean  211.6  \n 257.9  \n 196.4  \n 191.5  \n 237.7  \n 161.5  \n SD 93.6 \n 92.0 \n 88.5 \n 93.7 \n 31.8 \n 124.5  \n Range  37"]
[16.507612228393555, 9.784615516662598, "8 1.1 \n 0.8 \nRange  0\u20132 0\u20132 0\u20131 0\u20131 0\u20130 0\u20131 0\u20130 0\u20131 0\u20131 0\u20131 0\u20134 0\u20134 0\u20132 0\u20133 0\u20130 0\u20132 \nMisdemeanor \nconvictions  \n                Mean  1.1 0.4 0.3 2.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.3 0.2 \nSD 2.0 0.8 0.5 2.9 \n 1.0 0.0 1.3 \n 0.6 1.5 0.9 0.9 "]
[16.30437469482422, 9.91550064086914, " GR 12 4 2 5 1                       \n% with GR 40.0 28.6 50.0 45.5 100.0                        \nNOTE: ODR SHP = Office of Diversion and Reentry Supportive Housing Program; SAPC = Substance Abuse Prevention and Control residential substance abuse \nt"]
[16.17009735107422, 9.904614448547363, "0 \nDomiciled (N) 24 9 4 10 1 18 1 9 5 3 27 8 9 7 1 2 \nDomiciled (%)  80.0 64.3 100.0  90.9 100.0  78.3 33.3 81.8 100.0  75.0 60.0 66.7 64.3 63.6 33.3 40.0 \nUnknown (N)  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 \nUnknown (%)  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0"]
[16.235401153564453, 9.635503768920898, "dhcs.ca.gov/provgovpart/Documents/Waiver%20Renewal/FinalDraftMediCal2020WaiverRenewal.pdf \nCalifornia Healthline, \u201cHealth Care Revamp at the L.A. County Jails,\u201d March 1, 2018. As of July \n24, 2018: https://californiahealthline.org/news/health-care-re"]
[15.76343059539795, 10.280342102050781, "th, 2017. \nHunter, Sarah B., Melody Harvey, Brian Briscombe, and Matt Cefalu, Evaluation of Housing for \nHealth Permanent Supportive Housing Program, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1694-BRC, 2017. As of August 13, 2018: https://www.rand.o"]
[15.578853607177734, 4.6413893699646, "ctors Associated with Interest in Receiving Prison-Based Methadone Maintenance Therapy in Malaysia,\u201d Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 164, 2016, pp. 120\u2013127. \nMyers, Janet J., Mi-Suk Kang Dufour, Kimberly A. Koester, Mark Morewitz, Rebecca Packard, "]
[15.60362434387207, 4.683930397033691, "8: https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/annual/measure/MentalHealth/state/ALL \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cPoor Physical Health Days in United States in 2017,\u201d 2018b. As of July 24, 2018: \nhttps://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/annual/measure/PhysicalHea"]
[14.706631660461426, 4.008941650390625, "CORPORATION\nFeasibility of a Survey \nPanel of Criminal Justice Agencies in Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Areas\nJessica Saunders, Meagan Cahill, Jirka TaylorLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained h"]
[13.86136531829834, 4.359930515289307, "cy \u00a0\nThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Justice Policy Program, which spans \nboth criminal and civil justice system issues with such topics as public safety, effective policing, \npolice\u2013community relations, drug policy and enforceme"]
[14.805036544799805, 4.116318225860596, "................6 \t\r \u00a0\nCommunity Corrections  ........................................................................................................................6 \t\r \u00a0\nRural Agencies  ............................................................."]
[14.81078815460205, 4.1335601806640625, "..........................................................................................................22 \t\r \u00a0\nResults ................................................................................................................................"]
[14.867177963256836, 4.113470554351807, "nfidence Intervals with 5-Percent Margin of Error .......................... 26\t\r \u00a0\nTable A.1. Strategies Used to Improve Response Rates in National Panel Surveys .................... 35\t\r \u00a0Table B.1. How Old Is Your Record Management System, in Year"]
[14.82938289642334, 4.089500427246094, "ible for  \nOther Types of Special Programs? ....................................................................................... 45\t\r \u00a0\nTable B.21. Other Questions Asked to the Courts Sample (March Survey) ................................ 45\t\r \u00a0\nT"]
[14.78688907623291, 4.0659027099609375, "ystems, jails, and community corrections \nagencies for other projects, thus increasing SRTB representation in research. \nTo determine whether this idea is feasible, the JIC conducted several tasks across multiple \nphases. First, we used a convenience"]
[14.70855712890625, 3.9990437030792236, " \nUniversity\u2019s Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. We are grateful to all of the \nstaff who participated in the development and implementation of this project, including our \nRAND colleagues Andrew Morral, Liisa Ecola, Josh Mallet, a"]
[14.77379322052002, 4.023229598999023, "iorities specific to SRTB agencies. The purpose of the JIC is to gather information on the challenges facing SRTB agencies, identify relevant technology solutions that can address those challenges, and assess the solutions as they are implemented in "]
[12.840644836425781, 13.972281455993652, "ipation, \u00a0\nvoting \u00a0behavior, \u00a0and \u00a0public \u00a0opinion  \u00a0Online \u00a0and \u00a0\nface-\u00adto-\u00adface \u00a0\ninterviews \u00a0\nPSIDb \u00a0 More \u00a0than \u00a024,000 \u00a0\nresidents \u00a0(10,000 \u00a0\nfamilies) \u00a0Repeated \u00a0interviews \u00a0\nevery \u00a0two \u00a0years  \u00a0Family \u00a0economics, \u00a0\ndemography , \u00a0and \u00a0\nhealth \u00a0"]
[14.782570838928223, 4.121671676635742, "udinal use of survey panels also enables an analysis \nof change in variables of interest over time (Berrington, Smith, and Sturgis, 2006). The same is true for repeated cross-sectional surveys not utilizing a panel (i.e., surveys that ask a new indep"]
[14.785689353942871, 4.09034538269043, "pondents via a panel on short notice is especially useful, given the rapid pace of technology development, and would therefore enable the JIC to collect information as current as possible.  \nThis report describes the JIC\u2019s efforts to create a survey "]
[14.799800872802734, 4.028990745544434, "sworn law enforcement officers. This definition is similar to previously published definitions, which have defined agency size based on either the number of personnel employed or the residential population served. For example, a previous study define"]
[14.793282508850098, 4.014527797698975, "rature: The Rural Policy Research \nInstitute identified over 15 definitions of rural in use by federal programs. In general, this term \nrefers to areas with low-density populations at a specified distance from large cities and metropolitan areas. We "]
[14.790498733520508, 4.127084732055664, "nderstanding how they are similar to or different from non-SRTB agencies. While we did not do so for the feasibility surveys, an option going forward is to provide open enrollment to other types of agencies to use as comparison groups, which we discu"]
[14.801265716552734, 4.134957313537598, "t, and data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The results were depicted using different types of graphs and emailed to everyone who received the survey (i.e., all potential respondents in the sample, n = 148). \nDuring this time period, we worked o"]
[14.813735961914062, 4.148619651794434, "was sent out in March 2016, along with the results from the previous round. \nWe selected the topic of mental health needs across the different types of criminal justice systems agencies. This month, a few individuals (3.5 percent) asked to be removed"]
[14.78987979888916, 4.10145378112793, "vitations with individualized links, allowing the JIC to match\nresponses to individual respondents without requiring additional logins from respondents\n\u2022create personalized surveys based on either agency type (small, rural, tribal, border) orsector ("]
[14.78166675567627, 4.0808281898498535, " each participant to classify them \ninto the correct categories\u2014small, rural, tribal, border (or other) AND law enforcement, \ncourts, institutional corrections, or community corrections? The categories are not always \nmutually exclusive, as some indi"]
[14.789825439453125, 4.107075214385986, "uit agencies into the panel study. We decided to focus on a subset of the target population\u2014small law enforcement departments\u2014because it has a known sampling frame (e.g., a list of all eligible agencies) that allows us to randomly assign different po"]
[14.78150749206543, 4.09045934677124, "ents operate \nto inform better policymaking  \n6.This is sponsored by the National Institute of Justice   \nENROLL NOW!  \nSurvey questions will concern  agency  policies,  operations, staffing,  use of technology, and \nrelated  topics. Each  month, you"]
[14.769262313842773, 4.130107402801514, "ny questions  about  the \nJIC survey  panel,  please  contact  Jessica  Saunders  (jsaunder@rand.org)  \nPlease  visit tinyurl.com/JICEnrollByMail  to enroll  in the panel.\n \nThank  you,  \nJessica  Saunders  and Meagan Cahill   \n \n \n 20 Condition \u00a0Thr"]
[14.80263900756836, 4.161276817321777, "___________________________ \n Please answer the following questions about your primary law enforcement agency\u2019s \ncharacteristics: \n\ufffd \u00a0Agency jurisdiction:  \no \u00a0drop down menu state/county/city \no \u00a0other: fill in the blank \n\ufffd \u00a0number of sworn full-tim"]
[14.769412994384766, 4.116386413574219, " populations: SRTB law enforcement, SRTB courts, SRTB institutional corrections, \nand SRTB community corrections  \n3. \u00a0four populations: small criminal justice agencies, rural criminal justice agencies, tribal criminal justice agencies, and border cr"]
[5.8754096031188965, 3.9566335678100586, "es except for the tribal populations. Thus, there is a sampling frame available for a probability sample for only ten of the 16 agency types; the others would require the development of a sampling frame.  \nIn addition, it is also more expensive and d"]
[5.8678879737854, 3.9475479125976562, " to construct.  \nHow to construct a stratified sample: \n1. \u00a0specify the population \n2. \u00a0specify the feature/characteristic to stratify on \n3. \u00a0list the population according to the stratification \n4. \u00a0calculate the desired sample size per stratum \n5. "]
[5.853540420532227, 3.940944194793701, "r analytic reasons to require equal numbers across different strata, such as having an equal sample size across populations to use in different analyses. \nHow to construct quota sample: \n1. \u00a0specify the population \n2. \u00a0specify the feature/characteris"]
[12.846795082092285, 13.979117393493652, "bias (Groves and Peytcheva, 2008). Correspondingly, some researchers have suggested focusing efforts on increases in the effective sample size and nonresponse bias analyses, rather than response-rate maximization (e.g. Davern, 2013; Halbesleben and W"]
[14.827524185180664, 4.130544185638428, "t have incentives (like the panel we tried to create), so it is hard to anticipate whether a panel study with this population would continue to get such high response rates. Still, the question of incentives for JIC panel participants merits further "]
[14.788084030151367, 4.120436668395996, "ondents receive an honorarium based on the length of the survey.\n6 \nThe proposed panel survey of SRTB criminal justice agencies is a short survey of only two \nminutes per month, so a large monetary incentive would not be appropriate, but research has"]
[14.816301345825195, 4.091386318206787, "ating a narrowly focused and useful survey can set the groundwork for expanding by demonstrating the survey\u2019s utility. \nWe would recommend starting with law enforcement or institutional corrections for two \nreasons: \n1. \u00a0There are already sampling fr"]
[12.805981636047363, 13.929659843444824, "e \u00a0payments  \u00a0  \u00a0  \u00a0  \u00a0  \u00a0  \u00a0  \u00a0\nMonetary \u00a0compensation \u00a0for \u00a0completion \u00a0of \u00a0interview  \u00a0 \u00a310 \u00a0per \u00a0adult \u00a0\nrespondent  \u00a0\u20ac5 \u00a0per \u00a0adult \u00a0\nrespondent  \u00a0$60\u2013 100 \u00a0per \u00a0\nrespondent  \u00a0$Australian \u00a0\n30\u201360 \u00a0$50\u2013 $110 \u00a0per \u00a0\nrespondent  \u00a0$65 \u00a0per \u00a0\nrespond"]
[12.780508995056152, 13.909443855285645, "x \u00a0  \u00a0  \u00a0\nPromise \u00a0respondents \u00a0confidentiality \u00a0of \u00a0responses  \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0\nBonuses \u00a0to \u00a0interviewers/teams \u00a0for \u00a0achieving \u00a0response -\u00ad\nrate \u00a0goals \u00a0or \u00a0working \u00a0additional \u00a0hours  \u00a0x \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0 x \u00a0\nOngoing \u00a0monitoring \u00a0of \u00a0resp"]
[14.961371421813965, 4.0765299797058105, "68\u2013 2013) . \u00a0N/A \u00a0= \u00a0not \u00a0applicable.  \u00a0\n  \n  \n \n \n 39 Appendix \u00a0B: \u00a0Results \u00a0from \u00a0 the \u00a0Email \u00a0and \u00a0Web -\u00adBased \u00a0Surveys \u00a0\nJanuary \u00a02016 \u00a0Survey \u00a0\nThe first law enforcement survey found that departments held mixed opinions of their current \nrecords"]
[14.987241744995117, 4.045368671417236, "y, almost 75 percent use some sort of remote alcohol monitoring devices with their clients. \nTable \u00a0B.7. \u00a0How \u00a0Many \u00a0Hours \u00a0Do \u00a0Your \u00a0Officers \u00a0Spend \u00a0Commuting \u00a0Per \u00a0Week? \u00a0\nResponse \u00a0Frequency \u00a0\n(%) \u00a0\n0\u20133 \u00a0hours \u00a0 45.5 \u00a0\n4\u201310 \u00a0hours \u00a0 36.4 \u00a0\n11\u201320 "]
[15.144547462463379, 4.126965522766113, ".15. \u00a0To \u00a0Whom \u00a0D o \u00a0You \u00a0Allow \u00a0Access \u00a0to \u00a0Video \u00a0Visitation? \u00a0(Q uestion \u00a0Applicable \u00a0to \u00a056  \u00a0\nPercent \u00a0of \u00a0Agencies) \u00a0\nResponse \u00a0Frequency \u00a0\n(%) \u00a0\nFamily \u00a0members \u00a0and \u00a0legal \u00a0professionals  \u00a0 56 \u00a0\nFamily \u00a0members \u00a0only  \u00a0 44 \u00a0\n None of the comm"]
[15.18146800994873, 4.101779937744141, "court \u00a0require \u00a0a \u00a0mental \u00a0health \u00a0assessment/screening \u00a0for \u00a0defendants ? \u00a040 \u00a060 \u00a0\nIs \u00a0the \u00a0training \u00a0on \u00a0mental \u00a0health \u00a0issues \u00a0adequate \u00a0for \u00a0judges? \u00a0 37 \u00a063 \u00a0\nIs \u00a0the \u00a0training \u00a0on \u00a0mental \u00a0health \u00a0issues \u00a0adequate \u00a0for \u00a0other \u00a0staff?  \u00a0 14 \u00a08"]
[14.366483688354492, 7.132128715515137, "at, in comparison with 2007, their budgets, workload and staff numbers had all increased. On average, reporting agencies applied for 2.8 grants, with one reporting applying for 35. They received an average of 2.6 grants, with one agency receiving 34."]
[12.858172416687012, 13.974101066589355, " Piekarski, Kumar Rao, Douglas Rivers, Randall K. Thomas, and Dan Zahs, \u201cAAPOR Report on Online Panels,\u201d Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 74, No. 4, 2010, pp. 711\u2013781. \nBaker, Reg, J. Michael Brick, Nancy A. Bates, Mike Battaglia, Mick P. Couper, Jill "]
[12.84040641784668, 13.961738586425781, "015, pp. 43\u201359. \nCochran, William G., Sampling Techniques, 3rd ed., New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1977. \nCollins, Pamela, Research for Practice: Law Enforcement Technology\u2014Are Small and Rural \nAgencies Equipped and Trained? Washington, D.C.: National "]
[12.8109712600708, 13.929201126098633, "p. 103\u2013124. \nHillygus, D. Sunshine, and Steven A. Snell, Longitudinal Surveys: Issues and Opportunities, \nDurham, N.C.: Duke University Initiative on Survey Methodology, August 8, 2015. As of March 6, 2017: https://sites.duke.edu/ssnell/files/2015/07"]
[12.850312232971191, 13.96462631225586, "ility \nBetween Probability Sample Estimates and Nonprobability Web Samples Estimates,\u201d Proceedings of the 2013 Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology (FCSM) Research Conference, 2014. As of March 24, 2017: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sitesusa/wp-c"]
[12.865927696228027, 13.977762222290039, "Methods in Social and Behavioral Research, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 2003, pp. 671\u2013702. \nTeddlie, Charles, and Fen Yu, \u201cMixed Methods Sampling: A Typology with Examples,\u201d Journal \nof Mixed Methods Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2007, pp. 77"]
[-2.2567150592803955, 14.319134712219238, "An Agenda to Advance Integrative \nResilience Research and Practice\nKey Themes From a Resilience Roundtable\nJoie Acosta, Anita Chandra, Jaime Madrigano\nFebruary 2017An Agenda to Advance Integrative Resilience Research and Practice  ii Preface\nResilien"]
[-2.2554984092712402, 14.317582130432129, "es  1\n Definitions and Drivers of Resilience  3\n Challenges to Advancing the Field of Resilience  5\n A Need for a Shared Agenda Going Forward  8\n2. Resilience Roundtable to Generate Agenda Priorities  10\n Purpose of This Agenda  14\n3. Stresses: A Res"]
[-2.245758533477783, 14.31578540802002, "683.An Agenda to Advance Integrative Resilience Research and Practice  v Acknowledgments\nThe authors are greatly appreciative for the time and insights of the many \ncontributors to this report. In particular, we highlight the contribution of Tracy\u00a0Co"]
[-2.242110252380371, 14.309141159057617, " Integrative Resilience Research and Practice  vii of the various types of impacts into a useful metric lag behind. What is needed is a \nshared agenda, going forward, that will promote research in resilience in a way that builds across\n disciplines. "]
[-2.2318544387817383, 14.300274848937988, "cipants met in breakout \nsessions to discuss each topic \nand offer recommendations \nin four areas: facilitation of \nongoing multisectoral and \ninterdisciplinary dialogue \non resilience; expansion or \nenhancement of policies, \nprograms and services; \n"]
[-2.2502286434173584, 14.313126564025879, "ithin communities and from one community to another). This model challenges the normative thinking that every observed effect has an observable cause and that the whole can be understood by studying the pieces.The Roundtable participants \nnoted the c"]
[-2.2609498500823975, 14.320684432983398, "le discussions, \nparticipants underscored many of the challenges confronting the development of a robust workforce that can address the need for more transdisciplinary and integrated action. Resilience leadership development was a leading priority ac"]
[-2.352631092071533, 14.359329223632812, "to help its residents achieve \ngood health and prosperity, while struggling with the challenges of limited opportunity, chronic violence, a history of inequity, and other stresses. Now imagine Anytown is hit with a hurricane that devastates its coast"]
[-2.228196859359741, 14.30099105834961, "h year (1990 to 1999), to an average of 56 per year (2000 to 2009) (Linds\nay & McCarth, 2015). Income inequality is at the highest \nlevel for the past 50 years, with the richest 10 percent of the population now making over nine times more than the po"]
[-2.1639459133148193, 14.262091636657715, "practitioners have begun to identify the key factors that promote community resilience, such as the application of long-term recovery plans, the active engagement of nongovernmental or civil society organizations, and adherence to principles of socia"]
[-2.1674134731292725, 14.26636028289795, " is recognized as being culturally and contextually dependent \n(ASPR , 2015), a number of factors that drive individual resilience are common across \npopulations, including those operating on individual, family, school, and community levels. \nOn the "]
[-2.243604898452759, 14.310018539428711, "levels (Zolkoski & Bullock, 2012). \nThe evolving fields of emergency management and disaster risk reduction, in particular, \nhave supported the development of the community resilience field. Emergency management started with a focus on hazard and vul"]
[-2.2315592765808105, 14.305682182312012, "as much attention in resilience discussions. \nWhile this  \ngrowing inquiry \ninto the factors  \nthat influence \nresilience and \nshape resilient \ncommunities \nrepresents a  \nstep forward \nin building the \nevidence base  \nin resilience \nresearch and \npo"]
[-2.264359712600708, 14.321412086486816, "s as resilience action and how those actions address long-standing social challenges are central to the resilience dialogue (e.g., how to create policies that adapt to climate change in ways that are fair across neighborhoods). Y et, too often, resil"]
[-2.248764753341675, 14.3126802444458, " more coherent and robust picture on the factors and mechanisms that propel resilience development. FIGURE 1\nMoving to Transdisciplinary Science\nPsychologyResilience Science\nAnthropologySocial ScienceResilience\nScience\nAnthro-\npologyPsychology Sociol"]
[-2.236731767654419, 14.306474685668945, "g \nresilience in developmental and ecological processes with attention to cultural influences on resilience; 3) intervening in resilience; and 4) resilience research on multiple systems levels\n \u2014 the broader field of resilience research and practice "]
[-2.257558584213257, 14.318961143493652, " have had two challenges. They either have been highly specialized to specific sectors only or have offered important but numerous insights and recommendations, making it difficult to prioritize which directions to pursue across disciplines and secto"]
[-2.2643985748291016, 14.327714920043945, "factors in resilience. The RWJF-RAND team purposefully selected experts who often meet in specialized resilience discussions but do not convene together. \n* Available online at: www.rwjf.org/en/library/features/resilience-convening-2016.html2. Resili"]
[-2.2491602897644043, 14.31340503692627, "eting themes using real-time illustration (example in Figure 2).The topics were selected \nbecause they offered key \npoints of intersection or \nsynergy between the fields \nof individual and community \nresilience. Actions across \nthese topic areas woul"]
[-2.246638536453247, 14.310797691345215, "aturally \noccurring innovations and programs that \nhave been evaluated57% Systems\nDevelop a minimalist set of measures Ensure measures capture response to \nacute stress and presence of capabilities \nand capacities to deal with chronic stresses of all"]
[-2.2520618438720703, 14.321887969970703, "es. If\n the workforce does not understand resilience principles and frameworks, we cannot \nmove research, policy, and practice  effectively. \nAs referenced earlier, some disciplines, like psyc\nhology, have already outlined waves of \nresilience resear"]
[-2.2415430545806885, 14.31216049194336, "ody. While beneficial in responding to acute stress, repeated activation of this adaptive response over time can lead to negative consequences (Karatsoreos & McEwen, 2011; Selye, 1936). Recently, stress has been viewed within the context of allostasi"]
[-2.259976863861084, 14.323607444763184, " required for communities, families, and individuals based on their stress background. Accumulating evidence suggests that health disparities can be partially attributed to allostatic overload resulting from exposure to multiple physical, social, and"]
[-2.224463939666748, 14.302107810974121, "s on issues of enduring stress and how that relates to persistent inequity, a\n criticism in the resilience backlash mentioned earlier (chapter 1) (Allmark et al., 2014). \nTheme Recommendations\nThe insights and discussion from the Resilience Roundtabl"]
[-2.1749839782714844, 14.260527610778809, "nes and sectors together (National Research Council, 2009). \nWhile there has been greater movement toward developing comprehensive resilience \nindices, these measurement tools are still limited in their ability to capture stress across a community\u2019s "]
[-2.3006577491760254, 14.326302528381348, "of resilience that may be unique to a particular community. Community involvement is also crucial to the collection of new and emerging data types (e.g., social media or community experiential data) as well as the dissemination of any data collection"]
[-2.2659761905670166, 14.313835144042969, "nterventions for multiple stresses, and these interventions can then be pilot tested in communities where they can have the largest\n impact. \nRecommendation 3: Focus on narratives, storytelling, and digital media to increase \nunderstanding within and"]
[-2.2067103385925293, 14.294878005981445, "y is needed. Further, it has been argued While some have argued that the decline \nin American informal and formal civic \norganizations is, at least, partially due to a  \nrise in media consumption, others have made \nthe case that popular culture is a "]
[-2.149108409881592, 14.246609687805176, "ding to environmental shocks or stress); and connectivity across a range of scales (i.e., between individuals within communities and from one community to another) (Andries, Folke, Walker, & Ostrom,\n 2013). \nIn complex systems theory, the relationshi"]
[-2.2204430103302, 14.294584274291992, "lience outcomes. \nThey also engaged in dialogue about what policies can support resilience in a systems \nframework, and what policies historically served as impediments across systems to advancing resilience (e.g., residential segregation and related"]
[-2.160250186920166, 14.26892375946045, "can be highly unpredictable (since relationships between parts of the system are not linear), an important first step is mapping out the key actors and intersection points that comprise the boundaries of a community and then beginning to identify the"]
[-2.2390992641448975, 14.310321807861328, "d \nadministrative partnerships and return on investment for investing in partnership\u00a0activities.\nWith this model in mind, one framework to achieve resilience and well-being is \nthrough an \u201centerprise\u201d approach, which harnesses a full range of governm"]
[-2.2201035022735596, 14.296441078186035, "though the nature of resilience \u2018interventions\u2019 (i.e., policies, \npractices, plans) may look different than traditional programs (e.g., cascading shifts in policy changes from state to local, organizational partnership development), some processes ma"]
[-2.0670993328094482, 14.22178840637207, "improvement of essential community services such as education or health care (Committee on Increasing National Resilience to Hazards and Disasters & Committee on Science Engineering and Public Policy, 2012a). While federal policies that promote resil"]
[-2.104095458984375, 14.260513305664062, "es should reflect the \u2018business case\u2019 for resilience and be useful to practitioners, \npolicymakers, and investors so that they are able to understand the risk and ROI in resilience An Agenda to Advance Integrative Resilience Research and Practice  28"]
[-2.25195050239563, 14.315709114074707, "arrative insights and pertinent facts about changing patterns in the system and inform decisions about changes to system structure or coordination (Altintas et al., 2015). Alignment of data systems across organizations requires changes to governance "]
[-2.2556207180023193, 14.319085121154785, "pronged approach to planning, design, and management of public spaces to promote health and \nwell-being by leveraging community assets and inspiration (McCann, 2002).5. WorkforceResilience Can \nBe Built by \nStrengthening \nCommunity \nLeadership, the B"]
[-2.2267372608184814, 14.29331111907959, "nowing how to \u201cset the table.\u201d In other words, new leaders need to bring together diverse stakeholders in effective ways. Further, leaders and the broader workforce must know how to acknowledge the depth of some of the equity and cultural values that"]
[-2.2463064193725586, 14.310983657836914, "nd methodology. In team science analysis, translational strategies that can help with progressing a field include developing integrative conceptualizations of team science processes and outcomes, exploring the impact of interpersonal processes and le"]
[-2.258373260498047, 14.316354751586914, "behavioral sciences must have some understanding of how the built or physical environmental affects adaptive capacity. This focus does not negate the benefit of a new, transdisciplinary field of resilience that can stand alone, but does ensure that r"]
[-2.2539546489715576, 14.314760208129883, "and difficulty in working at multiple ecological levels (e.g., federal/local) (Fawcett, Schultz, Watson-Thompson, Fox, &\n Bremby,  2010). \nThis analysis adapted the IO\nM \nframework for collaborative action to outline \nrecommendations for that field g"]
[-2.286766529083252, 14.339971542358398, "ived in disaster response and recovery or have been effective at addressing compounding stress (Boin & Hart, 2003). The extent to whic\nh \nthis systems or multisectoral thinking can be operationalized will not only inform the earlier recommendation ab"]
[-2.28350567817688, 14.346396446228027, " any remaining residents with unmet needs so that they can get assistance \nthrough Rebuild. One year after the disaster, Anytown hosts a community celebration of \ntheir resilience. The Anytown Assets festival becomes an annual tradition where residen"]
[-2.1842050552368164, 14.271800994873047, "o a full assessment of acute and chronic or enduring stresses facing some populations and some communities. Equity was also noted as critical to understanding the functioning, outcomes, and returns to developing resilience-oriented systems. \nAs summa"]
[-2.238576889038086, 14.304635047912598, "s frameworks\n for action. An Agenda to Advance Integrative Resilience Research and Practice  38 TABLE 2\nRecommendations to Advance the Field of Resilience by Theme\n  THEME RECOMMENDATIONS\nStresses:  \nResilience should  \nbe applied across a wide \nvari"]
[-2.277083158493042, 14.335389137268066, " given. The meeting sparked discussion, but by no means completed the analysis and dialogue. \nAs such, more work is needed to further unpack points of intersection where \nresilience-oriented leaders can synchronize and align efforts. Further, given t"]
[-2.0755462646484375, 14.254396438598633, "Ecology and Society, 18(2), 8\u201318. \nAranda, K., & Hart, A. (2015). Resilient moves: Tinkering with practice theory to generate new ways of \nthinking about using resilience. Health:, 19(4), 355\u2013371. \nArmistead, C., Pettigrew, P., & Aves, S. (2007). Exp"]
[-2.132298231124878, 14.260266304016113, "mmunity. American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(3\u20134), 217-235. doi:10.1007/\ns10464-010-9399-5\nBuizer, M., Arts, B., & Kok, K. (2011). Governance, scale and the environment: The importance of \nrecognizing knowledge claims in transdisciplinary ar"]
[-1.9184376001358032, 14.224544525146484, "nd \nresilience as indirect measures of reliability in the framework of water distribution network design. Procedia Engineering, 70, 379\u2013388. \nCutter, S. L., Ahearn, J. A., Amadei, B., Crawford, P., Eide, E. A., Galloway, G. E., \u2026 Schoch-Spana, M. \n(2"]
[-2.1067469120025635, 14.265653610229492, " E. T., McDonald-Madden, E. V. E., Puotinen, M. L., & Possingham, H. P. (2008). Should we \nprotect the strong or the weak? Risk, resilience, and the selection of marine protected areas. Conservation Biology, 22(6), 1619\u20131629. \nGlass, T. A., Goodman, "]
[-2.116788864135742, 14.272017478942871, "s in Cognitive Sciences, 15(12), 576\u2013584. \nKarlin, S. (August 22, 2016). Louisiana residents without flood insurance face uncertainty. Retrieved \nfrom www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-weather-idUSKCN10W0UG\nKeeley, B. (2015). Income inequality: The gap "]
[-2.238528251647949, 14.310490608215332, "tic load. Metabolism, 55, S20\u2013S23. \nMcEwen, B. S., & Tucker, P. (2011). Critical biological pathways for chronic psychosocial stress and \nresearch opportunities to advance the consideration of stress in chemical risk assessment. American Journal of P"]
[-2.132169246673584, 14.267303466796875, "conomic Co-operation and Development. (2016). Measuring well-being and \nprogress: Well-being research. Retrieved from www.oecd.org/statistics/measuring-well-being-and-progress.htm\nOrtiz de Mandojana, N., & Bansal, P. (2015). The long term benefits of"]
[-2.130213975906372, 14.271224021911621, ". \nSocial and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(9), 634\u2013652. \nSelye, H. (1936). A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents. Nature, 138(3476), 32. Sempier, T. T., Swann, D. L., Emmer, R., Sempier, S. H., & Schneider, M. (2010 [online]). Coastal \nc"]
[-2.152711868286133, 14.271880149841309, "n and Youth Services Review, 33(9), 1742\u20131748. \nUnited Nations. (2016). Sustainable development goals. Retrieved from www.un.org/\nsustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/\nUnited Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2005). Hyogo f"]
[-2.200780153274536, 14.285744667053223, "n and families. \nIt teaches children and families to understand their emotional \nreactions, communicate more clearly, solve problems more \neffectively, and set and achieve their goals. With this training, children and families learn not just to meet "]
[-2.206315517425537, 14.287281036376953, "son (e.g., the Chief \nResilience Officer) or entity (e.g., Office of Resilience) to braid \nefforts to build resilience capabilities in a cross-department or \nagency manner.\nConvening: The Annual Global Forum on Urban Resilience and \nAdaptation, hoste"]
[-2.015359878540039, 14.252806663513184, "iciency\u2022 Programs to support \nneighbor-to-neighbor \nnetworks\n\u2022 Community block planningCitizen engagement: In New York City, the Department of \nEmer\ngency Management coordinates the NYC Citizen Corps, \nan\u00a0initiative that seeks to make communities saf"]
[-2.2777652740478516, 14.345937728881836, "to offer both insurance and resilience benefits for disaster-prone cities. For \nexample, as part of Oxfam\u2019s R4 Rural Resilience Initiative, SwissRe \nis allowing farmers along the horn of Africa to pay for crop insurance using their own labor.An Agend"]
[-2.249361753463745, 14.316776275634766, " Integrative Resilience Research and Practice  52 \u2022 Finding a powerful story and underscoring the urgency or need for joint action were \nsuggested as ways to address challenges related to competing priorities. In particular, \nattendees noted that dev"]
[-2.2339298725128174, 14.30186939239502, "lience \nlanguage relevant to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers? \n \u00bbHow do we take groups that focus on climate and neighborhood vulnerability \nand combine them with organizations focused on adverse childhood experiences,\n \nwhich work mainl"]
[-2.2467164993286133, 14.312112808227539, "ategies to inform this thinking from the inside out \n(e.g., starting at the grassroots level)?\n\u2022 How do we build will and demand among communities of all cultures to call for \nresources and norms that make them more resilient?\nTheme 4: Resilience can"]
[-2.2449967861175537, 14.304776191711426, "re \ncomponents of effective resilience strategy29%\nCreate a unified picture Demonstrate individual, family, and community/\nsystems connections across the stress continuum29%\nLink with cultural norms Link with organizational and cultural norms and \nso"]
[-2.217653512954712, 14.304336547851562, "r for the Study of Social Policy Amy Fine\nCenter for the Study of Social Policy Lisbeth Schorr\nChangeLab Solutions Marcie Ashe\nChangeLab Solutions Heather Wooten\nCity of Pittsburgh Grant Ervin\nColumbia University Jeff Schlegelmilch\nColumbia Universit"]
[-2.2554335594177246, 14.31658935546875, "hoch-Spana\nUPMC Center for Health Security Tom Inglesby\nUPROSE Elizabeth Yeampierre\nU.S. Chamber of Commerce Foundation Gerald McSwiggan\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services Natalie Grant\nU.S. Department of Homeland Security Jeffrey Stiefel\nW"]
[-2.2562386989593506, 14.318262100219727, "resilience research or practice take into account the \ninterconnections between organizations, families, and individuals in your community?  \n\u2022 T o what extent does your work on resilience rely on or leverage collaborations with \ncolleagues and organ"]
[11.334856033325195, 17.71922492980957, "Access to Medical \nTreatment for Injured Workers in California\nYear 1 Annual Report\nAndrew W. Mulcahy, Madeline B. Doyle, Rosalie Malsberger, \nKandice A. KapinosJUSTICE, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND ENVIRONMENTLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\n"]
[11.3873929977417, 17.56698226928711, "ions. All its reports are subject to peer review and disseminated widely to policymakers, practitioners in law and business, other researchers, and the public.  \nICJ is part of RAND Justice Policy within RAND Justice, Infrastructure , and Environment"]
[10.346752166748047, 19.00436782836914, "....  6\t\n3. Data and Methodology  ............................................................................................................ 9\t\nOverview of Approach ..................................................................................."]
[10.32878589630127, 18.97951889038086, "................................................................................ 46 \t\nDiscussion and Recommendations  ..................................................................................................... 46 \t\n \n   v Appendix A. Additi"]
[10.302838325500488, 19.209501266479492, "....................... 23\t\nTable 5.1. Number of Observations for Timeliness of Care Analysis, by Injury Year and  \nBody Part or Condition  ...................................................................................................... 24\t\nTab"]
[10.289737701416016, 19.22835922241211, " Timeliness to Care \u2014First Non -ED E&M Visit, by  \nInjury Year and Body Part or Condition  ............................................................................ 48\t\nTable A.2. Number of Observations for Timeliness to Care \u2014First E&M Visit with"]
[10.360014915466309, 18.84568214416504, "etermination process ; and monitoring of medical provider networks (MPNs ).  \nMany of these recent policy changes might have affected access to care for injured workers, \nincluding changes in the availability of appropriate providers and services ; t"]
[10.367012023925781, 18.819189071655273, "hose populations.  \nBecause access to health  care is one of the key dimensions of health care quality, there has \nbeen significant interest in refining measurements to improve construct validity (Donabedian, 1966; Berenson, Pronovost, and Krumholz, "]
[10.38839054107666, 18.88921356201172, "orting tool used  by the DIR to collect comprehensive information from \nWC claims administrators about initial reports of injuries and all medical billing related to WC  \ncare.  \nIn examining trends over time, we aim to highlight potential access -to"]
[10.312073707580566, 19.024093627929688, "ng WC patients . \nUtilization and Payments  per Provider  \nMeasures of the number of claims  (i.e., injuries) per provider , the number of bill lines  (i.e., \ndiscrete medical services) per provider , and payments per provider are important complemen"]
[10.310626029968262, 19.122285842895508, " likely driven by changes in very large practices or health systems treating many injured workers. Changes in the m edian  claims per provider  were \nmuch lower for all three measures. For example, the median number of claims per provider was 2 in 20"]
[10.290984153747559, 19.196592330932617, "crease in the median wait time between injury and any E&M \nvisit, from 2 days in 2010 to 3 days in 2014.  \n\u2022 The pattern is similar between Northern and Southern California , but there were \ndifferences in timeliness of care between types of injury ."]
[10.390138626098633, 18.94654655456543, "umber \nof claims, bill lines, and payments per TIN. Furthermore, we expect the number of TINs treating \ninjured workers to decrease over time because of consolidation in the broader health care system , \nrather t han because of decisions to stop trea"]
[10.608154296875, 18.573040008544922, "nt of Industrial Relations, Division \nof Workers\u2019 Compensation, under contract number 41336064, for which Irina Nemirovsky and \nGenet Daba served as the project coordinators . This report was reviewed according to RAND\u2019s \nStandard for High- Quality R"]
[10.420442581176758, 18.795486450195312, "h as the \navailability of appropriate practitioners  and services and timeliness of care. For example, \npractitioners might have changed the way that they provide services to injured workers (or \nstarted or stopped seeing injured workers at all) as a"]
[10.372675895690918, 18.867000579833984, "lthough we discuss potential explanations for the trends observed here, our analyses should be considered descriptive , as we are not conducting causal analysis.  \nMedical bill and administrative data offer an important but limited window into access"]
[10.372818946838379, 18.821868896484375, "lations, \nbecause patients with better access to care systems are more likely to receive comprehensive, \nhigher- quality care and are therefore more likely to experience better outcomes ( Kominski et al. , \n2006).  \nThe term access, as it applies to "]
[10.37630844116211, 18.827640533447266, "oxy measures \u2014such as utilization of services, specialist \nreferral patterns, provider type, care setting, purpose of encounter, and the frequency or continuity of care \u2014can be used to assess access to adequate or appropriate care. However,   5 focus"]
[10.337263107299805, 18.999032974243164, "e access to medical treatment from 2011  to 2013. This more recent study found \nthat the number of injured workers who received medical services in the WC  system decreased \n30 percent from 2007 to 2012, followed by a slight increase in 2013, and fou"]
[10.278512954711914, 19.170345306396484, "              \n5 A PCP is a provider whose billing specialty is  multispecialty group practice, family medicine/general practice, \ninternal m edicine,  occupational medicine, or chiropractor.    7 5. visit elsewhere. \nInjured workers flow from an ini"]
[10.401922225952148, 18.97791290283203, "l injuries in WCIS for tha t calendar year, respectively . In the second approach \u2014the \ninjury- year approach \u2014we first identif ied all injuries in a calendar year and then analyzed WCIS \nbill line records with service dates within 12 months of the i"]
[10.334392547607422, 19.040924072265625, "articipating providers  as those who submitted \nWC medical bills to WCIS for that year  and for whom we have a provider identification  (TIN). \nTo examine the supply of appropriate providers, we analyzed  trends in participating providers \nover time "]
[10.417238235473633, 18.941333770751953, "r of injury. We primarily report  means (or medians , when  the distributions were skewed) . \nWe tested for significant differences in  means  over time and  across i njury types  using two-sided \nstatistical tests and a significance level of 0.01 , "]
[10.3685941696167, 19.003421783447266, " WC  \nsystem or to all of providers\u2019 care to injured workers. Finally, some WCIS records are not linked \nto a claim identifier (JCN) ; therefore,  we cannot observe injury type and other fields from the \nadministrative data. F or these records and fo"]
[10.309563636779785, 19.01038932800293, "pation, Utiliza tion, and Payments  \nIn this chapter, we present trends in provider participation, utilization , and payments . All else \nequal, a greater number of providers treating injured workers likely represents better access to \ncare. Measures"]
[10.257414817810059, 19.052637100219727, "(increased by 670).  \n       \n8 Some specialties \u2014such as family medicine/general practice \u2014might have been more likely to have fewer \npractitioners per billing entity or might  have been more likely to consolidate over time compared with others. The"]
[10.260787010192871, 19.062850952148438, "king \nBonferroni adjustments  for multiple hypothes is testing, these means would not be considered \nstatistically significantly different  at conventional levels .10 Only among occupational m edicine \nproviders did we find an increase in the number "]
[10.258008003234863, 19.059131622314453, "cupational medicine physicians and therapists into occupational medicine because there were typically \nfewer  than 200 therapists per year. We combined physical medicine and rehabilitation providers and physical \ntherapists  into physical therapy bec"]
[10.264378547668457, 19.06031608581543, ".18  1,075.61  965.53  82.46  \nOther surgery  104.11  99.70  87.66  101.57  114.12  10.01  \nPathology  979.97  535.91  437.81  443.77  114.55  \u2013865.42  \nPharmacy  650.97  710.87  981.53  558.83  797.78  146.81  \nPhysical t herapy  1,280.38  13,85.19 "]
[10.270270347595215, 19.06360626220703, "vider , by Specialty and Year  \nSpecialt y 2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  Change  \n(2014  Minus  2010)  \n$ % \nAcupuncture  $7,735  $8,108  $8,331  $7,750  $8,382  $647  8% \nAnesthesiology  $22,592*  $23,418  $27,009  $29,450  $29,485  $6,893  31% \nBeh"]
[10.306487083435059, 19.103437423706055, "tion drug utilization , is 4.32 , versus  6.97 \namong those who were using prescription drugs. Therefore , the average use of services among \ninjured workers actually getting care is much higher. However, an examination of changes in \nconditional mea"]
[10.285022735595703, 19.181903839111328, " prosthetics/orthotics) (all p < 0.01 ). Some \nof these changes are consistent with higher payment rates implemented through the transition to \nRBRVS in 2014. Again, it is not clear from these analyses whether SB 863 provisions or other \nfactors are "]
[10.292981147766113, 19.205936431884766, "s following the injury date.  \nSample Sizes  \nIn Table 5.1, we present sample sizes , using the broadest definition of first visit (e.g., in any \nsetting with any provider) , of the number of injured workers per year for each injury category. \nWe exa"]
[10.300996780395508, 19.20079231262207, "able A.2 for sample sizes.  \n* Statistically different from the 2014 median in the same injury (row) at p  < 0.001.  \n    26 Table 5.4. Days from Injury to First E&M Visit with a P CP, by Injury Year and Body Part or \nCondition  \n \n2010  2011  2012  "]
[10.279972076416016, 19.242870330810547, "was significantly greater than in the southern region ( p < 0.001) , and the wait time for out -of-\nstate receipt of care was  significantly greater than care received in the state ( p < 0.001) ( see \nFigure 5.1 ). \nFigure  5.1. Median Days from Inju"]
[10.29136848449707, 19.215272903442383, "7. Mean PCPs Seen in First 12 Months of Injury, by Injury Year and Body Part or Condition  \n 2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  \nAll injuries   1.25* 1.25* 1.28* 1.24* 1.21 \nLow-back pain 1.32* 1.32* 1.35* 1.30* 1.28 \nShoulder injuries  1.34* 1.33* 1.36* "]
[10.295849800109863, 19.200759887695312, "s in providers  (see Chapter Three) .  \nThere was variation across the site of injury, but the time trends were relatively similar across \nthe three different measures of first visit. Injured workers with low -back injuries were typically \nseen withi"]
[10.283172607421875, 19.22589111328125, "and by the study conditions. In \nTable 6.1 , we present the distribution of injured workers in each pathway in each injury year, \nfrom 2010 to 2013. The shaded bars signify the relative percent age of workers within each year  10% 11% 11% 11%61%65% 6"]
[10.270169258117676, 19.227046966552734, "010  2011  2012  2013  \n1\u20133 ED \u00e0 Admit  0 0 0 0 \n7\u20139 PCP E&M  \u00e0 Specialist  11 12 12 13 \n10\u201312 PCP E&M \u00e0 Nonspecialist  4 5 5 5 \n15\u201317 Non-PCP E&M  \u00e0 Specialist  7 8 8 9 \n18\u201320 Non-PCP E&M \u00e0 Nonspecialist  5 5 6 6 \n23 Other office/HOPD \u00e0  PCP  3 3 3 "]
[10.242819786071777, 19.2667236328125, "o ha d the same path but start ed at \na specialist\u2019s  or non- PCP\u2019s office (pathway 15). This suggests that , for injured workers who \nstarted in one of the two main entry points (physician or outpatient), there does not appear to be a \nsignificant d"]
[10.270051002502441, 19.23421859741211, "80 \n22 Non-PCP  None   \n1.57 1.65 1.64 1.71 \n23 Other \noffice/HOPD  PCP   \n7.09 6.54 6.78 7.12 \n24 Other \noffice/HOPD  Other service  \n5.69 5.51 6.10 6.08 \n25 Other \noffice/HOPD  None   \n1.54 1.66 1.91 2.27 \n26 PT  PCP   \n12.11  12.81  14.09  14.52  "]
[10.23221206665039, 19.22936248779297, ".08 72.31  \n3 ED Admit  None  12.70  1.59 1.59 3.17 80.95  \n4 ED No admit PCP 20.20  7.66 5.13 2.91 64.10  \n5 ED No admit Other service 14.20  6.23 4.62 2.36 72.59  \n6 ED No admit None  10.01  3.18 1.65 2.09 83.06  \n7 PCP  Specialist  PCP 22.43  12.8"]
[10.289379119873047, 19.230470657348633, "3%  2.14 0.88  19,257 12.36%  \n13 PCP Unknown   \n78% 41%  4.49 4.28  7,494 4.81%  \n14 PCP None   \n8% 27%  1.24 1.18  19,347 12.42%  \n15 Non-PCP  Specialist  PCP  77% 42%  4.04 3.48  5,981 3.84%  \n16 Non-PCP  Specialist  Other service 47% 50%  2.27 2."]
[10.28159236907959, 19.218475341796875, "er year to almost 20  for \ninjured workers with at least three visits , depending on the pathway.   \nWe also examined pathways by main type of injury. The most common pathway\u2014start ing \nwith an E&M visit with a PCP, followed by a specialist visit and"]
[10.387972831726074, 18.96970558166504, "ishes between different groups of \npractitioners that separately bill for services. A TIN may represent a single practitioner (e.g., a solo physician \npractice) or many individual practitioners (e.g., a large physician practice or delivery system). I"]
[10.288750648498535, 19.184814453125, " and any E&M visit , from 2 days in 2010 to 3 days in 2014.  \nThe pattern is similar between Northern and Southern California , but there were differences \nin timeliness of care between types of injury.  \nMonitoring Provider Churn  \nInjured workers m"]
[10.360209465026855, 18.968673706054688, "\u2014the TIN \u2014distinguishes between different groups of practitioners \nthat separately bill for se rvices. A TIN may represent a single practitioner (e.g., in the case of a \nsolo physician practice) or many individual practitioners (e.g., in the case of "]
[10.32781982421875, 19.084461212158203, " to \nmonitor access in the C alifornia  WC system over time , given the  numerous recent and potential \nfuture changes in California and U.S. health care systems , such as health insurance coverage \nexpansions; changes to the Patient Protection and A"]
[10.276569366455078, 19.231792449951172, "tions for Timeliness to Care \u2014First Non -ED E&M Visit, by Injury Year \nand Region  \n \n2010  2011  2012  2013  2014  \nNorthern region  81,792  78,462  84,704  79,743  93,487  \nSouthern region  161,456  155,763  164,933  156,445  183,852  \nOut of state"]
[10.240252494812012, 19.216285705566406, "n-PCP \nE&M \nOffice/HOPD  Specialist  None  2,198  2,072  2,027  2,545  \n18 Non-PCP \nE&M office/ \nHOPD  Nonspecialist  PCP \noffice/HOPD  1,303  1,387  1,437  1,646  \n19 Non-PCP \nE&M office/ \nHOPD  Nonspecialist  Other service 42 57 86 76 \n20 Non-PCP \n"]
[10.558609962463379, 18.633731842041016, "2018:  \nhttps://www.aamc.org/download/447152/data/californiaprofile.pdf \nBenjamin , D. J., J. O. Berger, M. Johannesson, B. A. Nosek, E. -J. Wagenmakers, R.  Berk, K. A. \nBollen, B. Brembs, L. Brown, C. Camerer,  et al. , \u201cRedefine Statistical Signif"]
[10.53274917602539, 18.631671905517578, "are,\u201d  The Milbank Memorial Fund \nQuarterly , Vol. 44, No. 3, 1966, pp. 166\u2013206. \nHaddad, S., and K. Mohindra, \u201cAccess, Opportunities and Communities: Ingredients for Health \nEquity in the South,\u201d paper presented at the Public Health and Internationa"]
[11.082229614257812, 18.179981231689453, "my of Social Insurance, Workers\u2019 Compensation: Benefits, Coverage, and Costs , \nWashington, D.C., October 2017. As of August 17, 2018:  \nhttps://www.nasi.org/sites/default/files/research/NASI_Workers%20Comp%20Report%202017_web.pdf \nPeters, D. H., A. "]
[0.2051270306110382, 12.294739723205566, "Evaluation of the Jinan  \nCity Water Ecological  Development Implementation Plan and Recommendations  for Improvement\nDavid G. Groves, Debra Knopman, James Syme, Nidhi Kalra, Zhimin Mao\nCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis"]
[-0.4241766631603241, 13.585132598876953, " development; infrastructure financing; energy policy; urban planning and the role of public\u2013private partnerships; transportation policy; climate response, mitigation, and adaptation; environmental sustainability; and water resource management and co"]
[0.1912376433610916, 12.290936470031738, "trics  ............................................................................................ 13\nUncertainties  ..................................................................................................... 14\nManagement Options and Stra"]
[0.1647782027721405, 12.249724388122559, "rojections  .................................... 67\nUnmet Demand Under a Wide Range of Futures .......................................................... 67\nSummary of Findings ........................................................................."]
[0.19549812376499176, 12.280244827270508, "Plan  ........................................................................ 123\nC. Adjustment of Demand Projections  ................................................................. 125\nD. Regression Models Used in Climate Projections  .........."]
[0.21838228404521942, 12.277774810791016, "............. 28\n 3.4. Grou\nndwater Flows Used to Guide Model Calibration  ...................................... 31\n 3.5. Grou\nndwater Storage in the Calibration Process  .............................................. 32\n 3.6. Comp\narison of Observe"]
[0.18755729496479034, 12.242148399353027, "..................................................... 56\n 5.11\n. Sour\nces of Supply for Zhangqiu Agricultural Demand Node for Historical Climate \nProjection  .......................................................................................... 5"]
[0.21035200357437134, 12.253839492797852, "ter Assumptions  ....................................................................... 72\n 6.8. Unme\nt Agricultural Demand by Demand Projection Across Climates (left) and  \nSummary of Unmet Demand from 2031 to 2050 (right)  ........................"]
[0.23202815651893616, 12.358532905578613, " (in years) Predicted by IPCC SREX Report  ....................... 99\n 8.9. Rive\nr Stage Predicted for Various 24-Precipitation Return Periods  ....................... 100\n A.1. Proj\nections of Agricultural Demand Provided by Jinan Water Resources Bu"]
[0.2604525089263916, 12.361871719360352, "ime Series of Precipitation and Stage Data  ........................................ 95\n 8.2. 24-H\nour Precipitation Return Period, Intensity, and Predicted River Stage  .............. 98\n 8.3. Futu\nre 24-Hour Precipitation Return Period, Intensity, "]
[0.15699145197868347, 12.309430122375488, "r in this kind of thinking. This has served the region well, but as the city\u2019s water needs approach\u2014and in some cases exceed\u2014the available supplies, large uncertainties about future conditions become increasingly important. Specifically, the possibil"]
[-0.37368935346603394, 12.725951194763184, "confidence in results based on a limited number of scenarios, manage surprise, and use quantitative analysis in situations when key data are missing or imprecise.\nRAND\u2019s technical road map therefore includes the following elements:\n\u2022\n Intr\noduce RDM "]
[-0.3272401988506317, 12.575642585754395, "ple helps to explain the difference between RDM and more-traditional engi -\nneering analysis. Suppose a new reservoir is to be built to increase storage in the Jinan system. How large should the reservoir be, how should it be operated, and what is th"]
[-0.18567578494548798, 12.46469783782959, " to increase in the future. \nIn contrast, the green line shows the performance of the system with a reservoir with the \nsame capacity as before but, in this case, additional investments in interconnections or changes in operations throughout the syst"]
[0.1886047124862671, 12.325933456420898, "esentation of the full span of precipitation and temperature effects generated from the climate models. Over the period from 2000 to 2050, changes in precipita -\ntion are estimated to range from \u2013100 millimeters (mm) to almost 300 mm annually; change"]
[0.21011093258857727, 12.253609657287598, "n\nStrategy Name Description\n1 Current Projects Current state of Jinan system\n2 Completion of IP Includes Current Projects and completion of IP projects\n3 IP and Increased Water Reuse \n(IPR)In addition to IP, includes increase of reuse rates in distri"]
[0.18723805248737335, 12.283758163452148, "sidential and industrial sectors) or climate effects on demand (agricultural sector) by 2035. For each sector, efficiency standards were evaluated at a 100-per -\ncent implementation level (full implementation) and a 50-percent implementation level. F"]
[0.1968812346458435, 12.281317710876465, " strategies across a wide range of possible future climate and demand projections that could reduce future vulnerabilities. Our focus was on longer-term trends, spanning the period between the present and 2050, and the implications of these trends fo"]
[0.20984847843647003, 12.252090454101562, "tions and assumptions of a continuation of current infrastructure and management. Note that demand and supply prefer -\nences were set within the Jinan WEAP model following multiple discussions with the JWRB technical team. Demand priorities have the "]
[0.19897951185703278, 12.24341869354248, "ulnerable if average unmet residential demand from \nFigure\u00a0S.5\nSummary of Unmet Residential Demand and Vulnerability Across All Futures and Groundwater Assumptions\nCurrent 50% Current 50% Current 50%Low Demand High Demand Medium DemandYellow River\nAl"]
[0.17558060586452484, 12.25190258026123, "sensitive to the climate projections when the initial storage is assumed to be very large. In effect, the groundwater basins absorb most of the climate sensitivity, a reason why we do see climate effects (in the form of unmet demand) in the residenti"]
[0.18551626801490784, 12.238624572753906, " residential unmet demand for the same strategies as in \nFigure\u00a0S.6 across all futures. Each symbol represents a particular combination of climate pro -\njection, demand projection, Yellow River allotment, and groundwater storage. Many symbols fall on"]
[0.22512532770633698, 12.258831977844238, "in data collection will have a beneficial effect on analysis and the integ -\nrity of the Jinan WEAP model. As JWRB further refines the data behind the demand and supply nodes and other model components, results could shift. \nAt the same time, the Jin"]
[0.21190598607063293, 12.278554916381836, "tion of IP\nIPR\nIPR + WQIPR + SAGMIPR + WQ + SAGM\nIPR + Residential Efficiency\nIPR + Residential Efficiency + SAGMIPR + Res/Ind Efficiency\nIPR + EffAll\nIPR + EffAll + SAGM\nIPR + EffAll + WQIPR + EffAll + WQ + SAGM\nIPR + 50Eff\nIPR + 50Eff + WQIPR + 50E"]
[0.1997697800397873, 12.261125564575195, "processes.\nHow Will Future Demand and Climate Conditions Challenge Jinan\u2019s System? \nWhen uncertainties are considered about future climate conditions, demand, future Yellow River allocations, and initial storage levels in groundwater basins, model re"]
[0.20036455988883972, 12.262106895446777, "e outcomes if conditions in \nthe future were to take a different course then the one on which project designs were based.\nHow Will JWRB\u2019s Implementation Plan Address Future Climate and Other Uncertainties? \nAt the present time and for the next severa"]
[0.21274636685848236, 12.26259994506836, "et demand almost entirely. Vulnerabilities to the industrial sector can be completely eliminated if all efficiency improvements are implemented, water reuse is implemented, and the WQ strategy for the Xiaoqing River is available as a backstop. \n\u2022\n Th"]
[0.1857851892709732, 12.371508598327637, "y uncertainties that drive the analysis. Having the appro -\npriate modeling tools for the decision at hand is essential.\n\u2022 RDM pr\novides a structured approach to analysis of future conditions and strategies for \nreducing future vulnerabilities and sh"]
[0.20282624661922455, 12.285887718200684, "\n(\u59dc\u7231\u534e\uff0c \u6d4e\u5357\u5e02\u6c34\u5229\u5c40\u79d1\u6280\u529e\u516c\u5ba4\uff0c \u4e3b\u4efb ), who led the JWRB technical team supporting \nthe project. Other team members included:\n\u2022 Zhan\ng Baoxiang, professor of the Shandong Water Resources Research Institute  \n(\u5f20\u4fdd\u7965\uff0c \u5c71\u4e1c\u7701\u6c34\u5229\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u9662\uff0c \u7814\u7a76\u5458\uff0c \u6559\u6388 )\n\u2022 Mao Qia\no, vice director o"]
[0.18046028912067413, 12.32949161529541, "lly, we would not have been able to conduct this project without the wisdom and \nguidance of Mu Dan Ping, RAND\u2019s business adviser for our work in China.xxxvAbbreviations\n50Eff 50-Percent Efficiency\nCCAFS Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security"]
[0.22113026678562164, 12.265941619873047, "ter quality, improving aquatic ecosystem health, reducing damage from flooding, and increasing water use efficiency. As of this writing, most of the construction under the Pilot Scheme has been completed. Understanding how Jinan\u2019s complex hydrologic "]
[0.22958330810070038, 12.258745193481445, "fined subsurface chambers, eventually discharging to the surface in a system of 733 natural springs (Kang, Jin, and Qin, 2011; Zhao, 2015; Wu, Xing, and Zhou, 2009).\nRecharge occurs primarily in the southern mountains and is largely attributed to dir"]
[0.21211351454257965, 12.271421432495117, "d water system and continuous flow of spring waters.\n\u2022 Devel\nop healthy and aesthetically appealing water ecology and environmental systems.\n\u2022 Achi\neve high water quality, maintain ecological flow of rivers, and a \u201cbeautiful scenic \nview.\u201d\n\u2022 Devel\nop"]
[0.21700100600719452, 12.25953197479248, "ential demand is unacceptable. \nGroundwater is the preferred source of water for residential use. Hence, continuous discharge of water from the city\u2019s springs is one of the more visible signs of success in maintaining a sustainable yield of groundwat"]
[0.20481793582439423, 12.28463363647461, " critical to ensuring that Jinan\u2019s water management goals are achieved.\nTo focus our analysis, RAND sought guidance from JWRB\u2019s experts and refined the ini -\ntial set of research questions during a November\u00a02015 workshop in Jinan and follow-up discus"]
[0.062496647238731384, 12.34986686706543, " with historical and current data \n\u007f Develop future projections of factors driving change \n\u007f Calibrate model \n\u007f Evaluate current system for different baseline futures \n\u007f Evaluate system with additional Implementation Plan projects \n\u007f Consider flood i"]
[-0.3230934739112854, 12.6530179977417, "cientifically sound approach to analysis that is particularly \nwell-suited for considering long-term challenges to the performance of a regional water manage-ment system with large uncertainties about future climate changes, changes in demand across "]
[-0.3378573954105377, 12.69173812866211, "B to apply these methods in future work.\nWith respect to capacity building, RAND built and ran a simulation model, then trans -\nferred it to JWRB for future use, built and demonstrated use of a decision support tool and then transferred it to JWRB fo"]
[-0.3174886107444763, 12.546459197998047, " and oper -\national strategies, simulate operations, and determine the extent to which shortages would be reduced under the different potential sizes and strategies. Finally, decision makers would choose a design storage capacity that does best under"]
[-0.3123874366283417, 12.532584190368652, "enario and limited \nstrategies were considered In RDM analysis,\nthis option would\nbe more desirable Current system con/f_iguration \nAddition of reservoir with X capacityAddition of reservoir with X capacity + other changes in system 12    Evaluation "]
[0.20216721296310425, 12.262206077575684, "e the term strategy  to refer to potential future projects, policies, or combi -\nnations of projects and policies that could affect water management in the Jinan system.\nPerformance Metrics\nTable\u00a02.2 lists the key performance metrics that RAND identi"]
[0.21819521486759186, 12.307907104492188, " would have liked to analyze Jinan\u2019s vulnerability to flooding under a wide range of \nclimate scenarios (as represented by differences between precipitation and temperature histori -\ncal averages generated by global climate models). However, we were "]
[0.21700017154216766, 12.278186798095703, "dard Data displayed for 2013 to 2015 \nin Chapter Three\nReduce flood damage Change in recurrence intervals of extreme flood eventsDescription of method  in Chapter EightApproach to Analysis and Visualization of Long-Term Performance    15\ncultural\u2014are"]
[0.22819030284881592, 12.278275489807129, "ls\n\u2022 incr\neased supply by drawing from the Xiaoqing River if water quality standards are met.16    Evaluation of the Jinan City Water Ecological Development Implementation Plan\nRelationships\nThe focus of this study was the development of a WEAP model"]
[0.17933742702007294, 12.330111503601074, "t and for more-detailed exploration of the results. The use of a Planning Tool is part of RAND\u2019s approach of using analysis to support deliberation over choices, as recommended by the National Research Council (2009), and used to support high profile"]
[0.19631651043891907, 12.284594535827637, "via the tabs at the top of the screen or via a dropdown menu in the upper left.\nFigure\u00a02.6\nScreenshot of the Jinan Water Resources Bureau Planning Tool\nRAND RR1682-2.6\nFigure\u00a02.5Planning Tool and Approach to Deliberation over Trade-Offs\nRAND RR1682-2"]
[0.21835701167583466, 12.269904136657715, " estimates demands and supplies over time on a monthly basis using historical data derived from reference documents provided to the study team by the JWRB (see Appendix A) and mathematical relationships described in this chap -\nter and Appendixes C a"]
[0.24000297486782074, 12.252593994140625, "r 698.73\nShanghe Shanghe County Groundwater and the Tuhai River 758.47\nLicheng Licheng District Yellow River, Xiaoqing River, and Jinxiuchuan, Wohushan, and Langmaoshan reservoirs281.00\nChangqing Changqing District Groundwater and the Yellow River 22"]
[0.21802011132240295, 12.266027450561523, "ion 2004\u20132014 Significant source of surface water for Jinan Urban Center\nNandasha 1 Luzhuang Drainage \nStation2011\u20132014 Significant source of groundwater recharge and seasonal flow into the Yellow River\nXinghua 1 Xinglin inflow 1972\u20132014 Significant "]
[0.23777291178703308, 12.249455451965332, "ussions with JWRB, this supply was included in the model as an annual allocation of 100\u00a0million cubic meters (MCM) per year, with 83\u00a0MCM per year for Jinan Urban Center and 17\u00a0MCM per year for Zhangqiu. An expected, doubling of this allocation to 200"]
[0.22617872059345245, 12.261861801147461, "ential demands\nJiangshuiquan 1,050,000 191.80 Near \ncompletionXinglong \nReservoirQuanfu River, Longquan Reservoir\nJinxiuchuan 35,920,000 251.00 Complete Yufu River Jinan and Licheng residential demand, Xinglong Reservoir\nLangmaoshan 10,940,000 187.00"]
[0.23612724244594574, 12.27475643157959, "n Reservoir \n4  Spring discharge at these nodes were calibrated assuming cyclical flow under cycled Historical Climate conditions with \nno trends in increasing discharge. Calibration of these springs is discussed later in this chapter. Table\u00a03.6\nPrim"]
[0.21105168759822845, 12.283665657043457, "riables in the Jinan WEAP model to be consistent with the climate projec -\ntions (see Chapter Six). Thus, the multivariate regression models translate climate change into changes in supply availability. A detailed explanation of the development of th"]
[0.21449247002601624, 12.266475677490234, "hat the water quality of Xiaoqing River (fourth through seventh row in Figure\u00a03.3) failed to meet water quality standards in virtually all months from 2013 to 2015 for all sampling loca -\ntions, rendering the River an unusable supply. If the Xiaoqing"]
[0.2137422412633896, 12.279010772705078, " to have validity, historical data used throughout the model need to have the same record lengths; otherwise, the WEAP calculations that match supply to demand in each month and year would not be using internally consistent data.\n5 For \nthe Jinan WEA"]
[0.1884002387523651, 12.301912307739258, "e estimated certain quantities required in the model based on observa -\ntional records, consumption statistics, and simulated reservoir operations in an effort to best reflect observed supply delivery records. For example, we applied this approach to"]
[0.23371554911136627, 12.261502265930176, "Water in this catchment, which lies directly below part of Changqing, continues across the Mashan fault\u2014which is a low permeability fault close to the Yellow River\u2014to arrive in the Jinan Spring Water Catch -\nment. The Jinan Spring Water Catchment inc"]
[0.24349437654018402, 12.267876625061035, "d for which we lacked historical data. For the period in which observational discharge records are available, Figure\u00a03.6 shows that simulated aggre-gate discharge is similar in amplitude and phase to observed discharge. Additionally, outside of the p"]
[0.2213612049818039, 12.258045196533203, " Bai Springs.\nDistrict-Level Splits in Supply Between Surface and Groundwater\nEnsuring that quantities of surface and groundwater deliveries by district were representative of observed quantities was an important element of the calibration process fo"]
[0.2240627408027649, 12.267660140991211, "20 2010 2050\nYearBai Springs Baimai Springs Baotu SpringsDevelopment and Calibration of the Jinan WEAP Model    35\nFigure\u00a03.9\nCalibration for Jinxiuchuan Reservoir Operations\nRAND RR1682-3.90.4\n0.30.20.1\n0Storage volume, 108 m3\n2014 2012 2010 2016\nYe"]
[0.22106046974658966, 12.27100944519043, " and 2030. Since these projections implicitly included historically observed years, they were adjusted to match the most recently available observed data year, which was 2014. To perform the adjustment, we first estimated the projected demand for the"]
[0.2271513193845749, 12.252567291259766, "elivered) as Population Scenario 2, we did not include it in subsequent analysis described in later chapters.\nInstead, we developed population scenarios using population data from the United \nNations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNESA, "]
[0.23004184663295746, 12.24544906616211, "lic supply water use rates of 75 gallons (283.9\u00a0liters) per person per day.\n1 Note that the projection is driven primarily by water use rates rising to \nparity with New York City, not due to an assumption of population growth. Note, however that even"]
[0.21045354008674622, 12.28325366973877, "wth rate of 7\u00a0percent from 2015 to 2020 and 5\u00a0percent from 2020 to 2030. These growth rates were used to estimate demand through 2020. However, to eliminate extreme growth from industrial value projections going forward, projections after 2020 were r"]
[0.22689072787761688, 12.267130851745605, "fective irrigation area in 10,000 monetary units, Qg is the water demand (m3 per monetary unit), and \u03b3 is the irriga -\ntion water usage ratio. A description of estimates of change in agricultural demand under different climate projections is \nprovide"]
[0.21247252821922302, 12.273735046386719, ", and residential demand projections used to develop these three projections are shown in Table\u00a04.4.\nClimate Projections\nThis study uses a range of estimates of future climate based on simulations from a set of global \nclimate models (GCMs) developed"]
[0.22096659243106842, 12.370384216308594, " 2 6\nHigh 5 1 244    Evaluation of the Jinan City Water Ecological Development Implementation Plan\n\u2022 RCP\u00a08.5: It is characterized by increasing greenhouse gas emissions over time repre-\nsentative for scenarios in the literature leading to high greenh"]
[0.23434779047966003, 12.330641746520996, "ent the effects of climatic variation on water supply in the Jinan WEAP model, we estimated relationships between historical precipitation, temperature, and inflows. Using regression analysis, we estimated relationships between climatic variables and"]
[0.17974835634231567, 12.396455764770508, "\nRCP 8.5\n1 \n0 2 3 4 \n\u2013100 \u201350 0 50 100 150 200 250\nChange in annual precipitation (mm)Change in average annual temperature\n(degrees Celsius)Climate scenarios: change from 2000 to 205046    Evaluation of the Jinan City Water Ecological Development Imp"]
[0.09258180111646652, 12.34095287322998, "tal, we thus developed 324 futures, which we then used to evaluate 16 diff  erent man-\nagement strategies, including the system as currently confi  gured. To facilitate the evaluation of the WEAP model almost 5,000 times, we distributed the runs over"]
[0.20196089148521423, 12.248366355895996, "ectors more than offset these declines.\nUnder the High Demand projection, steep total increases in demand are seen from 2015 \nto 2030. The increases then lessen through 2050 (Figure\u00a05.3). In this projection, total demand exceeds 2,800\u00a0MCM by 2050. Ta"]
[0.22569917142391205, 12.259943962097168, "n and a range between no change and 30\u00a0percent lower than Current Demand for the Low Demand projection.\nSources of Supply at Selected Demand Nodes\nThe WEAP model simulates how demand at each node is met by supply over time. To briefly \nsummarize how "]
[0.22258950769901276, 12.244001388549805, "ir. In 2030, additional supply is available from the Yuqing WTP, which increases because of greater available alloca-tion from the South-North Yangtze River Transfer. Th  e declining supply of industrial water, particularly in the High Demand project"]
[0.20053589344024658, 12.243003845214844, "020 2030 2040 2050Low Demand High DemandSources\nJiyang Groundwater\nSouth-North TransferTuhaiYellow River\nFigure\u00a05.11\nSources of Supply for Zhangqiu Agricultural Demand Node for Historical Climate Projection\nRAND RR1682-5.110 100 200 300 400 Supply (m"]
[0.11048617213964462, 12.21999740600586, "Agricultural Sector\nUnder the Historical Climate projection, there is a small amount of projected unmet demand \nin the agricultural sector for all three demand projections beginning in 2024 (Figure\u00a05.16). The pattern of unmet demand mirrors the histo"]
[0.20940394699573517, 12.236710548400879, "f months in which flow is below \nthe threshold of 4.35\u00a0MCM per month. The figure shows that there is an immediate divergence \nin results among the three future demand projections and the Current Demand projections, with the future demand projections "]
[0.21894708275794983, 12.227067947387695, " time under the assumption \nof Large Initial Groundwater Storage for the three future demand scenarios and Current Demand. Under the Current Demand projection, groundwater is in steady state and only devi -\nates small amounts each year until 2030, wh"]
[0.21331988275051117, 12.231837272644043, " GW Storage: Groundwater storage change \n(billion m3)\n\u20135\u20134\u20133\u20132\u201310\n\u2013400\u2013300\u2013200\u20131000100200Demand \nprojection\nCurrent\nLowMediumHigh64    Evaluation of the Jinan City Water Ecological Development Implementation Plan\ning unlimited groundwater. However, a"]
[0.2044544368982315, 12.233830451965332, "Initial Groundwater Storage and Low Initial Groundwater Storage\nRAND RR1682-5.21Year2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2015 2025 2035 2045Low Initial GW Storage: Groundwater storage change \n(million m3)Large Initial GW Storage: Groundwater storage change \n(mil"]
[0.19744138419628143, 12.231575012207031, " provides insight into the ability of Jinan\u2019s current water management infrastructure to meet potential future demands under a changing climate. We also defined those futures in which performance would not be acceptable with respect to key metrics, s"]
[0.1775878667831421, 12.225502967834473, "demands increase more than the Medium Demand projection.\nFigure\u00a06.2 again shows unmet residential demand for all three demand projections across \nclimates for the Full Yellow River Allocation from 2015 to 2050, with the average unmet demand for the 2"]
[0.15874922275543213, 12.253739356994629, "l Development Implementation Plan\nWe now classify outcomes based on unmet demand. For purposes of example, we define \nfutures to be vulnerable if average unmet residential demand from 2031 to 2050 is higher than \n5\u00a0percent of demand. 1 Any other thre"]
[0.20021463930606842, 12.235321044921875, " 2045 2050 2031\u20132050Demand \nprojection\nLow\nMediumHigh\nNOTE: X symbols indicate results for the historical climate projection and the /f_illed circles indicate results for the \nclimate change projections.\nRAND RR1682-6.5\nFigure\u00a06.6\nAverage Unmet Indus"]
[0.14363521337509155, 12.266650199890137, "ocation: Average annual unmet demand (2031\u20132050)\n (million m3)\n0100200300400\nNOTE: The red X symbols indicate futures in which the system is vulnerable and the /f_illed green circles indicate \nfutures in which the system is not vulnerable, depending "]
[0.19311784207820892, 12.23943042755127, "undwater Storage\nCurrent 50% Current 50% Current 50%Low Demand High Demand Medium DemandYellow River\nAllocation:\n0100200300\nDistrict\nChangqing\nJinan Urban Center\nJiyangLicheng\nPingyinShanghe\nZhangqiuLow Initial GW Storage: Groundwater\nstorage change "]
[0.20504967868328094, 12.23554515838623, "ections    77\nFor the predominantly urban basins in Figure\u00a06.12, the range of climate projections has \na significant effect on the ending groundwater level. The 2050 change in groundwater stor -\nage, for example, ranges from \u20131.4\u00a0billion to 0.3\u00a0billi"]
[0.2061055302619934, 12.25676155090332, "seen in all demand and Yellow River allotment futures except the Low Demand, Full Yellow River Allocation futures. The climate effect is very strong as well, with no shortages in the wettest climate but significant shortages in drier climates (see Fi"]
[0.2296849936246872, 12.26128101348877, "included in the IP and discussion with JWRB, two projects were identified as having the greatest potential effect on the system: a pipeline connecting the Duzhang Reservoir to the Langmaoshan Reservoir, 80    Evaluation of the Jinan City Water Ecolog"]
[0.20059877634048462, 12.246566772460938, "er Management (SAGM) policy represents an aggressive response to declining spring levels at the four largest springs in central Jinan: Baotu (Baotu Quan), Black Tiger (Heihuquan), Pearl (Zhenzhuquan), and Five Dragon (Wulongquan). The decision rule c"]
[0.1934524029493332, 12.260845184326172, " (residential and industrial sectors) or climate effects on demand (agricultural sector) by 2035. For each sector, efficiency standards were evaluated at a 100-percent implementation level (full implementation) and a 50-percent implementation level. "]
[0.21097886562347412, 12.237184524536133, "of IP projects\n3 IPR In addition to IP, includes increase of reuse rates in districts with \nWTPs specified to 40\u00a0percent of total district WTP capacity by 2020 and 60\u00a0percent of total district WTP capacity by 2030\n4 IPR + SAGM In addition to IPR, inc"]
[0.17143087089061737, 12.210338592529297, "e effective in reducing unmet demand across all climates and allocations of the Yellow River. In some future scenarios that include the wastewater reuse strategy, residential reuse rates (as a\u00a0percentage of total residential demand) actually decline."]
[0.16065657138824463, 12.236202239990234, "s unmet demand by about 75\u00a0percent in the High Demand projection. \nAs with Figure\u00a0 7.2, Figure\u00a0 7.4 summarizes unmet demand in the industrial sector \nfor select strategies across all futures. Th  e red symbols are those results that exceed the 30-per"]
[0.1703966110944748, 12.233226776123047, "t Strategies for Historical Climate\nRAND RR1682-7.50 15 \n10 \n5 20 25 30 Unmet demand (million m3)\nYear Year2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050Medium Demand High Demand\nStrategy\nIPR + EffAll\nIPR + 50Eff + WQIPR\nCompletion of IPIPR + 50Ef"]
[0.17393572628498077, 12.247559547424316, "ntation Plan\nHigh Demand projection as well. The strategies with only half of the efficiency improvements \n(for example, IPR + 50Eff) have a positive but smaller effect on groundwater levels over time (not shown). Groundwater levels are stabilized un"]
[0.21061718463897705, 12.26672077178955, "%0%0%19%0%19%100%100%\n0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%52%74%\n0%0%100%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%100%0%100%100%100%\n0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%100%0%100%100%100%\n0%0%100%0%0%0%0%0%30%22%100%100%100%100%100%100%\n0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%0%100%0%100%100%100%\n0%0%0%0%0%\n0%0%0%0%"]
[0.19842183589935303, 12.253304481506348, "re for the residential sector except under High Demand or \nLow Initial Groundwater Storage conditions. In these cases, the strategies that include reuse and also the residential efficiency strategy reduce vulnerabilities significantly. Improving indu"]
[0.24234655499458313, 12.390091896057129, "te change include ground saturation, vegetation and ground cover, upstream water withdrawals and diversions, and evaporation rates. In addition, future flooding will be shaped by other factors besides climate change, such as changes in popula -\ntion "]
[0.3958870470523834, 12.681947708129883, "nt (whether it is a flood, a rainstorm, or an earthquake) is an estimate of the likelihood of the event. A flood with a 50-year return period is one that has a 2-percent chance of occurring each year. We will use a 50-year river stage as a benchmark,"]
[0.38660162687301636, 12.626728057861328, " statistical model, s=f(p) , that can be used to predict river stage s in meters \ngiven a particular precipitation intensity p , where intensity is defined as the amount of precipi -\ntation that falls in a given time period (in this case, 24 hours). "]
[0.41009414196014404, 12.695028305053711, "and stage:\n si=\u20133.6 x  10\u20135pi2+ 0.023 pi+ 23.3.  Eq. 8.1\nThis \nprecipitation-stage model predicts, for example, that a precipitation of 230 mm \nwould lead to a 1-in-50-year water level of 26.7m. The model\u2019s R-squared value is 0.43 and its P-value is "]
[0.39509883522987366, 12.676009178161621, "ating river stage return periods, but we use the annual maximum 24-hour precipitation data shown in Figure\u00a08.5. Here, the lognormal model provides the best fit to the data.\n5\nFigure\u00a08.6 shows the intensity of 24-hour precipitation return periods from"]
[0.38260677456855774, 12.650708198547363, "ion.\n7 Th  e future return periods for the 1-in-20- \nyear, 24-hour precipitation event in the East Asia region is shown on the left panel of Figure\u00a08.8. Each box plot summarizes the return periods predicted by 14 global climate models, in two diff  e"]
[0.2460869699716568, 12.372313499450684, "rs)\n2046\u20132065\nYears2081\u20132100Scenarios\nB1\nA1BA2\nFull model rangeCentral 50%\nintermodel range\nMedian\nB1 A1B A2\nMaximum Return Period 17 17 15\nMean Return Period 11 9 9\nMinimum Return Period 8 6 8\nRAND  RR1682-8.8100    Evaluation of the Jinan City Wate"]
[0.21339993178844452, 12.278663635253906, "ssible future conditions. Finally, we set out to demonstrate the value to JWRB of the Jinan WEAP model as a management and decision support tool and train JWRB\u2019s technical staff on the refinement and use of the model for future work. In this chapter,"]
[0.20386776328086853, 12.257762908935547, "imulation model of the Jinan water system is only an approximation of the real physical system. The degree to which the model is a \u201cgood\u201d representation of reality depends on the quality and quantity of data available to calibrate it, and an understa"]
[0.2088078111410141, 12.255358695983887, "s but very significant shortages in drier climates.\n\u2022\n Jina\nn\u2019s springs are vulnerable across all futures. In wet climates, low spring flows each year \noccur for around three months on average; in dry climates, low flows appear about eight months eac"]
[0.19778241217136383, 12.261171340942383, "sectors and active management of groundwater withdrawals. Efficiency mea -\nsures will counterbalance increases in population and industrial activities. Strategies to increase water reuse and improve the water quality in the Xiaoqing River could help "]
[0.2224319577217102, 12.275012016296387, "t stream flow data at the same location. This would enable the estima -\ntion of pollutant loadings to the system that then could serve as a measure of effectiveness of water pollution control strategies implemented in the future.\nModels\n\u2022 The Jinan W"]
[0.19252459704875946, 12.302437782287598, "ta-gathering process, RAND created a master data inventory table to track the availability of data relative to various components of the Jinan WEAP model. This spreadsheet has been shared with JWRB, and JWRB has contributed directly to the spreadshee"]
[0.28794339299201965, 12.212024688720703, "physical infrastructure used to store \nand distribute water across the model area\n5. obser\nvational data related to management of water releases from reservoirs, treatment \nplants, and other water-related infrastructure.\nTo assess the potential outco"]
[0.2399061918258667, 12.259727478027344, ". The PCA, which RAND digitized, provide numerous tables and historical data that are directly applicable to the WEAP model. Additionally, Zhao (2015) provides tables and other data along with high-level information on Jinan\u2019s groundwater hydrology t"]
[0.24418190121650696, 12.250244140625, " Jina\nn river flood prevention monitoring station information\n7. a summ\nary description of the Xiaoqing River after the 2006 treatment project.\nWater Demand \nWe obtained detailed data for historical  water demand sectors for various geographical regi"]
[0.22896285355091095, 12.253495216369629, " in the PCA (Jinan Water Resources Bureau, 2009\u20132014). Information regarding the volume and propor -\ntion of these demands that are met through groundwater withdrawals is also available in these appendix tables. \nSome historical data for correlates o"]
[0.24616149067878723, 12.253532409667969, "mand] &  11 [Consumption]), Monthly\u00a0 \u2014\nJiyang 2008\u20132013 PCA  \n(Tables 10 [Demand] &  11 [Consumption]), Monthly; 2011\u20132014 Jiyang Township Water Resources Communiqu\u00e9\u00a0 JWRB projections included in the third tranche\nShanghe 2008\u20132013 PCA  (Tables 10 [D"]
[0.24409794807434082, 12.263553619384766, "/\nPressure Head Requirements \u00a0NotesProjected Growth or Change in\nDemand Correlates or Usage\nSprings/Spring Zones1998\u20132004: Jinan Spring Water Geography, Annual; Additional journal articlesSome spring flow and level data received in third data tranche"]
[0.250545859336853, 12.251503944396973, ", Hui, Linshang, Luo, Jinshui, Nandasha, Qiji, Sha, Shangdong, Shangzhong, Tuhai, Tuma,  \nXiaoqing, Yudai, and Yufu rivers are contained in this file. All stations include an inflow and outflow district to aid in their placement in the schematic. The"]
[0.2587375044822693, 12.244466781616211, "chuan inflowMonthly total discharge 2011\u20132014\nXiujiang 3 Beifeng, Dazhan and  Duozhuang inflowAnnual mean flow, monthly and annual reservoir inflow 1977\u20132014  \n(total coverage)\nHui 2 Chentun, Zhanxiaozhuang Monthly total discharge 2011\u20132014\nAnluan 1 "]
[0.2573432922363281, 12.248658180236816, "16, for Dazhan, Duozhuang, Duzhang, Jianshuiquan, Xinglin, and Xinglong reservoirs. To complete the catalog of available information for the five reservoir transfer projects, reservoir operational data for Longquan reservoir, including volume elevati"]
[0.24802914261817932, 12.249838829040527, "ective WEAP schematic counterparts. The table containing data on these links has not been fully reviewed to identify gaps, but most data needed appear to be available. \nCapacities and locations of water treatment and purification plants are only avai"]
[0.2183907926082611, 12.267699241638184, "on Plan\nBased on our in-person discussions with JWRB staff during the November\u00a02015 and Janu -\nary\u00a02016 workshops, we understand that construction of most of the major elements of the IP \nare either complete or under way. However, our understanding o"]
[0.2748374938964844, 12.273445129394531, "ollows:\ndsy=y\u22122009\n2015\u22122009*ds2015( )+y\u22122014\n2015\u22122009*ds2009( )\nfor each year from 2009 to 2015. Therefore, projected demand ds(2014) for 2014 in sector s is \ngiven by:\nds2014( )= 5 / 6( ) ds(2015)+ 1/ 6( ) ds(2009).126    Evaluation of the Jinan C"]
[0.2593836784362793, 12.264357566833496, "et (green bars in Figure\u00a0D.1) was either similar or much better than the model fit using the Shanghe precipitation data set (blue bars). Therefore, the Jinxiuch -\nuan data were used to generate regression fits for all river headflows to maintain simp"]
[0.2659378945827484, 12.40119457244873, "3 + 10883.9p + 16497.5t 115 0.70\nYudai 1401650 + 117519p \u2013 68225.2t 16 0.89\nYufu 499044 + 59438.2p \u2013 58419.2t 66 0.69Regression Models Used in Climate Projections    129\nregression model in Table\u00a0D.1. The regression model does a good job of capturing"]
[0.14229564368724823, 12.510836601257324, "CM Downscaled Data Portal (CCAFS, 2014a; Ramirez, 2008). As described by the data providers, the Delta Method follows the following steps:\n1. Gathering of baseline data (current climates corresponding to WorldClim).\n2. Gath\nering of full GCM timeseri"]
[0.20102502405643463, 12.319011688232422, "(2013) estimated potential effects of climate change on water and agricultural production in the Yellow River basin. Changes in agricul -\ntural demand were assessed in the Yellow River basin for three climate change scenarios drawn from the IPCC Four"]
[0.17564177513122559, 12.361753463745117, " Changes in Annual Mean Temperature, Precipitation, and Agricultural Water Demand from 2010 to 2030 \nIPCC Climate \nScenarioAverage Change in Temperature by \n2030 (degrees Celsius)Average Change in \nPrecipitation by 2030 (%)Change in Agricultural \nWat"]
[0.2428959161043167, 12.247098922729492, ", 2013.\na For the Low Demand projection, simulations were only run for management strategies 1 to 6 in Table\u00a07.1.136    Evaluation of the Jinan City Water Ecological Development Implementation Plan\nTable F.2\nIdentification and Ownership of Global Cli"]
[0.16530580818653107, 12.460556983947754, "E: Blue shading indicates representative climate scenarios.\nRAND RR1682-G.1Global emissions\nscenario\nhistorical\nrcp2_6\nrcp4_5\nrcp6_0\nrcp8_51 \n0 2 3 4 \n\u2013100 \u201350 0 50 100 150 200 250\nChange in annual precipitation (mm)Change in average annual temperatu"]
[-0.5351668000221252, 13.349266052246094, "\nCollins, Matthew, Reto Knutti, Julie M. Arblaster, Jean-Louis Dufresne, Thierry Fichefet, Pierre \nFriedlingstein, Xuejie Gao, William J. Gutowski, Tim Johns, Gerhard Krinner, Mxolisi Shongwe, Claudia Tebaldi, Andrew J. Weaver, and Michael Wehner, \u201cL"]
[-0.47973471879959106, 13.337810516357422, "Vishal K. Mehta, Ben Wright, and Grantley Pyke, Developing Robust Strategies for Climate Change and Other Risks: A Water Utility Framework , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-977-\nWRF, 2014. As of December\u00a014, 2016: http://www.rand.org/pubs/"]
[0.23765869438648224, 12.26986312866211, "ator Summary , 2015.\nJinan Statistics Bureau, Jinan City Statistical Yearbook 2012 , China Statistics Press, 2013.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Jinan City Statistical Yearbook 2013 , China Statistics Press, 2014.\nJinan Water Resources Bureau, \u201cJinan City Water Resources Pub"]
[0.248388409614563, 12.291078567504883, "y A., Joan F. Kenny, Susan S. Hutson, John K. Lovelace, Nancy L. Barber, and Kristin S. Linsey, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2010 , Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey, Circular \n1405, 2014. As of November\u00a02015: http://dx.doi.org/10"]
[0.2471846044063568, 12.374978065490723, "gement , CRC Press,\u00a0November\u00a015, 2004.\nTaylor, Karl E., Ronald J. Stouffer, and Gerald A. Meehl, \u201cAn Overview of CMIP5 and the Experiment Design,\u201d Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , Vol.\u00a093, No.\u00a04, April\u00a02012, pp.\u00a0485\u2013498.\nUNESA\u2014 See U"]
[0.21348942816257477, 12.294367790222168, "egies to help Jinan meet its long-term water resources goals. RAND\u2019s approach uses well-tested methods of decision support, starting with building a shared understanding of the nature of the decision, metrics to evaluate progress toward goals, key un"]
[11.66775131225586, 18.143882751464844, "STEPHANIE RENNANE, SAMANTHA CHERNEY\nWho Settles in Workers\u2019 \nCompensation?\nAn Analysis of How Trends in Claim \nSettlements Relate to Workers\u2019 Compensation Benefit Changes in Oregon\nWorkplace injury is costly to workers and firms (Leigh, 2011). Worker"]
[11.67858600616455, 18.114673614501953, "to avoid the uncertainty about the judge or jury\u2019s decision on the case. In the case of workers\u2019 compensation, parties may opt for settlement to avoid the uncertainty of how long disability payments may continue when the path to recovery is uncertain"]
[11.691478729248047, 18.14640235900879, "holder conversations, the increase in the frequency of settlements could, instead, indicate that claims administrators and attorneys sought to gain more information about the policy change by \u201ctesting out the system\u201d and to reduce their uncertainty a"]
[11.70780086517334, 18.150819778442383, "s \nabout the anticipated duration of disability and the workers\u2019 rate of discount (or time preference). However, this ignores the very real dimensions of uncertainty for the worker. (Hunt and Barth, 2010, p.\u00a04)\nThese dimensions include whether the wo"]
[11.70530891418457, 18.145429611206055, "g the claim process. For accepted claims, workers may opt for a claim disposition agreement (CDA). Under a CDA, workers release all rights to present and future benefits in return for a payment up front, typically provided in a lump sum. The CDA sett"]
[11.67524242401123, 18.126949310302734, "hen a worker is injured or experi -\nences illness due to work, a workers\u2019 compensation claim is initiated, using either the Worker\u2019s and Physician\u2019s Report of Worker\u2019s Compensation (com-pleted by a doctor) or the Report of Job Related Illness or Inju"]
[11.749495506286621, 18.136592864990234, "ht shows the trends as a percentage of all indemnity claims in the injury year.\nThere are several patterns of note. First, in \nall injury-year cohorts, there is a higher overall frequency of settlements among claims with a \nFIGURE 1\nTrends in CDA Set"]
[11.70375919342041, 18.133747100830078, " \u201cThe majority of workers in our sample did not work before a settlement and did not return to work within one year after a settlement.\u201d Savych also examined various worker and claim characteristics, and found benefit payments were suspended, were mo"]
[11.816306114196777, 18.292865753173828, "Scheduled and unscheduled injuries had differ-ent rating procedures prior to 2005: For scheduled injuries, the extent of impairment was determined relative to the injured body part; for unscheduled injuries, the extent of impairment was determined re"]
[11.726030349731445, 18.135284423828125, "y type of settlement was the disputed claim settlement. By comparing claims before and after the policy change (in 1989 and 1991), the authors found that the\nintroduction of CDAs sped resolution and \nreduced TTD duration in a small group of claims: a"]
[11.833267211914062, 18.26487159729004, "h efforts resulted in only two interviews. While response to such requests is typically low, the fact that we were analyzing a policy change from nearly 15 years ago limited our ability to reach out to actors who were actively working in the Oregon w"]
[11.860583305358887, 18.205411911010742, "r; preinjury weekly wage; occupation and industry at the time of injury; injury characteristics, including body part, nature of the injury, and the injury event; claim characteristics, including date of injury, date of claim closure, and total values"]
[11.747387886047363, 18.140792846679688, "as viewed as a significant change in policy. In particular, both noted that the work disability provisions in the new law were significant and drew a lot of attention soon after the law was passed. Both respondents indicated that this change meant th"]
[11.808320045471191, 18.1461181640625, "l claimants, regardless of whether the claim ended in settlement or closure.\nFurthermore, because the data set includes infor-\nmation only on claims with indemnity payments, it is outside the scope of our research to examine the effects of settlement"]
[11.879135131835938, 18.089998245239258, "ervable charac-teristics of claims that settled or claimed PPD before or after the policy change. Statistically significant changes in other claim characteristics would suggest that there were other shifts in the case mix of claims that settled or re"]
[11.920422554016113, 18.11430549621582, "* 0.10* 0.25* 0.21*\n(0.33) (0.30) (0.43) (0.41)\nUpper extremities 0.31 0.29 0.16 0.15\n(0.46) (0.45) (0.37) (0.36)\nLower extremities 0.26 0.27 0.15 0.16\n(0.44) (0.44) (0.36) (0.36)\nMultiple/unknown 0.11* 0.14* 0.20* 0.25*\n(0.31) (0.34) (0.40) (0.43)\nO"]
[11.848984718322754, 18.148088455200195, "istribution well, it tends to underestimate higher-value PPD awards. Figure 4 compares the predicted propensity score for the sample of claims after 2005 when we were able Empirical Approach\nNext, we used a logistic regression analysis to analyze whe"]
[11.856985092163086, 18.143333435058594, "that may be likely to affect the value of the PPD award: preinjury weekly wage, body part of injury, and probability of receiving work disability. To test whether the relationship between these factors and settlements changed after 2005, we also incl"]
[11.810897827148438, 18.10378646850586, " sig-nificantly affected the likelihood of settlement after SB\u00a0757. There are several potential explanations for the lack of an effect. First, workers may not have been aware of the policy change. Other actors in the system, such as attorneys and cla"]
[11.76918888092041, 18.12427520751953, " the marked increase in initial settlements after 2005 resulted from actors testing out the system to under-stand how the changes may work may well be correct and is worth exploring with further research.\nLimitations\nThese findings present a prelimin"]
[11.718920707702637, 18.11592674255371, "ide the scope of this analysis, \nwe also speculated on several potential explana-tions for the lack of changes in settlement behavior. First, workers and attorneys may face uncertainty about the expected value of the permanent disabil-ity award, and "]
[11.46056842803955, 18.10905647277832, ", and dispute processes. \n5  Oregon Workers' Compensation Board, undated.\n6  See DCBS, 2011, and DCBS, 2016, for more details on SB\u00a0757. \n7  This restriction excludes only approximately 1\u00a0percent of \nclaims in the data set.18\nBibliography \nBarton, Sa"]
[11.487518310546875, 18.09090232849121, "ted States,\u201d Millbank Quarterly , Vol.\u00a089, No.\u00a04, \nDecember 2011, pp. 728\u2013772.\nMorgan, James N., Marvin Snider, and Marion G. Sobol, Lump \nSum Redemption Settlements and Rehabilitation: A Study of Workmen\u2019s Compensation in Michigan , Ann Arbor, Mich."]
[11.530362129211426, 17.961496353149414, "ttlement\nState of Oregon, \u201cClaimant Attorney Fees,\u201d webpage, undated. As \nof November 19, 2019: https://www.oregon.gov/dcbs/reports/compensation/disputes/Pages/attorney-fees.aspx19\nStuart, Elizabeth A., \u201cMatching Methods for Causal Inference: \nA Revi"]
[11.408736228942871, 17.728294372558594, "ited. \nPermission is given to duplicate this \ndocument for personal use only, as \nlong as it is unaltered and complete. \nPermission is required from RAND \nto reproduce, or reuse in another \nform, any of our research documents \nfor commercial use. For"]
[13.840348243713379, 4.657209873199463, "er \nand more prosperous.\nRAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND Ventures is \na vehicle for investing in policy solutions. Philanthropic contributions support our ability to \ntake the long view, tackle tough and oft"]
[13.799629211425781, 9.01416301727295, "Evaluation of North \nCarolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Program\nLois M. Davis, Michelle C. Tolbert\nCORPORATION\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by l"]
[13.773204803466797, 9.034833908081055, " RAND Cor -\nporation, in partnership with RTI International, was chosen to evaluate the Pathways demonstration project. This report focuses specifically on the evaluation of the North Carolina Pathways Program.\nThese findings should be of interest to"]
[13.785422325134277, 9.029064178466797, "................ 19\nStudent Selection Criteria, Recruitment, and Enrollment  ....................................... 21\nIn-Prison Educational Activities, Supports, and Prerelease Statistics  .......................... 23\nPrerelease from the In-Prison"]
[13.797103881835938, 9.018617630004883, "1. Inputs for the Pathways Demonstration Project  ..................................... 65Figures\n 1.1. North Carolina Pathways Program Logic Model  ..................................... 9\n A.1. Cross-Site Logic Model  ..............................."]
[13.775389671325684, 9.033021926879883, "implementation of the in-prison component of the three pilot Pathways Programs in Michigan, New Jersey, and North Carolina. The second phase of the eval -\nuation focused on the community component. The Laughing Gull Foundation and Vera provided fundi"]
[13.796403884887695, 9.019469261169434, " strengthen the PSE and reentry services available to individuals incarcerated in North Carolina\u2019s correctional system.\nThe Pathways Program was led by the NCDPS Office of Reentry Programs and \nServices in collaboration with the NCDPS Community Corre"]
[13.807256698608398, 9.011007308959961, "\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Program\ncates, diplomas, and degrees; gainful employment, either part-time or full-time, and \nincreased earnings; and reductions in recidivism, including fewer community supervi -\nsion violations and"]
[13.813199996948242, 9.008373260498047, "ered in prison were for only three majors (business administration, computer information technology [IT], Summary    xiii\nand entrepreneurship), which did not always align with students\u2019 career interests. Sev -\neral students changed their majors once"]
[13.807132720947266, 9.012213706970215, "elp support the family.\nHaving a Pathways navigator and trusted persons of authority was impor -\ntant.  Most interviewees reported feeling that the Pathways navigator role was essential \nand was an important source of support for many of the students"]
[13.8041410446167, 9.013557434082031, "nsitional housing managers, and other community service providers. State admin -\nistrations had to provide 25-percent match funding and staff time to plan, imple -\nment, and manage the program; agree to such policy changes as inmate transfers to \nPat"]
[13.802345275878906, 9.014347076416016, " impact on how NCDPS approaches higher education in prison and reentry planning. Pathways laid the groundwork for and showed what reentry planning should look like. It also has led to more coordi -\nnation among prisons and PPOs and community resource"]
[13.812154769897461, 9.00361156463623, "ed in developing the logic model and in assessing the in-prison component of the Pathways Program in North Carolina. We also appreciate the thoughtful insights provided by our technical reviewers, including Matthew Mizel of RAND, Susan Turner of the "]
[15.540308952331543, 6.536085605621338, "individuals who participated in PSE programs. Davis et al. (2013) estimated that participation in college or PSE programs \nreduced an individual\u2019s risk of recidivating by 16  per centage points compared with \nthose who did not participate in correcti"]
[15.526387214660645, 6.538862228393555, "-year public; two-year and less than two-year private nonprofit; and four-year, two-year, and less than two-year private for-profit colleges). \nA more recent survey of all 50 state correctional education directors by Davis \net al. (2014) found that o"]
[13.826628684997559, 8.982078552246094, "nical education (CTE) programs \nand apprenticeships that lead to industry-recognized credentials to credit-  bea ring \nprograms that lead to postsecondary degrees (e.g., associate and bachelor\u2019s degrees or higher) (Davis et al., 2014; Erisman and Con"]
[13.802441596984863, 9.015281677246094, "tructured to enable incarcerated stu -\ndents to earn credentials and, ultimately, college degrees?\n\u2022 Who are the key stakeholders and what are their roles in supporting these types of programs?\n\u2022 What other types of supports do incarcerated students "]
[13.803668022155762, 9.013245582580566, "tering college and complet -\ning their PSE through the two years following their release.6 To increase educational \npersistence and completion rates among participants, the three pilot states also pro -\nvided extensive case planning both in prison an"]
[13.78846263885498, 9.02413558959961, "m in the pilot state, specifically (1) certifying the cre -\ndentials of corrections educators and the curricula used in corrections education programs for the purposes of granting credits to students for those courses after release; (2) signing artic"]
[13.814156532287598, 8.997458457946777, "s. \nPSE programs funded by the state were primarily CTE. The NCDPS Division of \nAdult Correction (DAC) (now known as the Division of Adult Corrections and Juve -\nnile Justice) provided CTE and other education services to incarcerated individuals thro"]
[13.799039840698242, 9.017752647399902, "litate the reentry process. Instead, it was up to the individual being released from prison to develop his or her own plan and determine his or her next steps, meaning that if an inmate was organized, he or she would have developed a reentry plan; ot"]
[13.79436206817627, 9.022564888000488, "s*Academic and Instructional Supports\n\u2022 participants living in shared quarters*\u2022 computer training, access to computer lab and \nmonitored/limited internet* \n\u2022 trust-fund incentives for meeting performance goals*\u2022 flexible visitation schedule and fina"]
[13.801288604736328, 9.01615047454834, "roved quality of life in neighborhoods \nimpacted by crime and incarceration\n\u2022 skilled workforce\u2022 taxpaying citizensSocietal Impacts10    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Program\nreentry councils (LRCs). N"]
[13.802807807922363, 9.015486717224121, "ate sources) and 10  pe rcent in-kind resources to be distributed over the four years of the demonstration \nproject.\n10 Some of these eligibility requirements (e.g., scores on assessments) were later relaxed during the selection pro -\ncess to ensure "]
[13.809016227722168, 9.007341384887695, "elony \ndrug convictions. The time required to clear up these challenges led to the decision to supplement with Pathways \nfunds in order to get these students enrolled in college.12    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postseconda"]
[13.7985200881958, 9.018524169921875, "hed LRCs in the three designated release communities. It was also planned for the LRCs to use the funds to customize services based on the students\u2019 needs and available community resources, including employment opportu -\nnities, transportation, housi"]
[13.745220184326172, 9.04896354675293, "his section, we briefly summa -\nrize the methods for each phase of the evaluation.14    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Program\nIn-Prison Component Evaluation\nAs noted earlier, the evaluation of the in-p"]
[13.754602432250977, 9.04222297668457, "eptions about the program\u2019s strength and weaknesses; (5) plans for continuing their PSE upon release from prison; (6) views about support needs; and (7) their advice for improving the program. All focus group discussions were conducted in a private c"]
[13.75908374786377, 9.039871215820312, "esigning, imple -\nmenting, and overseeing the Pathways Program. This allowed us to get a higher-level perspective of the overall approach North Carolina took to the Pathways Program, stakeholders\u2019 assessments of critical factors and challenges, adjus"]
[13.755875587463379, 9.04189682006836, "opped out of the program to get their perspectives on factors that influenced their decisions, their assessments of the program, their educational plans, and recommendations for improving the program.\nAnalysis\nWe qualitatively analyzed the interview "]
[13.795703887939453, 9.019521713256836, " Pathways Program \nunfolded, it is important to examine how the in-prison component was designed and implemented, including student selection, recruitment and enrollment, courses and other services provided, adjustments made, and lessons learned. The"]
[13.79692268371582, 9.019502639770508, "y Community College served Albemarle; AB-Tech served Craggy; and Pamlico Community College served Pamlico. Male inmate students needing developmental courses were to be housed at either Avery-Mitchell or Mountain View facilities to complete these cou"]
[13.7981595993042, 9.017167091369629, " in heating, ventilation, and air con -\nditioning (HVAC); electrical wiring; commercial cleaning; welding; furni -\nture upholstery; horticulture; food services and culinary arts; carpentry; and  \nmasonry.\n4\nStudent Selection Criteria, Recruitment, an"]
[13.79670238494873, 9.017725944519043, "d to abide by any postrelease and/or probation conditions after exiting from prison (NCDPS, 2014).\n7 The Pathways Performance Incentive process was based on weekly progress reports from the community col -\nlege instructors who completed an incentive "]
[13.799164772033691, 9.0174560546875, "er the course of the in-prison component of the Pathways Program, a total of \n3,750 credits and 259 certificates were earned by Pathways students. \nIn-Prison Educational Activities, Supports, and Prerelease Statistics\nNorth Carolina\u2019s Pathways Progra"]
[13.796220779418945, 9.016386032104492, "  2. 2 indicates that a total of 3,750 credits \nwere earned during the in-prison component of the program. Certificates earned by North Carolina Pathways students while in prison were in entrepreneurship, business administration, computer IT, and dev"]
[13.791914939880371, 9.02273941040039, "rollment Processes\nIn the first year, North Carolina experienced some challenges with its selection, recruit -\nment, and enrollment processes and made adjustments as needed. North Carolina had less than six months from the time of the award of the gr"]
[13.79931640625, 9.01652717590332, " -\nferred to another correctional facility or promoted to minimum custody)\n13 during the \napplication process or risk losing some individuals who wanted to be in the program but were in the process of being moved to another correctional facility.\nDes"]
[13.823314666748047, 8.994728088378906, "internet access created some security issues. For example, when access was first provided, email communication with college instructors not affiliated with the program was inadver -\ntently made available to incarcerated students. As soon as the probl"]
[13.806171417236328, 9.011329650878906, "e students should just be grateful to be in the program. These differing views created some tension between the two groups. Program administrators at times found it challenging to accommodate students\u2019 education and study needs without making them fe"]
[13.805154800415039, 9.010347366333008, "gram was embraced by the state\u2019s central leadership. This support helped set the tone that rehabilitation, and the Pathways Program in particular, was a priority. For example, a senior state administrator in North Carolina noted that Path -\nways need"]
[13.801009178161621, 9.01576042175293, "the Pathways student population viewed doing so as rewarding, the students did present challenges. For example, according to one col -\nlege administrator, instructors suspected that some students struggled with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorde"]
[13.80171012878418, 9.016324043273926, "cult for some family members to The North Carolina Pathways Program\u2019s In-Prison Component   31\nvisit the student while he or she was incarcerated and, as discussed in Chapter\u00a0Three, \npresented a difficult decision for some students as to whether to r"]
[13.796975135803223, 9.021696090698242, "o the general services provided to all of their reentry clients (e.g., job referrals, housing assis-34    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Program\ntance, bus cards, counseling, program referrals), the LRC"]
[13.804323196411133, 9.013079643249512, " their families while managing and seeking treatment for any substance abuse, depression, anxiety, or other mental health issues. As one community college administrator noted, Pathways students were a microcosm of the range of issues that affect most"]
[13.796981811523438, 9.021997451782227, "fund services (e.g., reentry assistance and tuition assis -\ntance) and for a Pathways navigator in each of the release communities. The majority of the Pathways students said that they would not have been able to stay committed to the program if it w"]
[13.805601119995117, 9.009764671325684, "y the Pathways students as having as many services and supports, the other LRCs were able to maintain the same level of financial support to the students in their communities through the end of the initiative. \nEven within the same community, student"]
[13.800928115844727, 9.01573657989502, "ng.\nIn one of the release communities, the housing manager was well respected by the \nstudents. He would help them with transportation issues and encourage them to stay in the program. However, that was not the case in all the release communities. Ma"]
[13.80820369720459, 9.012524604797363, "lancing work and school. Many of the students, therefore, worked additional hours so that they could purchase their own cars. \nLessons Learned\nThe implementation of the community and reentry component of the Pathways Pro -\ngram, including the challen"]
[13.804817199707031, 9.015012741088867, "at same PPO, though, noted that it was not appropriate for him to interact with the students at the college, because it could inadvertently stigmatize the students. He believed that that role was better suited for the Pathways navigator. \nIn another "]
[13.80665397644043, 9.012765884399414, " and Reentry Component   41\nThe Pathways navigators, PPOs, and instructors also pointed out that many of \nthe students were reluctant to ask for help. As one navigator described,\nSome of the participants wait until the last minute to come and talk ab"]
[13.7946195602417, 9.011877059936523, "ed that she felt like she was failing as a mother. Another student commented that \u201c[b]alancing all my responsibili -\nties is hard. Something has to give. I feel very overwhelmed.\u201d42    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postsecond"]
[13.80705451965332, 9.01053524017334, "ed to pay full-time bills with part-time jobs.\nMany students agreed that the incentives initially promised were more of a  \ndistraction\u2014particularly when they did not come to fruition\u2014than a help. Rather, \nthe students recommended focusing on the uni"]
[13.793374061584473, 9.012264251708984, "make sure that the Pathways Pro -\ngram, or something similar, would be made available to other incarcerated students. If that happened, they had the following advice for other incarcerated individuals consid -\nering enrolling in such a program:\n\u2022 \u201cYo"]
[13.804171562194824, 9.011418342590332, "in-prison education component to eliminate duplication among participating colleges and provide more transfer options for students after their release. He and other staff agreed that many of the Pathways students struggled with being far away from ho"]
[13.826703071594238, 9.001993179321289, "he position could be strengthened. One college administrator recommended embedding the Pathways navigator role at the college or having the navigator be a shared position between the LRC and college. Similarly, a navigator noted the importance of hav"]
[13.80584716796875, 9.012667655944824, "and Snyder, 2014). Research has shown that returning citizens are particularly vulner -\nable in the first few weeks of release from prison, with peak rates for recidivism occur -\nring in the days and weeks immediately following release (National Rese"]
[13.805524826049805, 9.01073932647705, " research has long recognized the important role of family in successful \nreentry. Like the Pathways students, many individuals depend on family members or other relatives or friends for financial, housing, and emotional support upon release from pri"]
[13.809751510620117, 9.01002311706543, "on career paths that would lead to postsecondary certifications, diplomas, and/or AAS degrees (versus simply taking courses to bide time while in prison)\n\u2022 enabled many individuals to stay focused on education and made having infrac -\ntions while inc"]
[13.829102516174316, 8.984394073486328, "e asked them about their education experience prior to Pathways, many reported that they had earned several Conclusions and Recommendations   51\nother occupational credentials while incarcerated. However, Pathways was different in \nthat it allowed th"]
[13.800670623779297, 9.01391887664795, "me growing\u201d effect desired as part of the demonstration project. That is, one intended outcome of the in-prison component was that the Pathways Program would motivate other individu -\nals in prison who were not selected for Pathways to earn their GED"]
[13.807823181152344, 9.00752067565918, " opportunity.\nCommunication Takes Time and Is Critical to Program Success\nAnother critical lesson learned from both the in-prison and community components was the need for regular communication among staff and students. At various points, there were "]
[13.80006217956543, 9.013773918151855, "ition than those students who had to change to a different college upon release.\nThe Pathways students also expressed appreciation for meeting with success teams \nprior to release. These meetings gave them the opportunity to get to know the reentry s"]
[13.799673080444336, 9.016261100769043, "d over time. This proved to be problematic for the implementers of the community compo -\nnent of the Pathways Program (e.g., program staff, reentry staff, headquarters staff). For Pathways students, this eroded their trust and introduced uncertainty "]
[13.804696083068848, 9.011818885803223, "nal \nPrograms\nThere are numerous reentry stressors that can affect students\u2019 decisions about whether \nto complete their education program out in the community, work full-time, or return home or move closer to family. Housing, employment, and transpor"]
[13.806900024414062, 9.010449409484863, " was more likely to understand where flexibility was needed to accommodate the chal -\nlenges the students faced in going to school full-time, working, and trying to reunite with family.\nFamily Plays a Key Role in Students\u2019 Decisions and Success\nFrom "]
[13.807737350463867, 9.007610321044922, "changed majors upon release from prison. In addition, there was recognition that it would have been helpful to allow students to earn certificates while incarcerated so that they would have those certificates when released.\nNot all the credits transf"]
[13.80449104309082, 9.012109756469727, "would relieve the stress of trying to go to college full-time while needing to work full-time.\n\u2022 Include enough release communities in the program so students can live near their families and other supports.\n\u2022 Invest in reentry infrastructure to ensu"]
[13.804539680480957, 9.00930118560791, " three pillars.\nIn addition, NCDPS has set up a PSE advisory committee as a result of Pathways \nthat continues to discuss what they want prison education to entail in North Carolina. This has led to several colleges receiving grants (from a regional "]
[13.821989059448242, 8.995038986206055, "f material support as needed.\n\u2022 Provide mentoring, tutoring, and comprehensive supports and services to stu -\ndents once enrolled.\n\u2022 Evaluate the progress of students academically, in employment and earnings, and in crime desistance.62    Evaluation "]
[13.799896240234375, 9.01762866973877, "se actions to ensure that educational programming could proceed as planned\n\u2022 commitment from the director of the state parole or postrelease community supervision agency and a detailed plan from the head of the supervision agency for how the agency w"]
[13.7972412109375, 9.019200325012207, "prison resources included department of corrections programming staff, cor -\nrectional staff, educational staff, case management staff, and supervisory staff to facili -64    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Educat"]
[13.805425643920898, 9.01175308227539, "ustice costs\u2022 reduced crime and increased public safety\u2022 improved quality of life in neighborhoods \nimpacted by crime\n\u2022 skilled workforce\u2022 taxpaying citizensSocietal Impacts\nNOTE: The dashed line indicates that the services and components are supplem"]
[13.801892280578613, 9.017333030700684, "le assessment opportunities\u2022 academic and occupational training\n\u2022 remedial education\n\u2022 assessment-driven placement\n\u2022 noninstructional supports\n\u2022 classroom instruction enhanced by com -\nputer technology\n\u2022 behavior management by students sign -\ning beh"]
[13.748212814331055, 9.048346519470215, "ministrators/Program Staff/Instructors\nProject Leaders: Lois Davis (PI) and Robert Bozick (co-PI)\nTel. 310-393-0411\nEmail: lmdavis@rand.org; rbozick@rand.org \n1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY\nThe RAND Corporation, a non-profit research institution in Santa Mo"]
[13.733569145202637, 9.05752944946289, "bservation checklist to guide our data collection. \nOur interest is in understanding what instructional methods are being used, the variety of instructional activities that occur, whether individualized learning is occurring, the degree to which stud"]
[13.700783729553223, 9.077610969543457, "premises\u2014electronic records will be protected by password and/or encryption\u2014and will not be shared with anyone outside of this project. After completion of the study, all written materials will be destroyed 12 months after the report has been complet"]
[13.715811729431152, 9.067699432373047, "ptions about program quality, usefulness, and effectiveness \nFocus Group Questions\nOverview of Focus Group [5 minutes]\nThank you for coming today. I want to introduce myself and the others working \non this project. My name is _____ and this is ______"]
[13.758559226989746, 9.034711837768555, "our plans for enrolling and continuing your education upon release?\no How do you think the program will help you meet those goals?\n\u2022\tWhat do you think will be your biggest challenges when released and how might the program help you address those chal"]
[13.726794242858887, 9.059748649597168, "e Depart -\nment may receive a copy of the overall results at the end of the study but will not be able to identify you personally from the copy they receive. You should know that if you indicate plans to harm yourself, to harm someone else, or to esc"]
[13.739542007446289, 9.052302360534668, "in the focus group discussion today , we \nhave arranged for you to participate in an alternative activity (e.g., study hall or computer lab time). You are free to go to that activity now.78    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Po"]
[13.728705406188965, 9.059124946594238, "is is a research project being conducted by the RAND Corporation; it is \nnot being conducted by the North Carolina Department of Public Safety (DPS). RAND will keep confidential your comments. DPS staff will not get a copy of your answers. The Depart"]
[13.787668228149414, 9.010156631469727, "oration, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA, 90407-2138, or by phone at (866) 697-5620, or by emailing hspcinfo@rand.org.82    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Program\nRAND Corporation\nEV ALUATION OF THE "]
[13.737255096435547, 9.054250717163086, "s) key to supporting this program. The interview will take between 60-90 minutes.\nThe information provided from your comments will be used by the evaluation \nteam to evaluate the outcomes of the NC Pathways Program. The findings will be summarized in"]
[13.686609268188477, 9.072247505187988, "udy. De-identified data may be kept after the study indefinitely. \n8. VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATIONYour participation in the study and interviews is completely voluntary. You \nmay refuse to participate, refuse to answer any question in the interview , or s"]
[13.789640426635742, 9.025164604187012, "on-instructional supports that complement classroom activities (e.g., Pathways Navigator, computers, transporta-tion, childcare, housing)\n\u00a7\tOther reentry services\n\u00a7\tViews regarding program\u2019s strengths/weaknesses and addi-tional support needed\n\u00a7\tFor t"]
[15.58849048614502, 6.4410719871521, "lities, and other resources supporting program\n\u2022\tChanges in partners and stakeholders to support students in the community \n\u00a7\tPerceptions of the program\u2019s strengths and weaknesses\n\u00a7\tUpdate on data collection\no Program outcomes and impact\n\u00a7\tTransition"]
[13.876562118530273, 8.941858291625977, "er 2005.\nGorgol, Laura E., and Brian A. Sponsler, Unlocking Potential: Results of a National Survey of \nPostsecondary Education in State Prisons , Washington, D.C.: Institute for Higher Education Policy, \nMay 2011.90    Evaluation of North Carolina\u2019s"]
[13.811400413513184, 9.00528335571289, "nt provided to RAND.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cUnlocking Potential: Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education, Request for \nProposals,\u201d 2012b, unpublished document provided to RAND.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Project , New York, 2014.\nVis"]
[11.58653736114502, 18.087804794311523, "Michael Dworsky, Stephanie Rennane, Nicholas BrotenWage Loss Monitoring for \nInjured Workers inCalifornia\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation System\n2013 Injury Year Findings (First Interim Report)CORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis "]
[11.375658988952637, 17.580808639526367, "e loss for all injured workers in the state. \nRAND Institute for Civil Justice \nThe RAND Institute for Civil Justice (ICJ) is dedicated to improving the civil justice system \nby supplying policymakers and the public with rigorous and nonpartisan rese"]
[11.938045501708984, 18.063175201416016, "hapter 1. Introduction and Background ..................................................................................... 1\t\nWage Loss Monitoring for Injured Workers in California ...................................................................."]
[12.310134887695312, 18.04094886779785, "............................  47 \t\nDiscussion ........................................................................................................................................ 49 \t\nChapter 5. Conclusion ........................................"]
[12.305291175842285, 18.025136947631836, "......................... 44\t\nFigure 4.6. Earnings Loss by Body Part of Injury for Workers with Indemnity Benefits,  \n2005\u20132013 Injuries ........................................................................................................... 45\t\nF"]
[12.332921028137207, 18.006696701049805, "..................................................................................... 61\t\nTable A.7a. Demographic Characteristics of Injured Workers with Indemnity Claims .............. 62\t\nTable A.7b. Firm and Employment Characteristics of Injured W"]
[12.322358131408691, 18.05252456665039, "........................................................ 83\t\nTable A.10f. Changes in Relative Earnings Compared with Overall Average, by Quartile of  \nPre-Injury Earnings and Benefit Type .............................................................."]
[11.929727554321289, 18.128883361816406, "ating worker counterfactual outcomes, and alignment of economic incentives and resources to support the research. \nThe California Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) has established a project that will \nprovide regular monitoring of earnings los"]
[12.45443344116211, 18.267301559448242, " into account when estimating \nwage loss. The concept of wage loss relies on comparison of a worker\u2019s realized earnings after \ninjury with the worker\u2019s potential earnings in the (hypothetical) absence of the injury. \nResearchers have taken numerous a"]
[12.346871376037598, 18.053115844726562, "n \u201d period for reporting in tables.  xii Figure S.1 . Trends in Relative Earnings in Second Year After Injury, 2005 \u20132013 Injuries  \n \nSOURCE : 2005 \u20132013 Workers\u2019 Compensation Information System ( WCIS ) and  Employment Development \nDepartment (EDD)"]
[12.264098167419434, 17.9194278717041, " WCIS -EDD data.  \nNOTE: Relative earnings are defined as the ratio of injured worker earnings to potential earnings over the second full \nyear following the quarter of injury. \n xiv Labor Market Outcomes Vary by Industry and N ature of Injury  \nAfte"]
[12.24887466430664, 17.938270568847656, "ed here \nto include Los Angeles County, Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and Imperial County) (see Figure S.3).  xv Figure S.3 . Trends in Relative Earni ngs by Region and Cumulative Injury Status, 2005 \u20132013 \nInjuries with Ind"]
[11.962618827819824, 18.31649398803711, " claims that have not yet fully resolved. Given the slow pace of medical recovery and claim resolution for severe injuries, data on earnings losses several years after injury  are necessary to directly assess the \nlong-term impact of permanently disa"]
[12.139260292053223, 17.976560592651367, "ups, Especially \nCumulative Injury Cases in Southern California \nWhile we were  unable to disentangle particular policy impacts in our analyses of overall \ntrends, our analysis of key subgroups revealed some notable differences in wage loss and labor"]
[11.60999584197998, 18.318601608276367, "tions  \nAB Assembly Bill \nAMA  American Medical Association \nCHSWC  Commission on Health and Safety and Workers\u2019 Compensation \nDEU Disability Evaluation Unit \nDIR California Department of Industrial Relations \nDWC  Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation \n"]
[12.02273941040039, 18.214616775512695, "y disabled workers were found to be highly sensitive to economic conditions at the time of injury: Permanently disabled workers\u2019 labor market outcomes deteriorated sharply during the Great Recession of 2008\u20132009 and showed little sign of recovery thr"]
[11.889917373657227, 18.334970474243164, "ement rates, a major reform \npackage known as Senate Bill (SB) 863 was enacted late in 2012 (DIR, 2017b). SB 863 included changes to the methods used for calculating final disability ratings that increased disability ratings for the majority of perma"]
[11.851166725158691, 18.223495483398438, "e overall objective of this project is to provide workers\u2019 compensation policymakers in \nCalifornia with a basis for regular and ongoing monitoring of earnings loss and injured worker economic outcomes. DIR has contracted with RAND to carry out a thr"]
[11.679388999938965, 18.172393798828125, "te. In addition to monitoring trends in earnings losses, a key component of this project is the development of a data set that can be used for more evaluation of specific policy changes in the workers\u2019 compensation system when it is possible to defin"]
[11.772589683532715, 18.316831588745117, "eriod, and, thus, they receive only medical care. However, three in ten injured \nworkers will receive some form of indemnity benefits as compensation for a longer spell of work \nabsence or for permanent disability.\n10 Ultimately, around 15 percent of"]
[11.817675590515137, 18.318342208862305, "ornia workers\u2019 compensation benefits in calendar year 2015 (National Academy of Social \nInsurance, 2017). \n  6 Recent Developments in California Workers\u2019 Compensation \nThe data used in this study include injuries occurring on or after January 1, 2005"]
[11.87748908996582, 18.32030487060547, "27 and SB 228. AB 749, enacted in 2002, \nalso provided for increases in TTD and PPD benefits that were phased in between 2004 and 2006. A summary of the \nprovisions of these laws is available on the DIR website at http://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/reform03.h"]
[11.995865821838379, 18.13909339904785, "s such as these are unique to injured workers, other trends associated \nwith an economic expansion\u2014such as increased rates of job turnover, transition, and wage growth\u2014will affect all workers in the economy. In the following chapters, we describe how"]
[11.850322723388672, 18.164134979248047, "itional modeling effort far beyond the scope of this monitoring report is necessary to say how the magnitude of earnings loss would evolve over time in the absence of policy changes.  \nEarnings loss estimates provide a single summary measure of the e"]
[11.845586776733398, 18.184587478637695, "t \nthat neither the insurance industry nor state workers\u2019 compensation agencies have mechanisms in place to collect individual-level data on outcomes for injured workers after their involvement with the workers\u2019 compensation system ends. This informa"]
[11.894387245178223, 18.165430068969727, "oss for earlier injury years \n\u2022 comparison of differences in earnings loss levels and changes across subgroups of \ninjuries. \nUpdates to this monitoring report will be produced in the summer of 2018 (covering 2014\u2013\n2015 injuries) and in the summer of"]
[11.798622131347656, 19.043216705322266, "onic Data Interchange versions of the First Report of Injury (FROI) and Subsequent Report of Injury (SROI). In 2007, DIR began collecting transaction-level medical treatment data at the claim level, including procedures, diagnoses, and payments. In a"]
[11.871548652648926, 18.990358352661133, "ase. \nUnfortunately, compliance with reporting standards remains imperfect, and the data reported \non the SROI are less complete than what are reported by the FROI; the most recent assessment \npublished by the Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation (DWC) "]
[12.339656829833984, 18.448579788208008, "be captured in the Base Wage File. The Base Wage File represents the most accurate and comprehensive possible source of data on quarterly wage and salary earnings in California. The industries covered by UI are virtually identical to the industries c"]
[12.477218627929688, 18.31722640991211, "s and employment because it is impossible to observe what an injured worker\u2019s labor market outcomes would have been if he or she had not been injured. To illustrate this problem, \nimagine that we had data only on an injured worker\u2019s earnings before a"]
[12.486764907836914, 18.32729148864746, "ve continued to resemble the earnings of control workers who had the same employer, same job tenure, and very similar trends in prior earnings. In effect, this method uses data to tell us how each injured worker\u2019s earnings would have evolved over tim"]
[12.488201141357422, 18.34562110900879, "timate true earnings losses. On the other hand, assuming that earnings would continue to grow at some constant rate requires the fairly strong assumption that the worker would not have experienced any other voluntary or involuntary disruptions in \nem"]
[12.476099014282227, 18.2977352142334, "lance \nbetween the observable characteristics of the injured workers and their control group, comparing  17 post-injury outcomes between injured and control workers should deliver valid estimates of the \ncausal effects of injury\u2014i.e., earnings loss. "]
[12.519871711730957, 18.354217529296875, "group of key covariates relevant for our study \nthat can be observed for both injured and control workers: the quarterly earnings trajectory prior to the injury, job tenure, and employment status. We required that the control workers fall into \nthe s"]
[12.497601509094238, 18.313955307006836, "bove, it is easier to find matched control workers at large employers with a larger donor pool. We construct ed sampling weights to produce weighted \nestimates that were representative of the sample of workers with complete records (step 3) on the \n "]
[12.496113777160645, 18.317665100097656, " injury, injured worker \nearnings started to converge toward control worker earnings, with injured workers earning \napproximately $500 less than control workers by the eighth quarter after injury. \n                                                \n20 "]
[12.5073881149292, 18.276256561279297, "Injury\nTotal quarterly earnings for injured workersTotal quarterly earnings for control workersQuarterly Earnings  \n(Real 2014 Dollars)   21 analysis of the closeness of earnings between injured and control workers during the pre-injury \nperiod. \nEar"]
[12.335482597351074, 18.114530563354492, "injured and control workers in order to interpret the relative measures that we focus on in our presentation of results. We do note, however, that total employment or at-injury employment outcomes may be of greater interest for analyzing certain poli"]
[12.412442207336426, 18.1685733795166, "ing that our data suggest long-term earnings losses for workers whose injuries did not result in permanent disability, other studies have documented comparable long- term earnings losses for workers deemed not to be permanently disabled by the worker"]
[12.456665992736816, 18.24605941772461, "s, we focus on relative measures that present injured worker earnings and employment as percentages of the same measure for the comparison control workers. All our measures are constructed so that higher values represent better outcomes for injured w"]
[12.474337577819824, 18.2296142578125, " terms, \nbut it has the limitation that it does not provide any context for how the loss in earnings compares with a worker\u2019s earnings potential: A $10,000 loss may represent a moderate work \ninterruption for a worker earning $100,000 per year but a "]
[12.342194557189941, 18.0533390045166, ",NO K\nMQJ\nJ\nK\u2211 ]M,NS K\nMQJ.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t(4) \t\nAbsolute and relative measures of return to work can be defined analogously by replacing the \nindicator for employment anywhere with indicators for employment at the at-injury employer. \nAssessing Statistical "]
[12.277337074279785, 17.966838836669922, "2013 for all injured workers. We then \ndescribe the composition or case mix of injured workers in California between 2005 and 2013, including demographics, job characteristics, receipt of indemnity benefits, and selected injury \ncharacteristics. Chan"]
[12.335711479187012, 18.031009674072266, "le and local economic factors, change the composition of the labor \nforce over time, leading to changes in the size of the covered workforce and affecting the pool of \nworkers at risk of experiencing an injury. In particular, 2013 coincided with a ti"]
[12.324492454528809, 18.01625633239746, "able \ndisability rating data are subject to significant data lags, and we do not examine disability ratings in this report. \nAnalyses that incorporate disability rating data are planned for the final policy report under this project, by which time th"]
[12.322745323181152, 17.999292373657227, "n 2005\u20132007 to 78 percent in 2010\u20132012. The trend toward higher \njob tenure at injury began to reverse in 2013: The share of injured workers with one year or more  32 of job tenure fell slightly to 76 percent among 2013 injuries. A shift toward injur"]
[12.313889503479004, 18.011308670043945, "ely 97 to 98 percent of what they would have earned \nwithout an injury.  \nThe second line on the chart shows trends for workers who received indemnity payments but \ndid not have a permanent disability. Relative earnings for this group range between 8"]
[12.381690979003906, 17.949485778808594, "reasing shares of female injured workers, increasing age, and declining pre-injury wage persist among workers with indemnity \nbenefits as in the overall analysis sample. In all years, however, workers with indemnity benefits tend to be older, are sli"]
[12.00900936126709, 18.227930068969727, "er \noutcomes began to improve in 2013. However, we caution that these improvements could be due \nin part to changes in the composition of workers in 2013 or to more workers entering the system with lower-severity claims. In particular, we note that f"]
[12.303744316101074, 18.027881622314453, "s associated with wage loss among permanently \ndisabled workers in previous studies, these analyses have generally been guided by specific \nresearch questions centered on benefit adequacy and have not encompassed the broader population of workers wit"]
[12.356969833374023, 18.016420364379883, "10a\u2013A.10g in the appendix. As described in Chapter 2, we also tested for \nstatistically significant differences between group-specific trends and overall average trends. However, the majority of these tests for trend breaks by industry and time perio"]
[12.35158634185791, 18.048053741455078, "jured at very large firms (those with \nmore than 5,000 workers) and 8.3 percentage points lower than average for workers injured at \nvery small firms (those with ten or fewer workers). While the concentration of public-sector employers in the largest"]
[12.325566291809082, 18.011112213134766, "ase in 2010, approaching the trend for the first and third wage quartiles by 2013. The first \nand third wage quartiles trended  between approximately 85 percent and 75 percent between 2005 \nand 2013.24 \nFigure 4.3 . Earnings Loss by Pre -Injury Earni"]
[12.346229553222656, 17.99607276916504, "c injuries, cumulative injuries, multiple injuries, and other injuries. Specific injuries account for about four in five claims, and so the trend for specific injuries tracks with the overall average closely. Workers with cumulative injuries experien"]
[12.312368392944336, 17.971240997314453, "Injuries  \n \nSOURCE:  2005\u2013 2013 WCIS -EDD data.  \nNOTES: Relative earnings are defined as the ratio of injured worker earnings to counterfactual earnings in the \nsecond full year after injury (5\u20138 quarters after quarter of injury). The gray line ind"]
[12.266122817993164, 17.930278778076172, " reflect relative earnings for the indicated \nsubgroup. \nCumulative Injuries in Southern California \nAcross all of these subgroup analyses, one of the most striking patterns is the low relative \nearnings for workers with cumulative injuries. This fac"]
[12.237933158874512, 17.987512588500977, "up analyses here demonstrate that these gains were not shared equally \namong all workers. Workers in industries that were especially hard-hit by the recession \ncontinued to experience larger earnings losses than workers in other industries. Workers w"]
[11.988361358642578, 18.074323654174805, "verage worker who is involved in the workers\u2019 compensation system . The fact that post-\ntermination claims may contribute to the cumulative trauma trends provides another reason why \nthe wage loss trends in this report should not be interpreted as a "]
[12.28127670288086, 17.900348663330078, " W e found lower relative earnings and \nemployment rates for workers who received indemnity payments, and we did not observe any improvement in labor market outcomes for workers with permanent injuries in 2013, compared with workers with permanent in"]
[12.092484474182129, 18.135435104370117, "th cumulative injuries in particular as a group that \nwarrants further attention in this region.  \nBased on these findings, we conclude with two main policy conclusions.  \nFirst, this initial monitoring report provides a benchmark against which to me"]
[12.559718132019043, 18.319622039794922, " workers in the quarter of injury. \n3. Screen out control candidates whose job tenure at the at-injury firm did not match the injured worker\u2019s tenure. We defined tenure as the number of consecutive quarters prior to \ninjury with positive earnings at "]
[12.56956672668457, 18.331153869628906, "ing on consecutive tenure at the at-injury firm mitigates this concern. \nMatch quality can be evaluated using statistics that summarize the distance between the \ninjured and control workers. In order to evaluate the quality of our match, we produce t"]
[12.53990364074707, 18.36639404296875, "by Injury Cohort  \nImbalance  2005\u2013 2007 \nInjuries  2008\u2013 2009 \nInjuries  2010\u2013 2012 \nInjuries  2013 \nInjuries  \nAverage  0.95%  1.16%  0.57%  0.35%  \nAverage absolute  5.22%  5.21%  3.88%  3.59%  \nAverage elementwise absolute  11.96%  10.91%  9.53% "]
[12.522093772888184, 18.403244018554688, "we defined categories of workers by age, gender, region, self-insured status, injury year, and quartiles of WCIS weekly wages. Weights are defined as the inverse proportion of workers in our sample with complete records on each of these variables and"]
[12.44497013092041, 18.072765350341797, "s across the four time \nperiods using the following specification: \nRelative \tEarnings ^=\ud835\udefc+\u2211 \ud835\udefd^E\nb<c\ud835\udfcf{Calendar \tquarter \tof\t\ud835\udc5e=\ud835\udc5f}+\n\ud835\udefdk:\ud835\udfcf{Calendar \tyear\tof\t\ud835\udc5e>=\ud835\udc4412008 }+\n\ud835\udefd5k\ud835\udfcf{Calendar \tyear\tof\t\ud835\udc5e>=\ud835\udc4412010 }+\n\ud835\udefd5r\ud835\udfcf{Calendar \tyear\tof\t\ud835\udc5e>=\ud835\udc4412013 }+\ud835\udf00^          ("]
[12.552908897399902, 17.83928680419922, "esis tests, and thus uncorrected \ninference would run a high risk of identifying false positives (i.e., Type I errors) in terms of group differences. Coefficients for these interaction terms are shown in Tables A.10a\u2013A10e. \nSupplementary  Results  \nT"]
[12.444758415222168, 17.858322143554688, "e  6% 6% 6% 6% \n  Sprain/ strain 40% 41% 42% 43% \n  Cumulative  8% 7% 8% 8% \n        \n  Back  18% 18% 18% 18% \n  Lower extremity  22% 22% 21% 22% \n  Upper extremity  32% 33% 33% 34% \n  Multiple  13% 13% 13% 12% \n        \nBenefit receipt  PPD 49% 52% "]
[12.718997955322266, 17.735132217407227, "  \u20130.006 0 \u20130.032 0 0.0136  \n (0.0032)  (0.0039)  (0.0042)  \n [0.0694]  [0.0000]**  [0.0027]**  \n    \n1,001\u2013 5,000 employees 0.0099  0.0102  0.0222  \n (0.0013)  (0.0028)  (0.0030)  \n [0.0000]**  [0.0010]**  [0.0000]**  \n    \nMore than  5,000 employee"]
[12.713594436645508, 17.73016929626465, " Permanent Differences in Relative Earnings by Region and Benefit Type  \n Region  Indemnity  PPD Indemnity, Not PPD  \nBay Area  0.0263  0.0078  0.0115  \n (0.0031)  (0.0049)  (0.0028)  \n [0.0000]**  [0.1219]  [0.0002]**  \n    \nCentral Coast  0.0004  \u2013"]
[12.724363327026367, 17.71183204650879, "demnity, Not PPD  \n    \nEars/h earing  \u20130.0239  0.0259  0.0376  \n (0.0110)  (0.0127)  (0.0300)  \n [0.0368]**  [0.0495]**  [0.2177]  \n    \nEyes 0.1398  0.2119  0.048 0 \n (0.0084)  (0.0094)  (0.0136)  \n [0.0000]**  [0.0000]**  [0.0012]**  \n    \nFace 0."]
[12.710806846618652, 17.731578826904297, " \n    \nFull tenure  0.0082  0.0169  0.0022  \n (0.0008)  (0.0007)  (0.0011)  \n [0.0000]**  [0.0000]**  [0.0514]  \n        \n NOTE S: Table shows linear regression coefficients from Equation 7 , standard errors in parentheses, and unadjusted \np-values i"]
[12.720129013061523, 17.717178344726562, "\n    \n2013  \u00b4 (101\u2013500 employees)  0.0105  0.0205  \u20130.0061  \n (0.0036)  (0.0048)  (0.0083)  \n [0.0066]  [0.0001]**  [0.4692]  \n    \n2013  \u00b4 (501\u20131,000 employees)  0.0036  0.0025  0.0093  \n (0.0115)  (0.0122)  (0.0108)  \n [0.7566]  [0.8397]  [0.3913] "]
[12.718291282653809, 17.7311954498291, "9  0.0148  \u20130.0014  \n (0.0067)  (0.0142)  (0.0055)  \n [0.7738]  [0.3032]  [0.8016]  \n    \n2010  \u00b4 Health care  \u20130.014 0 \u20130.0139  \u20130.0103  \n (0.0072)  (0.0120)  (0.0052)  \n [0.0596]  [0.2535]  [0.0541]  \n    \n2010  \u00b4 Manufacturing  \u20130.0034  \u20130.0093  \u2013"]
[12.717913627624512, 17.73314094543457, " Central Coast  \u20130.0109  \u20130.0111  \u20130.0161  \n (0.0091)  (0.0126)  (0.0106)  \n [0.2356]  [0.3826]  [0.1395]  \n    \n2008 \u00b4 Central Valley  \u20130.0092  0.0051  \u20130.0169  \n (0.0073)  (0.0120)  (0.0083)  \n [0.2112]  [0.6732]  [0.0509]  \n    \n2008 \u00b4 Eastern Sie"]
[12.717177391052246, 17.730670928955078, "ngeles \u20130.0038  \u20130.0022  \u20130.0058  \n (0.0027)  (0.0070)  (0.0044)  \n [0.1617]  [0.7560]  [0.1928]  \n    \n2013 \u00b4 N. Sac ramento  Valley  \u20130.0321  \u20130.0033  \u20130.0598  \n (0.0167)  (0.0225)  (0.0185)  \n [0.0630]  [0.8847]  [0.0027]  \n    \n2013 \u00b4 North State"]
[12.72073745727539, 17.718563079833984, ".0485  \n (0.0211)  (0.0218)  (0.0392)  \n [0.0841]  [0.4052]  [0.2238]  \n    \n2008  \u00b4 Face  \u20130.0012  \u20130.0294  0.0316  \n (0.0213)  (0.0223)  (0.0431)  \n [0.9570]  [0.1970]  [0.4692]  \n    \n2008  \u00b4 Head  \u20130.0185  \u20130.0552  0.0091  \n (0.0200)  (0.0276)  ("]
[12.71519947052002, 17.727149963378906, "Upper extremities  \u20130.0096  \u20130.0137  \u20130.0034  \n (0.0033)  (0.0033)  (0.0048)  \n [0.0066]  [0.0002]**  [0.4891]  \n        \n \nNOTE: Table shows linear regression coefficients, standard errors in parentheses, and unadjusted p-values in \nbrackets. ** ind"]
[12.4771728515625, 17.917503356933594, "0)  (0.0127)  (0.0131)  \n [0.2243]  [0.2596]  [0.4336]  \n    \n2013  \u00b4 Full tenure  \u20130.0009  0.0013  \u20130.0018  \n (0.0018)  (0.0021)  (0.0024)  \n [0.6218]  [0.5508]  [0.4615]  \n        \n \nNOTE: Table shows linear regression coefficients, standard errors"]
[11.182806015014648, 18.16952133178711, "ptember 2007a. As of June 29, 2018: http://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/reform03.htm \nCalifornia Department of Industrial Relations, \u201cAssembly Bill 749,\u201d September 2007b. As of \nJune 29, 2018: http://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/AB749.htm \nCalifornia Department of Indus"]
[11.290400505065918, 18.145431518554688, " UC DATA/Survey Research Center, 2007. \nPace, Nicholas M., and Julia Pollak, Provider Fraud in California Workers\u2019 Compensation: \nSelected Issues , Santa Moni ca, Calif .: RAND Corporation, RR-1703-DIR, 2017. As of June \n5, 2018: \nhttps://www.rand.or"]
[12.175275802612305, 17.921567916870117, "ions, \"Injury Description Table\u2014\nPart/Nature/Cause,\" undated. As of August 13, 2018:  \nwww.wcio.org/Document%20Library/InjuryDescriptionTablePage.aspx \nWorkers\u2019 Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California, Analysis of Changes in \nIndemnity Cla"]
[4.656986713409424, 8.013862609863281, "CORPORATION\nRAND Model of \nAutomated Vehicle Safety (MAVS)\nModel Documentation\nNidhi Kalra and David G. GrovesLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation o"]
[4.638126373291016, 8.048888206481934, "ies might shape these factors to improve safety now and over time. In particular, this model was used in the 2017 report The Enemy of Good: Estimating the Cost of Waiting for Nearly Perfect Automated Vehicles to assess how safe highly automated vehic"]
[4.696627616882324, 8.037638664245605, "hese issues. Each year, RAND\u2019s president draws on this generous gift to help RAND research and outreach teams extend the impact of completed research. \nSupport for this project is also provided, in part, by the income earned on client -funded \nresear"]
[4.70603609085083, 8.357690811157227, "r Time  ........................................................................21 \t\nHighly Automated Vehicle Safety Rate over Time  ................................................................................. 21 \t\nChange in the State of the Art"]
[4.731335639953613, 8.30046272277832, "ure with HAVs ...................................................................... 27\tFigure 5.1. Highly Automated VMT in Three Scenarios ............................................................. 31\tFigure 5.2. State-of-the-Art Fatality Rate of"]
[4.7216691970825195, 8.306114196777344, "redict the pace of \nfuture diffusion or the rate of learning of HAVs. Nor does it predict how safety will evolve among non-HAVs. Predicting technological diffusion, human behavior, and future interactions of new technology in real-world transportatio"]
[4.735083103179932, 8.241207122802734, "are enormously grateful to \nKenneth Kuhn at RAND and Kara Kockelman at the University of Texas for their reviews. We thank Charles Zwick for his generous support of RAND through the Zwick Impact Awards, without which this report and related materials"]
[4.740492343902588, 8.276471138000488, "-diverse) miles that HAVs drive, the more potential there is for improving the state of the art in HAV safety performance. This means that near-term choices about when HAVs are introduced will also \n                                                \n1 "]
[4.69180154800415, 8.340608596801758, "ese factors may interact and result in different road safety outcomes over time. \nImportantly, the Model of Automated Vehicle Safety (MAVS) does not predict the pace of \nfuture diffusion, the rate of learning of HAVs, or how safety will evolve among "]
[4.883956432342529, 8.114938735961914, "t? \n\u2022 How do we define a future with HAVs and a future without HAVs? \n\u2022 How do we measure road safety? \n\u2022 How has future road safety been assessed in the literature? \nWhat Is a Highly Automated Vehicle and What Is Not ? \nThe 2016 SAE International ta"]
[4.8009033203125, 7.937329292297363, "enhanced by active \nsafety systems.  \n \nThe human driver is entirely responsible for driving, even if such features as active \nelectronic stability cont rol are available and engaged.  \n1 Driver assistance  The sustained and operational design domain"]
[4.857161521911621, 8.122892379760742, "n driving automation system \nor feature thereof is designed to function.\u201d  \n \nIn contrast, common to Level 3 (conditional driving automation), Level 4 (high driving \nautomation), and Level 5 (full driving automation) is that the vehicle is responsibl"]
[4.719343185424805, 8.301076889038086, "ehicle crashes. \nMAVS can be used to explore safety in any of these terms: The model equations we describe \nrefer only to a generic performance rate, which can reflect any of these metrics, and the model equations remain the same regardless. Similarl"]
[4.725630760192871, 8.311132431030273, " is, incidents per VMT) of both non-HAVs and HAVs to change in this time frame based on users\u2019 inputs. The model does assume that VMT and safety rates will change smoothly over time, but, in reality, there will likely be punctuated periods during whi"]
[4.832372188568115, 8.240287780761719, " adoption of those technologies. Going a step further than prior work, Li and Kockelman (2016) estimates both the types and severity of crashes that could be avoided by each type of technology, as well as the economic benefit of those savings. In rec"]
[4.789254665374756, 8.277066230773926, "the full effect of many new technologies deeply uncertain.  \nSecond, these existing estimates also compare the marginal benefits of a technology with the \nsafety performance of current vehicles and drivers. However, the benefit of a vehicle with a pa"]
[4.711005210876465, 8.358229637145996, "s \nsuggest, for example, that from 2014 to 2044, total VMT could grow between 0.53 percent and 0.65 percent annually (Federal Highway Administration, 2016). While these bounds are themselves uncertain and include potential changes from HAV use,\n8 the"]
[4.698118686676025, 8.375870704650879, "s2069 = 0.7 x 10\u20138. \nFigure 3.2. Historical Fatality Rates and Two Scenarios of Future Fatality Rates  \n  \nHighly Autom ated Vehicle Safety Rate over Time \nCalculating the number of safety events f is straightforward once annual VMT and safety \nrates"]
[4.692575931549072, 8.379051208496094, "unction reasonably approximates more-detailed scenarios of HAV diffusion that have been developed by others, such as Bansal and Kockelman (2017) and Litman (2017). A standard logistic function is described by Equation 4.2: \n \n \ud835\udc53(\ud835\udc65) =\n,\n,IJKL . (4.2) "]
[4.719466209411621, 8.341219902038574, "centage of baseline miles that will be \ndriven by HAVs, we consider how VMT may change as a result of the diffusion of HAVs. \nHAVs are widely expected to increase miles traveled because they lower the cost of travel, can provide travel opportunities "]
[4.700329780578613, 8.295663833618164, "re with HAVs as they \nwould in a future without HAVs.11 In other words, s n,x = s x as defined in Equation 3.2 in \nChapter Three. However, the number of safety incidents from non-HAVs will be lower than in \nthe baseline future because non\u2013highly auto"]
[4.724570274353027, 8.37894344329834, "ents as a metric for safety because it is unclear what standards of risk are \nused and whether they are homogenous across all test drivers or developers.   22 existing vehicles (Tesla, undated). Tesla calls this \u201cfleet learning\u201d\u2014that is, when an enti"]
[4.701817035675049, 8.385879516601562, "15  (NHTSA, 2017 ). The figures \nin this report are based on the earlier 2015 estimat e.  23 Figure 4.3. Scenario of the Relative Fatality Rate of HAV s as a Function of Cumulative Miles Driven \nby HAVs \n   \nNOTE: This figure assumes that the initial"]
[4.703534126281738, 8.38205623626709, "settings, so the opportunity for and impact of software -only safety improvements may be less. \n(2051, 0.26)(2051, 9.66E+12)\n1.00E+001.00E+011.00E+021.00E+031.00E+041.00E+051.00E+061.00E+071.00E+081.00E+091.00E+101.00E+111.00E+121.00E+131.00E+14\n0.00"]
[4.703554153442383, 8.402740478515625, "ded during their time on the road. Therefore, this case is best \nthought of as a useful computational bookend rather than a bookend of the actual future of fleet improvement.  26 Figure 4.5. HAV  Fatalities with Perfect and with No Fleet Improvement\n"]
[4.704287052154541, 8.359488487243652, "uction in the rate? t0.99 1 trillion  1 trillion  1 trillion  \nHow upgradeable is the existing HAV fleet?  w 0.5 0.5 0.5 \n \nThe baseline future without HAVs reflects a compounding annual growth rate of 0.6 percent \nwith a 30-percent decline in fatali"]
[4.720017910003662, 8.32717227935791, "ance sooner than in the other scenarios.\n18  \nThis illustration is not to suggest that early diffusion of lower-performing technology will  \nunfold as it has in this scenario, or that any of these scenarios will indeed occur. As just one example, pub"]
[4.699643135070801, 8.362531661987305, "f roads ; and, most of all, behavior changes, such as changes in seat belt \nuse, distracted driving, or driving while intoxicated. \n\u2022 The timing and extent of HAV  diffusion. This input will be shaped by regulatory \nchoices, such as whether to have s"]
[4.660671710968018, 8.422286987304688, "\n \ud835\udc4f = \ud835\udc65 H'\u2212 \ud835\udc5a\ud835\udc65 H . (A.4) \n We can further solve for x\u2019\na and x\u2019 1\u2013a by taking the inverse of the logistic function: \n \n \ud835\udc65 =\t\u2212ln,2x($)\nx$ . (A.5) \n \nBecause of the symmetry of the standard logistic function, this simplifies to \n \n \ud835\udc5a =-\tRS\t(<KO\nO)\n$<KO"]
[4.676064968109131, 8.024909973144531, "\n \ud835\udc45\ud835\udc61= \ud835\udc45 h+ (\ud835\udc45 i\u2212 \ud835\udc45 h)\ud835\udc522f(Kkl\t(Q)\nmQ) . (B.4) \n \n   39 References  \nABI Research, \u201cABI Research Anticipates Accelerated Diffusion of Automotive Software Over-\nthe-Air Updates with Nearly 180 Million New SOTA-Enabled Cars Shipping Between 2016 \nand 202"]
[4.653141021728516, 8.021369934082031, "ipping the Trickiest Thing About Self-Driving Cars,\u201d Wired, \nNovember 10, 2015. As of January 17, 2017:  https://www.wired.com/2015/11/ford-self -driving-car-plan-google/ \nEccles, K., F. Gross, M. Liu, and F. Council, Crash Data Analyses for Vehicle-"]
[4.688779830932617, 8.041831970214844, "merce Committee, Subcommittee on Digital Commerce and Consumer Protection, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, CT-463, February 14, 2017. As of September 8, 2017: https://www.rand.org/pubs/testimonies/CT463.html \nKalra, Nidhi, and David G. Groves"]
[4.651824951171875, 8.039620399475098, "ry 17, 2017:  \nhttps://www.transportation.gov/sites/dot.gov/files/docs/ AV%20policy%20guidance%20PDF.pdf \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, 2016 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of \nTransportation, DOT HS 812 456, October 2017. As of Octob"]
[4.65496826171875, 8.003985404968262, ".house.gov/meetings/IF/IF17/20170214/ 105548/HHRG-115-IF17-MState -W000791-20170214.pdf \nWaymo, Report on Autonomous Mode Disengagements for Waymo Self-Driving Vehicles in \nCalifornia, Mountain View, Calif., December 2016.  https://www.dmv.ca.gov/por"]
[11.401195526123047, 17.779878616333008, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nAccess to Medical \nTreatment for InjuredWorkers in California\nYear 2 Annual Report\nKandice A. Kapinos, Madeline B. Doyle, Mark Barrett, Cheryl K. Montemayor, \nAndrew W. Mulcahy, Denise D. QuigleyLimited Print and Electr"]
[10.361380577087402, 18.88478660583496, "for High -Quality Research and \nAnalysis (available at www.rand.org/standards ). We thank Philip Armour (RAND Corporation) \nand Frank W. Neuhauser (University of California , Berkeley)  for serving as reviewers on this \nreport. Irina Nemirovsky and G"]
[10.345165252685547, 19.00879669189453, " ................................ ................................ ..................  19 \nAnalytic Approach  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 20 \nR"]
[10.292503356933594, 19.020503997802734, "B. WCIS Claims Analysis Supplemental Information  ................................ .................  62 \nReferences  ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ "]
[10.288688659667969, 19.038793563842773, "............................... ......................  46 \n \n    vii Tables  \nTable 2-1. Provider Survey Domains and Corresponding Survey Items  ................................ ........ 4 \nTable 2-2. Physician Sample Sizes and Targets  ............"]
[10.466827392578125, 18.762123107910156, "... ..............................  45 \n \n \n    viii Summary  \nThe California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation (WC) program provides  medical care and \nindemnity (e.g ., wage-replacement) benefits to workers who suffer on -the-job injuries and \nillnesses. The"]
[10.352921485900879, 18.98256492614746, "the state of California have adequate access to care. We found about 70,000 unique \nproviders treating injured workers, which is significant relative to the 110,000 licensed \nphysicians and surgeons in the state  (Medical Board of California, 2016)  "]
[10.310450553894043, 18.944673538208008, "ion Schedule  \n(MTUS) guidelines; 31  percent reported not knowing what the MTUS guidelines were. \nExcluding those who did not know what the MTUS guidelines were,  only 27 percent reported \nregular use of the guidelines. A pproximately 83 percent of "]
[10.267166137695312, 19.067550659179688, "cond, util ization and payments were relatively stable across most provider types, except \nacupuncturists, occupational medicine physicians, and physical therapists, all of whom \nexperienced statistically significant increases in the number of claims"]
[10.449698448181152, 18.82767105102539, "occupational medicine  \nOT/PT occupational therapist or physical therapist  \nORTHO orthopedic medicine  \nRFA request for authorization  \nTAG Technical Advisory Group  \nTIN Taxpayer Identification Number  \nUR utilization review  \nWC Workers\u2019 Compensat"]
[10.393207550048828, 18.886751174926758, "ot conducting causal \nanalyses. In other words, although we are reporting averages and medians over time, we are not \nexamining the extent to which any changes are attribu table to policy or other changes.   \n 2 Outline of Report  \nThe report is orga"]
[10.329257011413574, 18.859697341918945, "ploratory and \ndescriptive; it is not a causal investigation of the effects of those reforms. Moreover, because of  \nthe inherent difficulties in obtaining a representative sample of physicians and adequate response \nrates, we recommend that future s"]
[10.31777572631836, 18.91994285583496, "note that there are novel questions relevant to newer policies and \nrequirements.  \nTable 2-1. Provider Survey Domains and Corresponding Survey Items  \nSurvey Doma ins Corresponding Survey Items  \nTotal patient volume  Q1\u20134 \nAbout your WC practice  Q"]
[10.287125587463379, 19.006319046020508, "actice was in a m etropolitan or nonmetropolitan  statistical  \n 6 area; and (3) whether the physician had five or fewer injured worker claims (\u201clow volume \u201d) or \nsix or more (\u201chigh volume\u201d) during the period .  \nWe administered the survey to a total"]
[10.275465965270996, 19.031095504760742, "r, \nchange in provider employment status (e.g., retirement) , change in busin ess address, or other \nreasons. Researchers received 247 completed surveys across the two surv ey waves, with \napproximately 57  percent of those received in the first surv"]
[10.283173561096191, 19.0045108795166, "location \nand about 29 percent practiced in two or three locations. Physicians were asked to provide an \napproximation of the proportion of their patients\u2019 primary co verage sources within each of the \nfollowing categories: Medicare, Medicaid, commer"]
[10.303170204162598, 18.976398468017578, "SOURCE: Physician Experience Survey on Treating Injured Wor kers, fielded by the RAND Corporation.  \nTreating New WC Patients  \nApproximately  70 percent of survey respondents reported having limits on which new WC \npatients they accept ed to treat ("]
[10.301794052124023, 18.972917556762695, "electe d each benefit or \nwrote in response s. The percentages presented represent the number of respondents who selected \neach advantage or wrote in another advantage  or disadvantage divided by the number of \nrespondents who answered this question "]
[10.275262832641602, 18.972875595092773, "ee Figure 2-5). \n \n \n  \n 13 Figure 2-5. Physician\u2019s Easy Access to MTUS Guidelines  \n \nSOURCE: Physician Experience Survey on Treating Injured Workers, fielded by the RAND Corporation.  \nNOTE: Numbers and percentages  are rounded.   \nReferrals and Au"]
[10.27554988861084, 18.89515495300293, "ds an d speaking to \na peer reviewer  (see Figure 2-7). \nAmong physicians who requested authorizations, about 16 percent reported that none of their \nRFAs were denied on medical necess ity grounds , and an additional 19 percent of physicians \nindicat"]
[10.340912818908691, 18.798824310302734, ") indicated that the IBR process is never or only occasionally effective in resolving \npayment issues in a timely and reasonable manner.  \nWC physicians can also file a lien with the WC A ppeal Board for issues related to \nentitlement of billed amoun"]
[10.286195755004883, 18.965999603271484, "tients, for a wide \nvariety of reasons, but most commonly because of  (1) issues with authorizations and UR denials \n(46 percent), (2) paperwork and/or administrative issues (39 percent), and (3) payment levels \n(23 percent).   \nAbout 60 percent repo"]
[10.294072151184082, 18.987648010253906, " 863 in 2012 to improve \naccess and  give the DWC  more oversight.  \nOne study found that use of network providers increased from 5 5 percent of injuries from \n2000 to 2002 to 8 0 percent of injuries from 2009 to 2011, but more recent analysis using "]
[10.200489044189453, 19.02328109741211, "ci an or provider in their \nnetworks using the following categories: primary treating physician (PTP), orthopedic medicine \n(ORTHO), chiropractic medicine (DC), occupational medicine (OCCM), acupuncture medicine \n(LAC), psychology (PSYCH), pain speci"]
[10.208590507507324, 19.02057456970215, "0002001 to\n40004001 to\n80008001 to\n1200012001 to\n1600016001 to\n2000020000 +Number of MPNs\nNumber of Unique Providers Within Network \n 21 We also examined the number of unique provider locations (addresses) within each MPN and \nfound that, on average,"]
[10.245476722717285, 19.036697387695312, "ctor/\nAccupuncture\nEmergency\nOrthopedic\n/other surgery\nPodiatry\nBehavioral\nhealth\nPhysical therapy\nand rehab\nOther MDs\nRN/PA/Other\nproviders\nOther\nPercentage of Providers Participating in \n11+ MPNsMean Number of MPNs \n 23 Figure 3-4. Number of Unique"]
[10.206464767456055, 18.998680114746094, "1 469 16,746  48%  \nTotal  3,917  4,707  3,457  1,588  2,130  582 928 1,915  14,127  374 970 34,695   \nPercent age of providers  11%  14%  10%  5% 6% 2% 3% 6% 41%  1% 3%   \nSOURCE: RAND analysis of MPN data (as of 2016).  \nNOTE: Provider codes includ"]
[10.253629684448242, 19.028141021728516, "(population of 58,792)  (California Health Care Foundati on, \n2017). The total number s of PCPs in these counties range from 2 to 16. Overall, the physician \nsupply in these counties is low. Injured workers participating in MPNs in these counties, \nh"]
[10.261503219604492, 19.02654266357422, "33 166  1 \u2014 \u2014 2 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \nMono  29 115  309  2 2 \u2014 \u2014 1 \u2014 1 \u2014 \nMonterey  43 85 2,199  87 34 7 42 36 5 5 3 \nNapa  114  234  1,473  5 5 \u2014 3 1 \u2014 \u2014 1 \nNevada  49 95 862  11 3 1 3 7 2 1 \u2014 \nOrange  52 108  10,002  379  263  45 132  243  59 66 24 \nPlacer  79 "]
[10.259237289428711, 19.040504455566406, "per 100,000 \npopulation  \nSpecialists per \n100,000 population  \nOccupational \nMedicine  \nOrthopedic \nMedicine  \nPain Specialty \nMedicine  \nPhysical Medicine & \nRehabilitation  \nPsychiatry  \nPsychology  \nAll Other  \nLake  42 60 \u2014 1 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 2 17 \nLassen "]
[10.253013610839844, 19.028423309326172, "counties or \ncould seek care for those services out of network. Future analysis of the claims data that includes \ndetails on MPN participation should be conducted  to understand this better.  \nTable 3-4. Summary  of the Total Number of Providers per "]
[10.411825180053711, 18.973302841186523, "on that payment for billed m edical services is denied. Each medical bill includes \ninformation on the injured worker and provider, diagnosis and procedure codes, the provider\u2019s \ncharges, actual payments to providers, and codes e xplaining the reason"]
[10.381499290466309, 18.96820640563965, "ether changes over time are \n\u201ctrue\u201d trends or whether they are an artifact of the data changes. One significant change is that \nthe rate of matching first reports of injuries to medical records  has improved over time . In an \nearlier RA ND study, we"]
[10.316083908081055, 19.0256290435791, "rn   X \nSOURCE: RAND  analysis of WCIS data . \nTable 4-2. Main Analytic Sample Sizes  \n \n2012  2013  2014  2015  \nService Year Sample      \nNumber of Claims  846,649    852,260    909,227    843,162    \nNumber of Bill Lines  23,003,501  22,875,062  2"]
[10.289306640625, 19.05192756652832, "ample siz es are relatively large  (Benjamin et al., 2018 ).  \nIn some analyses, we stratified by important measures for which there may be variation in \naccess. In those analyses, we examined vari ation by (1) provider specialty \u2014categories  are lis"]
[10.269880294799805, 19.05963134765625, ",00080,00090,000\n0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000900,0001,000,000\n2012 2013 2014 2015\nNumber of ProvidersNumber of Claims\nNumber of All Claims\nNumber of Claims within First Year of Injury\nNumber of Providers \n 37  \n2012  2013"]
[10.264217376708984, 19.069725036621094, "ers  21.03  20.03  19.06  19.11  \u20131.93  \u20139% \nDental providers  2.74  2.33  2.21  2.13  \u20130.61  \u201322%  \nEmergency medicine \nphysicians  22.14  19.97  19.84  18.36  \u20133.78  \u201317%  \nFamily medicine and general \npractice physicians  50.65  41.97  48.94  45.8"]
[10.270686149597168, 19.089431762695312, "%  \nEmergency medicine \nphysicians  84.60  74.89  69.28  63.42  \u201321.18  \u201325%  \nFamily medicine and general \npractice physicians  280.72  249.93  271.55  239.40  \u201341.33  \u201315%  \nInternal medicine physicians  75.83  91.28  88.74  73.49  \u20132.34  \u20133% \nNeur"]
[10.265108108520508, 19.06688690185547, "alley (N.)  104.31  122.78  179.73  120.54  16.24  16%  \nSan Diego  190.84  237.66  247.26  211.51  20.66  11%  \nOverall   223.03  245.55  247.84*  220.70  \u20132.33  \u20131% \nSOURCE: RAND  analysis of WCIS data from 2012 to 2015 .  \nNOTE: We excluded provid"]
[10.260893821716309, 19.095388412475586, "dicine and \nrehabilitation providers   57,430   66,725   62,675   68,334   10,904  19%  \nPhysical therapists   11,267*   15,012   20,124   17,794   6,527*  58%  \nPodiatrists   10,707   11,127   12,056   13,461   2,754  26%  \nPsychiatrists   28,070   "]
[10.253671646118164, 19.09800148010254, "cian\u2019s \npermanent and stationary reports, consultation reports requested by the WC Appeals Board, and \nseveral medical legal codes.  \nTable 4-8. Percentage of Injured Workers with Non -Zero Utilization by Service Category and Year \n(2012\u20132015) \nServi"]
[10.279374122619629, 19.1922664642334, "% \nDME  0.74*  0.59*  0.34  0.32  \u20130.42*  \u201357% \nInpatient hospital stay  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.01  0.00  0% \nOther/unknown  1.03  2.27  5.20  4.45  3.42*  332% \nNumber of injuries  289,903  280,600  342,882  355,752  65,849   \nSOURCE: RAND  analysis of"]
[10.273893356323242, 19.24030876159668, "ED settings.  \n   \n 45 Figure 4-2. Median and Mean Wait Times from Injury to First Visit, by Year  \n \nSOURCE: RAND  analysis of WCIS data from 2012 to 2015 .  \nNOTE: Means in 2012, 2013, and 2014 are all statistically different from the 2015 values ("]
[10.386248588562012, 18.961557388305664, " not all WC claims are \nreported into the system. Additionally, among reported cla ims, there is underreporting of initial \nmedical visits and of medical bills. As a result, our results are from WCIS -reported injuries and \nmedical bills only and can"]
[10.276329040527344, 19.089561462402344, "a 36-percent dec line), \nsurgery (a 39-percent decline) , and DME  (a 57-percent decline)  all decreased significantly, while \nthe bills for \u201cother or unknown \u201d service types increased significantly  (by 332 percent). These \nchanges largely correspon"]
[10.248722076416016, 18.943965911865234, "ew WC patients they \naccept (70 percent), which is high but consistent with the earlier WC surveys in both the state of \nCalifornia and elsewhere  (Texas Medical Association, 2016 ). The primary reason for limiting \nnew WC patients was the administra"]
[10.239075660705566, 19.027767181396484, "in the total number of providers by specialty listed in \nan MPN, but more research is needed to determine the effect of MPN participation on access for \ninjured workers . \nAnalysis of WCIS Claims  \nOur analysis of WCIS claims data from 2012 to 2015 ("]
[10.268524169921875, 19.023237228393555, "ough our analysis of the WCIS claims data primarily showed stable trends in the \nnumbers of providers, utilization, and payments, we highlight the following findings that \nemerged across the analyses in this report that are worth further  study.  \nFi"]
[10.302053451538086, 19.04193878173828, "ative treatments, neurology, physical \nmedicine), drugs, and E&M  visits declined and the number of \u201cother or unknown\u201d services \nincreased.  These trends should be followed and investigated further to determine the causes of \nthese changes.  \nAlthoug"]
[10.097092628479004, 19.0502986907959, "alty=6;   ** emergency medicine ;  \nelse if pps4 in ('207Q', '208D') then specialty=7;   ** family medicine general practice ;  \nelse if pps4='207R'               then specialty=8; ** i nternal medicine ;  \nelse if primary_taxonomy_nppes='207W00000X'"]
[10.388368606567383, 18.829011917114258, ",975  64,107  1,129  583 \nConsultations  82,682  48,124  352 324 \nED Visits  58,161  49,011  57,090  52,294  \nHospital Inpatient Services  16,838  15,416  21,295  20,084  \nOffice Visits  1,358,563  1,282,896  1,672,163  1,524,303  \nOther  4,680  5,88"]
[10.723788261413574, 18.491979598999023, "rs\u2019 Compensation: Databases, \nPublications, Reports and Schedules,\u201d webpage, last updates October 2018. As of November \n1, 2018: \nhttps://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/dwcrep.htm#3  \nCalifornia Health Care Foundation , \u201cCalifornia Maps: How Many Primary Care an"]
[11.008800506591797, 18.267032623291016, "nia Workers\u2019 Compensation System, 2006 , Los Angeles: UCLA Center for He alth \nPolicy Research,  December 2006. As of November 1, 2018:  \nhttps://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/AccessMedTreatmentReport2006/AccessToMedicalTreatmentIn\nCAWC2006.pdf  \nMartin, P., Th"]
[10.4558744430542, 18.784194946289062, "iation , Survey of Texas Physicians: Research Findings , Austin, Texas, \n2016. As of November 1, 2018:  \nhttps://www.texmed.org/uploadedFiles/Curren t/2016_Advocacy/2016_Physician_Survey_Fi\nndings.pdf  \nUCLA Institute for Digital Research and Educati"]
[-1.2238153219223022, 18.939781188964844, "Business Bribery Risk \nAssessment\nKarlyn D. Stanley, Elvira N. Loredo, Nicholas Burger,  \nJeremy N. V. Miles, Clinton W. Saloga\nCORPORATIONLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected "]
[-1.2211984395980835, 18.939001083374023, "symposium for global companies, Anti-Corruption Regulations in Emerging and Expeditionary Markets: New Markets, New Challenges. \nThis version of the report, RR-839-1-TII, replaces the earlier version, with corrected data for \nTotal Risk Score and Dom"]
[-1.2244638204574585, 18.942461013793945, ".................................................................................................................. ix\t\nAbbreviations ....................................................................................................................."]
[-1.224496603012085, 18.941082000732422, "........................................ 41\tAppendix E: List of Reviewed Data Sources ............................................................................... 58\tAppendix F: Country TRACE Rankings .............................................."]
[-1.2235362529754639, 18.940704345703125, "ment officials, and governance and corruption measurement. Next, we interviewed U.S. regulators, multinational companies, international consulting firms, international non-profit organizations, and global law firms to understand the processes corpora"]
[-1.2128314971923828, 18.928943634033203, "hank our external reviewer, Charles E. Duross, who heads the global \nanti-corruption practice at the law firm of Morrison and Foerster. Mr. Duross most recently served as a Deputy Chief in the Fraud Section in the Criminal Division of the U.S. Depart"]
[-1.223827600479126, 18.941150665283203, "rmation on bribery risk can lead to less-than-adequate compliance programs, exposing firms to the potential risk of violating anti-corruption laws, or to an overly aggressive and costly approach. We have developed a new index, the TRACE Matrix, for b"]
[-1.2251169681549072, 18.942018508911133, "r retain business.\u201d\n6 DOJ and SEC guidelines refer to this as the \u201cbusiness purpose \ntest.\u201d7 Alexandra Wrage explained in her book, Bribery and Extortion: Undermining Business, \nGovernments and Security, that a bribe need not be cash.8 She provided e"]
[-1.2225286960601807, 18.93948745727539, " \nThe problem that our research addresses is that bribery of foreign government officials is \nprohibited by the FCPA and other international anti-corruption laws, but businesses have inadequate measures to assess this risk on a country-specific basis"]
[-1.225418210029602, 18.942245483398438, "y and industry sector,  the business opportunity, potential business \npartners, level  of involvement with governments, amount of government  \nregulation and oversight, and exposure to customs and  immigration in conducting \nbusiness affairs. When as"]
[-1.2241010665893555, 18.94025230407715, "\u2019s risks chang e over time.  The Bribery Act 2010 Guidance , London: \nMinistry of Justice, March 2011, pp. 20 \u201331.   5 government, media, local business community and civil society effectively to promote \ntransparent procurement and investment polici"]
[-1.2244083881378174, 18.94154167175293, "n earnings growth, which has  grown elevenfold since 1980.\u201d \n34 Shearman & Sterling LLP, FCPA Digest: Recent Trends and Patterns in the Enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt \nPractices Act , Memorandum, January 2014, pp.  2\u20134. \n35 Shearman & Sterling LL"]
[-1.224415898323059, 18.940628051757812, "ountry\u2019s rank indicates its position relative to the other countries and territories included in the index.\n41 There is no information available on a country basis \n                                                \n36 Elvira N.  Loredo , Kar lyn D. St"]
[-1.2237452268600464, 18.940948486328125, "ss risk across thousands of intermediaries, I don\u2019t know that you have the time or resources to look at all the specifics.\u201d A general counsel stated, \u201cWe are trying to control the behavior of thousands of employees around the world. Someone is going "]
[-1.2222940921783447, 18.948089599609375, "rement of the level of state ownership in businesses, the level of enforcement of anti-bribery laws and the industry sectors that are the subject of enforcement, and a government requirement for foreign businesses to have a local partner or agent. On"]
[-1.2261340618133545, 18.943824768066406, "iness representatives we interviewed identified this domain as the \u201cbiggest piece missing from the CPI.\u201d\n47 The third domain, which addresses \ngovernment and civil service transparency, includes indicators concerning whether government budgets are pu"]
[-1.2249034643173218, 18.9415225982666, "olders included U.S. regulators, global non-profit institutions, general counsel of global companies, partners at international consulting firms, and partners in global law firms who represent clients in FCPA investigations and compliance matters. We"]
[-1.224194049835205, 18.942028045654297, " example, the World Bank\u2019s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) uses a sophisticated data aggregation approach to combine nearly every known data source on corruption and governance, but the WGI is not designed specifically for business bribery risk"]
[-1.2244166135787964, 18.94209098815918, "93) in Domain 1, business interactions with government.  \n\u2022 Thailand: CPI scores Thailand as 65 and the TRACE Matrix scores Thailand as 45. Thailand receives moderate scores across all four TRACE Matrix business-related domains.  \n\u2022 Indonesia: CPI sc"]
[-1.2227509021759033, 18.941001892089844, "he target \naudience and application: multinational firms managing business bribery risk. \n2. The index should use publicly available data to allow users to examine the data that support the index.\n56 \n3. The analytic process used to aggregate the und"]
[-1.2282757759094238, 18.94736099243164, "mains and then aggregated to \nproduce an overall score. \nTable 2.1. Domains and Their Respective Subdomains  \nDomain Subdomains \n1.0 Business Interactions with Government  1.1 Contact with Government  \n1.2 Expectation of Paying Bribes  \n1.3 Regulator"]
[-1.2246705293655396, 18.942493438720703, " on risk (e.g., a high-quality civil service or strong non-governmental oversight), in which case it may not need an abundance of legal mechanisms to control corruption. \nThe fourth domain captures the role played by extra-governmental actors in moni"]
[-1.2252908945083618, 18.941694259643555, "nce and corruption. We chose 64 indicators so the TRACE Matrix was not disproportionately driven by any one data source (e.g., WGI, Enterprise Survey).\n60 Additionally, where many data sources had gaps in \ncountry coverage, by selecting a range of in"]
[-1.2249822616577148, 18.94246482849121, "How many laws address the United Nations Convention Against Corruption, Chapter 2, Article 5?\u201d \nAnother challenge was presented by composite or aggregated data, which combines elements \nof other indices to fully or partially construct scores (e.g., E"]
[-1.2245653867721558, 18.942487716674805, "ocedure for calculating a total risk score was as follows: First, we standardized every \nindicator and then calculated the average score for all items within a subdomain for each country to give subdomain scores. We then re-standardized subdomain sco"]
[-1.2248228788375854, 18.943143844604492, "h of the value of our index comes from the ability for users to draw \non the underlying domain and subdomain scores, we first present a summary of the overall risk for the 197 countries in the TRACE Matrix. Figure 3.1 displays the top-line risk score"]
[-1.2253437042236328, 18.942922592163086, " 190. Chad (83)  \n\u2022 191. Cameroon (83)  \n\u2022 192. Burundi (83)  \n\u2022 193. Cambodia (88)  \n\u2022 194. Uzbekistan (90)  \n\u2022 195. Yemen (95)  \n\u2022 196. Nigeria (95)  \n\u2022 197. Angola (97)  \nB. Guide to the Country Risk Scores  \nTable D.1 in Appendix D presents the t"]
[-1.2272292375564575, 18.94777488708496, "ption problem, but might also reflect a lower risk environment because of rigorous enforcement. India has a domain score of 43, which is fairly low risk. India\u2019s score in subdomain 2.1 indicates a fairly good number and quality of anti-bribery laws. "]
[-1.2248750925064087, 18.942697525024414, " 4. Conclusion  \nIn this report, we have introduced the problem of global business bribery, discussed \ninternational efforts to combat it, reported business views, and explained the new business \nbribery risk indicators we have developed and modeled "]
[-1.223265528678894, 18.94051170349121, "                                 \n69 Shearman & Sterling LLP, 2014, pp.  2\u20134.   27 governmental oversight. Each domain includes multiple subdomains that capture specific risk \nfactors and align with specific sources of data to measure risk. \nWe inves"]
[-1.2188544273376465, 18.93425750732422, "hapter Three. Among other questions, we asked: \n1. What countries do you operate in? How long have you operated in these countries? \n2. Describe the process your company uses to perform country risk assessments. \na. What types of risks do you assess?"]
[-1.2232283353805542, 18.940357208251953, " take all the prophylactic measures we can.\u201d \nA senior compliance counsel at a multinational company that operates in approximately 40 \ncountries and sells into approximately 200 countries through third parties outlined the factors her company looked"]
[-1.2233463525772095, 18.940582275390625, "national consulting firm stated that, among his clients, \u201cmany companies \nare only factoring in CPI.\u201d He explained that many companies \u201ctake [CPI] and incorporate a bunch of internal information\u2014product, sales, and so forth\u2014easier things to rank from"]
[-1.2244747877120972, 18.942001342773438, "e\u2014specifically, whether it included government customers and commercial organizations that have government involvement. He also pointed to key factors such as management by expatriates or local management and whether there would be reliance on a dist"]
[-1.2236886024475098, 18.940963745117188, "ou worry about FCPA, you include domestic corruption enforcement\u201d in the calculation \nof business bribery risk. \nA partner in an international consulting firm echoed these observations. He stated that \u201cthe \nbiggest missing piece from CPI is the level"]
[-1.2239036560058594, 18.941104888916016, " counsel stated, \u201cWe are trying to control the behavior of thousands of employees around the world. Someone is going to panic and pay a bribe. It should not happen but it does, even with good  33 employees and good companies.\u201d He explained that a new"]
[-1.2245646715164185, 18.94217300415039, "orld Bank Ease of Doing \nBusiness http://www.doingbusiness.org  2013 Procedures to enforce a contract (number)  \nProcedures to register property (number)  \nStart- up procedures to register a business (number)  \nLabor Force Share of Government Employm"]
[-1.2247278690338135, 18.94232940673828, "servants to recuse \nthemselves from policy decisions where their personal \ninterests may be affected.  \nIs there legislation criminalizing corruption?   36 United Nations Convention Against Corruption  Article -\nSpecific Laws  United Nations  Legal L"]
[-1.2275365591049194, 18.945432662963867, "orldjusticeproject.org/rule -of-law-\nindex  2012 \n          \nDomain 4: Capacity for Civil Society Oversight  \n     4.1 Quality and Freedom of Media \nFreedom of the Press  Freedom House Freedom of the \nPress  http://www.freedomhouse.org/report -\ntypes"]
[-1.2195326089859009, 18.939374923706055, "as follows. First, to ensure that the different variance of each item \ndid not influence its relative importance in the total score, each item within a domain was standardized to have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. Simple aggregation at thi"]
[6.4581475257873535, 15.559017181396484, "mputation is a technique  designed to obtain unbiased parameter estimates in the presence of missing \ndata, and to provide information about the level of uncertainty in those data. A simplified explanation follows: For \neach variable that has missing"]
[-1.225903868675232, 18.943368911743164, "ribery experts, and the experience of TRACE International, whose experts have over 20 years of experience in assessing business bribery risk. We decreased the weight of domain 2, anti-bribery laws and enforcement, based on the lack of reliable data c"]
[-1.2256958484649658, 18.942014694213867, "6 50 46 42 54 52 56 48 48 48 52 24 27 18 3.3 \nAngola 97 98 59 91 100 61 54 65 99 98 92 73 65 69 6.6 \nAntigua and \nBarbuda  49 50 49 41 53 46 49 43 51 54 52 36 37 31 2.8 \nArgentina  64 77 76 67 63 12 11 15 26 56 11 22 21 23 17.1 \nArmenia  56 61 44 56 "]
[-1.2250515222549438, 18.942224502563477, "erde  58 59 51 43 67 57 57 55 60 60 61 47 35 57 2.1 \nCentral \nAfrican Republic  77 79 61 60 86 51 67 35 68 74 62 70 45 93 5.8 \nChad  83 84 62 84 76 55 61 47 76 96 59 76 52 95 5.1 \nChile  25 25 44 17 24 30 29 32 20 20 30 25 26 22 2.4 \nChina  66 54 62 "]
[-1.225374460220337, 18.94211769104004, "Score Domain 1:  \nInteractions with Government  Dom ain 2:  \nAnti-B ribery Laws  \nand Enforcement  Domain 3:  \nGovernmental  \nand Civil Service \nTransparency  Domain 4:  \nCapacity for Civil  \nSociety Oversight  \nVariance \nPena lty Dom 1 \nOverall  \nRi"]
[-1.2252815961837769, 18.942337036132812, "48 48 60 71 53 63 44 76 2.4 \nLiberia 79 85 74 88 63 19 24 17 62 58 66 57 29 87 10.7 \nLibya 71 77 68 61 75 52 46 56 67 78 57 42 47 29 7.4 \nLiechtenstein 50 54 56 32 61 49 44 51 52 48 57 20 25 12 4.3 \nLithuania 30 30 15 41 40 31 32 30 31 24 44 18 15 22"]
[-1.2255089282989502, 18.94194221496582, "51 48 53 60 72 52 72 42 100 3.8 \nNigeria  95 96 82 87 80 25 27 25 97 100 87 57 37 75 13.8 \nNorway  28 20 14 10 47 52 52 51 32 10 56 16 28 1 3.6 \nOman 48 38 45 28 42 56 58 52 54 52 59 52 57 35 1.3 \nPakistan  78 83 51 97 69 27 14 41 50 63 44 69 59 68 9"]
[-1.2251816987991333, 18.93832778930664, "in 3:  \nGovernmental  \nand Civil Service \nTransparency  Domain 4:  \nCapacity for Civil  \nSociety Oversight  \nVariance \nPena lty Dom 1 \nOverall  \nRisk  d1.1 d1.2 d1.3 Dom 2 \nOverall  \nRisk  d2.1 d2.2 Dom 3 \nOverall  \nRisk  d3.1 d3.2 Dom 4 \nOverall  \nR"]
[-1.2250319719314575, 18.93914222717285, "1 39 48 55 41 65 71 61 66 48 78 3.9 \nZimbabwe  75 58 46 61 56 29 19 39 88 84 86 74 55 86 7.4 \n \n   58 Appendix E:  List of Reviewed Data Sources  \nTable E .1. List of Reviewed Data Sources  \nSource Indicator  Countries  Years  Website \nAfrobarometer "]
[0.6531156897544861, 7.352747917175293, "iik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/index.html  \nHeritage Foundation  Index of Economic \nFreedom  169 1995\u2013 2014 http://www.heritage.org/index/  \nUnited Nations \nDevelopment \nProgramme  Human Development \nIndex 186 1990\u2013 2013 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistic"]
[-1.2251851558685303, 18.93934440612793, "\nCompetitiveness \nReports  148 2005\u2013 2011 http://www.weforum.org/issues/global -competitiveness  \nWorld Economic Forum  Global Risks Report Global  2006\u2013 2013 http://www.weforum.org/issues/global -risks \nWorld Bank  Worldwide \nGovernance \nIndicators "]
[-1.2236833572387695, 18.939712524414062, "2 Brazil \n153 Guinea -Bissau  \n154 Timor -Leste \n155 Ethiopia  \n156 Afghanistan  \n157 Libya \n158 Iran \n159 Syrian Arab \nRepublic \n160 Cote d'Ivoire  \n161 Tanzania, United \nRepublic of  \n162 Gabon \n163 Mongolia  \n164 Laos \n165 Congo  \n166 Sierra Leone"]
[-1.22333562374115, 18.93817138671875, "International Business Transactions, OECD Publishing, 2011. \t\nRao, Sumedh, \u201cCritique of Government Assessment Applications,\u201d Helpdesk Research Report, \nGovernance and Social Development Resource Centre, July 30, 2010. \nR Core Team, R: A Language and "]
[12.759567260742188, 13.880868911743164, "SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\n2018 National Survey of \nHealth Attitudes\nAppendix A: Survey Results Comparing \nPopulations by City Size\nKatherine Grace Carman, Anita Chandra, Sarah Weilant, Carolyn Miller, \nMargaret Tait\nPrepared for the Robert Wood "]
[12.968667030334473, 14.290498733520508, "................................................................................................................................................ 17\t\nQ4. Making sure that there are safe, outdoor places to walk and be physically active in communities \n"]
[12.909432411193848, 14.408953666687012, "ans need health care, do you think it  is easier or harder for them to get \nthe care they need than it is for White Americans, or is there not much of a difference? ............ 32\t\nQ14b .When Latinos need health car e, do you think it is easier or h"]
[12.951606750488281, 14.29829216003418, "izations impact the health of your \ncommunity. For each, please indicate what impact (positive, negative, or no impact) this group has on the health of your community. If the impact is both positive and negative, please ind icate \nwhether the overall"]
[12.921472549438477, 14.361943244934082, "...................... 64\t\nQ29. The next question asks about your health insurance or health coverage plans. In answering this \nquestion, please exclude plans that pay for only one type of service (such as nursing home care, accidents, family plannin"]
[12.698235511779785, 13.83383846282959, "embers  .............................................................................. 75\t\nRespondents by Level of Family Income, in Dollars  .......................................................................... 76\t\nRespondents\u2019 Work Status ...."]
[13.18145751953125, 14.184127807617188, "itudes: Description and Top-Line Summary Data (Carman et al., 2019a) in Building a National Culture of Health: Background, Action Framework, Measures and Next Steps (Chandra et al., 2016), and at https://www.rwjf.org/en/cultureofhealth.html.  \nFor th"]
[13.180313110351562, 14.18835163116455, "ese cases, we note that chi-squared statistics were not calculated due to small cell sizes. \nWe offer no other analysis in this appendix beyond presenting the data as described. There is \na companion appendix examining differences for communities arr"]
[13.181658744812012, 14.193467140197754, "ex  \nSample  Weak  Moderate  Strong  Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  27.0 51.0 20.1 1.9 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  26.6 52.4 20.5 0.4 \nMidsized City \n(50,000 \u2013500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  29.8 48.3 19.6 2.3 \nLarge City \n(500,000+)  \n(n "]
[13.184861183166504, 14.189689636230469, "8 0.7 \nAll Groups  2.5 4.5 22.9 36.2 33.4 0.6 \nNOTE: Chi -square statistic  11.29  (p = 0.505)  \n  8 E. Neighborhood Options for Healthy Food and Exercise  \nSample  1 (No Effect)  2 3 4 5 (Very \nStrong \nEffect)  Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  5.8 1"]
[13.174846649169922, 14.193171501159668, "d from Parents  \nSample  1 (No Effect)  2 3 4 5 (Very \nStrong \nEffect)  Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  3.2 3.7 23.8 35.4 33.1 0.7 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  3.2 5.0 24.4 32.1 35.3 . \nMidsized City \n(50,000 \u2013500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493) "]
[13.182039260864258, 14.190458297729492, "\n(50,000 \u2013500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  16.7 20.4 27.0 20.5 14.8 0.6 \nLarge City \n(500,000+)  \n(n = 3,945)  17.7 18.2 30.0 19.3 14.2 0.6 \nAll Groups  17.2 18.3 29.1 19.9 14.9 0.5 \nNOTE: Chi -square statistic  14.04  (p = 0.298) . \n \nR. Race/Ethnicity  \nSa"]
[13.162240982055664, 14.16355037689209, "ives 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 \nCommunity safety  0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 \nRace/ethnicity  . 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.4 \nAccess to wellness technologies (Fitbit, \ntrackers etc.)  0.1 . 0.1 0.1 0.1 \nRefused  0.3 . 0.4 0.2 0.2 \nSOURCE: RAND.  \nNOTES: Chi -square statistic "]
[13.163291931152344, 14.184591293334961, "ant but \nNot Top  Not a Priority at \nAll Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  38.3 52.2 8.9 0.6 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  42.2 49.8 8.0 . \nMidsized City ( 50,000 \u2013\n500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  41.6 51.9 6.0 0.5 \nLarge City ( 500,000+)  \n(n "]
[13.161279678344727, 14.187231063842773, "16.86  (p = 0.155) . \n  21 B. Second Highest Top Priority  \n  \nMaking sure \nthat the \ndisadvantaged \nhave an equal \nopportunity to \nbe healthy.  Making sure \nthat healthy \nfoods are for \nsale at \naffordable \nprices in \ncommunities \nwhere they \nare no"]
[13.178620338439941, 14.191466331481934, "24.3 3.2 \nNOTE: Chi -square statistic  16.31  (p = 0.178) . \n \nE. Fifth  Highest Top Priority  \n  \nMaking sure \nthat the \ndisadvantaged \nhave an equal \nopportunity to \nbe healthy.  Making sure \nthat healthy \nfoods are for \nsale at \naffordable \nprices"]
[13.17824649810791, 14.192435264587402, " \n(50,000 \u2013\n500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  2.6 5.1 19.5 32.8 39.3 0.7 \nLarge City \n(500,000+)  \n(n = 3,945)  3.7 6.1 18.2 29.1 42.1 0.7 \nAll Groups  3.6 6.0 19.9 30.4 39.4 0.7 \nSOURCE: Developed by NORC, revised by RAND.  \nNOTE: Chi -square statistic  54.4"]
[13.183725357055664, 14.193402290344238, " \nNor Disagree  Somewhat \nAgree  Strongly \nAgree  Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  1.3 1.6 13.5 37.5 45.3 0.9 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  1.1 1.5 13.0 32.5 52.0 . \nMidsized City \n(50,000 \u2013\n500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  1.2 1.7 11.9 33.0 51"]
[13.165704727172852, 14.196479797363281, "0,000+)  \n(n = 1,901 ) 32.5 15.4 0.9 \nAll Groups  33.8 15.2 0.8 \nSOURCE: Pew Research Center, 2012; revised by the RAND team to reflect health.  \nNOTE: Chi -square statistic  2.74 (p = 0.434) . \nQ11b. Which of the following is the biggest reason that"]
[13.186736106872559, 14.187407493591309, "Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 486) 8.8 10.1 9.7 20.7 1.3 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 369) 9.4 10.6 8.0 18.4 0.9 \nMidsized City ( 50,000 \u2013\n500,000 )  \n(n = 729) 11.2 9.9 10.7 15.9 1.2 \nLarge City ( 500,000+)  \n(n = 2,044 ) 11.4 12.1 11.1 16.1 0"]
[13.185233116149902, 14.193269729614258, ".001 ).***  34 Q15a. In the U.S. today, people with lower incomes live on average 7.5 years less than \npeople with higher incomes. What do you think are the top three reasons why this is \nthe case? (Select three options)  \nThe following tables each l"]
[13.186906814575195, 14.193897247314453, "0 18.0 \nMidsized City  \n(50,000 \u2013500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  81.8 18.2 \nLarge City  \n(500,000+)  \n(n = 3,945)  82.6 17.4 \nAll Groups  82.5 17.5 \nNOTE: Chi -square statistic  0.81 (p = 0.847) . \n  37 I. Luck \nSample  Not Selected  Selected  \nNot a Town  "]
[13.19734001159668, 14.202227592468262, "willing  Somewhat \nUnwilling  Very \nUnwilling   \nMissing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  11.1 32.7 34.0 10.2 10.1  \n1.9 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  16.1 33.3 33.8 9.1 7.0  \n0.7 \nMidsized City \n(50,000 \u2013500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  15.1 33.6 30.7"]
[13.190027236938477, 14.196065902709961, ".3 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 ) 600 39.4 \nMidsized City  \n(50,000 \u2013500,000 ) 1,142 39.6 \nLarge City ( 500,000+) 3,057 37.2 \nNOTE: F-statistic  = 7.80 (p < 0.0 01).* ** \n \n   42 E. Elementary and High School Education  \n Number of \nRespondents Mean "]
[13.189754486083984, 14.193602561950684, " 36.1 38.4 18.4 5.5 1.6 \nSOURCE: Chavis, Lee, and Acosta, 2008.  \nNOTE S: Chi- square statistic  61.96  (p < 0.001) .*** The order of questions 17A\u2013 17P was randomized for each \nrespondent.  \n \nD. This Community Has Symbols and Expressions of Members"]
[13.17487907409668, 14.188979148864746, "37.1 37.1 17.8 5.7 2.3 \nLarge City \n(500,000+)  \n(n = 3,945)  39.0 37.5 17.0 5.0 1.4 \nAll Groups  37.5 38.0 17.5 5.4 1.6 \nSOURCE: Chavis, Lee, and Acosta, 2008.  \nNOTE S: Chi- square statistic  13.41  (p = 0.145) . The order of questions 17A\u2013 17P was"]
[13.185874938964844, 14.195185661315918, "00 )  \n(n = 1,493)  17.3 41.6 29.6 9.4 2.0 \nLarge City \n(500,000+)  \n(n = 3,945)  18.8 41.8 29.7 8.1 1.6 \nAll Groups  18.4 42.5 29.2 8.3 1.6 \nSOURCE: RAND.  \nNOTE S: Chi- square statistic  10.44  (p = 0.316) . The order of questions 17A\u2013 17P was rand"]
[13.190906524658203, 14.19282054901123, ")  \n(n = 749)  2.1 9.5 41.8 37.5 8.4 0.7 \nMidsized City \n(50,000 \u2013\n500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  1.8 6.7 43.6 37.8 7.9 2.3 \nLarge City \n(500,000+)  \n(n = 3,945)  1.4 9.1 43.4 36.4 7.3 2.4 \nAll Groups  1.6 8.1 44.2 36.5 7.5 2.2 \nNOTE: Chi -square statistic"]
[13.224227905273438, 14.190196990966797, "ent Leaders \nSample  Very \nnegative Somewhat \nnegative No \ndifference Somewhat \npositive Very \npositive Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  9.2 13.2 55.2 18.2 1.7 2.6 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  8.8 14.6 52.2 19.8 3.5 1.1 \nMidsized City "]
[13.19109058380127, 14.185736656188965, "4 \nNOTE: Chi-square statistic  3.75 (p = 0.29) . \n  \nF. Ever served as an elected appointee or official  \nSample  Yes No Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  7.8 89.9 2.3 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  8.6 89.1 2.4 \nMidsized City \n(50,000 \u2013\n"]
[13.146257400512695, 14.19532585144043, " 12.81  (p = 0.383) .  60 Q21. Would you say that in general your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or \npoor? \nSample  Excellent  Very good Good Fair Poor  Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  9.2 36.3 35.5 14.1 3.9 1.0 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350"]
[13.180668830871582, 14.193045616149902, "ause of a health issue for yourself \nand/or others? \n Sample  Yes No Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  27.8 70.5 1.7 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  29.5 69.5 1.0 \nMidsized City  \n(50,000 \u2013500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  25.8 72.3 2.0 \nLarge City"]
[13.192191123962402, 14.197527885437012, "00,000 )  \n(n = 1,271 ) 18.1 55.8 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.4 0.3 \nLarge City (\n500,000+)  \n(n = 3,325 ) 16.4 54.6 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 0.6 0.1 \nAll Groups  18.1 54.0 2.1 1.3 2.1 1.6 0.6 0.1 \nSOURCE  National Health Interview Survey  (Centers for Disease Control "]
[13.187979698181152, 14.19902515411377, "of \ngovernment -sponsored assistance plan based on income or a disability [Medicaid name of state where \nrespondent lives]  \nSample  Covered  Not covered  Not sure  Missing \nNot a Town  \n(n = 971)  11.8 76.4 8.5 3.3 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n("]
[13.168292045593262, 14.192249298095703, " family member is \u201d: 0.25 (p = 0.969) . Chi-square statistic  for \u201cNo\u201d: 0.08  (p \n= 0.994) . \nSOURCE : RAND . \nNOTE: Because respondents were asked to select all that apply, the total may sum to \nmore than 100 percent . \nQ31. How confident are you th"]
[13.218805313110352, 14.194579124450684, " \n(n = 971)  9.8 88.8 1.4 \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  12.0 87.3 0.7 \nMidsized City  \n(50,000 \u2013500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  11.6 86.8 1.6 \nLarge City  \n(500,000+)  \n(n = 3,945)  12.4 85.7 1.9 \nAll Groups  11.8 86.6 1.6 \nSOURCE:  RAND and R"]
[13.219364166259766, 14.197999000549316, " Town  \n(n = 971)  70.1 0.8 12.9 4.6 11.5  \nSmall Town  \n(2,500 \u201350,000 )  \n(n = 749)  69.0 1.3 12.8 5.9 10.9 \nMidsized City  \n(50,000 \u2013500,000 )  \n(n = 1,493)  66.9 1.9 10.7 5.2 15.2 \nLarge City  \n(500,000+)  \n(n = 3,945)  60.5 2.2 12.6 5.4 19.4  \nA"]
[12.719841957092285, 13.854267120361328, ", Sarah Weilant, Carolyn Miller, and Margaret Tait, \n2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes: Description and Top-Line Summary Data, Santa \nMonica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2876-RWJF, 2019a. As of May 2, 2019: \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research"]
[12.7100248336792, 13.851253509521484, "12. \nPlough, Alonzo, Anita Chandra, Penny Bolla, Laura Leviton, Carolyn Miller, C. Tracy Orleans, \nTejal Shah, Margaret Tait, Matthew Trujillo, Joie Acosta, Katherine Carman, Tamara \nDubowitz, Laurie Martin, Christopher Nelson, Gery Ryan, Blair Smith"]
[20.66026496887207, 0.0745672658085823, "CORPORATION\nWhat\u2019s the Buzz?\nThe City-Scale Impacts of Drone Delivery\nAndrew J. LohnLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND \nintellectual prope"]
[20.66376495361328, 0.07273993641138077, "nclude the following: \n\u2022Jia Xu\u2019s research report on the design perspectives on delivery drones\n\u2022Kenneth Kuhn\u2019s perspective on certification and traffic management of drones\n\u2022Therese Jones\u2019s perspective on international drone regulation and drone deli"]
[20.60689926147461, 0.10753414034843445, ".............................. iii\t\nFigures ............................................................................................................................................ vi\t\nTables ......................................................"]
[20.632244110107422, 0.08857567608356476, "............................................ 24\tAppendix B. Sensitivity of Energy to Variation in Parameters .................................................... 28\tReferences .........................................................................."]
[20.645967483520508, 0.08018617331981659, "try and others, to understand what effects to anticipate and what options are available for ensuring the well-being of citizens without stifling innovation and business opportunities. The lack of precedent for large-scale delivery drones and the prop"]
[20.645652770996094, 0.0792132019996643, ", and noise also all benefit from an increased number of \ndrone centers. Drones delivering packages will depart from, and return to, their drone center, \nwhich means that regions of a city near a delivery center should expect more drone activity over"]
[20.63309097290039, 0.0881132110953331, "on of drone delivery trip \n\ud835\udc34!\"#$ area of a city \n\ud835\udc34! area of a delivery zone \n\ud835\udc36! geometrical constant for truck deliveries \n\ud835\udc36! geometrical constant for truck deliveries \n\ud835\udc36! constant relating to aeronautical parameters \n\ud835\udc36! constant relating to aeronaut"]
[20.652921676635742, 0.07770989090204239, " benefits, convenience, and delivery of time-critical goods and services to difficult-to-reach places.\n2 But there is also \npotential for negative effects related to aerial congestion,3 privacy,4 noise,5 energy consumption, \nand air pollution. Weighi"]
[20.656747817993164, 0.07087011635303497, " \nAcoustics , Vol. 74, No. 1, 2013; and  F. Farassat, \u201cLinear Acoustic Formulas for Calculation of Rotating Blade \nNoise,\u201d AIAA Journal , Vol. 19, No. 9, 1981.  \n 2 white paper on its Uber Elevate service,6 but city-scale delivery drones provide diff"]
[20.63551139831543, 0.0869203433394432, "hough I am the sole author of this report, several people \ncontributed to the research contained herein, so I often employ we when describing research conducted or steps \ntaken.   \n 3 Organization of This Report  \nIn the remainder of this report, we "]
[20.63536834716797, 0.08606994152069092, "encies and the distances derived in Appendix A. \nThe city is represented by its total area ( \ud835\udc34!\"#$), total number of packages to deliver per day (\ud835\udc41 !), \naverage number of packages per stop (trucks only) (\ud835\udc5b !), percentage of packages delivered by \ndro"]
[20.64203643798828, 0.08030876517295837, "ck a single center. Detailed analysis would require knowing the volume of drone-delivered packages and the volume that can be carried by a truck. Our set of assumptions err on the conservative side relative to most of our results, and alternative ass"]
[20.63638687133789, 0.08554266393184662, "!%&  Airframe mass fraction  30% \n\ud835\udc5a!\"!#$%!  Systems mass fraction  15% \n\ud835\udc5a!\"#$%&  Design mass margin  10% \n\ud835\udc5a! Mass of package  2 kg laden, 0 kg unladen  \n \nIt is outside the scope of this report to conduct a detailed exploration of the aircraft design"]
[20.636232376098633, 0.086464062333107, "q. 2.4 \nAlthough this equation may appear complicated, several simple approximate relationships \ncan be seen. Ignoring the vertical component (\ud835\udc38 !\"#$%&'( ), the energy consumed increases with  the \nsquare root of the area of the city for both drones "]
[20.63553810119629, 0.08604362607002258, "\ndelivered by drones increases. In Figure 2.3, the y-axis shows the energy consumed per package as the fraction of packages delivered by drone increases on the x-axis. Panel (a) of the figure shows the energy consumption for the variable mass describ"]
[20.638099670410156, 0.0846361443400383, "those discussed in the previous chapter), \ninfrastructure decisions, such as number of drone centers, must consider such issues as the \nrequired size of the drone fleet and the degree of encroachment into populated or otherwise occupied spaces. This "]
[20.64423370361328, 0.07884952425956726, " each company and a larger total number of drones would be expected. \nWe do not have data for the cost of drone centers or the cost of the drones themselves, but \nthese results suggest that capital costs of additional drone centers may be offset , at"]
[20.645368576049805, 0.07765179127454758, " Given Number of Drones  Overhead  \nWithin 0.2 km for a Los Angeles \u2013Sized City , by Number of Drone Centers  \n \nFigure 4.1 shows the results for a Los Angeles\u2013sized city and uses the same parameters as \nwere used for determining the number of drones"]
[20.65701675415039, 0.06892691552639008, "ently low as to not contribute to annoyance, and in others, they could be high enough to be widely viewed as unacceptable. Figure 4.2 helps illustrate such ranges. \n                                                \n2 Federal Aviation Administration , "]
[20.669523239135742, 0.05671200156211853, "kages per day.  \n \n\ud835\udc4d= \ud835\udc41\n\ud835\udc46!\ud835\udc5b Eq. A.1a \n\ud835\udc34!=\ud835\udc34!\"#$\n\ud835\udc4d Eq. A.1b \nFor the traveling salesman problem, the expected distance traveled with \ud835\udc46! stops uniformly \ndistributed over \ud835\udc34 ! area is as follows:1  \n \n\ud835\udc51!=\ud835\udc58!\"# \ud835\udc46!\ud835\udc34! Eq. A.2 \n \nThe total distance traveled f"]
[20.63200569152832, 0.08895041793584824, "izing, as follows: \n \n\ud835\udc51!\"#=\ud835\udc65!+\ud835\udc66!\ud835\udc51\ud835\udc34\n\ud835\udc51\ud835\udc34 Eq. A.8 \nIt is sufficient to integrate over the triangle corresponding to one-twelfth of the hexagon, as \nillustrated in panel (b) of Figure A.1, and then multiplying by 12. \n \n\ud835\udc51!\"#=\ud835\udc65!+\ud835\udc66!\ud835\udc51\ud835\udc65\ud835\udc51\ud835\udc66!!\"# (!!\"# )\n!!!!!!\n!"]
[20.68054962158203, 0.05173291265964508, "The Defibrillator Drone Is Another Good Drone Idea But Will It Work?\u201d IEEE \nSpectrum, October 30, 2014. As of May 30, 2016:  \nhttp://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/drones/defibrillator-drone-another-good-drone-idea \nBramwell, A. R. S., G. Done,"]
[20.666868209838867, 0.06592675298452377, "ier, M., M. Schafer, V. Lenders, and I. Martinovic, \u201cRealities and Challenges of \nNextGen Air Traffic Management: The Case of ADS-B,\u201d IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 52, No. 5, May 2014, pp. 111\u2013118. \nSunil, E., J. Hoekstra, J. Ellerbroek, F. Buss"]
[17.417644500732422, 8.147622108459473, "CORPORATION\nLos Angeles County\nJuvenile Justice CrimePrevention Act\nFiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nTerry Fain, Susan Turner, Nima ShahidiniaLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected b"]
[17.43215560913086, 8.167051315307617, "t the legislatively mandated evaluation of the county\u2019s JJCPA programs, including analyzing data and reporting findings to the BSCC. This report summarizes the fiscal year 2015\u20132016 findings reported to the BSCC, as well as additional program informa"]
[17.3804988861084, 8.11702823638916, " Crime \nPrevention Act: Fiscal Year\u00a02008\u20132009 Report , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corpora -\ntion, TR-832-LACPD, September 2010b\n\u2022 Te\nrry Fain, Susan Turner, and Greg Ridgeway, Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime \nPrevention Act: Fiscal Year\u00a0200"]
[18.0357666015625, 9.325798988342285, ".............................................................. iii\nFigures  ........................................................................................................... ix\nTables  ......................................................."]
[18.054035186767578, 9.343766212463379, "................................ 77\nCHAPTER FOUR\nSummary and Conclusions  .................................................................................. 83viii    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Rep"]
[18.042911529541016, 9.298802375793457, "l-Based Probation Supervision for High School At-Risk  \nYouths, by Cluster, FY 2016\u20132017  .............................................................. 51\n 2.\n10. Ou\ntcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for High School Probationers,  \nFY 20"]
[18.04975128173828, 9.346714973449707, "es for Programs That Used the  \nPrevious Year\u2019s Cohorts as Comparison Groups  ............................................. xxiv\n S.\n5. Pa\nrticipants, Budgets, and Estimated Per Capita Costs, by JJCPA Program,  \nFY\u00a02016\u20132017  ........................"]
[18.04534912109375, 9.314775466918945, "51xii    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\n 2.14.  Factors Used to Match School-Based Probation Supervision for High School  \nP\nrobationers and Comparison-Group Youths  ............................"]
[18.06782341003418, 9.329455375671387, "bationers  ................................................................................ 79\n 3.\n16. Me\nan Estimated Cost per Participant, Participants Served, and Cost Differences,  \nby JJCPA Program, FY\u00a02016\u20132017  ................................"]
[17.999502182006836, 9.235024452209473, "2016\u20132017  ......................................... 112\n E.\n3. Ou\ntcomes for Housing-Based Day Supervision, FY\u00a02016\u20132017  ........................... 112\n E.\n4. Ou\ntcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for High School At-Risk  \nYouths, FY\u00a020"]
[17.67461395263672, 8.431227684020996, "zed funding for county juvenile justice programs and designated BOC the administrator of funding. A 2001 California Senate bill extended the funding and changed the program\u2019s name to JJCPA. The legislature intended the program to provide a stable fun"]
[17.720115661621094, 8.522170066833496, "ant difference from the previous year. For the school-based probationer programs, we used propensity-score matching to create a comparison group, starting with a large group of routine probationers who were not in JJCPA programs and statistically mat"]
[17.78499984741211, 8.621801376342773, "responsive to service needs. In collabora -\ntion with school officials, parents, and community partners, JJCPA deputy probation officers can coordinate service plans that include various school- and community-based resources.\nThe Probation Department"]
[17.71147918701172, 8.606510162353516, "ne JJCPA program, and a single youth can participate in the same program \nmore than once within the reference period (e.g., if a youth in one of the school-based programs changes schools). Therefore, xviii    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime"]
[17.711238861083984, 8.812446594238281, "he total number of youths served will be somewhat less than the total number of participants. \nWe know that at least 26,715\u00a0youths received JJCPA services in Los Angeles County in FY\u00a02016\u20132017. We cannot know the exact number because 507\u00a0youths in th"]
[17.701120376586914, 8.969010353088379, " number of participants in a given program by who received \nservices during the fiscal year, which lasted from July\u00a01, 2016, to June\u00a030, 2017. To allow a six-month eligibility period for recidivism, however, the number for whom a program reported out"]
[17.64923095703125, 9.09306526184082, "reported outcomes only for participants who received treatment services. See Appendix\u00a0A for more details.Summary    xxi\nmental health treatment reported both baseline and follow-up Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) \nscores. These program-to-program discr"]
[17.58176040649414, 8.975914001464844, "st measure-ment periods.\n9 IOW and MH, programs administered in juvenile halls, measure outcomes in the six months prior to hall entry and six \nmonths following hall exit for the hall stay during which program services were received.xxii    Los Angel"]
[17.758638381958008, 9.039766311645508, "m following program entry than in the prior term. SBMS-PROB participants had significantly higher rates of completion of probation and completion of com -\nmunity service. SBMS-PROB participants also showed significant improvement in overall risk scor"]
[18.10784339904785, 9.605987548828125, "Table\u00a0S.3\nResults from Simple Comparisons in Programs That Used the Previous Year\u2019s Cohorts as Comparison Groups\nProgram Arrest IncarcerationCompletion of \nProbationCompletion of \nRestitutionCompletion \nof Community \nServiceProbation \nViolation\nGSCOM"]
[18.192262649536133, 9.733414649963379, "am. For MH, we report big six outcomes only for those who received treatment, but we compute costs for all who were screened.\n11 This method of counting participants is consistent with the way the BSCC counts JJCPA participants state-wide.Table\u00a0S.4Re"]
[18.23785972595215, 9.832722663879395, " by JJCPA Program, FY\u00a02016\u20132017\nProgramBaseline, in 2016 Dollars Follow-Up, in 2016 Dollars\nParticipantsDifference \nof Means, in \n2016 Dollars Mean 95% Confidence Interval Mean 95% Confidence Interval\nEnhanced Mental Health Services 24,432 23,560 25,"]
[18.240909576416016, 9.830452919006348, " youths who have virtually no involve-ment with the juvenile justice system.\nWe note also that savings in juvenile justice costs for arrests, camps, and juvenile hall stays \ndo not take into account potential savings associated with improved family a"]
[17.74745750427246, 8.569024085998535, "eline period.\nConclusions\nAs with any evaluation, our assessment of the JJCPA program in Los Angeles County has some \ninherent limitations. This evaluation used quasi-experimental designs to test the effectiveness of JJCPA programs. Quasi-experimenta"]
[17.631576538085938, 8.447162628173828, "ison-group \nyouths are relatively small, but they are consistent enough that they appear to be real differ -\nences rather than statistical anomalies. County-developed supplemental outcomes tend to be more favorable than state-mandated big six outcome"]
[17.663209915161133, 8.401260375976562, "ly Bill [AB] 1913), which authorized funding for county juvenile justice programs and designated the Board of Corrections (BOC) the administrator of funding. A 2001 Califor -\nnia Senate bill extended the funding and changed the program\u2019s name to the "]
[17.69240379333496, 8.47931957244873, "n of community service, and (6) probation violations. Each county can also request that programs measure supplemental outcomes for locally identified service needs (BSCC, 2017). The reporting requirements were changed in 2017, with funding for JJCPA "]
[17.71060562133789, 8.489298820495605, "and his or her social ecology, including the family, peers, school, neighborhood, and other commu -\n2 The BSCC was formerly called the Corrections Standards Authority (CSA), the successor to BOC.\n3 Because AB 1998 did not require counties to report b"]
[17.79972267150879, 8.591485023498535, "in all ways except for the receipt of treatment (i.e., the comparison group would not receive any). In practice, the evaluation might not identify or measure all factors. However, in criminal justice research, researchers often match comparison group"]
[17.788795471191406, 8.66173267364502, "m partici -\npants, are weak designs, and the reader should interpret results from such comparisons with this weakness in mind. In particular, pre\u2013post comparisons for probation-related outcomes, such as successful completion of probation, do not take"]
[17.746511459350586, 8.668645858764648, "rticipation or because they were receiving counseling services elsewhere. SNC near misses failed to qualify for inclusion in SNC either because they were close to 18 years old or because Probation did not consider their level of mental illness, which"]
[17.73642349243164, 8.630708694458008, "than comparison-group youths have. Even if program participants and comparison-\n4 For the two programs based in juvenile halls, we measured the big six outcomes for the six months after a youth returns \nto the community, rather than from program star"]
[17.78870964050293, 8.6461181640625, "re statistically significant (i.e., whether we can assert with a reasonable degree of certainty that the differences in the two groups\u2019 outcomes did not occur by chance but resulted from real differ -\nences between the groups. These include chi-squar"]
[17.682960510253906, 9.005231857299805, "f a 95-percent CI for the odds ratio of the interaction term year \u00d7 post  is greater than 1, we can conclude that the current year\u2019s cohort had a less favorable \noutcome (i.e., improved less between baseline and follow-up) than the previous year\u2019s co"]
[17.816869735717773, 8.574756622314453, "The current evaluation uses quasi-experimental designs to test the effec -\ntiveness of JJCPA programs. Quasi-experimental designs construct comparison groups using matching or other similar techniques and then compare the performance of the treatment"]
[17.700944900512695, 8.516936302185059, "ed programs, or family functioning for \nHRHN) were constructed or to the justification for their construction or use. Another limita -\ntion of this report is that, although we can determine statistical significance for a given out -\ncome, we have no "]
[17.682926177978516, 8.513555526733398, "pond closely to the five districts that elect members to BOS\n\u2022\n Ap\npendix G: reproduction of Probation\u2019s form for assessing family relations10    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\n\u2022 Appendix H: rep"]
[17.740684509277344, 8.815278053283691, " within the reference period (e.g., if a youth in one of the school-based programs changes schools). Therefore, \nbecause of double-counting, the total number of youths served will be somewhat lower than the total number of partici -\npants. We know th"]
[17.712757110595703, 8.864070892333984, " 31, 2016. The participants for whom a program can report outcomes during the fiscal year must enter the program in time to have six months before the end of the fiscal year, so the number of participants will not match the number for whom a program "]
[17.552452087402344, 8.926969528198242, "initiative addressed juvenile mental health issues: MH, MST, and SNC.\nWe evaluated participants in the Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative based on \ncomparison with an appropriate group for each program. Appendix\u00a0D provides detailed statis -\nt"]
[17.483928680419922, 8.800424575805664, "isses for eligibilityCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2016\u20132017 Outcome Measures    15\nMental Health Screening, Assessment, and Treatment\nThe MH program is designed to provide screening, assessment, and treatment services for \nnewly detained youths ente"]
[17.51190757751465, 8.94900131225586, "e strengths of the family unit and the youth (National Mental Health Association, 2004).\n4 Because most of the Los Angeles County JJCPA programs were established in 2001, the evidence base for the program \nwas necessarily based on research available "]
[17.565736770629883, 9.037278175354004, "on release from juvenile hall, whichever came first.\n7\nOutcomes\nFor outcome analyses, we examined 690 participants in the MH program who received mental health treatment in FY 2016\u20132017 and 1,117 comparison-group youths who received mental health tre"]
[17.607921600341797, 9.088020324707031, " complete details on all outcomes in Table\u00a0D.1 in Appendix\u00a0D. Data on cluster and gender were not available for MH participants for FY 2016\u20132017. Like with all the figures in this chapter, Figure 2.1 reflects a simple comparison between the two group"]
[17.31333351135254, 8.903103828430176, ".849\nCompletion of restitution4.88 17.46 7.32 15.85 4.05 1.729 0.914\u20133.272\nCompletion of community service0.62 11.47 1.35 7.11 5.09 3.728 0.728\u201319.092\nProbation violation8.09 11.93 7.51 14.90 3.55 0.713 0.428\u20131.189\nNOTE: \u201cDiff \u2013 Diff Percentage\u201d give"]
[17.34501838684082, 8.91624641418457, "in the MST program had significantly lower rates of arrest (23.7\u00a0percent versus 37.2\u00a0percent for comparison-group youths) and incarceration (10.7\u00a0percent versus 25.5\u00a0percent), as well as significantly higher rates of completion of probation (7.0\u00a0perc"]
[17.422487258911133, 8.94021987915039, "tcomes, with complete details for all out -\ncomes in Table\u00a0D.2 in Appendix\u00a0D. We had school-related outcomes on only a small number of MST participants, but those for whom we did have data ( N = 28) showed significantly \nhigher school attendance (91."]
[17.1180362701416, 7.735022068023682, "fornia; Hennepin County, Min -\nnesota; and Marion County, Indiana, clients in all four sites showed lower annual rearrest rates and fewer incarceration days (Steadman et al., 2011).\nDOJ has also specifically referenced the success of drug courts as a"]
[17.167585372924805, 7.771078109741211, "ourts because therapeutic intervention is more consistent with the general approach to juvenile justice. The juvenile drug court model was soon generalized to address concerns other than drug use. The goals of juvenile courts are to do the following:"]
[17.5252628326416, 9.006224632263184, "ollowing program \nentry. For the comparison group, we measured big six outcomes in the six months following the date of nonacceptance into the SNC program. \nOutcomes\nOutcome analyses compared 25 SNC participants with 33 comparison-group youths. Compa"]
[17.568517684936523, 9.063328742980957, "\nPrograms and Outcomes in Initiative II: Enhanced Services to High-Risk/High-\nNeed Youths\nThe Enhanced Services to High-Risk/High-Need Youths initiative targets program partici -\npants at the highest risk of reoffending and those with the highest nee"]
[17.550722122192383, 8.701263427734375, "iscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\n2006). The services that the DPO and participant CBOs provide strive to increase protective \nfactors and decrease risk factors. Gender-specific CBO services include the following:\n\u2022 pa\nrent orientation and support workshop"]
[17.560020446777344, 8.883734703063965, "s)Current JJCPA Programs and FY 2016\u20132017 Outcome Measures    27\n\u2022 mentors who share experiences that resonate with the realities of girls\u2019 lives and who \ne\nxemplify survival and growth\n\u2022 ed\nucation about women\u2019s health, including female development,"]
[17.540409088134766, 9.066263198852539, " year. The program selected participants who had arrests that led to probation supervision or who were considered at high risk for such arrests.\nWe measured big six outcomes for both cohorts in the six months following entry into \nthe program. We mea"]
[17.302791595458984, 9.105830192565918, "es for male participants, home-based services for female participants, and employment services for both male and female participants. The program goals are to\n\u2022\n im\nprove school performance\n\u2022 st\nrengthen the family\n\u2022 st\nrengthen parental skills\n\u2022 li\n"]
[17.2772159576416, 9.082579612731934, "and other parts of the participant\u2019s environment. It focuses on school attendance and per -\nformance, parenting skills, and family functioning. The SLC is designed as a set of program enhancements to supplement services for HRHN participants. The SLC"]
[17.197790145874023, 8.777322769165039, ", both biological and foster parents receive parental training. The program trains parents to monitor daily peer associations and the whereabouts\u2014at all times\u2014of their children. In addition, the program trains parents to know their children\u2019s peers a"]
[17.32686424255371, 9.109039306640625, "odels (Bennett et al., 2017).\n \u2013cr\neation of links with community resources and social networks. This element of \ncase management is rooted in the conviction that parole agencies cannot effectively provide the range and depth of services required for"]
[17.41790008544922, 9.136678695678711, " the program and in the six months following entry into the community phase. For the gender-specific, home-based component, we measured scores on a scale of family relations at program entry and six months later or upon program exit, whichever came f"]
[17.468807220458984, 9.129806518554688, "n Program, Intensive Gang Supervision, and school-based DPOs refer youths with substance abuse issues to community-based providers for comprehen -\nsive assessment. A central focus of this programming is to ensure that each high-risk proba -\ntioner tr"]
[17.405187606811523, 9.14405345916748, " recog -\nnize drug cravings early on and to identify high-risk situations for use, and developing strate-gies for coping with and avoiding high-risk situations and the desire to use. A central element of this treatment is anticipating the problems th"]
[17.513320922851562, 9.20189380645752, "y and in the six months following program entry or at the time of program exit, whichever came first.36    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nOutcomes\nWe based outcome measures on the performance of"]
[17.5473575592041, 9.129776000976562, "e previous year\u2019s cohort in five of the big six outcomes and exceeded expectations for rates of arrest, with the FY 2016\u20132017 cohort showing a statisti -\ncally lower rate (14.4\u00a0percent) than the FY 2015\u20132016 cohort had (19.2\u00a0percent).\nDifference-in-d"]
[17.892297744750977, 8.793012619018555, "use\n\u2022 ra\nte of child abuse and neglect\n\u2022 nu\nmber of residents living below the poverty level.\nPrograms and services included in this initiative are ACT, HB, IOW, PARKS, SBHS-AR, \nSBHS-PROB, SBMS-AR, and SBMS-PROB. A total of 21,399 youths received se"]
[17.979604721069336, 8.833508491516113, ", for instance, school data were not available or the program \ndid not evaluate strength or risk for all program participants. Because IOW, SBHS-AR, and SBMS-AR use program participants from the previous year as their comparison groups, we also inclu"]
[18.03026580810547, 8.8219575881958, "en truancy programs hold parents accountable for their children\u2019s school atten -\ndance and when intensive monitoring and counseling of truant students are provided.\nOJJDP documents several programs that have been found to be effective in reducing tru"]
[18.013139724731445, 8.882801055908203, "ned 6,762 ACT participants. ACT participants had signif -\nicantly fewer school absences\u2014a mean of 9.8\u00a0 days\u2014in the 180 days after program entry than in the 180 days immediately preceding program entry, when the mean absence rate was 15.4\u00a0days; this r"]
[17.79495620727539, 8.994209289550781, " func -\ntioning and success by implementing case-management interventions and services that\n\u2022\n ad\ndress criminogenic needs and risk factors, based on a research-based risk and need \ninstrument validated for the Los Angeles delinquency population\n\u2022 en"]
[17.686161041259766, 9.22150707244873, "eline to 96.4\u00a0percent in the term of program entry, but the difference was not statistically significant. No HB participants were arrested or incarcerated at either baseline or follow-up.\n14\nBecause all participants in the HB were at-risk youths, pro"]
[17.673095703125, 9.214178085327148, " and oral communi -\ncation\n\u2022 re\ncognition: distribution of participants\u2019 writing to parents, schools, libraries, government \nofficials, and the general public.\nEvidence Base for the Program\nMany juvenile detainees have reading and writing levels sign"]
[17.64735221862793, 9.19554615020752, "of the \nprogram, whichever came first) were significantly lower in the follow-up period (0.0033) than in the first 30 days of the program (0.0704). Figure 2.7 shows BSCC-mandated big six out -\ncome results. Table\u00a0D.9 in Appendix\u00a0D lists all additiona"]
[17.80875015258789, 9.112967491149902, "-Up Baseline Follow-Up\nArrest 46.58 35.28 52.49 32.47 \u20138.72 1.436a1.172\u20131.759\nIncarceration 18.41 16.28 16.42 17.02 2.73 0.826 0.635\u20131.073\nCompletion \nof probation2.05 14.01 1.84 12.80 1.00 0.990 0.532\u20131.843\nCompletion of restitution5.84 17.19 7.22 1"]
[17.84218406677246, 8.70967960357666, "alker, 1995; Piquero et al., 2009; Martin and Dowson, 2009; Benson et al., 2012). Implicit in this perspective is the recognition that prevention programming must address risk factors at the appropriate develop -\nmental stage and as early as possible"]
[17.885583877563477, 8.700093269348145, "y and educational and social skills.\nIn addition to supervising youths on school campuses, DPOs provide a variety of services, including early probation intervention, for youths exhibiting antisocial behavior or performing poorly in school. The progr"]
[18.17179298400879, 9.022223472595215, "\n as\nsess the probationer\u2019s strengths and risk factors\n\u2022 em\nploy strength-based case-management interventions\n\u2022 ad\ndress both risk factors and criminogenic needs\n\u2022 em\nploy evidenced-based treatment intervention\n\u2022 pr\novide prosocial adult modeling and"]
[18.210044860839844, 9.04013442993164, "s significantly lower (3.1 versus 7.4) six months after program entry than at program entry. FY 2016\u20132017 and FY 2015\u20132016 SBHS-AR participants showed very similar arrest and incar -\nceration rates, with the differences between the two cohorts not st"]
[18.18223762512207, 9.044352531433105, "es for School-Based Probation Supervision for High School At-Risk Youths, FY 2016\u20132017\nNOTE: A star indicates a statistically significant difference ( p < 0.05) between the two \ngroups.Current JJCPA Programs and FY 2016\u20132017 Outcome Measures    51\nSc"]
[18.21436882019043, 9.020769119262695, " N\u00a0=\u00a0989)Comparison-Group Youths \n(Weighted) ( N = 1,002)\nMean age, in years 15.8 15.9\nMale, as a percentage 82.0 82.1\nRace or ethnicity, as a percentage\nHispanic 63.6 63.1\nNon-Hispanic 36.9 36.4\nBlack 27.7 27.2\nWhite 7.1 7.1\nOther 2.1 2.1\nInstant of"]
[18.186922073364258, 9.034430503845215, "e available for all but 17 youths (98.3\u00a0percent) in the SBHS-PROB pro -\ngram. Figures 2.11 and 2.12 illustrate big six outcomes by cluster. Table\u00a0E.5 in Appendix\u00a0E shows outcomes by gender. Table\u00a0F.3 in Appendix\u00a0F contains more detail on big six outc"]
[18.22168731689453, 9.034407615661621, " and only one in the term after program entry. In addition, pro -\ngram participants had significantly lower mean barrier scores (3.7) six months after program entry than at program entry (7.4). SBMS-AR participants also had significantly higher mean "]
[18.20563507080078, 9.028779029846191, "2.0 2.5\nCluster 3 34.5 35.3\nCluster 4 23.2a14.4a\nCluster 5 18.2 18.9\nNOTE: Because this program targets only at-risk youths, we did not \ninclude in the comparison the type of previous offense. None of the SBHS-AR participants in either year had a gan"]
[18.215843200683594, 9.034863471984863, "lowing program entry. We compared strength and risk scores at the time of program entry and at six months thereafter.Figure 2.14\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths, by Cluster, FY 2016\u20132017\nNOTE: A missin"]
[18.198482513427734, 9.017224311828613, "robation Supervision for Middle School Probationers and Comparison-Group Youths\nFactorSBMS-PROB \nParticipants ( N = 42)Comparison-Group Youths \n(Weighted) ( N = 628)\nMean age, in years 14.8 14.8\nMale, as a percentage 76.0 76.4\nRace or ethnicity, as a"]
[17.782672882080078, 9.17971420288086, "ant difference ( p < 0.05) between the two \ngroups.Current JJCPA Programs and FY 2016\u20132017 Outcome Measures    61\nbarrier scores significantly lower, six months after program start than at program entry. After \nsix months, family relations improved s"]
[18.255931854248047, 9.841672897338867, "at corresponds to that used in measuring big six and supplemental outcomes.\n1 In this chapter, we give more detail about the estimation of \neach of these costs and savings.\nWe note also that, by definition, at-risk youths are likely to have virtually"]
[18.23579216003418, 9.821290969848633, "rved (probationers, at-risk youths, or both).\nIn addition to the usual JJCPA programs, the Juvenile Justice Coordinating Committee \nidentified unspent funds from previous years that could be used for one-time costs. These were spent on a New Directio"]
[18.349985122680664, 9.961874008178711, "016\u20132017\nProgram or InitiativeParticipants \nServedBudget, in \nDollarsPer Capita \nExpenditure, in Dollars\nEnhanced Mental Health Services 7,167 6,243,404 871\nMH 7,003 4,535,430 648\nMST 113 438,903 3,884\nSNC 51 1,269,071 24,884\nEnhanced Services to Hig"]
[18.368579864501953, 9.983529090881348, "d of in Los Angeles County in 2016 yields an estimated cost of $3,255.25 per disposition.\nSumming the estimated cost of the DA ($1,516.82), the estimated cost of the public \ndefender ($844.44), and the estimated court cost ($3,255.25) yields a total "]
[18.291080474853516, 9.907309532165527, "n youth, \nthe ADA is the value that the SD places on one day\u2019s attendance.\nCalculating Costs\nTo determine cost estimates for the relevant reference period (baseline and follow-up) for each youth in the program, we counted the number of arrests, the n"]
[18.288227081298828, 9.938651084899902, "ople had high costs while many others had low costs (or none at all) could often drive mean costs. For this reason, we present median costs, as well as means, in the tables in this chapter, to allow readers to identify estimated costs that such a phe"]
[18.328289031982422, 9.987593650817871, "tUnit Cost, \nin 2016 \nDollarsBaseline Follow-UpDifference, in 2016 \nDollars\nUnitsMean, \nin 2016 \nDollarsMedian, \nin 2016 \nDollars UnitsMean, \nin 2016 \nDollarsMedian, \nin 2016 \nDollars Mean Median\nArrest 2,121.10 0.68 1,452 0 0.56 1,196 0 256 0\nCamp 8"]
[18.303667068481445, 9.944751739501953, "ring the baseline. Median costs, by contrast, were lower in the follow-up period than in the baseline, indicating that mean costs were driven by only a few youths. We estimated costs in FY\u00a02016\u20132017 for only 25\u00a0SNC participants, so high costs for a s"]
[18.331022262573242, 9.992384910583496, "ost produced a mean total cost of $15,119 in the follow-up period, compared with $30,221 in the baseline, a net saving of $15,102. Median costs were much lower but still showed a net saving of $2,248 in the follow-up period.\nEstimated Costs for Youth"]
[18.327762603759766, 9.985018730163574, "ates that the cost was higher after entering the program than before entering. All units are days except for arrests, which are measured by the number of arrests, and court, which is measured by the number of appearances. Because of rounding, some da"]
[18.340896606445312, 9.995491027832031, "m in the follow-up period was also quite small, at $54 per participant.\nTable\u00a03.8\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Abolish Chronic Truancy\nJuvenile \nJustice CostUnit Cost, \nin 2016 \nDollarsBaseline Follow-UpDifference, in 2016 \nDollars\nUnitsMean,"]
[18.31423568725586, 9.962580680847168, "cipant consisted of $1,474 in program costs, as Table\u00a03.11 shows.\nTable\u00a03.9\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Housing-Based Day Supervision\nJuvenile \nJustice CostUnit Cost, \nin 2016 \nDollarsBaseline Follow-UpDifference, in 2016 \nDollars\nUnitsMean,"]
[18.319700241088867, 9.996580123901367, " Median\nArrest 2,121.10 0.00 3 0 0.00 2 0 1 0\nCamp 895.04 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0\nCourt 5,616.51 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0\nJuvenile hall848.18 0.00 0 0 0.01 8 0 \u20138 0\nProgram 19.41 0.00 0 0 75.94 1,474 1,106 \u20131,474 \u20131,106\nSupervision 8.37 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 "]
[18.31278419494629, 9.991827964782715, "016 \nDollarsMedian, \nin 2016 \nDollars Mean Median\nArrest 2,121.10 0.02 45 0 0.05 100 0 \u201355 0\nCamp 895.04 0.00 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0\nCourt 5,616.51 0.01 51 0 0.03 176 0 \u2013125 0\nJuvenile hall848.18 0.00 3 0 0.34 290 0 \u2013287 0\nProgram 7.70 0.00 0 0 163.06 1,25"]
[18.333065032958984, 9.977086067199707, ".79 1,684 2,121 0.31 654 0 1,030 2,121\nCamp 895.04 2.66 2,382 0 0.76 676 0 1,706 0\nCourt 5,616.51 0.83 4,645 5,617 0.74 4,146 0 499 5,617\nJuvenile hall848.18 4.83 4,099 0 5.77 4,893 0 \u2013794 0\nProgram 8.81 0.00 0 0 166.75 1,469 1,586 \u20131,469 \u20131,586\nSupe"]
[18.34038734436035, 10.002532958984375, "imated Juvenile Justice Costs for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths\nJuvenile \nJustice CostUnit Cost, \nin 2016 \nDollarsBaseline Follow-UpDifference, in 2016 \nDollars\nUnitsMean, \nin 2016 \nDollarsMedian, \nin 2016 \nDolla"]
[18.28331756591797, 9.931983947753906, " an integral part of many JJCPA programs \nand can reasonably be expected to be higher in the follow-up period than in the baseline\u2014in fact, we defined program costs as 0 in the baseline, guaranteeing that program costs would be greater in the follow-"]
[18.211223602294922, 9.7842435836792, "646 1,398 15,102\nYSA 18,319 13,290\u201323,348 24,271 19,233\u201329,308 178 \u20135,952\nEnhanced School- and Community-Based Services 4,654 4,391\u20134,917 7,422 7,076\u20137,769 13,888 \u20132,768\nACT 3 1\u20135 54 25\u201383 6,762 \u201351\nHB 0 5,070 5,040\u20135,100 88 \u20135,070\nIOW 33,744 31,494\u2013"]
[17.722543716430664, 8.749445915222168, ", Probation requested that we evaluate the big six and supplemental outcomes as in previous years. Those analyses form the basis for this document.\nThis report presents outcome measures for 14\u00a0programs in the Los Angeles County JJCPA \nfor FY\u00a02016\u2013201"]
[17.64403533935547, 8.936132431030273, " more-positive outcomes for four of the big six out -\ncomes.\n \u2013SB\nMS-PROB participants had significantly higher rates of completion of probation \nand successful completion of community service. There was no significant difference between the two grou"]
[17.57239532470703, 9.029165267944336, "ually exclusive, but they allow for different ways of analyzing the same data.\nThe Enhanced Mental Health Services Initiative\nBecause participants in the MH program represent about 87\u00a0percent of all participants in the Enhanced Mental Health Services"]
[17.722925186157227, 9.037930488586426, "months between program entry and exit. In the YSA program, the two \nsupplemental outcomes\u2014percentage of youths with positive drug tests and overall percent -\nage of drug tests that were positive\u2014showed no significant differences between baseline and "]
[17.79374885559082, 9.017946243286133, "roup, were significantly more positive for four of the five supplementary outcomes (school attendance, suspensions, and overall strength and risk scores) following program entry. For big six outcomes, SBHS-PROB participants had significantly lower ar"]
[17.734895706176758, 9.126111030578613, "l year indicates that that fiscal year had a significantly more positive result on that outcome \nmeasure. A dash indicates no significant difference between the two cohorts. n.a.\u00a0=\u00a0not applicable.88    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Preven"]
[17.79497528076172, 9.049710273742676, "measure. A dash indicates no significant difference between the two cohorts.Summary and Conclusions    89\n\u2022 For the most part, the seven programs that utilize the previous year\u2019s cohorts as compari -\ns\non groups showed no significant statistical diff"]
[17.68602180480957, 8.536118507385254, "dministration.\nTen of the 14\u00a0JJCPA programs in Los Angeles County had lower costs for arrests in the six \nmonths after program entry than in the prior six months, and HB participants had no arrests \nin either time period. Five programs saw reduced ca"]
[17.98845863342285, 8.83161449432373, "ed to the criteria used in selecting these comparison groups were not available to RAND; thus, we could not verify their comparability. During FY\u00a02003\u20132004, Probation collaborated with us to define new comparison groups for four of the JJCPA programs"]
[17.740875244140625, 8.602926254272461, "re\u2013post research designs.\nWe have used research designs established in FY\u00a0 2008\u20132009 in all subsequent years, \nincluding FY\u00a02016\u20132017.93APPENDIX B\nThe Probation Department\u2019s Ranking of the Big Six Outcome \nMeasures\nThe Probation Department\u2019s rational"]
[17.371976852416992, 9.190077781677246, "pital Los Angeles Substance abuse treatment 1, 2, 3\nCommunities in Schools HRHN employment services 3\nCommunity Career Development HRHN employment services 2\nDidi Hirsch Mental Health Services Substance abuse treatment 3\nHelpline Youth Counseling Gan"]
[17.51002311706543, 9.504637718200684, "all. We measured the supplemental outcome when a youth entered the program and at three weeks after the youth entered the program or was released from juvenile hall, whichever came first.\na Difference is statistically significant ( p\u00a0<\u00a00.05).98    Lo"]
[17.51062774658203, 9.512310981750488, "ced Services to High-Risk/High-Need Youths\nTable\u00a0D.4\nOutcomes for Gender-Specific Community, FY\u00a02016\u20132017\nBSCC-\nMandated OutcomeProgram Comparison\nNumber Percentage Sample Size Number Percentage Sample Size\nArrest 19 2.21 861 18 2.85 631\nIncarceratio"]
[17.511205673217773, 9.5336275100708, "00\nIncarceration 18 10.11 178 11 5.50 200\nCompletion of probation15 11.36 132 15 10.00 150\nCompletion of restitution22 20.56 107 28 21.10 109\nCompletion of community service13 12.26 106 12 10.34 116\nProbation violation21 15.91 132 27 18.50 150\nBSCC S"]
[17.519256591796875, 9.528489112854004, "ear. There were too few probationers to report probation outcomes; this program serves both at-risk and probationer youths.BSCC-Mandated and Supplemental Outcomes for Individual JJCPA Programs, FY\u00a02016\u20132017    105\nTable\u00a0D.9\nOutcomes for Inside-Out Wr"]
[17.510072708129883, 9.524415969848633, ". n.a.\nCompletion of restitutionn.a. n.a.\nCompletion of community servicen.a. n.a.\nProbation violationn.a. n.a.\nBSCC Supplemental OutcomeBaseline Follow-Up\nNumber Mean Sample Size Number Mean Sample Size\nSchool attendance85.34 1,904 93.24\na1,904\nScho"]
[17.52199935913086, 9.524930000305176, "l-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths, FY\u00a02016\u20132017\nBSCC-\nMandated OutcomeProgram Comparison\nNumber Percentage Sample Size Number Percentage Sample Size\nArrest 13 1.83 712 5 0.68a570\nIncarceration 3 0.42 712 0 0.00 570\nComple"]
[17.5264892578125, 9.50619125366211, "ited the program, whichever came first.\na Difference is statistically significant ( p\u00a0<\u00a00.05). Statistical testing is not possible if one of the measures is 0.111APPENDIX\u00a0E\nBoard of State and Community Corrections\u2013Mandated Outcomes, \nby Gender\nThis a"]
[17.883968353271484, 9.320000648498535, "14    Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nTable\u00a0E.6\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths, FY\u00a02016\u20132017\nBSCC-\nMandated OutcomeFemale Participants Male Parti"]
[17.796695709228516, 9.320124626159668, "r High School Probationers, FY\u00a02016\u20132017\nOutcomeCluster\n1 2 3 4 5\nPercentage Sample Size Percentage Sample Size Percentage Sample Size Percentage Sample Size Percentage Sample Size\nArrest 18.02 172 25.40 126 19.02 163 20.44 137 22.99 374\nIncarceratio"]
[17.600162506103516, 8.515560150146484, " Program Start Date:    \nMinor\u2019s First Name:  Minor\u2019s Last Name:    \nMother\u2019s First Name:  DOB:    \nGender:  Cluster 3 Ethnicity:    \nPRE TEST DATE: POST TEST DATE:    \nInstructions: Please have the program staff fill out this form (1) upon program e"]
[17.564180374145508, 8.479615211486816, "N: AT-RISK YOUTH \nYouth ID:  PDJ:  JAIN:  \nProgram Name/Csld No.  JJCPA Program Start Date:   \nMinor\u2019s First Name:  Minor\u2019s Last Name:  \nMother\u2019s First Name:  DOB:  \nGender:  Cluster 3 Ethnicity:  \nPRE TEST DATE:  POST TEST DATE:  \nInstructions: Plea"]
[17.14004135131836, 7.991125106811523, "nd Treating Conduct Problems in Youth , New York: Springer New York, \n2011, pp.\u00a0245\u2013271.\nAltschuler, David\u00a0M., and Troy\u00a0L. Armstrong, Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: A Community Care \nModel\u2014Program Summary , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart"]
[17.297046661376953, 8.10323715209961, "866.pdf\nBureau of Labor Statistics, \u201cCPI Inflation Calculator,\u201d undated webpage. As of February\u00a07, 2017: \nhttp://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl\nCalifornia Courts, Judicial Branch of California, \u201cTrial Court Funding, Expenditures, and Positions: 2015"]
[17.079980850219727, 7.930366516113281, "No.\u00a09, August 2010. As of April\u00a04, 2017: http://fyi.uwex.edu/whatworkswisconsin/files/2014/04/whatworks_09.pdf\nConnell, James\u00a0P., J.\u00a0Lawrence Aber, and Gary Walker, \u201cHow Do Urban Communities Affect Youth? Using \nSocial Science Research to Inform the "]
[17.33262825012207, 8.080769538879395, "18: \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1908.html\nFain, Terry, Susan Turner, and Sarah Michal Greathouse, Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention \nAct: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2"]
[17.051258087158203, 7.8452253341674805, "ber 1996. As of February\u00a07, 2017: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS62071\nGoldkamp, John\u00a0S., and Cheryl Irons-Guynn, Emerging Judicial Strategies for the Mentally Ill in the Criminal \nCaseload: Mental Health Courts in Fort Lauderdale, Seattle, San Be"]
[17.11008071899414, 7.967227458953857, " Factors for Alcohol and \nOther Drug Problems in Adolescence and Early Adulthood: Implications for Substance Abuse Prevention,\u201d Psychological Bulletin , Vol.\u00a0112, No.\u00a01, July 1992, pp.\u00a064\u2013105.\nHawkins, Stephanie\u00a0R., Phillip\u00a0W. Graham, Jason Williams,"]
[17.072124481201172, 7.911459922790527, " and \nRecidivism: The Impact of Academic Achievement,\u201d Reading and Writing Quarterly , Vol.\u00a024, No.\u00a02, 2008, \npp.\u00a0177\u2013196.\nLamberti, J.\u00a0Steven, \u201cPreventing Criminal Recidivism Through Mental Health and Criminal Justice \nCollaboration,\u201d Psychiatric Se"]
[17.07944679260254, 7.911751747131348, "ints/RP1164.html\nMcHugh, R.\u00a0Kathryn, Bridget\u00a0A. Hearon, and Michael\u00a0W. Otto, \u201cCognitive\u2013Behavioral Therapy for \nSubstance Use Disorders,\u201d Psychiatric Clinics of North America , Vol.\u00a033, No.\u00a03, September 2010, pp.\u00a0511\u2013525.\nMcKeon, Kevin, and Kelly Can"]
[17.087730407714844, 7.944133758544922, "stem,\u201d undated.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders , \nWashington, D.C., May 1995. As of July\u00a02, 2018: \nhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/guide.pdf\nOJJDP\u2014 See Office of Juvenile Jus"]
[17.22432518005371, 8.024271965026855, "e Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, \u201cDrug Treatment Courts Offer Hope for \nYouth,\u201d SAMHSA News , Vol.\u00a021, No.\u00a01, Winter 2013. As of February\u00a06, 2017: \nhttp://www.samhsa.gov/samhsanewsletter/Volume_21_Number_1/drug_treatment.aspx134    "]
[17.15792465209961, 8.065818786621094, "geles County \nSocial Learning Model,\u201d presentation to the Los Angeles County Probation Department, Downey, Calif., 2005.\nvan der Stouwe, Trudy, Jessica\u00a0J. Asscher, Geert Jan\u00a0J. M.\u00a0Stams, Maja Dekovi\u0107, and Peter\u00a0H. van der Laan, \n\u201cThe Effectiveness of"]
[13.84993839263916, 4.367725372314453, "A Multi-Site Evaluation of Law Enforcement Deflection in the United States\nMELISSA M. LABRIOLA, SAMUEL PETERSON, JIRKA TAYLOR, DANIELLE SOBOL, JESSICA REICHERT, JON ROSS, JAC CHARLIER, SOPHIA JUAREZ\n Prepared for the National Institute of Justice\n CO"]
[13.91774845123291, 4.288024425506592, "port should be of interest to entities interested in deflection programs.\nJustice Policy Program\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of"]
[13.401811599731445, 6.272065162658691, "..............................................................................................5 Implementation Process ............................................................................................................................5 Outco"]
[13.235565185546875, 6.193878173828125, "................................................34 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................43 References ..........................................."]
[13.31463623046875, 6.2331342697143555, "ntion, 2022a); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022b) estimates that more than 107,000 Americans died from drug overdose in 2021 alone, with about three-quarters of these deaths tied to opioids.\nMany law enforcement and first responde"]
[13.308439254760742, 6.220781326293945, " can be done in a co- responder approach)\nDefinition\nAn individual voluntarily initiates contact with a first responder (a law enforcement, fire services, or EMS professional) seeking access to treatment\u2014without fear of arrest\u2014and receives a referral"]
[13.312334060668945, 6.242207050323486, "RCES: Adapted from Charlier and Reichert, 2020; Ross, 2022.\nAs of late 2022, there has been little evaluation work done on deflection programs in the United States. With respect to deflection programs\u2019 outcomes, two literature reviews on deflection p"]
[13.315802574157715, 6.243400573730469, "able advantages of self-referral programs include the relative ease with which agencies can implement them and the quick turnaround time in which treatment and services (typically built around either [1] opioid use disorder [OUD] and overdose and/or "]
[13.491133689880371, 6.248996257781982, "reatment Alternatives for Safe Communities (TASC) and Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority (ICJIA), we were able to identify six sites that offer a range of program models, various levels of partnerships, levels of resources, police force "]
[13.372711181640625, 6.260202884674072, "e use challenge in the area, program history, program description and procedures, program goals, eligibility, treatment and other services offered, funding, collaborative partnerships, reflections on implementation and achievements, and data. Intervi"]
[13.24564266204834, 6.202937126159668, "n average, the number of opioid deaths in Lake County each quarter was 0.00002 per person living in the county.\n7\nTable 2.2. Descriptive Statistics of Outcome Indicators in the Lake County Analysis\n   Other IL Counties\n0.02 (0.03) 0.70 (0.32) 0.16 (0"]
[13.242635726928711, 6.20379638671875, "dents and deaths were gathered from the Massachusetts Emergency Medical Services and Department of Public Health, respectively. Arrest data are from the Massachusetts crime statistics dashboard (Massachusetts Crime Statistics, undated), and SUD treat"]
[13.24257755279541, 6.2123942375183105, "908 (2.294) 61,033.8 (18,017.7) 1717.3 (3,532.2) 8.700 (3.404) 5.246 (1.300)\n   1\nSOURCE: Data from the 2014 American Community Survey (U.S. Census Bureau, undated).\n13\na The ACS asks this question if the respondent was living in the same place one y"]
[13.297317504882812, 6.230494499206543, "le, we also calculate an absolute standardized mean deviation (ASMD) to test balance between the treated and synthetic control units (Parast et al., 2021). The effect of the program is then estimated by comparing the actual values of the dependent va"]
[13.410836219787598, 6.247059345245361, " in each site, although with important differences. In two sites (Site 2 and Site 5), self-referral was the original pathway and has remained the main source of clients. In both sites, the self-referral mechanism was very similar: Members of the publ"]
[13.419384956359863, 6.256433486938477, " materials or based on word-of-mouth referrals.\nIn addition to police officers, all six sites made use of other non\u2013law enforcement personnel in interactions with clients. Again, some notable differences emerged across the sites, primarily whether th"]
[13.311664581298828, 6.237522602081299, " engaging individuals. However, despite these processes\u2019 ability to improve the situation of some individuals, two potentially important gaps remain, particularly for self-referral programs that require individuals to be willing to present themselves"]
[13.314444541931152, 6.2399187088012695, "xperience an urgent need for support services. Relatedly, multiple interviewees highlighted increasing acceptance of deflection principles among police officers and law enforcement agencies. Lastly, with respect to community perspectives, some interv"]
[13.315157890319824, 6.237840175628662, ", numerous interviewees also pointed out that broader challenges pertaining to service provision for people who use drugs also indirectly affect deflection programs by impacting the likelihood of a participant\u2019s successful connection with an appropri"]
[13.331395149230957, 6.21829891204834, "nts a brief summary of a discussion of an in-progress paper by Jon Ross and colleagues. 18\n  moment the participant is connected with treatment or other services through a warm handoff to a treatment or services partner. In other cases, the involveme"]
[13.318305969238281, 6.238246917724609, "present another option to avoid issues surrounding law enforcement and stigma, although fire department\u2013led programs currently account for a relatively small fraction of deflection practice.\nA corollary to this discussion is that the pernicious impac"]
[13.309926986694336, 6.2401604652404785, " provisions, with the aim of understanding the variability across existing programs, their origins, and their implementation, and of creating a typology of existing programs (e.g., Charlier and Reichert, 2020; Formica et al., 2021). The evidence base"]
[13.320714950561523, 6.196907997131348, "ide connection and warm hand-offs to treatment, admissions to substance use treatment providers may increase. Second, increased access to and engagement with substance use treatment and other services may reduce drug overdoses or fatal drug overdoses"]
[13.212752342224121, 6.194751262664795, "thetic control results for Lake County, Illinois, and Plymouth County, Massachusetts, across seven outcomes: treatment admissions, nonfatal overdoses, fatal overdoses, fatal opioid overdoses, property crime arrests, DUI arrests, and drug offense arre"]
[13.240589141845703, 6.203640460968018, "andardized p-value from placebo tests; Q = quarter.\nFigure 5.1 displays the treatment and synthetic control unit trends for fatal opioid overdoses over time. As shown, the pre-intervention match quality is adequate, and the post-intervention differen"]
[13.240448951721191, 6.203705310821533, "imited data quality, the only health outcomes we were able to analyze are quarterly treatment admissions and yearly fatal overdoses (Table 5.3). The synthetic control estimate in the pre-treatment period for fatal overdoses was not an adequate fit to"]
[13.273554801940918, 6.218013763427734, " Post Q11 Post Q12 RMSPE Pval joint Pval joint\n\u20135.26 \u20135.87 \u20134.64 \u20130.08 \u20136.03 \u20133.90 0.12 1.06 6.71 \u20130.96 \u20137.33 \u20132.86\n0.00 0.18 0.45 1.00 0.36 0.64 1.00 0.91 0.09 0.73 0.09 0.73\nEst\n1.13 1.12 0.12 0.62 0.48 1.12 0.32 0.24 0.55 0.94 0.11 0.63\nEst\n0.05 \u2013"]
[13.306856155395508, 6.234556674957275, "ection programs need to make in terms of how to operationalize and structure their programs to best suit the needs of their communities.\nThe findings from this report, in conjunction with the BJA survey, indicate that there are some trends emerging a"]
[13.305272102355957, 6.234438896179199, "necessary to view those perspectives as coming from a limited number of sources. It is possible that different perspectives would have been offered in different programs.\nFor the outcome analyses, we lacked knowledge about other concurrent deflection"]
[13.308655738830566, 6.249295234680176, "c questions may be omitted if determined to be not relevant for a given party. Note that because a given party will not be asked all of these sets of questions, the sum of the projected time for each of these sets of questions exceeds the estimated i"]
[13.308752059936523, 6.257971286773682, "and supported, did that include representative numbers of community residents across races and socio-economic populations in your community?\n10. Was there a formal or an informal planning team? Was your organization involved in the planning of the pr"]
[13.306078910827637, 6.256771564483643, "escribe the process of receiving clients via the deflection program? [prompts: At what stage of their involvement with the program would they reach your organization? do they come directly from the police department? Do they come via another agency? "]
[13.284382820129395, 6.276444911956787, "ide Naloxone? Are any of your services gender-responsive or gender-specific? Do you provide education and support for impacted family members, including children?]\n39. [non-treatment only] What services do you provide within your organization? [promp"]
[13.28747844696045, 6.259316921234131, "training?\nc. What information is provided in the training?\nd. Do you include information that addresses the multi-generational transmission of\naddiction within families\u2014and the trauma it engenders?\n57. Have you, or an outside entity, trained civilian"]
[13.312604904174805, 6.259066581726074, "ogram goals, successes, challenges, or other program related issues? If so, could you describe the mechanism? How is the report distributed?\n73. How do you let the community/public know about the deflection program?\n74. What, if any, comments have yo"]
[13.304786682128906, 6.254878520965576, "ed between the treatment provider and police?\n88. Is an authorization for release of information form used to allow the police department to follow up with participants? (ask to share)\na. If not, do treatment providers share aggregate information reg"]
[13.301486015319824, 6.230738639831543, "ompt: is there anything specific about the program in [JURISDICTION] that would prevent its replication elsewhere?]\n100. How sustainable is the program? [prompts: financially, in terms of stakeholder\nsupport, etc.]\n101. Any other questions or comment"]
[13.260602951049805, 6.15851354598999, ": https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/images/Final_Report_Draft_ 11-15-2017.pdf\nClarke, V., V. Braun, and N. Hayfield, \u201cThematic Analysis,\u201d in J. Smith, ed., Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods, 3"]
[13.089818000793457, 0.7523599863052368, "e Illinois Association of Problem-Solving Courts Conference, Normal, Ill., October 19\u201321, 2022. As of December 13, 2022:\nhttps://www.ilapsc.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Innovative-Response-.pdf\nSaloner, B., E. E. McGinty, L. Beletsky, R. Bluthentha"]
[18.027555465698242, 4.372095108032227, "  Research Report\nLOIS M. DAVIS, SUSAN TURNER, MICHELLE C. TOLBERT, ALLISON KIRKEGAARD, BEVERLY A. WEIDMER\nAssessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Prison Education\nSurvey Results\nThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to have profound"]
[18.016820907592773, 4.381017684936523, "ell (SCP) Experimental Initiative, the U.S. Department of Education did\nnot waive the restriction regarding correspondence classes, instead offering several alternatives for dis- tance learning, such as teaching over email or by conference calls. The"]
[18.025449752807617, 4.392543792724609, "pact these changes are having on incarcerated stu- dents and their access over the short and long term. Our study fills this void.\nRAND Corporation research (Davis et al., 2013 and 2014; Bozick et al., 2018) has shown that edu- cation and training pr"]
[18.05065155029297, 4.317627906799316, "on the size of the prison population and mitigation measures undertaken by cor- rectional authorities\n\u2022 secondary analysis of state prison data on COVID-19 infection rates\n\u2022 a web survey of state correctional education directors to gather information"]
[18.04694175720215, 4.3110032081604, "popula- tion newly infected with COVID-19 from April 2020 to March 2022. The UCLA COVID Behind Bars Data Project is an initiative supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that has col- lected data on the spread of COVID-19 in"]
[18.03211784362793, 4.366018772125244, "rsion of the web survey was esti- mated to take between 20 and 30 minutes and consisted of 48 items focused on the impact of COVID-19 and responses to the pandemic on instructional delivery and quality, access to education and training programs, cred"]
[18.102327346801758, 4.226406574249268, ". general population).\nFigure 2 also shows newly infected cases for the prison population by census region between April 2020 and March 2022. Overall, the different census regions showed two major peaks\u2014in fall 2020 and winter 2022. However, the timi"]
[18.110158920288086, 4.215310096740723, "addition, 38 states reported completely sus- pending educational programs in all correctional facilities within their state, and seven states reported doing so in some facilities, at some point between March 1, 2020, and February 28, 2021 (Table 1) ("]
[18.090396881103516, 4.317810535430908, "s completely suspended\nTransfers between prison and local jails 43 Educational programs 38 Drug/alcohol treatment programs 31 Prison labor programs 39 In-person family visitation 49 Legal visitation 35\nSOURCE: Carson, Nadel, and Gaes, August 2022, Ap"]
[18.027315139770508, 4.371535301208496, "ent of COVID-19 in the prison population and changes in the population size pro- vides us with the overall context for our survey find- ings on how correctional education programs in U.S. state prison systems were affected by COVID-19.\nThe RAND surve"]
[18.018198013305664, 4.384336471557617, " (97%)\n26 (90%)\nShifted to self-directed paper-and-pencil correspondence\n19 (66%)\n14 (48%)\n17 (59%)\n13 (45%)\nShifted to instructor-led online learning\n6 (21%)\n7 (24%)\n6 (21%)\n2 (7%)\nShifted to hybrid online learning\n6 (21%)\n6 (21%)\n6 (21%)\n3 (10%)\nSh"]
[18.022573471069336, 4.377658367156982, " training programs. The majority of\n 10\nTABLE 3\nImpact of COVID-19 on Access to Education and Training Programs in 2020\n Issues and Effects\nIssues that affected access to education/training programsa\nCOVID-19 outbreaks among the prison population and"]
[15.609031677246094, 6.426322937011719, "%) (7%) (7%) (10%)\n12 9 13 4 (41%) (31%) (45%) (14%)\n6 7 6 10 (21%) (24%) (21%) (35%)\n8 10 7 9 (28%) (35%) (24%) (31%)\n1 1 1 3 (3%) (3%) (3%) (10%)\nN/A 6 9 4 (21%) (31%) 14%)\nN/A 12 10 4 (41%) (35%) (14%)\nN/A 8 6 7 (28%) (21%) (24%)\nN/A 21 7 (7%) (3%"]
[18.025712966918945, 4.368181228637695, "s reported a decrease\nof 25 percent or greater and seven state directors reported no change in 2020. The lesser impact on college programs may be because earning of college degrees often takes longer for incarcerated students than the general student"]
[18.01898193359375, 4.383822917938232, "des all school areas and units.\nWe were somewhat surprised that more technol- ogy hardware and software were not purchased to specifically mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on correctional education programs. Twelve state directors reporte"]
[18.025224685668945, 4.375188827514648, "ollege programs, a majority of state directors reported that the pandemic resulted in an inability to provide hands-on instruction in these\ntwo areas (Table 7). Sixty percent of directors also cited reduced access to instructional materials, lower st"]
[18.01830291748047, 4.399063587188721, "9%)\nNegatively affected communication between instructor and students 17 (59%)\nInability to provide hands-on instruction required for some college programs 17 (59%)\nNOTE: Survey respondents were asked to check all that apply.\n(90%)\n  number of admiss"]
[18.01362419128418, 4.3695902824401855, "nt of Education\u2019s\n 16\nOffice of Educational Technology summarized the conditions for achieving digital equity in education as requiring a balance between:\n\u2022 aninformationtechnology(IT)infra- structure that provides students with reliable access to co"]
[18.012428283691406, 4.388305187225342, "arningmodelscombineonlineandin- person instructional experiences (U.S. Department of Educa- tion, 2022). Rosen and Vanek (2020) make a distinction between hybrid and blended learning as follows: \u201cThe key difference between blended and hybrid learning"]
[18.025423049926758, 4.376236915588379, "https://github.com/uclalawcovid19behindbars/behindbarstools\nLee, Daniel, Dennis Giever, Michelle Tolbert, and Laura Rasmussen, Bridging the Correctional Education Information Gap: Lessons Learned from Piloting a Voluntary Education Data System, U.S. "]
[13.90068244934082, 4.441204071044922, "ered to incarcerated individuals.\nCurrently, there are no systematic or comprehensive assessments of the adjust- ments that state correctional systems and colleges that provide instruction inside prisons made to education programming. Nor are there a"]
[13.861417770385742, 4.604415416717529, "epresentation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited; linking directly to its webpage on rand.org is encouraged. Permission is required from RAND to reproduc"]
[12.121248245239258, -5.058344841003418, "  CORPORATION\n ASSESSING THE READINESS FOR\nHUMAN COMMERCIAL SPACEFLIGHT SAFETY REGULATIONS\n CHARTING A TRAJECTORY FROM REVOLUTIONARY TO ROUTINE TRAVEL\n     DOUGLAS C. LIGOR, BENJAMIN M. MILLER, MARIA McCOLLESTER, BRIAN PHILLIPS, GEOFFREY KIRKWOOD, JO"]
[12.118659973144531, -5.051914215087891, " more routine in the years ahead. Like the evolution of other industries, the question of how and when the spaceflight industry should be regulated at a federal level is receiving increasing attention\u2014not only within the industry and federal agencies"]
[12.117033958435059, -5.050544738769531, " Acqui- sition and Technology Policy Program, see www.rand.org/nsrd/atp or contact the director (contact information is provided on the webpage).\nAcknowledgments\nWe thank the leadership of the Federal Aviation Administration\u2019s Office of Strategic Man"]
[12.116460800170898, -5.050670146942139, " FAA will be authorized to propose and issue regula- tions upon expiration of the moratorium, the law requires the FAA to \u201cencourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space launches and reentries, including those involving space flight participants"]
[12.111711502075195, -5.040256500244141, "al industry. Finally, we discuss the suite of available options, their potential implications, and our recommendations about how to develop a safety framework that might include regulations.\nAs to the current state of voluntary industry consensus sta"]
[12.116852760314941, -5.050657749176025, "ing voluntary consensus standards and meeting key metrics. An assessment of regulatory readiness depends also on five key factors: (1) access to, and understanding of, the regulatory process; (2) security of regulatory support (i.e., the level of cer"]
[15.055453300476074, 5.7725605964660645, "y Voluntary Consensus Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Summary ............................................................................................"]
[12.12272834777832, -5.058445453643799, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72\nix\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n CHAPTER 6\nRecommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.121055603027344, -5.055721759796143, "vel on govern- ment rockets,3 and it has more recently evolved into several private companies developing launch capabilities that they sell to both government and private customers.4\nAs of 2022, these services were prohibitively expensive for all but"]
[12.121612548828125, -5.055315971374512, "ound the globe.\nTravel to space is not safe compared with any other form of transportation or tourism.7 The history of space travel has many unfortunate examples of how errors can quickly result in the death of participants.8 Fortunately, there has n"]
[12.113280296325684, -5.04747200012207, "nment astronauts, or space flight participants; and\n(D) be issued with a description of the instance or instances when the design feature or operating practice being restricted or prohibited contributed to a result or event described in subparagraph "]
[12.123146057128906, -5.058981895446777, "ety recommendation report on the SpaceShipTwo crash can be read in National Transportation Safety Board, Safety Recommendation, August 4, 2015b.\n 3\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n recommendations have rema"]
[12.11711597442627, -5.05015230178833, "19 National Transportation Safety Board, Safety Recommendation A-15-026, August 4, 2015g.\n20 Public Law 114-90, U.S. Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act, November 25, 2015. (We sub-\nsequently refer to this law as CSLCA.)\n 4\nIntroduction\n tori"]
[12.116479873657227, -5.053513050079346, " \u201ccon- sultation and coordination\u201d with COMSTAC on the development of \u201ckey indus- try metrics that might indicate readiness of the commercial space sector and the Department of Transportation to transition to a safety framework that may include regul"]
[12.117061614990234, -5.050232887268066, "of the moratorium on October 1, 2023.\nGiven this focus, we also scoped our definition of commercial space industry to commer- cial entities directly involved, or directly supporting, the business of participant spaceflight for compensation or hire, a"]
[12.121691703796387, -5.054252624511719, "els,\u201d Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 137, December 2018.\n 7\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n informed these findings and recommendations and is found in in each of the chapters of this re"]
[12.117025375366211, -5.047775745391846, "s,\u201d webpage, undated-a; and International Organization for Standardization (ISO), \u201cDeveloping Standards,\u201d webpage, undated.\n3 Circular No. A-119, 1998.\n4 Public Law 104-113, National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1995, 1996; and Circular"]
[12.08771800994873, -5.01867151260376, "nd developing to mean efforts by industry through such mechanisms as SDOs or other formal collaborative forums (i.e., COMSTAC) to seek stakeholder input, draft, and then publicly publish standards. We understand adopting to mean industry members appl"]
[12.11774730682373, -5.0496506690979, "semblies to be used on space and launch vehicles and defining a human spaceflight spacecraft ontology. The organization also has two stan- dards under development.\n12 FAA, undated-d; and CSLCA of 2015, \u00a7 111.\n13 FAA, 2022a, p. 3.\nBecause we used the "]
[12.120262145996094, -5.053360939025879, "such as COMSTAC and ASTM, in laying the groundwork for standards development.\nThis progress included the development of a Commercial Spaceflight Committee within ASTM, which the FAA highlighted as a significant step in forming consensus standards.18 "]
[12.114935874938965, -5.046009063720703, "cluded as an appendix in the 2022 report.27\nOur Assessment of Industry\u2019s Progress\nIndustry\u2019s Current Approach to Spaceflight Participant Safety Standards\nAccording to the information garnered during our interviews, the commercial space indus- try has"]
[12.115951538085938, -5.047318458557129, "is manner, the FAA issued guidance on participant safety in 2014 through a publicly available report entitled Recommended Practices for Human Space Flight Occupant Safety.32 This guidance provided a reference for companies on spaceflight participant "]
[12.121369361877441, -5.052720069885254, "g industry stakeholders exists, (2) the value provided by the consensus standards development process, and (3) the challenges to progress in developing and adopting consensus standards.\nDuring our discussions with industry and government stakeholders"]
[12.11639404296875, -5.049666404724121, "tly regulate them out of business.\u201d43 Relatedly, another interviewee emphasized that the process helps ensure that any standards or regulations implemented based on stakeholder collaboration would be familiar to industry\u2014i.e., their content would not"]
[12.121707916259766, -5.054561614990234, "s to make necessary changes and ensure compliance with determined standards or regulations. Newer entrants into the human spaceflight arena may still be in a startup phase, however, and thus are less likely to have the resources and capabilities to m"]
[12.118568420410156, -5.050018310546875, "ds cannot be developed concurrently with the development of devices, technologies, or processes. We also note that this presumption is not supported in at least some of the scientific literature regarding technology, equipment, and machine design and"]
[12.118156433105469, -5.05129337310791, "er 7, 2022.\n56 Government officials, interviews with the authors, September 13, 2022, September 27, 2022, and Octo-\nber 6, 2022.\n57 Government officials, interview with the authors, September 13, 2022. We note that any changes (such as those noted in"]
[12.118623733520508, -5.0511322021484375, "afety framework that may include regulations.\u201d1 The FAA delivered its report that included these metrics, prepared in consultation with COMSTAC, to Congress in October 2017.2 The second of three topics we cover is \u201cthe progress of the commercial spac"]
[12.119230270385742, -5.052973747253418, "ustry-led framework could obviate the need for government involvement,\u201d at least to a point.8\nThe five premises that underlie its indicators shed light on the FAA\u2019s view, as of its 2017 report, of when government involvement would become necessary. T"]
[12.112165451049805, -5.038456916809082, "ped create elements of a space safety framework\n\u2022 The extent to which the FAA has engaged with industry regarding standards development\n\u2022 The extent to which the FAA has published safety practices related to commercial human spaceflight\n\u2022 The extent "]
[12.118009567260742, -5.049504280090332, "indicators that meet criteria abbreviated by the acronym SMART: specific,\n10 FAA, \u201cCommercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee, Spring Meeting,\u201d April 28, 2016c.\n11 FAA, \u201cCommercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee, Fall Meeting,\u201d Octob"]
[12.118721008300781, -5.05114221572876, "rian Phillips, Elaine Lin Wang, Harold D. Green, Joe Fran- combe, Hamish Evans, and Susan Guthrie, Transforming Global Education Through Evidence: An Evalu- ation System for the BHP Foundation\u2019s Education Equity Global Signature Program, RAND Corpora"]
[12.119915962219238, -5.053178310394287, "ports to Congress do not specify targets for the indicators that would indicate readiness for regulation. (See FAA, 2017b; FAA, 2019a; FAA, 2022a.) Interviewees typically were unable to identify what appropriate targets for the indicators might be (g"]
[12.123035430908203, -5.05849552154541, "lay as of this writing in January 2023.\nFigure 3.1 displays the number of commercial human spaceflights and number of people on those spaceflights, by year, starting with SpaceShipOne\u2019s five flights in 2004 (each with one crew member on board) throug"]
[12.124344825744629, -5.060760498046875, "ernment officials, interview with the authors, October 7, 2022.\nSOURCE: Total number of flights: FAA, 2022e. Number of people by flight by year: FAA, \u201cLicensed Launches,\u201d webpage, undated-f, and FAA, \u201cPermitted Launches,\u201d webpage, undated-h.\n 28\nProg"]
[12.142216682434082, -5.078227996826172, "als, interview with the authors, October 6, 2022.\n37 The FAA\u2019s October 2017 report stated that there \u201cis no active commercial U.S. provider of orbital or sub-\norbital human space flight\u201d (FAA, 2017b, p. 17). The FAA\u2019s February 2019 report stated, \u201cTh"]
[12.125436782836914, -5.062192440032959, "Space Flights on Track for Second Quarter,\u201d Bloomberg, November 3, 2022b; Virgin Galactic, \u201cVirgin Galactic Announces Third Quarter 2022 Financial Results and Provides Business Update,\u201d press release, November 3, 2022.\n45 Loren Grush, \u201cJeff Bezos\u2019s B"]
[12.126399993896484, -5.061860084533691, "stry size and com- plexity readiness area.53\nDespite these data and projections, history gives reason for caution. Launch companies have encountered obstacles and delays in developing their systems. Interviewees attributed some of these delays in par"]
[12.13303279876709, -5.066919803619385, "lly difficult to regulate: the changing and non- uniform nature of vehicle designs as companies pursued different design and engineering strategies. One interviewee contrasted the commercial space industry in this regard with the aviation industry, w"]
[12.123098373413086, -5.057644367218018, "es also said that the industry had shown momentum in recent years. According to one interviewee, the number of spaceflight participants has increased dramatically since 2019, even if the baseline from that year was low.67 Another interviewee said tha"]
[12.116785049438477, -5.0492262840271, " 1 in 100,000 (or 0.001 percent) for scheduled commercial air service.72 Furthermore, the catastrophic failure rate for commercial human spaceflight may evolve over time as technology matures.\nA more-expansive tabulation of significant incidents in U"]
[12.127140045166016, -5.064084529876709, "ips current supply of these services being offered by operators. For example, Virgin Galactic\u2019s most recent quarterly report to the Securities and Exchange Commission includes a section on \u201cCustomer Demand\u201d that indicates that \u201cas of September 30, 20"]
[12.117547035217285, -5.048787593841553, "n Developing a Safety Framework\nThe second set of indicators pertains to industry\u2019s progress in developing a safety frame- work, encompassing the readiness areas of voluntary safety reporting, voluntary consensus standards, and compliance. As the FAA"]
[12.108773231506348, -5.039342403411865, "r- mation.88 Despite the lack of direct knowledge and details about internal safety reporting, interviewees did not raise concerns or indicate that they had reason to believe that companies were failing to track safety incidents internally. On the ot"]
[12.11722183227539, -5.049961090087891, "s, interview with the authors, December 7, 2022.\n 37\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n notably the January 2022 report, as well as through COMSTAC meetings and documents produced by SDOs, including ASTM, ISO"]
[12.115655899047852, -5.048862457275391, " these are distinct from vol-\n97 Government officials, interview with the authors, October 13, 2022.\n98 Government officials, interview with the authors, September 1, 2022.\n99 FAA, 2017b; FAA, 2022a.\n 38\nProgress Toward Meeting Key Industry Metrics\n "]
[12.12193489074707, -5.057821273803711, "vernment officials, interviews with the authors, September 13, 2022, September 27, 2022, October 6, 2022, October 7, 2022, October 13, 2022, October 18, 2022, and November 1, 2022.\n105 FAA, 2017b.\n 39\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spac"]
[12.122212409973145, -5.065116882324219, "gencies Appropriations Act, conference committee joint explanatory statement, December 19, 2022.\n112 U.S. Senate, Explanatory Statement for the Departments of Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Bill"]
[12.114601135253906, -5.059247016906738, "ewees pointed out that AST lacks resources to carry out its current reg- ulatory duties, especially given the growth of the space industry overall, let alone to take on a major new role writing and implementing spaceflight participant safety regulati"]
[12.092796325683594, -5.085338592529297, "rent expertise and skill sets.124 The FAA would benefit from staff with more knowledge and technical skill sets relevant to human safety regulation, interview- ees said, with one person suggesting that additional collaboration between NASA and the FA"]
[12.119349479675293, -5.063326358795166, "022 dollars (the first quarter of FY 2023), adjusted for inflation using the Gross Domestic Product Implicit Price Deflator from BEA (based on the deflator for the first quarter of each FY). FY 2021 to FY 2023 amounts reflect enacted appropriations. "]
[12.117094993591309, -5.050292015075684, "ions might be ready for some forms of regulations, while others might not be. That said, as described in following chapters, we ultimately recommend allow- ing the moratorium to end. This will allow for a new phase of metrics development. Thus, in th"]
[12.115785598754883, -5.049349308013916, "nder paragraphs (5), (6), and (7).\u201d6 To meet this statutory requirement, we further recommend that the FAA proceed to implement a SpARC.7\nIt is important to note that we are not suggesting or recommending that any particular regulations be issued at "]
[12.119880676269531, -5.05488920211792, " and government astronauts in addition to commercial spaceflight participants.\n9 See, generally, the Administrative Procedure Act, U.S. Code, Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, Section 553, Rulemaking. See also regulations delineating th"]
[12.081517219543457, -5.019309043884277, " stakeholders, interviews with the authors, September 13, 2022, September 15, 2022, September 26, 2022, October 6, 2022, and November 8, 2022.\n15 COMSTAC members are listed at FAA, \u201cCommercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee, Janu- ary 2023 M"]
[12.119171142578125, -5.057041168212891, "ecember 7, 2022. We note that, as stated in Chapter 1, the FAA maintains authority (notwithstanding the moratorium) to regulate if incidents occur that result in \u201ca serious or fatal injury . . . to crew, government astronauts, or space flight partici"]
[12.115646362304688, -5.051119804382324, "ccording to these stakeholders, resource con- straints both at the FAA and across the industry should be taken into account if and when safety regulations are developed.\n26 Industry officials, interviews with the authors, November 18, 2022, and Decem"]
[12.094972610473633, -5.028315544128418, "ted for the purposes of conducting a benefit-cost analysis pursuant to Office of Management and Budget Circular A-4 and Executive Order 12866.33 A cost analysis could occur during the SpARC or formal rulemaking processes. Moreover, rather than focusi"]
[12.117884635925293, -5.0525946617126465, " to issue regulations in a timely manner (if at all) or the issuance of regulations that would not be effective (with respect to safety and/or industry growth).35\nNormative and Subjective Issues\nAn assessment of the readiness of the commercial space "]
[12.117790222167969, -5.0520100593566895, "pant was relevant to the question of imposing formal (binding) regulations on the industry.36 Some interviewees did not believe that there should not be any distinction between a participant who is an adventure-seeker and a participant who is traveli"]
[12.117427825927734, -5.049555778503418, "whether the risk of death or injury to a partici- pant warrants formal regulations based on the nature of space travel itself. Some interviewees noted that space travel, regardless of the purpose of travel (adventure-seeking, employment, transport, e"]
[12.11710262298584, -5.049752712249756, "re sports occurs primarily through the state court systems, but also through state legislatures via sport safety statutes.45 Decades of lawsuits filed against adventure sport providers have created an existing and enforceable body of case law that fu"]
[12.116734504699707, -5.053152084350586, " protect customers from injury negligently caused by the provider (Greer, 2012, p. 88); negligent facility design and operations (Horton, 2004, p. 621); failure to reasonably maintain a ski slope (Greer, 2012, pp. 95\u201396); failure to remove a stump fr"]
[12.115486145019531, -5.049271106719971, "ssume that this is a powerful incentive to ensure safety, it is not a measurable one (in the absence of conducting further research). Therefore, we cannot say to what degree, and under what circumstances, this incentive may or may not ensure partici-"]
[12.116427421569824, -5.0507588386535645, "y certifications or standards are entirely and voluntarily within the discretion of the commercial provider and that any recourse for death or injury would likely only be available through litigation (assuming that the commercial entity denied any re"]
[12.097600936889648, -5.03134298324585, "lizes all options we identified, then considers the potential implications of these options through two different lenses. First, we consider, \u201cHow might this policy choice affect the stakeholders?\u201d Second, we consider, \u201cWho bears responsibility, and "]
[12.108330726623535, -5.042901515960693, "the FAA would likely choose to continue their current level of involvement in those processes.\nIf the moratorium is extended, industry would have a longer period over which it might expect to retain some level of independence over its designs and ope"]
[12.113922119140625, -5.048464775085449, "el, potentially crippling the industry.58 Notwithstanding this, there was also wide agreement and understanding that, given the inherently dangerous nature of space opera- tions and activities, it is highly likely that such accidents will occur in th"]
[12.11257553100586, -5.046631336212158, " and other safety efforts.\nAnother option is for Congress to mandate that the FAA implement regulations by a spe- cific date or once a specific industry metric is reached. Depending on the immediacy of the mandate, the FAA may issue one or more ANPRM"]
[12.10974407196045, -5.044525623321533, "oratorium, allowing the moratorium to end would affect some stake- holders in important ways while leaving other issues unchanged. The FAA would gain the ability to pursue regulations pursuant to participant safety, although it is unlikely that chang"]
[12.114713668823242, -5.048959255218506, "rather than reflecting any level of distrust or animosity. However, one interviewee suggested that there was a risk that the FAA\u2019s focus on aviation might overshadow efforts to regulate commercial space travel and that the industry might be better se"]
[12.113500595092773, -5.047878742218018, "sarily harmful to the industry. Focusing on per- formance standards rather than prescriptive standards is important to avoid unnecessar- ily dissuading the future pursuit of creative designs and operations and to provide equal accommodation to the hi"]
[12.115850448608398, -5.047275066375732, "vor of the expiration of the moratorium was not the need for immediate regulation per se but, rather, the need to enable the FAA to prepare to regulate. Having a regulatory regime in place prior to a severe or fatal injury could shift some (but presu"]
[12.12932014465332, -5.063504219055176, "er 1, 2022, and October 6, 2022.\n  65\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n Commercial Aviation\nThe commercial air transportation industry was born out of the need to transport mail in the post\u2013World War I era. "]
[12.17625617980957, -5.101686954498291, "he FAA,\u201d webpage, undated-a.\n8 Public Law 75-706, the Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938, June 23, 1938.\n9 Public Law 85-726, the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, August 23, 1958.\n10 FAA, undated-a.\n11 Bureau of Transportation Statistics, \u201cTranStats,\u201d webpag"]
[12.143146514892578, -5.074213981628418, ", the FAA requires certificate holders operating under 14 CFR Part 121 to have an administrator- approved Safety Management System in place that defines an organization\u2019s safety objectives. Furthermore, the FAA also requires that airplanes used by op"]
[12.144599914550781, -5.075542449951172, "zed by U.S. Code, Title 49, Section 103, Federal Railroad Administration. Public Law\n89-670, Department of Transportation Act, October 15, 1966.\n24 49 U.S.C. \u00a7 103.\n25 49 CFR \u00a7 221, 215, 209.\n26 49 CFR \u00a7 238.441.\n27 49 CFR \u00a7 238.115(a).\n 68\nPerspecti"]
[12.161153793334961, -5.091493606567383, "ion has as its statu- tory mission to \u201cfoster, promote, and develop the merchant maritime industry.\u201d35 Within the Maritime Administration, the Office of Safety addresses a range of maritime safety topics, including standards development.36 The mariti"]
[12.151628494262695, -5.084005832672119, "rtment of Transportation Federal Highway Administration has statutory responsi- bilities related to the promotion of highway safety.47 Highway safety is regulated under Title 23 CFR, Chapter I and Chapter II. Highways are also regulated by the Nation"]
[12.122315406799316, -5.054547309875488, "and procedures that are regularly subject to regulations to ensure passenger safety. We found that each transpor- tation mode is subject to a set of passenger safety regulations that is configured to address the specific design characteristics, opera"]
[12.114118576049805, -5.048057556152344, " has powerful market incentives to ensure participant safety even in the absence of regulatory oversight. There was wide agree- ment that catastrophic events, even if accidental, could have significant and long-lasting neg- ative impacts on industry "]
[12.11372184753418, -5.048122406005859, " key metrics supporting those standards, and the consideration of regulations that could serve both industry and participant safety at this time and in the future.\nAdditionally, we did not find any evidence to suggest that the FAA will necessarily en"]
[12.113872528076172, -5.048192501068115, " SpARCs might find that certain areas should not be regulated or certain types of regulations (e.g., prescriptive regulations) should not be considered or issued. This flexibility would be beneficial to industry, the FAA, and other stakeholders.\nCont"]
[12.113691329956055, -5.048069953918457, "low it to develop key insights and recommendations across the current stovepiped system. For industry, this would also be an opportunity to learn from other sources in a manner that might expose current blind spots (if they exist); enable the sharing"]
[12.121850967407227, -5.0561842918396, "te] or otherwise reviewed on the record\n 76\nRecommendations\n Other Issues Beyond the Scope of This Study\nWe emphasize, based on our analysis, that providing the FAA with sufficient resources is critical to the development of a beneficial and carefull"]
[12.112558364868164, -5.045553684234619, "ndable Launch Vehicle Activities, which directed the Department of Transportation to serve as \u201clead agency\u201d for \u201cencouraging and facilitating commercial ELV [expendable launch vehicle] activities by the\n  1\n2\nCongressional Research Service, Commercia"]
[12.117588996887207, -5.051200866699219, "authorized to grant licenses and to issue regula- tions specifying launch licensing requirements. The safety of spaceflight participants was not directly addressed in the law, with the government\u2019s regulatory authority instead based\n4 Executive Order"]
[12.117572784423828, -5.051062107086182, "t also enacted significant limitations on these same authorities. Con- gress\u2019 findings in the law regarding the future of commercial spaceflight safety regulation give insight into the law\u2019s regulatory approach. Congress recognized the progress of ef"]
[12.1173734664917, -5.050530910491943, " flicting goals of safety and industry progress by stating that safety regulations should be implemented and strengthened over time, as the industry developed and as safety expecta- tions changed. \u201cThe regulatory standards governing human space fligh"]
[12.117688179016113, -5.051009654998779, "iting potentially unsafe design elements in advance but were instead restricted to ensuring that elements that had already led to mishaps were not reproduced. They could not limit the use of a certain design feature, for instance, because of an asses"]
[12.116988182067871, -5.049548625946045, " of Transportation to inform pro- spective participants \u201cof any relevant information related to risk or probable loss during each phase of flight.\u201d34 Moreover, the law authorized regulators to establish other \u201creasonable requirements\u201d for spaceflight"]
[12.120346069335938, -5.055413722991943, "g period, this time until October 1, 2023.39 For the period before the new 2023 end date of the learning period, Congress promoted another approach, short of regulation, for improving participant safety\u2014the use of voluntary standards by the commercia"]
[12.12211799621582, -5.056899070739746, "ished and were included in the 2022 FAA report to Congress.2 We provide a brief overview of each organization.\nThe American Society for Testing and Materials was formed in 1898 and subsequently changed its name to ASTM International. ASTM Internation"]
[12.123802185058594, -5.059965133666992, " 88\nStandard ID Number\nISO 16157:2018\nISO 17763:2018\nISO 14620-2:2019 ISO 14620-3:2021 ISO 16726:2018\nISO 19971:2018\nISO/TR 20590:2021\nISO 20892:2018\nISO 27875:2019\nISO 14620-1:2018\nStandard Title\nSpace Systems \u2014 Human-Life Activity Support Systems\na"]
[12.128355026245117, -5.064624309539795, "egration of Space Operations into Air Traffic Management\nGuide for Fault Tolerance for Occupant Safety of Suborbital Vehicles\nNew Guide for Occupant Safety of Orbital Vehicles\nNew Classification for Spacecraft Vehicle Types\nNew Guide for Flight Contr"]
[12.123454093933105, -5.060610294342041, "pace Safety IDA-STPI Institute for Defense Analyses Science and Technology Policy Institute ISO International Organization for Standardization\nNASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration\nNHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\nNPR"]
[12.147117614746094, -5.084434509277344, "rsonnel, ASTM International, January 6, 2022. As of February 3, 2023: https://www.astm.org/f3520-21.html\n95\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n ASTM F3550-22, Standard Guide for Classifying Safety-Related Even"]
[12.14026927947998, -5.072371959686279, "ker, February 26, 2019. As of December 13, 2022: https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/2021-11/ New-Safety-Framework-for-Commercial-Human-Space-Flight-Completed-report.pdf\n96\nBibliography\n Circular No. A-4, \u201cRegulatory Analysis,\u201d U.S. Office of Man"]
[12.132898330688477, -5.068702220916748, "s and Operators for Compensation or Hire: Certification and Operations, Part 121, Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations, Section 121.343, Flight Data Recorders.\nCode of Federal Regulations, Title 14, Aeronautics and Spac"]
[12.144674301147461, -5.07737398147583, "nistration and Federal Highway Administration, Department of Transportation.\nCode of Federal Regulations, Title 23, Highways, Chapter III, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation.\nCode of Federal Regulation, Title"]
[12.146780967712402, -5.079471111297607, "al Regulations, Title 49, Transportation, Subtitle B, Other Regulations Relating to Transportation, Chapter II, Federal Railroad Administration, Department of Transportation, Part 238, Passenger Equipment Safety Standards, Section 238.115, Emergency "]
[12.14041805267334, -5.074378967285156, "ion, Chapter V, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Department of Transportation, Part 571, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards, Subpart B, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.\nCode of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Transportation, "]
[12.1245756149292, -5.063757419586182, "lez, and Nupur Nanda, The Appalachia Partnership Initiative\u2019s Investments in Education, Workforce Development, and the Community: Technical Appendixes, RAND Corporation, RR-2017/1-CHC, 2017. As of December 10, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research"]
[12.125107765197754, -5.061805248260498, "/about/budget\n101\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n Federal Aviation Administration, Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee Charter, undated-d. As of February 1, 2023: https://www.faa.gov/sites/f"]
[12.135844230651855, -5.073455333709717, "t Program Report to COMSTAC, Commercial Space Transportation, May 2008b. As of February 3, 2023: https://www.faa.gov/space/legislation_regulation_guidance/media/ EP_Report_to_COMSTAC.pdf\nFederal Aviation Administration, Recommended Practices for Huma"]
[12.127995491027832, -5.065576553344727, "uman Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n Federal Aviation Administration, \u201cAviation Safety Information Analysis and Sharing Program,\u201d webpage, April 8, 2019b. As of February 3, 2023: https://www.faa.gov/newsroom/aviation-safety-information-ana"]
[12.124680519104004, -5.063727378845215, " Pushed Back to April 2023,\u201d Bloomberg, November 3, 2022a.\n104\nBibliography\n Grush, Loren, \u201cVirgin Galactic Says Commercial Space Flights on Track for Second Quarter,\u201d Bloomberg, November 3, 2022b.\nGrush, Loren, \u201cJeff Bezos\u2019s Blue Origin Expects Laun"]
[12.12821102142334, -5.065149307250977, "nts, International Organization for Standardization, June 2018. As of February 3, 2023:\nhttps://www.iso.org/standard/72864.html\nISO 16726:2018, Space Systems\u2014Human-Life Activity Support Systems and Equipment Integration in Space Flight\u2014Techno-Medical"]
[12.125337600708008, -5.063927173614502, "e Future of Space Tourism, Congressional Research Service, August 28, 2020. As of February 3, 2023:\nhttps://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46500\nKipping, David, Christian Johnson, Sho Nakanose, Pete Worden, Ishii Yasuo, Bonnie L. Triezenberg,"]
[12.124241828918457, -5.061225414276123, "and%20reentry%20regulations%20into%20a%20single%20part%20450)\nNASA\u2014See National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 107\nAssessing the Readiness for Human Commercial Spaceflight Safety Regulations\n National Aeronautics and Space Administration, \u201cHum"]
[12.123394966125488, -5.060761451721191, "ry 31, 2023:\nhttps://data.ntsb.gov/carol-main-public/sr-details/A-15-025\n108\nBibliography\n National Transportation Safety Board, Safety Recommendation A-15-026, August 4, 2015g. As of January 31, 2023:\nhttps://data.ntsb.gov/carol-main-public/sr-detai"]
[12.051258087158203, -4.988518238067627, "r Safety Improvement Act of 1999, December 9, 1999.\nPublic Law 108-492, Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act of 2004, December 24, 2004. Public Law 111-134, National and Commercial Space Programs, December 18, 2010.\nPublic Law 112-95, FAA Moderniza"]
[12.144437789916992, -5.077075481414795, " Government Organization and Employees, Chapter 7, Judicial Review.\nU.S. Code, Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, Section 553, Rulemaking.\nU.S. Code, Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, Section 706, Scope of Review.\nU.S. Code"]
[12.124897956848145, -5.063963413238525, " U.S. House of Representatives, Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, and Veterans Affairs"]
[12.11555290222168, -5.049817085266113, "and whether\nthe industry has matured such that areas identified in FAA reports\nare ready for regulatory action. The Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness\nAct of 2015 imposes a moratorium on safety regulations until October 1, 2023.\nThe FAA will be "]
[12.157543182373047, 9.059998512268066, "Evaluability Assessment and Evaluation Options for an Elder Abuse Shelter Model\nSIERRA SMUCKER, JIRKA TAYLOR, IVY TODD, EMILY HOCH, MONIQUE MARTINEAU, DEVEN CLARK, MEAGAN CAHILL, ESTHER M. FRIEDMAN\nSponsored by the National Institute of Justice\n CORP"]
[12.144054412841797, 9.057901382446289, "and Jeanette Weinberg Center for Elder Justice in New York City, has emerged as a promising intervention to support and protect victims of elder abuse. There are no rigorous evaluations of the EAS model. This model is based on nursing home placement,"]
[12.127041816711426, 9.047318458557129, "ed in New York City (NYC) inside the Hebrew Home at Riverdale, developed an elder abuse shelter (EAS) that combines multidisciplinary team efforts with emergency housing, both of which have been identified as promising practices in the preven- tion o"]
[12.158001899719238, 9.0735502243042, "number of clients is largely because of the Center\u2019s admissions and exclusion criteria, such as substance abuse and mental health conditions, and the requirement for a discharge plan on admission.\n\u2022 Clientsmostlyidentifyaswomen,areethnicallyandracial"]
[12.158431053161621, 9.067940711975098, " individuals experiencing cognitive decline. Researchers should consider consulting experts in all these areas when implementing their evaluation of an EAS.\nRecommendations\nBecause the Weinberg Center is largely ready to embark on an evaluation, its "]
[12.151020050048828, 9.05767822265625, "........................................................................................................... 17 EvaluatingEffectiveness ................................................................................................. 17 CoronavirusDis"]
[12.15369987487793, 9.066972732543945, " Sources Returned by Search and Screening Process....................................................... 8 3.1 WeinbergCenterReferredandAdmittedClientDemographics(2020\u20132021)........................ 16 4.1 PIERToolScoringDomains,Subdomains,andSelected"]
[12.127738952636719, 9.047133445739746, "ere will be a corresponding growth in the need for services to prevent EM and for inter- ventions in cases in which it has already occurred. However, despite a National Research Council call for rigorous evaluations of EM prevention and intervention "]
[12.118074417114258, 9.043686866760254, "er adult safely in the community.1 The Hebrew Home at Riverdale is a nonprofit, faith-based long-term care community in the Bronx. Clients receive a full complement of medical attention and rehabilitation services to meet their needs, including skill"]
[12.15673828125, 9.064596176147461, "gths and resilience of clients in the context of their environments and communities; and endorsing trauma-informed principles in agencies through support, consultation, and supervision of staff\u201d (Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 2014).\n 2\nIntrod"]
[12.173104286193848, 9.078967094421387, "tsteps.\n\u2022 Appendixes A\u2013D summarize the data collection tools used and the detailed outcomes of our literature\nreview that are summarized in the main text.\nChanges in Approach from Original Design\nOur original design included developing fidelity measu"]
[12.155017852783203, 9.06171703338623, "s the researchers to discern whether a change in participant outcomes is because of the program\u2019s planned impact or more likely because of another factor.\nIn Chapter 3 of this report, we summarize the findings of our formative evaluation of the Weinb"]
[12.147873878479004, 9.061263084411621, "presented in Chapter 4. Appendix D provides a complete list of factors included in the PIER report and the scores the Weinberg Center EAS received.\nOptions for Evaluation Designs\nAs the introductory chapter outlined, there is a dearth of rigorous eva"]
[12.130535125732422, 9.04637336730957, " interview process took place in tandem with another project that our team conducted with the Weinberg Center\nto minimize the burden on staff (see Smucker et al., 2021, for details)\n 6\nData Collection and Analysis\n us with information about possible "]
[12.164981842041016, 9.069136619567871, "ature Review\nWe conducted a review of the literature to inform our suggested evaluation designs. Our search broadly aimed to capture existing evaluations of shelter models with the intention of drawing on these examples for approaches to identifying "]
[12.145663261413574, 9.061151504516602, "h column corresponding to various categories of information to extract. Researchers also reviewed bibliographies of included articles for any potentially relevant material but did not find any additional relevant items. The findings from this review "]
[12.124358177185059, 9.04662036895752, "buse, increase the number of intervention efforts and shelters for older adults, and promote empowered aging and elder justice.\nFigure 3.1 presents a visual depiction of the program goals in the form of a logic model. It details the fol- lowing compo"]
[12.104012489318848, 9.027801513671875, "cal services through Hebrew Home staff\nReduced personal and societal health costs\nImproved quality of life Increase in life expectancy\nImproved mental health outcomes\nDecreased rate of hospitalizations and emergency department use\n                EAS"]
[12.108238220214844, 9.032644271850586, "budget, and actual costs to implement the model was outside the scope of this evaluability assessment but should be included in any future evaluations to assess replicability and sustainability.\nStaffing, Services, and Engagement with Clients and Com"]
[12.128242492675781, 9.045926094055176, "nthecommunity)\n\u2013 follow-up with clients at 30, 60, and 90 days after moving into the community and report back to Weinberg Center staff\n\u2013 provideclientswithsupportivecounseling,advocacy,andreferralstoappropriatecommunity-based resources.\nThese staff "]
[12.112248420715332, 9.035418510437012, "rements that a potential client must meet before entering the EAS. First, the EAS is not equipped to support individuals with untreated mental health or substance misuse issues. Thus, individuals with untreated mental health or substance misuse issue"]
[12.12255859375, 9.046808242797852, "nberg Center will not accept self-referrals or referrals from family members or friends.\n 13\nEvaluability Assessment and Evaluation Options for an Elder Abuse Shelter Model\n to discuss the client\u2019s legal needs. Much of the work is geared toward pavin"]
[12.10863208770752, 9.032886505126953, " they need it. A Transitional Care Social Worker engages with the Center on a per diem basis to support the transition of clients back into the community. One staff member described this role as \u201cchecking in with clients regularly over those first we"]
[12.134781837463379, 9.04969596862793, "1 0\n9 15 22 0\n12 1 1\nEvaluability Assessment and Evaluation Options for an Elder Abuse Shelter Model\n TABLE 3.1\nWeinberg Center Referred and Admitted Client Demographics (2020\u20132021)\n 2020\nReferrals 51 Admissions 17 Admitted clients\nAverage age 77 Fem"]
[12.117249488830566, 9.04104995727539, "r and there are significant medical or health-related concerns. Weinberg Center staff note that this policy is one of the most common reasons referred individuals do not become clients of the center.\nTraining\nThe Weinberg Center does not use a formal"]
[12.117204666137695, 9.041085243225098, "violence within the home, fewer victims felt safe or were able to come forward to obtain help during the pandemic\u2019s stay-at-home orders (Smucker, Revitsky-Locker,\n17\nEvaluability Assessment and Evaluation Options for an Elder Abuse Shelter Model\n and"]
[12.122527122497559, 9.042450904846191, "uated over time.\nStaff emphasized the strong integration of the Weinberg Center with NYC\u2019s overall response to EM. Weinberg Center staff participate in multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) established by the city to deal with complex cases of abuse. The Ce"]
[12.159433364868164, 9.062055587768555, "hat are critical to successful program implementation and evaluation (Bar- wick, 2011; Kaufman-Levy et al., 2003). The overarching criteria used to evaluate the Weinberg Center\u2019s EAS consisted of organizational readiness, which focuses on organizatio"]
[12.13177490234375, 9.052495956420898, "sment\n           84%\nOrganization readiness\n77%\nAverage score\n82%\nProgram readiness\n43%\nEvaluation readiness\nKey Findings of the Evaluability Assessment Organizational Readiness\nOverall, the Weinberg Center scored 84 percent on organizational readine"]
[12.136341094970703, 9.052947044372559, " Our conversations with several key Weinberg Center partners\u2014including APS, local hospital staff who screen for elder abuse, the NYC District Attorney\u2019s Office, NYC Family Justice Centers, the NYC Department for the Aging (DFTA), community aging grou"]
[12.110565185546875, 9.035087585449219, ", the staffs\u2019 goals for the client reflect a mix of standard outcomes (e.g., improved or stabilized health) and the client\u2019s own goals (e.g., returning to the community). To achieve its goals, the Weinberg Center has activities that include client-ce"]
[12.107784271240234, 9.022466659545898, "wledged that they have struggled to recruit clients in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, and they appreciate that there are reasons beyond COVID-19 that might decrease the likelihood that victims opt to use their services. The staff is making effort"]
[12.15318489074707, 9.06496810913086, "ions documented with the support of professional research partners.\n25\nCHAPTER 5\nEvaluation Designs\nIn this chapter, we outline three evaluation designs that could assess the impact of the Weinberg Center\u2019s EAS and other EASs on clients. First, we de"]
[12.144488334655762, 9.05994701385498, " None of the sources we reviewed evaluated shelter models for people experiencing elder abuse.\nThe sources used a variety of evaluation designs. Two drew on data from RCTs and ten from quasi- experimental designs, including propensity score matching,"]
[12.131933212280273, 9.046272277832031, "the time of the intervention. We recommend using the Weinberg Center Risk and Abuse Prevention Screen (WC-RAPS)\u2014a validated instrument that is also available in Spanish\u2014to determine whether a person is at risk or has been abused since the last assess"]
[12.148679733276367, 9.056246757507324, "wer assessment\nClient survey or caregiver/ interviewer assessment\nClient survey or caregiver/ interviewer assessment\nSurvey with client or caregiver/ secondary data (Medicare or Medicaid)\nSurvey with client or caregiver/ secondary data (Medicare or M"]
[12.14877700805664, 9.061960220336914, "pared shelter care as usual with a critical time intervention for people experiencing either homeless- ness or intimate partner violence. Participants in both the treatment and control conditions received shelter services (Lako et al., 2013; Lako et "]
[12.155404090881348, 9.064915657043457, "ant study would exam- ine the impact of including an EAS in a long-term care facility on nursing staff who might find it stressful to support individuals experiencing elder abuse. However, our narrower goal here is to establish the impact of the inte"]
[12.154242515563965, 9.061577796936035, "t to factors that could introduce bias (e.g., case complexity, risk, mental and physical health). With this information, the Center and the evaluation team would be able to consider whether such factors affect the results of the evaluation.3\nTo ensur"]
[12.1915864944458, 9.071941375732422, " used to determine whether additional services are needed for different groups of clients, potentially including the equitability of service provision.\nWe estimate that this study would require (1) three doctoral researchers, four midlevel researcher"]
[12.157404899597168, 9.059749603271484, "n situations with an extreme baseline. It is important to recognize, however, that the numbers in the table represent the samples needed for the analysis. Given the likely drop-off of some participants during the study, the number of participants it "]
[12.142995834350586, 9.06076431274414, "WANG would allow researchers to more easily develop the correct weights for the treat- ment (Weinberg Center clients) and control (individuals in secondary data source) groups in the analysis.\nAt minimum, this approach could answer whether, in compar"]
[12.14428424835205, 9.056875228881836, "s means the length of follow-up will vary across individuals, and this length will correlate strongly with the complexity and severity of the case. One solution to this problem would be to develop an assessment of typical risk among Weinberg Center c"]
[12.161641120910645, 9.069812774658203, "rg Center\u2019s EAS, others use multiple long-term care facilities to house clients), comparing outcomes across the Weinberg Center\u2019s EAS and another SPRiNG Alliance member\u2019s EAS could indicate which model is best suited to which type of elder abuse. How"]
[12.128621101379395, 8.990190505981445, "ing on how long different elements take.\nOption 3: Pre- and Post-Evaluation Design\nOur third recommended design is a pre- and post-evaluation design. Instead of a separate comparison group, this approach uses a baseline measurement of clients as the "]
[12.158818244934082, 9.066908836364746, "re (1) three PhD researchers, four midlevel researchers, and a junior staff member; (2) between 320 and 350 labor days over four to six years; (3) the cost of support for Weinberg Center staff collecting follow-up data and survey design (two staff me"]
[12.166166305541992, 9.082209587097168, "Evaluators\nWorking with Victims of Elder Abuse\nIt is important to emphasize that conducting research with individuals experiencing cognitive decline can be difficult. Because victims of elder abuse are often also experiencing cognitive issues, resear"]
[12.150206565856934, 9.056239128112793, "id not receive Weinberg Center services\nTotal sample for control group will vary based on secondary data source but best comparable example used more than 33,000 entries\nOne group:\n200+ Weinberg Center clients (sample not split into treatment and con"]
[12.160289764404297, 9.071784973144531, "internal data processes for\ncollection and secure storage \u2022\n\u2022 Identify needs for external data\n\u2022 Submit study design for Human Subjects Review Board review\n\u2022 Develop process for delivering compensa- tion to participants\n\u2022\n\u2022\n2\u20134 years 1 year 6 months\n"]
[12.145134925842285, 9.061559677124023, "a robust data storage plan. Moreover, because this study includes subjects that are highly vulnerable (according to National Institutes of Health guidance) there might be value in implementing an independent data safety monitoring board to ensure the"]
[12.169516563415527, 9.08517074584961, "arch on EM to include a quali- tative interview portion where possible. However, as we outline above, this is particularly important when conducting nonexperimental evaluation designs, as the information can be used to triangulate and give greater co"]
[12.150468826293945, 9.060384750366211, " comprehensive evaluation was initiated. There are limited systematic data collection efforts around outcomes. Moreover, the data we collected on SPRiNG Alliance recruitment and admission suggest that these organizations would struggle to recruit eno"]
[12.139084815979004, 9.03272533416748, "g Center logic model, and consultation with key stakeholders, we believe that any evaluation of the EAS model should investigate its impact on (1) impact on client health outcomes (mental and physical), (2) legal outcomes, (3) risk factors for abuse,"]
[13.021410942077637, 9.267308235168457, "is. I\u2019ll be leading our conversation today, and we\u2019re joined by [name], who is also taking notes while we talk so we can capture all of the important details we discuss today.\nThe purpose of the study is to document the [organization\u2019s] model and ser"]
[12.690277099609375, 9.161381721496582, "n] looks like for you?\nClient Engagement and Needs\nThank you. We would like to start by understanding more about [organization]\u2019s clients and their needs.\n1. What is the typical process of engagement for a new client? Can you walk us through the time"]
[12.367354393005371, 9.159868240356445, "sical health (probe for examples)\nd. Ability to make care decisions\ne. Ability to age in the setting they desire\nthere other benefits to clients?\nthere some clients who do not benefit as much?\na. Why?\nb. Who are they?\n4. Do clients ever come back to "]
[13.02846908569336, 9.278300285339355, "mentioned, [name] is taking notes. We also would like to record our conversation today so that we don\u2019t miss anything you say. The recordings help us supplement our notes after our discussion. All notes and recordings will be destroyed at the end of "]
[12.627026557922363, 9.176143646240234, "are able to address\nthem?\na. Housing needs\nb. Health care needs\nc. Legal needs\nd. Needs for therapy\ne. Needs for other social services\nf. Other?\n5. In your opinion, if clients had not been connected with [organization] for services, where would they "]
[12.219374656677246, 9.084376335144043, " updated?\nb. Are data made publicly available (probe: if not, do they ever make them available to researchers,\nothers upon request)?\n3. Do you ever learn about how a client is doing after discharge/cessation of services?\na. How?\nb. Is this informatio"]
[12.142579078674316, 9.055895805358887, "ing\u2014Google Scholar searches (2010 to June 2021, terms in title)\nGS Search 1\n\u201celder abuse\u201d AND (evidence OR data OR information OR proof OR knowledge OR evaluate or evalua- tion OR effective OR assess OR assessment OR review OR estimate OR estimating "]
[12.147751808166504, 9.058653831481934, "nd Security\nCHANA\nPetaluma People Services Center\nElderSafe\nJewish Senior Services\nLifespan Rochester\nReferrals\nAdmissions Referrals\nAdmissions Referrals\nAdmissions Referrals Admissions Referrals\nAdmissions Referrals\nAdmissions Referrals Admissions R"]
[12.162147521972656, 9.0591402053833, "rmed practice 1 Committed to data-driven decisionmaking 1\n59\nTable D.1\u2014Continued\nDomain\nOrganizational readiness\nOrganizational readiness\nOrganizational readiness\nOrganizational readiness\nOrganizational readiness Organizational readiness\nOrganization"]
[12.16646671295166, 9.06213665008545, "ess\nProgram readiness\nProgram readiness\nEvaluation readiness\nEvaluation readiness Evaluation readiness\nSubdomain\nImplementation: processes and procedures\nImplementation: processes and procedures\nImplementation: processes and procedures\nImplementation"]
[12.158647537231445, 9.060080528259277, "omain\nQuasi-experimental design\nQuasi-experimental design\nProgram enrollment (of clients)\nData collection\nCriteria Score\nPotential to identify comparison group that is feasible (no 1 \u201cspill-over\u201d of services, selected before services begin)\nDescripti"]
[12.139039993286133, 9.049049377441406, "derabuse/fastfact.html\nClinical Social Work Association, \u201cNew York Clinical Social Work Licensure (LCSW-R),\u201d webpage, undated. As of February 28, 2023:\nhttps://www.clinicalsocialworkassociation.org/Legislative-Alerts/7558791\nDamschroder, Laura J., Da"]
[12.126774787902832, 9.03656005859375, "Penny Rapaport, Martin Knapp, Mark Griffin, Derek King, Debbie Livingston, Cath Mummery, Zuzana Walker, Juanita Hoe, Elizabeth L. Sampson, and Claudia Cooper, \u201cClinical Effectiveness of a Manual Based Coping Strategy Programme (START, STrAtegies for "]
[12.134328842163086, 9.047628402709961, " Tony, Alyssa Elman, Sarah Dion, Diana Delgado, Michelle Demetres, Risa Breckman, Kristin Lees, Kim Dash, Debi Lang, Alice Bonner, Jason Burnett, Carmel B. Dyer, Rani Snyder, Amy Berman, Terry Fulmer, Mark S. Lachs, and National Collaboratory to Addr"]
[12.129902839660645, 9.043843269348145, "n H. Wilber, \u201cToward a Better Understanding of the Elder Abuse Forensic Center Model: Comparing and Contrasting Four Programs in California,\u201d Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 31, No. 4\u20135, 2019.\n67\n"]
[17.643646240234375, 8.38501262664795, "  CORPORATION\nLAURA WHITAKER, SIERRA SMUCKER, STEPHANIE BROOKS HOLLIDAY\nA Gap Analysis of the Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act Portfolio\nIn 2000, the California State Legislature passed the Schiff-Cardenas Crime Prevention Act"]
[17.658220291137695, 8.342141151428223, "tization of neighbor- hoods, schools, and other areas with high rates of juvenile crime\n\u2022 a strategy to provide a continuum of gradu- ated responses to juvenile crime (County of Los Angeles, 2020).\nEach year, counties submit their annual plans to BSC"]
[17.633129119873047, 8.172861099243164, "nsive Multi-Agency Juvenile\nJustice Plan FY fiscal year\nJJCC Juvenile Justice Coordinating Council\nJJCPA Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act\nLGBTQ+ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/\nQuestioning+\nRDA Resource Development Associates\n 2\nJJCP"]
[17.624738693237305, 8.380179405212402, " request to apply for JJCPA funding to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for approval.\nBoard-approved JJCPA application (with attached CMJJP) submitted to BSCC.\nApproximate Timelinea July to September\nJuly to September\nJuly to September Aug"]
[17.56422996520996, 8.05129623413086, "er a targeted review for best practices and key components of high-quality and comprehensive juvenile justice systems that should guide the service delivery model and imple- mentation of the JJCPA services and supervision.\nWe took a two-pronged strat"]
[17.598392486572266, 8.047660827636719, "rtfolio of funded programs. The survey had questions related to the optimal distribution of funds across the con- tinuum of services and the extent to which members consider several factors when making funding deci- sions, including the best practice"]
[17.035552978515625, 7.947240352630615, "(Dowden and Andrews, 1999). For this reason, this practice also includes making a continuum of services available, from prevention to intervention programs.\n(2) Use a youth development approach\nA youth development approach emphasizes the need\nto cura"]
[17.180126190185547, 7.899414539337158, "y to continue\nto have contact with the juvenile justice system, and Black youth, in particular, are more likely to get rear- rested after their first arrest despite similar levels of reoffending among their White peers (Mitchell, 2005; Onifade et al."]
[17.630638122558594, 8.062938690185547, "espond to our request).\nIn the second phase, we randomly selected addi- tional JJCC members based on two criteria: (1) to bal- ance representation of each group because response rates across groups in the first phase was not equal, and (2) to target "]
[17.633813858032227, 8.0892972946167, "embers become members of the CMJJP Ad-Hoc Subcommittee. For the development of the FY 2020\u2013 2021 plan, the Ad-Hoc Subcommittee consisted of\nseven JJCC members from community-based orga- nizations and six JJCC members from government agencies. The Ad-"]
[17.60601806640625, 8.049732208251953, "uded\nNot explicitly included\nRequests information about evidence base of proposed program or project\nNot explicitly included\nJJCC-CAC Youth Service Needs Assessment and Community Feedback\nSurvey item included about areas of most need\nNot directly ass"]
[17.6058292388916, 8.043524742126465, " this funding strategy, less explicit attention is paid to the risk level or spe- cific needs of youth, which is another aspect of this best practice.\nBoth the (1) application of a racial equity frame- work and (2) use of evidence-based practices and"]
[17.6185359954834, 8.050264358520508, "hlights that \u201cyouth and children are part of family units\u201d and that a focus on \u201cfamily empowerment opportunities\u201d is key (p. 22). However, there is not much specificity about the vision for supporting families.\nFinally, three best practices receive v"]
[17.612428665161133, 8.057334899902344, "ptions of their programs; however, the Recom- mended Format for Governmental Partner Funding Request does not explicitly seek that submissions include detail on the other best practices.\nJJCC-CAC Youth Service Needs Assessment\nThe JJCC-CAC is respons"]
[17.61722755432129, 8.047808647155762, "n about new or novel programs that address the best practices. There are some ways in which the pro- cess may solicit relevant information. We reviewed this request to determine whether any information about the best practices is solicited. The reque"]
[17.61451530456543, 8.042791366577148, "r- vices operate from a youth development framework. It is also noteworthy that at least three-quarters of respondents endorsed considering most of these fac- tors often or always. Only three factors did not reach this threshold: whether the program "]
[17.611228942871094, 8.050644874572754, "ing with funded agencies occurs. In this section, we review themes related to both best practices and the funding process. Findings were largely based on interviews with JJCC members, although information provided\nby Probation Department stakeholders"]
[17.620622634887695, 8.04442310333252, "se kinds of discussions at the JJCC level. It\u2019s largely\u2014there needs to be a vote on this thing, there needs to be a decision, we get together someone presents, we come back and make a decision on those things.\u201d\n\u201c[I]t\u2019s difficult to get the families i"]
[17.62179946899414, 8.050283432006836, "distribution reflected such factors as (1) the need to address all three areas, (2) the relatively new process of allocating funds to intentionally allocated buckets, and (3) the lack of data to support a shift in any one direction.\n 15\nBest Practice"]
[17.600934982299805, 8.037264823913574, "rtance of ensur- ing that programs provide trauma-informed care when making funding-allocation decisions. However, interviewees revealed that trauma-informed prac- tices rarely are discussed at JJCC meetings. Although individuals might consider the i"]
[17.616479873657227, 8.041082382202148, "ntation and Fidelity\nAlthough we did not ask JJCC interviewees specifi- cally about the final best practice because the lit- erature review was underway when interviews were being conducted, implementation fidelity and adher- ence came up regularly i"]
[17.629064559936523, 8.052583694458008, "c and best practices; lack of clear definitions of scores to ensure inter-rater reliability.\nLack of clarity about how much flexibility there is to change allocations for programs that traditionally receive funding annually.\nLimited information for J"]
[17.638059616088867, 8.042972564697266, "hat the funding announcements are distributed to a distribu- tion list of more than 700 people, interviewees noted\nthat there might be opportunities to reach a wider pool of agencies and organizations.\nPlanning and Allocations\nWe learned in the inter"]
[17.632619857788086, 8.061482429504395, "he new Governance Ad-Hoc Subcommittee that is being established.\nAdoption\nInterviewees also shared details about the process of adopting the plan and program allocations. Specifi- cally, the full JJCC weighs in only after all CMJJP Ad-Hoc Subcommitte"]
[17.623544692993164, 8.038158416748047, "-funded programs support best practices. In an effort to help close this gap, we identified several areas where best practices could be incorporated into the process of making funding determinations. Our recommenda- tions are organized according to t"]
[17.648712158203125, 8.072468757629395, "s of the evaluations by performing process and outcome evaluations on a subset of programs. However, several programs have not been the focus of in-depth evaluation\nin years, and there remain key limitations\nto existing evaluations\u2014in particular, the"]
[17.63532829284668, 8.073600769042969, "re reflected\nSeveral programs have not been the focus\nof in-depth evaluation\nin years, and there remain key limitations to existing evaluations\u2014\nin particular, there has been little standardized data collection across programs for the past several ye"]
[17.16485595703125, 7.970975399017334, "erature from articles published between 1990 and 2021 to identify any missing and more recently published work. We primarily used Google Scholar\u2019s search engine and the following search terms: juvenile justice, best practices, youth development appro"]
[17.042675018310547, 7.93775749206543, "own to be a period of development that involves exploration, experimenta- tion, and engagement with risky behaviors (Waid and Uhrich, 2020). A positive youth development/posi- tive youth justice approach stresses the importance\nof promoting legal soc"]
[17.00465202331543, 7.91611909866333, ". Family is critical to children\u2019s development and one of the primary sources of children\u2019s emotional and social development and, consequently, strong ties between children and their families can support the establishment of social bonds and support "]
[17.135713577270508, 7.928489685058594, "aumatic events include physical or\n 24\nsexual abuse, community violence, neglect, maltreat- ment, or witnessing violence (Adams, 2010). Many children who come into contact with the juvenile justice system have experienced trauma. Preva-\nlence estimat"]
[17.1014404296875, 7.924543380737305, "ing that family members are included in court hearings or providing legal information in dif- ferent languages.\nUse Evidence-Based Practices and Programs\nWhen possible, juvenile justice systems should\nuse programs and policies supported by rigorous e"]
[17.23956871032715, 8.059534072875977, "eographic regions of Los Angeles County, as designated by the Department of Public Health and used to identify and provide services relevant to each area (County of Los Angeles Public Health, undated).\n 26\nReferences\nAbram, Karen M., Linda A. Teplin,"]
[17.622892379760742, 8.377909660339355, "10.\nBSCC\u2014See California Board of State and Community Corrections.\nBungay, Hilary, and Trish Vella-Burrows, \u201cThe Effects of Participating in Creative Activities on the Health and Well- Being of Children and Young People: A Rapid Review of the Literatu"]
[17.3179874420166, 8.113057136535645, "robation/1081684_FY2021- 22CMJJPSubcommitteeReport-JJCC12-3-20.pdf\nCounty of Los Angeles, Comprehensive Multi-Agency Juvenile Justice Plan: A Youth Development Mission, Continuum, and Funding Strategy, Fiscal 2020-2021, February 7, 2020. As of Novemb"]
[17.076801300048828, 7.925628185272217, ": A Case Study from Skid Row, Los Angeles,\u201d Health Promotion Practice, Vol. 15,\nNo. 1, January 2014, pp. 18\u201327.\nGendreau, Paul, \u201cThe Principles of Effective Intervention with Offenders,\u201d in Alan T. Harland, ed., Choosing Correctional Options That Wor"]
[17.060623168945312, 7.912428855895996, "No. 4, 2019, pp. 481\u2013501.\nLipsey, Mark W., \u201cWhat Do We Learn from 400 Research Studies on the Effectiveness of Treatment with Juvenile Delinquents?\u201d in J. McGuire, ed., What Works: Reducing Reoffending: Guidelines from Research and Practice, Hoboken,"]
[17.023778915405273, 7.921125888824463, "County Probation Department, April 30, 2018.\nSexton, Thomas L., and James F. Alexander, \u201cFunctional Family Therapy,\u201d Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Decem"]
[17.193862915039062, 8.027953147888184, " No. 3, 2006, pp. 598\u2013602.\nWilson, Holly A., and Robert D. Hoge, \u201cThe Effect of Youth Diversion Programs on Recidivism: A Meta-Analytic Review,\u201d Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 40, No. 5, 2013, pp. 497\u2013518.\nWilson, John J., and James C. Howell, C"]
[13.863525390625, 4.566694259643555, " topics as access to justice, policing, cor- rections, drug policy, and court system reform, as well as other policy concerns pertaining to public safety and criminal and civil justice. For more information, email justicepolicy@rand.org.\nThe RAND Cor"]
[-3.012119770050049, 8.831573486328125, " Societal Impact of\nResearch Funding for\nWomen\u2019s Health\nIN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS\nMatthew D. Baird Melanie A. Zaber Annie Chen Andrew W. Dick Chloe E. Bird Molly Waymouth Grace Gahlon Denise D. Quigley Hamad Al-Ibrahim Lori Frank\n     CORPORATION\n A ME"]
[-2.9996678829193115, 8.84715461730957, "ore about using these data and citing this report.\n WHAM\u2019s LEAD PARTNERS\nWHAM\u2019s sponsorship of this research project was enabled through the generous financial support from the following partners.\nAmerican Heart Association\nThe Association is a relen"]
[-3.0007591247558594, 8.844827651977539, "under, AccessCircles, Founder and Former CEO of CAROLEE\nMeryl Comer, Vice Chair and Global Chair Co-Founder, UsAgainstAlzheimers/ WomenAgainstAlzheimers\nChair, Global Alliance on Women\u2019s Brain Health\nAnula Jayasuriya, Vice Chair and Chief Scientific "]
[-2.993722438812256, 8.851550102233887, "e Professor of Psychiatry in the Field of Women\u2019s Health, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital\nDr. Wendy Klein, MD, MACP, Former Medical Director, Health Brigade\nDr. JoAnn Manson, DrPH, MD, Michael and\nLee Bell Professor of Women\u2019s Health, Medicine, Harvard "]
[-3.048715591430664, 8.791715621948242, "E) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington\nHadine Joffe, MD\nVice Chair for Research, Department of Psychiatry, Executive Director, Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women\u2019s Health and Gender Biology, Paula A. Johnson Professor of Psych"]
[-3.0568392276763916, 8.783196449279785, "qual impact of research on women and men results in lower returns.\nLarge returns result from very small health improvements.\nAssuming 0.1 percent or less total health improvement from reduced age incidence of RA and reduced disease severity has the f"]
[-3.0537421703338623, 8.786497116088867, "ies to overcome these and systemic factors, such as implicit and explicit bias against women in health research.\n\u2022 Raise awareness among the business community of the poten- tial ROI for women\u2019s health research. The viability of women\u2019s health resear"]
[-3.0207598209381104, 8.817182540893555, "ARCH FUNDING FOR WOMEN\u2019S HEALTH IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS\nWhy Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis?\nRA is an autoimmune disease with higher prevalence in women than men (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, 2019). Prevalence "]
[-3.038499116897583, 8.801460266113281, "s of funding from the NIH as the base case, with comparisons to doubling the level of research funding invested in women-focused research. Within the portfolio of extramural fund- ing for RA research from the NIH over the past five fiscal years, fund"]
[-3.059981346130371, 8.779953956604004, "A, given the ways in which the disease affects individuals and the long duration of disease\n2 For a detailed technical appendix describing the specifics of the microsimulation model, please visit www.rand.org/t/RRA708-3.\n METHODS 9\n  for many patient"]
[-3.0593199729919434, 8.781634330749512, "ing age and gender distributions for individuals ages\n25 to 65 and using existing disease rates by age and gender. For the models, the representative cohort of around 1 million lives is moved through a 30-year time horizon, with impact of investment "]
[-3.0539259910583496, 8.786406517028809, "cent ROI for a given health improvement. Results are pre- sented for the doubling investment scenario.\nBaseline Investment\nThe benchmark for the baseline percentage of research on women\u2019s health was funding levels for RA research within the funded po"]
[-3.042292356491089, 8.775497436523438, "e about 9,000 fewer life\n\u20134,514\n34,446\n 223,074\n   \u201361,611\n \u20138,953\n\u20133,869\n\u2013732\n     years with RA. The impact on women\u2019s years with RA is more than six times that of men\u2019s.\nIncreased Quality of Life\nDelayed disease onset reduces the years of RA burde"]
[-3.057229995727539, 8.783037185668945, "oss these three categories is about $940 million. If these investments bring about the 0.1 percent improvement in health, the cost savings from decreased health care\n     expenditures and increased labor productivity of $940 million easily cover the "]
[-3.0582480430603027, 8.781782150268555, "nt for health research are about 13 to 25 years (Cruz Rivera\net al., 2017; Hansen et al., 2013; Scott et al., 2014). Future research may accelerate that timeline. The speed with which treatments and vaccines are being developed to address the coronav"]
[-3.048783540725708, 8.791611671447754, "omen\u2019s health research. The viability of women\u2019s health research agendas and funding depends on an understanding of the value on the part of the market for such research. Within the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry, decisions made by leaders"]
[12.649434089660645, 13.582491874694824, "ng is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout\nthe world. This research was conducted in the Social and Behavioral Policy Program within "]
[-3.054321765899658, 8.785101890563965, "itis#tab-risk\nNational Institutes of Health, \u201cEstimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC),\u201d webpage, February 24, 2020a. As of November 6, 2020: https://report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNotice of "]
[13.813669204711914, 4.706737041473389, "authors present the results of microsimulation models used to explore the potential for enhanced investment in women\u2019s health research, in terms of the economic well-being of women and for the U.S. population.\n \u00a9 2022 Women\u2019s Health Access Matters.\nT"]
[11.43601131439209, 18.0496883392334, "Earnings Losses and Benefit Adequacy in California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation System\nEstimates for 2005\u20132017 Injury Dates MICHAEL DWORSKY, STEPHANIE RENNANE, NICHOLAS BROTEN\n Prepared for California Department of Industrial Relations\n CORPORATION\nFor mo"]
[11.635835647583008, 18.060535430908203, "ge Loss Monitoring for Injured Workers in California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation System: 2014-2015 Injury Year Findings (Second Interim Report), RR-2807-DIR, 2018\n\u2022 Stephanie Rennane, Nicholas Broten, and Michael Dworsky, Wage Loss Monitoring for Injured"]
[11.704970359802246, 18.11471176147461, "ystem reform, as well as other policy concerns pertaining to public safety and criminal and civil justice. For more information, email justicepolicy@rand.org.\nAcknowledgments\nWe thank Roald Euller at RAND for outstanding programming work to collect t"]
[12.273798942565918, 18.193275451660156, "en 2013 and 2017 (Dworsky, Rennane, and Broten, 2018a; Dworsky, Rennane, and Broten, 2018b; Rennane, Broten, and Dworsky, 2020), including comparisons with labor market outcomes for workers injured in earlier years (2005\u2013 2012). Previous research had"]
[12.364509582519531, 18.242095947265625, "s over the four years centered on the injury date. The close match between injured and control worker earnings before the injury is the result of our matching algorithm: Our key assumption is that injured and control workers\u2019 earnings would have cont"]
[12.249696731567383, 18.066633224487305, "ts paid to a worker over a given period after injury as a proportion of the worker\u2019s after-tax earnings losses over the same period; our key measure of benefit adequacy\nMedical settlements: settlements intended to provide for medical care associated "]
[12.275979995727539, 18.04157829284668, "$34,089 $33,341\n$44,466 $42,200\n\u2013$10,378 \u2013$8,859\n83% 84%\n78%\n72% 199,129\nPost\u2013SB 863\n     Outcome and Period Relative to Injury\nEarnings relative to counterfactual\nFirst post-injury year\nSecond post-injury year\nPost-injury earnings (2019 dollars)\nFir"]
[12.332307815551758, 18.015287399291992, "professional employer organizations, and agriculture; a smaller proportion came from the manufacturing and construction field. Similar trends were also observed among the subset of workers with indemnity injuries whose injuries resulted in PD. Some o"]
[12.265922546386719, 18.0772647857666, "nt Maturity Sample)\n SOURCE: WCIS-EDD.\nNOTES: 2005\u20132017 data. N = 568,929.\nFor injuries resulting in PD, Figure S.3 shows some larger differences between the unadjusted and adjusted trends in relative earnings for workers with PD injuries. The gap be"]
[12.185866355895996, 17.862009048461914, "therwise have earned) that were over 10 percentage points greater than losses for workers with CT injuries in the rest of the state. This regional difference, which widened during the Great Recession, raised the question of whether poor outcomes for "]
[12.198683738708496, 17.8751163482666, "r case mix and market conditions\nAdjusted for case mix, market conditions, and legal and claim status\nNumber of injured workers (N)\n70% 57% 56% 67% 58% 57% 66% 60% 60%\n62% 58% 59%\n11,386 11,786 9,644\n76% 72% 70% 76% 72% 70% 76% 72% 70%\n74% 72% 72%\n  "]
[11.885848999023438, 18.311983108520508, " Southern California is a bright spot in the workers\u2019 compensation policy landscape.\nAdequacy of Indemnity Benefits\nProviding disabled workers with adequate compensation for earnings losses is a central goal of workers\u2019 compensation. Benefit adequacy"]
[12.014683723449707, 18.262752532958984, "es increased (albeit more gradually) after 2010, and the average earnings loss over five years for workers with PD who were injured in 2014 was $57,000. Indemnity benefit payments also increased over time, but at a much slower rate. Total indemnity b"]
[11.876280784606934, 18.321571350097656, "tion in 2015, provides a one-time $5,000 payment to workers who cannot return to work following a permanently disabling workplace injury. The SIBTF pays for compensation for severe disability from a past injury or preexisting condition. Payments from"]
[11.89928150177002, 18.242366790771484, "nsation policy. As our results showed, the major factor driving changes in wage replacement rates in California has been the decline in post-injury earnings following the Great Recession\u2014which we show to be explained by many factors outside the worke"]
[12.032681465148926, 18.166515350341797, "ession has dramatically changed labor markets. To date, the recovery has been unequally distributed across occupations and industries. It is unclear how earnings losses for injured workers\u2014both those whose injuries involve COVID and those suffering f"]
[12.284829139709473, 18.011432647705078, "ation of Differences in Results...........................................................21\nUpdated Estimates of Earnings Loss Trends...........................................................................23 Overall Trends........................"]
[12.306924819946289, 18.009342193603516, "....................85 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................................95\nxx\nTiming of Benefits ................................................"]
[12.314265251159668, 18.00591278076172, ".............................31 Figure 3.1b. Earnings Loss by Industry for Workers with PD Benefits (Constant Maturity),\n2005\u20132016 Injuries..............................................................................................................."]
[12.366737365722656, 18.025630950927734, "gure 4.1. Trends in Relative Earnings, Adjusted for Local Labor Market Conditions and\nCase Mix: Indemnity Injuries................................................................................................54\nFigure 4.2. Trends in Relative Earnin"]
[12.331418991088867, 17.97472381591797, "...........................................29 Table 4.1a. Characteristics of Injured Workers by Year of Injury: Indemnity Injuries ................48\nTable 4.1b. Industry and Job Characteristics of Injured Workers by Year of Injury:\nIndemnity Injurie"]
[12.128569602966309, 18.13338851928711, "minal Benefits at Two Years Post-Injury\nby Injury Date, All Indemnity Injuries ..................................................................................87\nTable 6.3. Average Present Discounted Value of Nominal Benefits at Five Years Post\u2013Inj"]
[11.629480361938477, 18.060916900634766, " financial well-being of workers.1 Each year, 600,000 to 700,000 workers in California who are injured on the job file workers\u2019 compensation claims. In California and other states, the workers\u2019 compensation system bears primary responsibility for pro"]
[12.085429191589355, 18.14252281188965, "llect the data needed to monitor overall trends in earnings losses and other economic outcomes. As we discuss in Chapter 2, this work was made possible by a data-sharing agreement between the Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation (DWC) in DIR and the sta"]
[11.948616981506348, 18.271760940551758, "sation system, accordingly experience the worst labor market outcomes and receive a large share of overall benefit dollars paid by the workers\u2019 compensation system (both for indemnity and medical benefits). Whether the indemnity compensation provided"]
[11.786986351013184, 18.37446403503418, "or CT injuries in Chapter 5; and estimate benefit adequacy in Chapter 6. We close with our conclusions in Chapter 7.\nWorkers\u2019 Compensation Policy in California\nTo evaluate the adequacy of benefits paid to workers with lost-time injuries, we calculate"]
[11.962413787841797, 18.469684600830078, " of disability in exchange for criteria based on more readily documented findings about the degree of physical impairment. California has continued to use the fifth edition of the AMA Guides for disability evaluation since 2005: Further details on th"]
[11.86334228515625, 18.337915420532227, "he calculation of PDs, such as replacing the FEC adjustments with a fixed multiplier of 1.4, an increase in the maximum weekly benefit, and changes in the timing of PD advances. The bill also established what eventually became the Return-to-Work Supp"]
[11.97822380065918, 18.186166763305664, "y stayed. Finally, the new prescription drug formulary went into effect in January 2018. See Rennane, Broten, and Dworsky, 2020, for a detailed discussion of policy activities in 2016 and 2017.\nThe reforms enacted in AB 1124, AB 1244, and SB 1160 hav"]
[12.002814292907715, 18.149917602539062, "(such as CT related to ergonomics) may emerge. The longest expansion in U.S. economic history ended in the sharpest recession, and it is not hyperbole to say that the U.S. economy and labor market are in uncharted territory. As in many other states, "]
[12.292654991149902, 17.96505355834961, "rcent in 2012 following the fallout from the Great Recession.\nThis overall trend masks differences between workers with medical-only injuries, who experienced the lowest earnings losses and maintained relative earnings at or above 95 percent in all y"]
[11.835699081420898, 18.27128791809082, " with estimates of trends in earnings losses across workers injured at different points in time, and to explore the policy and economic factors that could contribute to these trends. We build on methods developed and refined in numerous previous RAND"]
[11.83257007598877, 19.078441619873047, "re derived from First Reports of Injury (FROI), which are reports that claims administrators must submit to the WCIS after a new claim is filed. Information from the FROI used in our analysis are key dates in the claim history (date of injury, date r"]
[12.18232250213623, 18.146928787231445, "n our previous interim\n10\nreport, right-censoring of indemnity claims is not as much of a concern as it was in our interim monitoring reports.3\nAdditionally, we are able to update the data for injuries occurring in 2014, 2015, and 2016 now that more "]
[12.149345397949219, 18.24690818786621, "rs. As a result, we also required data on local labor market conditions within California.\nOur preferred measure of local labor market conditions is the county-level employment-to- population ratio. To construct this measure, we used data from Quarte"]
[12.203727722167969, 18.257890701293945, "axes, we used annual earnings as reported in the CPS to calculate employee liability for payroll taxes, including earnings from the Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program (Medicare and Social Security) and the State Disability I"]
[12.256172180175781, 18.202369689941406, "ation benefits paid to a worker over a given period after injury as a proportion of the worker\u2019s after-tax earnings losses over the same period; our key measure of benefit adequacy\nMedical settlements: settlements intended to provide for medical care"]
[12.211125373840332, 18.34006690979004, " local labor market conditions. These types of comparisons could be carried out using either pretax or after-tax measures of earnings losses as long as the analysis is consistent in using only pretax or only after-tax measures. When possible (i.e., i"]
[12.514082908630371, 18.355478286743164, "ot draw this conclusion without making a very specific assumption that the worker\u2019s earnings would have remained constant over time.\nAlthough the assumption of constant earnings over time has the virtue of simplicity, it is clearly unrealistic. On th"]
[12.526803016662598, 18.319120407104492, "f earnings growth or employment risk should be expected given the experience of other workers at the same employer. We discuss our matching approach briefly here: Full details and match diagnostics are presented in the appendix, and our first interim"]
[12.143634796142578, 18.322729110717773, "or All Urban Consumers. We acknowledge that the relatively limited losses in the quarter of injury might be surprising to some readers, but this pattern can be explained by two features of our data. First, injury dates are distributed throughout the "]
[12.204177856445312, 18.27109146118164, "me, income of other family members, or mortgage interest payments) is not observed in workers\u2019 compensation claims.\nIn light of these challenges, we take the following steps to estimate paid benefits in terms that are comparable with our after-tax ea"]
[12.47746467590332, 18.212318420410156, " as changes in the composition of the injured population, changes in local labor market conditions, and changes in the workers\u2019 compensation system, by presenting adjusted trends. In this section, we briefly describe this adjustment process. First, w"]
[12.318794250488281, 18.03325653076172, "y injuries and about 570,000 PD injuries. Because many of the estimates reported in this study are sample averages or other descriptive statistics (e.g., average earnings losses, average benefit payments, distributions of industry shares among injure"]
[12.332756042480469, 18.036781311035156, " between 2005 and 2017 for all injured workers. We then describe the composition, or case mix, of injured workers in California between 2005 and 2017; we list demographics, job characteristics, receipt of indemnity benefits, and selected injury chara"]
[12.295742988586426, 18.01638412475586, "le 3.1. Average Earnings Losses and Labor Market Outcomes by Year of Injury Recovery,\n     Pre-Recession\n2005\u20132007 Injuries\n95% 96%\n$42,608\n$40,479\nRecession\n2008\u20132009 Injuries\n92% 92%\n$42,376 $39,340\n$45,829 $42,636\n\u2013$3,453 \u2013$3,296\n96% 96%\n90%\n85% 1"]
[12.288115501403809, 17.942289352416992, "d Empire. Including San Diego, more than half of the sample resided in Southern California. Of the remaining regions, the Bay Area is the largest, representing nearly 20 percent of injured workers.\nAlthough the geographic distribution of workers has "]
[12.338678359985352, 17.95303726196289, "ll year at\n           Number of injured workers (N)\n732,544\n1,183,611 1,023,542 709,986 1,083,375\nNOTES: 2005\u20132017 data. Sample contains all injury claims in analysis sample, including medical-only and\nSOURCE: WCIS.\nindemnity claims. N = 4,733,058.\n2"]
[12.302515029907227, 17.976764678955078, "ave been able to find employment opportunities after separating from the at-injury employer at a relatively high rate, their earnings in those jobs have not recovered to pre\u2013Great Recession levels.\nTable 3.4. Average Earnings Losses and Labor Market "]
[12.32857894897461, 18.028247833251953, "loyment has grown slightly more rapidly for this cohort, from a low of 75 percent to 78 percent in 2016\u20132017. In contrast, the relative rate at which workers with PD injuries are working at the at-injury employer two years after injury has declined s"]
[12.291232109069824, 18.026195526123047, "njury employer\n\u2022 size of at-injury employer\n\u2022 pre-injury earnings\n\u2022 job tenure at time of injury\n\u2022 nature of injury\n\u2022 body part of injury\n\u2022 geographic region.\nEarnings Loss Trends by Employer Characteristics\nFigure 3.1a shows, separately by industry,"]
[12.322321891784668, 18.003047943115234, "ibly reflecting the greater severity of injuries that are permanently disabling in those jobs relative to the average injury in the industry.\nFigure 3.1a. Earnings Loss by Industry for Workers with Indemnity Benefits, 2005\u20132017 Injuries\n SOURCE: WCIS"]
[12.35125732421875, 18.010610580444336, "ar after injury stratified by the quartile of annual earnings in the pre-injury year. Relative earnings for workers in the second quartile are consistently lower than for the other three quartiles in the indemnity sample, ranging from slightly less t"]
[12.336042404174805, 18.036001205444336, "ed two years after injury) for permanently disabled workers with at least one year of job tenure ranged from slightly more than 70 percent to more than 75 percent of counterfactual earnings from 2009 to the end of 2015, declining slightly in 2016. Re"]
[12.328983306884766, 17.982242584228516, "le contains all indemnity workers in the analysis sample.\n 39\nFigure 3.5b. Earnings Loss by Nature of Injury for Workers with PD Benefits (Constant Maturity), 2005\u20132016 Injuries\n SOURCE: WCIS-EDD.\nNOTES: 2005\u20132016 data. Relative earnings is defined a"]
[12.272940635681152, 17.990257263183594, "in San Diego had significantly higher earnings relative to the average worker over most of the time frame. When focusing on workers with PDs, we observe large declines in earnings losses during the Great Recession in the Inland Empire, Los Angeles, t"]
[12.17933177947998, 18.094026565551758, "arket conditions.\nThis chapter seeks to address the following question: What explains earnings loss trends and the slow recovery after the Great Recession? We answer this overarching question by answering three specific research questions:\n1. Did cha"]
[12.343066215515137, 18.015399932861328, " different mechanisms to the observed trends, we modeled post-injury labor market outcomes for injured and matched control workers using linear regression. (See Chapter 2 and the appendix for technical details.) These models capture the relationship "]
[12.357144355773926, 17.936880111694336, "ily from a high of 50 percent during the Great Recession to a low of 44 percent in the 2016\u20132017 indemnity injury cohorts.\nOther characteristics have remained more stable. The share of female injured workers with indemnity benefits increased from 39 "]
[12.332076072692871, 17.94192886352539, "000 employees\nTenure\nOne year or more at time of injury\n2005\u20132007 2008\u20132009\n11% 10% 6% 6% 9% 10% 13% 11% 6% 6%\n2% 2%\n5% 6% 13% 13% 5% 6%\n8% 7% 7% 7% 5% 5% 14% 16%\n5% 6% 12% 12% 7% 7% 19% 19% 8% 8% 20% 21% 28% 26%\nYear of Injury\n2010\u20132012 2013\u20132015 20"]
[12.31476879119873, 17.975439071655273, "hasta Sacramento Valley San Diego\nNature of injury\nSpecific injuries Fracture\nSprain or strain Cumulative\nBody part Back\nLower extremity Upper extremity Multiple body parts\nNumber of injured workers (N)\nYear of Injury\n2005\u20132007 2008\u20132009 2010\u20132012 20"]
[12.405537605285645, 18.07436752319336, "rends reported in Table 3.1) with estimates of what earnings losses would have been if observable factors were held constant at the averages observed among 2016\u20132017 injuries. The rows of the table successively add three sets of factors: case mix (de"]
[12.329851150512695, 18.0135440826416, "very long and were omitted from the report to save space but are available upon request from the authors.\n 52\nTable 4.3. Case-Mix Adjusted Trends in Relative Earnings: Indemnity Injuries and PD Injuries\n      Trend\nIndemnity injuries\nRelative earning"]
[12.325095176696777, 18.056636810302734, "s, Adjusted for Local Labor Market Conditions and Case Mix: Indemnity Injuries\n SOURCE: WCIS-EDD. NOTE: 2005\u20132017 data.\nFigure 4.2 shows some larger differences between the unadjusted and adjusted trends in relative earnings for workers with PD injur"]
[12.401679992675781, 18.10540771484375, "lysis sample (2016\u2013 2017). That is, we consider the change in earnings loss observed between workers injured in 2005\u20132007 and those injured in 2016\u20132017 and ask how much of the difference can be explained by different groups of observable factors.\nWe"]
[12.338849067687988, 17.988603591918945, " N = 188,306.\n56\nAs shown at the top of Table 4.4, average earnings losses for PD injuries in the second year after injury were nearly $3,600 larger for 2016\u20132017 injuries than they were for the 2005\u20132007 injury cohorts (in real 2019 dollars). The ne"]
[12.410343170166016, 18.035533905029297, "lts for indemnity injuries look somewhat different from the results for all PD injuries. Some observable factors (demographics and job characteristics) explained a larger share of the change in earnings losses. Local labor market conditions were slig"]
[12.3438081741333, 17.98104476928711, "nditions had not changed over time. Although the case-mix adjustments did not make a significant difference in relative earnings, these figures show that compositional differences in injuries and local labor market conditions make a larger difference"]
[12.351104736328125, 18.091106414794922, "more likely to be in public administration and education, and they were more likely to work at larger firms, all of which could be associated with higher wages. And of course, broader local labor market conditions shifted significantly throughout the"]
[11.968457221984863, 18.195919036865234, "to the extent that these changes affected return to work, the \u201creturn to work\u201d term. These terms, of course, may capture a wide variety of other factors as well, such as overall declines in employment rates in the working-age population, a longer-ter"]
[12.151294708251953, 17.867286682128906, "t, suggesting that such policy interventions as these could offer significant gain to workers, employers, and the workers\u2019 compensation system.\nIt is also important to remember that these analyses stop with the cohort of workers injured in 2017, prio"]
[12.180787086486816, 17.870994567871094, "ocal economic performance through the Great Recession explain the different trends in outcomes for CT injuries across regions?\nBackground\nCT injuries are caused gradually by repetitive stress rather than a single traumatic event. There are, however, "]
[12.103954315185547, 17.829511642456055, "est of the state (Brooks, 2015). Compared with other regions of the state, the workers\u2019 compensation system in Southern California is distinguished by higher rates of legal representation for workers, a greater likelihood that indemnity claims will r"]
[12.207428932189941, 17.8807430267334, "outhern California looks very different from that of the rest of the state and that CT claim volumes grew rapidly among lower-wage workers in the manufacturing and hospitality industries while volumes elsewhere in the state remained flat or declined."]
[12.261822700500488, 17.941360473632812, "\n     Pre-\nRecession Recession\n2005\u20132007 2008\u20132009 Period Injuries Injuries\nRecovery, Pre\u2013SB 863\n2010\u20132012 Injuries\n57% 56%\n$24,964 $22,958\n$43,584 $41,024\n\u2013$18,619 \u2013$18,066\n59% 62%\n52%\n43% 9,644\n71% 70%\nPost\u2013SB 863\n            Southern California\n  "]
[12.19056224822998, 17.876583099365234, "T injuries are significantly lower in Southern California than in other regions of the state. For example, relative earnings in the Inland Empire and in Los Angeles drop well below 60 percent during the period just following the Great Recession. Howe"]
[12.17581558227539, 17.873729705810547, "f 6 percentage points among claims in other regions of the state. CT claims in Southern California are also more likely to have an attorney: Since 2013, 61\u2013 63 percent of CT claims in Southern California have had an attorney present, compared with 46"]
[12.195764541625977, 17.8668270111084, "iple body parts. All of these characteristics suggest potential vulnerabilities in the CT claim population in Southern California that are consistent with the higher earnings losses that prior interim monitoring reports have documented for this popul"]
[12.195125579833984, 17.86292266845703, "aiming\nReported after separation\nMedian days from injury to claim Number of injured workers (N)\n24% 25% 32% 36% 42%\n48% 57% 58% 77% 74%\n46% 44% 6% 8% 8% 8% 6%\n13% 14% 13%\n6% 8% 10% 11 12 14 13,174 10,966 8,166\n10% 8%\n12% 8% 16 11 12,081 6,509\nSOURCE:"]
[12.210065841674805, 17.88245964050293, " of which may also make these workers relatively more vulnerable to changes in local labor market conditions.\n75\n                               Table 5.4. Industry, Firm Size, and Job Tenure by Year of Injury for CT Injuries in Southern California, b"]
[12.201922416687012, 17.873987197875977, " for each CT injury cohort and relative earnings with each subsequent case-mix adjustment, separately for injuries in Southern California and other regions of the state. The unadjusted relative earnings again show the significant decline in relative "]
[12.188281059265137, 17.850046157836914, "earnings losses in both Southern California and other regions of the state, and, as discussed, the share of claims with these characteristics has been increasing over time. Although our analyses do not fully explain why these characteristics are asso"]
[12.203476905822754, 17.869665145874023, "nd gender interactions, county of injury, firm size indicators, firm industry classification, worker job tenure, and nature and body part of injury indicators. Claim status variables are presence of lien on claim, legal representation, and whether a "]
[12.00436782836914, 18.2025203704834, "08. The highly cyclical industries of accommodations and food services were hit exceptionally hard by the COVID-19 recession, and the WCIRB has predicted that the COVID-19 recession will drive CT claim volumes higher. The findings from this chapter h"]
[12.000020980834961, 18.4171085357666, "is attributed to the substantial increase in earnings losses during and following the Great Recession. The authors then simulated what benefits would have looked like for the 2005\u20132012 cohorts if SB 863 provisions had been in effect. This simulation "]
[12.089248657226562, 18.495595932006836, "may opt for a larger up-front payment and to forgo all or part of future benefits that they may otherwise be eligible to receive. Thus, settlements change both the timing and amount of benefits, and relying on statutory benefits in replacement rate c"]
[11.999878883361816, 18.354591369628906, " used?\nStatutory Wage Replacement Rates\nStatutory benefits derived from final disability ratings\nDEU ratings\nStatutory PD benefits only\nNo Lifetime\n5 years post-injury\n2.3 percent\nYes\nEffective Wage Replacement Rates\nPaid benefit amounts and settleme"]
[12.00153636932373, 18.277050018310547, "and five-year earnings losses for workers who do not have permanently disabling injuries, we can report five-year wage replacement rates only for workers with PD.\nHowever, two-year wage replacement rates have several important conceptual and practica"]
[12.060324668884277, 18.234500885009766, "it amount for all indemnity injuries in the first two years after injury (Table 6.2) and over the first five years after injury (Table 6.3). Table 6.2 shows totals for TTD and PPD benefits, several types of settlements (TTD, PPD, death benefits, medi"]
[12.044689178466797, 18.22010612487793, "12 $16.49 $10.69 $13.57\n          SOURCE: WCIS.\nNOTES: 2005\u20132017 data. Estimates use a discount\nrate\nTD PD\nof 2.3 percent. N = 1,296,429.\nTable 6.3. Average Present Discounted Value of Nominal Benefits at Five Years Post\u2013Injury by Injury Date, All In"]
[12.034371376037598, 18.228290557861328, "o similar estimates of paid benefits for workers with PD.\nPaid Benefits for Workers with PD\nTables 6.4 and 6.5 report paid nominal benefits for workers who received paid or settled PD within three years of the injury date. To make valid comparisons o"]
[11.987704277038574, 18.294771194458008, "ry increased by 5.4 percent from 2011\u20132012 levels for workers injured in 2013, and by 13.2 percent increase from 2011\u20132012 levels for workers injured in 2014, when the SB 863 benefit increases were fully phased in.\nAlthough Table 6.4 does indicate th"]
[12.00241470336914, 18.28777503967285, " adjusting for inflation.\nThe results in Tables 6.4 and 6.5 were somewhat unexpected, but some of these patterns can be explained by changes in TD duration and the timing of settlements. First, TD duration fell\n90\nslightly from 24.4 and 23.7 weeks in"]
[11.991049766540527, 18.329042434692383, " the replacement rate (benefits) increased by less than the denominator (earnings losses), the five-year replacement rate falls. Settling earlier and increasing benefits in the near term may come at the cost of lower benefits received in subsequent y"]
[12.044453620910645, 18.26889991760254, "ements are excluded: Two-year wage replacement rates rise slightly from 95 percent for 2011\u20132012 injuries to 96 percent for 2014 and 2015 injuries, but they fall to 93 percent for 2016 injuries. We believe that the shift to earlier settlements is the"]
[12.027215957641602, 18.319019317626953, "for federal and California income taxes, FICA payroll taxes (Medicare, OASDI, and UI), and SDI contributions. All dollar amounts (earnings and benefits) are reported in real 2019 dollars, inflated using the CPI-U. N = 568,929.\nFigure 6.1 shows trends"]
[12.020495414733887, 18.36379051208496, " earnings in the 2004\u20132019 CPS ASEC with NBER\u2019s TAXSIM program. Tax rates account for federal and California income taxes, FICA payroll taxes (Medicare, OASDI, and UI), and SDI contributions. All dollar amounts (earnings and benefits) are reported in"]
[11.910398483276367, 18.3566837310791, "ercent, the average weekly benefit increased about one dollar, to $225. In 2014, when the maximum weekly benefit increased for all workers, the average benefit jumped to $269. The WCIRB has also confirmed that weekly PD benefit rates increased sharpl"]
[11.925487518310547, 18.313541412353516, "that PD benefit payments have ended or been suspended without being restarted. Among workers who received paid or settled PD beginning within three years post-injury, we observe\n9 It is not clear whether PD ratings reported to the WCIS represent AMA "]
[11.918392181396484, 18.302715301513672, "te of 27 percent for workers injured in 2014. The increase in PD settlements emerged before SB 863, as the percentage of PD claims with settled PD started to increase by several percentage points a year as early as 2011. In our constant-maturity coho"]
[11.91433334350586, 18.37330436706543, "attorneys have much flexibility to promote the use of apportionment by evaluating physicians. We also emphasize that we do not know how often apportionment is applied, what impact it has on final ratings and benefits, or whether apportionment behavio"]
[11.972492218017578, 18.396575927734375, "ency or impact of apportionment in this study.\nAlthough we did not access SIBTF data for linkage to the WCIS within the scope of this study, we can provide a very rough assessment of how SIBTF payments might have affected our benefit adequacy estimat"]
[11.847415924072266, 18.271570205688477, " claims, CT claims, and claims with multiple injuries\u2014 replacement rates are unfortunately below the two-thirds target despite substantial changes in policy under SB 863 designed to bolster adequacy particularly for these groups. The varied replaceme"]
[11.502009391784668, 18.283653259277344, "e scope of our study, but a comparison of medical care cost trends and medical settlements could help determine whether changes in settlements are driven by anticipated cost growth, changes in settlement timing, or changes in the relative bargaining "]
[11.997679710388184, 18.171966552734375, "uacy is not affected by workers\u2019 lack of awareness of benefits for which they are entitled.\n102\n7. Conclusion Key Findings\nThis report concludes the wage loss monitoring project. In addition to tracking the outcomes of workers injured between 2005 an"]
[11.902242660522461, 18.317869186401367, " SB 863 took effect, wage replacement rates have not improved as much as expected given these statutory increases in\n 103\nbenefit generosity. Although benefits did increase over time, the majority of the increase did not come from increases in PD ben"]
[11.884618759155273, 18.359338760375977, "nds administered by DIR into analysis of individual-level claims and benefits, but such integration is necessary to provide complete answers about the adequacy of disability compensation for workers with PD. Indemnity benefit payments are tracked in "]
[11.772886276245117, 18.229482650756836, "extreme restrictions on access to data present significant limitations for research and analysis.\nPolicy Implications\nDespite some limitations in our data, our findings lead to several important policy implications. Workers\u2019 compensation represents a"]
[11.789569854736328, 18.249717712402344, "nin-Browder and Yang, 2020). How workers use these medical settlements and how they play into the settlement negotiation in general remain open questions, as do the issues of whether these payments result in increased cash available to workers and wh"]
[11.762972831726074, 19.03061866760254, "h was developed and is managed by DIR, was legislated in 1993 and\n implemented starting in 2001. Claims administrators provide information on individual claims to\n DIR for the WCIS using a transaction-based Electronic Data Interchange format. Claims\n"]
[12.534614562988281, 18.314882278442383, "in our study. One complication with applying these rates to our analysis sample is that we observe earnings in time relative to injury, not necessarily in annualized terms. For example, for workers injured in the fourth quarter of 2017, the relevant "]
[12.558666229248047, 18.37888526916504, " this analysis, we employ a nearest-neighbor matching approach to identify control workers whose employment histories prior to the injury quarter are \u201cclose\u201d to their matched injured worker. In this context, closeness is based on a combination of scr"]
[12.590949058532715, 18.349477767944336, "ize\n1\u201310 employees\n11\u201350 employees\n51\u2013100 employees 101\u2013500 employees 501\u20131,000 employees 1,001\u20135,000 employees More than 5,000 employees\n% Matched\n    22\n    53\n    69\n    84\n    93\n    96\n    98\n    The key difference between our matching method in"]
[12.546433448791504, 18.32573127746582, "ance are provided for completeness and for comparison with previous RAND studies. Across the four periods examined here, the average imbalance is around 1 percent of earnings or less. This analysis indicates that injured workers had earnings that wer"]
[12.543388366699219, 18.425432205200195, " define weights for each category as the inverse proportion of workers in our matched sample to the sample of all workers with complete FROI records, good claims administrators, and a wage history. The average match weight in our analysis sample is 1"]
[12.417078971862793, 18.084762573242188, "lay trends in earnings loss between 2005 and 2017 for several subsamples of injured workers. As described in Chapter 3, we used linear regression to estimate seasonally adjusted changes in the level of relative earnings among five periods: 2005\u20132007,"]
[12.456038475036621, 18.044164657592773, "earnings losses that behave differently from the overall average with the following regression:\n!\"#$%&'\" )$*+&+,- +,!\n=\n/ + \u2211\" 2 #$% !\n3{5$#\"+6$* 78$*%\"* 9: 7 = *} + 2&'3{5$#\"+6$* <\"$* 9: 7 >= 2008} + 2(&3{5$#\"+6$* <\"$* 9: 7 >= 2010} + 2()3{5$#\"+6$* "]
[12.484984397888184, 18.22582244873047, ", and environmental factors remained constant, only allowing time fixed effects to vary. Specifically, we run the following models:\nand\nI0 = / + / + J2& K L*\"M$,\"N + J 2 O + D / 1!$%! /+++/\nI3 = / + / + J2& K L*\"M$,\"N + J 2 O + D / 1!$%! /+++/\nIn the"]
[12.452362060546875, 18.194496154785156, "on we had to make in this analysis was whether to control for labor market conditions in the quarter of injury or two years after injury (i.e., at the time we observe post- injury earnings and employment). On the one hand, labor market conditions in "]
[12.377556800842285, 18.167287826538086, "ngs losses at period 7 as the inverse of the difference between counterfactual and injured worker earnings in that period:\n)V = (I3\u2212I0) !!!\nNext, we consider the observed difference in earnings losses between period 0 (defined in our case as 2005\u2013200"]
[12.251158714294434, 18.25274085998535, "ay terminal diseases 76 0.2 AIDS 75 0.1 Hepatitis C 79 0.1\nWe apply the same methods that we described for case-mix adjustment to examine the role of compositional changes in trends and regional differences in earnings losses of workers with CT injur"]
[12.311427116394043, 18.29097557067871, "tions performed at the DEU (Dworsky et al., 2016). We use the ratio of average earnings losses in years three, four, and five to second-year losses in this study. Specifically, we measure first- and second-year losses directly and estimate third- thr"]
[12.038854598999023, 18.262304306030273, "he second post-injury (5\u20138 quarters post-injury) by 4.95, following estimates of long-term earnings losses for workers with 2005\u20132008 injury dates reported in RAND\u2019s 2016 wage loss study (Dworsky et al., 2016). Benefit payments reflect all benefit an"]
[11.98331069946289, 18.152650833129883, "ttling Within Five Years of Injury, by Year of Injury\n   Indemnity Injuries\n% of Settled Claims with Settlement by . . . Years After Injury\nPD Injuries\n% of Settled Claims with Settlement by . . . Years After Injury\n  Injury\nYear 1234512345\n         "]
[11.192338943481445, 18.178085327148438, "orkers\u2019 Compensation Claim Costs, Oakland, Calif.: Workers\u2019 Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California, 2015.\nCalifornia Assembly Bill 1124, Workers\u2019 Compensation, 2015.\nCalifornia Assembly Bill 1244, Workers\u2019 Compensation, 2016.\nCalifornia C"]
[11.25526237487793, 18.15234375, "ds Through the Great Recession and Impacts of Recent Reforms, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1299-CHSWC, 2016. As of June 5, 2018: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1299.html\nFlood, Sarah, Miriam King, Renae Rodgers, Steven Rug"]
[11.290611267089844, 18.14858627319336, "S. Barth, Compensating Permanent Workplace Injuries: A Study of the California System, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MR-920-ICJ, 1998. As of May 19, 2018: https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR920.html\nRennane, Stephanie, Nicholas B"]
[11.179622650146484, 18.216487884521484, "//www.wcirb.com/document/15001\nWorkers\u2019 Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California, The World of Cumulative Trauma Claims, Oakland, Calif., 2018. As of September 28, 2021: https://www.wcirb.com/sites/default/files/documents/the_world_of_cumul"]
[2.1029651165008545, 19.769264221191406, "  CORPORATION\nTOM LATOURRETTE\nDefining Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices for Process Safety Management\nIn response to several high-profile hazardous material releases in the 1980s, including the Union Carbide disaster in Bh"]
[2.103769540786743, 19.7686710357666, "matter experts and resources.\n\u25a0 Approaches to documentation of process equipment compliance were mixed, and interview participants noted such challenges as unclear connections among manufacturers\u2019 specifications, installation docu- mentation, or both"]
[2.1029231548309326, 19.768085479736328, "tion, not all of which applies to the California PSM regulation. We also reviewed the materials documenting the development of the federal and California PSM regu- lations, consisting of draft regulation text and public comments and responses. These "]
[2.103071928024292, 19.76944923400879, "gulation directly. Only California and Washington have promulgated their own PSM regulations, and those are both generally very similar and nearly identical to the federal OSHA PSM regulation with regard to RAGAGEP. Califor- nia\u2019s special PSM regulat"]
[2.10239577293396, 19.767667770385742, "described in the preamble to the PSM regulation (OSHA, 1992). One section of the original text required that \u201cthe employer document that the process equipment being used complies with appli- cable consensus codes and standards, where they exist; or b"]
[2.103179931640625, 19.76903533935547, " to appli- cable VCSs, engineering society technical reports, manufacturers\u2019 recommendations, and employers\u2019 internal standards. The final PSM regulation was issued in 1992 (29 CFR 1910.119).\nThe concept of RAGAGEP has seen limited adoption beyond th"]
[2.1035304069519043, 19.770238876342773, "hanges to agency rules, including interpretive changes, must go through\nthe Administrative Procedure Act public notice\nand comment process (Conn, 2016). Because of this ruling, OSHA was able to issue its new interpretation\n 5\nwithout soliciting publi"]
[2.101820707321167, 19.76797103881836, "ndards Board, 2016). The American Petroleum Institute (API), for example, argued that RAGAGEP are broader than \u201cestablished codes, standards, published techni-\ncal reports or recommended practices\u201d (California Occupational Safety and Health Standards"]
[2.1022307872772217, 19.768964767456055, "ndustries.\nDistribution of RAGAGEP Knowledge\nDo you keep a comprehensive list of all the RAGAGEP that you use to comply with the PSM standard? Responses to this question were con- sistently that they do not. Refinery representatives stated that there"]
[2.102071523666382, 19.768491744995117, "at\nthey weren\u2019t sure that they did it very well. Others pointed to equipment manufacturers\u2019 specifications and installation documentation. However, as one par- ticipant pointed out, the link between manufacturers\u2019 specifications, installation documen"]
[2.100599527359009, 19.766761779785156, "ng to demonstrate that an alternative approach is more protective than RAGAGEP.\n 8\nInterpretation of Should in RAGAGEP\nHow do you interpret portions of RAGAGEP that are preceded by the terms should or should not? The protest and rapid rescindment of "]
[2.1206376552581787, 19.788217544555664, "st contentious aspect associated with RAGAGEP. Four of the six refinery representatives felt strongly that excluding internal standards was ill-advised and problematic. Participants emphasized that industry is innovative and that there are instances "]
[2.102797508239746, 19.76905059814453, "AGEP and provided several suggestions for changes. We have summarized these concerns and suggestions here.\nThe internal standards issue emerged as the one of most concern. Four different refinery industry representatives emphasized that excluding int"]
[2.1099154949188232, 19.771516799926758, "s. In both cases, participants claimed that standards development committees are unbalanced, though in different ways. Two participants claimed that API committees are dominated by production industry representatives (technology users), while the oth"]
[2.1033661365509033, 19.77000617980957, " researchers, labor representatives, and other stakeholders). To facilitate community-wide consistency and quality and to ensure the safety of workers and neighboring popula- tions, these communities work together to develop standards, codes, and oth"]
[2.1016173362731934, 19.767736434936523, "of RAGAGEP directly by including a definition in the proposed regulation that explicitly excluded internal standards, although it allowed facilities to use more-protective internal standards instead of RAGAGEP. Industry once again protested, but Cal/"]
[2.0987355709075928, 19.763425827026367, "inate the Word Should from RAGAGEP\nOur analysis shows that the fact that some RAGAGEP indicate that certain actions should or should not be followed has created controversy about what is required for compliance. Although should nominally indicates th"]
[2.1123275756835938, 19.781023025512695, " dard is more protective than RAGAGEP might be challenging. This challenge is compounded by the fact that many refineries in California have changed ownership multiple times. Internal standards thus reflect multiple owners\u2019 requirements at different "]
[2.1040303707122803, 19.77086067199707, " have about the defini- tion or interpretation of RAGAGEP and its application in California\u2019s process safety man- agement standards and what would you sug- gest to resolve these concerns?\n 14\nNotes\n1\n2 For example, RAGAGEP violations were central to "]
[2.1019933223724365, 19.76955795288086, "he Supreme Court,\u201d OSHA Defense Report blog, June 9, 2016. As of January 27, 2022: https://oshadefensereport.com/2016/06/09/ osha-engages-in-backdoor-rulemaking-courtesy-of-the- supreme-court/\nContra Costa Health Services, \u201cIndustrial Safety Ordinanc"]
[13.846415519714355, 4.604046821594238, " of the term recognized and generally accepted good engineering prac- tices (RAGAGEP), a key element in PSM regulations. The findings are intended to help better align industry and government interpretations and expectations associated with RAGAGEP. "]
[13.867063522338867, 4.596156120300293, "inciples.\nRAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark.\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis publication and trademark(s) contained herein are protected b"]
[6.578214168548584, 15.992238998413086, "  CORPORATION\nJASON M. WARD, RICK GARVEY, SARAH B. HUNTER\nRecent Trends Among the Unsheltered in Three Los Angeles Neighborhoods\nAn Interim Report on the Los Angeles Longitudinal Enumeration and Demographic Survey (LA LEADS) Project\nThe overwhelming "]
[6.57943058013916, 15.985971450805664, "and one-third indicated that they were currently on a housing waitlist.\n\u25a0 Around 80 percent of respondents said that they would accept a private room in a shelter or hotel, a per- manent stay in a motel- or hotel-like setting, or permanent supportive"]
[6.591869354248047, 15.979215621948242, " and is accompanied by a demographic\n 2\nsurvey, conducted between December and February each year, that is designed to help estimate specific characteristics of the population experiencing home- lessness, including age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexua"]
[6.593596458435059, 15.97330093383789, "ilable from the 2020 LAHSA PIT count and demographic survey. After selecting these primary study sites, we settled on a specific geography for each area through a combination of input from ser- vice providers and site assessments by our field work- e"]
[6.587375164031982, 15.973428726196289, " the total tabulations in this report but left site-specific enumeration results and survey tabulations to the appendixes.\nEnumeration Study Methodology\nWe conducted counts roughly every two weeks in Skid Row and monthly in Hollywood and Venice.4 We "]
[6.590549468994141, 15.966226577758789, "enumeration shift. We do not use any weighting to convert structures and vehicles into larger numbers of individuals, as is done in the LAHSA estimates (Henwood et al., 2020). A quick approximation of\nour count data using the 2020 LAHSA weighting for"]
[6.593206882476807, 15.972328186035156, "s of periods of past and current homeless-\nness and residential status among survey partici- pants. We found that the vast majority of respon- dents, 78 percent, have been continuously homeless for a year or more, and 52 percent have been continu- ou"]
[6.59113073348999, 15.960307121276855, "ousing since they became home-\n62 12 23\n61 15 22\n2\n66 9 18 2\n59 12 28\n0\n  7\nTABLE 3\nHousing Needs and Preferences of Survey Participants (percentages)\n Need or Preference\nInterested in housing\nCurrently on a waitlist\nOffered housing since homeless in"]
[6.583596706390381, 15.981677055358887, "ets. We find corroboration for this general preference in the relatively low levels of respondent interest in group shelters and Bridge housing (i.e., congregate shelters with onsite case management and other services run by the City of Los Angeles)."]
[6.591521739959717, 15.95857048034668, "se\nto be surveyed or are passed over by the surveyors because of, for example, concern about safety, have multiple interviewer-perceived observable charac- teristics recorded. These data are then used to con- struct nonresponse weights that are appli"]
[6.58720064163208, 15.978423118591309, "re provisional and subject to change as the number of enumerations and the number of survey respon- dents increase. We are continuing both of these efforts and plan to publish an update later in 2022. As noted previously, our enumeration and survey a"]
[6.597555160522461, 15.968647956848145, " suggesting that increasing funding for congregate shelters, as has been espoused by some policymakers, might have a limited ability to effectively address street homeless- ness (Galperin, 2020; \u201cLA Councilman Buscaino Seeks Ballot Measure to Prohibi"]
[6.594083309173584, 15.972956657409668, "ographic area assessed in the PIT count (see Figure A.1).\nHollywood Geography\nFor Hollywood, we began by assessing the geography used in the recent count conducted by Hollywood 4WRD. We then conducted a site assessment of this area in late September "]
[6.591188907623291, 15.974599838256836, "aightforward to identify because of its highly compact geography\u2014a short stretch of San Vicente Boulevard (which runs into Bringham Avenue heading northwest) that bounds the West Los Angeles VA campus to the southwest. Specifically, we enumerated and"]
[6.56658411026001, 15.997950553894043, "ugh the more eastern portion of the neighborhood.\nAs mentioned earlier, we alternated our enumer- ation shifts between early morning (approximately\n6 to 9 a.m.) and nighttime (approximately 9 p.m. to 12 a.m.). These both tend to be periods during whi"]
[6.581689834594727, 15.975899696350098, "survey shift began at approximately 8 a.m. and comprised two teams of three people who approached individuals on foot. During each visit, staff systematically approached individuals who appeared to be unsheltered and offered them an opportunity to pa"]
[6.5779852867126465, 15.964006423950195, " (AM) 11/15/21 (PM) 12/03/21 (AM) 12/15/21 (PM) 12/27/21 (AM) 01/13/22 (PM) 01/26/22 (AM)\nVenice\n10/05/21 (AM)\n11/10/21 (PM) 12/09/21 (AM) 01/03/22 (PM) 01/28/22 (AM)\nVeterans Row 10/06/21 (4 PM)\n10/26/21 (9 AM) 11/18/21\u20132/4/22a\nCars and People Vans\n"]
[6.603116512298584, 15.964045524597168, "cific differences. We intend to revisit these differences through a statisti- cal lens in a later report that will have a substantially larger sample of survey respondents.\nTABLE E.1\nFull Demographic Characteristics of Survey Participants (percentage"]
[6.59472131729126, 15.967041969299316, "r longer\nDuration at current locationa Less than 3 months\n14\n25\n33\n of the response options. For clarity here, we group categories into broader periods and assume zero \u201cedge cases\u201d (e.g., 12 months exactly).\nTABLE E.3\nHousing Needs and Preferences of"]
[6.597080707550049, 15.970549583435059, "                                                 33\n                                                                                                    33\nNOTES: LGBTQ+ = lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning; n = number (sample "]
[6.600468635559082, 15.977521896362305, "undant \u201cother\u201d issuea Lifestyle (including drug use)\nLack of income or employment\nLack of support or assistance\n9 23\n(n = 23) 33\n8)\n6)\n29 21 8 4 Discrimination 4 Incarceration history 0\nNeed for special housing (e.g., LGBTQ+) Lack of housing or ineli"]
[6.576569080352783, 15.995149612426758, " of HIV/AIDS-related illness, a physi- cal disability, a traumatic brain injury, a developmental disabil- ity, or a physical illness. The tabulated results do not provide data on answers to questions also included in the survey instrument about physi"]
[6.499536991119385, 16.134923934936523, "eles, Calif.: Los Angeles Controller\u2019s Office, City of Los Angeles, September 9, 2020.\nHart Research Associates, \u201cLA County Homelessness Survey,\u201d Study 14123a, Washington, D.C., October/November 2021.\nHenwood, Benjamin F., Layan Kaileh, Nicole Wilson"]
[6.525016784667969, 16.067270278930664, "meless Shelter,\u201d Los Angeles Times, December 13, 2019.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cL.A. Officials Want Answers About Police Rollout at Echo Park Lake,\u201d Los Angeles Times, March 31, 2021.\nSheeley, Kirsten Moore, Alisa Belinkoff Katz, Andrew Klein, Jessica Richards, Fernand"]
[6.582051753997803, 16.010536193847656, "resh program, the People Concern, and the St. Joseph Center, also assisted in our efforts. Clementina Verjan at LAHSA allowed us to borrow flashlights for our night enumerations and connected us with helpful individuals at LAHSA and a number of Skid "]
[13.85527229309082, 4.621163845062256, " about veterans was funded by the RAND Epstein Family Veterans Policy Research Institute, which was established from a gift by the Daniel J. Epstein Family Foundation to RAND.\nThe RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to"]
[-1.716996669769287, 14.345885276794434, "  CORPORATION\nLIAM REGAN, MICHAEL T. WILSON\nDeveloping a Community- Led Certification Process for Facility Power Outage Resilience\nFindings from a Massachusetts Pilot\nStudy\nOn October 27, 2021, a pow- erful extratropical bomb cyclone struck the Mas- "]
[-1.7116807699203491, 14.352654457092285, "erim Clean Energy and Climate Plan for 2030 (State of Massachusetts, 2016) to outline actions for achieving its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets and develop a state road map for adapting to climate change risks (Executive Office of Env"]
[-1.7100423574447632, 14.359777450561523, "ers to some of the findings from Scope 1, which are published under separate cover on MassCEC\u2019s website.1\nWith an influx of funding and greater atten- tion from U.S. federal, state, and local govern-\nments to increase community-scale power outage res"]
[-1.7101173400878906, 14.36926555633545, "icy goals for resiliency certifications?\n\u2022 Who are power outage resilience decision- makers and stakeholders? How do they inter- act and share information?\n\u2022 Which qualitative and quantitative resilience metrics best reflect the needs of community, u"]
[-1.7134968042373657, 14.359491348266602, "based cli- mate resilience policies and practices, the review was not intended to be systemic or exhaustive but rather targeted academic literature to identify the structural components of high-quality methods and key metrics at the narrow intersecti"]
[-1.714309573173523, 14.36981201171875, " rules and guidelines for safeguarding utility workers and the public during the installation, operation, and maintenance of electric supply, communication lines, and associated equipment.\nNFPA 1660 is the standard on community risk assessment, prein"]
[-1.7040181159973145, 14.37375259399414, "interviews conducted via Microsoft Teams. We conducted a total of 12 focus groups represent- ing 13 organizations between August 20, 2020, and March 12, 2021 (see Table 2).\nTABLE 2\nFocus Group Participants\nOrganization Type\nCLEAR community CLEAR comm"]
[-1.707960844039917, 14.3805513381958, "pass the entirety of the disas- ter life cycle events. We then used a full life cycle model of a value chain to design the certification to maximize inclusivity of projects in different stages of development (Linkov et al., 2020) and measure facility"]
[-1.7123010158538818, 14.381623268127441, "2022 and initiated the process with a group kickoff meeting in which we presented an overview of the certification forms and a summary\nof the results from the literature review and focus groups. MassCEC actively encouraged participation but offered n"]
[-1.7190998792648315, 14.361610412597656, "goals for com- munity power outage resilience, in part a function\nof wide variation in definitions of power outage resilience. In addition, determining the conceptual models behind these goals was challenging due to the mixture of qualitative and qua"]
[-1.7566944360733032, 14.22078800201416, "t of Power Outage Resilience\nOur literature and existing certification review found no singular metric for determining a facility\u2019s power outage resilience. These metrics, traditionally quanti- tative, allow for the performance of weak and strong are"]
[-1.7131164073944092, 14.380589485168457, "etter warn- ings, reduced vulnerability, and greater prevention of disaster for subsequent disasters (FEMA, undated).\nCommunity Power Outage Resilience Goals Should Address Multiple Dimensions\nLiterature review and stakeholder focus groups identified"]
[-1.7187440395355225, 14.3715238571167, "thout the requisite back- ground and might not be necessary depending on the goals of the facility owner or operator. In con- trast, if a user does not have an asset they are trying to assess and are rather examining a facility holisti- cally, they c"]
[-1.7074843645095825, 14.378079414367676, " al., 2019). Focus group participants and MassCEC confirmed our analysis that the greatest proponent equities would lie in the facility owner or operator\u2019s ability to define critical loads and specify islanding capability. In addition, because of the"]
[-1.7220673561096191, 14.366898536682129, "erein the \u201cquality of local leadership is . . . often as important as understanding community-wide adaptation processes\u201d\u2014in this case, that of power outage resilience (Wilson, 2013).\n 12\nUtilities and Customers Have Low Tactical Visibility into Each "]
[-1.722777247428894, 14.328377723693848, "d another par- ticipant said that it is \u201cup to [the] customer to take [on] strategies that will not lose power.\u201d\nThere Are Novel Resilience Considerations for Emergency Response Planning to Address Inequities Arising from Generation-to-Outage Path Op"]
[-1.701587200164795, 14.403446197509766, "response framework (see Figure 4). For\nexample, within the mitigation stage, the facility\u2019s deterministic (Panteli and Mancarella, 2015) or expected (Ji, Wei, and Poor, 2017) recovery dura- tion via the Critical Load Summary is a requested input to t"]
[-1.6841130256652832, 14.40417766571045, " life and not only during a power outage event. The other interviewee discussed how the certification had triggered a network of additional conversations among the facility\u2019s staff and the stakeholders to encourage broader opera- tional preparedness "]
[-1.7049400806427002, 14.378708839416504, "rag-\ning the data created through the process, but one\nof the interviewees mentioned that the certification would have been less burdensome if the pilot had been issued and executed in parallel with the Scope 1 assessments to gain the efficiencies fr"]
[-1.7119615077972412, 14.37420654296875, "o fund this study to assess, develop, and pilot a power outage resilience certification. As our findings illus- trate, at present, there are substantial limitations to this approach, many of which stem from governance considerations raised by the foc"]
[-1.703978419303894, 14.390006065368652, "to identify climate hazards, assess vulnerabilities, and develop action plans to improve resilience to climate change. Although MVP has demonstrated the statewide planning latitude necessary to administer and govern a power outage resilience certific"]
[-1.707853078842163, 14.367817878723145, "ry regulatory policy can produce greater program participation and improve- ment than a voluntary program (Lyon and Maxwell, 2007). In this pilot phase, the CLEAR program issued the power outage resilience certification as\na voluntary program with in"]
[-1.6848996877670288, 14.39042854309082, "ow much resilience the project\u2019s certifica- tion process would have given the community. How- ever, the \u201cn-of-one plus some\u201d method allowed us to explore significant gaps and incongruencies in the resourcing, planning, and understanding of power outa"]
[-1.7085645198822021, 14.390729904174805, "ch could incentive underresourced communities to participate in the planning process. The administrative organization would need an equitable mechanism to decide which communities, outside of an application-based pro- cess, might a priori benefit fro"]
[-1.710483193397522, 14.349166870117188, "d communities, represented by an effective, efficient, and equitable power outage resilience initiative.\n 19\nFIGURE 5\nJustice40 Initiative Census Tracts for Disadvantaged Clean Energy, Energy Efficiency, and Climate Change Communities\nSOURCE: Climate"]
[-1.7045249938964844, 14.39598560333252, "nfrastructure Systems Model, OAT = Opportunity Assessment Tool, PCVA = Participatory Capacity and Vulnerability Analysis, PREP = Partnership for Resilience and Preparedness, QRE = Quick Risk Estimation, RAPTA = Resilience, Adaptation Pathways and Tra"]
[-1.7069448232650757, 14.392010688781738, "cation?\n3. Have there been efforts prior to the CLEAR program to develop a resilience certification (or other certifications)?\n4. Were you aware of any public or private offerings for resilience certifications prior to issuing the RFP?\n5. Are there a"]
[-1.686632513999939, 14.437360763549805, "iliency and reliability?\n 24\nAppendix C. Massachusetts Clean Energy Center Power Outage Resilience Certification Pilot Program\nThis appendix contains reproductions of the pilot power outage resilience certification forms, beginning on the following p"]
[-1.6874936819076538, 14.453614234924316, "rk Phase Documentation\nX1 X2\nA1\nA2\nA3\nA4\nA5\nA6\nA7 A8 A9\nB1\nB2 B3\nC1 C2\nD1 D2\n                              Mitigation\nRecovery Response Preparation\nPower Asset Identification and Description\nUtility Interconnection Agreement Critical Load Summary\nCri"]
[-1.6951144933700562, 14.438904762268066, "ration asset supporting the critical load? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No\ni. Is the generation asset interconnected with the power grid? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No\nii. If Yes, name the interconnected utility:\n   b) Has a critical load evaluation been performed on this facility? \u2610 Yes \u2610"]
[-1.6941848993301392, 14.441166877746582, "me (First, Last):\nForm Completion Date (MM/DD/YYYY):\n  Applicant Official Title: CRITICAL LOAD EVALUATOR\n   2.\nDate of Critical Load Evaluation Completion (MM/DD/YYYY):\n     Critical Load Evaluator Name: Organization Name: Critical Load Address - Str"]
[-1.685074806213379, 14.449776649475098, "e any special power outage needs to maintain operations? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No i. If Yes, describe:\n  Applicant Notes:\n      You have completed Form A4. Continue to Form A5.\n  32\n SYSTEM ONE LINE DIAGRAM\nFORM A5\nInstructions: Applicants must complete this form "]
[-1.6863070726394653, 14.446438789367676, "\n  City:\n   State:\n   Zip Code:\n  Operations and Maintenance Agreement Execution Date (MM/DD/YYYY):\n 4. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE POINT OF CONTACT Instructions: Designate a facility point of contact responsible for the power asset\u2019s operations and\nm"]
[-1.686851143836975, 14.445047378540039, "there are multiple\nmethods of fuel procurement, duplicate this form to provide information on the other procurement methods.\n  b) Does this facility receive fuel in a method other than utility interconnection? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No i. If Yes, by which method is"]
[-1.687055230140686, 14.452577590942383, ".If Yes, attach supplementary fuel storage documentation to this form and proceed to\nSection 3.\nii.If No, proceed to Form B1.\n  3. FUEL STORAGE OVERVIEW\n  Fuel Storage Name:\n Storage Manager Name:\n   Storage Manager Position:\n   Phone Number:\n   Emai"]
[-1.6819446086883545, 14.452707290649414, "he facility require heating, cooling, or lighting to properly operate? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No\nh. Are there security systems that rely on power to operate? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No\ni. Does the facility have handicap or disability systems that rely on power to\noperate? \u2610 Yes \u2610 "]
[-1.6316804885864258, 14.506523132324219, "ent Title:\n  Roles and Responsibilities Development Date:\n Facility Outage Manager Name:\n   Manager Position:\n   Phone Number:\n   Email Address:\n  Facility Outage Manager Responsibilities:\n    Power Asset Manager Name:\n   Manager Position:\n   Phone N"]
[-1.6825710535049438, 14.453900337219238, "he Emergency Response Plan Checklist incorporates procedures for the following action\ntypes:\ni.\u2610 Emergency Notifications or Communication Plans\nii.\u2610 Power Asset or Generator Management iii.\u2610 Fuel Management\niv.\u2610 Facility Power Consumption Management\n"]
[-1.6861889362335205, 14.4489107131958, "lated to power outages? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No\ni.If Yes, attach the after action report to this form for application submission, complete\nSection 3, and proceed to Form D2.\nii.If No, either develop an after action report aligned with best management practices an"]
[-1.6857186555862427, 14.451904296875, "ation Plan Description:\n   You have completed Form D1. Continue to Form D2.\n   48\n DAMAGE REPORT\nFORM D2\nInstructions: Applicants must review this form with all relevant damage report information and provide supplemental documentation. This form is t"]
[-1.69171941280365, 14.437858581542969, "the damage prior to filling out this report? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No If Yes, has the utility developed a plan for responding to and repairing the damage? \u2610 Yes \u2610 No\n Damage Description:\n    Applicant Notes:\n    You have completed Form D2. Review all forms prior t"]
[-1.6960278749465942, 14.344038963317871, "criteria that stakeholders considered important to a power outage resiliency certification. In recognition of this list\u2019s deficiencies, we bolstered the list with exhaustive records of energy and power outage resiliency metrics from the literature (W"]
[-1.7267848253250122, 14.224078178405762, "dris, \u201cPower System Resilience: Current Practices, Challenges, and Future Directions,\u201d IEEE Access, Vol. 8, 2020, pp. 18064\u201318086.\nBie, Zhaohong, Yanling Lin, Gengfeng Li, and Furong Li, \u201cBattling the Extreme: A Study on the Power System Resilience,\u201d"]
[-1.704978585243225, 14.23611068725586, " England Becoming More Extreme? Statistical Analysis of Extreme Rainfall in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine and Updated Estimates of the 100-Year Storm,\u201d Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2011, pp. 203\u2013 217.\nDouglas, Ellen M."]
[-1.7160395383834839, 14.280624389648438, ", and Aseem Prakash, \u201cIncentivizing Self\u2010Regulation: Federal vs. State\u2010Level Voluntary Programs in US Climate Change Policies,\u201d Regulation & Governance, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2012, pp. 445\u2013473.\nHussain, Akhtar, Van-Hai Bui, and Hak-Man Kim, \u201cMicrogrids as a"]
[-1.7551865577697754, 14.154572486877441, "pment as a Strategy for Community-Driven Development,\u201d Development in Practice, Vol. 13, No. 5, 2010, pp. 474\u2013486.\nMukhija, Vinit, \u201cN of One Plus Some: An Alternative Strategy for Conducting Single Case Research,\u201d Journal of Planning Education and Re"]
[-1.76400887966156, 14.191290855407715, "atellite-Based Assessment of Electricity Restoration Efforts in Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria,\u201d PLOS ONE, Vol. 14, No. 6, 2019, article e0218883.\nRusco, Frank, Electricity Grid Resilience: Climate Change Is Expected to Have Far-Reaching Effects a"]
[-1.723096251487732, 14.253509521484375, "h National Climate Assessment, Vol. I, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017.\nXDI, \u201cAdaptInfrastructure,\u201d webpage, undated. As of March 8, 2022:\nhttps://xdi.systems/xdi-platform/adaptinfrastructure/\nZamuda, Craig D., Thomas Wall"]
[-1.678951382637024, 14.395149230957031, "tly community power outage resil- ience is and identify methods to assess effectiveness and certify whether plan- ning actions and project implementations have made communities resilient. For example, existing research on power outage resilience is p"]
[13.861103057861328, 4.604579925537109, "ehavior. To help ensure our research and analysis are rigorous, objective, and nonpartisan, we subject our research publications to a robust and exacting quality-assurance process; avoid both the appearance and reality of financial and other conflict"]
[13.579721450805664, -2.2980029582977295, "  Los Angeles County\u2019s Preparedness for California\u2019s\nEdible Food Recovery Mandate (SB 1383): An Examination of Food Recovery Logistics and Other Challenges\nAlina I. Palimaru, Joslyn Fleming, Jay Balagna, Marcy Agmon Marc Robbins, Sarah B. Hunter\n  CO"]
[13.578624725341797, -2.2976300716400146, "80 / Motion Array; P. 17: Pelagija / Motion Array;\nP. 18: Claudio Divizia / Motion Array; P. 19: Anastasiya / Motion Array; Food Recovery logo, illustrations, and original layout: courtesy of Glory Film Co. Philanthropy.\n Two Separate Problems, One P"]
[13.580191612243652, -2.2991509437561035, "for human consumption by 2025.\u201d10\nThe law is being implemented through a progressive schedule by local jurisdictions, such\nas cities or counties.12 Jurisdictions are ultimately responsible for implementing edible food recovery\nprograms and ensuring c"]
[13.580766677856445, -2.2988059520721436, " stores, and 90,000 restaurants,13 though not all meet the size criteria for edible food recovery requirements.12 There are also at least 800 FROs.13 Within each jurisdiction, some organizations must comply beginning on January 1, 2022 (Tier 1), whil"]
[13.581385612487793, -2.298663377761841, " charts logistical considerations from the moment donated food leaves EFGs to the point of delivery to recipients: i.e., HSAs and individual consumers). Organizational flexibility to collect, receive, store, sort, process, and distribute different fo"]
[13.580459594726562, -2.2991180419921875, "ding streams\n4. Interorganizational relationships: disincentives to collaborate and lack of coordination\nPractice: Consider funding that is better suited to food recovery.\nPractice: Explore how funding models can incentivize interorganizational colla"]
[13.580833435058594, -2.29917573928833, "ainties of other donated food: for example, cooked food or seasonal variations in perishables. For these organizations, an increase in small\ndonations would be disruptive to the scale of existing workflows. Smaller organizations, on the other hand, a"]
[13.5831298828125, -2.2973220348358154, " is needed to acquire capital assets and human resources; per statute, SB 1383 gives jurisdictions the authority to charge and collect fees to recover the local jurisdiction\u2019s costs incurred in complying with the regulations.10 Several jurisdiction-l"]
[13.583586692810059, -2.2976279258728027, "r\nfood recovery program, including exploring opportunities to support FROs and FRSs and match EFGs with FRSs and FROs. Others were considering contracting with nonprofit agencies to run their food recovery program. Each jurisdiction will have its own"]
[13.581486701965332, -2.299165964126587, ", individual FROs working\non their own with multiple EFGs, or (in some\ncases) both. The second issue was the reporting requirement at the jurisdiction level, since many FROs, FRSs, and EFGs operate across jurisdictions and, in some cases, across mult"]
[13.579910278320312, -2.298832893371582, "emit (most often, waste management). Some of the aspects of\nSB 1383, such as food recovery, were seen to be outside their traditional competence, requiring jurisdictional agencies to learn and understand the motivations of FROs and EFGs.\n8 | System C"]
[13.580288887023926, -2.2990143299102783, "and geographic scope of this review may preclude a more robust set of recommendations, the data suggest the following potentially actionable observations at this\ntime that all stakeholders should consider (see Figure 5):\n17\n  \u2022 Consider funding model"]
[13.579745292663574, -2.2988040447235107, "eemptive waste avoidance at the food retail level.\nAlthough we interviewed only Tier 1 participants, many of them will also be involved with Tier 2 implementation, including FRSs, FROs, HSAs, and jurisdictions. Some of their suggestions point to the "]
[0.9129103422164917, 12.268133163452148, "d Management, Vol. 25, No. 4, Fall 2006, pp. 921\u2013942.\n10. Short-Lived Climate Pollutants: Methane Emissions: Dairy and Livestock: Organic Waste: Landfills, California Senate Bill 1383, 2016. As of May 31, 2022: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/face"]
[13.579431533813477, -2.2989001274108887, "20-08/business-case-for-reducing-food-loss-and-waste.pdf\n25. Let\u2019s Get Healthy California, \u201cWaste Not OC Coalition: Ending Hunger in Orange County,\u201d webpage, undated. As of April 23, 2022: https://letsgethealthy.ca.gov/innovation-challenge/how-to-mak"]
[17.421798706054688, 6.9129438400268555, " Intimate Partner Abuse Solution\nPrograms\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs Within the Criminal Justice System for Programs Focused on Intimate Partner Violence Prevention\nLynn Langton, Madison Fann, Duren Banks, Michael G. Planty, Dulani Woods, Michae"]
[17.425655364990234, 6.906222343444824, "er with multiple sectors across the community should be developed and implemented.\nProgram implementation\n\u2022 Rigorous research should be conducted that includes out- comes that are not just recidivism, are informed by survivor voices, and are most rel"]
[17.426050186157227, 6.906475067138672, "ms are implemented and whether best practices vary across different types of partici- pants; (3) ensure that programs are not operating in isolation from community and advocacy groups; and (4) employ research strategies that shed light on best practi"]
[17.423789978027344, 6.9063262939453125, "scope of measures that should be used to assess success creates addi- tional challenges for researchers attempting to determine whether IPAS programs are effective at addressing IPV.\n\u2022 Findings from IPAS program research are not often trans- lated fo"]
[17.414993286132812, 6.9271135330200195, "ogram models that are most com- monly used: the Duluth Model and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions. These programs are described next, but many IPAS programs combine elements from each of the different models, and it is rare for any pr"]
[17.42299461364746, 6.921191692352295, "g the workshop\u2014 because it is consistent with the nature and focus of these programs. Accordingly, we use IPAS participants to refer to the perpetrators who engage in the programs. However, it should be noted that there was not consensus on officiall"]
[17.412208557128906, 6.924191951751709, "iolent recidivism and \u201cpromising\u201d for reducing victimiza- tion and the CBT model as having \u201cno effects\u201d on recidivism or victimization (NIJ, 2013b). However, specific CBT pro- grams\u2014such as Evolve, which operates in Connecticut, and Strength at Home "]
[17.42339324951172, 6.904239177703857, "olent offenders? If so, how?\n\u2022 What evaluation designs, data collection approaches, and other methods can provide the most-rigorous and action- able findings related to IPAS programs? What are the barri- ers to implementing those methods?\nMETHODOLOGY"]
[14.913189888000488, 2.022113561630249, "interviews, RTI staff drafted a list of about 30 specific needs. In the context of the PCJNI, a need refers to the pairing of a potential solution to a problem or an opportunity for advancing promising innovations.\nDuring the second stage of the work"]
[17.42584991455078, 6.906084060668945, "d on the same problem or opportunity could be ranked or categorized differently through their perceived impact and likelihood of success, meaning that not all needs associated with a certain problem or opportunity were ranked in the same tier.\n Table"]
[17.42473793029785, 6.906672477722168, "t innovative approaches to engage and actively partner with multiple sectors across the community, including victim advocacy services, public health, medical service providers, faith communities, and university research partners.\nDirect more programm"]
[17.42146110534668, 6.910121440887451, "mandate clients to participate and the clients are required to pay for the program.\nPrograms are limited by a lack of information from survivors about ongoing interactions with the participant.\nPotential Solution\nConduct rigorous research that includ"]
[17.399925231933594, 6.9075398445129395, " are tough to implement in some contexts.\nRCTs are tough to implement in some contexts.\nResearch findings are not always framed for practitioners and are therefore either not used or misinterpreted.\nResearch findings are not always framed for practit"]
[17.425649642944336, 6.906334400177002, "r context from the workshop discus- sion on the high-priority needs for advancing our understand- ing of the effectiveness of and how best to implement IPAS programs. Statements in this section are derived from assertions made by workshop panelists a"]
[17.426738739013672, 6.904548645019531, "s avail- able research and information about both risk and protective factors and trauma-informed care practices that could form the foundation of IPAS programming. However, because such information is not widely available to practitioners, there is "]
[17.424924850463867, 6.906620025634766, "should be conducted to assess outcomes in addition to recidivism, such as measures related to survivors\u2019 satisfaction and safety.\nThe next key challenge discussed was that most IPAS programs do not provide any aftercare or follow-up with participants"]
[17.426305770874023, 6.90654182434082, "Finally, panelists shared that when desired outcomes are not achieved in IPAS programs, it is difficult to determine whether that is a result of a problem with the program model, the model implementation, or another factor that could be completely ex"]
[17.42278480529785, 6.9072794914245605, "nism. Similarly, participants also noted the challenge that IPAS programs often operate in isolation from other community and criminal justice responses. Participants discussed that IPAS programs are often too dependent on the courts for referrals, a"]
[17.42374038696289, 6.907330513000488, " IPAS programs. For starters, research findings may not be generalizable because of the many conceptual and logistical variations in IPAS programs. Panel- ists noted that some programs may claim to be using a certain model but are only implementing s"]
[17.42216682434082, 6.912708282470703, "hers, practitioners, and other stakeholders to identify and implement approaches to measure success that go beyond binary measures of program completion or recidivism. Potential measures of success raised in the discussion were impacts on survivors, "]
[14.967058181762695, 2.0459883213043213, "presented in the main report. The descriptions here are drawn and adapted from previous PCJNI publications and reflect the adjustments to the needs identification and prioriti- zation process implemented at this workshop.\nWorkshop Scope and Panel Sel"]
[14.93993091583252, 1.9461679458618164, "unities to improve performance by adopting or adapting a new approach or prac- tice (e.g., applying a new technology or tool in the sector that had not been used before). After identifying and refining the needs, we used a voting process based on the"]
[14.84695816040039, 1.8370219469070435, "ential solutions that they had previously identified. The panelists\u2019 combined lists for each topic were displayed one by one on the screenshare portion of Zoom using Microsoft PowerPoint slides that were edited in real time to incorporate participant"]
[14.788684844970703, 1.7472859621047974, " we multiplied the final (second-round) ratings for importance and probability of success to produce an expected value. We then calculated the median of that product across all of the respon- dents and used that as the group\u2019s collective expected val"]
[14.782711029052734, 1.697482943534851, "ne the point value of a single vote,\nwe divided the full range of expected values by the number of participants voting.\nTo prevent the (somewhat rare) situation in which small numbers of votes have an unintended outsized impact\u2014for example, when some"]
[14.781407356262207, 1.7005689144134521, "not physical violence, does not necessarily occur between intimate partners, and should be inclusive of interventions, treatment, or both that are trauma-informed and comprehensive enough to enable funding or other resources from multiple sources.\nIs"]
[14.782567024230957, 1.7009228467941284, "ht) the round 3 votes were applied. In many cases, the round 3 votes increased the calculated score of needs (their expected value) enough to move them into a higher-priority tier.\n Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3\nRound 2\n    Round 3\n    15\n 20 40 60 8020 40 60"]
[17.426231384277344, 6.905405521392822, "cing conditions, such as structural inequality), and develop innovative and sustainable solutions for addressing these different contexts and different motivations.\nDevelop and implement innovative approaches to engage and actively partner with multi"]
[17.42283058166504, 6.906604766845703, "ure that it is implemented as designed and there is a fully funded RCT evaluation to assess its effectiveness.\nConduct rigorous research that includes outcomes that are not just recidivism, are informed by survivor voices, and measure the outcomes th"]
[17.42255973815918, 6.904959678649902, "programs, research findings may not be generalizable.\nRCTs are tough to implement in some contexts.\nPotential Solution Tier\nDevelop guidance and training on program implementation that follows a specific, evidence-informed theory of change and mainta"]
[17.419872283935547, 6.909714221954346, " are using different theoretical models (and are already being used).\nTranslate research and evaluation findings into digestible documents written for and disseminated to practitioners.\nRequire that funded research develop and follow a plan for resea"]
[17.420129776000977, 6.911185264587402, " factors affect participation (e.g., opportunities related to approaches that only became realistic when the pandemic occurred).\nWhen desired outcomes are not achieved, it is difficult to know whether that is a result of a problem with the program\u2019s "]
[17.42490005493164, 6.904052734375, "ecause of the many conceptual and logistical variations in IPAS programs, research findings may not be generalizable.\nRCTs are tough to implement in some contexts.\nPrograms are typically designed around or required to follow a prescribed approach.\nSy"]
[17.424951553344727, 6.908215045928955, ".\nLook to other disciplines, practitioners, and IPAS program participants to identify and adapt sustainable funding models, including allowing for insurance funding of these programs.\nDevelop technology to support engagement and offer a variety of op"]
[17.405717849731445, 6.9283127784729, "pproaches.\nImplement fatherhood programs more widely as a source of referrals.\nProvide programs with funding for conducting community outreach; establishing earlier contact with people who commit IPV; and maintaining contact with perpetrators, family"]
[17.360666275024414, 7.025125980377197, "e Review and Recommendations for Next Steps, Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh, March 2011.\nCotti, Chad, Joshua Foster, M. Ryan Haley, and Shannon L. Rawski, \u201cDuluth Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Natural Field Experiment on Intimate "]
[17.367536544799805, 7.002554893493652, "020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR820.html\nMills, Linda G., Briana Barocos, and Barak Ariel, \u201cThe Next Generation of Court-Mandated Domestic Violence Treatment: A Comparison Study of Batterer Intervention and Restorative Justice Progr"]
[13.923069953918457, 4.21317720413208, "men, who assisted with the development of the workshop and identification of panelists. Finally, the authors acknowl- edge the valuable contributions of the peer reviewers of the report, Coreen Farris of RAND and Julia C. Babcock of the University of"]
[13.918379783630371, 4.179144382476807, "Maryland. He holds an M.S. in agricultural economics (applied economics).\nMichael J. D. Vermeer is a physical scientist at RAND. His expertise covers topics related to science and technology policy, criminal justice, national security, cybersecurity "]
[13.89631175994873, 4.249092102050781, "J. D. Vermeer, Duren Banks, Dulani Woods, and Brian A. Jackson, Counter- ing Technology-Facilitated Abuse: Criminal Justice Strategies for Combating Nonconsensual Pornography, Sextortion, Doxing, and Swatting, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, "]
[16.054826736450195, 10.390756607055664, "Just in Reach Pay for Success\nImpact Evaluation and Cost Analysis of a Permanent Supportive Housing Program\nSARAH B. HUNTER, ADAM SCHERLING, MATTHEW CEFALU, RYAN K. MCBAIN\n Sponsored by Corporation for Supportive Housing\n CORPORATION\nFor more informa"]
[16.009708404541016, 10.457574844360352, "uded individuals diverted by the Office of Diversion and Reentry and placed into housing over the course of two years, from October 2017 to September 2019. In this report, we provide information about program implementation, including housing placeme"]
[16.05004119873047, 10.406315803527832, " Costello and others at the Corporation of Supportive Housing were instrumental to our project. We also thank the members of the Just in Reach Pay for Success Executive Steering Committee who reviewed drafts of this report. This report would not have"]
[16.072540283203125, 10.441373825073242, "to provide an overall picture of the intervention\u2019s benefits and costs to Los Angeles County.\nWhile sample sizes are too small to meaningfully analyze causal program effects by race/ethnicity, we do examine housing stability over time across racial/e"]
[16.069372177124023, 10.439314842224121, "lso examined whether the results were different among the JIR PFS participants who were housed for at least 12 months (82 percent of the sample) and found that the results were relatively similar, except that the reductions in jail days increased to "]
[16.069984436035156, 10.435430526733398, "side of the scope of the JIR PFS initiative. This transitional period includes interim housing and related supports, which we describe in this report in order to provide a more holistic view of the broader ODR housing program in which the JIR PFS pro"]
[16.087976455688477, 10.443023681640625, "rvice costs are likely accounted for in our analyses, policymakers may consider the significant savings associated with PSH, primarily to the Los Angeles County jail and secondarily to the inpatient and emergency health care systems. The study result"]
[16.07147216796875, 10.453436851501465, "....................................................................................11\nChapter 3. Results..........................................................................................................................14 Enrollment ........."]
[16.084674835205078, 10.458137512207031, "19 Figure 3.2. Proportion of JIR PFS Participants Who Remained in PSH over Time, by Race\nand Ethnicity..........................................................................................................................25 Figure C.1. Percentage "]
[15.890995979309082, 10.239642143249512, "..........................51 Table D.7. Estimated Service Use in the Post-Housing Year 1 Period by Treatment Group .......52 Table D.8. Estimated Service Costs in the Post-Housing Year 1 Period by Treatment Group.....53\n x\nTable D.9. Estimated Averag"]
[15.872809410095215, 10.121264457702637, " Institute, 2020). Recidivism rates throughout California over the past decade have remained close to 50 percent (California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 2019).\nRecidivism and Housing\nA broad body of research shows that lack of stabl"]
[15.819616317749023, 10.45119571685791, "ing physical and mental health conditions are likely to suffer even worse health outcomes as a result of housing insecurity. Compared with the general U.S. population, individuals experiencing homelessness are more likely to suffer from unmanaged chr"]
[16.062665939331055, 10.355817794799805, "ically, PSH program costs range from $10,000 to $30,000 per person annually (Hunter et al., 2017), with programs in California on the higher end of this spectrum because of housing costs.\nHomelessness is also associated with social service and justic"]
[16.088939666748047, 10.421638488769531, "ate- sector entities invest funds for a project, and these funds have the potential to be paid back\u2014with interest\u2014by the government once specific milestones are achieved, such as improved client outcomes. This framework has the potential to create a "]
[16.081005096435547, 10.422676086425781, " matched comparison group to examine differences in service use and associated costs prior to jail release and after JIR PFS PSH entry. We also examined the program effects for the subgroup of participants who remained stably housed in PSH for at lea"]
[16.07897186279297, 10.440939903259277, "he organization\u2019s institutional review board.\nAs an initial step, we summarized demographic characteristics among program enrollees and examined enrollees\u2019 progression through key program milestones, including jail release and JIR PFS program entry. "]
[16.089656829833984, 10.467300415039062, "individual to be placed into PSH. Over the course of the two-year period, 349 individuals were placed into the JIR PFS program. Thirteen of these individuals were excluded from this analysis for one of the following two reasons, leaving a treatment g"]
[16.080121994018555, 10.415506362915039, " use data were provided from these agencies to the CIO and then (in turn) provided to us.\nSpecifically, we received data on health service use and costs provided by DHS, mental health service use by DMH, substance use treatment services by the LA Cou"]
[16.075428009033203, 10.423715591430664, "ousing support and intensive case management services. Regarding housing, clients were provided with a housing rental subsidy through LA County\u2019s Flexible Housing Subsidy Pool (Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, undated), a locally fun"]
[16.092044830322266, 10.441368103027344, " outcomes for the treatment group (i.e., what the treatment group outcomes would have been, if program participants had not been enrolled in JIR PFS), which avoids potential confounding caused by the balanced covariates.\nPrior to performing the prope"]
[16.073802947998047, 10.417071342468262, "y), and other selected variables. This allowed us to determine whether program enrollment led to more (or less) service use and costs relative to the matched comparison group. We also modeled binary outcome variables indicating the use of homeless se"]
[16.092500686645508, 10.454056739807129, "days in an interim housing setting (range: 44\u20131,068 days), where they received medication management and onsite clinical supervision prior to placement in PSH. As noted earlier, all JIR PFS participants were enrolled within a two-year period, between"]
[16.1868896484375, 10.529373168945312, "ng temporary forms, such as emergency shelter, hotel/motel voucher, rapid re-housing or transitional housing, as well as more permanent forms, such as receipt of a housing subsidy/voucher) was fewer than ten for both groups and was not statistically "]
[16.13042449951172, 10.39869499206543, "ic\nJustice LASD\nProbation Homeless services\nHousing DHS\nInpatient Emergency Outpatient\nDMH Inpatient\nCrisis stabilization\nOutpatient Total cost\nTreatment Mean (SD)\n$108,881 ($51,810) $444 ($685)\n$513 ($2,074)\n$1,805 ($10,552) $1,012 ($2,479) $312 ($1"]
[16.09650421142578, 10.436075210571289, " average total costs for JIR PFS participants in the one-year post-housing period remained relatively stable to the transition period costs ($55,377 for the post-housing period and $56,254 for the transition period; see Appendix D). However, the JIR "]
[16.092496871948242, 10.445545196533203, "avings of $1,643 per participant.\nWe also found a significant increase among JIR PFS participants related to the PSH costs. Specifically, in the first year of the program, there was an average increase of 336 days of PSH among the treatment group, re"]
[16.083637237548828, 10.443928718566895, ".001 (330.88, 341.96)\n0.47 (\u20130.16, 0.35)\n0.03 (\u20131.49, \u20130.06)\n0.004 (\u20130.53, \u20130.10)\n<0.001 (15.58, 26.12)\n0.01 (\u20134.27, \u20130.47)\n0.11 (\u20130.39, 0.04)\n\u2013\n(SE)\n\u2013$16,891 ($4,609)\n$672 ($72)\nNA Shelter/temporary \u20130.22 <0.001 \u2013$1,643\nSignificance (95% CI)\n<0.001 "]
[16.083044052124023, 10.457130432128906, "up, the net total cost per participant in JIR PFS was $13,773 in the first year (see Appendix D; Table D.9) and $11,535 in the second year, with the former statistically significant at the 0.05 level and the latter not statistically significant.\n22\n "]
[16.061634063720703, 10.469161987304688, "ree years after PSH placement. We note that the Hispanic and other race/ethnicity groups begin losing individuals from PSH immediately after PSH placement, and this pattern is not observed among Black or White participants. The difference in the prop"]
[16.092248916625977, 10.436407089233398, " for jail costs and overall costs; in both models, this interaction term was negative, large (nearly $30,000 per year), and not statistically significant. In essence, since only a small portion of the outcome period overlapped with COVID-19, there is"]
[16.02383804321289, 10.490213394165039, " first year post-housing placement were offset by cost decreases in other areas.\n 27\nWe also performed a sub-analysis examining only participants who maintained housing for the full 12-month post-PSH placement period to determine whether there were a"]
[16.028820037841797, 10.421403884887695, "rtant to put these findings into context with other recent PFS and supportive housing initiatives, including those in Santa Clara County, California (Raven, Niedzwiecki, and Kushel, 2020), and Denver, Colorado (Cunningham et al., 2021; Gillespie et a"]
[15.9745454788208, 10.406588554382324, "l participants assigned to the treatment were housed and not all participants assigned to the control group were unhoused during the follow-up period, the results from this study suggest that PSH interventions for older, medically fragile individuals"]
[16.078357696533203, 10.413498878479004, "ostly health care services were not observed, but there were reductions in emergency shelter and emergency psychiatric care. The Denver initiative focused on a younger, criminal justice\u2013 involved population receiving significant amounts of homeless s"]
[16.0596923828125, 10.459012985229492, "rogram should not be the only driver of policy decisions regarding the program\u2019s value. It is inappropriate to apply a standard that PSH should result in cost savings when other social and health interventions do not adhere to the same standard. Nota"]
[16.06511878967285, 10.405363082885742, "same time period. Other studies have ignored this in the construction of the comparison group (e.g., see Hollander et al., 2021). By design, this also makes it more challenging to identify a treatment effect because we must account for the drop in us"]
[16.205575942993164, 10.331304550170898, "8 per day\n\u2022 ER, medical: $1,784 per encounter\n\u2022 Outpatient, medical: $1,356 per encounter\n\u2022 Inpatient, psychiatric: $2,804 per day\n\u2022 ER, psychiatric: $4,506 per encounter\n\u2022 Outpatient, psychiatric: $1,202 per encounter\n\u2022 Inpatient: $802 per day; Resi"]
[16.08094024658203, 10.45982837677002, " from jail into ODR custody, and the PSH move-in and move-out dates. The analytic periods were then defined as follows:\n\u2022 The pre-program period was defined as the 12-month period preceding the release from jail into ODR custody.\n\u2022 The transition per"]
[16.07036590576172, 10.363208770751953, "le to the data available on the comparison group members.\nRace/Ethnicity\nThe demographics data provided to us by CIO often included several different race/ethnicity data points per individual, originating from different county agencies or even the sa"]
[16.044361114501953, 10.43907642364502, "ent services, a uniform per-diem rate was applied to each event based on the length of time between admission and discharge. If the inpatient discharge date was the same day as the admission date, half the per-diem rate was applied. Inpatient events "]
[16.04157829284668, 10.420755386352539, "ate.\nLA Homeless Services Authority\nThe CIO provided us with enrollment data from the LA County HMIS (administered by the LAHSA) representing a variety of housing and non-housing services. The data contained project name, project type, entry date, mo"]
[16.072546005249023, 10.459027290344238, " were applied to the probation data by applying a per-diem rate, as described in Appendix A.\n40\nAppendix C. Substance Abuse Prevention and Control Data\nNext, we provide summaries of substance use disorder treatment service use by analytic period (i.e"]
[16.191137313842773, 10.529422760009766, "s appendix, we present detailed information about the distributions across the service use and cost variables by treatment group and time periods.\nTable D.1 presents the mean, standard deviations, minimum value, median value, and maximum values on a "]
[16.203781127929688, 10.507983207702637, "0 $0 $0 $0 $0\n$0 $0 $0 $0\n$0 $0\n$0 $107,910\nMax\n$239,361 $2063.81\n$16,934\n$135,753 $18,690 $9,953\n$33,736 $33,782\n$27,201 $261,183\nMean (SD) $110,687 ($54,606)\n$603 ($762) $482 ($2,188)\n$1,745 ($12,176) $866 ($2,147) $294 ($887)\n$685 ($2,983) $548 ($"]
[16.170682907104492, 10.501226425170898, " D.5. Estimated Annualized Service Costs in the Transition Period by Treatment Group\n   Treatment (n = 336) Mean (SD) Min Median\n$9,476 ($24,873) $0 $0 $1,451 ($890) $0 $1,974\n$0 $0 $0\n$926 ($5,474) $0 $0\n$590 ($2,009) $0 $0 $1,021 ($3,173) $0 $0\n$40"]
[16.1649227142334, 10.489599227905273, "rison (n = 672)\n        Service Use Characteristic\nJustice\nLASD (days)\nProbation (days) Homeless services\nShelter/temporary housing (days)\nDHS\nInpatient (days)\nEmergency (days)\nOutpatient (events) DMH\nInpatient (days)\nCrisis stabilization (events) Ou"]
[16.088350296020508, 10.466078758239746, "0, 27.69)\n0.02 (\u20134.99, \u20130.44)\n0.11 (\u20130.43, 0.04) \u2013\n(SE)\n\u2013$21,291($5,017)\n$715 ($79)\nNA \u2013$1,703 ($358)\n$29,576 ($54)\n$59 ($173) \u2013$3,687 ($1,902) \u2013$843 ($276)\n$2,791 ($441) \u2013$1,432 ($548) \u2013$512 ($295) $3,537 ($5,507)\nSignificance (95% CI)\n<0.001 (\u2013$31,"]
[16.05213737487793, 10.434264183044434, "ot having received any subsidized permanent housing in the post- period. Treatment effects from a set of linear models analogous to those presented in Table 3.4 were also very similar to the main analysis, and are presented in Table E.1.\nFigure E.1. "]
[15.739773750305176, 10.275843620300293, "\u2013340.\nAidala, Angela A., William McAllister, Maiko Yomogida, and Virginia Shubert, Frequest Users Service Enhancement \u2018FUSE\u2019 Initiative. New York City FUSE II Evaluation Report, New York: Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 2014.\nAu"]
[15.816465377807617, 10.307735443115234, ", Just in Reach Pay for Success, Annual Report 2020, 2021. As of December 3, 2021: https://www.csh.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/JIR-PFS-2020-Annual-Report- compressed-1.pdf\nCouloute, Lucius, \u201cNowhere to Go: Homelessness Among Formerly Incarcerated "]
[15.748414039611816, 10.28795337677002, "tal Health Commission of Canada, 2014. As of November 2, 2020:\nhttp://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca\nHamai, Sachi A., Interim Chief Executive Officer, County of Los Angeles, \u201cPay for Success Initiative: Recommended Project and Next Steps,\u201d memorandum "]
[15.781842231750488, 10.243986129760742, " C. Barnes, Jordan M. Hyatt, and Brook W. Kearley, \u201cThe Impact of Residential Change and Housing Stability on Recidivism: Pilot Results from the Maryland Opportunities Through Vouchers Experiment (MOVE),\u201d Journal of Experimental Criminology, Vol. 14,"]
[15.739571571350098, 10.298851013183594, "les Homeless Services Authority, \u201cEmergency Housing Vouchers (EHVS) Through CES,\u201d June 25, 2021. As of August 25, 2021: https://www.lahsa.org/news?article=837-emergency-housing-vouchers-ehvs-through-ces\nMazzella, Danielle M., and Lindsay Rosenfeld, L"]
[15.688894271850586, 10.33782958984375, "ncy Medicine, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2017, pp. 63\u201374.\nRidgeway, Greg, Daniel F. McCaffrey, Andrew R. Morral, Lane F. Burgette, and Beth Ann Griffin, Toolkit for Weighting and Analysis of Nonequivalent Groups: A Tutorial for the R TWANG Package, Santa Monica"]
[15.81643009185791, 10.251442909240723, "n Patterns and Expenditures in Los Angeles County over One Fiscal Year, Los Angeles, Calif.: Los Angeles County Chief Executive Office, Service Integration Branch, Research and Evaluation Services Unit, 2016. As of March 17, 2022: https://dpss.lacoun"]
[13.90647029876709, 3.999190092086792, "  Research Report\nBOB HARRISON, JAMES DIMAROGONAS, JARRETT CATLIN, RICHARD H. DONOHUE, THOMAS GOUGHNOUR, JOHN S. HOLLYWOOD, JASON MASTBAUM,\nKRISTIN VAN ABEL, JAY BALAGNA\nBroadband Communications Prioritization and Interoperability Guidance for Law En"]
[13.531228065490723, 1.8273061513900757, " to identify state and local agencies leading in the deployment of these technologies, to study existing and conceptual network architectures, to evaluate operational deployments, and to synthesize the results into a guidance document. The RAND Corpo"]
[13.533951759338379, 1.760215401649475, "old, Inc., a pioneer in mobile broadband, who generously gave his time to discuss FirstNet. This report would not be possible without input from many stakeholders across multiple law enforcement and emergency responder agencies, service provid- ers a"]
[13.544035911560059, 1.7713708877563477, "ces to law enforcement customers, such as a private core for enhanced security and service management, preemption and prioritization for public safety in times of emergency, and interoperability across broadband platforms. All 50 states and five U.S."]
[13.534825325012207, 1.7597477436065674, "enance and to oversee software and network administration). The type of network provider selected\u2014a single network provider, a dual-provider option, or a single provider with an integrated LTE (Long-Term Evolution)/LMR device\u2014is a decision that invol"]
[13.54464054107666, 1.7704967260360718, " which to ensure desired outcomes for public safety, they are on differing broadcast bands and use different equip- ment while offering similar capabilities. Law enforcement agencies must ask for clear, specific details before contracting for service"]
[13.552572250366211, 1.7855826616287231, "nologies ........................................................................ 9 NG911....................................................................................................................... 15 SatelliteCommunications .............."]
[13.568387031555176, 1.8016767501831055, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Confusion..................................................................."]
[13.520502090454102, 1.7408567667007446, ",1,900MHz................................................................................... 80\nB.4. CellularTower,4GHz......................................................................................... 81\nB.5. ConsumerCellularHandset ........."]
[13.519458770751953, 1.7436437606811523, "n the authority to execute the mandate with grants or contracts with \u201cindividuals, private compa- nies, and Federal, State, regional, and local agencies\u201d (Pub. L. 112-96, 2012, Section 6206(b)(4)(A)). In March 2017, FirstNet awarded a 25-year contrac"]
[13.557360649108887, 1.7840445041656494, " transition, and what services and capabilities are necessary to perform agency- specific duties requires a good understanding of the technical differences between available broadband options. Some agencies do not possess this capability in house and"]
[13.557899475097656, 1.7862011194229126, "ion\n \u2022 prioritizing law enforcement and public safety broadband devices on selected bandwidth to ensure continuity of communications during emergencies through over-the-top PTT (OTTPTT) or \u201cmission- critical\u201d PTT (MCCPTT)\n\u2022 enabling interoperability "]
[13.55086898803711, 1.7802404165267944, " be enacted and sustained?\n3\nBroadband Communications Prioritization and Interoperability Guidance for Law Enforcement\n \u2022 Does the service provider have a road map that provides gateway solutions to incorporate LMR/LTE solutions into existing LMR/PSA"]
[13.558871269226074, 1.7806729078292847, "\nLiterature Review\nWe conducted an extensive literature review on the topics of broadband communications and related tech- nologies, their application to law enforcement and emergency responders, and the acquisition and manage- ment of such networks."]
[13.522741317749023, 1.7436295747756958, "rstNet handset were both assessed at 778 MHz. The FirstNet hand- set was shown to have a significant advantage in signal quality; however, if the \u201cusable\u201d range is consid-\nered equally good enough to achieve the mission, the two handsets are roughly "]
[13.557448387145996, 1.786080241203308, "allowed us to more fully observe the impacts of the pandemic on law enforcement communications. We were also able to assess the outcomes of police communications issues that arose with protests, riots, and similar activity in cities across the United"]
[13.575493812561035, 1.7524229288101196, "ntended to highlight key features and uses of each technology.\nMobile Data Platforms\nPolice departments have been experimenting with the use of mobile data terminals (MDTs) since 1988, when a police agency introduced notebook computers into its patro"]
[13.467988014221191, 1.6947308778762817, "eral generations that demarcate increasing complexity and utility.\nIt can be useful to briefly review the generations of mobile broadband to better understand how each plat- form built upon its predecessors and informed the broadband generations to f"]
[13.493427276611328, 1.7194033861160278, "net protocol (IP) traffic. In 2005, 3GPP began work to develop LTE and Systems Architecture Evolu-\n10\nUnderstanding Core Communications Technologies\n tion standards. This created standards for a fourth generation of mobile communications (Hill, Chand"]
[13.51209545135498, 1.7353498935699463, "the United States\u201d in a \u201creliable, secure broadband network dedicated to public safety\u201d (First- Net.gov, undated). Although the original intent of FirstNet\u2019s mission was to create a nationwide cellular system for first responders alone, the cost of s"]
[13.517864227294922, 1.7375338077545166, " agencies do not equip their officers with phones (Jackman, 2017). FirstNet will provide SIM cards to enable existing smartphones to access its net- work, but those phones will need specific apps to optimize the reception and security of photos, vide"]
[13.497148513793945, 1.7139036655426025, "s) to enable a 14-hour delivery window to an emergency request for support. AT&T\u2019s capabilities include three \u201cFlying COWs\u201d (for \u201cCells on Wings\u201d) and \u201cFirstNet One,\u201d a deployable blimp (Sambar, 2019). FirstNet\u2019s COWs also can deploy an all-weather \u201c"]
[13.509138107299805, 1.73213791847229, "on a local or regional basis that are attractive to a chief or sheriff as they work to limit costs for this capability.\nVerizon is the most prominent broadband provider to challenge AT&T\u2019s build-out of FirstNet, matching many of AT&T\u2019s service and te"]
[13.509183883666992, 1.7334343194961548, "h comments that it submitted to the U.S. Department of Commerce on November 9, 2012 (Verizon, 2012). At that time, Verizon recommended a \u201cdiverse nationwide network\u201d for FirstNet as a public-private partnership instead of a standalone public safety b"]
[13.514966011047363, 1.7379264831542969, "nched Band 14 coverage in 700 markets and reached 80 percent of the nationwide coverage by the end of fiscal year 2020 (Hill, 2021).\nAT&T has a persuasive advantage in bandwidth allocation, since Band 14 is dedicated solely to public safety needs. Ve"]
[13.532905578613281, 1.7553119659423828, "not been modernized as public communication systems have migrated to digi- tal platforms. According to APCO, in existing 911 networks, the public can make primarily voice and tele- type calls, with only data that includes automatic number identificat"]
[13.51882266998291, 1.7388314008712769, "thout the need for fixed cellular infrastructure. Artificial satellites are also unaffected by natural or manmade distracters that might disable existing cellular infrastructure and thus provides a backup communications pathway. We previously mention"]
[13.534557342529297, 1.7532823085784912, "roduce their own interoperability problems if they work with one vendor\u2019s LMR networks but not another\u2019s.\nGateway\nA gateway is a dedicated device to which an LMR handset from one talk group is connected on one side and an LTE broadband device from a "]
[13.565559387207031, 1.7921910285949707, "g., warning signs of a potential heart attack), alerting if the officer has just been involved in a high-impact event, or alerting if the officer has pulled their weapon\n\u2022 location trackers for police vehicles and on-person trackers\n\u2022 networks of sho"]
[13.521570205688477, 1.7417606115341187, " (future) P25 SATCOM SATCOM or LTE LMR (varies)\n     Fielded devices (For mobile: phones, tablets, in-car modems, etc. For LMR: handheld, in-car)\n Wi-Fi (short range in buildings, shops, etc.)*\nFirstNet (AT&T/ Band 14)\nOther 5G (future) LMR- LMR- SAT"]
[13.56212043762207, 1.8043525218963623, "AFECOM and National Council of State- wide Interoperability Coordinators, 2018, p. iv)\nWhile understanding the variety of available technologies is one key step in building a broadband commu- nications capability, first responder networks also requir"]
[13.542346954345703, 1.782222867012024, "nance that establishes clear lines of authority, establishes priorities for investment, and ensures functional operation when necessary. As one of our interview subjects reported, governance is \u201cone of the keys for transitioning to broadband\u201d given t"]
[13.560098648071289, 1.8368195295333862, "eration between governance bodies. At the state and federal levels, this has included CISA\u2019s 2010 establishment of the National Council of Statewide Interoperability Coordinators (NCSWIC) for the coordinators \u201cfrom the 56 states and territories\u201d (CIS"]
[13.556730270385742, 1.7932358980178833, "tegration.\nAny regional governance must account for the specific needs, resources, and inherited legacy systems of agencies participating in that governance process. Determining the appropriate governance system and how to operate it depends on the t"]
[13.584932327270508, 1.8150018453598022, "the\nmember represents.\n\u2022 Provide multiple means to participate in meetings (e.g., in person, videoconference, webinar, teleconference) while advancing information-sharing and transparency.\n\u2022 Identify sustainable funding for existing and future public"]
[13.572073936462402, 1.8033807277679443, "overnance and Operational Requirements\n Daily Operations for Patrol Officers\nThis case, shown in Figure 4.1, reflects the day-to-day operations of officers in the field\u2014supporting officers on patrol, responding to routine calls, conducting stops, and"]
[13.579813957214355, 1.83253014087677, "hown in amber are those that have been identified as being useful during routine operations but are less central. For the mobile user, these tend to be reference materials, such as agency files on past incidents, public building floor plans, and admi"]
[13.568103790283203, 1.80384361743927, "ert panel on needs for law enforcement broadband (Hollywood et al., 2016) and a prior NIJ-funded technology assessment of law enforcement information exchange issues and needs (Hollywood and Winkelman, 2015).\n 28\nGovernance and Operational Requiremen"]
[13.541996002197266, 1.770977258682251, "and network\n  Preemption activated\nPreemption for first responders is critical\n  Interconnect (LMR)\nData Voice\n   IP network (backhaul, commercial, agency net)\n  PSAP/operations center/station\nTo mobile devices\n\u2022 CAD\u2014data\n\u2022 RMS\n\u2022 Databases about peop"]
[13.53707218170166, 1.7634034156799316, " car)\n COWS/ COLTs\nLMR\u2014 LMR\u2014 P25 legacy\nMobile base station\nSATCOM radio\n     Wireless broadband network\nSATCOM\nLMR\n Preemption activated\n Interconnect (broadband\u2014agency)\n Interconnect (SATCOM)\n Interconnect (LMR)\n IP network (backhaul, commercial, a"]
[13.534781455993652, 1.7641996145248413, "ecause of the disaster. Whereas, in the major event case, the portable communications systems are supplemental, in this case they form the bulk of the communications network. This case requires being able to provide sufficient portable communications"]
[13.53242301940918, 1.7607674598693848, "cy)\n Interconnect (SATCOM)\n Interconnect (LMR)\n IP network (backhaul, commercial, agency net)\n  PSAP/operations center/station\nTo mobile devices\n\u2022 CAD\u2014data\n\u2022 RMS\n\u2022 Databases about people and items: criminal history, NCIC, warrants, license plates\n\u2022 I"]
[13.590703964233398, 1.8657561540603638, "ewed department in the southwestern United States\u2014other concerns, such as cost and redundancy, began to dominate decisionmaking. Rather than voicing specific concerns about Band 14 avail- ability, fire department users described the end-user goals of"]
[13.581204414367676, 1.822699785232544, " purchase or purchases?\nDoes the agency use grants to fund IT/communications needs? 7 Does the agency use private donations to fund IT/communications needs? 1\n   NOTE: Respondents could indicate more than one funding mechanism.\n35\nBroadband Communica"]
[13.544734954833984, 1.7741161584854126, "grants to help with needs (Gallagher, 2018; FEMA Grant Programs Directorate, 2021; FEMA Grant Programs Directorate, 2022). This is con- sistent with what we heard from the chief of police for a police department in Southern California in an interview"]
[13.569181442260742, 1.8134498596191406, " police budget. The source of funds really depends on what money is available.\u201d\n\u201cHave used grants in the past\u2014purchased about four or five tablets and associated applications with that. Certain grants [are] only eligible every so many years\u2014we got ma"]
[13.575688362121582, 1.786415696144104, "500\u20139,999 $1,319,686 2,499 or fewer $300,802\nSOURCE: Brooks, 2020.\nPer-Employee Budget\n$142,617 $130,540 $130,411 $134,860 $132,000 $116,431 $104,846 $81,009 $54,130\n  \u2022 mobile device management (MDM) systems, which provide administration and configu"]
[13.626432418823242, 1.9221986532211304, ", \u2018I need this.\u2019 Being small lets us pull the trigger faster. We say, as a command staff, \u2018That seems like a good idea\u2019; we can just go out and get it. Replacing all in-car trunked systems. If something goes out to bid, the city council will be invol"]
[13.560592651367188, 1.7878835201263428, "20\nChief of police, PD in MA, February 2020\nChief of police, PD in MA, February 2020\nIT personnel, sheriff\u2019s department in Southern CA, April 2020\nComment\n\u201c[We] talk to the surrounding communities; this is my go-to. [A local city police agency] is on"]
[13.624551773071289, 1.8522275686264038, "people have the tools to get the job done. We also do extensive proof-of-concept tests.\u201d\nBroadband Communications Prioritization and Interoperability Guidance for Law Enforcement\n Market Research\nAfter the discussions on needs identification, we soug"]
[13.582590103149414, 1.8542771339416504, "1, the following departments had open RFPs for communica- tions technology or IT consultants:\n\u2022 East Windsor, Connecticut: \u201cThe Town of East Windsor is seeking proposals for Professional Consult- ing Services for an analysis of our current radio syst"]
[13.57473373413086, 1.9624488353729248, "nto decisionmaking are how technologies are implemented in departments and what maintenance consists of. While our interviews did not yield a great deal of information about implementing systems or technology, one participant noted that training is a"]
[13.61027717590332, 1.9162825345993042, "CI Systems, a regional radio network provider] is going to be a monthly fee per radio. Everyone around us is either already on ICI or going to ICI, so that\u2019s why we are going that direction. ICI transition will be in the next year.\u201d\n\u201cFor big projects"]
[13.580435752868652, 1.8445582389831543, " try to use state contracts; [it\u2019s] more efficient for us because we\u2019re small.\u201d\n\u201cThis is the red tape; [we] have to go through the purchasing department and get it approved by auditing. Then we can order it. It\u2019s time consuming. We use the state cont"]
[13.559767723083496, 1.7675057649612427, " = police department. City and agency names are withheld to protect interviewees\u2019 anonymity.\n44\nCHAPTER SIX\nBroadband Communications Costs for Law Enforcement Agencies\nAs a follow-up to the discussion of funding and acquisition in the previous chapte"]
[13.530047416687012, 1.746669054031372, "tent is to inform decisionmakers about the types of activities and costs that their organizations must consider when adopting broadband communications.\n2 Cradlepoint (owned by Ericsson), Sierra Wireless, and Peplink routers are examples of available "]
[13.535104751586914, 1.7070531845092773, "\u2019s specific range of anticipated uses.\nDual-Service Option\nIn the second scenario, agencies might wish to operate on more than one network, perhaps because of cov- erage issues associated with a single provider or for redundancy capability in the eve"]
[13.608860969543457, 1.6750633716583252, "nd replacement of lost or stolen devices (Harris and Romesburg, 2002; Imel and Hart, 2003; Salmensuu, 2019). These management services can be conducted in house by the agency (i.e., using its own dedicated staff), or the work can be outsourced to a t"]
[13.607547760009766, 1.6734342575073242, "vision and configure Wi-Fi access; install and manage enterprise applications, such as email; and address any problems that arise on a device. It also allows IT to enforce device security, such as locking a device and wiping data if the device is los"]
[13.581438064575195, 1.6975003480911255, "9.00 per device each month for MDM and MAM services (Oxford Economics, 2018). Our research into publicly available pricing on vendor websites suggests that this range is a reasonable estimate, although we found some vendors that offer very basic plan"]
[13.583927154541016, 1.6973546743392944, "eir services. For organizations that are unsure of the best MDM, MAM, or UEM solution, it might be worth testing various vendors on a trial basis before committing to a vendor, especially on an annual or perpetual basis. Another observation was that "]
[13.570915222167969, 1.7028943300247192, "roid) (Lastovetska, 2022). Some of the key cost drivers in app development are vendor type and location, app complexity and number of features, back-end infrastructure and connected application programming inter- faces, complexity of user experience "]
[13.528502464294434, 1.7477370500564575, " integrate mobile apps and back-end databases. In addition to the nonrecurring cost to develop the interface, there will be a need to maintain it as required by the vendor to update apps or the databases with which they interface. This report does no"]
[13.531087875366211, 1.753139615058899, " build and operate that network under the management of the FirstNet Authority Board. As states agreed to join FirstNet and cooperate with the development and deployment of the network, other broadband provid- ers created similar networks and infrast"]
[13.530184745788574, 1.7541264295578003, "alized policing approach; it is also a hindrance when the ultimate goal is interconnecting police resources and deploy- ing a seamless interoperable network of communications that can talk and share data across agencies and platforms.\nTo resolve issu"]
[13.537019729614258, 1.7609915733337402, "nteracts with LMR; the system\u2019s interop- erability with other segments of government, both within a jurisdiction and for interjurisdictional needs; planned additions to coverage and capabilities, as articulated in a contract for services; the presenc"]
[13.5449800491333, 1.765450358390808, " capabilities, both present and future, is more difficult; commercial provid- ers, including AT&T/FirstNet.com, do not publicly state the specifics of their coverage or capabilities because of those data being a source from which their competitors co"]
[13.566176414489746, 1.7947793006896973, "eholders working to create the future of mobile broadband for their law enforcement and first responder organizations, there were many comments that are relevant to the themes and issues being experienced nationally. We include them in this section s"]
[13.59260368347168, 1.8859330415725708, "urrently, only detective or sergeant and above get department-issued phones. If CAD/RMS was more\nfriendly on the phones, we would give all officers phones.\u201d7\n\u2022 \u201c[We\u2019re] not going to go to mobile CAD-RMS given Cal-DOJ compliance. It\u2019s too hard to get "]
[13.564537048339844, 1.7992864847183228, " for training?\u2019\u201d15\n\u201c[It] will probably be easier for younger, tech-savvy officers to acclimate to and a struggle for older offi- cers to learn a new system.\u201d16\nBroadband Communications Prioritization and Interoperability Guidance for Law Enforcement\n"]
[13.543755531311035, 1.7693346738815308, "and chief of innovation for a police department in Southern California on January 31, 2020.\n 58\nBarriers and Issues\n \u2022 \u201cIn a perfect world, everything would be done on a single device\u2014doesn\u2019t have to be a phone, but should be able to access all syste"]
[13.536036491394043, 1.757964849472046, "chnology for a police department in Massachusetts on February 7, 2020.\n21 Interview with the head of technology for a police department in Massachusetts on February 7, 2020.\n22 Interview with the business services administrator for a police departmen"]
[13.536428451538086, 1.75819993019104, "hes are the best technology and configuration to ensure usefulness and survivability, yet different technologies might present differing advantages.\nA critical aspect of reliability is the ability of a communications systems to interoperate smoothly "]
[13.540990829467773, 1.7668167352676392, " bandwidth. It is therefore important that agencies acquire broadband communications systems in ways that allow for relatively easy and inexpensive upgrading later, as technologies and demands advance, as opposed to having to pay the expensive, long-"]
[13.569049835205078, 1.7969175577163696, "and scan social media and offender registries to advise the police of crime and suspect data.2\nKey Questions\nWhen considering a transition to the NPSBN or another broadband platform, it is essential that deci- sionmakers choose their path forward kno"]
[13.59720516204834, 1.8336418867111206, "we envision policing and the impact of broadband tech- nologies in 20 years. It is important to understand that this story is not a prediction of what will happen, but it does rely on current trends, events, and developments as a foundation for a pos"]
[13.608020782470703, 1.825472354888916, "eo from UAVs or other personnel, or incident command informa- tion to report or receive critical data almost an intuitive activity.\nThe devices in the hands of law enforcement, firefighters, and other first responders are individually authenticated v"]
[13.499478340148926, 1.7240625619888306, "ht come next. They know what their contemporaries in 2022 knew\u2014that it was not as important to know the future as it is to make good decisions today to enable it to emerge.\n65\nAPPENDIX A\nCurrent and Emerging Broadband Technologies\nGenerations of Broa"]
[13.49283504486084, 1.7218466997146606, "es per second (MBps) (Ghosh et al., 2011). Although 3G technologies afforded users much faster data speeds and more-reliable voice communications, the inability of CDMA and GSM technology platforms to support mobile devices (as evidenced by Verizon\u2019s"]
[13.490373611450195, 1.7172602415084839, "oadband, which means that transfer speeds would be an order of magnitude faster than 3G download and upload speeds\n1 The specific dates on which various 2G and 3G systems will be turned off vary from country to country, and the announced dates of dec"]
[13.515698432922363, 1.7384737730026245, "Phone in 2007 integrated data and voice functions through a touchscreen display, web browsing, time and geoloca- tion services via GPS, cameras, and motion sensors, and the iPhone remains the standard against which all other portable communications d"]
[13.508244514465332, 1.7277956008911133, "d Clark, 2014). Phase II began even as the more advanced LTE standard in commercial mobile phone networks encouraged the development of hybrid radio devices for first responders that have both smartphone capabilities (LTE) and P25-compliant LMR funct"]
[13.498608589172363, 1.7227245569229126, "radio resources (GSMA, 2017).\n5G\nTo sum up the current state and probable future of broadband communications, 1G is analog cellular. 2G technologies, such as CDMA, GSM, and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), were the first generation of digital ce"]
[13.577978134155273, 1.805216908454895, "logy (or combination of technologies) is deployed by law enforce- ment for public safety broadband, there are applications that have already come online that will affect not\n71\nBroadband Communications Prioritization and Interoperability Guidance for"]
[13.543317794799805, 1.7813410758972168, "PSBN (FirstNet) is now offering tethered UAVs as part of its emergency response fleet. These are \u201cflying COWs\u201d that relay Band 14 communications. Their flying height is 400 ft; in contrast, cell towers are typically below 350 ft. As of 2019, FirstNet"]
[13.475642204284668, 1.6955411434173584, " built.\nPublic safety agencies and their LMR-LTE providers might want to assess the cell capacities of their sys- tems in normal and emergency operations and plan for ways that COW and COLT deployment can support communications during natural disaste"]
[13.502860069274902, 1.7199833393096924, "mmunications Prioritization and Interoperability Guidance for Law Enforcement\n geographic reach and is faster than low band. To enable 10-gigabyte-per-second (GBps) speeds, however, net- works must use mmWave (mid band is 1 GBps) (Finley and Pearlste"]
[13.51807975769043, 1.7437233924865723, " ecosystem to deploy\nrobots, have devices interact, and enhance safety measures for workers\n\u2022 smart cities, which will become the norm, with 5G speeds tracking traffic conditions, parking availabil-\nity, refuse pickup, and guidance to smart vehicles "]
[13.519043922424316, 1.7422184944152832, "ercial infrastructure (instead of mission-critical, public safety\u2013grade broadband sites, which are only loosely defined), it is unknown whether the planned system would remain functional in the case of a significant seismic event, another large-scale"]
[13.513474464416504, 1.7331815958023071, "et still poor; and green indicates a reliable signal strength, one that an end user would see as a \u201c3- to 5-bar\u201d connection on their device. The figures in this appendix depict repeater coverage at four cell frequencies (778 MHz, 850 MHz, 1,900 MHz, "]
[13.475574493408203, 1.6933808326721191, "equal to \u201390 dBm but less than \u201370 dBm is considered weak but potentially usable and shown as yellow; and greater than or equal to \u201370 dBm is considered a good\nconnection and shown as green. Areas with none of these colors have no reception.\nWe chose"]
[13.506379127502441, 1.7210440635681152, " the mission, then the two handsets are roughly comparable.\nFor our LMP/P25 examples, we considered any received signal strength of greater than \u2013110 dBm (DAQ [data acquisition] 3.4 or better) to be a good signal and colored the area green. We consid"]
[13.521024703979492, 1.7439683675765991, "d web browsing.\nThe fourth generation of mobile broadband, also known as Native internet protocol.\nThe first iteration of 4G. LTE leveraged the dependability of data-optimized 3G broadband and delivered performance roughly equivalent to wired broadba"]
[13.528059005737305, 1.7541329860687256, "eroperability and enhance public safety communications. A component of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency.\nThese can also be referred to as drones, unpiloted aerial systems, unpiloted aerial vehicles, unpiloted ground systems, or ro"]
[13.484464645385742, 1.700585961341858, " More to Boost Gameday Look and Feel,\u201d TechRepublic, February 5, 2021.\nAlleven, Monica, \u201cT-Mobile Makes Public Safety a 3-Way Race\u2014Sort Of,\u201d Fierce Wireless, May 22, 2020. \u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cVerizon Beefs Up C-Band Deployment to 175M by End of 2022,\u201d Fierce Wirel"]
[13.523930549621582, 1.7459787130355835, "rporation, February 2014.\nCISA\u2014See Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency.\n91\nBroadband Communications Prioritization and Interoperability Guidance for Law Enforcement\n City of Albany, New York, \u201cRequest for Proposals for the Provision of C"]
[13.507311820983887, 1.7248846292495728, "ent Agency, February 2021. As of July 11, 2022: https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/FEMA_2021-Preparedness-Grants-Manual_02-19-2021.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, FEMA Preparedness Grants Manual, version 3, Federal Emergency Management Agency, May 2022. As "]
[13.524855613708496, 1.6723064184188843, ". As of April 26, 2021:\nhttps://www.androidcentral.com/how-much-data-does-streaming-media-use\nHill, Kelly, \u201cKey Takeaways from FirstNet\u2019s Annual Report,\u201d RCR Wireless News, March 3, 2021.\nHill, Simon, Simon Chandler, and Paula Beaton, \u201c4G vs. LTE: Th"]
[13.504617691040039, 1.7144159078598022, "-lte-in-depth-guide-to-its-differences/\nKozlowski, Jonathan, \u201cSpotlight On: Verizon,\u201d Officer.com, July 10, 2020. As of July 11, 2022: https://www.officer.com/command-hq/technology/communications/article/21143122/ spotlight-on-the-verizon-public-safe"]
[13.51728630065918, 1.7329657077789307, "Forbes, March 6, 2019.\nNilsson, Jeff, \u201cAlbert Einstein: \u2018Imagination Is More Important Than Knowledge,\u2019\u201d Saturday Evening Post,\nMarch 20, 2010.\nNIST\u2014See National Institute of Standards and Technology.\nNPSTC\u2014See National Public Safety Telecommunicatio"]
[13.51054573059082, 1.7248178720474243, "ves Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Communications and Technology on November 1, 2017, Washington, D.C., 2017. As of June 27, 2022: https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/documents/ Testimony-"]
[13.512001037597656, 1.7259939908981323, "df\nU.S. Government Accountability Office, \u201cDecision,\u201d T-Mobile USA, Inc., File B-418394, April 8, 2020. As of June 28, 2022:\nhttps://www.gao.gov/assets/b-418394.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Public-Safety Broadband Network: Congressional Action Required to Ensure Network"]
[13.532920837402344, 1.7459686994552612, "bility. For various reasons, this has not happened. Every law enforcement and first responder agency has legacy systems and equipment for mobile broadband uses and is faced with a complex set of decisions about its broadband communications infrastruc"]
[20.033761978149414, 11.731893539428711, "   Research Report\nJULIA ROLLISON, JULIA BANDINI, KATIE FEISTEL, ALLYSON D. GITTENS, MEGAN KEY, ISABELLE GONZA\u0301LEZ, WEILONG KONG, TEAGUE RUDER, JASON MICHEL ETCHEGARAY\nAn Evaluation of a Multisite, Health Systems\u2013 Based Direct Care Worker Retention P"]
[20.00592041015625, 11.7080078125, "raining, and one-on-one coaching. RAND exam- ined the THRIVE program in light of its targeted outcomes and also identified areas for program improve- ment. This report is intended for stakeholders interested in supports for direct care workers and wa"]
[20.04031753540039, 11.734635353088379, " Foundation funded three health systems (hereafter referred to as \u201csites\u201d) to support the implementation of a new program: Transformational Healthcare Readiness through Innovative Vocational Education (THRIVE). This one-year program was designed to h"]
[20.03856658935547, 11.732816696166992, "and race emerged as significant predictors of retention in both program years;\nthose in the lowest pay category and individuals who identified as black had a higher likelihood of termination (voluntary or involuntary) than those in the highest pay ca"]
[20.036758422851562, 11.733922958374023, "ears 1 and 2, given program costs; in other words, it would not have been possible to break even,\ngiven the observed program average expenditures per caregiver.\n\u2022 What lessons learned would other sites need to leverage when implementing an interventi"]
[20.046226501464844, 11.729188919067383, "esandTables.......................................................................................................... xi\nCHAPTER ONE\nIntroduction........................................................................................................."]
[20.034320831298828, 11.731816291809082, ".............................. 65 SummaryofFindings..................................................................................................... 65 SummaryofLimitations.........................................................................."]
[20.030399322509766, 11.726361274719238, "................... 54\nG.1. Comparison of Cross-Sectional Approach with Survival................................................ 92\nTables\n1.1. InitialPlannedComponentsofTHRIVE................................................................... 2\n2.1."]
[20.028196334838867, 11.72488784790039, " require both technical and interpersonal skills for providing physical and emotional support to care recipients and communicating with other members of the care team and family members. Direct care workers are predominantly women and people of color"]
[20.037494659423828, 11.733370780944824, "s related to decisionmaking, problem-solving, communication, and relationship-building as well as tar-\n1 The health systems also provided some funding support to cover expenses such as fringe benefits for participating caregivers.\n  1\nMultisite Healt"]
[20.037464141845703, 11.732637405395508, "provided resources (e.g., information on tuition reimbursement or scholarships) to caregivers to supplement their experience and address certain identified needs (e.g., transportation, uniforms).\nThe foundation and the implementing health systems eng"]
[20.03774642944336, 11.73384952545166, "?\n\u2022 What are the strengths and opportunities for improvement of the THRIVE intervention, including the intervention content, modality, and skill and knowledge of those delivering the content?\n\u2022 Can THRIVE break even or generate a positive return on i"]
[20.038589477539062, 11.734439849853516, "ts helped demonstrate the potential influencing factors on THRIVE from the beginning of the program and were used to guide the development of data collection instruments as well as analyses. While we attempted to include as many variables as pos- sib"]
[20.035797119140625, 11.729494094848633, "en found to be drivers of engagement and retention, particularly among young employees (Gilsdorf, Hanleybrown, and Laryea, 2017). In terms of benefits and compensation, higher wages, work schedule flexibility, health insur- ance, overtime pay, and pa"]
[20.03944206237793, 11.737174034118652, "he time of hire\n\u2013 Part-timeversusfull-timeposition\n\u2013 Workload in number of hours, night shifts\n\u2022 Termination status (voluntary or involuntary) and reason\n\u2022 Organizational-levelcharacteristics\n\u2013 Direct care worker staffing level (e.g., number of worke"]
[20.033964157104492, 11.731155395507812, "reas for improvement following each round of observations.\nInterviews. RAND conducted three rounds of interviews with staff members in the spring of 2020, the fall of 2020, and the spring of 2021 (see Appendix C for sample staff interview guide). Sta"]
[20.036392211914062, 11.732658386230469, "nclud- ing worker type, shift (day/night shift), and hours worked (full time, part time). Participants were primarily women. Both job and demographic characteristics largely aligned with the characteristics of the overall pop- ulation served by THRIV"]
[20.020954132080078, 11.727285385131836, "btaining approvals and the early program pause, the survey was administered only once (i.e., in February, March, and July 2021 at the different sites).\nThe survey could be sent only to active caregivers (i.e., enrolled in THRIVE at the time, not thos"]
[20.01443862915039, 11.710468292236328, "ng each round of obser- vations. The observational data were integrated with the interview data to formulate key findings across sites and data type.\nWe analyzed interview and observational data simultaneously throughout data collection during the co"]
[20.0365047454834, 11.73282241821289, " selection of a survival model, plus we complete a sub-analysis for the subset of employment episodes for which we have 12 months of data.\nOur analysis was limited to hires who were eligible for THRIVE, whether they actually completed the training. T"]
[20.033123016357422, 11.728911399841309, " for all factors (burnout \u03b1 = .84; teamwork climate \u03b1 = .78; perceived supervisor support \u03b1 = .94; perceived organizational support \u03b1 = .94; core training; \u03b1 = .84; Bring Back Day sessions; \u03b1 = .83; coaching \u03b1 = .97). For outcomes (e.g., caregiver in"]
[20.034259796142578, 11.729220390319824, "predictor variable and the outcome variable might be different (i.e., nega- tive) because of the presence of the other predictor variable.\n 11\nMultisite Health Systems\u2013Based Retention Program\n expenses, and other materials and expenses) and benefits "]
[20.03813362121582, 11.73362922668457, "on, absenteeism, or recruiting many years beyond the hiring date that could be estimated but this would require data collection beyond the grant period.\nThe evaluation\u2019s interviews and surveys were limited by the sampling universe. Although we employ"]
[20.040935516357422, 11.737861633300781, "ic approach given available data, it does not provide insight into the effects of COVID-19 on THRIVE.\n13\nCHAPTER THREE\nEvaluation Findings\nTo provide some context for the findings of this report, we begin this chapter with descriptive information reg"]
[20.04216194152832, 11.739171981811523, "ing Caregiver Job Characteristics\n Characteristic\nRole\nNurse assistant (PCNA, CNA, NA)\nPatient care technician or aide (PCT, PCA)\nOther Job status\nFull-time Part-time PRN\nShift\nWork involves night shift\nWork does not involve night shift\nYear 1 Percen"]
[20.041200637817383, 11.736806869506836, "ose scoring less than \u20134 are assigned a \u201chigh\u201d risk category, those scoring between \u20134 and +4 are assigned a \u201cmedium\u201d risk category, and those scoring +4 are assigned a \u201clow\u201d risk category.4\n\u2022 Coaching assessment. During their initial meeting with ea"]
[20.04248046875, 11.737679481506348, " Caregivers\u2019 Risk Levels as Identified by SuccessGPS Versus Those Assessed by Coaches\n      SuccessGPS Risk Level\nLow Medium High Total\nCoach Risk Level Rating\nLow Medium High\n429 542 252 388 646 366 30 107 104 849 1,296 726\nTotal\n1,224 1,403 241 2,8"]
[20.043254852294922, 11.738280296325684, " eliminating certain group activities that required participants to be in close proximity).5 In the interviews, some caregivers and staff expressed challenges with the curricu- lum activities that were restricted due to COVID-19 because they were not"]
[20.0439395904541, 11.739901542663574, "oughout the year, the ability to complete the offered sessions beyond the one-year program period. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, much of the content of Bring Back Days moved from in person to virtual or computer-based learning and was delivered i"]
[20.041810989379883, 11.737295150756836, "l. These check-ins were intended to be interspersed throughout the year with other activities such as Bring Back Days (see Table 3.7).\nActual caregiver participation in coaching ranged from zero to 12 sessions over the program year and did not always"]
[20.037378311157227, 11.732290267944336, ". . . It\u2019s the speed-bump meetings with the nurse managers: \u201cHi, I was just here to see so and so. Any questions or concerns that I should know about?\u201d It takes two minutes of the time but builds the relationships with the nurse managers.\u2014Staff\nUnfor"]
[20.033994674682617, 11.7296142578125, " Thus, one of the core objec- tives of this evaluation was to assess whether caregiver retention improved during THRIVE implementa- tion. RAND used administrative data for the comparison year (Year 0) and intervention years (Years 1 and 2) to describ"]
[20.03434944152832, 11.729524612426758, " Year 2 for 12 months). This analysis revealed results similar to those of the main analysis, but with a significant difference between Year 1 and Year 0 (p < 0.05) in retention, with retention worse in Year 1 than in Year 0.\nrates (accounting for 9."]
[20.033376693725586, 11.728453636169434, " (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between Year 0 and Year 1 for either voluntary or involuntary reasons. Overall, voluntary terminations account for a larger proportion of dropouts (i.e., lower retention rates), as reflected in Figur"]
[20.018714904785156, 11.713409423828125, "ager)\nNon-return or -reinstatement after leave of absence All other reasons\nMissing\n101\n 54\n 38\n 43\n 33\n 14\n10 0\n2 14 1 9 2 5 0 5 3 29\n131 812\n52 283 16 127\nEvaluation Findings\n TABLE 3.9\nReasons for Termination Through December 31, 2021\nYear 1 Reaso"]
[20.032405853271484, 11.726337432861328, " a lot of managers are hiring people who aren\u2019t qualified just because they need a body on the unit. Just to try to get that help on the unit because they\u2019re so short. And then when they get on the unit, they are so freaked out about everything that\u2019"]
[20.033878326416016, 11.729042053222656, " 2 were significantly higher than in Year 0.\n\u2022 There were no significant differences in retention between the nine months prior to COVID-19 in Year 1\nand the same nine months in Year 0.\n\u2022 Several staff members perceived THRIVE to positively affect re"]
[20.033727645874023, 11.729071617126465, "ated with a higher likeli- hood of terminating involuntarily in both Years 1 and 2. Specifically, individuals identifying as black had a relative risk ratio (RR) of 3.2 (p < 0.01) in Year 1 and 2.9 in Year 2, while caregivers identifying as other had"]
[20.040307998657227, 11.734374046325684, "ec- ognized this possibility, too. Caregivers also mentioned that scheduling and location of the health system could affect their decision to stay or go; this was especially the case for caregivers who had other personal responsibilities including ch"]
[20.03984260559082, 11.735241889953613, "as possible because it\u2019s completely toxic. My boss is probably a great person, but when it comes to me and my issues, it seems he is turning a blind eye and places the blame on me and thinking it\u2019s all my fault, even though it could not be.\nSimilarly"]
[20.038694381713867, 11.733491897583008, " system. For example, a caregiver mentioned considering leaving the health system if staffing ratios were to worsen:\nThat does bother me. I went in one day and I had had 34 patients [in] one day. How can I give my attention to my patients if I have 3"]
[20.045995712280273, 11.74272632598877, "cated that THRIVE helped them improve, on a scale from none to a great deal, in areas ranging from attendance to relationships with colleagues and managers to the quality of their work (see Figure 3.6).\nThe findings in this section focus on potential"]
[20.041152954101562, 11.735933303833008, " ing, respectively).\nTo explore potential factors predicting intent to leave, we examined job-related factors (i.e., measures of caregiver burnout, teamwork climate, supervisor support, and organizational support) and program factors\u2014i.e., measures o"]
[20.04194450378418, 11.736627578735352, "gram factors were examined as predictors of relationships in two separate models (i.e., one with managers and one with other colleagues), Bring Back Day sessions were also the only significant predictor for relationships with managers (\u03b2 = 0.97,\n34\nE"]
[20.034650802612305, 11.730860710144043, "a result attributed their perceived improvement in providing care to THRIVE components.\nTHRIVE staff conceptualized the effectiveness of the THRIVE program as related to outcomes other than retention, including gaining calmness, confidence, and commu"]
[20.044633865356445, 11.73906135559082, "egression indi- cated three significant predictors (F (4, 64 = 31.8, p < 0.05, model R2 = 0.67): core training (\u03b2 = 2.14, p < .05), Bring Back Day sessions (\u03b2 = 1.38, p < 0.05), and coaching (\u03b2 = \u22120.97, p < 0.05). This finding suggests that caregiver"]
[20.0421085357666, 11.737964630126953, "f the THRIVE curriculum.\nWe asked specific questions about the components of THRIVE including the core training, Bring Back Days, and coaching on the survey, although the number of questions was limited due to length of the survey (see Appendix E). M"]
[20.046663284301758, 11.74031925201416, "acted to THRIVE either very positively or very negatively:\nI can\u2019t thank Ralph Wilson Jr. [Foundation] enough and all the staff who do the leg work for this program because this program was life-changing for me. . . . I learned so much about myself a"]
[20.042320251464844, 11.738408088684082, "ssessment and coaches\u2019 own assessment of risk based on their interactions with caregivers both as they pro- gressed through THRIVE and started working on their floors or units. In some instances, coaches thought that the risk assessment may not accur"]
[20.04304313659668, 11.738565444946289, " agree side and they accidentally hit strongly disagree.\nThe accurateness of the tool varies. I have [caregivers] that answer strongly agree to every barrier, and when I am on my call with them, I will say I see that you struggle with childcare, tran"]
[20.097532272338867, 11.79232120513916, "2) the classes provided an opportunity for caregivers to become oriented to the health system and meet other new caregivers.\n40\nEvaluation Findings\n Core Class Content and Delivery\nIn the interviews, many caregivers and THRIVE staff shared that the c"]
[20.054040908813477, 11.746150970458984, "d in the interviews that by interacting with and getting to know other caregiv- ers in the core classes, caregivers were able to create a support network during their time at the health system. Caregivers found this support from interacting with thei"]
[20.048912048339844, 11.741412162780762, "n a scenario that we didn\u2019t need to be in. We could have just had a simple conversation about it and moved on. . . . It was a little dragged out with the implementation of arts and crafts. Which I understand for engagement purposes, textbook-wise it\u2019"]
[20.04411506652832, 11.738781929016113, "VE staff described strengths of the Bring Back Days in terms of their (1) content and (2) delivery and facilitation.\nContent\nTHRIVE caregivers appreciated that Bring Back Days provided an opportunity to revisit curriculum topics from the core classes"]
[20.045442581176758, 11.739620208740234, "ng and atten- dance, (2) content, and (3) delivery and facilitation.\nScheduling and Attendance\nCaregivers and staff mentioned logistical challenges around scheduling and attendance for Bring Back Days that were offered virtually in a synchronous or a"]
[20.04553985595703, 11.739890098571777, "s also\n44\nEvaluation Findings\n suggest that time management could be improved in reviewing topics previously covered in the core classes. Caregivers stated that they would have preferred the topics presented in the Bring Back Days to be more rel- eva"]
[20.043527603149414, 11.73814582824707, "sessions, both for asynchronous and synchronous learning.\nHonestly, I felt like the virtual conference is pointless because we were set at one hour or two hours and the other participants\u2014there was no cut off for them. They were just talking and talk"]
[20.04485511779785, 11.738336563110352, " caregivers, responding to texts and phone calls when needed in addition to their regular check-in outreach.\nCoaching Support\nSome caregivers described how their coaches provided support related to their jobs and work environment. Coaches served as a"]
[20.045251846313477, 11.738710403442383, "just keeping me focused.\nI know that [coach] has always been there for me, and she would talk to me if I wanted for hours on end just to see how I\u2019m doing and what it is that she can help me with, and what if there are any improvements or if there is"]
[20.04291343688965, 11.73681640625, " in the ratio of caregivers to coaches may be needed to improve the coaching. Some THRIVE staff across all three sites noted that coaches may have too many caregivers on their caseload, which affects the quality of their individual coaching. Staff re"]
[20.039342880249023, 11.735337257385254, "vided to THRIVE partici- pants. Some caregivers expressed their appreciation for these connections:\nWhatever I need, whether it is personal or work related, they\u2019ll support you in any way. I love the coaches; they text you. It\u2019s so personal. They\u2019ll "]
[20.036325454711914, 11.731524467468262, "s, and gain support for it. Many caregivers also noted that their manager was supportive of their participation in THRIVE, enabling them to attend Bring Back Days or coaching sessions.\nOpportunity for Cross-Site Collaboration\nTHRIVE staff mentioned t"]
[20.040380477905273, 11.735182762145996, " minimal stuff about the program and what the purpose is and the contract. I probably reread the coaching manual like 50 times trying to narrow it down, and then I would go on and research some of the topics on my own too just to get comfortable and "]
[20.040557861328125, 11.734970092773438, " is critical for the program\u2019s success:\nI think we have some difficult personalities on our team that can be very challenging and maybe even toxic sometimes that kind of put their feet in and just won\u2019t do things.\nAwareness of THRIVE and Buy-In to th"]
[20.039443969726562, 11.734007835388184, "ioned anything to me about the THRIVE program.\nI don\u2019t think my manager knows what THRIVE is. I mean she probably does, but I don\u2019t think we\u2019ve ever spoken about it. My manager is rarely on the unit. I\u2019ve talked to her like five times in the year.\n[T"]
[20.038883209228516, 11.73316478729248, " challenges related to organizational staffing shortages, local requirements, and COVID-19.\n\u2022 There seems to be an overall indifference to THRIVE among caregivers and a lack of understanding of what THRIVE is when beginning the program.\n\u2022 Reported st"]
[20.036033630371094, 11.730544090270996, "ime workers would be reduced.13 We con- verted benefits into dollars but there are other potential benefits such as improved satisfaction or morale or productivity that we were not able to monetize. Due to the historical nature of the comparison, the"]
[20.039794921875, 11.73560619354248, "y $265 in Year 1 and $299 in Year 2), the ROI would reach a breakeven point.\nAs a reminder, the average costs per caregiver were $1,772 in Year 1 and $2,263 in Year 2.15 When compar- ing these numbers with the majority of costs for the program (i.e.,"]
[20.0360164642334, 11.73043155670166, "allowed them to involve a range of organizational representatives and truly integrate the effort into organizational operations (e.g., alignment with human resources, corporate onboarding). Sites felt this planning time was critical to early successe"]
[19.99810218811035, 11.692378044128418, "rything or they\u2019re not going to. If they don\u2019t, they find ways around and try to get their people out of it. They need to see the benefit of it, with communication with those.\nSites also noted that there may be some resistance from clinical sites and"]
[20.038679122924805, 11.73291015625, ", others felt that cross-training of these roles would provide staff with additional connection to caregivers on their caseload and alleviate an imbalance in work- loads between educators and coaches. The composition of the THRIVE staff team should a"]
[20.03635025024414, 11.73286247253418, "d tracking systems and ensure technology is in place to sup-\nport virtual or web-based options for the program.\n58\nCHAPTER FOUR\nRecommendations\nThis chapter presents RAND\u2019s recommendations based on findings to date (i.e., largely reflecting program Y"]
[20.040252685546875, 11.734766960144043, "e similar design elements.\nClearly articulate the goals to leadership, managers, and caregivers up front. Successfully implement- ing a program of this magnitude (i.e., mandatory attendance for all newly hired caregivers) requires multiple levels of "]
[20.038808822631836, 11.734051704406738, "her challenges that could inhibit internal quality improvement efforts as well as external evaluation efforts.\nAlternative Interventions to Improve Retention\nAs findings from the outcome evaluation pointed to no change in retention, RAND recommends e"]
[20.03822898864746, 11.73353385925293, "andatory or \u201cone-size-fits-all\u201d approach to the intervention. Caregivers across health systems represent a diverse workforce in terms of age, race and ethnicity, education, work expe- rience, and more. Our findings revealed a fair number of caregiver"]
[20.037845611572266, 11.7334566116333, "gs of being undervalued within the care team. While not an explicit area of a priori focus for our evaluation, we learned about systemic issues that warrant attention moving forward. That is, if systemic issues are not addressed adequately, any inter"]
[20.035625457763672, 11.730611801147461, "omes or performance may be masked or heavily influenced by\nTABLE 4.1\nSample Guiding Evaluability Assessment Questions\n  Area\nModel design\nInformation availability\nInstitutional context\nGuiding Questions\n\u2022 Are the long-term outcomes for the model clea"]
[20.040603637695312, 11.732504844665527, "While RAND collected demographic data and controlled for these variables in its analysis, there were no explicit questions around the potential disparities in short- and long-term outcomes among certain segments of the workforce (e.g., women, individ"]
[20.03706932067871, 11.732780456542969, "k had a higher likelihood of termi- nating than those in the highest pay category or those who identified as white. Other predictors included part-time status, identification as \u201cother\u201d race, and gender for certain years or types of terminations (i.e"]
[20.038286209106445, 11.733734130859375, "tion, ensuring strong leadership support, encouraging collaboration and ongoing idea generation among participants, and clarifying THRIVE staff roles and ensuring diversity across staff backgrounds.\nSummary of Limitations\nThe evaluation included seve"]
[20.037708282470703, 11.733274459838867, "also encourage developers to think creatively and comprehensively about potential interventions that may be more effective for the specified goals (i.e., retention). Further, we would suggest considering alter- natives to a mandatory or \u201cone-size-fit"]
[20.040006637573242, 11.735991477966309, " These data were collected via Excel for program numbers and via SurveyMonkey for other questions.\nSite Information\n1. Choose your health system:\n2. WhatwasthedateofyourfirstTHRIVEtraining?[Askedonlyforfirstadministrationoftracker]\n3. How many THRIVE"]
[20.04438018798828, 11.741938591003418, "ling\nFlipped Classroom/Modules\nActivity: Lessons and Hopes Reflection and Kahoot Review\nThere Is No \u201cI\u201d in Team\nCan We All Get Along\nTeam of Teams\nDevelopmental Goals Discussion\nReflective Portfolio/Journaling\nTHRIVE Journey Sharing\nTHRIVE Wrap Up\n7."]
[20.044097900390625, 11.741363525390625, "on administrative, management, and other tasks noted above, how frequently have you engaged in any of the following activities since THRIVE began?\n Never\nOnce or twice\nAt least monthly\nAt least weekly\nDaily\n Held discussions or gave presentations to "]
[20.042436599731445, 11.73898696899414, "components of THRIVE where there is more or less engagement?\n[If repeat] Have there been any changes in the level of involvement or engagement of caregivers over the past six months?\n9. [If new] What are common issues you see that THRIVE caregivers a"]
[20.047367095947266, 11.74487018585205, "d you recommend THRIVE to a friend or new hire interested in caregiving? Why or why not?\nOrganizational Culture\n15. How has COVID-19 impacted your ability to do your job? 16. What do you like about working at [Facility/Site of Care]?\n    79\nMultisite"]
[20.0647029876709, 11.767379760742188, "16 18.0 30 33.7\n5 5.6 35 38.9 50 55.6\n Night shift work\nN\n%\n Weekend work\nN\n%\n11. In the past 3 months, how many days or shifts did you miss work due to illness, injury, extra rest, etc. (not including approved days off)? (n = 90)\n Missed shifts\nN\n%\n"]
[20.04869270324707, 11.746050834655762, "\n27.0\n27.0\n31.5\n33.7\n28.7\n         17. To what extent has THRIVE helped you improve in the following areas?\n None\n Little\n Some\n Quite a bit\n A great deal\n Ability to attend work more consistently (n = 89)\nRelationship with manager (n = 89)\nRelations"]
[12.863391876220703, 14.032865524291992, "2 9 65\n20.7 31.0\n32.2 20.7\n36.1 15.1\n40.2 8.1\n18.6 8.1\n29.9 16.1\n23.0 26.4\n21.8\n21.8\n19.5\n20.7\n24.1\n14.9\n16.1\n16.1\n26.4\n21.8\n19.8\n14.0 10.5 75.6\n31.0\n20.7\n11.6\n5.6\n8.1\n5.8\n27.6\n9.3 90.7\n0 0 0 0\n            Turnover intention\nN\n%\n  SD\n D\n N\n A\n SA\n 4."]
[12.925395965576172, 14.085963249206543, "ed household income\nN\n%\nLess than $40,000\nBetween $40,001 and $60,000 Between $60,001 and $80,000 Between $80,001 and $100,000 More than $100,001\n53 63.9 18 21.7 4 4.8 4 4.8 4 4.8\n30. How many people are living or staying at your home? Include yourse"]
[16.24570083618164, 7.652707576751709, "served as our assurance of compliance with the regulations of 17 federal departments and agencies. According to this assurance, the HSPC is responsible for review of all research, regardless of the source of funding. The HSPC monitors research on an "]
[20.035432815551758, 11.730009078979492, "r- mination reason (if applicable), age, gender, race, ethnicity, full-time status, type of work shifts, setting (i.e., hospital, nursing home, or home health care), and pay rate. Following receipt of data, we held phone discus- sions and corresponde"]
[20.03478240966797, 11.73006534576416, "program was then put on pause and thus Year 3 data were not collected due to this pause and anticipated changes to the intervention.\n2 If a site did not provide this information, RAND used termination reasons to exclude such individuals.\n  91\nMultisi"]
[20.03609848022461, 11.731046676635742, "e the time period before the COVID-19 pandemic began (i.e., the first nine months of the first program year [Year 1]); and (4) an uncensored version of the main analysis following Year 1 hires for a full 12 months after hiring.\n92\nSurvival approach\nM"]
[20.03727149963379, 11.73166561126709, "enominator of this equation, for example, limiting to up-front fixed costs, such as computers, furniture, and construction. We chose the most inclusive definition, which will result in lower estimated losses per investment dollar.\n   95\nMultisite Hea"]
[20.036678314208984, 11.726932525634766, "rganization.\n         96\nMethods for Assessing Return on Investment\n TABLE H.2\nProgram Benefit Categories\n   Category\nCost saving areas\n(Reported to RAND in Excel; rate information from administrative data)\nInputs\nHiring and recruitment\nBringing on b"]
[20.024478912353516, 11.719161987304688, "7, No. 3, 2002, pp. 565\u2013573.\nEspinoza, R., 8 Signs the Shortage in Paid Caregivers Is Getting Worse, Bronx, N.Y.: PHI, 2017.\nFaul, F., E. Erdfelder, A. Buchner, and A. G. Lang, \u201cStatistical Power Analyses Using G*Power 3.1: Tests for\nCorrelation and "]
[20.0258731842041, 11.722419738769531, "As of April 22, 2022: https://www.phinational.org/resource/direct-care-workers-in-the-united-states-key-facts-2/\nRAND Center to Address Racial Equity Policy, webpage, undated. As of June 30, 2022: https://www.rand.org/well-being/racial-equity-policy."]
[6.426269054412842, 15.552678108215332, "2020 California Neighborhoods Count\nValidation of U.S. Census Population Counts and Housing Characteristic Estimates Within California\nLANE F. BURGETTE, BEVERLY A. WEIDMER, ROBERT BOZICK, AARON KOFNER, MICHAEL TZEN, JENNIE E. BRAND,\nHIRAM BELTRAN-SAN"]
[6.408384323120117, 15.528372764587402, "al analysis, to determine the efficacy of using administrative records for small-area population and housing estimates, and to help measure the effectiveness of California Complete Count\u2014Census 2020 outreach efforts. This report summarizes the findin"]
[6.416921138763428, 15.530292510986328, "fforts in advance of our in-field activities.\nWe appreciate the support of several individuals who provided input during the sampling design and the writing of this report: Ethan Sharygin, Fennis Reed, Tom Belin, and Paul Ong. Marc Elliott and Ann Ha"]
[6.405667304992676, 15.52099895477295, "s, conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau, is critical to states because its results are used to reapportion seats in the U.S. House of Representatives; guide state and local redistricting; and form the basis for allocating federal funds, such as those "]
[6.41302490234375, 15.525186538696289, ". In-field address canvassing subsequently verified the remaining 35 percent of addresses that were not able to be updated or verified through in-office address- canvassing operations. In contrast, the CNC team undertook a completely in-person physic"]
[6.405271530151367, 15.524675369262695, "re of\nvii\nour study relative to the mandatory nature of the decennial census, which has greater outreach efforts, a larger workforce, and other resources.\nOur study identified 5 percent more housing units than the census. We 23,929 housing units in t"]
[6.400660514831543, 15.518310546875, "lity data while facing pressures about costs, a fuller in-field address-canvassing operation, a shorter amount of time between phases, and additional statistical imputation methods could inform future census- related collection and processing efforts"]
[6.40640115737915, 15.52293586730957, ".......................................................xi 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................1\nBackground .................................."]
[6.407642364501953, 15.517121315002441, "CNC Address-Canvassing Form Final Codebook ...................................................66 Appendix C. CNC Survey and Enumeration Form .......................................................................74 Appendix D. CNC Short-Form Survey ."]
[6.4077935218811035, 15.528191566467285, ".....................................................27 Table 3.2. Response Rates by Structure Type...............................................................................28 Table 3.3. Response Rates by Occupancy Status ......................."]
[6.401726722717285, 15.517556190490723, "other states, California has a disproportionate number of residents who are\n considered traditionally hard to count; these individuals include foreign-born residents, recent\n migrants, homeless individuals, renters, individuals living in homes withou"]
[6.40297794342041, 15.517388343811035, "l-area population estimates produced from the 2020 Census. The primary sampling unit for the CNC is the census block, which is the lowest level of geography for which the U.S. Census Bureau provides publicly available population counts. Census blocks"]
[6.398197174072266, 15.522980690002441, "o 105 potential strata. However, we identified only 57 unique strata because not all land-use types were present in each region.\nTo draw from the demographic sampling frame, we first identified five major cities to include alongside the original seve"]
[6.4071478843688965, 15.519561767578125, "igure 2.1. Development of Strata for the Geographic and Demographic Sampling Frames\nGiven the extensive preparation required for data collection, the initial sample was drawn using the 2010 Census block designations because the block boundaries for t"]
[6.395176887512207, 15.51779556274414, "g each block to identify and document every single housing unit and its corresponding address. In the third phase, we attempted to undertake a complete enumeration of all of the residents living in each housing unit identified during the address-list"]
[6.389822483062744, 15.518750190734863, "t between our data collectors and their law enforcement agents. In addition, several agencies posted information about our study on their Facebook pages or requested electronic copies of the study brochure in order to post it on their community virtu"]
[6.3926682472229, 15.510111808776855, "tion, we describe the activities conducted during each phase.\nPhase 1: Block Observations\nIn preparation for the listing of addresses in the sample of blocks selected for the study, the four field supervisors were tasked with driving to each of the b"]
[6.375152111053467, 15.499899864196777, "quired the address lister to confirm or update the address for each structure on the block and code the structure type, the housing unit type, whether the housing unit appeared to be occupied or vacant, other housing unit characteristics (e.g., the p"]
[6.394381046295166, 15.513910293579102, "ries, identifying the starting point for listing, and listing all of the structures on a block (residential, commercial, group quarters, or other). We also reviewed the process by which an interviewer needed to update or add an icon indicating a stru"]
[6.390190124511719, 15.510154724121094, "g units took place between January 14 and March 13, 2020, and was conducted using an electronic form and an iPhone 8. Prior to going into the field, we loaded the most up-to-date block maps available (obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau in 2019) and"]
[6.379982948303223, 15.50179386138916, "e or apartment number on the exterior of the dwelling. Once data collectors finished listing a block, they circled back to each housing unit where they were unable to confirm the address with a resident to see whether there was anyone at home who cou"]
[6.3714599609375, 15.472525596618652, "nia on March 13, 2020, we were forced to send all field staff home and curtail field validation after validating only ten blocks (6 percent of all blocks). No major quality issues were identified in the blocks that were relisted for the purpose of qu"]
[6.401905536651611, 15.517481803894043, "t each residential housing unit, including the dwelling type; any issues related to gaining access (e.g., secured building, gated community, guard dog, an ADU located at the back of a property); and, when available, information collected about the ho"]
[6.389097690582275, 15.512155532836914, "wo forward translations, (2) a review of both translations by a bilingual reviewer, and (3) the resolution of any translation issues or differences between the forward translations by a committee made up of the translators, the reviewer, and a biling"]
[6.38107442855835, 15.509112358093262, "rvey invitation letter and study brochure were printed in English on one side and Spanish on the other and included a note that listed the languages in which the survey was available. The homepage for the web survey included a drop-down menu that all"]
[6.39076566696167, 15.509617805480957, "of people who could be in a room at the same time, we had to adapt our Telephone Survey Center operations to allow telephone interviewers to work remotely. This required the purchase of tablets and software that allowed telephone interviewers to secu"]
[6.395817279815674, 15.511624336242676, "inutes, and most interviews were completed in the first visit to a household. In addition, interviewers provided respondents with brochures with a list of social services and COVID-19 resources in the area.\nField Staff Recruitment and Training\nStaff "]
[6.3942975997924805, 15.511377334594727, "o keep interviewers and respondents safe (e.g., face masks, face shields, hand sanitizer, gloves, alcohol wipes). Finally, field interviewers were required to be shadowed by one of the field supervisors or a trainer before being allowed to work indep"]
[6.395153999328613, 15.512850761413574, "cash for those who completed the survey in person with a field interviewer. Upon completion of the interview, respondents who participated in person received a postpaid incentive in cash and were required to sign a receipt for the incentive. Incentiv"]
[6.402599334716797, 15.51052188873291, "y staff meetings, we identified and congratulated the highest-producing region and the highest-producing interviewers and field supervisor in each region and provided them with an additional bonus.\nQuality Assurance and Control\nThroughout the CNC enu"]
[6.39207124710083, 15.508106231689453, " two interviewers drop out before the start of training and another two drop out during training. In addition, over the first eight weeks of data collection, we lost 20 field interviewers. Most of the interviewers quit over COVID-19 concerns or becau"]
[6.389886856079102, 15.511585235595703, "d to conduct the survey outdoors from a distance of at least six feet. The use of protective equipment and the restrictions on where and how interviewers could conduct the survey made it challenging for them to establish rapport with respondents.\nCon"]
[6.402143955230713, 15.517634391784668, "tly affected air quality, which affected interviewer productivity and contributed to staff turnover. Two of the field interviewers were forced to leave the project because they had asthma and were not able to work outdoors under the challenging condi"]
[6.397733211517334, 15.507444381713867, "ere is not a one-to-one correspondence between our approaches and those of the federal census. To partially compensate for these differences, we strategically invested in a handful of processes where there were opportunities to improve upon those use"]
[6.4163055419921875, 15.53542423248291, " respondents or other enumeration activities. The U.S. Census Bureau also used administrative records to impute\n24\nmissing data. Because our address-listing process was essentially its own stand-alone survey, we included a question to the resident of"]
[6.438051223754883, 15.575393676757812, "e rates for eligible housing units that reported at least their TNR (partial response). We also report full response rates, which count households that provide demographics for all residents (full response). Some respondents filled out part of the su"]
[6.43020486831665, 15.575048446655273, "tributed to this issue. In addition, housing units in blocks where relatively few households exclusively use English at home were less likely to respond. The CNC was also unable to obtain responses from most group quarters. As mentioned earlier, beca"]
[6.45452880859375, 15.60367202758789, " 674 50 65 28 21 25\nExists in the fringea\nGroupquarters 14 0 0 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\nResident-Level Characteristics**\n        Structure Type\nAll\nADU\nEmpty trailer pad/ mobile home site\nHispanic\nRace Ethnicity Age Response Response Response\nRate Rate Rate (%) (%) (%)"]
[6.462574481964111, 15.609061241149902, " residents who completed the respective race, Hispanic ethnicity, and age survey responses.\n* The denominator is the total number of eligible housing units. ** The denominator is the estimated total number of residents.\n29\nHousing Type\nAll\nApartment:"]
[6.463274955749512, 15.616586685180664, "umber of residents\u201d survey item. Race response rate, Hispanic ethnicity response rate, and age response rate refer to the estimated percentages of total residents who completed the respective race, Hispanic ethnicity, and age survey responses.\n* The "]
[6.464200019836426, 15.613340377807617, "eligible housing units.\n** The denominator is the estimated total number of residents.\n32\nprovided the total number of household\nTable 3.7. Response Rates by Urban Versus Rural Categorization Housing Unit\u2013Level\n   Characteristics*\nFull TNR\nResponse R"]
[6.465978622436523, 15.616718292236328, "\nTotal Eligible Housing Units (n)\nHispanic\nEthnicity Age Response Response\nRate Rate (%) (%)\n52 51\n58 57 55 54 47 46\nTotal Estimated Number of Residents (n)\n51,304\n12,267 16,655 22,382\n        23,929 39 54 50\n5,548 42 59 54\n7,407 40 55 51 10,974 37 5"]
[6.4233622550964355, 15.530656814575195, "hbors; and multiple imputation via chained equations, where the conditional models considered include classification and regression trees and random forests. In combination with the imputation model itself, we considered several design choices that a"]
[6.419158935546875, 15.523724555969238, "rmation. However, allowing the number of data elements that need to be imputed to vary by the value of another variable (i.e., having the number of race/ethnicity/age data elements vary according to the number of residents in the housing unit) is a n"]
[6.425225257873535, 15.505620002746582, "algorithm should have relied more heavily on those data. The primary voter registration data elements that we used were voter names, which were translated into race/ethnicity probabilities through BISG. The address match rates for April and November "]
[6.405942440032959, 15.516883850097656, "g unit h, found in a block b, nested in its demographic strata \ud835\udc51# (or geographic strata \ud835\udc54 ), with number of housing units #hu, we computed final weights \ud835\udc64\u2217\u2217 as\n$%\n! ! #huin\ud835\udc51 #huin\ud835\udc54 #huin\ud835\udc51 # # &\u2208\u22c3)! &\nThat is, a block was sampled, \ud835\udc43(\ud835\udc4f \u2208 \ud835\udc46), if it was "]
[6.393827438354492, 15.499966621398926, " higher than that of the census. In total, the CNC identified 23,929 housing units, compared with 22,668 housing units identified in the 2020 Census.\nFigure 4.2 displays the same data as Figure 4.1 but focuses on differences; we can see that the CNC "]
[6.408604621887207, 15.511869430541992, "g similar estimates in the two data sources.\nFigures 4.4 and 4.5 separate the block-level totals by demographic characteristics. Notably, the single-race Asian imputed estimates are generally lower in the CNC, and the single-race White imputed estima"]
[6.408123016357422, 15.51729679107666, "correspondingly imputes many zeroes. Note also that, in the cases in which there is a substantial deviation between the CNC and the census (e.g., block 1224001011 in Santa Cruz County), the difference does not appear to be driven by abnormal shares o"]
[6.404300689697266, 15.512009620666504, "ise, and zero (no difference) is well within the resulting 95-percent confidence intervals. These confidence intervals also ignore uncertainty associated with the differences across imputation approaches shown in Figure 4.8.\nTable 4.2. Survey-Weighte"]
[6.404376983642578, 15.505764961242676, " provide evidence regarding the accuracy of the census counts.\nTable 4.4. Number of Housing Units in CNC and Census\n       CNC Housing\nCounty Units\nCNC CNC Occupied Vacant\nCensus\nHousing Census\nUnits Occupied\nCensus Vacant\n       Alameda 1,494 1,241 "]
[6.411101818084717, 15.509354591369629, "and other complicating factors. Because of these difficulties, the CNC achieved a response rate that was lower than originally planned for.\nNonetheless, the study produced several findings that might be helpful for future enumeration efforts. Regardi"]
[6.394092082977295, 15.51068115234375, "ions support the U.S. Census Bureau and state policymakers in making decisions that result in high- quality data collection in future efforts.\n53\nAppendix A. CNC Block Observation Form\nIn preparation for the listing of addresses in the sample of bloc"]
[6.405839920043945, 15.543255805969238, "BLOCKID ABOVE BLANK? IF IT IS BLANK AND THIS IS A NEW STRUCTURE MAKE SURE YOU\u2019VE COPIED FROM A NEARBY STRUCTURE. IF IT IS INCORRECT PLEASE MAKE SURE YOU\u2019VE LAUNCHED FROM THE CORRECT STRUCTURE.\n  NAME\n  WORKER_NAME\n ANSWER\n Text\n  NAME\n   block_blank_"]
[6.41303014755249, 15.54499626159668, "THE PROPERTY.\nTYPE int\nHOW MANY ADDITIONAL HOUSING UNITS IN ADDITION TO THIS [HOUSE/APARTMENT] ARE THERE AT THIS ADDRESS (ON THIS PROPERTY)? IF REFUSED, ENTER 98 ENTER #:\nTYPE Int\n  NAME\n   HU_OCCUPIED\n ANSWER\n Yes 1\n No 0 Could not observe 8\n  NAME\n"]
[6.417126178741455, 15.526633262634277, "/ Sent survey in from 3 different location\n 73\nAppendix C. CNC Survey and Enumeration Form\nThis appendix provides the CNC survey and enumeration form.\nCNC $15 Survey\n  74\n 75\n 76\n 77\n 78\n 79\n 80\n 81\n 82\n 83\n 84\n 85\n 86\n 87\n 88\n 89\n 90\n 91\nCNC $10 Sur"]
[6.441295623779297, 15.56033706665039, " in California.\nWho is doing this study?\nThe study is being conducted by the RAND Corporation in collaboration with the State of California\u2019s Demographic Research Unit. RANDisanonprofit,nonpartisanresearchorganizationbasedin Santa Monica, CA. For mor"]
[6.428200721740723, 15.550315856933594, "parte.\nEste estudio le da la oportunidad de\nproporcionar informacio\u0301n que ayudara\u0301 a\nmejorar co\u0301mo el Estado de California\nasigna los fondos para los programas y los servicios, y nos ayudara\u0301 a evaluar el e\u0301xito del Censo de 2020 en California.\n\u00bfQuie"]
[6.419486045837402, 15.523271560668945, "HU_RESIDENTS NUMBER_OF_VISITS\nSTRUCTURE_TYPE\nage18ou \u2014 hisp_cat \u2014\nUsed to Impute Demographics\nVariable\nLC\nmos_dem\nmos_geo\nn_samp_obs_dem\nn_samp_obs_geo\npr_dem\npr_fin\npr_geo\npr0_geo\nqr_dem\nqr_dem_in_geo\nREGION\nSAMPLE\nsampled\nstrata_unif\nw_hu\nData Sour"]
[6.419488430023193, 15.51540756225586, "\nCNC names (BISG)\nCNC names (BISG)\nVoter registration (April; BISG)\nVoter registration (April; BISG)\nVoter registration (April; BISG)\nVoter registration (April; BISG)\nVoter registration (April; BISG)\nVoter registration (April; BISG)\nVoter registratio"]
[6.428953647613525, 15.522235870361328, "ample Designs: Sampling with Multiple Overlapping Frames,\u201d Survey Methodology, Vol. 37, No. 2, December 2011, pp. 197\u2013213.\nSperrin, Matthew, and Glen P. Martin, \u201cMultiple Imputation with Missing Indicators as Proxies for Unmeasured Variables: Simulat"]
[20.784284591674805, 8.386153221130371, "Evaluation of the California County Resentencing Pilot Program\nYear 1 Findings\nLOIS M. DAVIS, LOUIS T. MARIANO, MELISSA M. LABRIOLA, SUSAN TURNER, MATT STRAWN\n Prepared for the California State Legislature\nSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\n For more inf"]
[20.786901473999023, 8.38452434539795, "tor of the pilot program. The pilot term is September 1, 2021, through Sep- tember 1, 2024; the evaluation term is September 1, 2021, through January 31, 2025. The evaluation comprises three components: a descriptive and outcome analysis of data coll"]
[20.788116455078125, 8.384514808654785, "ion 1170, paragraph (1), subdivision (d) of the California Penal Code to reduce sentences of eligible prisoners. In June 2022, SEC. 8 Section 1170.01 was amended and renumbered to 1172 (California Legislative Information, 2021). Nine Cali- fornia cou"]
[20.787830352783203, 8.385655403137207, "PDs indicated overall support for the program.\n\u2022 The DA office and PD office staff we interviewed all expressed their commitment to and interest in the opportunities the pilot program afforded their counties to address discrepancies in sentencing for"]
[20.785886764526367, 8.384989738464355, " a sentence enhancement.\n\u2022 We caution the reader about drawing firm conclusions at this early stage of the pilot, as the patterns we identify may change over time as we analyze more cases and the counties have the chance to fully develop their pilot "]
[20.786176681518555, 8.386967658996582, "................... 9\nCHAPTER THREE\nEarlyInterimResults....................................................................................................... 13 DAResentencingReviewResults ............................................................"]
[20.771007537841797, 8.398221969604492, "rosecutor-Initiated Review and Resentencing Process Discussed in\nThisReport..................................................................................................... 14\nTables\n1.1. Summary of Funding for California County Resentencing Pilo"]
[20.776090621948242, 8.413569450378418, " 20\n3.14. Years Added to Original Sentence Length for Enhancements Among Cases Considered\nbyaCountyDAforResentencing:September1,2021,ThroughFebruary28,2022................. 20\n3.15. Years Served by Individuals Considered by a County DA for Resentenci"]
[20.78683853149414, 8.386275291442871, "o programs to help reduce recidivism (Pew Charitable Trusts, 2017, p. 1; Mauer, 2019).\nThe public is in favor of less punitive options. A 2018 national poll indicated that three-quarters of Ameri- cans feel the justice system needs improvements, with"]
[20.784400939941406, 8.387052536010742, "the county DA office and PD office and may include a CBO within each pilot county.\nFor the nine counties engaged in the pilot program, the pilot runs from September 1, 2021, through Sep- tember 1, 2024. Table 1.1 summarizes the funding provided to th"]
[20.783485412597656, 8.38984203338623, "uals from the county who are cur- rently incarcerated in state prison. Several of the county DA offices also have indicated that they expect their inclusion criteria to evolve.\nAB 2942, 2018, the first prosecutor-initiated resentencing law in the nat"]
[20.784215927124023, 8.388915061950684, "-referral from the incarcer- ated individual or their family, or from a CBO. The county DAs, as discussed in Chapter Four, vary in terms of what sources of referral they will accept.\n4\nTABLE 1.3\nCommon Criteria Used to Exclude Cases from Resentencing"]
[20.788097381591797, 8.385456085205078, " experiences regarding how these cases are handled and processed by the county DA and PD offices.\nAs shown in Figure 1.2, cases referred to the court for resentencing are eventually heard and a decision rendered. The decision may result in the resent"]
[20.80078887939453, 8.382392883300781, "ds.\nOutcomes and Other Measures Study\nThis component of the study will measure the characteristics and outcomes at each phase of the resentenc- ing process, including characteristics of the incarcerated individuals; offenses and sentences of the revi"]
[20.75223159790039, 8.40473461151123, "e visits will be conducted to the pilot counties.\nCost Study\nThe legislation requires that the evaluation include a cost study to estimate the resources required to imple- ment the pilot activities, including both new expenditures on personnel and ot"]
[20.763673782348633, 8.408019065856934, "ts discussed in Chapter Three. Appendix D con- tains the implementation interview instrument.\n8\nCHAPTER TWO\nCalifornia County Resentencing Pilot Program: Context\nThis chapter reviews recent resentencing efforts and summarizes other relevant sentencin"]
[20.490068435668945, 8.66464614868164, "islation to reduce the size of the prison population. Table 2.2 shows key legislation and policies related to prison downsizing in California\n 9\nEvaluation of the California County Resentencing Pilot Program\n TABLE 2.1\nSelect Resentencing in Californ"]
[20.433210372924805, 8.698261260986328, "ertain individuals convicted of lower-level offenses were to serve their sentences locally rather than be sent to state prison. These individuals were referred to as \u201cnon-non-nons\u201d\u2014nonserious, nonviolent, non-sex offenders. Second, certain individual"]
[20.492677688598633, 8.78946590423584, "014 Increased credits certain inmates earn for maintaining good behavior; created release consideration for certain nonviolent inmates with third-strike sentences\n2016 Expanded inmate eligibility for release consideration; increased CDCR\u2019s authority "]
[20.75261116027832, 8.441694259643555, "Prop 47. Additional senate bills passed between 2017 and 2019 reduced or made optional the use of certain sentencing enhancements for individuals.\nThe inmate population has been under the Three Judge Panel cap since 2015\u2014over seven years. As of early"]
[20.78319549560547, 8.391498565673828, " period. Therefore, we focus discus- sion of early results primarily on the DA review portion of the resentencing process.2 Figure 3.1 replicates the illustration of the prosecutor-initiated review and resentencing process first presented in Figure 1"]
[20.784976959228516, 8.38888931274414, "59 cases for which a referral review was initiated by the nine pilot county DA offices. Nearly four out of five cases were identified for review internally within the DA offices. Among other sources of referral, self-identification by the incarcerate"]
[20.784337997436523, 8.388964653015137, "14 21 60 76 reviews initiated\nSOURCE: Data provided by county DA offices, March and April 2022.\nFebruary\n2022 Total Cases\n51 259\n  included in this reporting) may still have been occupying staff already in place. For example, Los Angeles initiated a "]
[20.774290084838867, 8.398919105529785, "g were overwhelmingly male. As reported in the county DA data, only three of 259 individuals were female.3 Table 3.6 displays the distribution of race and ethnicity of the individuals reviewed by the pilot DA offices over the reporting period. Over 4"]
[20.766199111938477, 8.412535667419434, "ases\n259\n171 88\n SOURCE: Data provided by county DA offices, March and April 2022, and CDCR, June 2022. NOTE: Percentages might not sum to 100 because of rounding.\nTABLE 3.8\nAge at Time of DA Review for Resentencing: September 1, 2021, Through Februa"]
[20.812192916870117, 8.472238540649414, "nd-strike cases carry determinate sentences, while third-strike cases carry indeterminate sentences. Percentages might not sum to 100 because of rounding.\nreported separately from all other determinate sentences, and sentences of indeterminate length"]
[20.773488998413086, 8.436432838439941, "reporting period. As displayed in Table 3.13, just under 75 percent of reviewed cases had at least one sentence enhancement attached to their sentence, and 36 percent of cases had at least three enhancements. Cases with the greatest number of enhance"]
[20.796289443969727, 8.393498420715332, " among reviewed individuals with indeter- minate sentences until they reach their MEPDs. As parole is not necessarily granted as soon as eligibility is reached, some reviewed individuals with indeterminate sentences were beyond their MEPDs at the tim"]
[20.77269744873047, 8.418096542358398, "for resentencing\nPercentage 1 Year or Less Remaining\n15.1\n17.6 9.1\nPercentage 1+ to 3 Years Remaining\n23.3\n25.5 18.2\nPercentage 3+ to 5 Years Remaining\n21.9\n23.5 18.2\nPercentage 5+ to 10 Years Remaining\n30.1\n25.5 40.9\nPercentage Over 10 Years Remaini"]
[20.777019500732422, 8.396333694458008, "on recidivism for individuals who are resentenced and released. We will obtain automated criminal history records from the California Department of Justice (DOJ) and record convictions at one-year post return to the community. We will break down conv"]
[20.76827621459961, 8.40186595916748, "lop a robust application and reentry plan. Still, one county DA felt that it is the job of the individual to develop a strong application packet, includ- ing a reentry plan. This interviewee did not feel that it was necessarily the role of the DA to "]
[20.78691864013672, 8.386589050292969, "ion, we are handicapping these people; we are depriving them of some of the preparation that goes with reentry planning and being on parole.\nCurrent Status of Implementation of the Pilot Program\nTo conduct the work of resentencing efficiently, counti"]
[20.786603927612305, 8.386871337890625, "he level of PD office involvement, though, varies across the counties; some PD offices meet regularly with the DA office, and others meet rarely. Counties with a history of engaging in resentencing work and DA/PD office collaboration tend to be furth"]
[20.787635803222656, 8.386224746704102, "nsideration. Specifically, the pilot counties obtain from CDCR a list of all individuals incarcerated within the county. The DA office then analyzes the data to identify indi- viduals who fall within their tier of cases for review.\nThe pilot counties"]
[20.786951065063477, 8.387507438659668, "eir websites with respect to the resentencing guidelines, an application form, and/or FAQs to provide guidance to individuals who would like to be considered for resentencing.\nWhen a case has been identified as eligible for resentencing consideration"]
[20.782806396484375, 8.390482902526855, "o the courts for consideration.\nWhen the DA files a resentencing request, a court date may be set to hear evidence and arguments on whether to reduce an individual\u2019s sentence. The packet of information is presented to the judge. In some instances, th"]
[20.787708282470703, 8.386796951293945, " resentenc- ing but who did not have a strong enough application (e.g., their reentry plan was weak, they had an RVR within the past three years), some DAs will let an individual know what the issues are and that if they address those deficits, then "]
[20.786144256591797, 8.387103080749512, "tiated resentencing, the intent of the legislation was that the participating DA and PD offices would work collaboratively on this initiative as summarized above. Over- all, these two agencies in each of the pilot counties are trying to collaborate a"]
[20.78691291809082, 8.38749885559082, "n the pilot, the PD did not fully understand the DA\u2019s eligibility criteria and instead reached out to a number of their clients and obtained their C-files, bringing forward too many cases to consider. Also, the interviewee noted that there was disagr"]
[20.73038101196289, 8.416507720947266, "of the pilot. The community-based organization shall have experience working with currently or formerly incarcerated individuals and their support networks, and shall have expertise in at least two of the following areas: (1) Supporting and developin"]
[20.78594970703125, 8.387312889099121, "uals to access upon release from prison. These offices have made it a requirement for resentencing consideration that individuals agree to waive any excess credits to increase the likelihood that they will be put on parole and so be able to access re"]
[20.787721633911133, 8.3843355178833, "ew and resentencing process is the amount of time it can take to reach out to victims under Marsy\u2019s law (CDCR, undated-b) to notify them that an individual is being considered for resentencing and to get their input. As stated on the Los Angeles DA\u2019s"]
[20.78898811340332, 8.385347366333008, "hat influences the time it takes to obtain an individual\u2019s C-file is the length of time they have been incarcerated. If an individual has been incarcerated for a long time, some prison facilities may only have paper records that will need to be scann"]
[20.796274185180664, 8.38003158569336, "esentencing\nAs discussed in Chapter One, CDCR has been sending referrals for resentencing consideration to the courts since 2018. 1170(d) provides the CDCR secretary broad authority to look at various factors, such as type of sentence, enhancements, "]
[20.78721809387207, 8.385904312133789, " to obtain CDCR data to aid them in selecting candidates for resentencing consideration. Furthermore, the counties had to decide\n35\nEvaluation of the California County Resentencing Pilot Program\n whether to create new resentencing units or use existi"]
[20.784048080444336, 8.391521453857422, "ple, \u2018individual has done a lot of programming while incarcerated, has no rules violations,\u2019 whereas another individual may be struggling to get the programming he or she needs or may have mental health issues.\u201d It takes time to sort this out. Fur- t"]
[20.785831451416016, 8.386434555053711, "the reporting period. Of those initiated, 163 cases (63 percent) were still pending at the end of the reporting period and eight had been referred for resentencing. We presented data summaries of DA sentencing review uptake, characteristics of review"]
[20.790687561035156, 8.382214546203613, " program, it takes time to stand up all the different components of a program and to put into place the processes and procedures for implementing it. We expect to see over time that many of these hurdles will have been addressed and that the pilot co"]
[20.78427505493164, 8.388163566589355, ".\n(1) Develop and implement a written policy which, at minimum, outlines the factors, criteria, and processes that shall be used to identify, investigate, and recommend individuals for recall and resentencing. The district attorney\u2019s office may take "]
[20.799074172973633, 8.372876167297363, "o later than October 1, 2021. The measures shall include, but not be limited to, the following:\n(1) A summary of expenditures by each entity receiving funds.\n(2) A summary of any implementation delays or challenges, as well as steps being taken to ad"]
[20.785995483398438, 8.389120101928711, "allows for comparison between the pilot participant sites. This includes, but is not limited to, collection and reporting of data at the individual case level using the same definitions. Each pilot participant shall provide any information necessary "]
[20.789159774780273, 8.382434844970703, "t shall include a calculation of the total number of days of incarceration avoided, and amount of time by which the person\u2019s earliest possible release date or minimum eligible parole date was advanced due to prosecutor-initiated resentencing for thos"]
[20.787311553955078, 8.386899948120117, "ch stage of the resentencing process?\n 3. What is the impact of the resentencing pilot on case outcomes and recidivism?\n4. What is the tangible and intangible cost of the pilot program?\nTABLE B.1\nEvaluation Components and Sources of Data\nData Source "]
[20.788423538208008, 8.387309074401855, "d the case to the court for recall of sentence, the date the court considered the motion for resentencing, the date the court responded to the motion, the date the court resentenced the indi- vidual, the date the individual was released from state pr"]
[20.816204071044922, 8.35737419128418, "ne 2022. Given the timing of this report and the available complete data, results contained in this report cover this first data reporting period, through February 28, 2022. Future data delivery from the DA offices will occur quarterly throughout the"]
[20.79420280456543, 8.380194664001465, "ing process, and will provide description of contem- poraneous variables to help place the time reductions into context. Given the early stage of the pilot term at the time of this report, current analyses will focus on univariate descriptions of var"]
[20.78461265563965, 8.382556915283203, "m analysis\u2014it is too early. However, we anticipate that we will have enough cases for the second and final report. We will report on convictions during a one-year follow-up (longer if enough cases have been released to allow for longer follow-ups). S"]
[20.77830696105957, 8.3833646774292, "lementation assessment interviews with each site, both the DA and PD offices, and supplementing the findings with additional interviews with other county-level stakeholders, CBOs and any technical assistance help, such as FTP.\nRecidivism information "]
[20.76128578186035, 8.416901588439941, "nditures for the pilot program, regardless of the funding source.\n6 We use project quarters versus the state\u2019s fiscal quarters because the legislation requires that counties report their cost data on a quarterly basis for the pilot program, which beg"]
[20.765888214111328, 8.410528182983398, " CA Penal Code Section 666 for additional specific details).\nTABLE C.3\nDrug Crime Cases Considered by Pilot DAs for Resentencing: September 1, 2021, Through February 28, 2022\n  Cases considered by DA\nBy DA review outcome\nPending or referred for resen"]
[20.78667640686035, 8.384233474731445, "et\u2019s get started.\nII. Description of Jurisdiction\n1. What are the most common local crime problems?\n2. Describe the structure of the Prosecutor\u2019s Office.\n3. How many felony and misdemeanor cases are prosecuted yearly?\n4. Is an annual statistical repo"]
[20.788667678833008, 8.384652137756348, " interviewed during a prior site visit, ask if their job title and responsibilities have changed since you last spoke, and how long they have been in the new role.\n2. How many prosecutors work on the resentencing pilot program? How many paralegals wo"]
[20.78866195678711, 8.384531021118164, " pilot program in September 2021\n57\nEvaluation of the California County Resentencing Pilot Program\n 2. Please explain the process of working with the court. VIII. Partnerships\n1. Are you partnering with any community-based organizations to implement "]
[20.462005615234375, 8.681859016418457, "AND provided?\n2. Do you create your own regular performance reports of any kind?\n59\nAbbreviations\nAB Assembly Bill\nCBO community-based organization\nCDCR California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation\nC-file California Department of Correctio"]
[20.49436378479004, 8.65434741973877, "August 29, 2022: https://www.cdcr.ca.gov/news/2021/12/08/california-department-of-corrections-and-rehabilitation-announces- changes-to-good-conduct-credits-staff-misconduct-and-disciplinary-process/\nCalifornia Department of Corrections and Rehabilita"]
[20.491405487060547, 8.662885665893555, "s of September 23:\nhttps://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB483\nCalifornia Senate Bill 678, Criminal Recidivism, October 11, 2009. As of September 23, 2022: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient"]
[20.483394622802734, 8.671833992004395, "isan-approach-to-public-safety-reform\nPrison Law Office, \u201cPenal Code 1170(d) CDCR Resentencing Recommendations,\u201d San Quentin, Calif., September 2018. As of August 1, 2022: https://prisonlaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/PC1170d-CDCR-resentencing-AB-"]
[12.995888710021973, 4.274860382080078, " Reducing Deaths in Law\nEnforcement Custody\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs for the Criminal Justice System\nDuren Banks, Michael G. Planty, Madison Fann, Lynn Langton, Dulani Woods, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Brian A. Jackson\nCongress enacted the Death i"]
[12.984354972839355, 4.278496742248535, "tality.\n\u2022 A taxonomy of deaths or critical incidents that occur in law enforcement custody should be developed to provide necessary context to understand law enforce- ment\u2019s role.\nData and reporting\n\u2022 Challenges that law enforcement agencies (LEAs) a"]
[12.984956741333008, 4.280869960784912, "create efficiencies and reduce burden on reporting agencies\n\u2022 clear guidelines to support accurate and timely reporting, including the specification of who is responsible for report- ing, what data elements, and when\n\u2022 a foundation for translating kn"]
[12.979405403137207, 4.280490875244141, "deaths of (1) any person detained, under arrest, or in the process of being arrested by any officer of law enforcement, or (2) any person incarcerated, detained, or en route to be incarcerated or detained at government facilities. DCRA further requir"]
[12.974437713623047, 4.28623628616333, "ed alternate data collection strategies and DOJ determined what agency should be responsible for collecting the information mandated by DCRA. Supplemen- tary homicide reports, collected through the Federal Bureau\nof Investigation\u2019s (FBI\u2019s) Uniform Cr"]
[12.975968360900879, 4.287423610687256, "e data. The officers employed by these agencies represent 54 percent\nof federal, state, local, and tribal sworn officers in the United States (FBI, undated). The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has stipulated that limited data from the National"]
[12.985597610473633, 4.235162258148193, "\u2019s (NIJ\u2019s) Prior-\nity Criminal Justice Needs Initiative (PCJNI), a 2016 panel explored specific needs surrounding mortality in correctional settings (Russo et al., 2017). BJS reports that approximately 1,000 inmates die in U.S. jail facilities each y"]
[12.983057022094727, 4.277407169342041, "ram estimated that each year 1,000 individuals die from a police shooting; 1,200 deaths result from all types of law enforcement use of force (including police shootings and other uses of force); and 1,900 deaths of all manners occur in law enforceme"]
[12.988717079162598, 4.266268253326416, "surrounding these deaths; information needs of practitioners, policymakers, and the public; and opportunities to improve policies and practices that may prevent or reduce deaths occur- ring in law enforcement custody while also ensuring public safety"]
[12.996253967285156, 4.257967472076416, " enforcement custody, and the public.\nAs an initial step in the development of the engagement, RTI staff reviewed relevant literature (e.g., scientific studies, technical reports) on the challenges of collecting comprehen- sive, national-level inform"]
[14.674829483032227, 2.1649670600891113, "given an opportunity to review the rankings of needs following the workshop and vote to move needs up or down\nin terms of importance. For a more detailed description of the prioritization methodology that we employed, including iden- tified limitatio"]
[12.984694480895996, 4.270016193389893, "cidents that could result in fatali- ties, including all incidents in which law enforcement deploy deadly force and deaths occurring in law enforcement custody that meet other inclusionary criteria described in DCRA: accidents, suicides, deaths due t"]
[12.986772537231445, 4.274658203125, " engagement (e.g., with other LEAs, advocates, policymakers) to institutionalize LEA reporting.\n\u2022 Leverage existing reporting platforms and coordinate across providers to create efficiencies and reduce burden.\n\u2022 Conduct user experience research to un"]
[12.982220649719238, 4.28014612197876, "    a Multiple needs were associated with this issue, but the others did not fall in the top tier. See the technical appendix for a complete list of needs.\nity occurring during an incident involving active law enforce- ment response and (2) any incid"]
[12.980640411376953, 4.280843734741211, "imately, the participants cautioned against expanding the collection beyond nonfatal incidents that were the result of law enforcement use of force. The group felt that including serious injuries of bystanders in an accident would likely create chall"]
[12.984786987304688, 4.276263236999512, "ere was no need to start from scratch with\na new data collection; instead, they recommended focusing on understanding and addressing the challenges to participating\nWorkshop participants determined that there\nwas no need to start from scratch with a "]
[12.98241138458252, 4.277965545654297, "ational Use-of-Force Data Collection and the BJA\u2019s deaths in custody program, and they may also be reportable to state and local systems.\nLEAs may also find reporting to be challenging because\nof their concern about who has access to the information "]
[12.978452682495117, 4.286731719970703, "changes to law enforcement training or policy. Although many train- ing programs and policies designed to prevent fatal incidents are in place, there is no rigorous evidence on whether any of these programs reduce fatalities, serious injuries, or unw"]
[12.973109245300293, 4.296218395233154, "ategies (GAO, 2021). The FBI\u2019s National Use-of-Force Data Collection may be discontinued by December 2022 if participation in the current data collection approach remains insufficient.3 GAO further recommended that \u201cthe Attorney General should assign"]
[14.924491882324219, 2.127985715866089, "ssional and social networks (e.g., LinkedIn) and by reviewing literature published on the topic. We then extend an invitation to those individuals and provide a brief description of the workshop\u2019s focus areas.\nFor this workshop on deaths in law enfor"]
[14.926140785217285, 1.931666612625122, "had not been used before). After identifying and refining the needs, we used a vot- ing process based on the Delphi method to elicit prioritization information from the group about the identified needs (RAND Corporation, undated).\nPrior to the COVID-"]
[14.86913776397705, 1.8705843687057495, " slides that were edited in real time to incorporate participant revisions and comments.\nOnce the group reached consensus on a group of needs, we conducted a real-time voting prioritization exercise using Del- phi techniques. We asked the panel to an"]
[14.720985412597656, 1.838485836982727, "s the group\u2019s collective expected value score for the need.\nWe clustered the resulting expected value scores into three tiers using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The algorithm we used was the \u201cward.D\u201d spherical algorithm from the \u201cstats\u201d libra"]
[14.629156112670898, 1.9424175024032593, "nded outsized impact\u2014for example, when some or all of the needs in one tier have the same or very similar expected values\u2014we also set a threshold that at least 25 percent of the workshop participants must\nhave voted on that need (and then rounded to "]
[12.988495826721191, 4.270735263824463, "ty is responsible for providing the information.\n\u2022 Define the lead agency for reporting purposes.\n\u2022 Develop and implement protections that address privacy\nconcerns. Specify appropriate uses of the data for disclo- sure and research purposes and provi"]
[12.984339714050293, 4.280365467071533, "y for one or more aspects of the data collection(s) that could inform deaths that occur in law enforcement custody or use-of-force incidents, or both. This can create duplicative reporting and additional burden confusion for data providers.\nPotential"]
[12.977117538452148, 4.287267208099365, "e incidents result in nonfatal or fatal injuries.\nThere is a lack of information about policies and practices to recognize and respond to a person experiencing a mental health crisis and general crisis intervention models and programs.\n  Table A.1\u2014Co"]
[12.981593132019043, 4.280546188354492, " law enforcement custody. LEAs and other stakeholders disagree on which manners of death should be reported.\n20\nTable A.1\u2014Continued\nProblem or Opportunity\nData providers or gatekeepers are concerned about disclosing active case information, respectin"]
[12.981035232543945, 4.284461498260498, "n or when an officer discharges a firearm at or in the direction of a person.\n3 OMB stipulated that if the FBI did not achieve 60-percent partici- pation by the end of 2022, the FBI was to end the data collection effort and explore alternatives for c"]
[13.013287544250488, 4.245080471038818, "s in United States Vital Statistics and News-Media-Based Data Sources: A Capture-Recapture Analysis,\u201d PLOS Medicine, Vol. 14, No. 10, October 2017.\nGAO\u2014See U.S. Government Accountability Office.\nGBD 2019 Police Violence US Subnational Collaborators, "]
[13.89722728729248, 4.159097194671631, "dy: Identifying High-Priority Needs to Reduce Mortality in Correctional Facilities, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1967-NIJ, 2017. As of February 2, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1967.html\nU.S. Government Accountabili"]
[13.920584678649902, 4.180497646331787, " multiple national data collection projects on victimization and law enforcement issues. He holds a Ph.D. in justice, law, and society; public administration; and public policy.\nMadison Fann is a public health analyst in the Division for Applied Just"]
[13.87968921661377, 4.074193000793457, "quirements & Resources Consortium (RRC) and is intended to support innovation within the criminal justice enterprise. For more information about the RRC and the Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative (PCJNI), please see www.rand.org/well-being/ju"]
[13.858506202697754, 4.606316089630127, " of published research, and policies to ensure intellectual independence. For more information, visit www.rand.org/about/principles.\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law"]
[-3.026461124420166, 8.816950798034668, " Societal Impact of\nResearch Funding for\nWomen\u2019s Health\nIN LUNG CANCER\nMatthew D. Baird Annie Chen Andrew W. Dick Chloe E. Bird Melanie A. Zaber Molly Waymouth Grace Gahlon Denise D. Quigley Hamad Al-Ibrahim Lori Frank\n     CORPORATION\n THE WHAM REPO"]
[-2.958606004714966, 8.887661933898926, "ouraged through the generous support and collaboration from the following organizations:\nAmerican Heart Association (AHA) is a relentless force for a world of longer,healthier lives dedicated to ensuring equitable health for all\u2014in the United States "]
[-2.995094060897827, 8.851696014404297, "ze existing data with sex as a biological variable, to work together to spark new projects, to hire new faculty to build key research areas, to communicate via The WHAM Report, and to establish an ignition point for new leadership in the scientific f"]
[-3.000685930252075, 8.84469223022461, ", Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine\nRobynne Chutkan, MD, Founder and CEO, Digestive Center for Wellness\nRichard J. Davidson, PhD, William James and Vilas Research Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Wiscons"]
[-3.0067567825317383, 8.837861061096191, " Epidemiology and Prevention, and Professor of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine\nLisa Mosconi, PhD, Director, Women\u2019s Brain Initiative; Director, Alzheimer\u2019s Prevention Clinic; Associate Professor, Neurosci"]
[-3.056058883666992, 8.786730766296387, "ith immediate relevance for use by funders, advocacy organizations, researchers, and other stakeholders.\nSoo Borson, MD, Professor of Clinical Family Medicine, University of Southern California; Professor Emerita, University of Washington School of M"]
[-3.0579750537872314, 8.784139633178711, "rms of age incidence, mortality, and quality of life yields the following results:\n\u2022 For the U.S. population age 25 and older, more than 22,700 years can be saved across 30 years, with substantial gains in health- related quality of life.\n\u2022 Approxima"]
[-3.0575978755950928, 8.784706115722656, "s limited. Even today, the value of research investment on women\u2019s health is not widely accepted. The impact of this oversight is far-reaching.\nAlso unknown is the potential impact of accelerating and increas- ing funding for women\u2019s health research."]
[-3.0580899715423584, 8.784699440002441, "Costa, 2021). Research on lung cancer to date has yielded some benefits, but lagging attention to women leaves a knowledge gap.\nQuantifying the impact of research funding investment is a rela- tively new area of inquiry (Adam et al., 2018). Microsimu"]
[-3.0570623874664307, 8.784889221191406, "erminology guidance from the NIH, which states the following:\n\u2022 \u201cSex\u201d refers to biological factors and processes (e.g., sex chromo- somes, endogenous hormonal profiles) related to differentiation between males (who generally have XY chromosomes) and "]
[-3.0577199459075928, 8.784574508666992, "ife years\nDecreased lung cancer years\nIncreased nursing home years\nMore QALYs\nFewer lost productivity years for patients\nFewer lost productivity years for informal caregivers\nImpact of health improvements on costs\nMore nursing home years\nHealth care "]
[-3.0582387447357178, 8.78409481048584, "sing funding for health research on women in terms of economic outcomes. These economic outcomes included the mon-\nMETHODS 11\n  12 SOCIETAL IMPACT OF RESEARCH FUNDING FOR WOMEN\u2019S HEALTH IN LUNG CANCER\netary value of workers being able to stay in the "]
[-3.0877199172973633, 8.754495620727539, "bstracts in this research portfolio using NIH RePORTER, the publicly available interface\nof funded extramural NIH projects (NIH, 2020b). The terms used\nto search the retrieved titles and abstracts to determine the total number of women-focused projec"]
[-3.0597732067108154, 8.780360221862793, "the impact is three times larger for women than men.\nLost Productivity for People with Lung Cancer\nHealth improvements increase employment and earnings of the lung cancer population in two ways. Fewer years of lung cancer create fewer lost earnings, "]
[-3.0579564571380615, 8.784028053283691, ")\nNOTE: Figure shows a 0.1 percent health impact for mortality and incidence and a 0.01 percent impact for QALYs, which is three times larger for women than men.\nRESULTS 17\n  18 SOCIETAL IMPACT OF RESEARCH FUNDING FOR WOMEN\u2019S HEALTH IN LUNG CANCER\n  "]
[-3.0573880672454834, 8.783394813537598, " when modeling using labor force participa- tion and earnings is selection of earnings profiles. We chose to apply earnings of non-Hispanic white males for all races and ethnicities and genders in the informal caregiving population. This has the adva"]
[-3.0576326847076416, 8.78407096862793, "nagement, in terms of the impact on health and quality of life outcomes, can aid with tracking investment impacts in the future, given the findings here of the potential for impact on health-related quality of life of women with lung cancer. The foll"]
[-3.0571539402008057, 8.784337043762207, "for- mation, email sbp@rand.org.\n   SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL POLICY PROGRAM 23\n  References\nAdam, Paula, Pavel V. Ovseiko, Jonathan Grant, Kathryn E.\nA. Graham, Omar F. Boukhris, Anne-Maree Dowd, Gert V. Balling, Rikke N. Christensen, Alexandra Pollitt,"]
[-3.0593903064727783, 8.782584190368652, "in Lung Carcinogenesis and Lung Cancer Treatment,\u201d Frontiers in Medicine, Vol. 8, 2021.\nScott, Troy J., Alan C. O\u2019Connor, Albert N. Link, and Travis J. Beaulieu, \u201cEconomic Analysis of Opportunities to Accelerate Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research and Devel"]
[2.7806456089019775, 4.248939514160156, "Examining Interventions to Address Infant Mortality\nin Allegheny County, Pennsylvania\nDANA SCHULTZ, SUSAN L. LOVEJOY, EVAN D. PEET\n  SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nSponsored by the Richard King Mellon Foundation\nFor more information on this publicati"]
[2.7788798809051514, 4.2462992668151855, "ms that affect well- being. For more information, email sbp@rand.org.\n iii\nContents\nPreface............................................................................................................................................ iii Figures......."]
[2.783278226852417, 4.2510833740234375, "Interventions ...................................................................................................................... 45 Timing of Intervention............................................................................................"]
[2.7765066623687744, 4.244706153869629, "................................. 90\nUnderstanding Participation in Select Programs, Services, and Supports in Allegheny\nCounty .........................................................................................................................."]
[2.779128074645996, 4.245788097381592, "..................................................................................................................................... 153\nReferences......................................................................................................"]
[2.7724010944366455, 4.238707065582275, "re 15. Factors Related to the Maternal and Infant Context in the Infant Mortality Prediction System with Intervention Management Database................................................................. 80 Figure 16. Correlation of Intervention Parti"]
[2.7898030281066895, 4.256476402282715, "........................................................................................ 105 Figure 32. Causal Effects of Preconception/Interconception Care on Infant Mortality ............. 107\nFigure 33. Causal Effects of Specific Types of Preconce"]
[2.781263828277588, 4.247994899749756, "7\nviii\nTables\nTable 1. Linkage Between Underlying Factors and Leading Causes of Infant Mortality .............. 8 Table 2. Summary of Data Sources in the Infant Mortality Prediction System with Intervention\nManagement Database ......................."]
[2.782932996749878, 4.2522664070129395, "................................. 93 Table 20. Summary of Intervention Effectiveness ..................................................................... 122 Table 21. Summary of Intervention Effectiveness by Risk Factor and by Other Interventions ."]
[2.784395694732666, 4.252071857452393, " birth outcomes and infant death. These factors fall into five broad, interrelated categories of risk: maternal health, mental health, stress, risky behaviors, and the context in which the mother lives. Many women, particularly those with low socioec"]
[2.7759015560150146, 4.2430009841918945, "er\u2019s utilization of publicly funded social services such as Women, Infants, and Children (WIC); housing assistance; Family Support Centers; substance use disorder services; and mental health services from the Allegheny County Department of Human Serv"]
[2.7911489009857178, 4.258851528167725, "Together, the results of the two components of the project provide information that can help health care and community-based social service providers and policymakers identify those pregnant women most at risk for infant mortality, decipher the appro"]
[2.8054966926574707, 4.2708282470703125, "ons include legislative or regulatory changes that address social determinants of health or funding decisions for programs such as the Title V Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant program. Others include efforts such as perinatal regionaliz"]
[2.7950940132141113, 4.2617011070251465, " mortality prevention, including breastfeeding and safe sleep. The Pennsylvania Perinatal Partnership facilitates efforts of the Healthy Start projects in the state, the maternal and child health programs organized by the Department of Health\u2019s Burea"]
[2.7801337242126465, 4.248194694519043, "ting infrastructure and the need for expanding or improving access and engagement with existing interventions, or for introducing new interventions.\nOverall, Allegheny County has programs, services, and supports that span medical-setting intervention"]
[2.766599416732788, 4.237407207489014, "dJAtlantic2Mother\u2019s2\nMilk2Bank Allegheny2County2\nBreastfeeding2 Coalition\n WIC MidJAtlantic2Mother\u2019s2\nMilk2Bank Allegheny2County2\nBreastfeeding2 Coalition\nBehavioral2 health2 services\n Sojourner2House POWER Familylink\u2019s Family2\nTreatment2Centers The2"]
[2.7858903408050537, 4.253415107727051, "hers, the infant mortality rate was 10.3 per 1,000; it was 13.8 per 1,000 births when the previous birth occurred less than 1.5 years before.\nIntervention Participation\n\u2022 Seventy-five percent of women received one or more prenatal care visits; among "]
[2.7875726222991943, 4.254775524139404, "terms of the size of the effect and the degree of accuracy.\nxx\nIntervention Category\nMedical interventions were estimated to have the largest impact. From the causal inference models, the estimated effects of prenatal care were found to be large and "]
[2.7898027896881104, 4.257357120513916, " offerings (e.g., services include prenatal care), or the approach used (e.g., program based on evidence-informed model).\nAmong behavioral health services, the effects of substance abuse services were large and significant, particularly at higher lev"]
[2.782724142074585, 4.250585079193115, "men with opioid use disorder, which may reflect more about women struggling with substance abuse issues than it does about the interventions. Both WIC and behavioral health services, on the other hand, did reduce the risk of infant mortality for wome"]
[2.783405065536499, 4.250998497009277, "y a key role in whether an intervention is successful.\n\u2022 Educate health care and community-based social service providers about available and effective interventions. Successful referral to interventions often depends on health care and community-bas"]
[2.7863423824310303, 4.254542827606201, " coordinated, consistent, and targeted efforts that are initiated as early as possible. The\nxxiv\nearlier health care and community-based service providers can engage with women, particularly those at high risk of poor birth outcomes, the better able "]
[2.7790701389312744, 4.246673107147217, "nt evidence is somewhat limited for some of the approaches recommended for expansion (e.g., enhanced prenatal care and doula support) or introduction (e.g., mobile applications). W hen these are implemented, it will be important to examine their effe"]
[2.779042959213257, 4.24834680557251, "h syndrome\nUPMC University of Pittsburgh Medical Center WIC Women, Infants, and Children\nxxviii\n1. Introduction\nThe rate of infant mortality, calculated as the number of deaths before age one among 1,000 live births, is widely used as a measure of ma"]
[2.755915641784668, 4.24257755279541, " the southwest part of Pennsylvania, with Pittsburgh as its regional hub, Allegheny County has a population of about 1.22 million, with an average age of just over 40; 80 percent of the population is white and 13 percent is black. The median househol"]
[2.7652621269226074, 4.244725704193115, ".50 1.00 0.50 0.00\n         2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 N a t i o n a l P e n n s y l v a n i a A l l e g h e n y \u0000C o u n t y\nSOURCE: CDC, n.d.b.\nAccess to Perinatal Care\nThe relatively high rate of infant m"]
[2.783473014831543, 4.255156517028809, " rate of 5.93 per 1,000. Only in two years (2014 and 2016) in the span between 2003 and 2016 was Allegheny County\u2019s infant mortality rate below 6.00 (Figure 1). A 10-percent reduction in the disparity between black and white infant mortality would dr"]
[2.787666082382202, 4.255206108093262, "varied maternal factors that increase risk for poor birth outcomes and infant death (CDC, 2019) (Figure 3). These factors fall into five broad, interrelated categories of risk: maternal health, mental health, stress, risk behaviors, and the context i"]
[2.8045523166656494, 4.271397113800049, "ence that\n6\nuntreated maternal depression increases the odds of preterm birth and low birth weight (Grigoriadis et al., 2013; Szegda et al., 2014; Jarde et al., 2016). Anxiety and depression are also both risk factors for maternal complications of pr"]
[2.79557204246521, 4.262829303741455, "t. Higher maternal age (34 and older) may increase risk for birth defects and maternal complications of pregnancy (Huang et al., 2008; Bayrampour and Heaman, 2010; de Queiroz Herkrath et al., 2012), whereas lower maternal age (younger than 18 years) "]
[2.777418613433838, 4.2450947761535645, "ystem with Intervention Management (IMPreSIv) database. The database includes vital statistics records of all births and infant deaths from ACHD, the social services database from the Allegheny County Department of Human Services (ACDHS), the Magee O"]
[2.767428159713745, 4.234085559844971, ", services, and supports addressing the underlying causes of infant mortality; and the causal inference framework to examine intervention effectiveness.\n\u2022 Chapter 3 summarizes the evidence base for interventions that address the underlying causes of "]
[2.779168128967285, 4.2466230392456055, "ated keywords for the period 2006\u2013 2016. The results from each search were combined into one master EndNote library with results from each underlying cause grouped into individual folders within the library. All duplicates between database and outcom"]
[2.7443149089813232, 4.211370468139648, "tion\n\u2022 eligibility criteria\n\u2022 areas served\n\u2022 year started\n\u2022 referral sources\n\u2022 annual referrals\n\u2022 recruitment methods\n\u2022 annual number served\n\u2022 capacity\n\u2022 number and type of staff\n\u2022 program or service components\n\u2022 intervention model, measures, or tool"]
[2.760979175567627, 4.227237701416016, "on participation with the data we observe, then we can mitigate the bias caused by selection. So, just as the University of Pittsburgh team built models to predict infant mortality, as the first step in the causal inference framework we built models "]
[2.776278257369995, 4.243300914764404, "s on the causal inference framework and steps in the model development process are provided in Appendix B.\nInfant Mortality Prediction System with Intervention Management Database\nOur causal inference framework is built on and responsive to the IMPre"]
[2.7724902629852295, 4.2392072677612305, "f information regarding social, economic, and demographic characteristics of the mother and, in some cases, the father. These include parental education and insurance status. Major maternal and child health risk factors, such as gestational diabetes "]
[2.7748348712921143, 4.2415876388549805, "a range of health care and community-based social service providers, we divided the data by type and time period. If the models within the framework rely too heavily on information available only to health care providers, such as blood tests and ultr"]
[2.774608850479126, 4.241138458251953, "igure 5 describes the overall data structure by type and time period. Reportable data during the preconception period represent the smallest portion of the overall database, and health care data in the postdelivery period include all of the available"]
[2.7587196826934814, 4.225333213806152, "ey identified as important were also included in our models. We then extended this work by developing our own models to predict infant mortality using each type of data at each point in time. We used machine learning algorithms that iteratively impro"]
[2.767150640487671, 4.2339324951171875, " participation. Additionally, in order to make the results as relevant as possible for a range of health care and community-based social service providers, we modeled intervention participation using the three data types described. The main results o"]
[2.7853708267211914, 4.253022193908691, "rence model enable us to predict who will participate in the interventions, describe the effectiveness of the interventions for different risk factors, and suggest individualized referrals based on the overall risk profile. The main results of this s"]
[2.7906529903411865, 4.258367538452148, "y-based organizations, such as Healthy Start.\nPreconception Care\nPreconception care consists of a group of preventive screenings and services designed to reduce modifiable risk factors before a first pregnancy to improve pregnancy outcomes, as well a"]
[2.793057441711426, 4.260398864746094, "se; weight loss for obese women; and smoking and alcohol use cessation. While interventions for smoking and alcohol use have been shown to be effective among some populations, they have not been as effective for injection drug users and polysubstance"]
[2.787163019180298, 4.254964351654053, "ve life planning, is a vehicle to provide counseling about modifiable preconception health risks at every health care visit and to potentially discuss the prevention of unintended pregnancies. Several approaches to initiating discussions of reproduct"]
[2.8124747276306152, 4.279533863067627, "report\u2019s release, national legislation expanded Medicaid eligibility to low-income pregnant women and children, and many states further expanded eligibility and eased the enrollment process for pregnant women. Attention then turned to the content of "]
[2.7957677841186523, 4.26326322555542, "ication adopted by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force to rate the quality of evidence as \u201cgood,\u201d \u201cfair,\u201d or \u201cpoor.\u201d\n 27\nreceive a comprehensive risk assessment at their first prenatal visit, and that the frequency of visits thereafter should be "]
[2.803128957748413, 4.269979476928711, " baby from 24 weeks of pregnancy to 7 days after birth (13 studies). Women also had higher rates of spontaneous vaginal birth (12 studies). There were no differences in the rate of cesarean births between the intervention and control groups (Sandall "]
[2.799912691116333, 4.266759872436523, "aches, there was a reduction in the rate of elective deliveries between 37 and 39 weeks from 9.6 to 4.3 percent of all deliveries. The \u201chard stop\u201d approach led to the largest decrease in elective early term delivery.\n29\nIn South Carolina, the Birth O"]
[2.808756113052368, 4.2755818367004395, "    Early elective delivery reduction\n\u2022 Some evidence of successful strategies to reduce early elective deliveries such as strict hospital enforcement of the policy\n     Preconception/ interconception care\n   \u2022 Strong evidence for improved birth outc"]
[2.8224618434906006, 4.22710657119751, "nd a reduction in pregnancy-induced hypertension, few studies have demonstrated a positive effect on pregnancy outcomes (Gomby, Culross, and Behrman, 1999; Ciliska et al., 2001; Olds, 2002; Issel, 2011). In a study from Olds and colleagues (1986), pr"]
[2.814361572265625, 4.279644966125488, "omes for families enrolled in Medicaid or the Children\u2019s Health Insurance Program. The 2012 to 2017 evaluation is part of the CMMI\u2019s Strong Start for Mothers and Newborns Initiative.\nSafe Sleep Education\nSafe sleep education to prevent SIDS and other"]
[2.8166401386260986, 4.282520294189453, "ost parents will model the behavior of the hospital staff with their babies at home (National Institute for Children\u2019s Health Quality, 2015).\nAnother intervention that is increasingly being promoted to prevent SIDS is pairing safe sleep education wit"]
[2.8201358318328857, 4.284142017364502, " the group that had home visitors (Roberts, Kramer, and Suissa, 1996). In a subsequent review that included studies of the impact of home visiting and pediatrician-based education on accident prevention, families receiving the interventions had a low"]
[2.7905328273773193, 4.258946418762207, "k, Anderko, and Stetzer, 2011; Hillemeier et al., 2015). Results include reductions in low birth weight, preterm delivery, infants transferred to the NICU, infant mortality, and medical costs. Two studies examined the effect of the amount of coordina"]
[2.794433116912842, 4.261444091796875, "ion in maternal stress is not known.\nSeveral cities, including Baltimore and New York, have adopted doula programs to address disparities in infant mortality rates (Ollove, 2017). In Baltimore\u2019s program, doulas are also trained to connect women to ho"]
[2.7926418781280518, 4.260381698608398, "e provided through various programs and policies, such as local breastfeeding coalitions, WIC programs, hospital staff interactions with mothers, home visitors, and workplace facilitation (Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs [AMCHP], 20"]
[2.7976722717285156, 4.26558780670166, " have been implemented in a variety of settings to support breastfeeding, with mixed evidence.\n\u2022 Peer counseling programs have been shown to increase the rate and duration of breastfeeding among low-income women with term and preterm infants (Merewoo"]
[2.786325454711914, 4.254087448120117, "erate- to high-quality evidence on the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions on smoking cessation in pregnancy (Chamberlain et al., 2017). It found that the interventions decreased the number of women smoking late in pregnancy by 35 percent, in"]
[2.787304401397705, 4.255817413330078, "ons may be needed in addition to brief behavioral interventions and medication and may be coupled with case management and assistance with housing, transportation, childcare, and employment services.\n\u2022 Intensive outpatient treatment provides women 9 "]
[2.791428565979004, 4.258625030517578, "Evidence for Support and Referral Interventions\nCare coordination \u2022 Emerging evidence of the effectiveness of maternity care coordination on birth weight, preterm births, NICU stays, and infant mortality\n   Support and Referrals\n     Summary of Evide"]
[2.8343820571899414, 4.3018999099731445, "erritorial Health Officials, 2014). Levels of maternal care have also been proposed by the ACOG and the Society for Maternal- Fetal Medicine. Regionalized systems assign risk-appropriate levels (I through III) to hospitals to ensure that facilities h"]
[2.822005033493042, 4.289842128753662, "nt of the 476 very preterm infants born\n43\noutside Level III hospitals were transferred within 24 hours of delivery. The Illinois network is focused on educating health care providers and raising patient awareness of nearby hospitals and their design"]
[2.793611764907837, 4.260939121246338, "creased infant mortality risk (Bhatt and Beck-Sague\u0301, 2018).\nIncome Supplements for Pregnant Women\nLow-income women are at high risk for stress, poor nutrition, and smoking or drinking during pregnancy, and they are more likely to have preterm births"]
[2.8022079467773438, 4.269703388214111, "mes. Research on the effectiveness of most of the health promotion and education efforts is\n45\nscarce, although there is some limited evidence of positive effects on certain risk behaviors known to lead to poor outcomes. Home visiting has been widely"]
[2.8063955307006836, 4.274168968200684, "on timing for programs, services, and supports clusters in the prenatal and postnatal periods, with relatively few appropriate for delivery in the preconception period (Figure 7).\n47\nFigure 7. Categories of Programs, Services, and Supports by Interve"]
[2.7798213958740234, 4.246867656707764, "ngle mother are less likely to be retained in programs (Roggman et al., 2008) and that ethnicity or minority status is also related to attrition, with some groups more likely to engage with services while others are less likely (Brand and Jungmann, 2"]
[2.806321382522583, 4.269547462463379, "recruitment, retention, and participation. For instance, there is potential to incorporate principles like default opt-in for appointment scheduling (Chapman et al., 2010), gains-framed messaging about behavioral changes or treatments (Toll et al., 2"]
[2.799139976501465, 4.264553070068359, "evention and intervention services\n\u2022 ensuring access to high-quality, patient-centered care\n\u2022 investing in prevention and public health at the community level\n\u2022 fostering health equity by eliminating disparities and unequal treatment\n\u2022 developing dat"]
[2.8304171562194824, 4.295179843902588, ", 2019).\nOutside the federal government, other national efforts to prevent and reduce infant mortality include the March of Dimes\u2019 Prematurity Campaign, which focuses on reducing prematurity, the leading cause of infant mortality (March of Dimes, 201"]
[2.8149235248565674, 4.2797746658325195, "eceived a Medicaid waiver that covered long-acting reversible contraception for women on Medicaid.\nIn 2009, Ohio\u2019s Infant Mortality Task Force issued a report with a series of recommendations that included the formation of a statewide organization to"]
[2.8127195835113525, 4.278561115264893, " and Infant Mortality Rates in 2009, 2012, and 2015\n    Initiative Launched\n        Location\nPrimary Focus\n2009\nInfant Mortality Rate\n         2012\n2015\n                  Black\nWhite\nBlack\nWhite\nBlack\nWhite\n         Baltimore (city) Milwaukee (city)\n"]
[2.802323579788208, 4.26937198638916, "per 1,000. When Cradle Cincinnati launched, the infant mortality rate stood at 8.4 per 1,000. While the infant mortality rate returned to 9.4 per 1,000 in 2015, it is still too soon to examine the possible impact of the strategies just outlined.\nStar"]
[2.817038059234619, 4.282709121704102, "nsin\nWisconsin\u2019s Lifecourse Initiative for Healthy Families was launched in 2009 to reduce disparities in birth outcomes between black and white infants (Lifecourse Initiative for Healthy Families, n.d.). In Milwaukee, the initiative\u2019s Community Acti"]
[2.7551512718200684, 4.223371505737305, " strategies, and implementing specific activities. Last, client-centeredness is at the core of many of the initiatives, such that the strategies and activities are designed and carried out to maximize engagement.\n58\n5. Inventory of Allegheny County P"]
[2.7816925048828125, 4.250241279602051, "x family medicine practices\n 59\naffiliated with UPMC participate in the IMPLICIT (Interventions to Minimize Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants Using Continuous Quality Improvement Techniques) interconception care project, which involves maternal sc"]
[2.7822928428649902, 4.250556468963623, " Start initiative that tested the effectiveness of the birth center model, and it continues to offer a suite of pregnancy and childbirth supports to its mothers.\nThe Birth Circle, part of the UPMC Department of Family Medicine, is a doula program tha"]
[2.7838687896728516, 4.252036094665527, "rams. Pregnant and postpartum women can also access these programs directly or through referrals from other programs or services.\nACHD supports three nurse home visiting programs. The Nurse-Family Partnership program follows the evidence-based nation"]
[2.7569730281829834, 4.224762916564941, "ormation on program components, capacity, and reach.\nTable 10. Allegheny County Health Promotion and Education Interventions\nHome Visiting Programs\n        Program Components\n     Capacity and Reach\n     Allegheny Link\n     Nurse-Family Partnership\nH"]
[2.7494049072265625, 4.217212200164795, "effectiveness in improving birth and infant outcomes.\nCare Coordination\nPregnant women in Allegheny County with Medicaid coverage can access maternity care coordination, which has emerging evidence of improving outcomes such as birth weight, preterm "]
[2.746664047241211, 4.214452743530273, "ch operates out of Homewood Children\u2019s Village, offers education, resources, and support to expectant parents and parents of young children.\nPregnant women in Allegheny County have access to Text4baby and its weekly information texts through local pa"]
[2.7772674560546875, 4.246743202209473, "ent services, and an in-home substance abuse assessment and mentoring program. Familylinks\u2019 two Family Treatment Centers prioritize pregnant women for its residential treatment program.\nTwo outpatient clinics situated within hospitals offer services "]
[2.7395639419555664, 4.207761287689209, "e evidence-based or evidence-informed models\nServes about 6,000 children and families annually\n       Genesis House\nAssistance in finding permanent housing after delivery, counseling sessions, classes on prenatal care, parenting, smoking cessation, a"]
[2.747809410095215, 4.21581506729126, "o six months postpartum)\nHalfway house program: Residential treatment with psychiatric and health care services\nOutpatient program: Partial hospitalization, intensive outpatient programming, counseling, therapy, and resource coordination\nIn-home serv"]
[2.783008098602295, 4.251924514770508, " Supports (as of 2018)\n     Preconception Prenatal\nNeonatal Postneonatal\n       Medical Setting\nPreconception/ interconception care\n One Key Question PATH\n IMPLICIT ICC\nOne Key Question PATH\nPrenatal care/ enhanced prenatal care\n Healthy Beginnings P"]
[2.783687114715576, 4.251180648803711, "ram\nHealthy Start Life Skills Classes\nHealthy Start Fatherhood Program\nAIU Responsible Fatherhood Program\nHealthy Start Life Skills Classes\n         72\n6. Allegheny County Birth Outcomes, Risk and Contextual Factors, and Intervention Participation\nTo"]
[2.7941529750823975, 4.262260437011719, "ry (14 percent); SIDS or other ill-defined causes\n74\n(12 percent); and perinatal respiratory or cardiovascular disorders (9 percent). The remaining 21 percent of infant deaths were caused by other factors, including perinatal infections, fetal blood "]
[2.7946481704711914, 4.262101173400879, "e\n  30%\n25%\n20%\n15%\n10%\n5%\n0%\n20.9%\n9.7% 9.6%\n26.6%\n14.5% 11.5%\n         0.2% 0.9% 1.2% 0.7% 1.5%\nInfant mortality (% of total)\nGestational diabetes (n = 6,123) Pre-pregnancy obesity (n = 19,496)\nLow birth weight (% of total)\nAnemia (n = 88,633) Infe"]
[2.798339605331421, 4.265717029571533, "8.3 per 1,000 births, whereas the rate among women who smoked during pregnancy was 9.3 per 1,000 (Figure 14). Among all\n          78\nbirths, the rates of low birth weight and preterm births were close to 215 per 1,000 among women with any substance a"]
[2.7815663814544678, 4.248926162719727, "These were the only interventions for which we had participation information from any of the data sources that fed into the IMPreSIv database. For all of the other programs, services, and supports described in Chapter 5, we were not able to obtain da"]
[2.8217620849609375, 4.289434909820557, "es Mental health support services\nPreconceptiona Pregnancy Postpartum\n      \u2705\n          82\nbetween WIC and income benefits was 0.55. However, what this figure shows most starkly is that there is almost no correlation between the medical-setting inter"]
[2.7863991260528564, 4.254045486450195, " UPMC system. Among these deliveries, infant mortality rates ranged from 10.2 per 1,000 live births for contraceptive counseling to 13.7 per 1,000 for genetic counseling, with all of the rates well above the average rate for Allegheny County (see Fig"]
[2.7699053287506104, 4.237656593322754, " 63.1 per 1,000 for women who had a birth doula were both below the rates across all deliveries (see Figure 19 note).\n86\nFigure 19. Birth Doulas in the Infant Mortality Prediction System with Intervention Management Database\n  1 00\n75\nRate per 1,000 "]
[2.759822130203247, 4.228937149047852, "or all deliveries, the infant mortality rate was 6.49 per 1,000 live births, the low birth weight birth rate was 86.52 per 1,000, and the preterm birth rate was 109.61 per 1,000.\nBehavioral health services represent another category of support and re"]
[2.7626328468322754, 4.229059219360352, "s of infant mortality generated during this step fit the three types of data described in Chapter 2 (reportable information, potentially reportable information, and health care information) and the different time periods of our analysis (preconceptio"]
[2.730829954147339, 4.197702407836914, "service providers and health care providers have access to different information, the different data types reflect the information each type of provider may be able to obtain.\nWith these predictors, missing data could be handled by excluding observat"]
[2.7824041843414307, 4.249578952789307, "ry. On the other hand, when predicting behavioral health service participation after delivery, we add indicators of other intervention participation postdelivery, as well as preconception and during pregnancy.\n93\nPredictors of Intervention Participat"]
[2.773216485977173, 4.239912509918213, "f receiving any prenatal care were the race or ethnicity of the father, insurance status, and mother\u2019s smoking behavior. Finally, missing birth interval information was another important predictor. Birth interval is recorded in the birth certificate "]
[2.7775516510009766, 4.24540901184082, "s. It is important to note that Family Support Centers offer a wide array of services for parents, some of which pertain to pregnant or postpartum women but many of which do not. Further, each Family Support Center offers its own unique mix of servic"]
[2.768235445022583, 4.234609127044678, "ikely to utilize. Methodologically, greater accuracy in the predictive models enables us to control for selective intervention participation. The most common and accepted measure of model accuracy is the AUC scores, which combine the true positive ra"]
[2.707547903060913, 4.174948215484619, "ders can also utilize the accurate predictions of intervention participation to better understand which women are most likely to use specific interventions and direct them to programs, services, and supports to meet their needs. Overall, the models p"]
[2.7822256088256836, 4.248132705688477, " these methods enable us to interpret our estimates as causal with only one reasonable assumption, conditional unconfoundedness. This assumption means that our predictions of infant mortality and intervention participation account for enough of what "]
[2.7536544799804688, 4.22165060043335, " effects indicate more effective reduction of infant mortality risk, even small effects are important. This is because of the terminal and dichotomous nature of the infant mortality outcome. For example, an estimate of \u22121 percent would mean that the "]
[2.789414644241333, 4.2567548751831055, "sisted housing). The limitations section of Chapter 10 has a fuller discussion of the limitations of our methods (including the conditional unconfoundedness assumption, missing data, selective observation, and multiple hypothesis testing).\n105\nMedica"]
[2.796978712081909, 4.264415740966797, "of preconception/interconception care were observed only for those who received services at a UPMC-affiliated facility. Vaccinations, genetic counseling, and contraceptive counseling were also offered by other health care providers, such as FQHCs, Pl"]
[2.795581340789795, 4.263059139251709, "ll women. The estimates for contraceptive counseling, genetic testing, and vaccinations are clustered, large, and increasing as the risk of infant mortality grows. In contrast, the estimated effects of preconception exams are near zero and generally "]
[2.7935473918914795, 4.2566657066345215, "lity during different time periods, or it could be a by-product of having fewer observations with which to detect statistically significant differences (see Appendix C for results).\nDoula Support\nThe effectiveness of doula support (i.e., having a dou"]
[2.7863705158233643, 4.250938892364502, " in the risk of infant mortality for each level of risk above 50 percent, with the effects ranging from 2.1 to 10.0 percent across the risk levels (Figure 38). However, the estimated effects of home visiting after delivery were not statistically sign"]
[2.7925970554351807, 4.259775161743164, "d\n 114\nby the wide array of services and supports available at Family Support Centers, many of which are unrelated to pregnancy, and the differences across centers in the mix of services offered, this does not explain how Family Support Centers could"]
[2.788712739944458, 4.252752304077148, "educed risk of infant mortality (Figure 41). Participating in Family Support Center services for two years doubled the effect to a 3-percent reduction in the risk of infant mortality (multiplying two years by 1.5 percent gives this estimate). Longer "]
[2.783273458480835, 4.250687122344971, "fant deaths occur shortly after birth, it is likely that the nutrition counseling drives this result. The estimated impact increased as the risk level increased, as did the size of the confidence interval (Figure 42). For those predicted at a greater"]
[2.781132936477661, 4.248350620269775, "articipation in behavioral health services during specific time periods (Figure 44). However, for participation in behavioral health services before conception at the greater than 50 percent predicted risk level, the estimated effect is a statistical"]
[2.7740678787231445, 4.241444110870361, "or Medicaid. Given the correlation between socioeconomic status and infant mortality risk, it may be that the women who participate in ACDHS-funded behavioral health services have higher overall risk profiles than the women who participate in behavio"]
[2.816284418106079, 4.282181739807129, "lower bounds of the true effects.\nIntervention category. The results demonstrate that medical interventions, which are the most targeted to the health of the mother and baby, were estimated to have the largest impact. While our estimates of the effec"]
[2.7968835830688477, 4.26357364654541, " Further, the effects of home visiting during pregnancy were magnified as the risk level increased. This indicates that earlier involvement in home visiting programs may pay off with better outcomes, particularly for those most at risk for poor birth"]
[2.784900665283203, 4.25220251083374, "ns are designed to achieve other objectives, they play an important role in community-based efforts to reduce infant mortality, particularly for those most at risk of poor birth outcomes. Since estimated intervention effects varied by risk level, the"]
[2.792457103729248, 4.259825706481934, "ically, first pregnancy).\nNext, for each intervention, we explored how the effects of the interventions are altered when combined either with other interventions or with income, medical, or other benefit programs. Any given intervention is unlikely t"]
[2.8038525581359863, 4.271236419677734, "s for us to assess their combined effects (for reference, see Figure 16 in Chapter 6).\nSecond, the results in this chapter focus on those with a predicted risk of infant mortality greater than 50 percent. Focusing on those with a greater than 50 perc"]
[2.823413133621216, 4.290785789489746, "ffect of preconception care/interconception care was a significant increase in risk of infant mortality by about 10 percent. This finding may be related to the multiple hypotheses being tested, which can produce results that incorrectly appear to be "]
[2.8046438694000244, 4.268752098083496, " Education\nWithin the health promotion and education intervention category, the IMPreSIv database includes information on home visiting, including the Healthy Start, Early Head Start, and Nurse- Family Partnership programs.\nHome Visiting\nOf all the d"]
[2.792109727859497, 4.259456157684326, " of ever receiving WIC benefits for women with the specific risk factors and a greater than 50 percent predicted risk of infant mortality (Figure 53). Among the demographic risk factors examined, WIC was estimated to be most effective for teens, youn"]
[2.8026485443115234, 4.269552230834961, "21). We also present results describing the effects of the interventions for women with additional risk factors in Appendix C.\nTable 21. Summary of Intervention Effectiveness by Risk Factor and by Other Interventions\nMedical Setting\nDoula support Tee"]
[2.809736728668213, 4.277318477630615, " For these women, the estimates of increased effectiveness for most of the interventions suggest that the programs, services, and supports are reaching high-risk populations and having an impact. The findings related to these demographic risk factors"]
[2.781728506088257, 4.2494049072265625, "women with an opioid use disorder. Similar to its effect for smoking, the effect of WIC in reducing risk for women with opioid use disorder may represent the program\u2019s general focus on nutrition and other factors that contribute to healthy developmen"]
[2.781982898712158, 4.2491655349731445, "ticipation, parental characteristics, maternal health risk factors and behaviors, pregnancy and delivery observations and diagnostics, postdelivery observations and diagnostics, and socioenvironmental risk factors. The quantity and quality of informa"]
[2.7823922634124756, 4.250819206237793, "ons.\n     \u2022 Provider awareness of the availability and effectiveness of different types of interventions for a range of issues may be limited.\n\u2022 Effectiveness of many interventions is magnified when combined with other interventions addressing differ"]
[2.786684989929199, 4.2549896240234375, "n, interconception, and prenatal care are particularly pronounced among black women.\n\u2022 Early and regular care addressing maternal health has potentially cascading effects for infant health.\n 8. Leverage opportunities to connect with women early durin"]
[2.785552740097046, 4.253724575042725, "re able to accurately identify women at high risk of infant mortality. This is critical because the estimates show that interventions are most effective for women with the highest predicted risk of infant mortality. Identifying women most at risk for"]
[2.783704996109009, 4.251740455627441, "ervention categories, we found virtually no correlation between the medical-setting interventions (preconception/interconception care, prenatal care, and doula support) and the non-medical-setting interventions in the health promotion and education c"]
[2.7839736938476562, 4.251589298248291, "ed risk. The risk assessment and referral tool (see recommendation 1) will help health care and community-based service providers to understand the individual risk profiles and make referrals to interventions based on the predicted risk of infant mor"]
[2.7615108489990234, 4.229331016540527, "ctions of intervention participation that will be implemented in the risk assessment and referral tool to better understand which women are most likely to use specific interventions, and provide optimized referrals to additional programs, services, a"]
[2.7854132652282715, 4.253543853759766, "viders is important but not sufficient to coordinate medical and nonmedical care and to ensure that the wide-ranging needs of high-risk women are met. Previous studies have demonstrated that care coordination in the health care setting can generate s"]
[2.783413887023926, 4.251352787017822, "rdinator, and the client engagement grant program.\nBecause our models demonstrate that infant mortality can be accurately predicted using a limited set of information available either during pregnancy or preconception, the risk assessment should be c"]
[2.744114637374878, 4.211940288543701, "st pregnancies likely generates longer- term benefits that we could not observe in this study. Whether the interventions contribute to women feeling better informed about pregnancy and childbirth, address risky behaviors, provide breastfeeding suppor"]
[2.784348726272583, 4.2519450187683105, "who make up 2.8 percent of the population in the city of Pittsburgh. With Allegheny County\u2019s growing immigrant population, programs that provide doula support, such\n150\nas the Allegheny Health Network\u2019s Immigrant Health Program, should be expanded so"]
[2.779789686203003, 4.2463531494140625, " by the risk assessment and referral tool.\nLimitations\nOur approach has several limitations, including two types of missing data, selective observation, conditional unconfoundedness, and multiple hypothesis testing.\n151\nMissing data. While the IMPreS"]
[2.814840078353882, 4.282620429992676, " examined (vaccinations, genetic counseling, and contraceptive counseling) were observed only for those who received services at a UPMC-affiliated facility. However, these services are also offered by other health care providers not included in the d"]
[2.7885591983795166, 4.255661964416504, "ense, this study is a combination of many studies. Consequently, we cannot recommend focusing too heavily on any one of the many hypotheses that we tested. We can be most confident in the lack of a statistical aberration for the results that contribu"]
[2.7840137481689453, 4.251532554626465, " implemented, their progress in improving birth and infant outcomes, and their sustainability\u2014and the opportunities to build on successes. The integration of a risk assessment and referral tool into systems and practices in different health care and "]
[2.799337863922119, 4.267664909362793, "icians and Gynecologists.\nAlhusen, J. L., E. Ray, P. Sharps, and L. Bullock, \u201cIntimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes,\u201d Journal of Women\u2019s Health, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2015, pp. 100\u2013106.\nAllegheny County Health Departmen"]
[2.8358097076416016, 4.302274227142334, "pe 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis,\u201d Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 94, No. 11, 2009, pp. 4284\u20134291.\nBayrampour, H., and M. Heaman, \u201cAdvanced Maternal Age and the Risk of Cesarean Birth: A Systematic "]
[2.813068151473999, 4.279098987579346, "rics and Gynecology, Vol. 216, No. 2, 2017, pp. 185.e1\u2013185.e10.\nBrooten, D., J. M. Youngblut, L. Brown, S. A. Finkler, D. F. Neff, and E. Madigan, \u201cA Randomized Trial of Nurse Specialist Home Care for Women with High-Risk Pregnancies: Outcomes and Co"]
[2.815640687942505, 4.282228469848633, "s and Newborns Initiative: General Information,\u201d last updated February 11, 2019. As of June 12, 2019:\nhttps://innovation.cms.gov/initiatives/strong-start/\n159\nChamberlain, C., A. O\u2019Mara-Eves, J. Porter, T. Coleman, S. M. Perlen, J. Thomas, and J. E. "]
[2.8517134189605713, 4.3180084228515625, "isk of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis,\u201d JAMA, Vol. 295, No. 15, 2006, pp. 1809\u2013 1823.\nConnor, K. A., D. Cheng, D. Strobino, and C. S. Minkovitz, \u201cPreconception Health Promotion Among Maryland Women,\u201d Maternal and Child Health Journal, Vo"]
[2.8454270362854004, 4.311460494995117, "iedmann, I., E. M. Dahdouh, P. Kugler, G. Mimran, and J. Balayla, \u201cMaternal and Obstetrical Predictors of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS),\u201d Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Vol. 30, No. 19, 2017, pp. 2315\u20132323.\nFrisch, R., and F. "]
[2.83379864692688, 4.299903392791748, "4\u201326.\nGrigoriadis, S., E. H. VonderPorten, L. Mamisashvili, G. Tomlinson, C. L. Dennis, G. Koren, ... J. Martinovic, \u201cThe Impact of Maternal Depression During Pregnancy on Perinatal Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,\u201d Journal of Clinica"]
[2.8529837131500244, 4.318837642669678, " of Stillbirth: A Systematic Review,\u201d Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 178, No. 2, 2008, pp. 165\u2013172.\nHuang, Q. T., Q. Huang, M. Zhong, S. S. Wei, W. Luo, F. Li, and Y. H. Yu, \u201cChronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection Is Associated with Increase"]
[2.823718786239624, 4.2899250984191895, ". Stewart-Brown, and L. Polnay, \u201cParenting Interventions and the Prevention of Unintentional Injuries in Childhood: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,\u201d Child: Care, Health and Development, Vol. 34, No. 5, 2008, pp. 682\u2013 695.\nKochanek, K. D., S. L. "]
[2.83310604095459, 4.2991719245910645, "dical Informatics, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2017, p. e3.\n166\nLifecourse Initiative for Healthy Families, homepage, n.d. As of June 12, 2019: https://lihf.wisc.edu/\nLogan, C., E. Holcombe, J. Manlove, and S. Ryan, \u201cThe Consequences of Unintended Childbearing: A"]
[2.8537964820861816, 4.320146083831787, "merican Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 50, No. 5, 2016, pp. S13\u2013S19.\nMay, Linnea Warren, Serafina Lanna, Jordan R. Fischbach, Michelle Bongard, Shelly Culbertson, Rebecca Kiernan, Ricardo Williams, Elizabeth DeWolf, Victoria Lawson, and Julia B"]
[2.8291122913360596, 4.293095111846924, ", 2012, pp. 219\u2013228.\nOhio Collaborative to Prevent Infant Mortality, Ohio Infant Mortality Reduction Plan 2015\u2013 2020, 2015. As of June 10, 2019: https://odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/know-our-programs/infant-and-fetal- mortality/reports/mortality-p"]
[2.8401777744293213, 4.306874752044678, "hman, \u201cNo Health Without Mental Health,\u201d The Lancet, Vol. 370, No. 9590, 2007, pp. 859\u2013877.\nQuigley, M. A., G. Henderson, M. Y. Anthony, and W. McGuire, \u201cFormula Milk Versus Donor Breast Milk for Feeding Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants,\u201d Cochrane"]
[2.8864049911499023, 4.352805137634277, "ng in the Extended Postpartum Period,\u201d International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Vol. 124, No. 3, 2014, pp. 193\u2013197.\nSrinivasan, S., L. Schlar, S. E. Rosener, D. J. Frayne, S. G. Hartman, M. A. Horst, J. L. Brubach, and S. Ratcliffe, \u201cDeliv"]
[2.816826820373535, 4.283754348754883, "urnal of Medicine, Vol. 360, No. 2, 2009, pp. 111\u2013120.\nToll, B. A., S. S. O\u2019Malley, N. A. Katulak, R. Wu, J. A. Dubin, A. Latimer, B. Meandzija, T. P. George, P. Jatlow, J. L. Cooney, and P. Salovey, \u201cComparing Gain-and Loss-Framed Messages for Smoki"]
[2.8471267223358154, 4.313283443450928, "whamglobal.org/whamblog/316-advisory-charts-steps-to-make-pa-a-leader-in- maternal,-child-health\nWitt, W. P., K. Litzelman, E. R. Cheng, F. Wakeel, and E. S. Barker, \u201cMeasuring Stress Before and During Pregnancy: A Review of Population-Based Studies "]
[12.700373649597168, 13.828020095825195, "COVID-19 and the Experiences of Populations at Greater Risk\nDescription and Top-Line Summary Data\u2014Wave 2, Fall 2020\nKATHERINE GRACE CARMAN, ANITA CHANDRA, DELIA BUGLIARI, CHRISTOPHER NELSON, CAROLYN MILLER\n Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Founda"]
[12.68373966217041, 13.735060691833496, "bsequent top-line reports will update these findings.\nResearchers from RAND and RWJF jointly conducted the research reported here; the report is intended for individuals and organizations interested in learning more about public attitudes about a Cul"]
[12.883563995361328, 14.14188003540039, "..................................2 Survey Length .......................................................................................................................................6 Survey Sample Selection........................................"]
[12.912137031555176, 14.411397933959961, "...................................................................................15\nQ4. [w2_wellbeing1-w2_wellbeing6] Below are a number of things people might say they feel. How much of the time in the past week, did you . . . ...................."]
[12.8628511428833, 14.46630573272705, " coronavirus (COVID-19) (through a nasal swab or\nblood test)? ...................................................................................................................................20 Q13a. [w1_covidexp1- w1_covidexp14] Are you experienci"]
[12.88666820526123, 14.442577362060547, "harder for them to get the care they need than it is for those who live in urban areas, or is there not much of a difference? ............................................................................................27\nQ21. [w2_pocimpact1] People o"]
[12.845181465148926, 14.338639259338379, "...30 Views, Mindset, and Expectations: Understanding What Drives Health................................................31\nQ29. [w1_drivers1-w1_driver4] Here is a list of some things that may affect people\u2019s health and well-being. Please rate each on"]
[12.696382522583008, 13.81773567199707, "e listed groups. ..........................................................35\nSurvey Respondent Demographics .........................................................................................................37 Respondents by Age Group, in Year"]
[12.783934593200684, 13.917407035827637, " context of COVID-19, RAND and RWJF have partnered again to build from the NSHA to implement a longitudinal survey to understand how these health views and values have been affected by the experience of the pandemic, with particular focus on populati"]
[12.837013244628906, 13.962850570678711, "me under $125,000. The ALP sample limited White individuals to those with household incomes under $125,000 but imposed no income limits on Black, Hispanic, or Asian respondents. We were most interested in understanding the experiences of historically"]
[12.71778678894043, 13.84618091583252, " color and low- to middle-income households. This report describes the second of four surveys conducted as part of the COVID-19 and the Experiences of Populations at Greater Risk Survey, a survey that RWJF and RAND Corporation researchers developed a"]
[12.725221633911133, 13.866044998168945, "; Carman et al., 2019) and the report describing the first wave of this survey series (Carman et al., 2020).\nSurvey Design Process\nOur survey was designed with the goals described above in mind. Where possible, survey questions were drawn from existi"]
[12.65794849395752, 13.78612232208252, "Lab\nLydia Saad, \u201cIn U.S., More Fear COVID-19 Illness Than Financial Harm,\u201d Gallup, April 16, 2020. As of October 9, 2020: https://news.gallup.com/poll/308504/fear-covid-illness- financial-harm.aspx\nNORC at the University of Chicago, \u201cAmerican Health "]
[12.741434097290039, 13.887293815612793, "g America Study\nUniversity of Southern California, \u201cUnderstanding America Study: Understanding Coronavirus in America,\u201d webpage, undated. As of October 9, 2020: https://covid19pulse.usc.edu\n    A large section of our survey was focused on measuring r"]
[12.832265853881836, 13.93424129486084, " 2, we broadened the question asking about protesting for whatever issues respondents believe in.\nWe added two questions. First, in wave 1, more than 70 percent of respondents reported that the pandemic could be an opportunity for positive change (w1"]
[12.841262817382812, 13.984979629516602, "rstanding the experiences of the historically underserved individuals in U.S. society. The income limits allow us to focus on individuals in households that were likely eligible to receive the federal COVID-19 stimulus checks. In both panels, we over"]
[12.875133514404297, 14.01111125946045, "e randomly selected to participate, whereas all panelists of\n7\nother races or ethnicities were invited to participate.3 This resulted in a sample of 1,331 panel members being invited to participate in the first wave survey. Of those, 1,098 (82.5 perc"]
[12.870780944824219, 14.010564804077148, "rman et al., 2016; Carman et al., 2019). In our previous work, we took several steps to assess the appropriateness of combining these data. First, we took care to ensure that the implementation of the survey in the two panels was the same. Both panel"]
[12.854391098022461, 13.99280071258545, " the characteristics of the U.S. population as estimated in the CPS. The survey sample distributions represent characteristics of the ALP and the KnowledgePanel at the time of sampling.6 Some households had changes in income or other characteristics "]
[12.87238883972168, 13.991769790649414, " the two panels when controlling for demographic differences, we might not be able to discern from the social and demographic profiles of the sample every underlying difference regarding attitudes and perspectives. However, this combining of panels h"]
[12.908323287963867, 14.073094367980957, "urvey data, who might apply other weighting approaches in their analyses. Weighted demographic characteristics are shown in Table 1.4.\nWe report the percentage of respondents who chose not to answer each question and label this as \u201cmissing.\u201d None of "]
[12.903373718261719, 14.412446975708008, "st Some of none of the time time\nAll of the time\nMissing\n            Wave 1\nWave 2\nSOURCE: Santa Monica Well-Being Survey.\n25.9 54.1 25.0 53.4\n4.3 0.1 4.3 0.2\n       D. Have a lot of energy Sample\nNone or almost Some of none of the time time\nAll of t"]
[12.898776054382324, 14.427838325500488, "d not have work due to coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic related reduction in business\n(including furlough)\nI am/was laid off due to coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic\nMy employment closed temporarily due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic\nMy employme"]
[12.884577751159668, 14.447171211242676, " the coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected you.\nQ11. [w2_coviddx] Has a doctor or other health care provider ever told you or a loved one that you or they have coronavirus (COVID-19)?\n    Yes No\nMissing\n    29.0 70.7 0.3 X X X\n    Select only one answe"]
[12.882913589477539, 14.44554328918457, "4 0.4\n     w2_exp6. Disruption in childcare or schooling for children in your household\nSample Yes No\nWave 2 13.2 85.9 0.9\n             w2_exp8. Difficulty caring for a chronic condition (yours or others)\nMissing\nMissing\n    Sample Yes\nWave 2 10.8 SO"]
[12.884492874145508, 14.45439624786377, "g\n      Wave 1 Wave 2\n2.1 13.4 2.0 13.9\n79.8 0.8 81.0 0.6\n      24\n C. Food stamps (SNAP) or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)\n      Yes, my household was already receiving assistance from this program befo"]
[12.885022163391113, 14.444756507873535, "ed\n1.5 1.6\nNo, my household has not received nor applied for assistance from this program since coronavirus (COVID- 19) started\nMissing\n      Wave 1 Wave 2\n94.4 0.9 94.7 0.7\n       H. Programs related to caring for my children (including school-based"]
[12.869336128234863, 14.46564769744873, "\n       27\nQ22. [w2_pocimpact2] People of color (e.g., African Americans, Latinos) are facing more of the financial impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) than whites.\n        Sample\nSomewhat Strongly agree agree\nNeither agree Somewhat Strongly nor disagre"]
[12.874570846557617, 14.437352180480957, " people in need\n      Sample Most of the time\nSome of the time\nRarely Never\nMissing\n      Wave 1 37.6\nWave 2 36.2 SOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\n47.7 48.8\n10.7 3.8 0.2 10.5 3.9 0.6\n      29\nViews, Mindset, and Expectations: Views of Government R"]
[12.885881423950195, 14.420175552368164, "they were born (their genetics/DNA)\nNo effect\nSample 1 2 3 4 5 Missing\n               Very strong effect\n       Wave 2: Not asked X\nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\nX X X X X\n       31\nViews, Mindset, and Expectations: Views on Future U.S. Approac"]
[12.876570701599121, 14.440543174743652, "eloped by RWJF and RAND.\n8.2 12.6 10.8 13.8\n13.9 18.5 46.3 0.4 15.5 19.8 39.6 0.5\n       33\nQ35. [w2_protest] I think it is worth protesting for things I believe in, even if it may pose a health risk to myself or my family.\nSelect only one answer.\nNo"]
[12.876264572143555, 14.42883014678955, "ity\nWave 2 16.1\nMedium priority\n25.2\nMedium priority\n50.5\nLow priority\nMissing\n     4.2 1.5\n           Low priority\nMissing\n     31.9 1.4\n     35\n H. Children ages 0\u201318 with serious illness who are at high risk of dying from the coronavirus\n     Samp"]
[12.805063247680664, 14.00312328338623, "arried\n22.5 21.6\n            Respondents by Number of Household Members\n          9 or Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 more\n          Wave 1 29.1 33.0 15.2 11.5 6.1 Wave 2 29.9 33.9 14.7 11.1 5.7\nRespondents by Level of Family Income, in Dollars\n2.9 2.8\n1.1 0"]
[12.71185302734375, 13.840052604675293, "ixes to the Report on the Economic Well-Being of U.S. Households in 2019\u2014May 2020,\u201d webpage, last revised May 21, 2020. As of October 9, 2020: https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/2020-supplemental-appendixes-report- economic-well-being-us-hou"]
[12.715860366821289, 13.850136756896973, "20. As of October 9, 2020: http://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/policy-for-the-covid-19-crisis/\nUniversity of Southern California, \u201cUnderstanding America Study: Understanding Coronavirus in America,\u201d webpage, undated. As of October 9, 2020:\nhttps://covi"]
[16.53227996826172, 6.909852504730225, "  AUSTRALIA\nMEAGAN CAHILL, RYAN ANDREW BROWN, GARRETT BAKER, DIONNE BARNES-PROBY, HANNAH SANDRINI\nAustralia\u2019s Third Action Plan of the National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children, Priority Area 2\nAboriginal and Torres Strait Isl"]
[16.506511688232422, 6.921471118927002, "ii Figures...................................................................................................... vii Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[16.471525192260742, 6.904017925262451, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66\nCHA"]
[16.49795913696289, 6.928326606750488, " Journal Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n5.1. The Getting to Outcomes Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[16.532405853271484, 6.924417018890381, "hes Used in the Prior Two Weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\n3.6. Therapeutic Approaches Used in the Prior Two Weeks by Program Type . . . . . . . . . . . . 63\n3.7. CommonChallengesEncountered................."]
[16.5423641204834, 6.925583362579346, "uation\nPM&C provided funding to 14 different service providers across Australia that work specifi- cally on family issues in Aboriginal communities. These sites are mostly located in remote and sparsely populated areas, creating challenges for servic"]
[16.532238006591797, 6.9330973625183105, "valuation approaches such as quasi-experimental designs.\nThe second major challenge to our work was the time taken to receive approval from the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), which provides review of "]
[16.538375854492188, 6.934762954711914, "tions focus on ways to improve the implemen- tation process and on strategies for building evaluations into implementation of similar programs in the future.\nEvaluation of Third Action Plan\nData Collection\nInside Policy, the organisation providing te"]
[16.542186737060547, 6.9207634925842285, "rams that were able to engage informal and formal institutions in communi- ties, from law enforcement to local clubs, created extended systems of support for\nprogram clients that had positive impacts on program goals.\n3. Clinicians noted that storyte"]
[16.54263687133789, 6.932684421539307, "e things smoother by clearly identifying the roles and responsibilities for the regional and national offices, and for the sites. Throughout implementation, the national office staff may have ben- efited from more engagement with the regional office "]
[16.539648056030273, 6.922885894775391, "ers called \u201cGetting to Outcomes\u201d (Chinman, Imm and Wandersman, 2004). The recommendations drawn from our evaluation of the 3AP effort start at the very beginning of the process\u2014when an agency decides to put funding towards a specific social need, in "]
[16.535215377807617, 6.919885635375977, "pted therapeutic frameworks. We need instruments that capture such subtleties.\nLessons Learned for Program Success\n1. Understand that the timeline for change is long and requires sustained invest- ment. Sites emphasised that family violence is an iss"]
[16.5324764251709, 6.934324264526367, "e of locally developed, culturally grounded measurement approaches. These include custom scales developed by and validated in the com- munity context, as well as methods to quantify narrative or descriptive information.\n9. Focus on evaluating impleme"]
[16.504491806030273, 6.953253746032715, "NIAA National Indigenous Australians Agency\nNPYWC Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Women\u2019s Council\nNT Northern Territory\nPM&C Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet\nPUTP Picking Up the Pieces\nRCT randomised controlled trial\nRSES Ros"]
[16.530855178833008, 6.916770935058594, "the National Plan framework for more than a decade (COAG, 2012). The Second Action Plan, implemented from 2013 to 2016 and called \u201cMoving Ahead\u201d, focused on using evidence gathered during the First Action Plan to identify and address gaps in the appr"]
[16.532089233398438, 6.918107986450195, " policy was officially abolished in 1972, but one of the last schools that housed stolen chil- dren did not close until the early 1980s. An official public document acknowledging the Stolen Generations was released in 1997, with an official apology c"]
[16.51801872253418, 6.871867656707764, "r, 2020a). Although the Intervention officially ended in 2012, many of its policies remain in effect today in some form under the current Building Stronger Futures policies (Aus- tralians Together, 2020a).\nImpacts on Child Well-Being\nFor at least a c"]
[16.5194091796875, 6.9041242599487305, "cted to a disproportionately high rate of family violence, especially when compared with the non-Indigenous population in Aus- tralia (Braybrook, 2015). According to the AIHW (2018), just over one out of every five Indigenous Australians indicated th"]
[16.535690307617188, 6.920436859130859, "ity as opposed to more individu- alised approaches, and Walker and Shepherd (2008) present two model interventions\u2014 addressing child literacy and child health and family well-being\u2014that demonstrate the importance of cultural considerations in these e"]
[16.543460845947266, 6.914592266082764, "an Aboriginal Child Care Agency (VACCA)\nMen\u2019s Outreach Service (MOS) Rekindling the Spirit (RTS) Yoowinna Wurnalung\nBirrang Maranguka\nKornar Winmil Yunti Aboriginal Corporation (KWY)\nMookai Rosie Wurli-Wurlinjang\nAboriginal Family Legal Services Sout"]
[16.526329040527344, 6.918247699737549, "es\n SOURCE: Esri, HERE, Garmin, USGS, Intermap, INCREMENT P, NRCan, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Esri Korea, Esri (Thailand), NGCC, 2018; overlay by RAND.\nTable 1.1\nThird Action Plan Intensive Family-Focused Case Management Program Chara"]
[16.543548583984375, 6.9205546379089355, "nal and Torres Strait Islander people who are traumatised by family violence or sexual assault.\nParticipants will be women who have experienced family violence, specifically those with complex needs and a child at risk.\nAboriginal women who are victi"]
[16.53911590576172, 6.931244373321533, "\nInside policy\nRoles:\n\u2022 Conduct 3 Design Shops\n\u2022 Assist sites with implementation\nRAND\nRole: Conduct process and outcomes evaluation\n     Intensive family\u2014 focused case management\nprograms\n 1. Birrang/Maranguka 2. KWY\n3. Mookai Rosie\n4. Wurli-Wurlinj"]
[16.512039184570312, 6.9691033363342285, "ties for the period and make funding decisions. Thus, pro- grams funded as part of 3AP had at maximum three years for implementation, but in real- ity implementation had happened for just over two years.\nThus, we expected that 3AP programs were likel"]
[16.539913177490234, 6.9273762702941895, " Strait Islander peoples, all project-related data collection efforts were paused until AIATSIS approval was received. Several rounds of submissions, revisions and resubmissions took place over a one-year period.\nAIATSIS is part of the PM&C funding p"]
[16.53167152404785, 6.940445423126221, "e design for 3AP programs, including details such as defining the client population, outlining the intended services provided, the process by which such services would be provided, and expected outcomes. This information was used to develop logic mod"]
[16.545330047607422, 6.937196731567383, " 3AP-funded programs. We used the ideas generated during these sessions to further refine the sites\u2019 logic models and to frame analysis related to possible outcome evaluations in a culturally sensitive manner.\nProject Background 11\n12\nAustralia\u2019s Thi"]
[16.528181076049805, 6.928245544433594, "d versions from Inside Policy for analysis (see Appendix A). In preparation for the site visits and phone calls with sites starting in October 2017, we analysed the logic models for specific sites and refined the stated activities, outputs and outcom"]
[16.527353286743164, 6.936683654785156, " interview protocols from these early interviews).\nIn October 2017, team members visited six sites over a two-week period:\n\u2022 KWY\n\u2022 Mookai\n\u2022 NAAFLS \u2022 NPYWC \u2022 Yoowinna \u2022 VACCA\nWe selected these sites based on availability of program staff, travel logis"]
[16.4971866607666, 7.004543304443359, "erimental design \u2013 program enrolment\n\u2013 data collection.\nAt the time that the evaluability assessments were conducted, all sites were early in their implementation periods. The assessment helped us to determine which sites were advanced enough in orga"]
[16.537702560424805, 6.915063858032227, "ll available data col- lected throughout the evaluation period, including baseline information gathered through early 2018 and from interviews with all sites in 2019\u20132020. The summaries put this infor- mation into the context of the logic model, whic"]
[16.54916000366211, 6.913402080535889, "sational capacity to provide services to families in need.\nInputs\nPUTP included four service components: case management, individual trauma-informed clinical interventions, family functioning therapy, and referrals for additional services (e.g., subs"]
[16.541946411132812, 6.912031173706055, "prevent them from being exposed to the perpetrator or his family.\nObserved Outcomes\nIn 2019, Birrang staff reported that the services they were able to give clients\u2014and mothers in particular\u2014as part of 3AP funding led to real change for clients and f"]
[16.547876358032227, 6.904513359069824, "communities of Adelaide and the Riverland and as a result reduce the number of children entering the out of home care and juvenile justice systems by breaking the cycles of family violence\u201d. Short-term goals for the program included engaging clients "]
[16.5579833984375, 6.902132987976074, " CEO as one of their primary implementation challenges. KWY staff did not feel that keeping client data in Excel was efficient for the staff. KWY aimed to col- lect extensive data on each of their clients through dynamic risk assessments and behav- i"]
[16.54388427734375, 6.912196636199951, " been using for some time now and are experienced with. One individual oversees all data in the system. In 2018, Mookai reported interest in tracking how their cli- ents interact with Australia\u2019s legal, justice and education systems. They discussed w"]
[16.546253204345703, 6.913897514343262, "d it employed local Aboriginal staff. The organisation had a community liaison office to ensure client feedback was incorporated into service design and keep its finger on the pulse of changes in the community. Wurli also employed two community engag"]
[16.542144775390625, 6.9265899658203125, " to their families, and to the land itself. VACCA staff reported their approach has allowed some families to connect to their extended families\u2014their clans or \u201cmob\u201d. This also allows family members to connect or reconnect to country, including visiti"]
[16.54629898071289, 6.92279577255249, " historical and structural context in mind.\nVACCA has made several changes and developments in its therapeutic process over the years of 3AP funding. For example, they have started to build an internal culture of evaluation, assisted in part by evalu"]
[16.535240173339844, 6.935407638549805, "complemented by on-country activities, such as cultural camps, with plans to conduct a check-in with the client at 12 months.\nInitially, MOS planned a five-person team (with four full-time employees) for Change \u2019Em Ways comprised of one senior clinic"]
[16.529767990112305, 6.9346089363098145, "her assistance. For Burubi, RTS was funded to run an early intervention program providing a wide range of supports for the perpetrator; the program was designed to be complementary to RTS\u2019s existing behaviour change program.\nThe six-week program cons"]
[16.542158126831055, 6.899142742156982, "am has been refunded for the next three-year funding cycle, and the team hoped to keep demonstrating the successes of their program to sustain funding into the future. RTS reinforced the necessity of consistency in funding to measure outcomes and mai"]
[16.543964385986328, 6.902911186218262, "vism, increased employment and trained workers, and increased feelings of safety among women and children. At the community level, the organisation aims to inspire greater awareness of family violence and its impacts, establish \u201ccommunity champions\u201d "]
[16.54967498779297, 6.909201145172119, "hey sought to provide support that was broader than merely addressing clients\u2019 legal needs.\nThe services that AFLSSQ had previously worked with for counselling services were unable to provide counselling for its 3AP program. It was difficult to hire "]
[16.517906188964844, 6.93104362487793, " we\u2019ve assisted very well is a lady who went from being very intimidated in relation to dealing with her children to being more confident, a turnaround in personality, it took 12 months. And I was shocked, but the information she received that enable"]
[16.56583023071289, 6.902041912078857, "people who were recently or previously victimised by family violence and/or sexual assault. As of December 2017, the program was monitoring and refining specific procedures for recruiting and referring clients, as well as the caseload for the two soc"]
[16.557538986206055, 6.918286323547363, "ding higher-quality and more comprehensive care. The staff used a well-being scale from 1 to 10 to rate how clients were doing in different areas, although it is unknown whether and how this measure may be repeated and tracked over time across sessio"]
[16.549182891845703, 6.911229133605957, "ice clients, they wanted to cap the number of clients that the social workers can have and monitor their caseloads to make sure they did not feel overwhelmed or experience burnout.\nIndividuals were generally referred to the social work services after"]
[16.551340103149414, 6.909282207489014, "e new programming.\nMarninwarntikurra Women\u2019s Resource Centre\nMWRC works with children and families affected by domestic and family violence and provides legal services to these groups through its Family Violence Prevention Legal Unit (FVPLU). MWRC ex"]
[16.54117774963379, 6.910747528076172, "s was approximately 650 km from the main office in Darwin; the counselling team, always travelling in pairs for safety, would go out on a Monday and return at the end of the week \u201ctotally exhausted from the long travel\u201d. Also, because the communities"]
[16.547609329223633, 6.914459228515625, "ve experience working in such communities.\nSite Profiles 31\n32 Australia\u2019s Third Action Plan of the National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children\nFocus on developing the workforce in this area would be beneficial to programs acros"]
[16.556367874145508, 6.911384582519531, "mat by every staff member. While the data collection provided excellent narrative histories of clients\u2019 progress, it would not be conducive to more formalised evaluation.\nBecause of the mode of data collection and because the 3AP program is closely i"]
[16.538393020629883, 6.9323410987854, "program staff were working to manualise the program they had developed, establish training for their legal staff on family violence, and embed the social service part of the organisation into the existing legal service activities.\nSite Profiles 33\nCH"]
[15.134176254272461, 13.621517181396484, "ultiple interviews with different program staff that were conducted individually. We uploaded these 14 transcripts (one for each of the fourteen 3AP sites) to the cloud-based collaborative qualitative analysis software platform Dedoose (SocioCul- tur"]
[16.547006607055664, 6.923491477966309, "g child codes and writing up content were often responsible for differ- ent parent and grandparent codes than they were assigned during Coding Step 2. This allowed team coders to check through each transcript as they created child codes and read thro"]
[16.55628776550293, 6.944911003112793, "y\n\u2013 future plans for sustainability\n\u2013 advice for PM&C on sustainability.\nInteractions with Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, Inside Policy or Other Third Action Plan programs\nType and Level of Interaction\nInterviewees from all 14 3AP site"]
[16.545867919921875, 6.932723045349121, "heir work\u2014typically involving program funding or cost. Also, interviewees from four sites discussed some type of miscommunication or disagreement with PM&C that had to be settled. For example,\nMy view is that Canberra were number crunching and saw fr"]
[16.552562713623047, 6.940810203552246, "a good bridge between us and PM&C on a fed- eral level. I was quite impressed.\nAnother site\u2019s interviewee echoed those thoughts regarding Inside Policy\u2019s helpfulness:\nThey were good\u2014really good. Especially initially when we were putting framework pap"]
[16.555757522583008, 6.942013740539551, "dy\u201d. An interviewee from this same site also mentioned that while PM&C didn\u2019t support their site in their challenges, they conceded that it \u201cmight have been our fault because we didn\u2019t contact them much about it until we did the report . . . from the"]
[16.544246673583984, 6.912440299987793, "as not enough opportunity to have effective sharing of models and best practices among sites:\nWhat I really think is that out of that meeting, the initial get together with all the partners who were funded by 3AP, I think that was a wasted opportunit"]
[16.532882690429688, 6.926006317138672, "er, they receive comprehensive support to address all needs as they arise.\nThe holistic approach to care was also described as evolving over time and starting with meeting families where they are. One site\u2019s interviewee discussed how they sought to m"]
[16.55828285217285, 6.902266025543213, "ut in one of the cases the client had no other options for the care of an older child, so we informed [the client] that we had the facilities and vacancy at our women centre to do this.\nTo address these gaps as they were identified, programs brought "]
[16.562061309814453, 6.906343936920166, " support and doubled the number of group sessions being offered:\nThe reason that we did that was because we found in the 4\u20135 weeks [that clients were with the program] there were a couple of issues. Firstly, it was too short of time to be able to del"]
[16.54868507385254, 6.9195556640625, "er that date. If it was a 3-year contract at that time, [the social workers] would have stayed.\nBarriers to service delivery. One of the biggest challenges to program implementa- tion was the numerous barriers to delivering services to the target pop"]
[16.54429054260254, 6.913469314575195, "s, two days a week, and after that [we] follow up with 10\u201311 months of coun- selling. We only have a couple of guys that have maintained that all the way through, they have been consistent with their change, but the men coming through the justice sys"]
[16.515453338623047, 6.929352760314941, " of [as a sign of our success] is that we have a waiting list, and communities and agencies are wanting to send Aboriginal men to us, and some of these men have gone through other men\u2019s behaviour change programs and have still main- tained being viol"]
[16.548486709594727, 6.907705783843994, "les, including that \u201cthey [men] might drink and all that but they don\u2019t drink as much, or their kids have said that. When they come back from school, Daddy isn\u2019t lying on the lounge and growling at me, but that they have come home, and Dad is sitting"]
[16.5291805267334, 6.945279121398926, "tes recognised the need to develop programming for chil- dren. For example,\nWe have also just finished piloting a children\u2019s program because we really want to develop a trauma informed program for the women and children. So, we have just finished run"]
[16.4951114654541, 6.950207233428955, "rviewees reported that their sites used some type of data system, typi- cally for case notes. The systems used by sites included CLASS (two sites), NFILES, Penel- ope, and IRIS (each used by one site), while one site did not specify the type of data "]
[16.533889770507812, 6.9237847328186035, "staffing, outreach meth- ods, cultural reference groups of an advisory nature, participatory activities, and education tools as means of community involvement.\nProcess Evaluation 49\n50 Australia\u2019s Third Action Plan of the National Plan to Reduce Viol"]
[16.55293846130371, 6.909986972808838, "ams, this conversation recognised the role of men in perpetuating violent behaviour, encouraging accountability, sharing stories and recognising change. One program interviewee mentioned that the community responded by asking questions, seeking clari"]
[16.54862403869629, 6.9144463539123535, "t the organisational focus from the individual to the family. 3AP funding also provided for the upskilling of workers at one site.\nOne site\u2019s interviewee noted that 3AP funding provided \u201centhusiasm and drive\u201d to consider different initiatives around "]
[16.55571746826172, 6.899822235107422, "victims of violence felt more empowered and were able to stand up for their own rights and life goals as a result of participating in the 3AP program:\nAn example of this is a woman that has been a client of the service for about 20 years. . . . The a"]
[16.55174446105957, 6.9265360832214355, "the cycle of violence because they [clients] have a connection to something. All of us human beings need to belong to something, we need to believe in something, it\u2019s part of our human nature, and when they have a connection to their country, to thei"]
[16.546262741088867, 6.911143779754639, "f the National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children\nAlso, interviewees from two sites mentioned that they felt they just could not provide enough services; one of these interviewees indicated they thought couples counselling was i"]
[16.54867935180664, 6.913773536682129, ". Interviewees from three sites indicated that an increased understanding of family violence in the community encouraged responsibility among community members for creating change; the program became sustained by the community. Meanwhile, inter- view"]
[16.587055206298828, 6.8764328956604, "bed by one site as being \u201cgenerational\u201d, requiring significant time. One site\u2019s interviewee mentioned that the size and number of communities that required assis- tance was a significant barrier for their program. They noted that for \u201cthe community a"]
[16.53302001953125, 6.908189296722412, " with police, which is why they [the police] are coming to us to set up the vulnerable people\u2019s unit. . . . Police are first responders to domestic violence so if they can refer to us, we know it\u2019s a win.\nAn interviewee from one site mentioned that a"]
[16.54257583618164, 6.909570217132568, "ncy plan involves employing and training local residents to the extent possible and encouraging empowerment and education among community residents. Eventually the community will no longer need the program if they have sustained it themselves. Inter-"]
[16.544981002807617, 6.920712471008301, "Evaluation 57\n58 Australia\u2019s Third Action Plan of the National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children\nInterviewees from four sites called for greater cultural understanding from PM&C in the future. This included more flexibility and"]
[16.531007766723633, 6.965023040771484, "Surveys\nMethods\nEarly in the implementation of 3AP programs, we collected survey data from program staff and program managers regarding the progress of implementation and program details. The idea for these surveys came from one of the 3AP providers "]
[16.509807586669922, 6.980283737182617, "beginning each survey, participants were provided information about the confidentiality and voluntary nature of the survey as well as contact details to direct questions about their rights as participants. The respon-\nFigure 3.2\nMonthly Manager Surve"]
[16.456472396850586, 7.024348735809326, "uld also be related to your organisation or management.\n5. Please describe one lesson learnt over the past fortnight.\nThe lesson learnt can be small, such as a minor adjustment in how you work with clients, or it could be more significant, such as le"]
[16.526596069335938, 6.969183444976807, "received 124 surveys from 50 client-facing staff. Table 3.3 provides the response rates for staff and managers for each wave of the survey; managers took the survey monthly so response rates from only three surveys are reported for those respondents."]
[16.53912353515625, 6.981414318084717, "management surveys administered three times during that period. Staff respon- dents replied to between zero and six surveys. Among staff who completed at least one survey, the average was three surveys completed per staff member. All management respo"]
[16.537919998168945, 6.928395748138428, "therapy\nCBT\nStrength-based approaches Active or deep listening Client-led or centred approaches Risk, needs assessments\nFocus on Aboriginal traditions and cultures Motivational interviews\nTrauma-focused approaches Communication\nIntensive Family- Focu"]
[16.537029266357422, 6.912904262542725, "bstance abuse treatment or mental healthcare not offered at their organisation. Respondents also reported discord between staff within agencies, sometimes stemming from general dislike of other staff, but sometimes reporting more serious concerns. In"]
[16.542531967163086, 6.9290547370910645, "ts in sessions, receiving training on specific techniques, or even realising their need for specific types of training. This also included more informal lessons, such as learning to \u201ctrust but verify\u201d client reports of their situation, and personal s"]
[16.542800903320312, 6.916223526000977, "nd broader social networks within communities. Such an approach yielded positive results in terms of program interest, engagement, retention and reductions in family violence.\n2. Programs that were able to engage informal and formal institutions in c"]
[16.541797637939453, 6.93839168548584, "re hands-off and waited for sites or the national PM&C to indicate a need for assistance.\n3. At the outset, the national office could have made things smoother by clearly iden- tifying the roles and responsibilities for the regional and national offi"]
[16.384628295898438, 7.3553147315979, "out the intervention period. In this chapter, we provide insights that we were able to extract from each data set and suggest a way forward for future out- come evaluations.\nClient-Level Quantitative Data\nOne of the 3AP intervention sites, RTS, colle"]
[16.368078231811523, 7.371827602386475, "cale (URICA; Habits Lab at UBMC, n.d.)4 and the RTS-Q. The research team calculated the overall scale and subscale means and standard deviations (SD; see Table 4.1).\n2. Differences in Men Who Completed the Intervention\nWe reasoned that men who comple"]
[16.450143814086914, 7.230236053466797, "100 16 100 16 81 14 71 16 75 16 75\n16 6 16 88 16 94 16 6 12 67 17 76 17 100 17 88\nOutcome Evaluation 71\n      When you are violent or aggressive, do you see that as a problem?\nWhen you are violent or aggressive, do you feel powerful?\nWhen you are vio"]
[16.52212142944336, 6.952454090118408, "ales.5\nClient Case Vignettes\nTwo additional sites provided de-identified client case vignettes with narrative data on cli- ents and their families, including basic demographic data; which types of therapies were provided; and challenges, successes an"]
[16.531845092773438, 6.943140029907227, " explained how VACCA is developing more knowledge and confidence with respect to the uniqueness of its own approach, and that it is currently engaging in a process to develop a customised scale to measure progress along the healing pathway among Abor"]
[16.528589248657227, 6.932326793670654, "llect the array of data that was initially planned and thus unable to conduct rigorous analyses of potential program outcomes, this report has significant limitations. We are not able to draw any conclusions as to the actual effective- ness of any of"]
[16.525196075439453, 6.9308295249938965, " are such activities as assessing community needs for programming; developing a logic model (including the goals, activities and outcomes of the program); determining community \u201cfit\u201d so that any new program complements without duplicat- ing existing "]
[16.573665618896484, 6.91522741317749, "e the program development process as part of the implementation evaluation, gather rel- evant information about each site that can be incorporated into the evaluation plan, and work with the technical assistance provider to help sites develop systems"]
[16.548721313476562, 6.929923057556152, "e that all hands (including technical assistance) are on deck to assist programs consistently. Large implementation programs like 3AP necessarily involve many different agencies and entities, some of which could have been formally brought into the pr"]
[16.555988311767578, 6.9313788414001465, "ally thought their program would be implemented in one way before attending the Design Shops and then completely redesigning their approach. Our observation, then, is that this process was not sufficient to prepare sites for implementation.\nContinuin"]
[16.54285430908203, 6.934199810028076, "sed programming but on their capacity and willingness to work through a robust needs assessment and design and implementation process. While more resource-intense at the front end, this approach may result in increased program longevity and success.\n"]
[16.5343017578125, 6.929008960723877, "me degree, better coordi- nation with regional PM&C offices (and between regional and national staff) could help to address this. However, local variability in drivers of family violence, cultural dynamics and other ecological challenges (including l"]
[16.530841827392578, 6.92922830581665, "sions (and preparation for data collection) should have started much earlier in the process. Further exacerbating this challenge was the time taken to secure ethics approval and the subsequent pause in interacting with 3AP sites, as discussed earlier"]
[16.532485961914062, 6.9181671142578125, "upport for an inclusive, coordinated effort would ben- efit more community service providers.\nAny tools implemented should also accommodate the various Aboriginal- centred approaches to treatment that may be used, such as efforts to create connec- ti"]
[16.539615631103516, 6.91353702545166, "hildren is commendable for its bold vision over a long time frame, implementation of the plan is broken into three-year periods, and fund- ing for the 3AP sites was initially provided for only two years. Several 3AP sites did receive follow-on fundin"]
[16.542938232421875, 6.9201812744140625, " for program clients, increased the pro- grams\u2019 ability to refer clients to other needed assistance, and made positive progress towards their goals.5\n11. Storytelling and narrative therapy are critical for success.\nStorytelling and narrative therapy "]
[16.538326263427734, 6.920489311218262, "d, and no sites indicated it was needed, we believe identify- ing local cultural advisory structures in each of the sites would have improved our findings. This effort requires planning time and resources to establish but would increase the likelihoo"]
[16.51924705505371, 6.94681978225708, "uantita- tive tools (Muir and Dean, 2017; Palinkas, 2014).\n15. Emphasise the use of locally developed, culturally grounded measurement approaches.\nThe need for culturally appropriate measurement tools was discussed above under Recommendation 7. That "]
[16.532939910888672, 6.905288219451904, "ainst Women and Their Children\nthe program design and implementation phases (i.e., building it into the structure of the program) would support long-term sustainability by allowing sites to better plan for the changing needs of the communities they s"]
[16.50082778930664, 6.8810930252075195, "s client goes back to partner\n   Community: \u2022 Decreased\nFV incidents and crime in community\n\u2022 Increased connectedness\n\u2022 Economic inclusion of Aboriginal families\nOrganisational: \u2022 Increase\nin quality partnerships and networks\n\u2022 Become a lead provider"]
[16.49342918395996, 6.89677619934082, "llors\nStaffing:\n   Kornar Winmil Yunti Aboriginal Corporation Logic Model\nFigure A.2\nNOTE: This logic model was modified by RAND (as a part of the outcome evaluation) to include additional information gleaned from qualitative interviews with program "]
[16.526004791259766, 6.88657283782959, "lop strategies to be implemented in\n\u2022 One-to-one counseling\u2014men, women,\n\u2022 Lateral violence\u2014together and all\n\u2013 staff training CNS and city based\n\u2022 For community to use/promote\n\u2022 Workshops\u2014staff training and\n\u2022 Health assessment and service\n\u2022 Family the"]
[16.510334014892578, 6.882812976837158, "ation\n\u2022 Children and family gain awareness of DV and coping strategies and\n\u2022 Minimisation of involvement by TFs services trauma trauma skills\n   trauma transfer assessment process\n\u2022 Community staff\n\u2022 Increase inter-agency\n\u2022 Improve stakeholder\n\u2022 Comm"]
[16.528486251831055, 6.895660400390625, "s and communities are free from family violence\nBlue = TF Red = 10YP Orange = OL Green = FVTI Black = LTU\n Outcomes (6\u201312 months)\nRecreational well-being, social and cultural connectedness\n Increased ability to sustain positive relationships\n Stronge"]
[16.473413467407227, 6.873309135437012, "ily and community relationships, membership of CRG is reconstituted greater connection to extended culture, and country, and are more \u2022 Clients (partner and children) have engaged in societal activities. \u2022 The Terms of Reference and based upon lesson"]
[16.492694854736328, 6.88787317276001, "\nwith partner and children.\nParticipation:\nCultural Mapping (stage 2), for\nhas been formed, and members\n\u2022 Cultural Reference Group (CRG)\n\u2022 Clients have undergone CEW\nparticipation in the workshop\nunderstand role (ToR).\n(stage 3).\nCulture:\nengaged, wh"]
[16.49791717529297, 6.865980625152588, " 0\u20132 years) Changes in knowledge, awareness, convenience, motivation, etc.\n   OUTPUTS Units of service delivered to stakeholders/to meet project objectives\nabusive behaviour on self,\n\u2022 Raise awareness of positive\n\u2022 Raise awareness of the impacts of v"]
[16.500959396362305, 6.8907790184021, "retation services\n\u2022 Advisory group/board\n\u2022 Community based\n\u2022 Mediator\nchampions\ncountry\nStaffing:\n\u2022 Data input systems and IT\n\u2022 Policies and procedures\n(e.g., for recruitment)\n\u2022 Operational support\n\u2022 Accreditation\nProcesses:\n\u2022 Winnebago for travel\n\u2022 "]
[16.505395889282227, 6.885105609893799, "oject objectives\n   ACTIVITIES Events or processes to meet needs/ objectives\n\u2022 Client support officer accompanies client to\n\u2022 Counsellors do narrative\n\u2022 Advertise to community about services on offer\n\u2022 Engage with existing\nnetwork services\n\u2022 Refer to"]
[16.48539161682129, 6.8995513916015625, "rs\nprocedures\nStaffing:\nworker\n\u2022 Manager\nProcesses:\n\u2022 Finance\n\u2022 New marketing materials\n\u2022 New office space\nResources:\n   Figure A.10\nFar West Logic Model\nNOTE: This logic model was modified by RAND (as a part of the outcome evaluation) to include add"]
[16.512020111083984, 6.881375312805176, "ng mediation\n\u2022 Training/upskilling\nincluding board\nhealing space and\n\u2022 Redesigning of\nto discuss needs\nworkshops\nstakeholder\nresources\nservice\n\u2013 Staff\n   INPUTS\nStaff, money,\nprevious research\n\u2022 Internal knowledge/\nresearch including\ncultural (such a"]
[16.49991798400879, 6.891704559326172, "ional:\nstakeholders.\nand policies\n   INPUTS\n  \u2022 Professional development\nmember (advising)\n\u2022 Capable staff\n\u2022 Elders and TO and\n\u2022 Interpreters\nStaffing:\n\u2022 Promotion\nlegal and social services to\n(e.g., for recruitment)\n\u2022 Create barriers between\nprotect"]
[16.517946243286133, 6.889917850494385, "fident life home care be drastically\n\u2022 Ongoing commitment from and parents to be involved\n\u2022 Changes in attitude toward\n\u2022 Improvement in well-being functioning, well-being and\n\u2022 Exit plan\u2014as long-term\n\u2022 Want clients to be happy with pride and free fro"]
[16.518104553222656, 6.9057440757751465, "commitment\n\u2013 1x part-time support\n\u2013 Training for all staff\nsocial workers (SW)\n\u2022 History of region:\n(cultural/security/\n\u2022 Understanding the\ndifferent language\n\u2022 Outreach induction\n\u2013 2x social workers\nin Geraldton and\nand all staff\n\u2022 AFLS induction\nfr"]
[16.497501373291016, 6.8785810470581055, "ence that this includes in the community you serve?\n 101\n102 Australia\u2019s Third Action Plan of the National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children\nb. [low priority] How did the family violence issue originate? [less important\u2014skip if"]
[16.48390769958496, 6.8853912353515625, " specific data they will track, etc.]\n1. [high priority] What types of data will you be keeping from the clients\nwho are in your program?\na. [high priority] Will you keep case notes for each client? What is\nincluded in those case notes? v. Are there "]
[16.504253387451172, 6.883947372436523, "er context of your community and then we will speak more specifically about your program.\n1. Tell me about your community. [We are looking for broad contextual information about the community; we will talk more specifically about family violence and "]
[16.49949073791504, 6.884403228759766, "ird Action Plan effort\ni. Specific activities undertaken as a result of the funding\nii. If/How it is changing from the original proposal to PM&C iii. Do you have sufficient resources to do the work?\nf. [low priority\u2014important to know so we can determ"]
[16.502500534057617, 6.881659507751465, "ges to [organisation]\u2019s program. This will help us to ensure we understand the context of the issues with violence your community faces, and the ethical considerations we should follow while we work together. Over time, we\u2019ll be talking with people a"]
[16.491073608398438, 6.876645088195801, "funding . . . other?]\ng. [high priority] What are best long-term solutions to reducing family violence?\ni. What are persistent barriers to solving the issue? [probe on systemic, dis- crimination, resources, etc.]\nii. What solutions have been tried al"]
[16.504512786865234, 6.881856441497803, " more than an hour.\nI will be leading today\u2019s discussion and [NAME] may ask additional questions for clarification. [NAME] will be taking notes.\nDo you have any questions before we begin?\nThe first half of our interview will focus on the broader cont"]
[16.547407150268555, 6.927816867828369, "e new program aligns with other organisational services\nii. Is there any program you\u2019re currently running that is most similar to the new program?\n1. Do you believe this or any of the other programs you offer through your organisation could be suitab"]
[16.546581268310547, 6.931838512420654, "hat aspects of your interaction with regional PM&C staff did you feel worked well? What aspects of your interactions could have been improved? Were regional PM&C staff accessible? Responsive to requests? Hands-off or too involved? Open to discussing "]
[16.54010009765625, 6.918243885040283, "lence? SOURCE: Data from 3AP site, analysed by RAND.\nWhat were the goals of the 3AP program? How did this change over time?\n\u2022 What populations did you plan to serve? How did this change over time?\n\u2022 What was your staffing plan? How did this change ov"]
[16.53384780883789, 6.918822765350342, ".au/getmedia/b0037b2d-a651-4abf-9f 7b-00a85e3de528/aihw-fdv3-FDSV-in-Australia -2019.pdf.aspx?inline=true\nAustralians Together, \u201cThe Intervention,\u201d webpage, last updated January 14, 2020a. As of August 22, 2020:\nhttp://www.australianstogether.org.au/"]
[16.511947631835938, 6.895500659942627, "97. As February 19, 2020: https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/pdf/social_justice/bringing_them_home_report.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Closing the Gap: Prime Minister\u2019s Report 2017, Canberra, ACT: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, 2017. A"]
[16.495018005371094, 7.231828689575195, "ogy and Law, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 104\u2013117, 2012.\nEckhardt, Christopher I., and Angela C. Utschig, \u201cAssessing Readiness to Change Among Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Analysis of Two Self-Report Measures,\u201d Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 2"]
[16.527618408203125, 6.938494682312012, "01_2016/3-1-respectful-relationships-evaluation -summary-of-findings.pdf\nLevesque, Deborah A., Richard J. Gelles, and Wayne F. Velicer, \u201cDevelopment and Validation of a Stages of Change Measure for Men in Batterer Treatment,\u201d Journal of Cognitive The"]
[16.525827407836914, 6.93304967880249, " Adolescent Psychology, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 851\u2013861, 2014.\nPiper, Alana, and Ana Stevenson, \u201cThe Long History of Gender Violence in Australia, and Why It Matters Today,\u201d The Conversation, July 14, 2019. As of September 14, 2020: https://theconversati"]
[16.538063049316406, 6.913471221923828, "er\nand Cabinet\u2019s (PM&C\u2019s) Third Action Plan (3AP) of the National Plan to Reduce Violence Against Women and Their Children, and specifically 3AP\u2019s Priority Area 2: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women and Their Children. PM&C provided funding\n"]
[22.98692512512207, 14.098642349243164, "  Research Report\nANDREW R. MORRAL, TERRY L. SCHELL, BRANDON CROSBY, ROSANNA SMART, ROSE KERBER, JUSTIN LEE\nPreliminary Findings from the Aerial Investigation Research Pilot Program\nIn this report, we provide a preliminary description of the clearanc"]
[22.986286163330078, 14.098257064819336, "reet jus- tice because they do not believe going to the police will produce results. In addition, low clearance rates could undermine community support and coopera- tion with police if citizens believe that the police have little interest in solving "]
[22.98688316345215, 14.098835945129395, "e June, a second plane began to be used, and it was declared fully operational by PSS staff on July 6, 2020. The AIR pilot program col- lected an average of 5.7 hours of imagery per day\nin May, 7.7 hours of imagery per day in early June, and 9.1 hour"]
[22.986764907836914, 14.098956108093262, "t least one of the crimes associated with a case has been cleared by arrest or by exception, accord- ing to either the database used by the investigating detective or the BPD records management system. Case status updates in the record management sys"]
[22.987018585205078, 14.099167823791504, "icts, and clearance rates vary across districts. Similarly, AIR cases consist of a higher percentage\nof homicides than non-AIR cases, and homicides\nare cleared at a higher rate than other MOU crimes. Therefore, we would expect cases with AIR evidence"]
[22.98691749572754, 14.099051475524902, "when the suspect is arrested at the crime scene (Cook et al., 2019). These cases close before AIR evidence would ever need to be used. The primary benefit of the AIR pilot might be expected to be found among the more-difficult cases that are not reso"]
[22.986722946166992, 14.098960876464844, " Were Not Cleared on the Day of the Crime or the Next Day\n100\n75 Percentage closed/solved 50 25\n0\nAIR Non- Matched AIR non-AIR\nProvisionally cleared\nAIR\nNon- Matched AIR non-AIR Provisionally solved\n      NOTES: Sample sizes for AIR and non-AIR cases"]
[22.986658096313477, 14.098905563354492, "o AIR cases also has limitations. Although the matched cases do, on average, occur at times\nand places comparable to AIR cases, they might still differ from AIR cases in important and systematic ways that make them a misleading comparison group. For "]
[22.98722267150879, 14.099226951599121, "vestigates the crime, they enter a more accurate crime description in Lotus Notes. Information in the Lotus Notes\u2013based data system and RMS is later reconciled through a formal UCR review, although this review sometimes occurs months after the crime "]
[22.984786987304688, 14.097273826599121, "hursday day:Friday day:Saturday day:Sunday month:5 month:6\nmonth:7\nmonth:8 month:9 month:10 time:12am_2am time:2am_4am time:4am_6am time:6am_8am time:8am_10am time:10am_12pm time:12pm_2pm time:2pm_4pm time:4pm_6pm time:6pm_8pm time:8pm_10pm time:10pm"]
[22.983427047729492, 14.096779823303223, "e sample size of the matched non-AIR group. More-difficult cases = all MOU cases that did not close on the day of the crime or the next day.\nAerodrome Report data from Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport describ- ing cloud co"]
[22.986541748046875, 14.09838581085205, "ases (difference = 6 per- centage points, t = 1.27, p = 0.2). (Recall that this was also true for the analysis with the full sample of MOU cases.)\nFIGURE A.1\nRates at Which Crimes Were Provisionally\nCleared and Solved, July 1 to October 31 Subset\n100"]
[13.90304946899414, 4.442045211791992, "bberies, and carjackings. The pilot began on May 1, 2020, and continued until October 31, 2020. In this preliminary report, we provide an initial description of the clearance rates achieved by the BPD during the six-month pilot test, which might prov"]
[4.56192684173584, 24.14164924621582, "  CORPORATION\nBENJAMIN M. MILLER, DAVID METZ, JON SCHMID, PAIGE M. RUDIN, MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL\nMeasuring the\nValue of Invention The Impact of Lemelson-MIT Prize Winners\u2019 Inventions\n                For more information on this publication, visit www."]
[4.5136494636535645, 24.0631046295166, "cuses on such topics as infrastructure, science and technology, community design, community health promotion, migration and population dynamics, transportation, energy, and climate and the environment, as well as other policy concerns that are influe"]
[4.585304260253906, 24.167091369628906, "ocial Impacts .............................................................................................................23 3. Boyer and Cohen: Recombinant DNA Technology ..................................................................26 Overview"]
[4.599722862243652, 24.181570053100586, "............................................................................59 Applied Biosystems ............................................................................................................................60 Amgen ..................."]
[4.569302082061768, 24.150039672851562, "...............................................................................90 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................94\nA separate appendix (R"]
[4.572033405303955, 24.15300941467285, "tions by Year, 1990\u20132019 ...................................78 Figure 5.6. Bertozzi\u2019s International Collaboration on Scientific Publications..............................79 Figure 5.7. Distribution of Bertozzi\u2019s Patents by Technology Sector.........."]
[4.573006629943848, 24.154176712036133, "......................................................................................76 Table 5.2. Summary of Bertozzi\u2019s Publications............................................................................78 Table 5.3. Summary of Bertozzi\u2019s Tech"]
[4.5664472579956055, 24.146690368652344, "cases, the inventions of the Lemelson-MIT Prize winners not only provided the scientific and technological foundation for new companies but were revolutionary ideas that\n1 In addition, 22 more of these companies were involved in acquisitions for whic"]
[4.560612201690674, 24.139930725097656, " Evidence suggests that a lack of exposure to role models and support networks is limiting diversity in the population of inventors. Programs and policies that support the development of both inventions and inventors remain important for ensuring eve"]
[4.558620929718018, 24.138525009155273, ", and more-productive lives. They provide new ways to build, move, communicate, heal, learn, and play.1\nThe potentially life-changing benefits of invention make it important to ensure that policies, programs, and initiatives support the development o"]
[4.562376976013184, 24.14272117614746, "assachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Prize. The Lemelson- MIT Prize was one of the most prominent efforts to recognize and reward invention.\nThis report is not an assessment of the effectiveness or impact of the Lemelson-MIT Prize or similar pr"]
[4.562665939331055, 24.14298439025879, "pt of the award.\nChapters 3 through 5 of this report focus on the impacts of the inventions created by winners of the Lemelson-MIT Prize from three particular years: 1996 (Herbert Boyer and Stanley\n3 For studies showing that ex post technology prizes"]
[4.560405254364014, 24.140975952148438, "a better world. Jerome Lemelson was one of the most prolific independent inventors in the United States, amassing more than 600 patents.4 The Lemelson-MIT Prize was created to recognize highly accomplished and highly promising mid-career inventors wh"]
[4.562035083770752, 24.14196014404297, "llecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business economy\u201d (U.S. Census Bureau, undated).\n8\n4\n3\n3\n3\n2\n2\n1\n1\n1\n1\n1\n     4\nNearly half of the Lemelson-MIT Prize winners produced inventions in the field of research and de"]
[4.571748733520508, 24.153228759765625, "rch and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences (except nanotechnology and biotechnology); U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Economic Classification Policy Committee, 2017.\n5\nIn addition to\u2014or often, in the process of\u2014providin"]
[4.561954975128174, 24.142271041870117, "old patents than their peers in the top 1 percent of parent income (Bell et al., 2019). Furthermore, as of 2016, the \u201cwomen inventor rate\u201d had reached only 12 percent (increasing from less than 5 percent in 1976), and growth in that metric has been s"]
[4.563509941101074, 24.142955780029297, "a key role in the promotion of their inventions, design, production, and distribution functions are typically addressed by new or existing organizations, which may or may not be led by said inventor.\nOften, many organizations are involved in the deve"]
[5.2888383865356445, 8.118260383605957, "cture Fogarty\u2019s device. Today, Edwards Lifesciences still\n manufactures Fogarty\u2019s balloon catheter, which it sells to medical professionals worldwide.\n Ultimately, the balloon catheter is estimated to have saved the lives or limbs of as many as 15 mi"]
[4.562629222869873, 24.14208984375, " objects on the road to improve artificial intelligence for Google\u2019s Waymo autonomous driving systems (Healy and Flores, undated; Kidd, 2019).\n1 The quotes and information in this paragraph, as well as the statistic on the number of patients affected"]
[4.572259426116943, 24.152082443237305, " category, inventions must have provided a foundation for a public or private company to grow over time and remain an independent entity that exceeds the U.S. Small Business Administration\u2019s threshold for a small business. These thresholds vary by in"]
[4.55990743637085, 24.1401424407959, "   SOURCE: RAND analysis of data sourced from Yahoo! Finance, Dun & Bradstreet, and other financial news sources.\nThe most-frequent pathways of invention proliferation among the 26 Lemelson-MIT Prize winners include commercializing an invention as a "]
[4.562438011169434, 24.143054962158203, " a lot of pressure. It was well beyond the technology at this point, right? It\u2019s branding, it was operations, it was [a] tough, tough business. (DeSimone, 2013)\nA decision by Congress to not pass an anticipated tax credit that would have favored the "]
[4.564068794250488, 24.145076751708984, "ed with existing businesses, and the majority remained successful smaller companies or were start-ups attempting to commercialize new ideas or technologies. Many companies did not succeed.\nThe combined technologies, resources, and capabilities of the"]
[4.574212551116943, 24.154903411865234, "unt for each inventor, we searched the author field within the WOS database using the author\u2019s last name, followed by their first initial. We then identified a publication that we knew to have been written by the target inventor to serve as a confirm"]
[4.561638832092285, 24.142120361328125, "e issue of variability in a given article\u2019s impact by also examining prize winners\u2019 citations (i.e., the number of instances in which a scientific peer has cited a winner\u2019s publication portfolio).\nFindings\nTable 2.1 summarizes the aggregate scientifi"]
[4.566939353942871, 24.148174285888672, "  49\n         48\n         43\n         41\n         40\n         39\n         37\n         35\n         34\n         34\n         34\n    International co-authorship can be used to measure the extent of international scientific collaboration; it also reflects"]
[4.568286418914795, 24.14922332763672, "Third, patents can be filed strategically to prevent other firms from using an innovation (Blind, Cremers, and Mueller, 2009; Noel and Schankerman, 2013; Thumm, 2004), and even the choices of which citations to cite as prior art may be a strategic de"]
[4.5356292724609375, 24.116506576538086, "       Langer\nMead\nFogarty\nKurzweil\nKamen\nHood\nHolonyak\nNorris\nFergason\nSwager\nDeSimone\nMirkin\nBertozzi\nRogers\nQuake\nBelcher\nBhatia\nWhitacre\nRaskar\nZhang\nvonAhn 12 128 49 Friesen 87 37 22\n831 7,487 1,369 90 2,824 414 215 8,259 795 117 883 232 479 4,5"]
[4.56214714050293, 24.142940521240234, "e winners. During the patent application process, patents are assigned International Patent Classification (IPC) codes by patent examiners to facilitate subsequent applications\u2019 search for prior art. IPC codes classify a given invention in terms of i"]
[4.550408363342285, 24.132522583007812, "nces in several\n21 In addition, 22 more of these companies were involved in acquisitions for which our research team was not able to find publicly available financial details.\n      3% 11%\n  34%\nInstruments\nChemistry\nElectrical engineering Mechanical"]
[4.587223529815674, 24.169082641601562, " inventions in these contexts\u2014although the inability to do so does not diminish the impacts of the inventions because the benefits may be diffuse and not solely\n22 Financial data are not available for all companies, including many privately held comp"]
[4.591621398925781, 24.173812866210938, "cientists, generated billions of dollars in revenues, and would have some of the largest public offerings in U.S. history at the time. In 2009, Genentech would become one of the first biotechnology companies to achieve a market valuation exceeding $1"]
[4.6023640632629395, 24.18466567993164, "Linn and Arber, 1968; Meselson and Yuan, 1968; Smith and Wilcox, 1970). Boyer and others envisioned that restriction enzymes would be useful for cutting, recombining, and characterizing DNA. In 1972, Robert Yoshimori, a graduate student in Boyer\u2019s la"]
[4.590308666229248, 24.172622680664062, "oyer presented on the properties of EcoRI, Cohen recognized that this restriction enzyme could be a potential solution to the challenges of inserting plasmid DNA into bacteria for cloning. One evening after the conference, Boyer and Cohen met at a lo"]
[4.590150833129883, 24.172639846801758, "nvention\nrDNA technology\nBeneficiaries\nrDNA technology gave rise to the field of genetic engineering and laid the foundation for the biotechnology industry, opening the door to gene therapy and the manufacturing of new drugs and existing synthetic bi"]
[4.594061851501465, 24.176342010498047, " Cohen created a novel combination of antibiotic resistance genes. Conveying unease within the scientific community, a majority of conference attendees voted to send letters to the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Medicine r"]
[4.567264556884766, 24.149513244628906, "tologous, Homologous, and Heterologous Normal Skin Grafts in the Hamster Cheek Pouch\u201d in the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine (Cohen, 1961). Since 1961, Boyer and Cohen have published an additional 247 WOS-indexed arti"]
[4.586724281311035, 24.168668746948242, "cription of Eukaryotic DNA in Escherichia coli,\u201d which were published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 1973 and 1974, have been cited 1,172 times and 364 times in WOS publications, respectively"]
[4.605984687805176, 24.18751335144043, "al limitation of Kelly et al., 2018, is that text-based measures focus on scientific value rather than market value; however, the literature finds these tend to be related (Hall, Jaffe, and Trajtenberg, 2005; Nicolas, 2008; Odasso, Scellato, and Ughe"]
[4.592230796813965, 24.174097061157227, "these patents around the time it financed the acquisition of Gen-Probe Incorporated by Hologic, Inc. in 2012.\n36\nTable 3.4. Notable Inventions with Forward Citations from Boyer and Cohen\u2019s Patent Portfolio\n    Citing Organization\nGenentech\nGoldman Sa"]
[4.593061447143555, 24.175668716430664, "company and Swanson departing the firm. Swanson would later approach Boyer with a business proposal.\nBy 1978, Cetus Corporation had finally completed construction of genetic engineering research facilities to conduct their first rDNA experiments. Cet"]
[4.588002681732178, 24.17059898376465, "lergic reactions in some humans. rDNA technology could replicate human insulin, which would pose lower risk of an adverse reaction and mitigate a global insulin shortage. The company\u2019s goal would be to license the genetically engineered bacteria to a"]
[4.592715263366699, 24.174942016601562, " of directors.\n 39\nhormone and rapidly approve Genentech\u2019s human growth hormone. Genentech would gain exclusive rights to sell recombinant human growth hormone under the brand name Protropin in the United States, while KabiVitrum would sell it intern"]
[4.589552402496338, 24.17219352722168, "ch generated sales of about $7.5 billion (about $9.7 billion measured in 2018 dollars). In 2018, the same four products accounted for approximately $21.1 billion in sales for Hoffman-La Roche (Trefis Team and Great Speculations, 2019). Figure 3.7 sum"]
[4.585855484008789, 24.1684513092041, "ed-b). Estimated national expenditures for cancer care in the United States were $150.8 billion in 2018 (National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, 2020). Modern rDNA drugs and protein therapeutics are used in cancer treatments for mil"]
[4.586397171020508, 24.168827056884766, " $10,000 plus downstream royalties based on a percentage of final product sales (Hughes, 2011). Over the lifetime of the patents, which jointly expired in December 1997, the technology was licensed to 468 companies, resulting in more than $35 billion"]
[4.577565670013428, 24.159868240356445, "wide impacts cannot be solely attributed to individual inventors, they reflect the enormous and prolonged impact of invention. They might not have happened nearly as quickly\u2014or at all\u2014without the determination of the inventors and the risks they took"]
[4.5882720947265625, 24.171218872070312, "s for diabetes, growth hormone deficiency, leukemia, AIDS, hepatitis B, and multiple sclerosis\u2014all of which have reduced the risk of premature death and provided tangible quality of life improvements for many.\n46\n4. Hood: The DNA Sequencer and Modern"]
[4.589837074279785, 24.17271614074707, "impacts.\n 47\nOverview of Inventions\nIn 1960, Hood completed a B.S. in biology at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) and enrolled at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where he was granted an M.D. in 1964. Hood then enrolled in the bioche"]
[4.588202476501465, 24.17119026184082, "nk-jet oligonucleotide arrays synthesizer.\n2 Discretizing the innovative contributions of a researcher as prolific as Hood is inexact, here our assessment is consistent with that of Hood himself. In a 2002 article providing a personal account of his "]
[4.59060525894165, 24.173404693603516, "science, zoology, neuroscience, agronomy, parasitology, toxicology, and polymer science.4 Hood and his colleagues used the instrument to sequence platelet-derived growth factor (a human blood hormone), which showed that the N-terminal\n3 Based on a se"]
[4.594599723815918, 24.17766761779785, "t important scientific contributions of the DNA synthesizer was facilitating the synthesis of oligonucleotides. The DNA synthesizer was used to assemble oligonucleotides in an important study on genetic disease detection methods (Barany, 1991). The D"]
[4.595793724060059, 24.178611755371094, "pidly determine the order of the four bases. The DNA sequencer also allowed rapid genotyping, a related process that focuses on determining the precise genetic variants that an individual possesses. Of the instruments invented at Caltech, Hood descri"]
[4.583589553833008, 24.165868759155273, "e student at Caltech, published his first WOS-indexed article, \u201cEvidence for Amino Acid Sequence Differences Among Proteins Resembling the L-Chain Subunits of Immunoglobulins,\u201d in the Journal of Molecular Biology (Bennett et al., 1965). Over the cour"]
[4.584415435791016, 24.167369842529297, "ns in which at least one co-author from each country was also listed on a publication with Hood. The network graph depends on data from Hood\u2019s WOS-generated author profile. As described earlier, we found Hood\u2019s author profile to undercount his scient"]
[4.575974941253662, 24.158512115478516, "ation has been cited more than 14,000 times in WOS-indexed articles and more than 25,000 times according to Google Scholar.\n11 Publications are reported as of October 15, 2020; therefore, the 2020 data may be incomplete. 55\n Technological Impact\nAs o"]
[4.586066246032715, 24.16880989074707, "s,13 and Applied Biosystems (which merged with Invitrogen Corporation and later was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific). The separate appendix provides a summary of the top citing organizations to Hood\u2019s patent portfolio.\nTable 4.3 provides example"]
[4.588188648223877, 24.17091941833496, "cientific evidence.\n58\nEconomic and Social Impacts\nHood laid the technological foundation for genomics and proteomics through the invention of cutting-edge scientific instruments incorporating automation with integrated laser and computer technology."]
[4.587169170379639, 24.17023468017578, "immerman, 2016). Hood\u2019s lab at Caltech, with funding from the U.S. Department of\n59\nEnergy and the National Institutes of Health, became one of dozens of research centers in the United States, Europe, and Asia that were sequencing the human genome. T"]
[4.587757587432861, 24.17074203491211, "orporated, initially Genetic Systems Company (GeneCo), was founded in 1981 in Foster City, California, to commercialize the technology developed by Hood and his colleagues. Its first commercial instrument, the Model 470A Protein Sequencer, was releas"]
[4.61305570602417, 24.195911407470703, "ed cost\n\u2022 Contributed to development of expressed sequence tags, a revolutionary new method for gene discovery and sequencing\n\u2022 One of the key technologies that enabled the completion of the Human Genome Project\n\u2022 Produced high yields of high-quality"]
[4.577568054199219, 24.160490036010742, "ientific in 2014 for approximately $13.6 billion (Berkrot and Kelly, 2013).\nAmgen\nIn 1980, William Bowes recruited George Rathmann from Abbott Laboratories and Winston Salser from the University of California, Los Angeles, to found Amgen (originally "]
[4.577364444732666, 24.16046714782715, "9\nKyprolis\nXgeva\nProlia\nNplate\nVectibix Sensipar/Mimpara Neulasta\nEnbrel\nAranesp Neupogen\nEpogen\n     In 2019, Amgen had about 22,000 employees and revenues of $23.4 billion, and invested more than $4 billion in new research and development (Amgen, 2"]
[4.5873236656188965, 24.170780181884766, "eatments pose the risk of serious side effects that must be weighed against the potential benefits of treatment.\nIn addition to becoming one of the most successful biotechnology companies, Amgen endeavored to make a positive social impact. In 1994, A"]
[4.592696666717529, 24.175704956054688, "esearch/Project\nRegulatory network for glioblastoma using systems genetics network analysis (published in Cell Systems)\nHigh-resolution mapping of Huntington\u2019s disease in mice (published in Human Molecular Genetics)\nThe Human SRMAtlas\nProject Feed 10"]
[4.59067440032959, 24.174142837524414, ") for $76 million in 1997. SyStemix\u2019s pioneering work in stem cell research was shut down by Novartis in 2000. Weismann was able to license key technologies from Novartis, and more than a decade later, resumed research to grow and deliver blood stem "]
[4.590156555175781, 24.17357635498047, " and Phenogenomics Corporation (a biotechnology company seeking to develop rapid methods for detecting proteomic interactions\n68\ndesigned to discover new antibody-based drugs for cancer treatment) (Agilent Technologies, 2019).\nIn 2003, Hood co-founde"]
[4.586925506591797, 24.168601989746094, "et, and other financial news sources. Note that in Chapter 2 where we reported the collective impacts of all of the Lemelson-MIT Prize winners, we only included economic and financial data for companies founded by the inventors, but not other compani"]
[4.594364166259766, 24.17613410949707, "still in their infancy, and the full scale of her work\u2019s impact is yet to be realized. Nevertheless, Bertozzi has already published hundreds of scientific articles, developed more than 60 patents, and co-founded seven companies.\nOverview of Invention"]
[4.600253105163574, 24.18159294128418, "om the 1990s suggested that such chemical reactions might exist or [at] least could be invented with some clever mechanistic thinking.\u201d (Sletten and Bertozzi, 2011). In 2003, Bertozzi\u2019s team published the first use of the term bioorthogonal (Hang et "]
[4.599502086639404, 24.181011199951172, "ls at the site of their action\u201d (Devaraj, 2018). In other words, a bioorthogonal reaction could be used to assemble a medically effective compound at the site of disease, rather than trying to direct a prefabricated medical compound to the right loca"]
[4.5951313972473145, 24.177106857299805, "son, the ultimate impacts of Bertozzi\u2019s work remain to be seen. She has co- founded seven different companies based on different aspects of her research, but medical applications of her discoveries are still in trial phases, so the final outcome is u"]
[4.61224365234375, 24.19391632080078, ", and with high accuracy.\nEnables research advances in such areas as oncology, autoimmunity, metabolism, and neurology.\nThe goal is to discover and develop \u201cfirst-in-class therapeutics that degrade extracellular and membrane-bound proteins that drive"]
[4.589101791381836, 24.170928955078125, "ublish frequently, having more than 300 WOS publications. Figure 5.5 depicts Bertozzi\u2019s annual publication output from 1990 to 2019 (the most recent year for which complete data are available), and Table 5.2 provides statistics on her publications an"]
[4.588728904724121, 24.170642852783203, "ornia, Berkeley; 14 co-authored papers), Jeremy Baskin (another alumnus of Bertozzi\u2019s University of California, Berkeley lab; 13 co-authored papers), Steven Rosen (a biology professor whom Bertozzi worked for as a postdoctoral researcher at UCSF, and"]
[4.600890636444092, 24.18111801147461, "Center at Oakland. The separate appendix provides a summary of the top citing organizations to Bertozzi\u2019s patent portfolio.\nTable 5.4 provides examples of new inventions among the top 25 citing organizations (i.e., entities with the highest number of"]
[4.586605548858643, 24.168336868286133, "cusses each organization\u2019s activities and describes their potential impacts.\nThios Pharmaceuticals\nThe first company Bertozzi co-founded was Thios Pharmaceuticals, which she co-founded with Steve Rosen, Stefan Hemmerich (another former postdoctoral r"]
[4.598621368408203, 24.18076515197754, "ite-specific protein modification tool. The technologies developed by Redwood \u201cenable the generation of homogenous bioconjugates engineered to improve performance and ease of manufacturing.\u201d This \u201cenables the identification of superior drugs from lib"]
[4.615163326263428, 24.197265625, "lop additional treatments for additional diseases\u2014seems promising.\nEnable Biosciences\nIn 2015, Bertozzi co-founded a third company, Enable Bioscience, along with Jason Tsai, Peter Robinson, and David Seftel; Tsai and Robinson are both graduate studen"]
[4.610090255737305, 24.192405700683594, "1 diabetes, and the presence of any two or more of these autoantibodies generally causes type 1 diabetes to occur (Ziegler et al., 2013). These autoantibodies can be present well in advance of\n84\ndisease symptoms; they can be present at as early as s"]
[4.612597465515137, 24.19500732421875, "ies of receptors known as Siglecs turn off that response whenever they bind to any one of many sialic acid\u2013containing glycans that cover the surface of the cancer cell. Targeting this \u201coff switch\u201d has been difficult because there are many different t"]
[4.642795085906982, 24.21796226501465, "dditional parts of the body, but only 20 percent of ovarian cancers are detected in earlier stages because the disease is typically asymptomatic in early stages and an effective screening test is not available.3 Ovarian cancer is the fifth-most commo"]
[4.618826866149902, 24.192541122436523, " a variety of drugs are available to cure cases of the disease, but the drugs must be taken for six to nine months. Some strains of tuberculosis are becoming resistant to certain drugs because patients stop taking the drugs too soon (Centers for Dise"]
[4.592306137084961, 24.174259185791016, "ich Bertozzi has recently published several papers (Ahn et al., 2020; Banik et al., 2019). It has been suggested that Lycia has now advanced beyond the information described in Bertozzi\u2019s publication (Tong, 2020). At this point, further details on th"]
[4.541850566864014, 24.123289108276367, " as an excellent mentor to students of all ages, including postdoctoral fellows, graduate students, undergraduate students, and K\u201312 students. Many of Bertozzi\u2019s companies and scientific publications are collaborations with students whom she has ment"]
[4.567802429199219, 24.14918327331543, " the inventions was integral to the selection of the winners of the Lemelson-MIT Prize. However, there have been and will continue to be many highly successful and impactful inventors beyond this small group.\nChapters 3 through 5 presented case studi"]
[4.563456058502197, 24.144128799438477, "nia National Primate Research Center to work on optimizing convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients (Lee, 2020). InterVenn Biosciences (another company co- founded by Bertozzi), announced in October 2020 that it had \u201cidentified marked differ"]
[4.575281143188477, 24.149930953979492, "n is an ongoing social investment\u2014not a largely depleted checklist of opportunities. Future work should be focused on shaping such efforts to address inequality and assessing their effectiveness.\nSeveral notable efforts are already underway. For exam"]
[4.609378337860107, 24.18982696533203, "20.\nAlbert, M. B., D. Avery, F. Narin, and P. McAllister, \u201cDirect Validation of Citation Counts as Indicators of Industrially Important Patents,\u201d Research Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1991, pp. 251\u2013 259.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cSurvival Rates for Ovarian Cancer,\u201d webpage, "]
[4.62218713760376, 24.20471954345703, "Genetic Disease Detection and DNA Amplification Using Cloned Thermostable Ligase,\u201d Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 88, No. 1, 1991, pp. 189\u2013193.\nProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of "]
[4.603652000427246, 24.184276580810547, "11, pp. 651\u2013653.\n Blind, Knut, Katrin Cremers, and Elisabeth Mueller, \u201cThe Influence of Strategic Patenting on\n Companies\u2019 Patent Portfolios,\u201d Research Policy, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2009, pp. 428\u2013436.\n 96\nBonifacio, Ezio, \u201cPredicting Type 1 Diabetes Using "]
[4.610576629638672, 24.193218231201172, "74, pp. 1030\u20131034.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cConstruction and Characterization of Amplifiable Multicopy DNA Cloning Vehicles Derived from the P15A Cryptic Miniplasmid,\u201d Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 134, No. 3, 1978, pp. 1141\u20131156.\nChetty, Raj, John N. Friedman, Nathani"]
[4.605903625488281, 24.18877601623535, " 4, No. 8, 2018, pp. 952\u2013959. As of January 26, 2021: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscentsci.8b00251#\nDiamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 1980.\nDrake, Penelope, \u201cCatalent\u2019s SMARTag\u00ae ADC Stands Out in the Crowd of HER2-Targeted Conjugates,\u201d ADC"]
[4.60930061340332, 24.191898345947266, " Reticulum,\u201d Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 264, No. 36, 1989, pp. 21522\u201321528.\nFlynn, Gregory C., Jan Pohl, Mark T. Flocco, and James E. Rothman, \u201cPeptide-Binding Specificity of the Molecular Chaperone BiP.\u201d Nature, Vol. 353, 1991, pp. 726\u201373"]
[4.607942581176758, 24.190406799316406, " Jaffe, and Manuel Trajtenberg, \u201cMarket Value and Patent Citations,\u201d RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2005, pp. 16\u201338.\nHall, Bronwyn, Jacques Mairesse, and Pierre Mohnen, \u201cMeasuring the Returns to R&D, National Bureau of Economic Research,\u201d"]
[4.605956077575684, 24.187437057495117, "icago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.\n\u201cHuman Insulin Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Type (Analogue Insulin, Traditional Human Insulin), By Diabetes Type (Type 1, Type 2), By Distribution Channel (Retail Pharmacy, Hospital Pharmacy, On"]
[4.608752250671387, 24.191341400146484, "t, William V. Treuren, Neil Martinson, Rainer Kalscheuer, Bavesh D. Kana, and Carolyn R. Bertozzi, \u201cRapid Detection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Sputum with a Solvatochromic Trehalose Probe,\u201d Science Translational Medicine, Vol. 10, No. 430, 2018"]
[4.637389659881592, 24.219980239868164, "in, Scott T., Jeremy M. Baskin, Sharon L. Amacher, and Carolyn R. Bertozzi, \u201cIn Vivo\n Imaging of Membrane-Associated Glycans in Developing Zebrafish,\u201d Science, Vol. 320, No.\n 5876, 2008, pp. 664\u2013667.\n Lee, Tim, \u201cCerus Forms Group to Research Optimal "]
[4.643965721130371, 24.227933883666992, "en to Medicine and Farm,\u201d New York Times, May 20, 1974.\nMeselson, Matthew, and Robert Yuan, \u201cDNA Restriction Enzyme from E. Coli,\u201d Nature, Vol. 217, 1968, pp. 1110\u20131114.\nMontague, P. Read, Carolyn D. Gancayco, Mark J. Winn, Richard B. Marchase, and M"]
[4.617229461669922, 24.200223922729492, "ynthesis of Porcine Cardiodilatin 88,\u201d\n Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 110, No. 23, 1988, pp. 7847\u20137854.\n 107\nOlson, Maynard, Leroy Hood, Charles Cantor, and David Botstein, \u201cA Common Language for Physical Mapping of the Human Genome,"]
[4.6422224044799805, 24.224653244018555, "ts, 2009\u20132019. As of January 21, 2021: https://www.roche.com/investors/downloads.htm\nRogers, Mary A. M., Catherine Kim, Tanima Banerjee, and Joyce M. Lee, \u201cFluctuations in the Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in the United States from 2001 to 2015: A Lon"]
[4.6167168617248535, 24.199909210205078, " Molecular Biology, Vol. 51, No. 2, 1970, pp. 379\u2013391.\nSmith, Lloyd M., Jane Z. Sanders, Robert J. Kaiser, Peter Hughes, Chris Dodd, Charles R. Connell, Cheryl Heiner, Stephen B. Kent, and Leroy E. Hood, \u201cFluorescence Detection in Automated DNA Seque"]
[4.612421035766602, 24.189626693725586, "ffice, \u201cGlossary,\u201d webpage, 2021. As of January 16, 2021: https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/glossary\nUSPTO\u2014See U.S. Patent Trademark Office.\nU.S. Small Business Administration, \u201cTable of Small Business Size Standards Matched to North Ameri"]
[4.651923656463623, 24.23307991027832, "ses 1 and 2 in Mouse Collagen-Induced Arthritis,\u201d\n BMC Immunology, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2006.\n 112\nYoshimori, Robert, Daisy Roulland-Dussoix, and Herbert W. Boyer, \u201cR Factor-Controlled Restriction and Modification of Deoxyribonucleic Acid: Restriction Muta"]
[15.909687042236328, 10.509668350219727, "Health Service Utilization and Cost Outcomes from a Permanent Supportive Housing Program\nEvidence from a Managed Care Health Plan\nSARAH B. HUNTER, ADAM SCHERLING, RYAN K. MCBAIN, MATTHEW CEFALU, BRIAN BRISCOMBE, WILLIAM MCCONNELL, PRIYA BATRA\n Sponso"]
[12.6547269821167, 13.588313102722168, "ronmental Policy Program\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. This research was con"]
[16.031679153442383, 10.472861289978027, "............................................................................................ 5 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 8\n"]
[16.0195255279541, 10.597122192382812, ".. 19 Figure 3.4. Estimated Effect of Treatment on Health Care Costs, with 95-Percent\nConfidence Intervals ............................................................................................................. 20 Figure 3.5. Share of Treatment"]
[15.942707061767578, 10.55858039855957, "........................................................ 42 Table C.5. Number of Home Health Claims................................................................................. 42 Table C.6. Number of Inpatient Health Claims ....................."]
[15.971868515014648, 10.560853958129883, "ocument the short-term programmatic costs of the PSH program.\nOur previous work (McBain et al., 2020) demonstrated that members enrolled in the program were high health care utilizers with one or more chronic health conditions and high service costs "]
[15.846179008483887, 10.46944808959961, "alo School of Social Work and Jeanne Ringel at RAND.\n ix\nAbbreviations\nACG The Johns Hopkins ACG\u00ae System ADG Aggregated Diagnosis Groups\nASMD absolute standardized mean difference COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease DME durable medical equipme"]
[15.921956062316895, 10.543140411376953, "duals maintain independence and autonomy (Rog et al., 2014). Research has demonstrated that PSH can increase housing stability among individuals who were formerly homeless (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018). Although it"]
[15.933055877685547, 10.550016403198242, "nter et al., 2017). Because of shortages in affordable housing in Southern California, housing providers report that it often takes several months to obtain an appropriate unit (Hunter et al., 2020). In the meantime, PSH programs can have significant"]
[15.91423225402832, 10.552377700805664, "(i.e., first six months) health care service utilization and associated costs of members enrolled in a PSH program, compared with a similar cohort of individuals who were not enrolled in the PSH program\n\u2022 to better understand the interim housing and "]
[16.04813575744629, 10.712468147277832, "lacement) periods. Together, these factors allowed us to take a preliminary look at the costs and the benefits of the program.\nData and Sources\nHealth Plan Member Demographics\nThe managed health plan provided the following health plan member characte"]
[15.962079048156738, 10.569466590881348, "35.6% 64.4%\n19.8% 27.7% 39.8% 12.7%\n44.6% 55.4%\n36.7% 46.3% 16.9%\n      NOTE: ACG risk category refers to groupings based on ADGs experienced by patients using the ACG System.\nHealth Care Services and Associated Costs\nThe program provided health care"]
[15.990652084350586, 10.576642990112305, "Additionally, we did not capture a preponderance of behavioral health services provided to patients, because, in most cases, these services were carved out within the counties\u2019 behavioral health departments. In characterizing costs, the aim of this r"]
[16.00759506225586, 10.504907608032227, "h sample size equal to the ESS. Similarly, when reporting the weighted mean of a particular characteristic of the comparison group (e.g., mean health care cost), we report the weighted sample size as the sum of the propensity score weights (i.e., the"]
[16.02097511291504, 10.645893096923828, "teristics\nDescriptive Characteristics Before and After Weighting\nTable 3.1 provides descriptive information about the treatment and comparison group members, before and after weighting. We calculated absolute standardized mean differences (ASMDs) com"]
[16.033042907714844, 10.618253707885742, "16.31\n3.88 26.01 5.20 24.8\n31.72 2.38\n$2,757 $2,530 $1,167 $31,316 $338 $1,406 $2,769 $2,873\n$5,147 $4,062 $6,582 $8,722 $13,441 $7,773\nUnweighted (n = 354)\n0.56 0.82a 0.08 0.13a 0.08a 0.17a 13.03a\n1.82a 20.12 3.34 17.05a\n20.87a 0.91a\n$437a $2,909 $2"]
[16.004127502441406, 10.604769706726074, "pendix B, Table B.3). The total cost during the transitional period was $3,463,229, compared with $1,022,796 during the PSH period.\nComparison group. As shown in Table 3.3, the propensity score\u2013weighted total cost associated with health service utili"]
[16.013486862182617, 10.631518363952637, "9\n$611,766 $596,726 $491,914 $465,589 $415,226 $306,813 $229,394 $186,240\n$448,561\n$122,093 $2,279,906 $7,407,755\nTotal Exp\n$387,459 $203,460\n$346,523 $618,096 $309,508 $612,714 $226,389 $152,756 $143,030 $86,109\n$430,010 $143,707 $826,264 $4,486,025"]
[15.995031356811523, 10.598617553710938, "ommon procedure type.\nb Pharmacy as a health condition refers to the dispensing of medications to patients, which may take place at a physical pharmacy or else in other settings, such as ERs or inpatient facilities.\n17\n88\n6,422 $2,170,428 $24,592 $33"]
[16.02381134033203, 10.593156814575195, "estimate of the treatment effect on the change in total costs, as shown by the large 95-percent confidence interval for the outcome labeled \u201cTotal.\u201d This is largely attributable to inpatient costs, which contribute a large proportion of the total val"]
[15.980695724487305, 10.566643714904785, "rspective. From April 2018 to March 2020, total programmatic costs amounted to $4,292,201, or $26,495 per enrollee (n = 162). The typical individual was enrolled for 11.0 months over this period, translating to $2,405 PMPM. Segmented by enrollment pe"]
[15.965959548950195, 10.568604469299316, " hospital discharge who do not have a place to recuperate, while custodial care reflects longer-term supportive health services for patients in need of more-consistent medical monitoring.\nAmong the 162 enrollees, 116 clients received transitional hou"]
[15.985432624816895, 10.573848724365234, "er reduction in health care costs between pre- enrollment and post-enrollment periods (see Tables 3.2 and 3.3). Specifically, program enrollees observed an $18,035 reduction in health care costs between baseline and intervention periods, while nonenr"]
[15.964234352111816, 10.560445785522461, "d in the PSH program. Finally, we examined the PSH costs since program start-up and examined PSH costs in relation to individual health service utilization to explore whether any cost offsets were observed. In summary, we found the following:\n\u2022 PSH e"]
[15.935694694519043, 10.511556625366211, "ing into an independent living arrangement (i.e., PSH). Interim housing provides an added level of care (e.g., recuperative care) that can add to the transitional costs observed during this period.\nOverall, our findings are similar to those of other "]
[15.989501953125, 10.556782722473145, "lly significant effects between the treatment and comparison groups.\nBecause of the program design, the health plan had more information about the status of PSH program enrollees than members in the comparison group. For example, we prorated the data"]
[15.96246337890625, 10.565872192382812, "enrollment periods. This uncertainty is due, in part, to the high volatility and the highly skewed nature of health\n30\nclaim costs (and, in particular, inpatient costs). It is also due, in part, to the short-term observational window of six months po"]
[15.97242546081543, 10.531322479248047, "tation was the time between enrollment and housing placement. The average time was about three months, with a range of ten to 258 days. The time was highly variable, primarily based on the health status of participants. The length of time is also par"]
[16.02487564086914, 10.60495376586914, "n group, ten candidate enrollment dates were generated by adding a number of days drawn from the aforementioned distribution to the Z59.0 diagnosis date. After candidate enrollment dates were selected, a propensity score model was fit to estimate the"]
[16.042957305908203, 10.693803787231445, " Group Characteristics\n  ASMD\n     Age Gender\nMale Ethnicity\nBlack\nHispanic\nNot reported/other\nCounty Riverside\nACG risk category High risk\nRising risk Preexisting conditions\nBehavioral\nUnweighted (n = 354)\n0.34 0.15\n0.12 0.17 0.23\n0.10\n1.00 0.30\n0.0"]
[15.995850563049316, 10.619617462158203, "                                                 All other locations\nTotal cost\n162 664 $87,991 $543 $133 158 506 $124,260 $786 $246 162 11,468 $7,407,755 $45,727 $646 162 10,636 $4,486,025 $27,692 $422\nTable B.2. Place of Service and Related Health "]
[16.003225326538086, 10.617681503295898, "s Patient (n) Events\n4 13 16 191\n4 10 27 174 28 154\n6 8 9 134 7 90 8 58\n14 79\n103 893 80 682 113 1,720 162 4,206\nEvent\nPer- Per-\n           $5,411\n           a Among medical claims with this assigned classification, \u201csystem-generated recuperative car"]
[16.095491409301758, 10.882240295410156, "isk 2.21 Number of DME claims 0.28\nNOTE: p = probability value; t = t-test statistic.\nSD Error\n13.34 4.51\n0.19 5.07 4.10 5.95 6.05 3.96\n6.42 5.55 0.33\nt p\n\u20130.82 0.42 \u20130.41 0.68\n0.79 0.43 \u20131.28 0.20 0.55 0.58 1.16 0.25 0.63 0.53 \u20131.31 0.19\n0.93 0.35 0"]
[16.101806640625, 10.900383949279785, "p\n0.22 0.82 1.83 0.07\n\u20130.04 0.96 \u20131.90 0.06 0.39 0.69 0.71 0.48 \u20131.77 0.08 \u20131.14 0.26\n0.94 0.35 0.94 0.35 1.92 0.06\n          42\n               Variable\nTable C.6. Number of Inpatient Health Claims (n = 516, ESS = 228) Estimate SD Error t p\n     Inte"]
[16.1002254486084, 10.89655876159668, " 516, ESS = 228)\n     Variable Estimate\nIntervention\nBaseline (intercept) \u20131.65 PSH enrollment (treatment) \u20130.26\nDemographic characteristics\nAge 0.03 Gender: male \u20130.10 Ethnicity: black 1.31 Ethnicity: Hispanic \u20130.18 Ethnicity: not reported/other 0.2"]
[16.102615356445312, 10.895079612731934, "pt) \u201344.40 PSH enrollment (treatment) \u20136.83\nDemographic characteristics\nAge \u20131.24 Gender: male \u201366.51 Ethnicity: black 72.96 Ethnicity: Hispanic 105.19 Ethnicity: not reported/other 65.63 County: Riverside \u201323.55\nBaseline health characteristics\nACG: "]
[16.10194206237793, 10.899360656738281, "ic Ethnicity: not reported/other County: Riverside\nBaseline health characteristics ACG: rising risk\nACG: high risk\nEstimate\n\u2013325.86 140.34\n4.37 148.86 \u201318.06 \u2013150.52 \u2013243.20 44.23\n\u201311.10 \u2013164.58 \u20134.70\nSD Error t p 245.30 \u20131.33 0.18\n114.02 1.23 0.22\n4"]
[15.648483276367188, 10.325287818908691, "gett, Travis P., Samantha S. Liauw, and Stephen W. Hwang, \u201cCardiovascular Disease and Homelessness,\u201d Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Vol. 71, No. 22, 2018, pp. 2585\u20132597.\nBossarte, Robert M., John R. Blosnich, Rebecca I. Piegari, Linds"]
[15.707338333129883, 10.31297492980957, "meless Definition,\u201d 2019. As of June 1, 2020: https://files.hudexchange.info/resources/documents/HomelessDefinition_RecordkeepingReq uirementsandCriteria.pdf\nHunter, Sarah B., Melody Harvey, Brian Briscombe, and Matthew Cefalu, Evaluation of Housing "]
[15.712972640991211, 10.306346893310547, "n-021120.pdf\nRaven, Maria C., Lina Tieu, Christopher T. Lee, Claudia Ponath, David Guzman, and Margot Kushel, \u201cEmergency Department Use in a Cohort of Older Homeless Adults: Results from the HOPE HOME Study,\u201d Academic Emergency Medicine, Vol. 24, No."]
[19.96062469482422, 14.7998046875, " VIOLENT\n EXTREMISM\n IN AMERICA\nInterviews with Former Extremists and Their Families on Radicalization and Deradicalization\nRYAN ANDREW BROWN TODD C. HELMUS RAJEEV RAMCHAND ALINA I. PALIMARU SARAH WEILANT ASHLEY L. RHOADES LIISA HIATT\n   CORPORATION\n"]
[19.94559097290039, 14.782065391540527, "t the world. This research was conducted in the Justice Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well-Being. The program focuses on such topics as access to justice, policing, corrections, drug policy, and court system reform, as well as other "]
[19.958465576171875, 14.795223236083984, "clusion............................................................................................\n. 11 . 12 . 19\n20 24 26\nCHAPTER THREE Methods.............................................................................................. ProjectDes"]
[19.945690155029297, 14.807411193847656, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 MainFindings........................................................................................ 86 Recommendations......"]
[19.962360382080078, 14.797908782958984, "Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, were grim fore- shadowing of the latest incident.\nGiven this evolving, ongoing threat, the U.S. government, research institutions, and private-sector partners have made significant investments in attempting to under- stand a"]
[19.946392059326172, 14.80556583404541, "embers, and two friends. Together, these interviews covered 32 separate cases of radicalization and deradicalization. Of all 32 cases, 24 were white supremacists (eight females and 16 males), and eight were Islamic extremists (one female and seven ma"]
[19.959270477294922, 14.798563957214355, "ctor was mentioned in 17 of the 32 cases. Mental health challenges were cited as presenting obstacles throughout the individual\u2019s life. Some identified such symptoms as overwhelming anger as a driver of their join- ing extremist organizations. Trauma"]
[19.95997428894043, 14.805191040039062, "s noted how they felt rewarded for contributions to the cause and group.\nAmong the 32 cases, many cited instances of an observable behavior change in the early stages of radicalization. Two Islamic extremists showed outward signs of reli- gious conve"]
[19.968345642089844, 14.796659469604492, "ailed Interventions\nIn 19 cases, interviewees indicated that they experienced interventions that failed. These cases most often involved family members who tried to intervene. Punitive interventions by law enforcement also often led to paradoxical ef"]
[19.96383285522461, 14.80350112915039, "ing in the area are summarized in Table S.1.\nTable S.1\nSummary of Study Findings and Recommendations\nStudy Findings\nNegative life events are part of, but not\nthe sole cause of, radicalization. Abuse or trauma, difficult family situations, bullying, a"]
[19.967329025268555, 14.803322792053223, "tudy Findings\nExtremist groups nurture a self-reinforcing social milieu. This includes shared purpose, camaraderie, friendship, and joint activities, all of which can involve both risk and emotional rewards.\nRecommendations\nCommunity organizations: H"]
[19.966371536254883, 14.806200981140137, "ght place at the right time, can encourage both processes.\nTable S.1\u2014Continued\nStudy Findings\nHeavy-handed attempts by formal institutions to deradicalize individuals often fail. Such measures taken by intelligence and law enforcement agencies are un"]
[19.933727264404297, 14.807133674621582, "ill) and Beyond Barriers (led by Jeff Schoep), for entrusting RAND with connections to their members and associates and for all the collaborative work throughout the project. We would also like to thank Katheryn Giglio for her commu- nications expert"]
[19.93253517150879, 14.818102836608887, "ical- ization, No. 6, Spring 2016.\n2 As we note later, white supremacists refers to those who espouse the belief that the white race is superior to and should exert control over other races.\n 1\n2 Violent Extremism in America\nnumber grew to 53 in 2017"]
[19.93671417236328, 14.81174087524414, "2020; Campbell Robertson, Christopher Mele, and Sabrina Tavernise, \u201c11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged with 29 Counts,\u201d New York Times, October 27, 2018.\n5 Brian Michael Jenkins, \u201cThe Battle of Capitol Hill,\u201d RAND Blog, January 11, 2021"]
[19.95894432067871, 14.80091381072998, " to and Processes Associ- ated with Radicalization and Extremism Amongst Muslims in Western Societies,\u201d International Review of Psy- chiatry, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2015.\nIntroduction and Background 3\n 4 Violent Extremism in America\npile and analyze case st"]
[19.961732864379883, 14.79507064819336, "016: A Review of Data, Methods, and Authorship,\u201d Terror- ism and Political Violence, Vol. 32, No. 5, 2018.\n15 Schuurman, 2018.\n16 Kamaldeep S. Bhui, Madelyn H. Hicks, Myrna Lashley, and Edgar Jones, \u201cA Public Health Approach to\nUnderstanding and Prev"]
[19.962522506713867, 14.801824569702148, "erable to extremist ideology or violence. Family and friends of individuals who have radicalized may be an especially vulnerable group. Ensuring that families and friends of those who have radicalized are supported after learning that their family me"]
[19.963451385498047, 14.801085472106934, "h suicide and extremism are distinct (though sometimes overlapping) phenomena, they share important attributes. First, they are both relatively rare events. Second, cases are rarely available to be interviewed because they are dead or, in the case of"]
[19.952436447143555, 14.787276268005371, "sample are more common than among a comparable group of individuals who did not join extremist organizations, which prohibits the calculation of risk or identification of risk factors.\nThere are other biases in our approach, some of which are common "]
[19.943580627441406, 14.781067848205566, "m the relevant body of literature to provide background for our interview analysis. In Chapter Three, we describe how we recruited individu- als to be interviewed, our interview process, and our analysis of the qualitative data (appendixes at the end"]
[19.984960556030273, 14.78031063079834, "tes.\na National Consortium for the Study of Ter- rorism and Responses to Terrorism, Univer- sity of Maryland, Profiles of Individual Radi- calization in the United States, database, undated-a.\nb National Consortium for the Study of Ter- rorism and Re"]
[19.96921157836914, 14.803568840026855, "ome studies suggest that individuals with cognitive disabilities or other cognitive issues may be more vulnerable to manipulation or recruitment or be predisposed to engage in extremist behavior.d\n\u2022 Mental health issues: Mental health issues, such as"]
[19.95578956604004, 14.795202255249023, " al., 2016.\nc Stevan Weine and Osman Ahmed, Building Resilience to Violent Extremism Among Somali-Americans in Minneapolis-St. Paul, College Park: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland, Augu"]
[19.962797164916992, 14.798293113708496, "ole of pov- erty or material incentives in domestic radicalization. The PIRUS data suggest that low socioeconomic status does not seem to be a major driver of radicalization in the United States, with only about 25 percent of radicalized individuals "]
[19.947681427001953, 14.808672904968262, "t issues with U.S. foreign policy toward and media coverage of Somalia engen- dered feelings of resentment and marginalization among some in the community and contributed to the perceived social legitimacy of violent extremism.11 Another notable theo"]
[19.962888717651367, 14.80395221710205, "view of the Literature 15\n 16 Violent Extremism in America\nWhen people perceive themselves as rejected, divested of control, or as victims of injustice, they feel belittled and disrespected; consequently, they are motivated to restore their sense of "]
[19.958385467529297, 14.799077987670898, "lly, married individuals and those who have strong family units (including youth with strong parental supervision and support) tend to be less susceptible to radicaliza- tion and recruitment.19\nDemographic Characteristics and Other Attributes of Radi"]
[19.955297470092773, 14.823454856872559, "nstein, \u201cPre-Radicalization Crimi- nal Activity of United States Extremists,\u201d College Park: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland, January 2018.\n21 Jensen, James, LaFree, and Safer-Lichtenst"]
[19.966272354125977, 14.799345970153809, " A substantial percentage of radical- ized individuals in the PIRUS data and in the groups of former radicalized individuals interviewed in other studies engaged in crime prior to radicalization (in PIRUS, a mean of 39 percent across groups). This su"]
[19.965532302856445, 14.806875228881836, "overnment experiences.27\nProcesses of Exiting Extremist Organizations\nAnother set of questions we explored through the literature review concerned pro- cesses of exiting extremism. Our review sought to answer the following questions: What are the pro"]
[19.96322250366211, 14.809118270874023, "rmer White Supremacists,\u201d American Sociological Review, Vol. 82, No. 6, 2017.\n29 Bubolz and Simi, 2015, p. 5.\n30 Simi et al., 2017.\n31 Bubolz and Simi, 2015.\n32 Simi et al., 2017.\n33 Bubolz and Simi, 2015, quoting R. W. Balch, \u201cWhen the Light Goes Ou"]
[19.96419906616211, 14.80636978149414, "ture 23\n Push factors\n Pull factors\n \u2022 Disillusionment\n\u2022 Inability to maintain employment\n\u2022 Experiencing negative effects of violence\n\u2022 Burnout or exhaustion: According to one study, \u201csome\nindividuals may begin to burn out because of the demanding li"]
[19.9572811126709, 14.795575141906738, "rmers\u201d or family mem- bers, friends, and others touched by radicalization felt that the experience they went through could have been prevented or minimized, a topic we cover in Chapter Seven. However, there is a limited evaluation literature describi"]
[19.957181930541992, 14.79811954498291, "t Extremism: Toward a Theory of Vicarious Help-Seeking,\u201d Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2016; Frenett and Dow, 2014.\n48 Brian A. Jackson, Ashley L. Rhoades, Jordan R. Reimer, Natasha Lander, Katherine Costel"]
[19.953771591186523, 14.794868469238281, "therine Costello, and Sina Beagh- ley, \u201cBuilding an Effective and Practical National Approach to Terrorism Prevention,\u201d Homeland Security Oper- ational Analysis Center operated by the RAND Corporation, RB-10030-DHS, 2019a.\n50 See Ashley L. Rhoades, T"]
[19.959102630615234, 14.799935340881348, "unity members to identify and engage with at-risk individuals\n\u2022 Build the capacity of positive and influential members or leaders of the community to credibly counter violent extremist ideology\n\u2022 Create environments accepting of minority groups\n\u2022 Pro"]
[19.961383819580078, 14.806968688964844, "e environment while amplifying these credible voices via social media and public speaking to improve understanding of this complex issue. Parents for Peace established an independent helpline for people with concerns about a loved one becoming involv"]
[19.9443302154541, 14.807087898254395, "rview data available, but recognize that the focal individuals may otherwise self-identify.\n  30 Violent Extremism in America\nTable 3.2\nExtreme Organization and Group Involvement\n White Supremacist Organizations and Groups\nAmerican Nazi Party\nCreativ"]
[19.936349868774414, 14.774017333984375, "skinheads, one of whom was also involved with the KKK and NSM.1 Only two of the cases mentioned having been in the military, and a third had military training during adolescence.\nInterview Process and Protocol\nWe conducted most (31) interviews over t"]
[15.151872634887695, 13.607172966003418, "ts (22 percent of the sample) independently, then met with the project leader (Ryan Andrew Brown) to discuss and reconcile codebook development, code definitions, and coding rules.4 Codebook development was discussed in terms of bal- ancing grounded "]
[15.12964916229248, 13.64072322845459, "istics, shifts in social network, and community context. Although a formal check of intercoder reliability was not performed due to time constraints, our team is confident that the coders\u2019 deep involve- ment in both the codebook\u2019s development and its"]
[19.953075408935547, 14.796053886413574, "on processes. Our coding scheme covered these processes from a variety of perspectives\u2014for example, \u201csuccessful interventions\u201d was one code, as was \u201crole of institutions.\u201d Thus, the lead author (Brown) created a case summary table of common character"]
[19.961904525756836, 14.796402931213379, "ample, one former white suprema- cist explained: \u201cI also have, like, a learning disorder. . . . The military won\u2019t take me. Like, I\u2019ve been denied numerous jobs. . . . That\u2019s, like, something I\u2019ve always struggled\n1 National Institute of Mental Healt"]
[19.944910049438477, 14.818763732910156, "Background Characteristics of Radical Extremists 37\nthe antithesis of what you\u2019d expect until time came and something would just snap in my head where I felt like it was, you know, the fight-or-flight response.\u201d\nTraumatic Experiences\nWe recognize tha"]
[19.969924926757812, 14.8073091506958, "s identified substance use as the primary driver of their radicalization, although former radicals described engaging in violence fueled by substance use.\n2 Angela Sweeney, Beth Filson, Angela Kennedy, Lucie Collinson, and Steve Gillard, \u201cA Paradigm "]
[19.96415901184082, 14.80530071258545, " in which violent intent was either not present or it was impossible to determine from the interviews, only five of them had two or more of the factors listed above (criminal history, mental health, trauma, and substance use).\n3 Michael A. Jensen, An"]
[19.915313720703125, 14.82087516784668, "iduals also experienced physical, emotional, or sexual abuse by a family member.4 Three of these five cases were catego- rized as someone with violent intent during their careers as violent extremists. Notably, however, there were also cases in which"]
[19.964061737060547, 14.806978225708008, "as that happened, it\u2019s been Fox News.\u201d\nNeighborhood Demographics, Marginalization, and Discrimination\nSixteen focal individuals (13 white supremacists and three Islamic extremists) talked about feeling victimized, stigmatized, or marginalized where t"]
[19.965187072753906, 14.805837631225586, "ts\u2019 accounts. Fewer than half the sample explicitly framed personal substance use, trauma, and physical health as drivers of radicalization, and though mental health and financial hardship were mentioned in many cases, they were inconsistently linked"]
[19.96858787536621, 14.812150955200195, "transcripts and applied codes, it became apparent that such a reorienting event took place in at least a small subset of participants.3\nWe observed this phenomenon in four Islamic extremist cases and seven white supremacist cases. Across many of thes"]
[19.939115524291992, 14.81484603881836, "ut the whole antisocial nature of [the Third Reich] appealed to me. . . . [I]f I\u2019m so smart and I still can\u2019t even make it, something\u2019s screwed up with the world. . . . And I started checking out different websites and just kind of looking into some "]
[19.963315963745117, 14.802323341369629, "r right-wing extremists, being present in nine individual cases. Specific modes and outlets included YouTube videos, 4chan, the Daily Stormer and the Stormfront websites, and even old-fashioned chatrooms that were prominent in the late 1980s. One for"]
[19.959218978881836, 14.799673080444336, "and contact information for right-wing extremist groups that ulti- mately led him to join the NSM. Another individual highlighted the importance of Third Reich books, including The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler by James Giblin. He noted, \u201cin feeding"]
[19.955041885375977, 14.806148529052734, "ith his speeches, with his sermons . . . and started to talk about strong religion. It was like an orgasm. The young people felt like they existed. They had more power, because there was someone who rep- resented them. And so that\u2019s the notion among "]
[19.9572811126709, 14.802350997924805, "e time of day for us. And now suddenly, you\u2019re here.\u201d\nFor white supremacists, however, the cases more clearly reverberate as bottom-up. With their constitutional protections, white supremacists and other right-wing groups are free to publicize their "]
[19.95315933227539, 14.807660102844238, "es, negative experiences or conflicts within one group led an individual to leave and join another. One individual who reported making friends in a local book club that was affiliated with the Daily Stormer website ultimately left and transitioned to"]
[19.9560489654541, 14.808711051940918, "tivating him to look up a local Islamic group that advocated violent attacks. Similarly, a white supremacist described his graduation from the neo-Nazi group National Vanguard to the NSM by highlighting that the latter \u201cseemed more official\u201d and that"]
[19.927459716796875, 14.824520111083984, "lieve you can help fix it and we need you.\u2019 And to give that kind of messaging was just, to me at that time, just absolutely intoxicating. And I just went all in really fast.\u201d Another reported: \u201cI just found people of like mind, most\nPathways to Radi"]
[19.958789825439453, 14.804522514343262, "needed people like me.\u201d Another noted how, although miserable, he refused to leave because he was \u201crevered\u201d and had a \u201chuge inflated identity in the movement.\u201d He went on to explain, \u201cI was kind of legendary [in radical group], and in the real world "]
[19.962827682495117, 14.798018455505371, "noticed by his mother. These included being removed from a school field trip for wearing \u201cradical clothes\u201d and lying to his mother about it, drafting Hitler-themed comics, and making racist taunts during schoolyard fights.\nConclusion\nOur respondents "]
[19.96625328063965, 14.809771537780762, " still undergo- ing cognitive and emotional deradicalization. These individuals sometimes expressed a lack of regret over prior involvement or even indicated that their ideological views had not changed.\nOf those who had not exited and not deradicali"]
[19.940980911254883, 14.820795059204102, "Violent Right-Wing Extremist,\u201d Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Vol. 9, No. 2, May 2017.\n3 During their time in radical organizations, some individuals described how the stress of involvement in extremism led to suicidal ide"]
[19.961997985839844, 14.809738159179688, "ism. In the other two cases, they experienced betrayal and hypocrisy by other group members, which motivated them to find a way out of the groups.\nwhy I didn\u2019t kill myself was because my kids. I was just like, oh, I\u2019m still going to go to hell but I "]
[19.966062545776367, 14.810734748840332, "vidual\nwell, or otherwise challenges focal individual\u2019s extremist assumptions\nIndividual provides (often 11 1 12 unexpected) support and kindness\nto focal individual when they are in\ndifficult circumstances\nIndividual provides alternate source 3 2 5 "]
[19.964305877685547, 14.828401565551758, "mic extremists) was experiencing personal acceptance and emo- tional support. In some cases, this emotional support came as a surprise\u2014that is, the focal individual was expecting hate or rejection and instead experienced the opposite. For example, on"]
[19.963058471679688, 14.813755989074707, "se institutions fell into three categories: religious, law enforcement, and secular nonprofit (e.g., 12-step programs, the Museum of Tolerance, Homeboy Industries). Of these 11 cases that received institutional interventions, nine (seven white suprem"]
[19.963945388793945, 14.807717323303223, ", a lot of time to recap your whole life, he realized that those people steered him in the wrong place. That they convinced him to do something terrible. He felt bad; he felt horrible about it. He wished that he could turn back the hands of time. . ."]
[19.96752166748047, 14.80357837677002, "the Constitution even though I thought, \u2018Okay it\u2019s not Islamic but this is a really good document and I really like it.\u2019\u201d\nA former white supremacist described how he found God and religion after facing a life-threatening health diagnosis, which event"]
[19.970970153808594, 14.806817054748535, "y knees,\u201d or something like, \u201cYou might have given up but I haven\u2019t.\u201d And I regret saying that to this day because of the look that I got. But he tried to get me out at that point as well. No effort could get through to me when I was in there because"]
[19.987159729003906, 14.825682640075684, ". . . . I am very scared that I\u2019m not really deradicalized, that I\u2019m still going to be kind of racist or sexist or something, and that I\u2019ll wind up doing more harm than good. And I\u2019m scared of that.\nSimilarly, one respondent described how they were a"]
[19.964868545532227, 14.801570892333984, "rom developing extremist ideologies, preventing them from joining extremist organizations, or deradicalizing those who have joined those organizations. It is important to note that their recommendations are anecdotal and based on their own experience"]
[19.963674545288086, 14.804543495178223, "wever, we do convey when recommendations were made by either a single respondent (to indicate interpretive caution) or many respondents (to highlight high- frequency recommendations from our sample).\nRespondents\u2019 Perspectives on Preventing Radicaliza"]
[19.972675323486328, 14.80405044555664, "nt white supremacist said: \u201cSchools need to do a whole lot more of educating about what causes extremism, how to notice it, how to identify it in their own schools. . . . And it starts in the schools. That\u2019s where all the propaganda begins, I\u2019m telli"]
[19.9671688079834, 14.801461219787598, "ht have been effective at counter- ing what the former white supremacist heard \u201cgrowing up in [their] own house\u201d: \u201cThat really had a very negative impact on my way of thinking.\u201d A separate theme stressed that schools \u201chave to change that whole mindse"]
[19.969545364379883, 14.8031644821167, "sking the questions and get any kind of answer at all was, you know, leaders of [country\u2019s] largest hate group.\nProviding Activities for Youth\nBeyond education, at least three respondents mentioned the need for prosocial activities for youth.6 A form"]
[19.967227935791016, 14.800345420837402, " youth access to adult mentorship and provide opportunities for social- ization. See, for example, Amelia Johns, Michele Grossman, and Kevin McDonald, \u201c\u2018More Than a Game\u2019: The Impact of Sport-Based Youth Mentoring Schemes on Developing Resilience Tow"]
[19.970687866210938, 14.802988052368164, "s just this conversation-stopper where you either have to just shut up and back\n7 Todd C. Helmus, Erin York, and Peter Chalk, Promoting Online Voices for Countering Violent Extremism, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-130-OSD, 2013.\n8 Paul K"]
[19.97751808166504, 14.800968170166016, "ated: \u201cI don\u2019t think we can address any of these issues without addressing economic inequality, health care, mental health care, the breakdown of the family, drug addiction, and just the broken souls of these people. Like what do they have to live fo"]
[19.96937370300293, 14.807047843933105, "radicalization\u201d section in this chapter), it was specifically mentioned by only two respondents as an important intervention for preventing radicalization. \u201c[I]f I could have been on the medication then that I\u2019m now [Adderall], that would have helped"]
[19.986711502075195, 14.82392406463623, "dents also provided recommendations to facilitate deradicalization. In particu- lar, they spoke of the need to reach extremists at the right time and place and provided recommendations on who delivers the message (e.g., former extremists), social sup"]
[19.96554183959961, 14.804956436157227, "t all with this stuff? Like I could just walk away and I could just never talk about it again. That is an option, and I don\u2019t think anybody would blame me if I took it.\nIn fact, former extremists have played a critical role in helping to counter viol"]
[19.96923828125, 14.804694175720215, " these organizations. The father of a former white supremacist explained: \u201c[I]t\u2019s somebody to talk to . . . those individuals are so alone now. They don\u2019t have friends any more because the only friends they had were their comrades or whatever they ca"]
[20.00931167602539, 14.8431396484375, "w individuals discussed the importance of exposures to people of different races or cultures as important for deradicalization. A former white supremacist told us: \u201cI believe that one of the best ways to deal with people during their disengagement is"]
[19.971216201782227, 14.80532169342041, "g else, and that\u2019s why I think kindness is such an important asset.\nThere is an extensive body of research, stemming from Allport\u2019s \u201ccontact hypoth- esis,\u201d originally published in 1954,16 that examines whether intergroup contact, as rec- ommended by "]
[19.972261428833008, 14.804579734802246, "e wrong. I was terrified. I felt like I was stepping on my [family member\u2019s] toes, but you have to be that bigger person to where it\u2019s like they\u2019re not loving theirself right now. They\u2019re not happy with theirself. They need you to be that person to h"]
[19.968698501586914, 14.805023193359375, ".\u201d\nThird, there was criticism about the prison environment and the lack of program- ming. A parent of an Islamic extremist in Europe described daily life:\nThey have an hour of freedom a day. They can get out of their cell three times, 20 minutes each"]
[19.971776962280273, 14.802406311035156, " going to explode.\nMental Health Interventions\nAs described in an earlier section, formers discussed the process of deradicalizing as both a very lonely and isolating experience. Some spoke of either formal or informal mental health interventions to "]
[19.965208053588867, 14.800713539123535, "through his own study. He told us: \u201cI\u2019ve worked very, very hard over the years; different kinds of mental health-type stuff. I\u2019ve studied a lot of philosophy and psy- chology on my own. I\u2019ve spent hours and hours reading and listening to podcasts and"]
[19.962575912475586, 14.799875259399414, "of recommendations.\nThese recommendations should not be viewed as based on formal scientific evi- dence, but it is important to consider them from a citizen science perspective. More importantly, in a field with very few evidence-based interventions "]
[20.01058578491211, 14.845881462097168, "xtremism in America\nMain Findings\nOur sample was highly heterogeneous, covering cases of radicalization occurring across multiple decades, in multiple geographic regions, and with a wide variety of groups and ideologies. Moreover, we interviewed a mi"]
[19.977182388305664, 14.802812576293945, "tances and priorities.5 Both radicalization and deradi- calization often rely on other key individuals being in the right place at the right time (and having the right relationship with the focal individual) to encourage that individual to radicalize"]
[19.972034454345703, 14.806089401245117, "re review and interview analysis, we believe the following directions in research, policy, and practice are critical for research organizations, poli- cymakers, and practitioners to pursue. We first present critical directions for future research, fo"]
[19.969844818115234, 14.806754112243652, "xposure to \u201cmainstream\u201d contexts after feeling stigmatized or targeted for their beliefs, leading to further radicalization in \u201cniche\u201d information environments. Ongoing work indicates that noncon- frontational challenges to incorrect beliefs are more"]
[19.966617584228516, 14.805459976196289, "environments. The population of the United States is too vast and the base rate of extremism too low to offer geographical conformity in detection and mitigation policies. It will hence be critical to more carefully identify community locales and dem"]
[19.98379898071289, 14.791537284851074, "- ists told us directly that less sensationalistic media coverage and educational approaches that emphasized critical thinking could be helpful in preventing radicalization. Educational efforts may cover the role of rules, codes of ethics, and editor"]
[19.967079162597656, 14.80243968963623, "Efforts that can help at-risk families (or those families residing in locales at high risk of extremist recruitment and activity) identify and quickly respond to markers of extremism and other childhood behavioral problems may help reduce the risk of"]
[19.96005630493164, 14.79898452758789, "f studies,1 we expanded our search parameters slightly to include analyses of the information contained in the PIRUS database and studies based on this database. PIRUS, which is a database of \u201c2,226 Islamist, far-left, far-right, and single-issue ext"]
[19.92599105834961, 14.764469146728516, "do not have the same level of rigor and objec- tivity as the interviews and analysis conducted as part of academic studies. Finally, we excluded studies that drew only on secondary sources and did not include original research; as the bulk of our dat"]
[19.93566131591797, 14.777226448059082, "m.\n5 See, for instance, these reports that discuss the methodological issues with interviewing terrorists: John Horgan, \u201cInterviewing the Terrorists: Reflections on Fieldwork and Implications for Psychological Research,\u201d Behavioral Sciences of Terror"]
[19.918861389160156, 14.772826194763184, "ies employed a snowball sampling technique, asking each individual interviewed for additional contact suggestions; this approach helped research teams access more individuals than they would otherwise\nOn the Importance of Drinking Tea and Other Metho"]
[19.952438354492188, 14.79251480102539, "for inclusion in the dataset. Random sampling techniques were used to maximize (although not guar- antee) the representativeness of the dataset at all points in time that are covered by the project (see question below regarding the representativeness"]
[19.935033798217773, 14.806010246276855, "ique to approximate a fully blocked experimental design. Using the matched data, we then calculate the conditional odds ratio for engaging in violent extremism and estimate\n13 Jensen et al., 2016.\n14 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and"]
[19.951152801513672, 14.777007102966309, "identify and redirect individuals who might be experiencing similar changes or chal- lenges in their lives.\nI would like to stress that your participation in this discussion is completely vol- untary. We can stop at any point or skip any question. Th"]
[19.958303451538086, 14.795421600341797, "g this time?\n\u2022 Attempts to intervene\n\u2013 Did any friends, family members, or others say notice these and say anything to you about them? If so, how did you respond to them?\n\u2013 What sort of help or advice do you wish you had, in retrospect?\n\u2022 Focalevent\n"]
[19.952537536621094, 14.787528038024902, "periencing similar changes or chal- lenges in their lives.\nI would like to stress that your participation in this discussion is completely vol- untary. We can stop at any point or skip any question. There are no consequences if you decline to partici"]
[19.957210540771484, 14.794191360473633, "arning signals and turning points\n\u2013 When did you first notice that something had changed in their personality or behaviors? What did you notice? How did you notice this?\n\u2013 What stands out to you as a sign that something was different about [NAME] dur"]
[19.939905166625977, 14.781067848205566, ": A Multi-Level Analysis of Muslim Community and University Based Student Leaders\u2019 Perceptions and Experiences,\u201d Journal for Deradicalization, No. 6, Spring 2016, pp. 231\u2013271.\nAldrich, D. P., \u201cFirst Steps Towards Hearts and Minds? USAID\u2019s Countering "]
[19.953495025634766, 14.795180320739746, ", Bryan F., and Pete Simi, \u201cLeaving the World of Hate: Life-Course Transitions and Self-Change,\u201d American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 59, No. 2, 2015, pp. 1588\u20131608.\nCavanagh, J. T. O., A. J. Carson, M. Sharpe, and S. M. Lawrie, \u201cPsychological Autopsy"]
[19.95574951171875, 14.79499626159668, "411.\nFederal Bureau of Investigation, \u201cWhat Is Violent Extremism?\u201d \u201cDon\u2019t Be a Puppet\u201d website, undated. As of January 17, 2021: https://www.fbi.gov/cve508/teen-website/what-is-violent-extremism\nFrenett, Ross, and Moli Dow, One to One Online Interven"]
[19.95450210571289, 14.79653549194336, "s on Fieldwork and Implications for Psychological Research,\u201d Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2012, pp. 195\u2013211.\nHorgan, John, Mary Beth Altier, Neil Shortland, and Max Taylor, \u201cWalking Away: The Disengagement"]
[19.93994903564453, 14.804848670959473, "n Stevenson, and Herbert Tinsley, Empirical Assessment of Domestic Radicalization (EADR), College Park: National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, University of Maryland, 2016.\nJensen, Michael A., Anita Atwell Seate, a"]
[19.95502281188965, 14.79629135131836, "am-webster.com/dictionary/white%20supremacist\nMoonshot CVE, \u201cMental Health and Violent Extremism,\u201d 2019. As of January 20, 2021: https://moonshotcve.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ Moonshot-CVE-Mental-Health-and-Violent-Extremism.pdf\nMuseum of Tolera"]
[19.955686569213867, 14.796989440917969, "ajeev, Enchante\u0301 Franklin, Elizabeth Thornton, Sarah Deland, and Jeffrey Rouse, \u201cOpportunities to Intervene? \u2018Warning Signs\u2019 for Suicide in the Days Before Dying,\u201d Death Studies, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2017, pp. 368\u2013375.\nRenstro\u0308m, Emma A., Hanna Ba\u0308ck, and"]
[19.955379486083984, 14.79641056060791, " November 2016.\nSinger, Peter W., and Eric B. Johnson, \u201cThe Need to Inoculate Military Servicemembers Against Information Threats: The Case for Digital Literacy Training for the Force,\u201d War on the Rocks, February 1, 2021. As of February 10, 2021: htt"]
[19.957969665527344, 14.799979209899902, "itage_Front\nWilliams, Michael J., John G. Horgan, and William P. Evans, \u201cThe Critical Role of Friends in Networks for Countering Violent Extremism: Toward a Theory of Vicarious Help-Seeking,\u201d Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression,"]
[19.95958137512207, 14.797237396240234, "ize the importance of incorporating the voices of those with personal experience and knowledge of ideological extremism into future research designs and efforts\n to prevent radicalization and promote deradicalization.\n$22.50\n ISBN-10 1-9774-0679-3\nIS"]
[18.135356903076172, 3.7317135334014893, "Brian A. Jackson Michael J. D. Vermeer Dulani Woods Duren Banks Sean E. Goodison Joe Russo Jeremy D. Barnum Camille Gourdet Lynn Langton Michael G. Planty Shoshana R. Shelton SiaraI.Sitar AmandaR.Witwer\n  THE U.S.\nCRIMINAL JUSTICE\nSYSTEM IN THE\nPANDE"]
[18.124650955200195, 3.730677604675293, "otests in many areas and cities once again raised the issue of criminal justice reform. The responses by the justice system to the pandemic are diffi- cult to fully separate from the changes made during and after the protests. It is also difficult to"]
[13.94581413269043, 4.1382880210876465, "pt to large-scale disruptions in the social and physical environments.\nOther recent products of the PCJNI that might be of interest are\n\u2022 Brian A. Jackson, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Kristin J. Leuschner, Dulani Woods, John S. Hollywood, Duren Banks, Sea"]
[18.113962173461914, 3.7478749752044678, ".......... xi Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgments.."]
[18.071969985961914, 3.7905986309051514, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Funding and Defunding During the Pandemic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taking Stock and Moving Forward. . . . ."]
[18.07707977294922, 3.7502238750457764, "Numbers of Individuals Virtually\nand at a Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managing Community Corr"]
[18.140117645263672, 3.7638919353485107, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Building Toward a Safer and More Just Future While Weathering the Long-Term\nConsequences of the Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[18.16427230834961, 4.117519378662109, "tober 2020 . . . . . .\n5.1. CorrectionsAgencies............................................................................\n5.2. Cases of COVID-19 in Correctional Facilities, by State, March\u2013September 2020 . . . . .\n5.3. Fatalities from COVID-19 Amon"]
[18.130720138549805, 3.723132848739624, "ial phase of the pandemic. They endured early spring spikes of the disease and had to wrestle with the effects on their governmental, health, local economic, and criminal justice systems. Spikes in infection and disease burden occurred later in state"]
[18.055740356445312, 3.7269623279571533, "em; an individual accused of a crime passes through the different steps with the relevant actions taken and decisions made in sequence.\nAlthough it is frequently thought of as a purely governmental function, effective and efficient criminal justice d"]
[18.011301040649414, 3.8188188076019287, "different areas might have very different constraints on how they can manage their populations in custody and under supervision. How these agencies\u2014and the service providers on which they depend\u2014are funded also varies significantly. Some agencies are"]
[18.148618698120117, 3.7601215839385986, "nt for taking stock of the responses to the pandemic, planning for the future, and identifying lessons that are useful broadly and those whose value depended much more on the specific circumstances of the agencies or areas where they were used.\nThe C"]
[18.1064395904541, 3.7307004928588867, "ce agencies had to address. Although trends appeared to differ across the country, there were substantial shifts in crime and victimization during the pandemic. Trends also dif- fered with time, with analyses performed early in the pandemic reaching "]
[18.092073440551758, 3.7305667400360107, " because if we don\u2019t get it right, we can set the whole community, state, country back.\n\u2013 Court system panelist\nxviii The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\nTensions Between Justice System Roles and the Groups the Justice Sys"]
[18.176496505737305, 3.7532577514648438, "eaning that when change in the justice system must be made\u2014whether because of immediate need to respond to the threat of a global pandemic or because of a desire for longer-term reform\u2014these tensions can make such changes much more difficult to navig"]
[18.169301986694336, 3.733961343765259, "cating the challenge of policing during the pandemic.\nPast efforts to explore the potential role of criminal justice agencies in response to a pandemic, and the role of law enforcement agencies in particular, emphasized that close rela- tionships and"]
[18.117387771606445, 3.686255931854248, "RTI International, and the Uni- versity of Denver on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice\u2019s National Institute of Justice (NIJ)\u2014held a virtual summit made up of separate online workshops that explored the justice system\u2019s response to the COVID-19"]
[18.107786178588867, 3.723978042602539, "ives of national organizations, and participants with knowledge of how changes in the sector had affected communities and justice-involved individuals. In the workshop that focused on victim services, we sought out representatives from organizations "]
[18.105531692504883, 3.747239351272583, "end the reader do so as well. Indeed, many of the gener- alizations drawn are useful for further examination of key problems and promising solutions.\nSummary xxi\nxxii The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\nThe Response to the"]
[18.104482650756836, 3.763686180114746, "the justice system, the following common themes emerged with respect to successes in dealing with the pandemic and lessons that could be valuable to maintain in the long term:\n\u2022 Shifts in crime and need that occurred during the pandemic had implicati"]
[18.085662841796875, 3.8139848709106445, " more difficult and to continue, although some counseling and rections system, with pandemic recedes. supervisees, increas- and reach crime vic- positive, suggesting person interaction, ing greater contact demic, but provid- ing efficiency, allow- ti"]
[17.99762725830078, 3.7091238498687744, "echnology had tions for both super- visees and providing supervision and ser- vice delivery were \u2022 Transitions to vir- continue.\ntions that already had other institutions did tablets for connectiv- bly, inmate access to invested in digital infrastruc"]
[18.07012939453125, 3.8088185787200928, "t their\nefforts to connect with\nhealth initiatives very\nproblematic. Although\ndoing so effectively\npolice and the public.\nwere much more dif-\nvention and violence\ninterruption efforts\nand restricted entry\n\u2022 The national environ-\njustice reform protes"]
[18.11213493347168, 3.767934560775757, "\nCourt System\nLaw Enforcement\nthe needs of crime crimes\u2014including responded to some it tougher to meet nonarrest or rapid courts in how they individuals\u2014made by police and the release of some \u2022 Changes made victims.\nBecause of backlogs in intense in "]
[18.171894073486328, 3.7695326805114746, "more challenging.\nfiling fees or specific\nsure on the funding\nThese constraints\nconstraints and have\n\u2022 Because of pres-\nstreams on which\nof the COVID-19 pan-\nnomic consequences\nthe police\u2014will create\ndemic, police agen-\ntions in budgets. Such\n\u2022 As a "]
[18.061643600463867, 3.7030484676361084, "d.\nFrom one perspective, those challenges raise questions about what the true capacity of existing justice system infrastructure should be and whether it should be much lower than the pre-pandemic approaches of high-density facilities (unless investm"]
[17.987253189086914, 3.6813721656799316, " the issue of the digital divide came up across essentially all of our panels. Not every jus- tice agency or supporting organization has invested in technology that will allow it to rapidly \u201cgo virtual.\u201d7 Not everyone in every area of the country has"]
[18.143630981445312, 3.745084524154663, "ion stops at the point where a person might be losing [their liberty] over Zoom. . . . [T]here\u2019s something about being in the courtroom that makes the gravity of the situation real.\n\u2013 Court system panelist\nWe really hope that the things that have ser"]
[18.09712028503418, 3.717660903930664, "so don\u2019t know the long-term health consequences of COVID. For instance, there seems to be some lasting consequences on heart health, which we already know is a big concern in the law enforcement community. So we don\u2019t know whether survivor benefit cl"]
[18.09549903869629, 3.7072558403015137, "nt with the early narrative that the pandemic would pass through the country quickly\u2014they were not enough for a longer-term crisis. Over the course of the pan- demic, strategies of deferral managed the current crisis at the price of a future one, and"]
[18.103151321411133, 3.733029365539551, "ted because of the justice system\u2019s organizational and technological risk aversion. The COVID-19 pandemic changed that, with the pressure to continue operations breaking such barriers and, in the assessment of some of our panelists, causing the syste"]
[18.046062469482422, 3.789184331893921, " one of the very few things that consistently\u2014in the last five or ten years\u2014has been a bipartisan issue that pretty much everybody can agree that we want to cut back incarceration.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\n I think there\u2019s a real opportun"]
[18.021121978759766, 3.67341947555542, "ringing\n\u2022 Maintain routine virtual\nto have improved access\nresolved, the value of vir-\nefficiency but also appears\nments of in-person pro-\ntion and voir dire\u2014would\neasier and less costly for\nthe courts. The ability of\nindividuals to attend court\nindi"]
[18.057533264160156, 3.7814760208129883, "ties, provid- tions careers more ing flexible work of corrections. models as part practice must be Although many Institutional Corrections attractive. home were valuable in the pandemic, courts were pur- suing paperless processes for courts. Even bef"]
[18.070341110229492, 3.7673871517181396, "s.\n            Table S.2\u2014Continued\nSector-specific issues\n   Summary xxxix\n      Key Research and Evaluation Questions Identified from Panel Discussions\nTable S.3\nVictim Services\nCommunity Corrections\nInstitutional Corrections\nCourt System\nLaw Enforc"]
[18.19110870361328, 3.936025381088257, "ase-testing policies, or infection- control actions taken of tests, their costs, from the signifi- of that information) or negative result? ferent experiences? infectious disease in that explain the dif- correctional institu- strategies are effec- mo"]
[18.06899642944336, 3.825070858001709, "ent officers be\ncalls that has been\neffective ways to\n\u2022 Are there more-\nImproved disease management (continued)\n  xlii The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\n  Victim Services\nCommunity Corrections\nInstitutional Corrections\nC"]
[17.981245040893555, 3.663717031478882, "par-\ncases are allocated\nprioritization to ensure\ncould be held in the\n\u2022 Can tools be devel-\ndistanced or wearing\nalternative facili-\neffect on case out-\nlog reduction?\nface coverings?\nactively identify\ncommunity?\nand law enforcement\ntive work schedu"]
[17.970754623413086, 3.6372249126434326, "future\nthe experience of serv-\ncourt design and secu-\nhave a different per-\n\u2022 Could online dispute-\n\u2022 In virtual proceedings,\nappearance options\nreduced failure-to-\n\u2022 Does the potential\n\u2022 How has the shift\nmaintaining proce-\nmaintaining the rep-\ndo o"]
[18.115726470947266, 3.7016854286193848, "\nefforts arguing for\n\u2022 Given likely funding\ninteract with reform\nthe reallocation of\nbudgets?\nImproving justice\nfunding models\n               delivery of justice Assessing virtual (continued)\nservices\nxlvi The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pand"]
[18.11031150817871, 3.723996162414551, "for justice-involved individuals and their communities and how the intermingling of responses to mental health issues, substance abuse, and crime has affected the system\u2019s overall effective- ness.11 Beyond such concerns, the pandemic made it undeniab"]
[18.082412719726562, 3.6985859870910645, "elists talked about the inherent tension that exists between the desire to craft justice interventions that are effective at the individual level and responding uniformly across large categories of people, offenses, or problems. Responses to the pand"]
[18.21844482421875, 3.942509174346924, "iversity of Pennsylvania, and the anonymous NIJ reviewers of the final report. We are also grateful for the contributions of Babitha Balan, Kristen Meadows, Sandra Petitjean, Blair Smith, and Chandra Garber from RAND\u2019s Publications and Research Commu"]
[18.1463623046875, 4.087203025817871, "191 corrections staff members had died from COVID-19, and more than 46,000 staff have been infected.5 COVID-19 fatalities alone exceed the number of cor- rections workers killed in 2018 by between six and 12 times.6\n1 See Johns Hopkins University Sch"]
[18.179988861083984, 3.778043508529663, "people in an effort to reduce population density to enable social distancing for infection control. To respond to the spread of the disease, agencies had to make major changes quickly, adjusting what they were doing to balance the risks of the pandem"]
[18.13510513305664, 3.715142011642456, "ng practices and implemented civilian oversight of justice agencies.8 Both the law enforce- ment actions and policy actions taken in response to the protests differed significantly across the country. However, national-level reactions to extremely lo"]
[18.123533248901367, 3.7155544757843018, "parate online workshops that explored the justice system\u2019s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of our efforts was to focus on the pandemic,\n8 See Andrew Welsh-Huggins, \u201cIn Cities Across U.S., Voters Support More Police Oversight,\u201d Associated "]
[18.10006332397461, 3.723900079727173, "nts of the justice system\n\u2022 institutional corrections operations and services (which we abbreviate to the institu- tional corrections workshop), including staff safety and workforce issues, inmate safety and contagion prevention, technology issues, a"]
[18.105695724487305, 3.7223587036132812, "tion process, when invitees were unable to participate, substitutes were identified by the research team or alter- nates were suggested to the team by our initial invitees. Where the discussion in the workshops suggested the need to consult with indi"]
[18.084796905517578, 3.698687791824341, "oyees, correctional staff, and others\u2014but also on the broader populations with an interest in the justice system. As a result, this virtual summit, which is made up of our seven separate workshops, included orga- nizations serving victims of crime an"]
[18.15594482421875, 3.7759289741516113, "se repeatedly. In some cases, it was because specific actions to reduce infection risk largely focused on one population at the expense of the needs of the others. In many cases, it was because rapid responses in an effort to contain the toll of COVI"]
[18.1015567779541, 3.7475228309631348, "cross the chapters discussing each sector\u2019s response to the pandemic. Chapter Eight concludes by summarizing common challenges and innovations across sectors, key research and evaluation needs, and the potential for lessons learned to support broader"]
[18.063344955444336, 3.7239294052124023, "se charges were dropped or were acquitted at trial, and there are even more options: Depending on the context and the programs that are available, other paths might be available to divert people from that central flow. For example, there is prearrest"]
[18.087013244628906, 3.727991819381714, "ch larger jurisdictions. Court systems in dif- ferent states have different administrative and management structures, which means that legal options that might be available in one state could be off the table in another. Corrections sys- tems in diff"]
[18.180089950561523, 3.853039503097534, "y endured early spring spikes in case counts and had to wrestle with the effects on their governmental, health, local economic, and criminal justice systems. Spikes in infection and disease burden occurred later in states in the South and Midwest, pu"]
[18.196086883544922, 3.9895880222320557, "al in Albany, Georgia, with more than 100 attendees. . . . In the weeks after these events, amplifications in the host loca- tions contributed to increasing U.S. case counts (Anne Schuchat, \u201cPublic Health Response to the Initiation and Spread of Pand"]
[18.213687896728516, 3.8710877895355225, "Anna Petherick, Toby Phillips, Sam Webster, Beatriz Kira, Noam Angrist, and Lucy Dixon, \u201cCorona- virus Government Response Tracker,\u201d University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government webpage, undated; Chris- topher Adolph, Kenya Amano, Bree Bang-J"]
[18.214740753173828, 3.879261016845703, "r week, or only one person can leave at a time). The middle shade indicates a requirement for people to stay at home, with exceptions for daily exercise, grocery shopping, and essential trips. The light- est shade indicates a recommendation for peopl"]
[18.20610237121582, 3.859981060028076, "l Aug Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug\nNOTES: The intensity of each color indicates progressively more-stringent implementation of measures (e.g., from a recommendation to a requirement). Data on all\nmeasures except mask mandates are from Hale et al., undated"]
[18.15158462524414, 3.756324052810669, "ime and Service Demand\nThe pandemic and the measures taken to control it would be expected to have an effect on crime. Changes in the nature of crime\u2014and other behaviors, such as substance use\u2014would be expected to shift the needs of individuals serve"]
[18.17742347717285, 3.7689695358276367, "July 2020.\n5 For example, some service providers saw drops in calls for service in the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic, which then rebounded either to similar or higher levels than were observed before the pandemic.\n6 Some of our participan"]
[18.160869598388672, 3.7502658367156982, "ople who were arrested and brought into the system.\n Our crime that\u2019s associated with juveniles . . . seems to be ticking down. As our calls for services dropped off, our officers had more time to virtually connect . . . with com- munity members. And"]
[18.14224624633789, 3.7343592643737793, "ervations of crime shifts during this period, significant local variation appears to apply for violence. In their data collection, IACP and GMU saw almost half of respondents reporting decreases in violent incidents, with a much smaller percentage re"]
[18.122629165649414, 3.7659168243408203, "89, September 2020, p. 104241; Mohler et al., 2020; and National Emergency Number Association, 2020.\nFor analyses showing rates in line with seasonal variation, see Jennifer M. Reingle Gonzalez, Rebecca Molsberry, Jona- than Maskaly, and Katelyn K. J"]
[18.030738830566406, 3.756800889968872, "icle, more control by the male partner, particularly if they\u2019re both involved in a lockdown. I also think some women might think that some services might be best saved for people with COVID . . . particularly hospital services, they may be both fearf"]
[18.076025009155273, 3.7825000286102295, "sexual assault, child abuse, physical abuse, who [because of stay-at-home orders] are literally stuck at the scene of the crime with the person who is harming them.\n\u2013 Victim services panelist\nIn addition, the pandemic itself was cited as a tool of ab"]
[18.21745491027832, 3.7196311950683594, "ies was observed in many analyses. Changes in the timing of crime also occurred, reflect- ing changes in individual behavior.18 Unlike the decrease in burglary, some areas saw increases in theft of and from vehicles, which were used less during lockd"]
[18.14384651184082, 3.733527898788452, "ement operations panelist\n[With respect to fraud and identity crime,] we have actually seen a swift and significant increase in the demand for our services, our one-on-one contact center services are up about 20 or 25 percent. And, as far as our web-"]
[14.404645919799805, 12.813880920410156, "perienced anti-Asian hate amid the COVID-19 pandemic.\u201d26 Some academic efforts to assess the level of hate crime occurring during the pandemic saw similar effects: For example, a survey conducted by researchers at Florida State University indicated t"]
[18.23627471923828, 3.7321410179138184, "g, decreases in traffic accidents (to which law enforcement generally respond to assist) would be expected. IACP and GMU\u2019s data call showed decreases in crashes and fatalities in the majority of departments, and literature analyses showed the same.30"]
[18.184329986572266, 3.7420148849487305, "d getting a \u201cslingshot effect.\u201d\n\u2013 Law enforcement operations panelist\n 28 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\nfindings in a survey of PSAPs across the country.33 Participants in our law enforcement panel also indicated maj"]
[18.136524200439453, 3.731065034866333, "ysis of multiple cities\u2019 data, Rosenfeld and Lopez found a 41-percent decrease in drug offense rates, although because such effects were deprioritized by many law enforcement organizations during the pandemic, crime data would appear to be less valua"]
[18.193866729736328, 3.708326816558838, "ectious environment, changes in crime and victimization associated with trying to reduce infection risk, or some combination thereof.\n Postmortem toxicology is now through the roof because of the impact that a lot of these opioids and so forth have h"]
[18.17341423034668, 3.7078146934509277, "pulations as a result of pretrial detention and the eventual incarceration of individuals convicted of crimes. Other activities, such as the issuance of citations and traffic enforcement, can require individuals to come to court for hearings or pay a"]
[18.22434425354004, 3.7167892456054688, "a result, although the smaller num- bers of staff might reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19, the capacity of a forensic lab for specific kinds of investigative analyses could depend on a relatively small number of staff mem- bers, making the func"]
[18.295185089111328, 3.7345547676086426, "nd such supporting roles as assisting in securing health facilities or testing centers.3 However, as we described in Chapter Two, the measures a state or locality took in response to the pandemic varied widely, so the context in which a law enforceme"]
[18.27681541442871, 3.7392642498016357, "ustice protests triggered by the killing of George Floyd, made law enforce- ment support for the public health response to the pandemic difficult in many jurisdictions. Some law enforcement departments explicitly and publicly rejected the enforcement"]
[18.241668701171875, 3.7407240867614746, "ning of the pandemic, uncertainty surrounding COVID-19 and national chaos around such issues as the availability of protective equipment complicated police depart- ments\u2019 planning.7 Our panelists described vastly different assumptions about the likel"]
[18.2662296295166, 3.837455987930298, "ess than one-tenth of agencies reporting that 5 percent or more of their officers were on sick leave as a result of COVID-19. More than half of agencies reported no noticeable officer sick leave because of COVID-19.10\nIt is clear, however, that COVID"]
[18.298099517822266, 3.8520469665527344, "f COVID. We have two that have yet to come back because they have tremendous upper respiratory issues. . . . And then the others . . . are absolutely fine.\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist\n Law Enforcement Agencies, Forensic Laboratories, and Cr"]
[18.249807357788086, 3.72605037689209, "ignificant changes in the early stages of the pandemic. These adjustments affected agencies\u2019 outward-facing inter- actions and their internal management activities.16 In the initial months of the pandemic, several efforts were carried out that sought"]
[18.21533966064453, 3.7395212650299072, "artments made significant shifts to virtual service delivery. Although some departments had taken steps toward virtual service delivery before the pandemic, it pushed the changes and increased public receptive- ness to online and virtual police respo"]
[18.219615936279297, 3.7248713970184326, "e Public\nIn an effort to limit the infection of law enforcement officers and to reduce the flow of indi- viduals into the justice system, many police departments made substantial changes to how they did business. These changes were focused on meeting"]
[18.152210235595703, 3.7240166664123535, "hone or online.20\nIn both of our law enforcement panels, participants emphasized that the transition from in-person response to online or telephone options has been important for reducing risk. How- ever, similar to technological initiatives that wer"]
[18.131000518798828, 3.7259225845336914, "was we started doing videoconferencing with people so they actually see a police officer taking their report. So that kind of calmed their fears some without actually having an officer respond to take the report.\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist"]
[18.189878463745117, 3.7263853549957275, "revention Initiatives 43\noration and trust-building efforts all the more important.24 For example, in a scan of changes made early in the pandemic, Jennings and Perez summarized that\n[a]cross the U.S., various community-oriented policing and outreach"]
[18.061288833618164, 3.679032325744629, " in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\n [I do] regularly scheduled Zoom meetings with members of our business community, key community leaders, community of faith leaders, even our elected officials who still aren\u2019t meeting face to face, keeping [them] plug"]
[18.069774627685547, 3.7492353916168213, "n interventions similarly depend on\nLaw Enforcement Agencies, Forensic Laboratories, and Crime-Prevention Initiatives 45\nbringing community organizations and actors together to intervene with groups of individu- als who are at risk of perpetrating vi"]
[17.992887496948242, 3.783961534500122, "c health, counseling, and other service agencies (see discussion in Brian A. Jackson, Ashley L. Rhoades, Jordan R. Reimer, Natasha Lander, Katherine Costello, and Sina Beaghley, Practical Terrorism Prevention: Reexamining U.S. National Approaches to "]
[18.095947265625, 3.6792824268341064, "ed to bring together com- munity actors, service providers, and others with at-risk individuals, constraints for infection prevention can be a major barrier.\n31 Irshad Altheimer, Janelle Duda-Banwar, and Christopher J. Schreck, \u201cThe Impact of Covid-1"]
[18.175294876098633, 3.7142159938812256, "t we can do to limit our interactions with people, to limit the number of people that we were incarcerating. We just had to really tell our officers to use the best discretion they could.\n\u2013 Law enforcement operations panelist\nAnecdotally, I\u2019ve heard "]
[18.175161361694336, 3.7612743377685547, "using data collected from departments within single states produced similar results (e.g., Shjarback and Magny,\n2020).\n35 National Conference of State Legislatures, \u201cCriminal Justice System Responses to COVID-19,\u201d webpage, November 16, 2020.\n36 The s"]
[18.190149307250977, 3.7217164039611816, "ation efforts there (we discuss these efforts further in Chap- ter Five).\nAs we discussed earlier, the choices of approach for addressing minor offenses in particu- lar have significant consequences for how the effects of the pandemic on this part of"]
[18.195247650146484, 3.7136945724487305, "] creating some addi- tional safety guidelines for performing breath alcohol tests. I will say that since April, we have seen about a 30-percent reduction in evidential breath tests across the state due to less enforcement in that area I think. We\u2019ve"]
[18.151582717895508, 3.7303335666656494, "e now more available and familiar to staff.\nAgencies, and forensic labs in particular, also made major changes to allow staff to work from home for some portion of their time. Having staff be able to do work while not physically present helped suppor"]
[18.177038192749023, 3.7317843437194824, " have an overabundance of rely- ing on paper records. . . . We\u2019ve bought these lockboxes so that people can take case files home with them . . . so that they can do some case review at home. But we really have started moving toward seeing what steps "]
[18.023426055908203, 3.696457624435425, "esult, accessibility and usability limitations to protect data\u2014participants were impressed by how quickly technical change happened.\n The other thing we realized is [about] our virtual meetings. I don\u2019t know for quite some time [whether] we will go b"]
[18.31033706665039, 3.7862510681152344, "ges made to allow for the virtual delivery of police services were moti- vated primarily by officer safety concerns; minimizing contacts reduced the probability of an officer encountering a carrier of COVID-19. However, because such contacts could no"]
[18.286067962646484, 3.7716169357299805, "intaining a healthy workforce.\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist\n[Beyond taking calls completely over the phone,] patrol officers would sometimes use their phone to minimize contact\u2014they still may go to the scene and either observe what\u2019s going o"]
[18.271930694580078, 3.7854819297790527, "tom and we didn\u2019t know if it was COVID or not. . . . For several weeks, that was quite a challenge to have to quarantine an officer just because we couldn\u2019t find adequate testing, just because of the hotspot [in our] area.\n\u2013 Law enforcement operation"]
[18.248842239379883, 3.7858781814575195, "ment that publicly prohibited its staff from wearing respira- tory protection while on duty.48 According to an unscientific poll conducted by the publica- tion Police1 of responders in general (although most respondents were police), a high per- cent"]
[18.265348434448242, 3.7585079669952393, "emos, But LA Cops Still Aren\u2019t Wearing Masks,\u201d LAist, July 6, 2020.\n58 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\n I\u2019m not sure if others have faced this as . . . one of the things that we\u2019ve experienced was just getting officers"]
[18.259666442871094, 3.781574249267578, "ies, and Crime-Prevention Initiatives 59\nProviding COVID-19 Infection Data to Police as a Staff Protection Measure\nIn an effort to protect officers from exposure to COVID-19, some departments also had \u201cdispatchers seek to screen for COVID-19 exposure"]
[18.344343185424805, 3.858102560043335, "utive Order Giving COVID Case Data to 911 Dispatch Centers,\u201d WCCO CBS Minnesota, April 11, 2020).\n55 US Department of Health and Human Services, Office for Civil Rights, COVID-19 and HIPAA: Disclosures to Law Enforcement, Paramedics, Other First Resp"]
[18.278873443603516, 3.784771680831909, " Breach in South Dakota,\u201d Associated Press, August 21, 2020.\n61 In a particularly compelling example, an officer involved in a multiagency enforcement operation tested positive,\nexposing tens of other officers to the virus and requiring their quarant"]
[18.304290771484375, 3.772005558013916, "ohorts, with two covering a 14-day period with officers working 12-hour shifts (seven days per cohort) while the other two cohorts iso- lated for 14 days. Participants in our panels described similar arrangements, with groups of staff (both sworn and"]
[18.26766014099121, 3.7516696453094482, "enforcement and other emergency responder agencies to help manage workload and ensure continuity of response operations.\nAlthough platooning and other models for breaking up the workforce and limiting overall agency risk worked well for larger depart"]
[18.252702713012695, 3.735787868499756, "ispatchers are all confined in a very small area by the nature of their work. . . . Because of the very, very small area they\u2019re in, if one gets sick, you could lose the entire shift. And then what do you do?\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist\nWe\u2019"]
[18.231412887573242, 3.7437424659729004, "eople more stressed out and anxious. . . . It\u2019s stressful for you, stressful for everyone.\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist\nJust as schools being closed and other consequences of the pandemic have affected a large portion of the country\u2019s workfo"]
[18.252357482910156, 3.7335598468780518, "with new ways and give them a lot more flexibility with their scheduling.\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist\nGiven the confluence of stresses staff were dealing with during the pandemic, there was an expanded need for mental health support for off"]
[18.203184127807617, 3.7062606811523438, " as possible with all the officers on the patrol squad.\n\u2013 Law enforcement operations panelist\nAgencies [need to] have a good [employee assistance program] that officers know is going to be confidential . . . where they feel that the process is legiti"]
[18.206836700439453, 3.744450330734253, "n you try to put in place things to minimize the risk of that in-person activity.\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist\nRecruiting and Training Virtually\nBecause training programs\u2014both initial academy training and in-service training efforts\u2014bring to"]
[18.18035125732422, 3.7086026668548584, "d flexibility they provide.\n The state academy was closed for a time. They\u2019re now open again. But they\u2019ve cut about 80 hours of hands-on training specifically with defensive tactics and training scenarios out of their instruction. So we are now tryin"]
[18.290809631347656, 3.726166009902954, "ning quicker, like within a month or two, once they hit the streets. So I think those critical things we have to do hands on.\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist\n[For command-level training from places like the FBI Academy,] we are certainly feelin"]
[18.32561683654785, 3.7558441162109375, "- cussed previously, some law enforcement organizations publicly rejected roles in public health enforcement measures,77 while others were more actively enforcing compliance with public health disease control efforts.78 There also have been publicly "]
[18.314517974853516, 3.745805501937866, "t knowing what our authority was if we got backed into a corner. Most of this ended up falling on our state partners, so we would pass those complaints over to state police and they finally stood up some frameworks for dealing with that.\n\u2013 Law enforc"]
[18.32529067993164, 3.7743356227874756, "public health restrictions that did not exempt religious institutions. While most state and federal courts have also rejected challenges to public health orders, an unprecedented number of courts have sided with the challengers and substituted the co"]
[18.322607040405273, 3.7306478023529053, "t and would take the burden off of us, but he . . . essentially kicked it back to the local county sheriffs and said, \u201cYou do whatever you want. You decide.\u201d So in [the county next to us], they said, they\u2019re not essential. And they went about basical"]
[18.309978485107422, 3.742806911468506, "part of that group. We were present in helping people to avail themselves of testing. And then we had to back off because of the issues related to social unrest.\n\u2013 Law enforcement operations panelist\nMembers of our panel cited examples of alternative"]
[18.370399475097656, 3.7460620403289795, "ften took on the vernacular of public health . . . and what we found is the relationship\u2014even the perceived rela- tionship\u2014between law enforcement and public health was undermining trust in public health initiatives.\n\u2013 Community organization panelist"]
[18.36336326599121, 3.8172993659973145, "sing concerns about equity in traditional policing activities and use of force, concerns were raised about how law enforcement agencies in different areas were enforcing public health directives and whether they were being enforced fairly in differ- "]
[18.247861862182617, 3.716648817062378, "were] sitting in jail for [an extended period] before they were able to have their day in court. And that\u2019s just not fundamentally what the role that police officers should be put into is to take someone\u2019s freedom away . . . without any type of judic"]
[18.26274299621582, 3.7282071113586426, "nd personally, and we will only get through it if we work together.\u201d\n\u2013 Law enforcement operations panelist\nIn some cases, police departments relied directly on other agencies for very tangible sup- port. In both of our panels, participants spoke abou"]
[18.23296546936035, 3.7328569889068604, "ending people to the hospital. [We should] talk to the hospitals in advance and say, \u201cWhen people call us, what do we want to tell them?\u201d You know, people call the police for all kinds of things. They may even call when they don\u2019t necessarily have a "]
[18.250551223754883, 3.7379791736602783, "espondents expected their police departments to be \u201csignificantly impacted.\u201d90 Data, including responses to questionnaires distributed by PERF91 and as part of the IACP and GMU data-collection effort,92 that have been collected directly from groups o"]
[18.34559440612793, 3.7217068672180176, "equests \u201con how your entity demon- strated enforcement efforts\u201d as part of the pandemic response.93\nTaking Stock and Moving Forward\nIn considering the path forward through the remainder of the pandemic and preparation for future public health crises,"]
[18.351177215576172, 3.814929246902466, " in contact with members of the public, and because of variation in the use of such measures as respiratory protection to reduce the chance of infection, the num- bers of current officers who might have long-term consequences from COVID-19 exposure i"]
[18.181407928466797, 3.721616506576538, "on and the poten- tially available evidence of officers\u2019 compliance with those decisions could affect whether an individual claim for compensation is successful.95\nPromising Practices from the COVID-19 Pandemic Response\nIn considering the future stat"]
[18.238262176513672, 3.7187318801879883, "se their job for having to make that court appearance. Whereas now, if they can, if they could show up to court remotely for a traffic ticket for a misdemeanor charge. I think that\u2019s a net positive for society.\n\u2013 Law enforcement operations panelist\nI"]
[18.256017684936523, 3.743013620376587, "ement\u2019s roles in communities because law enforcement, much like our school teachers, have been handed a whole lot of problems that are better handled by other agencies and other service sectors.\n\u2014Community organization panelist\nIn spite of the fact t"]
[18.200057983398438, 3.7257704734802246, "e implemented a civil citation program for marijuana posses- sion and a few other low-level felonies and city ordinance violations. And, of course, the knee-jerk reaction was . . . \u201cUh we\u2019re going to see increases in crime.\u201d Just the exact opposite h"]
[18.18796730041504, 3.7011232376098633, "\u2019t in many of these cases. . . . So many of the things that from a research perspective, we\u2019ve been asking [about] for dozens of years: Does this work? We have the unfortunate opportunity to really use this as an experiment, to really find out, what "]
[18.190065383911133, 3.7250988483428955, "nt Agencies, Forensic Laboratories, and Crime-Prevention Initiatives 87\nmore-trusted departments been more effective or been provided with access to sensi- tive data or other resources to enable pandemic response? Are there other roles that law enfor"]
[18.01774024963379, 3.6600377559661865, "he implica-\ntions of the types of programs and initiatives that will be cut? How do such cuts interact with reform efforts arguing for the reallocation of resources from police budgets?\nAnswers to all of these questions will contribute to moving beyo"]
[18.025676727294922, 3.658961296081543, " multiple cases are heard in a major courthouse simultaneously, mean that the courthouse is a point where people from different places come together to do the justice system\u2019s business.\nIndividuals who are affected by the crimes at issue have rights\u2014"]
[18.114343643188477, 3.671138286590576, "VID-19 pan- demic began. In 2016, a task force managed by the National Center for State Courts and the State Justice Institute published a benchbook laying out those legal frameworks.1 However, it\n1 National Center for State Courts, Preparing for a P"]
[18.11787986755371, 3.708638906478882, "lity emphasized that considering the changes made is relevant for the longer term and determining what further adaptations will be required for the next phases of the pandemic.\n2 The environment surrounding COVID-19 response\u2014which included communicat"]
[18.01959800720215, 3.6201040744781494, "s.\n\u2022 Because virtual hearings are viewed as inappropriate by many for serious felonies and other cases requiring a jury trial, large backlogs of unresolved cases have formed in many court systems, raising concerns about the rights of the accused. Thi"]
[18.016521453857422, 3.6552910804748535, ") \u201cthe protec- tion of vulnerable people, such as elders, children and those who suffer from disabilities;\u201d (2) \u201cpreliminary hearings, bail hearings and arraignments for criminal defendants;\u201d (3) \u201chear- ings related to quarantine orders and other pub"]
[18.12005615234375, 3.601020336151123, "ld, courts automatically issued continuances,10 and granted extensions on many court deadlines, including extending time to pay fines and fees.11 Some courts suspended the collec- tion of fines and fees entirely, both as a protective measure and as a"]
[18.00861358642578, 3.585275650024414, "gnificantly extend the timeline that an accused individual had to wait before trial, suspending jury trials often required courts to suspend speedy trial requirements.\nThe Court System 95\n There\u2019s a huge tension, obviously, between defendants who\u2019ve "]
[18.083271026611328, 3.6405210494995117, "g the flow of people into jails (e.g., during pretrial detention) or into prisons to serve custodial sentences. Moving through the stages of the process, we explore changes in charging decisions, changes in warrants, reductions in pretrial detention,"]
[18.114988327026367, 3.6763243675231934, "thout bail which lim- ited jail populations. Early in the pandemic, California went to a zero-bail schedule across its court system in an effort to relieve stress on jail populations, driven in part because of limits in judges\u2019 situational awareness "]
[18.118505477905273, 3.6361355781555176, "5 Comments from Keir Bradford-Grey in Council on Criminal Justice, 2020a.\n Settling Pending Cases\nTo reduce pressure in the system, focused efforts were made to resolve pending cases, generally prioritizing individuals who were in custody. Many of th"]
[18.061426162719727, 3.6597628593444824, "e Court System 99\n The plea bargaining system depends on defendants and everybody believing that, if you don\u2019t take this offer, we\u2019re going to take you to trial and things will get worse. Right now I\u2019m not sure that we have that credible threat [of a"]
[18.076770782470703, 3.6339592933654785, "to the survey covered 40 states and the District of Columbia, the respondents were not a representative sample of agen- cies across the country (i.e., the National Association of Pretrial Services Agencies described its results as \u201cpurely anecdotal e"]
[18.014814376831055, 3.6674673557281494, " systems helped courts implement alternative ways of assisting people at a distance, which was not unlike the innovations made by police in the use of electronic means of reporting crime or police response via video calls.\n Fortunately, we did alread"]
[17.95555877685547, 3.622102737426758, " services were a driver to make courts accessible in person during the pandemic. However, as the pandemic continued, some participants reported an increasing drive to move activity onto telepresence platforms.39\nIn addition to navigating the new tech"]
[18.007585525512695, 3.638129711151123, "tion\nThese efforts achieved their main benefit for many court systems: cutting in-person activity and reducing infection risk, with participants in our panel reporting that their systems had completed hundreds, thousands, or even 1 million hours of p"]
[17.933944702148438, 3.5881826877593994, "or litigants to be present in court; travel time and long waits in a courthouse for a case to be called for a short hearing can essentially be eliminated. One participant in our panel said that in some types of cases, \u201cthe number of defaults has kind"]
[18.009754180908203, 3.645421266555786, "wyers in a case might have key files locked in commercial buildings that were closed as a result of the pandemic, and how to sufficiently verify participants\u2019 identities virtually.\nMembers of the panel also emphasized some issues that are more unique"]
[18.003698348999023, 3.663787603378296, "il on Criminal Justice, 2020a.\n 106 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\nFlorida state attorney, \u201cI do think there has been a silver lining at least for our operations. Necessity has forced our hand. We have a three-year st"]
[17.981962203979492, 3.619504451751709, "lson, state attorney, Florida\u2019s 4th Judicial Circuit, in Council on Criminal Justice, 2020a.\n52 Brandon Marc Draper, \u201cAnd Justice for None: How COVID-19 Is Crippling the Criminal Jury Right,\u201d Boston College\nLaw Review, Vol. 62, No. 9, E. Supp. I.-1, "]
[17.97890281677246, 3.622041940689087, "observe, to those held in the virtual realm has the potential to eliminate that access and therefore raise questions about whether such pro- ceedings pass constitutional muster. Civil-society actors who are concerned with the implica- tions of reduce"]
[17.905542373657227, 3.5757176876068115, "ld happen with public bail hearings . . . if that were to continue after this [pandemic] slows down, I think that would be a serious detriment to the system. And it would cause much more incarceration than we\u2019re currently seeing. . . . And I would be"]
[17.970317840576172, 3.652562141418457, "o get employment and to get housing. And it can brutally impact on people\u2019s families, especially their children. I think there\u2019s a very big difference between the idea that individuals of the public who really want to take trouble to come in and list"]
[17.873991012573242, 3.580923557281494, "ialty and treatment courts, and the requirements to safeguard participant treatment data also meant that those courts\u2019 virtual systems had to be compliant with regulations for protect- ing personal health information.61\nBeyond basic technological lim"]
[18.055967330932617, 3.6437876224517822, "ed concern that the lack of juror bonding could impact deliberations. In a civil summary jury trial conducted in Collin County, Texas, one juror left to take a phone call. During another civil trial, jurors appeared to sleep, exercise, or tend to the"]
[18.049821853637695, 3.643219232559204, " it. And we\u2019re not at full capacity.\n\u2013 Court system panelist\nThe idea expressed by multiple panelists is that these cases are accumulating behind the choke point of jury trial suspension like water building behind a dam, and the number of cases is ge"]
[18.041526794433594, 3.6255710124969482, "ed: Both on our panel and in public news reporting, there were examples of incidents where indi- viduals brought COVID-19 into the courtroom, exposing everyone involved in the process.67\nThe risk is not just to the public. Multiple panelists pointed "]
[18.019081115722656, 3.608989715576172, "rns also are raised about whether fear of infection will make in-person juries less representative. A participant whose system had resumed in-person proceedings indicated that they had not seen a large increase in no-shows, and the resulting jury poo"]
[18.05508041381836, 3.5806565284729004, "hose rooms that are suf- ficiently equipped with filtration devices and reduce court calendars to accommodate the reduced number of courtrooms\u201d (Wisconsin Courts COVID-19 Task Force, 2020, pp. 10\u201311).\n71 For a discussion of federal court modification"]
[18.00810432434082, 3.613151788711548, " move closer to the jury, jury can\u2019t deliberate in a jury room. The public probably can\u2019t watch from [where they would normally] because now the jury is seated there, the courtroom is flipped around backward. It just looks really different, and the q"]
[17.97954750061035, 3.598839044570923, "at level of capacity would not be sufficient to stop the backlog from increasing.\n [If] witnesses [are] in masks, one of the things is jurors can\u2019t size up the facial expres- sions of the person, and [if] lawyers [are] wearing masks and the jurors ca"]
[18.0186824798584, 3.618781328201294, "eard in the virtual space or capacity will be exhausted. This will require con- tinuing case prioritization for in-person action using criteria that are similar to those discussed for prioritizing action in virtual proceedings. According to the Wisco"]
[18.061601638793945, 3.6463141441345215, "hat\u2014that everything\u2019s going to be fine. And so when they sit there and hear [the case], it better be something that\u2019s important.\n\u2014Court system panelist\nSo meanwhile, how do I do [thousands of] felony cases when we\u2019ve done six trials in the last six m"]
[18.058731079101562, 3.6477372646331787, "tem\u2014like those elsewhere in the criminal justice system and in the country writ large\u2014would have been well matched to a scenario in which the pandemic was a short-term event. Halt- ing operations and building case backlogs for a few weeks would have "]
[18.06209373474121, 3.6804304122924805, " improvements in information technology. Although models that allowed easy work from home were valuable in the pandemic, they also would improve efficiency after the pandemic.\n\u2022 Continuing virtual elements of in-person processes: Although a return to"]
[18.021888732910156, 3.69273042678833, " will take to at least for the preliminary stages of voir dire, which would include answering the summons, reporting in, doing hardships, and perhaps doing question- naires . . . And I think in terms of customer service for our public, they\u2019ll like t"]
[18.072996139526367, 3.6713223457336426, "ll. And that\u2019s the pushback that I\u2019m getting, but things are going to change and we\u2019re going to have to involve the community more. And we\u2019re going to have to reduce the load of the court so that the court can handle the most serious, violent cases t"]
[18.094823837280273, 3.709930658340454, "nelists were clear that, although the outcomes of these efforts appear to be positive now, the ability to maintain them beyond the immediate needs created by the pandemic will require evidence that they are indeed beneficial. Research must also take "]
[17.95701789855957, 3.6214818954467773, " discussion:\n\u2022 Have remote-appearance options reduced failure-to-appear rates?\n\u2022 Has the significant reduction in pretrial detention and money bail had an effect on\nappearance rates?\n\u2022 Can the effects of the pandemic on plea bargaining behavior and o"]
[18.084632873535156, 4.010545253753662, " that time in a correctional facility\u2014e.g., prisons, jails, or other custodial facilities (Figure 5.1). Many of these facilities are operated by government departments of corrections at the federal, state, county, or local level, but others are opera"]
[18.158727645874023, 4.045950412750244, "on, so strategies like those adopted in other parts of the justice system to move activities outside are relevant only to a limited extent\n\u2022 the population density inside some correctional facilities is very high. The scale of incar- ceration in the "]
[18.16453742980957, 4.035480499267578, "ilt over 30 years ago, it\u2019s falling apart.\n\u2013 Law enforcement management panelist\nEarly on, we kept hearing talk about, \u201cYou need to socially distance your inmates.\u201d Well, I was always asking, how do you socially distance, [thousands of] people in a f"]
[18.16842269897461, 4.065047264099121, "emic. Broad reviews of actions taken across the country show wide variation,8 and exami- nations of the spread of responses echoed the conclusion that differences in response mirrored the fragmentation of the broader national response to the pandemic"]
[18.168350219726562, 4.073309898376465, "ross the country, illness among residents of the corrections system varied over time and in intensity, but COVID-19 accounted for thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands of cases to date (Figure 5.2). Efforts that have focused on specific popul"]
[18.17652702331543, 4.089488506317139, "riesbach, and Danya Issawi, \u201cStates Are Shutting Down Prisons as Guards Are Crippled By Covid-19,\u201d New York Times, January 1, 2021.\n 132 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\nFigure 5.2\nCases of COVID-19 in Correctional Faci"]
[18.15585708618164, 4.049165725708008, "strategic planning, Law Office of the Cook County Public Defender, in Vera Institute of Justice, \u201cCOVID-19 and Jail Releases Webinar,\u201d video, YouTube, April 17, 2020a.\nLeast fatalities Some fatalities Most fatalities\n 134 The U.S. Criminal Justice Sy"]
[18.163312911987305, 4.013463973999023, "was \u201cit\u2019s going to be weeks, or it\u2019s only going to be a few more weeks or a few more months.\u201d And then people start to have that belief in their head. And now we\u2019re having like a COVID burnout in our employees because they\u2019re just tired of having to "]
[18.154495239257812, 4.016011714935303, "ystem in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\n Key Findings from Institutional Corrections Agencies\u2019 Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic\n\u2022 Corrections facilities are limited by the space they have, and facilities that were overcrowded before the pandemic had gr"]
[18.15935707092285, 4.112569808959961, "rison populations (ranging from 2 percent to just more than 37 percent).18 Other analyses echo these findings, noting more-substantial decarceration in jails than in prisons.19 Some early data suggest that the strategy was effective, likely in part b"]
[18.186878204345703, 4.051732063293457, "Urban Jail in the United States,\u201d Annals of Epidemiology, Vol. 53, January 2021).\n21 Wang et al., 2020.\n22 National Conference of State Legislatures, 2020.\n23 See discussion in Council on Criminal Justice, \u201cCorrections and COVID-19: Challenges and St"]
[18.17924690246582, 4.048044681549072, "OVID-19, more than 7,000 inmates have\n24 Anna Harvey, Orion Taylor, and Andrea Wang, COVID-19, Jails, and Public Safety, Washington, D.C.: Council on Criminal Justice, National Commission on COVID-19 and Criminal Justice, updated December 2020.\n25 Re"]
[18.17413902282715, 4.026069164276123, "use sending someone carrying COVID-19 out of a facility into the community would not serve public health even if it reduced the correctional population. This required quaran- tine processes before release and added to testing requirements (which, at "]
[18.182432174682617, 4.038313865661621, "lasses is reduced.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\nOne of the issues though, was everything going on in [our city] with violence and national issues around race relations and things like that. So unfortunately we saw our population go right back"]
[18.174100875854492, 3.991265296936035, "he course of the pandemic. In addition, other measures focused on isolating new arrivals and controlling flows of people as much as possible.\n We still do temperature checks and the standard health screening questions at entrances. And whenever we ha"]
[18.178939819335938, 4.056093215942383, "t \u201cI don\u2019t have it at all. I won\u2019t get it.\u201d You could be tested today and be asymptomatic and be negative on the test. But like I said, by the end of the week, you can be positive and it\u2019s some- thing you can\u2019t test every single day for, number one, "]
[18.1252384185791, 3.969426393508911, "l professionals, and inmates themselves for security and other purposes. In a pandemic, each person coming and going becomes a potential introducer of the virus.37 In response, facili- ties sought to limit movement as much as they could. In-person vi"]
[18.152328491210938, 4.018965244293213, "nstituted line staff distributing worksheets to resident youth).39 Furthermore, the cessation of interfacility transfers cut off a path for accessing programs (e.g., moving someone to a different facility that had a program they needed) and managing "]
[17.978229522705078, 3.9187874794006348, "re individuals to return to the jail each night to sleep.41\n We reconstituted . . . a work release program for sentenced individuals. . . . There are two forms of electronic monitoring that we stood up. Not everyone released in that pro- gram needs e"]
[18.142595291137695, 4.050384044647217, "ver, doing so successfully required both policy change and implemen- tation by staff in collaboration with incarcerated individuals.\n [A significant change was] the acknowledgment as part of the pandemic that we gave the reins with respect to certain"]
[18.175243377685547, 4.044521808624268, "ay-to-day basis. There is a need for collaborative approaches to overcome these obstacles\u201d (p. 20).\nInstitutional Corrections: Prisons, Jails, and Other Custodial Facilities 147\nMasks and Hygiene Measures Were Central Prevention Strategies for Many F"]
[18.17707633972168, 4.0829691886901855, " New York: New York City Department of Corrections, 2020.\n44 See, for example, discussion in Nelson and Kaminsky, 2020.\n45 Widra and Hayre, 2020.\n46 According to Supreme Court of Georgia Justice Michael Boggs,\nThe real issue is not how many you\u2019re re"]
[18.180580139160156, 4.055668354034424, "9\u201d in the jail.48 Some facilities that did have dormitory-style portions emptied them as much as possible, enabling inmates to distance and limit contact with one another.49 Others adopted cohorting strategies, grouping a set of staff and a set of re"]
[18.177753448486328, 4.051959037780762, "\nThe way that we started housing people was we had isolation. We then had quarantine, which for us, we basically quarantined any unit that had one to two people come from that tier who tested positive or were symptomatic. Those sick people would go i"]
[18.178998947143555, 4.053897380828857, "s, solitary confinement should be eliminated as a corrections practice, but] isolating someone for public health reasons or infection control is [not] the same thing. . . . The problem or the risk [in] supermax [solitary confinement] practices is arc"]
[18.16010093688965, 4.01030969619751, "m profusely for their contribution to enhancing sanitation and other services, [doing] laundry and other protocols that helped us keep running.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\nCOVID-19 Strained Correctional Health Care Delivery Systems\nA major c"]
[18.1658992767334, 4.071079730987549, "at out very quickly once we started testing and as we continue to test.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\nThe importance of testing cannot be overstated. We had the experience where, in our first phase, you just didn\u2019t have the capabilities. The c"]
[18.164505004882812, 4.037996292114258, "s that we do every day in medicine that goes with that. And I\u2019d like to see CDC and others push more to give guidance and things for corrections on that point of care in isolation. Cause it\u2019s going to be a hard winter.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections pan"]
[18.17356300354004, 4.040299892425537, " takes your temperature. We distributed those to housing units so that people could take their own temperature. And so giving folks in custody back a little bit of autonomy and control over their health and their circumstance. I think was really valu"]
[18.162309646606445, 4.0294318199157715, " The health system was able to bring in some additional nursing staff and medical staff. We were able to put up a couple of different tents and basically operationalize that as being our isolation unit.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\nMaintainin"]
[18.163681030273438, 4.030568599700928, "a were collected some time ago, a CDC survey done in 2012 indicated that \u201c[f]or inpatient and outpatient medical, dental, and emergency care, most states delivered services using a combina- tion of on-site and off-site care locations\u201d (Karishma A. Ch"]
[18.172636032104492, 4.027204990386963, "hospital.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\nBecause the participants on our panels came from a selection of jail and prison systems, their experiences cover only a fraction of systems across the country. Furthermore, some par- ticipants were purpo"]
[18.139278411865234, 4.044605255126953, "ns among staff about infection.\n A number of correctional facility chaplains [indicated] just not really feeling equipped to address some of these unique mental health needs that have emerged within the correctional facilities. [Asking] how do they a"]
[18.100963592529297, 3.9896137714385986, "cing) rather than cancelling,\u201d and to \u201cbal- ance infection control measures (e.g., social distancing, group cancellations) with measures to maintain psychiatric stability, recognizing that in some cases the exacerbated mental illness may pose a great"]
[17.89653968811035, 3.8196680545806885, "bilities [for virtual technology for] delivering academic edu- cation. We have many relationships with outside colleges. They\u2019re not coming in yet. We\u2019re looking to leverage our tablet technology, we\u2019ve connected with a secure mes- saging [platform] "]
[18.023300170898438, 3.7929325103759766, "s noted that this increased communication\u2014directly from inmates to their families and others\u2014helped control the spread of rumors about conditions within the facility that caused problems in some areas, given trust and other issues that could affect t"]
[18.025524139404297, 3.813868999481201, "cation [for video visits]. So that pushed us to accepting family members being able to [join a video] visit [from] a website or their phone. . . . [The pandemic] forced us to move a little quicker. We would have been apprehensive. We would have been "]
[18.14748764038086, 3.9751837253570557, "ing for many years because of the difficulty of the job, compensation, and stress.75 In the COVID-19 pandemic environment, the potential for staff to become infected at work and bring the virus home to their families did not make the career more attr"]
[18.15462875366211, 4.013452053070068, "he pandemic, however, the risk of infection was real, and panel members raised the issue that corrections workers (both before and during the pandemic) are not given the same recognition and respect as other first responders. Contractors within facil"]
[18.132020950317383, 4.014957904815674, ", and issuing PPE.77\nHealth Screening\nOne goal of resident intake was to keep COVID-19 out of facilities, and, similarly, processes were put in place to screen staff members for symptoms before entry and to encourage staff who did not feel healthy to"]
[18.163822174072266, 4.0183234214782715, "d of forced us to allow more of the staff to work from home. We were issuing laptops right and left, and . . . identifi[ed] employees who had the capa- bility to work from home. I don\u2019t think some of that is [ever] going to go away. I think we\u2019re goi"]
[18.13546371459961, 4.024904251098633, "t now we\u2019re having a hard time with that. It seems like we\u2019re in that struggle where they just don\u2019t want to do things because we\u2019re asking them to do it, and have forgotten about COVID and the importance of wearing masks. . . . So trying to get them"]
[18.123868942260742, 3.9735565185546875, "gs that we\u2019re accustomed to doing and have to do, but [dealing with] COVID on top of that. Because COVID is just a full-time job for everybody.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\n 81 See, for example, Dionne Hart, \u201cHealth Risks of Practicing Correc"]
[18.146764755249023, 3.9358818531036377, " Echoing points made by law enforcement, institutional corrections panelists noted that it was inappropriate for an individual officer\u2019s decision to arrest someone to lead to them being detained for a significant period without their day in court.\n17"]
[18.11994743347168, 3.9618613719940186, "uld feel more educated, informed, more sense of control about what\u2019s going on in the world.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\nAlthough external oversight and advocacy are important for catalyzing system change, practitioner participants expressed "]
[18.135343551635742, 3.9195213317871094, " It\u2019s nothing different than what hospitals are doing and, yeah, we get the inmates complaining and making phone calls and sending out messages on how cruel we are and how we\u2019re treating them. We have to explain what we\u2019re doing a lot to the courts a"]
[18.152755737304688, 3.9400691986083984, " corrections funding based only on short-term reductions in population would sacrifice the chance to make progress on outcomes, and\u2014if progress can be made\u2014to potentially realize more-substantial future efficiencies and cost savings resulting from le"]
[18.15818214416504, 3.9991626739501953, "le bit of a phenomenon that occurs when you have this kind of threat to the entire system that I think people\u2014and, when I say people, I mean all staff, all incarcerated individuals\u2014understand . . . the risk. That this virus is not going to differ- en"]
[18.015451431274414, 3.8248472213745117, "nit, where we have a lot of folks with . . . really the tougher cases of mental illness, but who can survive in a more social setting instead of just a lone cell or a two-man cell, that\u2019s worked out very well. We can get them services on the floor, e"]
[18.136587142944336, 4.014991760253906, "ly would have never considered it and certainly not to the magnitude that we have.\n\u2013 Institutional corrections panelist\nTo the credit of the courts, this has been a great impetus for change, for things that we\u2019ve been pushing for decades: doing more "]
[18.149002075195312, 3.973970413208008, "heir disaster planning pro- cess. . . . If necessary, state governors should compel area hospitals to accept patient transfers when needed.\u201d87\n It seems so obvious to me now that we should be having quarterly meetings with all these hospital administ"]
[18.116666793823242, 3.8359944820404053, " corrections panelist\nThe broader outcomes of this strategy\u2014beyond enabling more distancing and infection control within facilities\u2014have not yet been fully assessed. However, like in other panels, there was a general view among our panelists, based o"]
[18.129512786865234, 3.943369150161743, "19\u2014will then become a research opportunity.\n A number of states are tracking recidivism rates specifically for those populations that qualified for early release under COVID. So [I] think it will be interesting. I know a lot of states are looking to "]
[18.104734420776367, 3.9217443466186523, "riences?\n\u2022 What have been the mental health effects of the pandemic on both incarcerated popula-\ntions and correctional staff, and how long do such effects last?\n\u2022 What disease-testing strategies are effective in minimizing infectious disease in corr"]
[17.978294372558594, 3.9136815071105957, "munity supervision agencies\u2014and service providers both inside government (e.g., departments of public health or other social services agencies) and outside government (e.g., nonprofit service providers, medical and other treatment organizations, fait"]
[17.932260513305664, 3.9099059104919434, "l routes to further reform and improve the supervision system.\n\u2022 Meeting the needs of individuals receiving treatment for substance use or mental health concerns was more difficult, requiring significant changes in models for treatment delivery.\n\u2022 Co"]
[18.06504249572754, 3.9442121982574463, "vely support reentry and desistance from recidivism. Treatment for mental health, addiction, and other concerns often is delivered in group settings, both to make it possible to help more people and because of the group dynamics and support that can "]
[18.057870864868164, 3.88724684715271, "corrections panelist\nPanelists from service-provider organizations also identified instances where they were called on to contribute in unusual ways, playing backfill and other roles where needed.\n One of the advantages of being a nonprofit is that a"]
[18.104148864746094, 3.935089588165283, " mem- bers of the community corrections panel noted that, at least initially, the assumption that the COVID-19 pandemic would be a short-term crisis versus a very long-term challenge affected how they planned and responded. For this sector, this diff"]
[18.056991577148438, 3.9543683528900146, "y cited totals of practitioners who have lost their lives to COVID-19.9\n The first week, one of my offices had a staff meeting in a courthouse jury room with the entire office in there for four hours. And after the staff meeting, one of the people te"]
[17.96115493774414, 3.680262804031372, "ment on individuals and communities.\nCorrectional Populations, Agencies, and Service Providers Face Significant Digital Divides\nOne common problem for both supervision and service delivery was a significant digital divide, which was a challenge acros"]
[17.93478012084961, 3.668536424636841, "enter- ing populations\u2014notably housing instability\u2014were mentioned as contributing to the digital divide: If someone did not know where they would be living from day to day, they would have similar uncertainty about their ability to connect to the int"]
[17.99106216430664, 3.863438606262207, "idth. Increases in use from many government agencies simultaneously swamped net- work capacity in some cases.16\n If you\u2019re paper-based, it\u2019s difficult to telework. If you have, you know, 135,000 files that haven\u2019t been scanned.\n\u2013 Community correction"]
[18.14112091064453, 3.937385082244873, " Measures to Coronavirus for Parole, Probation, and Clemency, Brooklyn, N.Y., March 18, 2020.\n 190 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\nguidance on how to \u201cration\u201d supervision and time resources in the event that caseloads "]
[17.96780776977539, 3.8915536403656006, ", Md., September 18, 2020.\n22 ExiT: Executives Transforming Probation and Parole, undated.\n23 Swan, Campbell, and Lowe, 2020, p. 4. See also United States Courts, 2020a, for a discussion of virtual home visits\nusing video streaming apps.\n24 National "]
[17.98603057861328, 3.8867790699005127, "ent\u2019s home, we made exceptions to those rules so we could maintain the six feet or more social distancing when we saw the clients in the field. That made a huge difference. I mean, if you go in a parole office today, when you would normally have 20 t"]
[17.971649169921875, 3.8887457847595215, "and batteries dying\u2014and because they usually must be inspected to ensure that they are still being worn by the individual, have not been tampered with, and are func- tioning as expected\u2014contact might be required to keep a device running even after it"]
[17.963302612304688, 3.7913942337036133, "the use of drug test- ing, and the National Partnership for Pretrial Justice data call found similar results.29 In some cases, respondents made infrastructure changes (e.g., adding a window to restrooms) so that collections could be observed while ma"]
[17.9772891998291, 3.9123170375823975, " incarcerated populations.35 In both the APPA/Abt Associates and National Partnership for Pretrial Justice data, on the order of half of respondents indicated that their agencies had suspended or reduced revocations of supervision for most violations"]
[17.981204986572266, 3.8789279460906982, " 2020, the Council of State Governments found that three-quarters of the 126 programs that responded to their call for information had either \u201cstopped providing some services or closed operation entirely.\u201d42 The majority of the respon- dents to the d"]
[18.001663208007812, 3.8552944660186768, "act of COVID-19 on the economy and certain occupational sectors, voca- tional service providers have also had to adapt services. For example, distance learning was being used to provide some vocational training as a replacement for transitional jobs."]
[17.961626052856445, 3.910501003265381, "ction in activity, has reduced the services, and that\u2019s been very significant in terms of counseling, in terms of reentry, in terms of all kinds of things.\n\u2013 Community organization panelist\nWhat we\u2019re seeing is rising need. We\u2019re seeing rising need a"]
[17.945281982421875, 3.9637527465820312, " continuity, in some cases, institutional correc- tions agencies sent individuals home with a longer supply of needed medications and with a prescription to allow for more time to connect with care as part of reentry supervision.53\n One of the things"]
[17.952251434326172, 3.9558959007263184, "sily and safely transitioned back into the community was, for many jails, a barrier to letting people with serious mental illnesses go, even if they met the local juris- diction\u2019s assessment of charge and risk that would have allowed them to be relea"]
[17.920103073120117, 4.0154547691345215, "ere using tele- health services for substance use treatment.60 In addition, mirroring the effort to not reincar- cerate people because of technical violations of their supervision, in some areas, there were efforts that sought to limit reincarceratio"]
[17.953813552856445, 3.9580440521240234, "nd agility at which governmental systems and regulatory bodies move to respond to conditions on the ground. And many times, we\u2019re seeking guidance\u2014sometimes per- mission\u2014and support to carry out our work or even sometimes broaden our scope of work. A"]
[17.962373733520508, 3.9258928298950195, "s. And their skill sets may not be aligned with the new economy as it ramps up, and they\u2019re going to be the last ones hired anyway. So what is that going to do? Our officers are scrambling a little bit about, where do I focus now? . . . But really eq"]
[17.994787216186523, 3.91078782081604, "al things?\n\u2013 Community corrections panelist\n Community Corrections: Supervision and Service Provision 203\nof shelters that had to be shut down because of infection.68 And if people in transitional hous- ing do not have places to which to transition, "]
[17.996828079223633, 3.9049954414367676, "ty Struggles to Stop Covid-19\u2019s Spread,\u201d The New School, Center for New York City Affairs, May 5, 2020.\n73 Steve Bullock, Governor, State of Montana, \u201cDirective Implementing Executive Orders 2-2020 and 3-2020 Related to State Correctional and State-C"]
[17.98401641845703, 3.862273693084717, " prior to this, we were only spending six minutes of time per offender [in] face-to-face field contacts. Virtually, on average, we were spending 23 minutes of time with these individuals. So obviously, core correctional practices, the more time you s"]
[17.944501876831055, 3.872603416442871, "ommunity corrections leaders could place clients virtually in programs anywhere in their state, which could make it possible to get treatment started much more rapidly.78\nVirtual models also had convenience and other benefits for supervisees. Just as"]
[17.956993103027344, 3.83479905128479, " strengthen some of the relationships that we had with our clients.80\nThat comfort and the willingness to open up has the potential to make supervision more effective and improve the benefits clients get from the process.\n On the client side . . . we"]
[18.03350830078125, 3.854240655899048, "een able to shower. There are huge things we cannot do. And our dose of contact has diminished dramatically. So there are things we\u2019ve learned. There are things we\u2019re not going to do again, if we can possibly get out of them.\n\u2013 Community corrections "]
[17.992069244384766, 3.8495306968688965, "ll areas, the requirement to minimize risk by distributing the workforce reduced resistance to flexible working models in some agencies.\n People have been pressing us [to be] able to work from home, especially in investiga- tions and that kind of stu"]
[17.985307693481445, 3.8348729610443115, "Community corrections panelist\nBecause of the connections among components of the justice system, virtualization in the courts also affected community corrections. Panelists made similarly positive points about the convenience and savings associated "]
[18.045841217041016, 3.943459987640381, "els.\n We took into consideration appropriate PPE, like everyone else has done, [but] kind of slowly went that way. I remember back in March where like nobody [was wearing] a mask, we tried to follow the CDC guidelines. And then it made us sound like "]
[18.02031135559082, 3.894125461578369, " also increased work stresses because supervisees calling at odd hours made it more difficult for practitioners to maintain a separation of work and home life.\n We joked, \u201cHey, telecommuting is fun when it\u2019s your choice, but nobody\u2019s liking it right "]
[17.997913360595703, 3.9018239974975586, "nches of the justice system. Immediate actions taken to reduce infection risk (e.g., by increasing releases form jails and prisons) meant that an initial wave of supervisees came to the community cor- rections system. However, in the longer term, the"]
[18.0164852142334, 3.861067771911621, "at midnight that don\u2019t have a place to go. I mean, it\u2019s almost cruel. Not everyone has family to pick them up. Not everybody has transportation. Some of the shelters were shut down. Some of the nonprofits really did take a long time to be able to shi"]
[17.970314025878906, 3.899528741836548, "ppen when the courts open back up and we have to be prepared to absorb those high volume of cases? I think we\u2019ve been around long enough that there\u2019ll be a lot of blue-light specials going on just to move them onto our caseloads. And we certainly hav"]
[18.076026916503906, 3.842404842376709, " improve the perceived legitimacy of anti-crime efforts.91\nSuch cuts also have hindered some agencies\u2019 ability to shift to technology approaches that would make it easier for them to continue operating effectively through the pandemic. As a result, t"]
[18.01911163330078, 3.929957389831543, "agues found that the suspension of fee collection was relatively rare, although a larger number of agencies were not issuing violations for late fee payment.93\nOur participants emphasized that the consequences of these resource shortfalls could be di"]
[18.057104110717773, 3.857442855834961, "think having a broader swath of concern than your individual agency is really important right now, protecting the services that you rely on is really important.\n\u2013 Community corrections panelist\nTaking Stock and Moving Forward\nThe effects of the pande"]
[17.981924057006836, 3.852494716644287, "ut . . . pretty much continue [their] work unabated.\u201d\n The best thing about this, it\u2019s made us realize that you have to adapt to situations. Not that you hope for a pandemic, but . . . this has given us an opportunity to do things which maybe should "]
[17.977827072143555, 3.8473594188690186, "f virtual models while minimizing potential concerns about efficacy.\n To be able to have the conversations and the connections virtually you have to have had a relationship first. I think it\u2019s much harder to build that first relationship phase virtu-"]
[17.95254135131836, 3.914452075958252, "chool resistance prevailed,\u201d now we\u2019re really considering it. And it could be that it\u2019s the best approach.\n\u2013 Community corrections panelist\nIn looking toward the future, participants viewed the cost pressures created by the pan- demic as a likely imp"]
[18.004003524780273, 3.8914573192596436, "ments around showing that supervision did not have to be done in a community corrections office or other facility\u2014and that what probation officers and service providers did was about the people being served and not the place where that service was be"]
[17.93006134033203, 3.893824577331543, "rking that way in a . . . lot of places in the United States. And so the big picture for me is post-pandemic we\u2019re not going to try to go back to exactly what we were before. . . . And we\u2019ve learned that there are these populations that were in jail "]
[18.01580047607422, 3.8146939277648926, "that the softer side of me is shown when I\u2019m working with people,\u201d because they\u2019re really understanding that not only is it hard for just every- body, but it\u2019s particularly hard for people who have criminal records, for people who have already diffic"]
[18.009593963623047, 3.8942923545837402, "re not on the medicines, you\u2019re going to have bad outcomes. So if you can keep the focus on that, they may not need your [community corrections] services. Likewise, somebody who\u2019s got a mental illness but is not getting the help they need for their m"]
[18.00010108947754, 3.79364013671875, ". . . I worry about misuse of data. In New York State [we] have seen major bail reform. And what we\u2019ve seen is misuse of data, blaming rise in violence on bail reform. When the numbers just don\u2019t bear it out, but it works as a story and it works in t"]
[18.03418731689453, 3.7405145168304443, "228 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\nmental health practitioner, direct provision of food assistance\u2014which was risky for both the individuals needing support and the paid staff or volunteers involved in delivering that "]
[18.039461135864258, 3.7398390769958496, "ed many victim needs. Such actions as stay-at- home orders appear to have pressurized domestic violence or family abuse situations; they also made it more difficult to identify cases of abuse and for victims to reach out for help. Such\ncrimes as iden"]
[18.039119720458984, 3.739206314086914, "forcement agencies within those regions in general.\n\u2013 Victim services panelist\n230 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\nThe actions of the remainder of the justice system are shaped by existing inequalities and structural i"]
[18.02587127685547, 3.749258279800415, "hey are not] get getting the assistance. It\u2019s just another barrier for them.\n\u2013 Victim services panelist\nThe challenges created by the pandemic for providers of victim services required signifi- cant innovation and adaptation.1 Such groups and agencie"]
[18.019620895385742, 3.7302825450897217, "ecca Pfeffer, Impact of COVID-19 on North Carolina\u2019s Victim Service Providers, Washington, D.C.: RTI International, 2020.\n232 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\n I think it\u2019s creating unprecedented times for us to adapt o"]
[17.968639373779297, 3.71886944770813, "the transition to virtual operations was much easier for organizations that had made previous technology investments and were not starting from limited capability when the pandemic hit. The smoothest transition required an organi- zation to already h"]
[17.978681564331055, 3.712474822998047, "emic Era and Beyond\narea where a phone conversation could be held without being overhead.5 However, even ubiq- uitous methods, such as texting, have cybersecurity vulnerabilities; abusers could use various types of spyware or tracking software \u201cto co"]
[18.00014877319336, 3.7229983806610107, "o services, giving victims more control over how they participate, who they have with them when they participate, when they talk to people [and] for how long, [and] that\u2019s been an incredibly positive thing that\u2019s come out of it.\n\u2013 Victim services pan"]
[17.963924407958984, 3.6931488513946533, "ound over time.\n Most of the providers that we work with have tried to move to remote services, but had to restrict intakes. . . . I think they\u2019re focusing their responses on folks who are coming back into contact, and those cases that they have with"]
[17.961315155029297, 3.7220351696014404, "stributing solar chargers so that individuals without stable housing still had access to their mobile devices and could stay in touch with outreach teams and caseworkers.\u201d10 Such efforts are needed because if the populations that services are intende"]
[17.93712615966797, 3.687403678894043, "hing is done remotely. So the technology gap has been really spotlighted on the fact that many people do not have access to the internet. They don\u2019t have computers at home. They don\u2019t know how to navigate through setting up a Blue Jeans call or [othe"]
[17.961414337158203, 3.7297723293304443, "tion with both parents and siblings can be arranged and moni- tored by the person in charge of supervision so that the visit can be controlled and recorded if required (this is particularly easy with software such as Zoom). Conferencing can also be u"]
[18.00872802734375, 3.786694288253784, "he \u201cpotential for permanent psycho- logical harm if children are unable to see their parents and siblings, especially during a time of crisis, and call for continued in-person visits in lower risk cases, based on guidance from public health officials"]
[18.049463272094727, 3.734260320663452, "v- ernment]\u2014reaching those in the community to let them know that the police were still responding, that shelters were still open, the hotline was still available 24/7, that you could still, even though the courts shut down, you could still petition "]
[18.015697479248047, 3.756667137145996, "to be tested, providing an alternative opportunity to reach victims who might be sheltering with their abusers.\n Some places worked really hard to let people know that \u201cshelters were still open, that they would put you up in a hotel if they would nee"]
[17.985157012939453, 3.787126064300537, "ustrophobic behind the mask. Mask-wearing also was cited as a cause of serious stress for some people of color because of concerns about interacting with police and others with their faces covered and about how it would be perceived.\nConstraints arou"]
[17.997922897338867, 3.7798221111297607, "from two hotel brands and, with a service provider on the ground, we\u2019re able to coordinate and provide hotel stays for people kind of as a stop- gap between accessing some sort of more stable housing situation. Pre-pandemic, a lot of what we saw was "]
[18.006336212158203, 3.7751169204711914, "heir cars to get away from the abusers.\n\u2013 Victim services panelist\n We also have a lot of sites where there\u2019s not a lot of redundancy in victim service pro- grams, so there\u2019s only maybe two victims service providers for an entire agency. And we\u2019ve ha"]
[17.986492156982422, 3.8116977214813232, "have the time and resources to develop safety plans. One panelist said that it would be \u201cuntenable\u201d for them to go back to in-person options. Given the demands on their time in attempting to serve their backlog of clients, there is simply not time av"]
[18.03628921508789, 3.7579705715179443, "s impact. Working from home increases the difficulty in separating work life from home life, potentially magnifying stress. Because many provider staff members also are members of minority groups, the national protests focused on social justice and e"]
[18.023324966430664, 3.762089490890503, "e terrified at the idea of residents being able to kind of come and go on their own and potentially bring the virus back in. So we\u2019re still trying to figure out when we reopen . . . what that means now that the [state-imposed] restrictions are a litt"]
[18.008155822753906, 3.7576446533203125, " hire skilled staff who were laid off by financially struggling hospitals. Finding staff who are already trained is valuable; panelists cited similar challenges to other justice agencies in onboarding and hiring new employees. In this case, the chall"]
[18.03592872619629, 3.7254576683044434, "icipation during COVID, [with] most of them citing a risk level that they weren\u2019t willing to take on for nonemployed personnel. . . . And that of course affects service [delivery].\n\u2013 Victim services panelist\nThere are some programs that eliminated se"]
[18.040725708007812, 3.7095019817352295, "rsus a patrol response unit, many of the investigators were [reassigned to] frontline positions. They were taken off inves- tigative details. . . . And [the victim service personnel] weren\u2019t reassigned along with the investigator or sworn personnel t"]
[18.03744888305664, 3.731456756591797, "rimes that were deprioritized were \u201cless serious,\u201d that did not mean that they did not have victims and, as a result, the decision to take broad categorical action to limit case flow by offense type missed key individual differences that might exist "]
[18.069507598876953, 3.7658448219299316, "m notification, or making the victim aware that the accused, who might have been arrested only hours before, was already being released as a result of pandemic limitations on jail custody. In addition to citing examples where this did not happen, pan"]
[18.044086456298828, 3.7373037338256836, "conomy, we\u2019re anticipating\u2014it hasn\u2019t happened yet, knock on wood\u2014 that we\u2019re going to see hits to our budget. It\u2019s going to impact staffing and also [funds available for client assistance]. . . . So as the need goes up, sadly, the funding will poten-"]
[17.993070602416992, 3.754199504852295, "nks so that people can wash their hands and not have to go into the bathroom\u201d . . . or \u201cWe need to get rid of carpeting and put down like laminate flooring to be able to just kinda hose it down with Lysol.\u201d Normally you would work with a local plumbi"]
[18.02719497680664, 3.749208927154541, "that hadn\u2019t worked with [Housing and Urban Development] funding before, it\u2019s hard.\n\u2013 Victim services panelist\nSites have been reporting to us that a lot of people doing the work aren\u2019t necessarily specialized in understanding grant processes, procure"]
[18.020158767700195, 3.7434463500976562, "he pandemic that appeared valuable to carry forward than members of our other panels. However, the pan- elists did note the importance of partnerships and collaborations in accessing resources and facilitating service delivery in ways that would not "]
[18.038240432739258, 3.680938482284546, "e who might not otherwise have been identified, and therefore would not have been served previously. One of our panelists pointed out that the only crime\u2014and, therefore, the only victims\u2014the criminal justice system is aware of are the ones that get r"]
[18.06707000732422, 3.723047971725464, "parts of the justice system, the pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic were seen by panelists as pushing changes that have been considered in the broader context of crimi- nal justice reform. This was less the case for victim services, which is not surp"]
[18.064577102661133, 3.729390859603882, "r that\u2014of the three perspectives on change in the justice system: justice agencies, justice-involved individuals and their communities, and victims of crime\u2014the needs of the latter might have been the least considered or reflected in the strategies f"]
[17.953075408935547, 3.677579164505005, "essed in research and evaluation studies?\n\u2022 Given concerns about the digital divide significantly affecting the ability of victims from locations with low broadband or little communications infrastructure accessing services and participating in the j"]
[18.10093116760254, 3.7140631675720215, "rly on you, on your department, on the system as a whole, [and so] it\u2019s a very, very risk-averse system.\n\u2013 Community organization panelist\nOur parole board, they were slapping GPS on every single person they parole . . . [because they] were fearful o"]
[18.056398391723633, 3.7590370178222656, "tter response to such concerns as domestic violence going forward. The nature of the pandemic created needs within the justice system, causing stress among incarcerated indi- viduals and practitioners across justice organizations that built on simila"]
[17.947446823120117, 3.671098232269287, "ned that\u2014particularly for counseling and service delivery\u2014the effectiveness of virtual modes might not be suf- ficient. And although there are clearly some types of virtual interactions and processes that are entirely unproblematic (e.g., providing i"]
[18.112537384033203, 3.684309959411621, " agencies (National Commission on COVID-19 and Criminal Justice, 2020b, p. 33).\n 266 The U.S. Criminal Justice System in the Pandemic Era and Beyond\npart of the system affected others and, although those choices might have been unavoid- able in the f"]
[18.113861083984375, 3.674513339996338, "do, including the choice to not arrest many people and not require many individuals to complete their original sentences or periods of detention for some crimes and violations. Lessons can be learned from\n3 One of the final recommendations of the Nat"]
[18.115171432495117, 3.6498167514801025, "ightened the touch of the justice system on society for an extended period. As more than one of our panelists observed, those changes were in line with reforms that some organizations and communities have argued should be made for some time. Their im"]
[18.080318450927734, 3.7991232872009277, " concerns about to better understand of the pandemic on and ethnic groups on different racial the burden of dis- \u2022 What have been the populations and cor- and disparities in rectional staff, and both incarcerated how long do such ease across demo- in"]
[18.101520538330078, 3.7566909790039062, " their abil-\nity to contribute to\nHave more-trusted\nplay in public health\npolice is appropriate\ntions and categories\ndepartments been\nsensitive data or other\ncould productively\nresources to enable\nplan for future pan-\nconflicts and impreci-\nsion in p"]
[18.11035919189453, 3.7956299781799316, "e distin- tural or other retro- on the capacity of carceral facilities\u2019 \u2022 How has the reduc- \u2022 Are there architec- tional institutions of the changes made effects of other ini- already underway in tion affected crime tion in detention, fitting option"]
[17.940414428710938, 3.6337380409240723, " effective are virtual assessment of the impact with providers using per- low broadband or little communications infra- vices remotely? Similar models for delivering better mapped to inform comes (including virtual services to victims, and the justic"]
[17.987363815307617, 3.729954242706299, " technologies\ndispatchers to work\namong different\nprovision of virtual\nalternative models\ndiffer from those of\ntrained in person?\n\u2022 Did digital divides\nWere alternatives\nofficers who were\nremotely)?\nresources?\nAssessing virtual justice services deliv"]
[18.0853328704834, 3.6464807987213135, " in the lives of the poorest people in the community. But there\u2019s also tremendous resistance. . . . I think it\u2019s going to be up to researchers to be able to really evaluate the impact of COVID and bail reform and these arguments around police legitim"]
[18.12854766845703, 3.7474310398101807, "community organizations panelist in the introduction to this report noted, there are at least the following three fundamental perspectives from which such changes need to be examined:\n\u2022 the justice system itself and how changes affect its functioning"]
[18.091331481933594, 3.774597644805908, "ing. As a result, in considering the path forward, how major changes affect different populations served by the justice system will be important.\nHowever, even with the difficulty in finding changes that meet the needs of all three of these groups si"]
[18.102169036865234, 3.7871243953704834, "This is an opportunity to the extent that it allows us to thin [the] prison population, have people put onto supervision, and then also give supervision a chance to thin those people that they cannot manage because of the numbers that are being relea"]
[18.100921630859375, 3.736280679702759, "t of the system that will mean that the justice system\u2019s recovery will be a long- term process. That recovery will be complicated by the scars that the pandemic almost cer- tainly will leave on municipal budgets, on the philanthropic funding streams "]
[18.06102752685547, 3.733368158340454, "ustice in the hope that any future infectious disease outbreak will find a system that is better positioned to weather the storm.\nMany of the responses by justice agencies to the COVID-19 pandemic came out of policy experiments and innovations that e"]
[18.05014991760254, 3.6633942127227783, "lic safety and fairer to those who become justice-involved. In our discussions, panelists talked about the inherent tensions that exist within the system between the desire to craft justice interventions that are effective at the individual level and"]
[17.549060821533203, 8.263882637023926, "ciation\nSan Diego County Sheriff\u2019s Department (California)\nNew York City Department of Probation\nMaryland Parole Commission and International Association of Paroling Authorities\nBowling Green State University\nUniversity of Florida\nThe Safe Sisters Ci"]
[18.273420333862305, 3.9531357288360596, "Community Supervision\nMichigan Supreme Court\nNicoletti-Flater Associates\nFayetteville Police Department (North Carolina)\nAlameda County District Attorney\u2019s Office and California District Attorney Association\nFortune Society\nGeorgia Southern Universit"]
[18.262069702148438, 3.935512065887451, "ber 8, 2020: https://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/the-aba-task-force-on-legal-needs-arising-out-of-the-2020-pandem/\nAmerican Correctional Association, \u201cThe Wall of Honor,\u201d webpage, undated. As of December 7, 2020: http://www.aca.org/ACA_Prod_IMIS/ACA"]
[18.258752822875977, 3.940838098526001, "ries 616, 2020.\nBella, Timothy, \u201cA GOP Sheriff Vowed Not to Enforce Arizona\u2019s Coronavirus Restrictions. Now He\u2019s Tested Positive,\u201d Washington Post, June 18, 2020.\nBender, Adam, \u201cCOVID-19 Could Change Views Toward Remote 911 Operators,\u201d Communications"]
[18.23419761657715, 3.9754621982574463, " \u201cCourt Adaptations During COVID-19 in the World\u2019s Two Largest Democracies,\u201d SSRN, May 24, 2020.\nCarter, TaLisa J., \u201cCOVID-19 in the Common Area: The Pandemic Is Reinforcing the Interconnected Nature of Corrections,\u201d Urban Wire blog, June 16, 2020. A"]
[18.255773544311523, 3.950929641723633, "sponse to COVID-19,\u201d MacArthur Foundation Safety and Justice Challenge blog, April 8, 2020. As of December 8, 2020: https://www.safetyandjusticechallenge.org/2020/04/how-interagency-trust-can-foster-an-optimal-jail-respon se-to-covid-19/\nReferences 2"]
[18.29490089416504, 3.940613031387329, "nse in New York City: Initial Lessons,\u201d Journal of Applied Gerontology, Vol. 39, No. 7, July 1, 2020, pp. 690\u2013699.\nEmezue, Chuka, \u201cDigital or Digitally Delivered Responses to Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence During COVID-19,\u201d JMIR Public Health"]
[18.29300880432129, 3.912914752960205, "ucts/wmd-equipment/ppe/articles/ face-masks-heres-what-cops-firefighters-medics-and-cos-have-to-say-about-use-policy-and-effectiveness- oy4meLGHK1wzg57H/\nFTC\u2014See Federal Trade Commission.\nGonzalez, Jennifer M. Reingle, Rebecca Molsberry, Jonathan Mas"]
[18.295860290527344, 3.9298624992370605, "y, \u201cRural Victimization and Policing During the COVID-19 Pandemic,\u201d American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 45, July 17, 2020, pp. 731\u2013742.\nHart, Dionne, \u201cHealth Risks of Practicing Correctional Medicine,\u201d AMA Journal of Ethics, Vol. 21, No. 6, Ju"]
[18.29269790649414, 3.9427311420440674, "e to COVID-19,\u201d webpage, April 15, 2020c. As of December 8, 2020: https://www.theiacp.org/resources/document/law-enforcement-officer-exposure-to-covid-19\nInternational Association of Chiefs of Police, \u201cSupporting Victims of Domestic Violence During t"]
[18.279232025146484, 3.9382617473602295, "olicy Community of Practitioner-Scholars,\u201d Police Forum, Vol. 29, No. 1, April 2020, pp. 48\u201353.\nJones, Van, \u201cAtlanta Police Shooting Is About Probation, not Just Police,\u201d CNN, June 18, 2020.\nJordan, Alison O., and Melvin H. Wilson, Addressing COVID-1"]
[18.31630516052246, 3.9669084548950195, "ovid-rules/\nLageson, Sarah Esther, \u201cThe Perils of \u2018Zoom Justice,\u2019\u201d The Crime Report, September 1, 2020.\nLantz, Brendan, and Marin R. Wenger, Bias and Hate Crime Victimization During the COVID-19 Pandemic,\nTallahassee, Fla.: Florida State University C"]
[18.256744384765625, 3.9666502475738525, "ersity, June 25, 2020b.\nMarcum, Catherine D., \u201cAmerican Corrections System Response to COVID-19: An Examination of the Procedures and Policies Used in Spring 2020,\u201d American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 45, 2020, pp. 759\u2013768.\nThe Marshall Projec"]
[18.278852462768555, 3.9635326862335205, "nd\nMonares, Freddy, \u201cBozeman Attorneys Quarantining After Defendant Tests Positive,\u201d Bozeman Daily Chronicle, July 10, 2020. As of December 8, 2020: https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/coronavirus/ bozeman-attorneys-quarantining-after-defendant-tes"]
[18.290117263793945, 3.9730467796325684, "sion COVID-19 Guidance and Tips, Washington, D.C., 2020.\nNational Emergency Number Association, How 9-1-1 Is Changing in a COVID-19 World: 9-1-1 and COVID-19 Report Series, Alexandria, Va., May 8, 2020.\nNational Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund"]
[18.263769149780273, 3.940159559249878, "ptember 17, 2020.\nNew Jersey State Bar Association, Report of the Committee on the Resumption of Jury Trials of the New Jersey State Bar Association Pandemic Task Force: Part Two, New Brunswick, N.J., September 2, 2020a.\nNew Jersey State Bar Associat"]
[18.29737091064453, 3.898494243621826, "n K., \u201cCriminals Work from Home During Pandemics Too: A Public Health Approach to Respond to Fraud and Crimes Against Those 50 and Above,\u201d American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 45, 2020, pp. 563\u2013577.\nPERF\u2014See Police Executive Research Forum.\nPhi"]
[18.26596450805664, 3.952831745147705, "t - 3 9 5 6 6 5\nReed, Allie, and Madison Alder, \u201cVirtual Hearings Put Children, Abuse Victims at Ease in Court,\u201d Bloomberg Law, July 23, 2020. As of December 8, 2020: https://news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/virtual-hearings-put-children-abuse-victi"]
[18.270137786865234, 3.9514987468719482, "s://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR3213.html\nRusso, Joe, Dulani Woods, John S. Shaffer, and Brian A. Jackson, Caring for Those in Custody: Identifying High-Priority Needs to Reduce Mortality in Correctional Facilities, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAN"]
[18.27889060974121, 3.9319775104522705, " Face One-Two Punch: Defund Protests and Coronavirus,\u201d NBC News, June 28, 2020. As of December 8, 2020:\nhttps://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/ police-departments-face-one-two-punch-defund-protests-coronavirus-n1232182\nSmith, Carl, \u201cAll Rise:"]
[18.29408836364746, 3.9719057083129883, ", and Grace Kao, \u201cThe Anxiety of Being Asian American: Hate Crimes and Negative Biases During the COVID-19 Pandemic,\u201d American Journal of Criminal Justice, Vol. 45, 2020, pp. 636\u2013646.\nUCLA\u2014See University of California, Los Angeles.\nUnited States Comm"]
[18.292308807373047, 3.9510653018951416, "Guidance for Preventive and Responsive Measures to Coronavirus for Parole, Probation, and Clemency, Brooklyn, New York, March 18, 2020.\nVermeer, Michael J. D., Dulani Woods, and Brian A. Jackson, Would Law Enforcement Leaders Support Defunding the Po"]
[18.317781448364258, 3.9836223125457764, ",\u2019\u201d The Marshall Project, June 9, 2020. As of December 8, 2020: https://www.themarshallproject.org/2020/06/09/ have-covid-19-cops-may-have-your-neighborhood-on-a-heat-map\nWelsh-Huggins, Andrew, \u201cIn Cities Across U.S., Voters Support More Police Overs"]
[18.14851188659668, 3.8267576694488525, "ericans focused attention on equity and fairness in the justice system, resulting in significant pressure for reform.\nThe conditions faced by organizations across the justice system differed widely, and responses to address the risk of infection vari"]
[-3.0070154666900635, 8.837162971496582, " Societal Impact of\nResearch Funding for\nWomen\u2019s Health\nIN ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE AND ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE\u2013RELATED DEMENTIAS\nMatthew D. Baird Melanie A. Zaber Andrew W. Dick Chloe E. Bird Annie Chen\nMolly Waymouth Grace Gahlon Denise D. Quigley Hamad Al-"]
[-2.997518301010132, 8.849261283874512, "thewhamreport.org/report/brain to learn more about using these data and citing this report.\n WHAM\u2019s LEAD PARTNERS\nWHAM\u2019s sponsorship of this research project was enabled through the generous financial support from the following partners.\nAmerican Hea"]
[-3.0039355754852295, 8.841980934143066, "M BOARD\nCarolee Lee, Founder and Chair\nFounder, AccessCircles, Founder and Former CEO of CAROLEE\nMeryl Comer, Vice Chair and Global Chair Co-Founder, UsAgainstAlzheimers/ WomenAgainstAlzheimers\nChair, Global Alliance on Women\u2019s Brain Health\nAnula Jay"]
[-2.9987399578094482, 8.846661567687988, "omen\u2019s Hospital Paula A. Johnson Associate Professor of Psychiatry in the Field of Women\u2019s Health, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital\nDr. Wendy Klein, MD, MACP, Former Medical Director, Health Brigade\nDr. JoAnn Manson, DrPH, MD, Michael and\nLee Bell Profes"]
[-3.0340232849121094, 8.804845809936523, "th Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington\nHadine Joffe, MD\nVice Chair for Research, Department of Psychiatry, Executive Director, Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women\u2019s Health and Gender Bio"]
[-3.03420090675354, 8.80453109741211, "h research.\nThe results establish the potential for investment in women\u2019s health research on AD/ADRD to realize gains beyond additional gen- eral research investment and point the way to a concrete, actionable research and funding agenda. Large socie"]
[-3.035024881362915, 8.803679466247559, "n invest- ment. Leaders across multiple other business sectors need to understand the consequences of underinvestment for workforce productivity and the health care burden associated with AD/ADRD. These communities are key to informing future researc"]
[-3.0506412982940674, 8.789103507995605, "ress the gap in knowledge about investment in women\u2019s health research (see, for example, Grant and Buxton, 2018). Women\u2019s health research as used in this report refers both to analyses that address sex and/or gender within general sample or populatio"]
[-3.055283784866333, 8.7852201461792, " in health research gener- ally and women\u2019s health research in particular. The results using NIH funding levels can be considered a lower bound on the possibilities for research investment.\nThe goal of the analyses is to serve as a foundation for dev"]
[-3.059558868408203, 8.780595779418945, "CH FUNDING FOR WOMEN\u2019S HEALTH IN ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE AND ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE\u2013RELATED DEMENTIAS\nExpenditures were estimated as a function of age, gender, care status, and disease severity. For example, severe AD/ADRD is asso- ciated with higher nursin"]
[-3.055600643157959, 8.78430461883545, "acts, first separately and then assum- ing that all three impacts occur together:\n1. decreased age incidence of disease (probability of onset at a given age)\n2. delay in progression to more-severe levels of disease, with the assumption that innovatio"]
[-3.057654619216919, 8.781597137451172, " billion dollars, and 12 percent of that amount was invested in women-focused projects in 2019, according to the method described in this section (NIH, 2020a; Sekar, 2020). Models examined a doubling of the 12 percent. All costs are presented in 2017"]
[-3.0589065551757812, 8.777633666992188, "545\n\u20131,431\n \u2013894\n A 0.01 percent health improvement results in more than 5,500 fewer life years with AD/ADRD for women and nearly 900 fewer life years with AD/ADRD for men.\n  FIGURE 3\nHealth and Economic Improvements for U.S. Population Age 35-Plus: "]
[-3.058650255203247, 8.781012535095215, "over 30 years, in 2017 dollars. Approximately 40 percent of that cost reduction is a result of fewer nursing home stays. Noncare health care costs demonstrate a very small increase as a result of fewer years of formal institutional care. The costs of"]
[-3.0582194328308105, 8.783041954040527, "der-neutral or gender-inclusive research yields results that are less applicable to women than to men. Assuming that women benefit from women-focused research investment at a rate of three to one com- pared with men may underestimate the actual benef"]
[-3.058786392211914, 8.780588150024414, "erm outlook for treatments. Disease modification that yields a differ-\nent severity profile\u2014for example, longer time in moderate-to-severe\n22 SOCIETAL IMPACT OF RESEARCH FUNDING FOR WOMEN\u2019S HEALTH IN ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE AND ALZHEIMER\u2019S DISEASE\u2013RELATE"]
[-3.045781135559082, 8.793988227844238, "h. A key focus of this evaluation must be on the ways in which women\u2019s research careers are disadvantaged relative to men\u2019s because of family factors, such as a differential caregiving burden for women, and because of systemic factors, such as an imp"]
[12.65817642211914, 13.60734748840332, "ocial and Behavioral Policy Program\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout\nthe world. This resea"]
[-3.0538854598999023, 8.784686088562012, " to Medical Research Funding,\u201d BMJ Open, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2018.\nHansen, Johan, Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Ilmo Keskima\u0308ki, Anne Karin Lindahl, Holger Pfaff, Matthias Wismar,\nKieran Walshe, and Peter Groenewegen, \u201cMeasuring and Improving the Societal Imp"]
[-3.048283100128174, 8.790087699890137, "shington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, R43341, updated May 12, 2020. As of November 20, 2020:\nhttps://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43341.pdf\nYang, Zhou, and Allan Levey, \u201cGender Differences: A Lifetime Analysis of the Economic Burden of Alzheimer\u2019s"]
[23.197362899780273, 10.045544624328613, "Provisional Caseload Standards for the Indigent Defense of Adult Criminal and Juvenile Delinquency Cases in Utah\nReport for the Utah Indigent Defense Commission\nNICHOLAS M. PACE, DULANI WOODS, ROBERTO GUEVARA, CHAU PHAM, SHAMENA ANWAR\n Sponsored by U"]
[23.16190528869629, 9.963966369628906, "l spend on criminal and delinquency matters within various case type categories.\n\u2022 The second effort was a survey of attorneys who had previously been identified as indigent defenders practicing in Utah. In the survey, the results of the first effort"]
[23.153154373168945, 9.948158264160156, "xviii\n1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1\nBackground ......................................................................................"]
[23.179689407348633, 9.972334861755371, ".................. 44 Final Results ........................................................................................................................................... 49\n5. Provisional Caseload Standards and Case Weights ...................."]
[23.179887771606445, 9.972681999206543, "stribution of Identified Indigent Defenders and Survey Respondents, by County\nType ...................................................................................................................................... 34 Table 3.2. Types of Appointme"]
[23.197509765625, 10.055190086364746, " 63\nvii\nSummary Background\nIn 2019, the Utah Indigent Defense Commission (IDC) asked the RAND Corporation for assistance in developing a provisional set of maximum caseload standards for providers of indigent legal representation in the courts of the"]
[23.16431999206543, 9.967890739440918, "gs, or other legal matters; the adjective indigent as used here simply refers to a person\u2019s overall eligibility for appointed counsel, and not necessarily to their financial status.\n  viii\nTexas, and Virginia, have conducted rigorous studies intended"]
[23.191804885864258, 9.985915184020996, "to appear with the defendant when the defendant is informed of the filed charges at the initial court appearance, or to address collateral consequences, such as suspension of driving privileges. The recommended average of 11 hours of attorney time ac"]
[23.175127029418945, 9.979525566101074, "ories.\nThe second effort was a survey of attorneys who had previously been identified as indigent defenders practicing in Utah. In the survey, the results of the first effort\u2019s time analysis were presented to participants as evidence of current time "]
[23.1258544921875, 9.923482894897461, "ose who participate in assigned counsel programs are listed on a roster of available defenders, and, if appointed by the court to represent an indigent defendant, they might be paid by the hour, by the case, or by each event in a case. Defenders who "]
[23.177734375, 9.972248077392578, "ase types and the final set of categories ultimately utilized by the expert panel, along with detailed descriptions of the relevant defining statutes, are set forth in Table S.1. It should also be noted that the categories exclude criminal cases invo"]
[23.193950653076172, 9.987384796142578, "ction for which probation was originally ordered only involved misdemeanor charges.\nTable S.1. Case Type Classifications Used in This Study\n    Interim Case Type Category (Time Analysis and Attorney Survey)\n   Final Case Type Category (Expert Panel a"]
[23.145719528198242, 9.927717208862305, " that at least some attorney time was recorded) at some point during the five-month period from June 2019 through October 2019 (the \u201cstudy period\u201d). A total of 11,703 adult criminal cases active during the study period and involving one of the client"]
[23.192018508911133, 9.964188575744629, " hearings can be thought of as the functional equivalent of trials and subsequent sentencings in District and Justice Courts. Such adjudications result in a finding by the court as to whether a petition\u2019s allegations that a juvenile committed acts co"]
[23.155065536499023, 9.952753067016602, "able S.2 reflect the experiences of a specific segment of the Utah indigent defense bar: attorneys working for the two public defender offices in the state\u2019s most populous and densely populated county. As such, the nature of their practices, the size"]
[23.163827896118164, 9.954856872558594, "survey were sent to all 355 attorneys who had been identified by the IDC as accepting indigent defense appointments. A total of 183 respondents began the survey and 141 completed the questionnaire to the end, yielding a response and completion rate o"]
[23.20672607421875, 10.00058364868164, "inquency\nJuvenile Delinquency\nJuvenile Delinquency\nTime Analysis\nInterim Case Type (N; % Agreed/Less/More) Results Non-Capital Murder 206.0\n(N = 53; 62%/4%/34%)\nFelony DUIs 8.5 (N = 88; 67%/3%/30%)\nOther Felonies 8.4 (N = 95; 52%/8%/40%)\nMisdemeanor "]
[23.16988182067871, 9.95301342010498, "efense.\nThe inquiry only addressed the issue of attorney time. Although support staff resources ultimately play a major role in delivering an adequate defense, our interest for the instant work was solely focused on attorney time expenditures. The pa"]
[23.17740249633789, 9.959285736083984, "no further discussion would be useful. CoVs exceeding 0.8 would indicate a poor degree of consensus, and, unless the range of results could be tightened, the case type would need to be dropped from the standards-setting process. The RAND facilitator "]
[23.218006134033203, 9.98625659942627, "nors\n                                                Provisional Caseload Standards and Case Weights\nAnnual Case-Related Duty Hours\nTo develop caseload standards, we first need to decide on a value that represents the amount of time an indigent defen"]
[23.193052291870117, 9.9850435256958, " this type might consume most of an attorney\u2019s working hours over the course of a year. But if the consensus estimates of average attorney hours yielded by the expert panel are taken at face value, an indigent defense system must, at least for planni"]
[23.202001571655273, 10.036538124084473, "of their time compared with the activities of\nxxiv\nattorneys in other offices and law firms across the state (and thus the dramatic increases over time expenditures arising from the experts\u2019 recommendations would be greatly reduced if we had better t"]
[23.20198631286621, 10.030198097229004, "tantial part of their practices despite possibly receiving fewer appointments over the course of a year. Even in the smallest or least populated jurisdictions in the state, plans must be in place for alternative counsel to quickly and seamlessly abso"]
[23.213722229003906, 10.044828414916992, " of shepherding this project from conception to realization, and we are thankful for her thoughtful guidance and support at every step of the process. Commission staff members Leslie Howitt, Gregory Bates, Katriina Adair, Jojo Liu, and Darien Hickey "]
[23.210317611694336, 10.051087379455566, "by an attorney over the course of a specific time period (such as \u201cno more than 150 felonies in a year\u201d), are a useful tool that administrators of indigent defense programs, the courts that appoint indigent defense counsel, and policymakers who decid"]
[23.172704696655273, 10.013235092163086, "address issues that, left unresolved, would increase the likelihood of recidivism. Without a reliable metric available to flag (and subsequently remedy) instances where workloads for an individual attorney, a law firm, or the indigent defense system "]
[23.221593856811523, 10.054808616638184, "ven months after that recommendation was published, the Utah Legislature established the IDC with the goal of ensuring that the state meet its \u201cobligations for the provision of indigent criminal defense services, consistent with the United States Con"]
[23.214046478271484, 10.06448745727539, "al Council Study Committee, 2015, p. 2. 12 Utah Senate Bill 155, 2016, Section 6.\n13 Utah Code \u00a7 78B-22-404.\n 3\nFor purposes of this standard, the term case means a single charge or set of charges concerning a defendant (or other client) in one court"]
[23.224096298217773, 10.06364631652832, "seload standards should in no event be exceeded,\u201d citing the numbers in NAC Standard 13.12); Washington State Office of Public Defense, Washington State Supreme Court Standards for Indigent Defense, 2012, Standard 3.4; and American Council of Chief D"]
[23.217422485351562, 10.050148010253906, "ourt Innovation, October 2014.\n24 Nicholas M. Pace, Dulani Woods, Shamena Anwar, Roberto Guevara, Chau Pham, and Karin Liu, Caseload Standards for Indigent Defenders in Michigan: Final Project Report for the Michigan Indigent Defense Commission, Sant"]
[23.172943115234375, 9.966974258422852, "rk that simply measures current mean time expenditures is in the use of expert opinion to develop recommended averages that account for all effort needed to deliver effective assistance of counsel conducted pursuant to prevailing professional norms. "]
[23.212444305419922, 10.007237434387207, "ve assistance conducted pursuant to prevailing professional norms. The average increase of one hour might, for example, allow for increased time working with the client to review the prosecution\u2019s evidence, to appear with the defendant when the defen"]
[23.207271575927734, 10.034436225891113, " and marshal resources appropriate for meeting the demand. That said, a maximum caseload standard should not be viewed as an inflexible target for defenders to strive for when accepting new clients. As always, attorneys have an ethical responsibility"]
[23.115999221801758, 9.926017761230469, " case, or by each event in a case (the manner of compensation depends on the program\u2019s rules and the nature of the appointment). Assigned counsel can be solo practitioners or members of private law firms. Defenders who participate in contract defende"]
[23.16915512084961, 9.975728988647461, "unties and could, for example, function as assigned counsel in one location and as contract defenders in another. And there are indigent defenders who are not staff of a public defender office, are not on an assigned counsel roster, or have not enter"]
[23.225849151611328, 10.047088623046875, "ssues with support staff availability. This statewide body regulating indigent defense in Utah might, for example, decide to phase in the implementation of the standards over time as a result of budgetary considerations, or modify them on the basis o"]
[23.14580535888672, 9.937320709228516, "cific period of time, whereas other studies were able to analyze existing timekeeping information already collected by defenders as a routine business practice (see \u201cTime Analysis\u201d in Table 1.1). When special time studies were employed, participation"]
[23.17169761657715, 9.963994026184082, "ologically is in the nature of the information provided to the panel for its deliberations. One approach ensures that the panel is familiar with the results of the time analysis regarding current average time expenditures and with the findings of the"]
[23.17709732055664, 9.96921157836914, " adult criminal, 1 juvenile,\n2 family\nTime Analysis\nMandatory time study over\n16 weeks\nVoluntary time study over\n12 weeks\nNone\nMandatory time study over\n6 months\nApproach\nYes, using 26 task types\nYes, using 13 task types\nYes, using 11\u201313 task types d"]
[23.150279998779297, 9.947992324829102, "groups specified both the amount of additional time needed per case and the percentage of cases in which this additional time was required.\nAmount of time required, on average, to accomplish each task within each case type\nAverage amount of time that"]
[23.15753746032715, 9.952361106872559, " weeks\nMandatory time study over\n7 weeks\nUsed existing timekeeping data covering 6 months\nNo, task data only informed expert decisions\nYes, using 35 task types\nYes, using 12 task types\n15\n        Jurisdiction and Primary Researchers or Sponsors (Cita"]
[23.159976959228516, 9.956825256347656, "tion would be voluntary (the voluntary nature of the data collection meant that the duration of the study would have to be limited, perhaps as short as eight weeks, to avoid participant fatigue and subsequent dropout). We would not utilize a task-bas"]
[23.15669059753418, 9.953407287597656, "55 attorneys, though we were well aware that some of the names on the list identified individuals who were no longer practicing law at all or only doing so in areas outside of interest to this study, were now deceased, or who had new (and unknown) co"]
[23.12335777282715, 9.919347763061523, "ntained as part of their normal business practices, and spend a nontrivial amount of time at the end of each work day thinking about what they did for their clients and recording such activities in an organized manner. Such a task would be made much\n"]
[23.160493850708008, 9.951345443725586, " activity would eliminate the not-inconsiderable timekeeping burden that would have been placed on the defenders who volunteered for the proposed time study. Factoring into the decision was our understanding that the IDC was in the process of launchi"]
[23.160940170288086, 9.960123062133789, " the influence of alcohol, drugs, or a combination of both or with specified or unsafe blood alcohol concentration (\u00a7 41-6a-503(1)).\nJail sentence of up to 1 year. Examples: Manufacturing or delivering drug paraphernalia (\u00a7 58-37a-5(2)(b)); Assault o"]
[23.196996688842773, 9.990450859069824, "ile a highly granulated breakout of the two offices\u2019 caseloads would certainly be useful for a research perspective when developing maximum caseload standards, recording the information necessary for such an analysis (typically a listing of the relev"]
[23.180978775024414, 9.971718788146973, "cy Juvenile Delinquency\nCase Type Category\nNon-Capital Murder\nFelony DUIs\nOther Felonies\nMisdemeanor DUIs\nOther Misdemeanors\nProbation Violations\u2014Felonies Probation Violations\u2014Misdemeanors\nFelonies\nMisdemeanors\nStatus Offenses\nOrders to Show Cause\nPr"]
[23.178667068481445, 9.979599952697754, "xamples include aggravated arson of a habitable structure or vehicle (\u00a7 76-6-103(2)), burglary of a dwelling (\u00a7 76-6-202(2)), and odometer violation with intent to defraud (\u00a741-1a-1319).\nThird-degree felony charges for violations of Utah Code \u00a7 41-6a"]
[23.177167892456055, 9.96801471710205, " and Class C misdemeanor charges would be assigned to the \u201cClass A Misdemeanors\u201d case type because that category precedes \u201cClass B and C Misdemeanors\u201d in the list. Indigent defense appointments that fall outside the categories described in the table "]
[23.141305923461914, 9.926322937011719, " June 2019 for those cases with a start date prior to the beginning of the study period and for imputing attorney time for cases that were still pending at the time of the analysis.48 To do so, we used a relatively simple imputation technique for est"]
[23.146602630615234, 9.934158325195312, " within 161 days, and 95 percent within 637 days, and 1 percent were open longer than 1,147 days.\nWe used this special closed case dataset to calculate median days from opening to closure for those matters that remained open beyond different time thr"]
[23.158912658691406, 9.94542121887207, "d total number of days open based on the number of known\nopen days.\nFor all of these scenarios, imputed total hours were calculated as follows:50\nImputed total hours = actual hours recorded  \u0301 (total open days / recording days).\nIt should be remember"]
[23.14013671875, 9.92992877960205, "t case number for each newly filed criminal complaint or information. For an indigent defender, the representation of a client as a result of an appointment is likely to begin about the same time as the court case, and it is likely to end about the s"]
[23.183414459228516, 9.971868515014648, "nt juvenile defense bar is made up of multiple private law firms or solo practitioners, it is possible that Juvenile Court will appoint one attorney to handle a juvenile\u2019s first representation and appoint a different one for a subsequent involvement "]
[23.157636642456055, 9.925300598144531, " facing charges arising from all events allegedly occurring within a span of a few weeks or\n52 Utah Sentencing Commission, 2015 Juvenile Disposition Guidelines, January 2015, p. 9. 29\n months of each other. As such, all of the offenses that are addre"]
[23.165098190307617, 9.952984809875488, "Case Type\nMean hours for attorney time expenditures in the cases included in the time analysis are set forth in Table 2.1. As would be true with any mathematical analysis, as the size of a sample grows, its mean gets closer to the average of the whol"]
[23.096202850341797, 9.89537525177002, "ool, better opportunities will exist in\n31\nsubsequent years for assessing the changing nature of defender time expenditures, particularly in regard to private attorneys, to attorneys outside Salt Lake County, and to attorneys in small and medium-size"]
[23.15548324584961, 9.953730583190918, "oele, Utah, Wasatch, and Weber. Office of Management and Budget, Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas, OMB Bull"]
[23.169614791870117, 9.958251953125, "and the 90th percentile (the value in which 90 percent of the respondents were below and 10 percent were above) was 60 hours. Public defenders reported slightly greater weekly hours than attorneys in other types of practices (Table 3.3).\nTable 3.3. A"]
[23.13881492614746, 9.931129455566406, "d about office size and support. Single-person offices were common (44 percent) among attorneys who received appointments through contracts, assigned counsel programs, or other means (Table 3.6). About 18 percent of non-public defenders reported that"]
[23.206268310546875, 9.99882984161377, "s shortcoming. We can, however, use the 90th and 95th percentiles in Table 3.7 to identify instances where active attorneys are shouldering a particularly large caseload in one of our interim study types. For example, 10 percent of all respondents re"]
[23.2080078125, 9.990480422973633, "more \u201cOther Felonies\u201d each year, and 10 percent (likely a different 10 percent) had more than 600 adult criminal cases.\nTable 3.8. Reported Annual Caseloads for Attorneys with Adult Criminal Focus and Half or More of Workweek Devoted to Criminal or J"]
[23.199737548828125, 9.97111701965332, "the results for the specialist respondents in Table 3.8 and Table 3.9 by adjusting their caseloads by both the number of average weekly work hours they reported and the percentage of weekly work hours devoted to their primary practice areas. Using 40"]
[23.233835220336914, 10.021451950073242, "ve been repeatedly criticized as allowing far too many cases annually given the current professional and ethical demands on indigent defense attorneys today, limited felonies to just 150 per year. It should be kept in mind that those respondents repo"]
[23.16449737548828, 9.95370101928711, " hours to be used for planning purposes. Specifically, we requested that the attorneys consider\nthe amount of time, on average, that [they] believe an attorney should plan on spending for a particular type of case in order to provide an adequate and "]
[23.155515670776367, 9.947546005249023, "tever your determination, please base your entries on your personal experience and upon what you believe to be the average amount of lawyer time that would be required to afford a client adequate and effective aid in the defense of a case of that typ"]
[23.18608856201172, 9.98150634765625, "he average hours necessary to deliver effective representation. Their deliberations were informed by the results of the earlier data collections, as well as by current guidance on the ethical and professional standards for criminal and juvenile defen"]
[23.16472625732422, 9.955342292785645, "t Lake City\nUtah County Public Defender Association, Provo\n    Though the information we sought to elicit from the expert panel paralleled that of the attorney survey (panel members were also asked to provide an opinion as to the average amount of ti"]
[23.147445678710938, 9.936128616333008, " was provided to help the panelists think about the question of the amount of time is needed, on average, to represent clients in different types of cases in Utah and render, as described in Strickland v. Washington, \u201creasonably effective assistance\u201d"]
[23.167192459106445, 9.950770378112793, " way, any recommended average time expenditure should be the same for all attorneys representing clients in the case type categories of interest.\nDetailed information about the two data collection efforts was also provided, covering such topics as pr"]
[23.182205200195312, 9.965359687805176, "sensus, making further discussion about the case type in question unnecessary. CoVs exceeding 0.5 but less than or equal to 0.8 would be considered less satisfactory, and additional discussion would be recommended for the purpose of enhancing consens"]
[23.176597595214844, 9.955020904541016, " for sex-related crimes due to the complexities of the defense and the potential for an outcome in the case that would trigger offender registration and associated consequences. The changes instituted by the expert panel will address some of those co"]
[23.153467178344727, 9.93509292602539, " so the choice of statistic to use to report a typical result need not be limited to the mean.\n49\n                                            Table 4.2. Expert Panel Session Recommended Hours Compared with Time Analysis and Survey\n        Subject Are"]
[23.21162986755371, 10.000062942504883, "s. We use the results of the attorney survey in which participants reported spending an average of 11.8 percent of their workweek in the practice of law but not working on specific cases (Table 3.4). When these assumptions are plugged into the formul"]
[23.23654556274414, 10.030863761901855, "e 5.2. Provisional Caseload Standards Expert Panel Recommended\nMaximum Annual Caseload Standards\n6 12\n        48\n        71\n        89\n        71\n       149\n       298\n       357\n        25\n        71\n        89\n       298\n       357\n    Subject Area"]
[23.2233943939209, 10.018778800964355, " paying clients or court appointments.\nCase Weights\nThere are essentially two types of time-based case weights: absolute (the weight reflects the average time measured for a particular type of case) and relative (the weight reflects how the average t"]
[23.21808624267578, 10.008008003234863, "eloads when a mix of client matters is being handled. Assume that a solo practitioner who works only on adult criminal indigent appointments receives a contract to take on 60 Class A misdemeanors over the course of a year. For planning purposes, it m"]
[23.224822998046875, 10.02122974395752, "plated by those weights. As indicated previously, the case types chosen for this work represent adult criminal and juvenile delinquency client matters that are believed to consume most of a defender\u2019s workday, but there were some exceptions. For exam"]
[23.227380752563477, 10.034698486328125, "ly adhere to the NAC caseload standards that have essentially functioned as the default guidance for indigent defender workload limits throughout the nearly five decades since their publication.59\nFor the sake of comparability, we made several decisi"]
[23.22104835510254, 10.018797874450684, "ut parole) Felony\u2014life without parole\nMurder\nMurder\nMandatory sex and kidnap registration felonies First-degree murder (includes capital)\nClass 2 felony\nMurder/manslaughter\nHomicide (average)\nMurder/homicide\nNonmurder with possible life sentence Supe"]
[23.259798049926758, 10.058990478515625, " weight (25 hrs.) Standard\nCase weight (24.13 hrs.) Standard\nStandard\nCase weight (22 hrs.) Case weight (21.99 hrs.) Case weight (19.12 hrs.) Standard\nStandard\nStandard\nCase weight (838 min.) Case weight (766 min.) Standard\nStandard\nStandard\nStandard"]
[23.27744483947754, 10.075247764587402, " weight (137 min.) Case weight (93 min.)\nMaximum Cases\n71\n81\n89\n      91\n      106\n      125\n      141\n      142\n      148\n      149\n      153\n      203\n      216\n      225\n      232\n      234\n      236\n      244\n      265\n      300\n      300\n      3"]
[23.244382858276367, 10.041908264160156, "ion revocation\nModifications/sentence reviews, circuit (average)\nViolations of probation, circuit\nModifications/sentence reviews, district (average)\nExtradition\nProbation violation, misdemeanor Violations of probation, district Preliminary hearings, "]
[23.219324111938477, 10.010255813598633, "200 Case weight (7.4 hrs.) 241 Standard 250 Case weight (397 min.) 270 Standard 298 Case weight (348 min.) 308 Case weight (317 min.) 338 Standard 351 Standard 357 Case weight (4.6 hrs.) 388 Case weight (2.3 hrs.) 776\n             offender\n(average)\n"]
[23.2026424407959, 9.99769401550293, "t majority of indigent defenders in Utah), adoption of the provisional standards, if accompanied by a surge in attorney availability, will certainly cause a major sea change in the delivery of services to indigent defendants.\nWe do have some evidence"]
[23.19341468811035, 9.985638618469238, "red\n15,000 142,050\n643,319 14,375 116,360 466,125 1,324,992 90,204 184,035\nExpert Panel Recommended Average Hours\n300 150\n                                     37\n                                     25\n                                     20\n        "]
[23.20113754272461, 10.029226303100586, "bmitted by many of the attorneys who participated in the survey evidence deep frustration over a lack of resources and inadequate time to do the job that they believe is necessary for effectively fulfilling their professional responsibilities to thei"]
[23.235055923461914, 10.062845230102539, " over on a moment\u2019s notice, courts will have little choice but to continue to appoint those who are at risk of excessive workloads.\nIDC must also regularly revisit the issue of caseload standards in the future, in part to make sure that caseload maxi"]
[23.131811141967773, 9.921579360961914, "individually identifiable information.\n1. A metric worth exploring may not be time on task, but a time frame in which to complete the task. For example, counsel may have a \u201ceureka\u201d moment for a case after having sat with it for several weeks; but mea"]
[23.140745162963867, 9.927972793579102, "e. Most clients are in need of treatment. Support staff and additional attorneys are essential.\n 67\n6. Having the assistance of investigators that can work with IDC funds would be helpful in all cases. I would love to be able to get an investigator t"]
[23.112165451049805, 9.89938735961914, "fense is that if you are choosing which cases to give more of your time, it undoubtedly comes at the expense of another (perhaps less serious) case. That practice seems to undercut the quality of representation. More qualified bodies to handle cases "]
[23.10892105102539, 9.896533966064453, "ven the caseload. Right now, it is an inconvenient truth that indigent defenders do not have sufficient time to provide an adequate defense to indigent clients. Everyone knows this. Hopefully, this will change but I am skeptical.\n17. If the data refl"]
[23.116369247436523, 9.906758308410645, "t defense is funded by each county, something needs to be done in order to offer juvenile defenders, especially those who solely do juvenile defense, a livable salary.\n20. In the State of Utah, the public defenders are compensated by counties instead"]
[23.108652114868164, 9.896299362182617, " because there\u2019s too many clients and too little time.\n26. More resources need to be spent on treatment, housing and early intervention to avoid the cycle of clients.\n27. Most counties pay the lowest bidder. Further, all counties don\u2019t pay based on e"]
[23.100950241088867, 9.888168334960938, "stigate and pursue defenses, even if it doesn\u2019t go to trial. DUIs are not that much different from run of the mill felonies, but they are the only special category separated out in this survey. The study should also look at types of cases by content "]
[23.08287811279297, 9.873210906982422, "t is not appropriate for attorneys balancing those caseloads to continue to balance the rest of their full caseload, which is probably too big to start with.\n36. Re: misdemeanor appeals. I wasn\u2019t clear if this contemplated an appeal de novo from just"]
[23.103403091430664, 9.892431259155273, " events will add an average of at least 100 hours to the time the appeal would take from beginning to end.\n39. The current going rate for indigent appeals is shockingly low. Rough math suggests that, for example, Salt Lake County Legal Defenders Asso"]
[23.07487678527832, 9.86375617980957, "to adequately represent my clients. Third, establish a group of expert witnesses that we can go to in order to obtain assistance to adequately represent our clients. A group of experts in all the typical fields involved in the criminal justice system"]
[23.21837615966797, 10.01695442199707, " and mental health clients. And with the indigent population, that\u2019s about 90% of the clients.\n47. Utah\u2019s indigent defense funding is 49th in the US. Washington County is the least funded county in Utah. Enough said.\n48. We have been tracking our tim"]
[23.242931365966797, 10.08935832977295, "lated to Excessive Workloads, August 2009. As of October 3, 2020: https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_aid_indigent_defendants/ ls_sclaid_def_train_eight_guidelines.authcheckdam.pdf\nAmerican Bar Association, Criminal Justi"]
[23.22210121154785, 10.064676284790039, "hrough Public Defense Delivery Systems, 2nd ed., Washington, D.C., 2008.\nNew York State Office of Indigent Legal Services, A Determination of Caseload Standards Pursuant to \u00a7 IV of the Hurrell-Harring v. The State of New York Settlement, December 8, "]
[23.182748794555664, 10.00246810913086, ", Boston, Mass., October 2015.\nUtah Indigent Defense Commission, Core Principles for Appointed Attorneys Representing Youth in Delinquency Proceedings, 2018. As of December 15, 2020: https://idc.utah.gov/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/DelinquencyCorePri"]
[12.6945161819458, 13.81678295135498, "COVID-19 and the Experiences of Populations at Greater Risk\nDescription and Top-Line Summary Data\u2014Wave 3, Winter 2021\nKATHERINE GRACE CARMAN, ANITA CHANDRA, DELIA BUGLIARI, CHRISTOPHER NELSON, CAROLYN MILLER\n Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foun"]
[12.696117401123047, 13.751952171325684, "op-line report will update these findings after the final survey.\nResearchers from RAND and RWJF jointly conducted the research reported here; the report is intended for individuals and organizations interested in learning more about public attitudes"]
[12.878960609436035, 14.144993782043457, "......................................................2 Survey Length .......................................................................................................................................6 Survey Sample Selection...................."]
[12.9179105758667, 14.40493106842041, "y your health is excellent, very good, good, fair,\nor poor?.........................................................................................................................................15\nQ4. [w3_wellbeing1-w3_wellbeing6] Below are a numbe"]
[12.900883674621582, 14.427292823791504, "in a community during a major stressful event like a natural disaster, economic challenge like a\nplant closure, major incident of community violence?.................................................................21\nCOVID Impacts: COVID Experience.."]
[12.892906188964844, 14.43945026397705, "ericans, or is there not\nmuch of a difference? ...................................................................................................................27\nQ19. [w3_access_lat] When Latinos need health care, do you think it is easier or hard"]
[12.881346702575684, 14.414080619812012, "g., the governor\nor state legislature) is doing enough in dealing with the impact of coronavirus (COVID-19)\nto look out for the interests of all people, regardless of a person\u2019s race, how much money\nsomeone makes, where people live, or other factors."]
[12.885438919067383, 14.42833423614502, "......................................................................35 Q35a [w2_positivechg] (if w2_positivech = strongly agree or somewhat agree) What is the\nmost important positive change that you would like to see change?........................"]
[12.72310733795166, 13.8563814163208, ".............................................................42 Respondents by Education Level........................................................................................................42 Respondents by Marital Status...................."]
[12.814114570617676, 13.957907676696777, "final survey.\nThe questions in this COVID-19 survey focused specifically on experiences related to the pandemic (e.g., financial, physical, emotional), how respondents viewed the disproportionate impacts of the pandemic, whether and how respondents\u2019 "]
[12.8102388381958, 13.952705383300781, " These oversamples will allow for research that compares subgroups based on income or race and ethnicity.1 We created weights to align the distribution of characteristics in our sample as closely as possible to the distribution of characteristics of "]
[12.708283424377441, 13.83443546295166, "eriences, views, and perceptions of a nationally representative sample of groups living in the United States and historically at greater risk as they face the COVID-19 pandemic, economic recession, and social injustice. The objectives of this survey "]
[12.72463321685791, 13.859423637390137, "rld. Our survey content was reviewed by a group of researchers conducting surveys about COVID-19 impacts. The survey design process balanced the urgency of capturing real-time experiences with COVID-19 with finding survey items that at least had reas"]
[12.718396186828613, 13.851170539855957, "Katherine Grace Carman, Anita Chandra, Sarah Weilant, Carolyn Miller, and Margaret Tait, 2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes: Description and Top-Line Summary Data, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2876- RWJF, 2019. As of October 9, 20"]
[12.764445304870605, 13.940192222595215, "een measured in other surveys, and there were few existing survey questions to draw from, so many survey questions were developed de novo.\nWe conducted a series of meetings with a group of researchers implementing surveys about the impacts of COVID-1"]
[12.841254234313965, 13.99017333984375, "xtent to which respondents\u2019 ability to engage in well-being activities has been affected by COVID-19.\nOne question was modified. In wave 1, more than 70 percent of respondents reported that the pandemic could be an opportunity for positive change (w1"]
[12.834978103637695, 13.979202270507812, "ispanic, or Asian respondents. We were most interested in understanding the experiences of historically underserved individuals in U.S. society. The income limits allow us to focus on individuals in households that were likely eligible to receive the"]
[12.829066276550293, 13.946017265319824, " with incomes between $75,000 and $125,000, non-Hispanic White panelists were randomly selected to participate and all panelists of other races or ethnicities were invited to participate.3 This resulted in a sample of 1,331 panel members being invite"]
[12.853265762329102, 13.984910011291504, "h wave and each panel.\nTable 1.3. Summary of Field Dates and Sample Sizes\nALP KnowledgePanel Total\nSample Participation Sample Participation Sample Participation\n          Wave Field Dates\n1 June 29\u2013July 22, 2020\n2 October 9\u2013November 2, 2020\n3 Februa"]
[12.861878395080566, 13.999001502990723, "gender and age, as well as household income interacted with household size. To calculate the weights, we combined the two samples and matched the distribution of characteristics of the pooled sample to the distribution of the CPS. In other words, our"]
[12.860390663146973, 13.991364479064941, "nown as the margin of error [MOE]) based on the 95-percent confidence interval. If a study were repeated 100 times, the 95-percent\n11\nconfidence interval would contain the true value 95 percent of the time. The MOE is a function of the sample size an"]
[12.884760856628418, 14.15807819366455, "reater Risk Survey. For each question in the survey, we present the text as it was presented to survey respondents, as well as a variable name for those who use the data. All responses were listed in the order presented in the top line unless otherwi"]
[12.931902885437012, 14.349888801574707, "ral, would you say your health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?\nSelect only one answer.\n       Sample\nExcellent Very good Good\nFair Poor\nMissing\n       7.0 32.2 40.1 6.4 33.2 39.1 6.3 31.4 41.4\nQ4. [w3_wellbeing1-w3_wellbeing6] Below are"]
[12.907340049743652, 14.413904190063477, "                                17\nQ6. [w3_chronic] Do you personally currently have one or more chronic health conditions (e.g., diabetes, asthma, depression, heart disease, high blood pressure, substance use disorder)?\nSelect only one answer.\nSampl"]
[12.893913269042969, 14.43300724029541, "ut do not have to take leave\nWave 1\nWave 2\nWave 3\nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\nI am receiving\nunemployment No, I receive\ninsurance no pay\nSample\nYes, I use paid leave\nYes, I receive partial pay\n1.1 1.4 1.5\nMissing\n       1.1 1.1 0.6\n2.6 1.2 1."]
[12.900500297546387, 14.454649925231934, " for coronavirus (COVID-19) (through a nasal swab or blood test)?\n    Sample Yes\nNo Missing\n    Wave 1\nWave 2\nWave 3\nSOURCE: Modified from COVID Impact Survey.\n11.7 88.0 0.3 26.2 73.4 0.4 44.9 54.7 0.3\n    21\nQ14a. [w1_covidexp1- w1_covidexp14] Are y"]
[12.89122486114502, 14.441818237304688, "n wave 1, and if w3_exp11, w3_exp4 or w3_exp5 selected in wave 3) [w3_finhard] How long do you think you will have trouble affording your basic expenses?\nSelect only one answer.\nNote: The question wording was modified slightly from wave 1, which read"]
[12.883842468261719, 14.458895683288574, "tance from this program before coronavirus (COVID- 19) started\nYes, my household started receiving assistance from this program since coronavirus (COVID-19) started\nMy household applied or asked for but has not received assistance from this program s"]
[12.889607429504395, 14.443717956542969, "- 19) started\nMissing\n      Wave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3\n94.8 0.8 94.9 0.6 94.4 0.7\n 26\n H. Programs related to caring for my children (including school-based programs, meals)\n      Yes, my household was already receiving assistance from this program before "]
[12.877530097961426, 14.458124160766602, "    Wave 1\nWave 2\nWave 3\nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\n30.9 27.6 30.1 27.9 29.1 28.4\n               Sample\nSomewhat Strongly agree agree\nNeither agree Somewhat Strongly\nnor disagree disagree disagree Missing\n32.2 6.5 8.7 0.2 32.0 7.3 7.7 0.4 31"]
[12.849018096923828, 14.47227668762207, "f coronavirus (COVID-19)\n                   Sample\nWave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3\nMost of the time\n36.4 43.2 46.8\nSome of the\ntime Rarely Never\nMissing\n      48.3 12.0 3.2 0.2 45.0 8.9 2.7 0.3 42.4 8.0 2.4 0.4\n  B. The people in my community are taking action "]
[12.893248558044434, 14.41446590423584, "Missing\nWave 1 2.6 3.1 22.2 24.7 47.3 0.1 Wave2 XXXXXX Wave3 XXXXXX\nB. The place they live (e.g., community conditions, housing)\nVery strong No effect effect\nSample 1 2 3 4 5 Missing\nWave 1 3.9 5.8 30.8 30.4 28.8 0.3 Wave2 XXXXXX Wave3 XXXXXX\n       "]
[12.88848876953125, 14.43332290649414, "r agree Somewhat Strongly agree nor disagree disagree disagree\nMissing\n       Wave 1\nWave 2\nWave 3\nSOURCE: Stanford Mind & Body Lab Mindset Measures for COVID-19 study.\n35.4 33.2 35.8\n37.2 18.1 4.4 4.5 0.4 37.5 20.8 3.5 4.5 0.6 34.9 20.8 3.5 4.6 0.3\n"]
[12.876887321472168, 14.451639175415039, "nly one answer.\nNote: This is a new question added in wave 3.\nSomewhat Neither agree Somewhat Strongly Sample Strongly agree agree nor disagree disagree disagree\n31.0 30.0 29.7\n19.4 19.1 9.5 20.5 0.4 21.0 19.2 10.0 19.2 0.6 21.5 20.0 9.1 19.1 0.5\n   "]
[12.859321594238281, 14.436771392822266, "s about who gets the vaccine first. Please indicate the level of priority that should be given for each of the listed groups.\nNote: This question was not asked in wave 1 or wave 3.\n       A. Front-line medical care staff working with coronavirus pati"]
[12.830138206481934, 14.035408973693848, "dents only (n = 4,031)\nRespondents by Age Group, in Years\n     Sample\nWave 1 Wave 2 Wave 3\n18 to 24\n4.0 2.8 2.2\n25 to 44\n29.1 27.2 26.5\n45 to 64 65+\n37.5 29.4 38.0 32.0 37.6 33.7\n          NOTES: Our sample from the ALP is not representative of indiv"]
[12.719220161437988, 13.851866722106934, ", Katherine Grace, Anita Chandra, Sarah Weilant, Carolyn Miller, and Margaret Tait, 2018 National Survey of Health Attitudes: Description and Top-Line Summary Data, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2876-RWJF, 2019. As of August 24, 2020: ht"]
[12.715049743652344, 13.850406646728516, "Values Survey,\u201d webpage, undated. As of October 9, 2020:\nhttps://www.pewresearch.org/politics/values/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cExplore the Data,\u201d webpage, 2020. As of October 9, 2020: https://www.pewresearch.org/pathways-2020/covid_econopen/total_us_adults/us_adults/\nP"]
[12.128679275512695, 9.044868469238281, "  CORPORATION\nSIERRA SMUCKER, ESTHER M. FRIEDMAN, MEAGAN CAHILL, JIRKA TAYLOR, JOHN DALY, REGINA A. SHIH\nAn Initial Evaluation of the Weinberg Center for Elder Justice\u2019s Shelter Model for Elder Abuse and Mistreatment\n For more information on this pub"]
[12.652793884277344, 13.587652206420898, "uals experiencing EM, public payers, and society.\nSocial and Behavioral Policy Program\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populatio"]
[12.078349113464355, 8.994105339050293, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 FinancialAnalysis...................................................................................... 8 Analysis of Cost Sa"]
[12.093544960021973, 8.983860969543457, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Plausible Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Benefits Other Than Cost Sa"]
[12.0847806930542, 8.999185562133789, "een the First and Second Assessments. . . . .\n4.3. Share of Clients by Reported Cognition over Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.4. Change in Clients\u2019 Cognitive Impairment Between the First and Second Assessments."]
[12.128684997558594, 9.0390625, "ults of Ciara\u2019s Vignette: Population-Level Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n6.7. Results of Dmitry\u2019s Vignette: Individual Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n6.8. Results of Dmi"]
[12.113061904907227, 9.049283981323242, "on of the nation\u2019s first elder-specific shelter\u2014the Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Center for Elder Justice, which is part of the Hebrew Home at Riverdale. Located in the Bronx, New York, the Hebrew Home is a nonprofit residential health care facility ("]
[12.085728645324707, 9.008065223693848, "portant to note that this is an initial evaluation with a scope limited to describ- ing the model and providing illustrative examples of ways the model could lead to cost savings. A full evaluation would employ a rigorous experimental design, includi"]
[12.097973823547363, 9.01683235168457, "enter, with more patients improving than declining. Although statistical tests of the trajectories of Weinberg Center were not incorporated into the present analysis, the relatively low frequency of deterioration among the client group is noteworthy "]
[12.083093643188477, 9.006897926330566, "berg Center clients have stable health and functioning throughout the duration of their stays in the Hebrew Home. Our analysis of medical data for select health indicators suggests that the health status of Weinberg clients is relatively stable\u2014and, "]
[12.13489818572998, 9.039966583251953, " they entered the Weinberg Center. These data would help establish the uniqueness of the Wein- berg Center interventions over and above services available to Weinberg Center clients elsewhere. These data would also provide insights into the nature of"]
[12.132830619812012, 9.046417236328125, "ical and sexual abuse; neglect; and financial exploitation. Globally, an estimated 16 percent of community-dwelling adults aged 60 and older reported experiencing some form of EM in the prior year, with 12 percent psychological abuse, 7 percent finan"]
[12.116548538208008, 9.039374351501465, "service provider, work together to resolve difficult cases, and provide opportunities for learning about different strategies and resources (Morris, 2010; Schecter and Dougherty, 2009; Teaster and Wangmo, 2010).\nAlthough multisystem team approaches h"]
[12.116854667663574, 9.0431489944458, "RiNG Alliance advocate for shelter, offer peer-to-peer support, and gather annually to share best practices.\nThe distinctive features of the Weinberg Center compared with family violence and homeless shelters are that it combines a shelter model of p"]
[12.108369827270508, 9.030466079711914, "when EM is suspected. The Weinberg Center also works to help replicate the shelter model in other communities and to advocate for policies and laws that seek to address and prevent EM. Expected impacts of the Weinberg Cen- ter\u2019s direct services to cl"]
[12.107924461364746, 9.029067039489746, "also conducted a cost-benefit analysis involving vignettes to identify the cost saving of the Weinberg Center to key stakeholders: public payers, private insurance, and the public.\nInterviews with Weinberg Center Staff\nTo learn more about the Weinber"]
[12.084376335144043, 8.999914169311523, "2019 (n = 100); this date range was chosen to ensure that at least 100 clients were represented in the data for our analysis. The first assessment takes place at intake, with subsequent assessments done on a quarterly basis until the client leaves th"]
[12.076216697692871, 9.000036239624023, "o using ERs or hospitals. Efficient care could also play a role in creating savings when treating previously unmet needs (the first pathway). Thus, these two pathways are not mutually exclusive, but viewing them separately provides a useful framework"]
[12.081351280212402, 9.005887985229492, "e with the benefits achieved through the Center\u2019s intervention (\u201cbenefits\u201d). These benefits, ideally determined through an outcome evaluation (i.e., an evaluation that measures program effects by assessing the attainment of outcome that the program h"]
[12.077553749084473, 9.002396583557129, "eeds and Weinberg Center interventions for exemplar indi- viduals allows us to provide an initial assessment of whether these elements could be expected to create cost savings and benefits, using data from existing literature instead of needing data "]
[12.072477340698242, 8.998361587524414, "curring attributable to Weinberg\nCenter intervention\n\u2022 Pi = population of Weinberg Center clients receiving the intervention\n\u2022 Ci = costs of delivering the Weinberg Center intervention.\nParameters\nTo populate this equation with parameters appropriate"]
[12.110472679138184, 9.033069610595703, "er interventions are dependent on what support its clients would be able to access else- where. In our discussion of the vignettes, presented later in this report, we make a series of informed assumptions about the counterfactual, but there are uncer"]
[12.111227035522461, 9.034720420837402, "York City shelters are not equipped to support the health and cognitive needs of older adults experienc- ing EM. Many clients spend time in the hospital as a social admit until they feel home is safe, but hospital stays are not a long-term option and"]
[12.108488082885742, 9.033824920654297, "assistance with financial awareness (e.g., the Center runs credit reports and helps\nprovide sense of financial standing)\n\u2022 legal services, including representation in court, prepping clients for court dates,\ntestimonies, facilitating clients\u2019 meeting"]
[12.105441093444824, 9.029139518737793, "on of the abuser was a specific cost mentioned in one interview as something staff would like to address but are currently unable to do.\n18\nInitial Evaluation of Weinberg Center\u2019s Shelter Model for Elder Abuse and Mistreatment\n\u2022\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022\nThe Center face"]
[12.071551322937012, 8.991117477416992, "k at other outcomes, such as housing, social func- tioning, or resolution of legal issues, because data on those outcomes are not available for Weinberg Center clients.\nIn this chapter, we evaluate four indicators of Weinberg Center client health and"]
[12.084020614624023, 8.997550010681152, "he Center with moderate depression, 21 percent with mild depression, and 59 percent with mini- mal depression. Over the course of four assessments, there was little change in the composition of the cohort in terms of depression severity.\nThis stabili"]
[12.080409049987793, 8.99744701385498, ". By the fourth assessment, nine months after entering the Hebrew Home, 62 percent of clients report- edly had some degree of cognitive impairment, while 39 percent were cognitively intact.\nFigure 4.4 shows changes in clients\u2019 cognition between the f"]
[12.0819730758667, 8.998150825500488, "clients who received their first and second assessment (96 clients).\n45%\nSeverely impaired Moderately impaired Cognitively intact\n Cognitively intact Increase in cognition Unchanged cognition Decrease in cognition\n24 Initial Evaluation of Weinberg Ce"]
[12.069504737854004, 8.986750602722168, "ssessment one and two.\nMobility\nTo assess Weinberg Center clients\u2019 mobility, we examined clients\u2019 reported mobility \u201con unit\u201d (i.e., in his or her room or adjacent corridor) during their stays. The results are presented in Figure 4.9. Our analysis of"]
[12.050737380981445, 8.969316482543945, "results suggest that between 2013 and 2019, most clients served by the Weinberg Center faced significant and persistent mobility issues.\nNext, we investigated whether client mobility changed between the first and second assessment. Figure 4.10 presen"]
[12.067605018615723, 8.988773345947266, "use of any specific treatment from the Weinberg Center. This point\nImproved self-locomotion on unit\nNo change in self-locomotion on unit Decline in self-locomotion on unit\n Changes in Health Conditions Among Weinberg Center Clients 29\ncognitive issue"]
[12.076366424560547, 9.0004243850708, "thout incurring additional operating costs to the Center. Historically, 80 percent of Weinberg clients are eligible for Medicare and/or Medicaid, which offsets the costs incurred by the Hebrew Home. For the remaining 20 percent of clients, the Hebrew"]
[12.013219833374023, 8.93817138671875, "the number of patient-days recorded over the same period.\nFigure 5.3 provides a breakdown of Weinberg Center operating costs by type. It shows that most Weinberg Center operating costs were incurred through the provision of legal services and mental "]
[12.07418441772461, 8.999144554138184, "er month and other)\nIndirect overhead costs\nFurniture and household setup\nMental health services Total legal services\n  Percentage\n100\n 90\n 80\n 70\n 60\n 50\n 40\n 30\n 20\n 10\n  0\n     2013 2014\n2015 2016\n2017 2018 2019\nFigure 5.4\nComposition of Weinberg "]
[12.079800605773926, 9.000500679016113, "me of potential savings, but we return to the discussion of the distribution of costs and benefits later in this chapter.\nVignette 1: Armando\u2019s Untreated Condition\n Box 6.1\nVignette 1: Armando\u2019s Untreated Condition\n\u2022 Armando is a 65-year-old man who "]
[12.070414543151855, 8.997056007385254, "arameter, the reduction in risk attributable to Wein- berg Center intervention, Armando\u2019s case assumes that the provision of hyperten- sion treatment at the Weinberg Center prevented Armando from requiring ER care and subsequent hospitalization in th"]
[12.070536613464355, 8.995633125305176, " respect to the reduction in the risk, a recent systematic review and meta- analysis based on 123 studies (Ettehad et al., 2016) found that treatment for hyperten- sion, which results in a 10mm Hg decrease in systolic blood pressure, reduces risks of"]
[12.070481300354004, 8.997079849243164, "f the savings, presented above, assumes that none of the Weinberg Center cohort were previously treated for hypertension. However, any clients already receiving treatment should be removed from the population count. Second, the parameters for risk re"]
[12.062478065490723, 9.00603199005127, ". To estimate the cost of a hospital, stay for older patients with dementia, we turn to the literature. Zhu et al. (2015) under- took a longitudinal study of Medicare beneficiaries residing in Northern Manhattan admitted to a hospital between 1999 an"]
[12.053366661071777, 8.999385833740234, "rg Center services) or by the Weinberg Center (for individuals supported by the Center).\nTable 6.3\nResults of Belinda\u2019s Vignette: Individual Analysis\nParameter\nCosts of an adverse event that the Weinberg Center intervention aims to avoid\nReduction in"]
[12.0758056640625, 9.001568794250488, " to the remaining vignettes.\nIn sum, the vignette indicates that, if the situation described in Belinda\u2019s case, approximates the situation experienced by Weinberg Center clients, there is a potential for sizable savings to payers and governments. How"]
[12.068370819091797, 8.996885299682617, "rs pertaining to the costs of adverse events can be retained and\n7 We thank one reviewer for pointing out that Adult Protective Services may only keep track of significant losses and not include smaller losses which could bias our estimates. However,"]
[12.068821907043457, 8.99643611907959, "m his physician, Dmitry visited the ER three times a year.\n\u2022 After being referred to the Weinberg Center, its legal team helped Dmitry enroll in Medicaid,\nwhich he can use to pay his co-payments for his medical care.\n\u2022 By providing this service, the "]
[12.042716979980469, 8.971168518066406, "Center intervention aims to avoid\nReduction in the risk of the adverse event occurring attributable to Weinberg Center intervention\nPopulation of Weinberg Center clients receiving the intervention Savings stemming from the Weinberg Center interventio"]
[12.06632137298584, 8.992912292480469, "ation for all patients hospitalized during the study period. In this hospital\u2019s database, data are recorded for each patient, and a profile of resources consumed and billed to a patient can be generated to estimate the cost of his or her hospital sta"]
[12.06743335723877, 8.996296882629395, "cause of support or encouragement from Weinberg Center staff. It is critical to understand whether clients would have requested and created advance directives without the sup- port of Weinberg Center staff or not. We do not currently have this type o"]
[12.080910682678223, 9.003721237182617, "Osteoporosis 17\nHeart failure 15\nThyroid 15\nStroke (cerebrovascular accident, 15 transient ischemic attack, or stroke)\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease 14\nCataracts, glaucoma, or macular 14 degeneration\nAnxiety disorder 13 Benign prostatic hyper"]
[12.084375381469727, 9.007664680480957, ", 2019). This method is frequently used to compare the effectiveness of various therapies and inform clinical decisions. QALY gains associated with the type of interventions provided by the Weinberg Center provide an indication of the scope of potent"]
[12.065185546875, 8.992198944091797, "ngs, the same caveats about transferability of lessons from existing literature to the context of the Weinberg Center and the absence of clear counterfactual data apply.\n10 To illustrate the debate about appropriate cost-effectiveness cutoffs, the th"]
[12.068666458129883, 8.995783805847168, "he scenario might result in savings. Table 6.13 provides an illustrative indication of the distribution of savings across individual classes of stakeholders involved in the vignettes. Green text represents possible gains, and red represents possible "]
[12.083009719848633, 9.003596305847168, "f life\nImproved quality \u2022 of life\nCosts associ- ated with provi- sion of health services\nSome reduction in future health care costs\nCosts associated with provision of legal services\nCosts associated with provision of legal services\nCosts associated w"]
[12.061150550842285, 8.98116683959961, "d Mistreatment\nplausibly lead to savings that exceed multiple times the amount it normally costs to run the Center.\nHowever, substantial uncertainties remain on both sides of the equation. On the savings side, estimates of savings depend on the exten"]
[12.118802070617676, 8.988945007324219, "eintegration. In addition to helping achieve positive reintegration outcomes, the bridge is an opportunity to collect some follow-up data during the program, although this effort does not address the question of a longer follow-up. The bridge program"]
[12.090485572814941, 9.004585266113281, "rred to Adult Protective Services, where they receive case management, with a greater likelihood of outpatient care provision.\nConclusions and Recommendations 57\nAPPENDIX A\nAdditional Details on Changes in Selected Health Indicators Among the Weinber"]
[12.084127426147461, 9.004866600036621, "ain\nIn our analysis, pain severity is classified using a scale of 0 to 10 found in the MDS. Trained staff at the Weinberg Center as patients to consider the intensity of their worst pain during the previous five days, where 0 is no pain and 10 is the"]
[12.095579147338867, 9.02112102508545, "Evaluation of Weinberg Center\u2019s Shelter Model for Elder Abuse and Mistreatment\nTransfer\nThe MDS defines transfer as \u201cHow resident moves between surfaces including to or from a bed, chair, wheelchair, or standing position (excludes to or from the bath"]
[12.082683563232422, 9.004156112670898, "can draw on already existing infrastruc- ture and accompanying resources.\nAccounting for these additional costs is difficult because of the deeply inter- twined nature of the Weinberg Center and the Hebrew Home. However, when assess- ing the overall "]
[12.073732376098633, 8.998918533325195, "ained relatively constant during this period, ranging from $276 in 2015 to $311 in 2013. Bed charge figures for 2019 are notably lower, although this is likely attribut- able to billing delays. This means that services provided in late 2019 might hav"]
[12.07811450958252, 9.004327774047852, "Reduction\n(RR; relative to no treatment)\nRelative CV risk reduction 10\u201344%\nRelative CV risk reduction 17\u201334%\nTotal mortality (RR 0.57,\nCI 0.39\u20130.78), coronary mortality (RR 0.53, CI 0.29\u2013 0.74), coronary morbidity (RR 0.46, CI 0.25\u20130.71)\nRR of CV mor"]
[12.109747886657715, 9.032994270324707, "    Train social workers and staff to screen for EM on newly admitted patients and residents at the Hebrew Home\n Design and implement educational and marketing material: brochures, website, press releases, newsletters, and other forms\n Partner and tr"]
[12.121071815490723, 9.041072845458984, "r abuse and neglect\nProfessionals trained on EM and referral process in cases of suspected abuse\nOrganizations and older adults provided with resources on\nEM prevention and intervention strategies\nResources, strategies, and information shared to comb"]
[12.075793266296387, 8.99001407623291, "rnal of Medicine, Vol. 371, 2014, pp. 1793\u20131802.\nBroeders, Mireille, Sue Moss, Lennarth Nystrom, Sisse Njor, Ho\u0302kan Jonsson, Ellen Paap, Nathalie Massat, Stephen Duffy, Elsebeth Lynge, Eugenio Paci, and EUROSCREEN Working Group, \u201cThe Impact of Mammog"]
[12.13447380065918, 9.04227352142334, "w and Implications for Practice,\u201d Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, Vol. 63, 2015, pp. 1214\u20131238.\nDong, XinQi, and Melissa Simon, \u201cAssociation Between Elder Self-Neglect and Hospice Utilization in a Community Population,\u201d Archives of Geront"]
[12.086555480957031, 8.993806838989258, "ect Hope), Vol. 24, No. 1, 2005, pp. 263\u2013270.\nFJC\u2014See NYC Family Justice Centers.\nFolstein, M. F., S. E. Folstein, and P. R. McHugh, \u201cMini-Mental State: A Practical Method for Grading the Cognitive State of Patients for the Clinician,\u201d Journal of Psy"]
[12.076260566711426, 8.991474151611328, "yle Modification Programmes for Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,\u201d European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, Vol. 20, No. 4, 2013, pp. 620\u2013640.\nJongenelis, K., A. M. Pot, A. "]
[12.153790473937988, 9.072402954101562, "e Bet Tzedek Legal Services Model: How a Legal Services Model Addresses Elder Abuse and Neglect,\u201d Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, Vol. 22, Nos. 3\u20134, 2010, pp. 275\u2013280.\nMusich, S., S. S. Wang, J. Ruiz, K. Hawkins, and E. Wicker, \u201cThe Impact of Mob"]
[12.167734146118164, 9.080869674682617, " \u201cManagement of Chronic Pain in Older Adults,\u201d BMJ,\nFebruary 13, 2015.\nRichards, S. H., L. Anderson, C. E. Jenkinson, B. Whalley, K. Rees, P. Davies, P. Bennett, Z. Liu, R. West, D. R. Thompson, and R. S. Taylor, \u201cPsychological Interventions for Coro"]
[12.128487586975098, 9.052312850952148, "ulse Pressure and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program,\u201d American Journal of Cardiology, Vol. 88, No. 9, 2001, pp. 980\u2013986.\nVillanti, A. C., Y. Jiang, D. B. Abrams, and B. S. Pyenson, \u201cA Cost-Utility Analy"]
[22.435562133789062, 5.252474784851074, " Online Dispute Resolution\nPerspectives to Support Successful Implementation and Outcomes in Court Proceedings\nAmanda R. Witwer, Lynn Langton, Duren Banks, Dulani Woods, Michael J. D. Vermeer, and Brian A. Jackson\nCourt-based online dispute resolutio"]
[22.436443328857422, 5.25337553024292, " needs.\nIncreasing access to justice\n\u2022 Potential strategies and partners, such as local com- munity centers and libraries, should be identified for addressing the digital divide and providing access to ODR, including via telephone assistance.\n\u2022 Featu"]
[22.436941146850586, 5.253287315368652, "ODR program engagement.\nBroadly, workshop participants noted that the use of ODR could remove barriers to access to justice, but the potential barriers to engagement in ODR also need to be better under- stood and addressed. Courts need guidance to un"]
[22.435707092285156, 5.252490043640137, "ernization Initiative, Pew Charitable Trusts\nAlex Sanchez\nDispute resolution department, Franklin County Municipal Court (Ohio)\nDoug Van Epps\nDirector, Office of Dispute Resolution, Michigan Courts\nLinda Warren Seely\nDirector, Section of Dispute Reso"]
[22.436962127685547, 5.253357410430908, " court systems across the United States have found themselves grappling with growing numbers of disputes and have looked to technology for solutions. Moreover, an increasing empha-\nsis on procedural justice (i.e., processes that promote fair and tran"]
[22.396032333374023, 5.217187404632568, "0; also see Jackson et al., 2021). In response to the ongoing public health crisis, court systems across the country have shifted away from in-person proceed- ings and toward virtual forums. Against this backdrop, judicial interest in online dispute "]
[22.435504913330078, 5.25236177444458, "t system, and providing feedback to the courts\n\u2022 increased court efficiency by streamlining the resolution of disputes outside the courtroom and, in doing so, reduc- ing case backlogs and delays in case adjudication\n\u2022 improved case outcomes, such as "]
[22.43100929260254, 5.2545294761657715, "iency. The rate of voluntary dismissal of court cases also is significantly higher among participants in Franklin County\u2019s small claims ODR program, particularly for defen- dants from low- and middle-income neighborhoods (Sanchez and Embley, 2020). A"]
[22.430627822875977, 5.251055717468262, " variation in virtual platform origin, functionality, and integration within existing processes. In accordance with these findings, the scope of the workshop was structured to encompass the following topics:\n 1. ODR\n2. other existing court applicatio"]
[22.43419647216797, 5.252077102661133, " of needs on two dimensions: their importance and their feasibility. For a more detailed description of the methodology employed in this virtual meeting, see the technical appendix.\nRESULTS\nThe primary output of the workshop was a prioritized list of"]
[22.436725616455078, 5.253347396850586, "actors. To address this opportunity, participants voiced the need for guidance from objective sources about why, when, and how to reimagine court processes with ODR in mind. Addi- tionally, courts need to be provided with approaches to better underst"]
[22.436870574951172, 5.2533063888549805, "the access needs of their user bases and build- ing these considerations into the design of ODR platforms, including where these platforms could complement\u2014rather than replace\u2014face-to-face interactions. Courts need to develop strategies and partnersh"]
[22.435461044311523, 5.252455711364746, "of digital media as a tool for ensuring that potential ODR users understand their rights and available options.\nEvaluating ODR Programs\nThe final category of top-tier needs related to the evaluation of ODR programs. In this category, workshop partici"]
[22.436885833740234, 5.253370761871338, "ce to help courts identify the technological requirements to discuss with vendors and providers.\n\u2022 Provide guidance for courts on how to effectively communicate the require- ments for due process and other legal protections in the technological platf"]
[22.43668556213379, 5.253121376037598, "ms that emphasize user-centered design and features, including mobile-accessible ODR systems that do not require users to have an email address.\n  \u2022 Promote the development of self-help resources, vignettes, and other infor- mational materials as a b"]
[22.436641693115234, 5.2530388832092285, "ions from individual interviews with workshop participants. Presented with this\nlist at the start of the discussion, participants first determined whether the list encompassed the full scope of problems and\nopportunities and then considered the propo"]
[22.436809539794922, 5.253210544586182, "could lead to more-just processes, but only if other important factors, such as fairness and transparency, are maintained.\nWhen ODR is viewed as a means to replicate in-person processes, it is key for courts to understand the appropriate processes an"]
[22.436817169189453, 5.253566265106201, "the technology often think about only the existing processes, and the people who think about changing the processes do not necessarily understand the technology. There must be a way\nto merge the two perspectives; one way to start is for courts to thi"]
[22.436769485473633, 5.253325462341309, " work to rectify by exploring differ- ent strategies for making potential users aware of their options and the benefits and drawbacks of those options. Participants noted that digital media is one tool for helping the public better understand ODR and"]
[22.435476303100586, 5.252396106719971, "onduct evalua-\nCourts should be given opportunities to partner with researchers and should be granted the freedom to experiment with ODR approaches.\ntions, and do not have the capacity to conduct rigorous studies of the impact of ODR. Courts should b"]
[22.436182022094727, 5.252785682678223, " programs. These high-priority needs relate to the design and implementation of ODR programs and platforms, strategies\nto improve access to justice, opportunities to engage potential ODR users, and the rigorous research and evaluation of ODR programs"]
[14.921088218688965, 2.066091299057007, "mall group of experts. To limit the effect of that reality on the representativeness of the results, we strove to make the group as representative as possible of different disciplines, perspectives, and geographic regions. However, the final output o"]
[14.930164337158203, 1.9479690790176392, "scussed and refined problems related to each category and identified potential solu- tions (or needs) that could address each problem. In addition, needs could be framed in response to opportunities to improve performance by adopting or adapting a ne"]
[14.916094779968262, 1.913474440574646, "l Sessions\nOnce each participant had been interviewed and the needs had been consolidated, we held four two-hour virtual meetings using Zoom, a virtual meeting platform. These meetings were config- ured such that the participants could see each other"]
[14.825921058654785, 1.8115830421447754, "ail contained a column with two dimensions: importance and probability of success. We asked each participant to score each need and associated strategies to address those needs in the document using a 1\u20139 scale and return it to us by email. Fig- ure "]
[14.78650188446045, 1.7872270345687866, "the priorities that should be the primary policymaking focus, the middle-tier needs should be examined closely, and the bottom- tier needs are probably not worth much attention in the short term (unless, for example, they can be addressed with exist-"]
[22.436941146850586, 5.253329277038574, "mation and best practices.\n\u2022 Develop guidance for incorporating security and privacy consid- erations into the adoption and administration of an ODR system.\n\u2022 Develop protocols for screening approaches that are specific to relevant case types, such a"]
[22.43703269958496, 5.253353595733643, "nding, chatbots, connections to legal assistance por- resolving a dispute, navigating the court system, tals, and embedded features within ODR platforms; educate users; and providing feedback to the courts. and document that the user understands thei"]
[22.43710708618164, 5.253504276275635, "to serve account the differences in urban, suburban, and the needs of rural jurisdictions.\nrural jurisdictions.a \u2022 Identify and develop communication channels through which suc-\ncessful ODR models can be shared with and adopted by jurisdic- tions tha"]
[22.436935424804688, 5.253165245056152, "at which users are more likely to disengage (e.g., serving a process.a notice in person).\nDigital media can help engage the public in the \u2022 Develop approaches to identify and connect ODR users with court system through strategies for helping users av"]
[22.431657791137695, 5.2516350746154785, "al intelligence or other emerging technologies in ODR systems to support user engagement.\n\u2022 Conduct rigorous longitudinal studies examining the impact of ODR systems on a broad variety of outcomes for ODR providers and ODR users.\n\u2022 Provide funding fo"]
[13.991904258728027, 3.9888083934783936, "y and Other Needs for Improving Court Operations and Outcomes, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1255-NIJ, 2016. As of March 31, 2021: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1255.html\nJackson, Brian A., Joe Russo, John S. Hollywood, Du"]
[14.033458709716797, 4.099212169647217, "h-Pajama-Court-and-Resolving-Cases-Online.html\nRAND Corporation, \u201cDelphi Method,\u201d webpage, undated. As of April 5, 2021:\nhttps://www.rand.org/topics/delphi-method.html\nSanchez, Alex, and Paul Embley, Access Empowers: How ODR Increased Participation a"]
[13.917913436889648, 4.178124904632568, "d victim responses to crime, violence against women, victim services, police-community relations, and survey methodology. Prior to joining RTI, she was chief of the Victimization Statistics Unit at the Bureau of Justice Statistics. She holds a Ph.D. "]
[13.915736198425293, 4.1902265548706055, "n and virtual platforms for case navigation and resolution. This report presents the proceedings of that workshop, topics considered, needs that the panel participants developed, and overarching themes that emerged from the panel discussions. This re"]
[13.86550235748291, 4.581443786621094, "ions of its research clients and sponsors. R\u00ae is a registered trademark.\n This publication was made possible by Award Number 2018-75-CX-K006, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The op"]
[15.692303657531738, 19.46733856201172, " CORPORATION\nLLOYD DIXON, JAMIE MORIKAWA\nImproving the Availability and Affordability of Pandemic Risk Insurance\nProjected Performance of Proposed Programs\n                  For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA1223-1.\nAb"]
[15.693860054016113, 19.47730255126953, "es the distinguishing features of the most-visible proposals and develops a quantitative model that shows their potential consequences. Proposed programs are evaluated in terms of the proportion of revenue decline replaced (efficacy), efficiency, aff"]
[15.696379661560059, 19.47665786743164, "D improved the flow and clarity of the exposition, and Rebecca Fowler skillfully edited the document.\nContents\n AboutThisReport................................................................................... iii Figures and Tables. . . . . . . . ."]
[15.698259353637695, 19.478309631347656, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51\nv\nvi Improving the Availability and Affordability of Pandemic Risk Insurance\nExpected Annual Government Outlays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[15.69905948638916, 19.479686737060547, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\n5.2. Premium for Large Firms as Pandemic Return Period Used by Insurers Varies................................................."]
[15.689695358276367, 19.4737606048584, ". 30\n3.6. MajorContagiousDiseaseIncidentsSince1918.....................................37\n4.1. ProgramPerformanceatBase-CaseParameterValues............................. 44\n4.2. Ranking of Modeled Programs by Program Metric at Base-Case Parameter Valu"]
[15.6988525390625, 19.47948455810547, "ss Interruption Reinsurance program (Pandemic Re), which is open to firms with more than 500 employees.\n\u2022 TheZurichPreliminaryPandemicProposalproposesaflexibleprogramthat allows insurers to choose how much risk to bear.\n\u2022 ThePandemicRiskInsuranceActo"]
[15.697708129882812, 19.47872543334961, "s were evaluated in terms of efficacy, efficiency, affordability, risk borne by commercial insurers, expected annual government net outlays, and policyholder subsidy.\nResults\nThe relative performance of the modeled programs under the base-case parame"]
[15.698281288146973, 19.479156494140625, " 3 2 1\n00 Small and medium-sized firms Large firms\nto purchase coverage at these rates, remembering the large government-funded Pay- check Protection Program (PPP) in the current pandemic.\nThe premiums for large firms are comparable to those for smal"]
[15.697603225708008, 19.47934341430664, "arametric insurance policy is triggered by a metric or index that is easy to determine rather than property damage or other loss suffered by the insured. In the context of pandemic risk insurance, payment would be triggered following a government dec"]
[15.698591232299805, 19.47929573059082, " the amount of risk borne by commercial insurers is likely a better indicator of overall net government out- lays than direct government outlays through the pandemic insurance program.\nProjected outcomes are sensitive to several underlying model para"]
[15.696050643920898, 19.478214263916016, "sured property\n\u2022 whether parametric policies would result in some firms receiving more compensa- tion than they need and others less (basis risk).\nIn this analysis, we have in effect assumed that gaps are filled, thereby resulting in the right amount"]
[15.693774223327637, 19.479347229003906, "ance can create incentives to reduce risk by providing premium reductions to poli-\ncyholders that adopt risk mitigation measures. It is not obvious, however, whether insurance can create similar incentives to mitigate pandemic risk. As an example, co"]
[15.695443153381348, 19.480422973632812, "s based on a number of underlying parameters, and we reviewed economic and insurance literature and data to develop reasonable values for these parameters. We also consulted with experts in the field about what values would be reasonable.4 For each p"]
[15.666635513305664, 19.448081970214844, "osal 1: Business Continuity Protection Program\nThe Business Continuity Protection Program (BCPP)\u2014proposed by the American Property Casualty Insurance Association, the National Association of Mutual Insur- ance Companies, and the Independent Insurance"]
[15.692684173583984, 19.474063873291016, "w the firm to maintain payroll and survive until the policy limit is reached. For a policy limit equal to three months of preshutdown payroll, benefits, and ongoing operating expenses, the coverage would last for three months under a complete shutdow"]
[15.698266983032227, 19.479408264160156, " be affected? It might be more expensive for an insurer to set up coverage with a new policyholder than to add pandemic coverage on to an existing policy\nProposal 2: Chubb Pandemic Business Interruption Program\nChubb\u2019s Pandemic Business Interruption "]
[15.698675155639648, 19.478652954101562, "ays of payroll and fixed costs for benefits, and\nbenefits, and\nbenefits, and\nbenefits, and\nBI policy\nparametric BI policy, ongoing expenses\nongoing expenses\nongoing expenses\nexpenses, capped at\ncapped at $50M per\n$20M per month for\nsame as underlying"]
[15.696605682373047, 19.47686004638672, "e for \u0000500 employees\nVaries by\nindustry (90% for accommodations and food services, 30% for utilities); 65% economy-wide\nPandemic Risk Business Continuity Insurance Act (PRIA) Coalition (BCC) Program\nIncluded in premium\nNot discussed\n Government will "]
[15.69942569732666, 19.47994613647461, "00 businesses with more than 500 employees is voluntary, with no strong opt-out or requirement that insurers offer cov- erage to large firms.\nPolicy Features\nThe policy again looks similar to those offered by the BCPP and Chubb\u2019s BEIP: Payroll and ex"]
[15.703295707702637, 19.482650756835938, "le experience.7\nLike the BCPP and Chubb proposals, insurers participating in the ZPPP must offer coverage to their customers with fixed property coverage. In contrast to the BCPP and Chubb proposals, insurers are required to participate in the ZPPP.\n"]
[15.696105003356934, 19.483436584472656, "c\n8 The federal subsidy in the federal crop insurance program amounts to approximately two-thirds of the premium.\n9 Rate on line is premium as a percentage of the amount of coverage provided.\n10 Zurichwouldimplementasubsidybyallowingthegovernmenttous"]
[15.699959754943848, 19.481130599975586, "al applies to all P&C policies, including workers\u2019 compensation, commercial general liability, directors and\n14 BusinessContinuityCoalition,homepage,undated.\n15 Business Continuity Coalition, \u201cPandemic Risk Insurance Act Business Continuity Coalition"]
[15.698149681091309, 19.47958755493164, "adjust the risk they retain over time by modifying the distribution of policies across pools.\nTo reduce the costs of simultaneously adjusting a large number of claims, all but one of the proposals rely at least in part on a parametric trigger. The Ch"]
[15.6979398727417, 19.47832489013672, " BCC programs. The ZPPP can perform quite similarly to the BCPP if insurers decide to retain only a very small portion of the risk or perform more like the Chubb program if insurers retain more risk. Zurich projects that 99 percent of risk will be tr"]
[15.70002269744873, 19.479873657226562, "the risk, program and policy features, take-up rate for the BCPP, and the price elas- ticity of demand. It then predicts outputs, such as insured loss, the premium, program expenses, and the allocation of cost and risk between the private and public "]
[15.696418762207031, 19.478635787963867, ".1 Model Inputs\nInput\nFirms affected\nRequired revenue replacement\nReturn period\nLosses covered\nPolicyholder waiting period Policyholder co-pay\nCoverage duration Policy limit\nFirms eligible\nProgram cap Insurer deductible\nInsurer co-pay\nG&SE\nLAE ratio\n"]
[15.697821617126465, 19.47888946533203, "iscussed later is this chapter, we take a different approach because the premium does not reflect the full costs of the program in some cases. To calcu- late costs of adjusting and paying claims, an LAE ratio is applied to insured loss. The ratio dep"]
[15.697083473205566, 19.4791316986084, "te\nDescription\nNumber of firms purchasing coverage; projected separately for small and medium-sized firms (<500 employees) and large firms (\u0000500 employees)\nShortfall in revenue needed to sustain payroll, benefits, and ongoing operating expenses regar"]
[15.696657180786133, 19.478731155395508, " proportion of insured losses (using the LAE ratio) and differ depending on whether a traditional indemnity policy or parametric policy is used.\nAnnual G&SE: These expenses are the brokerage, commission, and other selling costs associated with placin"]
[15.698922157287598, 19.479902267456055, " about the return period used by insur- ers and the government in setting prices. In some cases, the insured loss relevant to pricing is only the part of overall insured loss that is the responsibility of private insur- ers. In others, it is the tota"]
[15.698197364807129, 19.47943687438965, "or firms that participate in the program\nRatio of claim payments to overall program costs\nAnnual premium per firm and per $1,000 payroll\nPremium per $1,000 coverage\nInsurer incurred loss and LAE should an event occur\nCapital required by commercial in"]
[15.700203895568848, 19.475971221923828, "ovide for uninsured losses. For example, if the government covered all uninsured losses, the government would ultimately cover all losses less the amount of claim payments funded by commercial insurers. Direct government outlays through the program a"]
[15.67607307434082, 19.45832061767578, " We do not include these firms in our analysis. Even though the $1.29 trillion in receipts for nonemployee firms is small relative to the $37.4 trillion in receipts for firms with employees, providing revenue replacement assistance for nonemployee fi"]
[15.579438209533691, 19.385528564453125, "able firms to keep payroll and benefits at prepandemic levels and cover ongoing expenses.10 However, the economy will not completely shut down. Many businesses will continue to operate, perhaps at reduced levels.\nOne measure of the economic impact of"]
[15.674070358276367, 19.4549617767334, "ll, benefits, and ongoing expenses\n6.00M\n$12B\n5% of losses above insurer deductible\n$750B\n     Revenue Replacement Needed to Sustain Prepandemic Payroll, Benefits, and Ongoing Expenses for 12 Months\nTable 3.5\u2014Continued\nParameter\nG&SE per policy for s"]
[15.692696571350098, 19.474328994750977, "bb proposal (see Table 2.1). To facilitate compari- son of the different proposals, we assume a 20 percent co-pay for each program. As discussed in Chapter Two, the coverage provided under PRIA would be the same as the underlying BI policy, and a num"]
[15.696158409118652, 19.478723526000977, " of G&SE to the premium. The ratio was 0.176 for the P&C industry overall over the last five years (Table D.1 in Appendix D).18 Using a G&SE ratio to calculate G&SE in this study presents chal- lenges because we do not have a full premium to which to"]
[15.697875022888184, 19.478412628173828, "Resources Agency, August 2018). Dividing $2.11 billion by 9.5 million policies results in $222 per policy.\nModeling Approach and Base-Case Parameters 33\n 34 Improving the Availability and Affordability of Pandemic Risk Insurance\nNational Association "]
[15.697856903076172, 19.479433059692383, "igation, generating substantial LAE. Data on the LAE for BI indemnity policies are not available, but it stands to reason that the LAE ratio for BI policies is higher than the 0.11 for the commercial multiple peril, nonliability line, as a whole. On "]
[15.700117111206055, 19.48129653930664, "tal for Insurance Companies,\u201d Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, Vol. 25, No. 1, January 2000, p. 16. Kielholz\u2019s analysis focused on the use and cost of equity. He pointed out that although insurers do use debt financing, it is typically a small po"]
[15.700263023376465, 19.481874465942383, "on debt to support the risk. In addition, a short return period may be necessary to convince investors to provide capital at rates that have typically been paid by the industry (see the preceding discussion of the cost of capital). Some of those with"]
[15.696216583251953, 19.478763580322266, " Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Disease, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, \u201c2014\u20132016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa,\u201d webpage, last reviewed March 8, 20"]
[15.702203750610352, 19.471107482910156, "ms with fewer than 100 employees, and according to the Census data, there are about 5.88 million firms with fewer than 100 employees.28 This sug- gests a substantial take-up rate BI coverage, but, as discussed in Appendix A, there are\n25 SeeDixonetal"]
[15.762950897216797, 19.410409927368164, "he cost of terrorism coverage for certified events in the United States. In cases when the policy covers both terrorism and other perils (\u201cembedded policies\u201d), the Federal Insur- ance Office found that insurers provide terrorism coverage at no additi"]
[15.68389892578125, 19.4890079498291, "he percentage change in the number of firms that purchase coverage to the percentage change in premiums. Their analysis also excluded smaller firms.\nPrice elasticities in other settings are potentially also relevant. The price elasticity of demand fo"]
[15.698689460754395, 19.480445861816406, "he BCPP program, expectations of the program proposers, and review of take-up in other settings, we assume that take-up in the BCPP would be 65 percent. The take-up rates for the other programs are then adjusted from the 65 percent baseline based on "]
[15.703028678894043, 19.471485137939453, "remium is $0.98 per $1,000 payroll (see Table 4.1). In contrast, workers\u2019 compensation coverage averaged $12.10 per $1,000 in the United States in 2018.1 The Federal Insurance Office puts the cost of terrorism coverage when embedded with other covera"]
[15.700947761535645, 19.47899055480957, "$105,000\nTable 4.1\u2014Continued\nPerformance Metric\nGovernment outlays and revenue\nGovernment-incurred loss and LAE should an event occur\nPer participating firm\nTotal program\nAnnual government premium revenue\nSmall and Medium- Sized Firms\nBCPP Approach\nL"]
[15.701045989990234, 19.47477149963379, "th fewer than 500 employees comes to $4,800 per firm.\nConsiderable uncertainty remains on the average cost of property and liability insurance for firms with fewer than 500 employees. But if the average property and liability insurance cost for busin"]
[15.697259902954102, 19.478185653686523, "centage is lowest for the combined Chubb approach, but it is not high for any of the approaches.\nEfficiency\nThere is considerable LAE variation across the approaches, driven by the different loss adjustment approaches (see the \u201cEfficiency\u201d section of"]
[15.698188781738281, 19.479541778564453, "ause indemnity policies are used for large firms in the Chubb proposal and for all firms in the PRIA proposal.\nAlthough a full assessment of the administrative and loan processing costs of the PPP has not been completed, initial information from the "]
[15.696678161621094, 19.478723526000977, "the diversifiability index is set to 0.5 in the base case, which means that insurers need to hold half as much capital as would be the case if they treated the pan- demic coverage as entirely separate from insurance for other hazards. For comparison,"]
[15.699535369873047, 19.47913360595703, "ons of net government outlays for large firms in BCPP and PRIA follow patterns similar to those for small and medium-sized firms. Because Pan-\nFigure 4.3\nExpected Annual Government Net Outlays per Participating Firm for Small and Medium- Sized Firms "]
[15.7024507522583, 19.482257843017578, "e-Case Parameter Values\n250\n200\n150\n($ billions) 100\n50\n0\n\u201350\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Actual return period (years)\nFigure 4.8\nPolicyholder Subsidy for Small Firms\n100\nPercentage of program costs subsidized Expected annual government net outl"]
[15.695977210998535, 19.47767448425293, "annual government net outlays and policyholder subsidy.\nThe greater efficiency of the BCPP and the ability of the government to price cov- erage using a much longer return period than the private sector results in the BCPP\u2019s lower premium. Although t"]
[15.698114395141602, 19.479393005371094, "ecting the difficulty of insuring pandemic risk, is not particularly high in any of the programs. Chubb proposes that the insurer risk share double over time\u2014but even so, it will remain modest. One advantage of the insurer deductible in the PRIA appr"]
[15.701815605163574, 19.481985092163086, "fiability index\nRate of return on capital\nValue Used in Baseline Projections\n5 years $100 $10,000 0.04 0.15 \u20130.50 0.50 9%\nPlausible Range\n[3, 100] [$50, $200] [$5,000, $20,000] [0.02, 0.06] [0.010, 0.200] [\u20130.75, \u20130.25] [0.25, 0.75] [6%, 12%]\n  59\n60"]
[15.721900939941406, 19.502338409423828, "se. If insurers use a 30-year return period, the pre- miums in all three programs are quite close for small and medium-sized firms.\n1 State insurance regulators could potentially resist the use of such longer return periods, fearing that these longer"]
[15.70141887664795, 19.481847763061523, "and large firms) Chubb (large firms)\n    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100\nReturn period used by insurers in setting premium (years)\nSensitivity of Projections to Changes in Parameter Values 63\nFigure 5.4\nCapital Help by Insurers as Return Period Used"]
[15.697745323181152, 19.47865867614746, " Chubb and PRIA approaches, and the diversifiability index has considerable impact on the amount of capital held by insurers in the Chubb and PRIA approaches.\nThe results of this sensitivity analysis suggest areas in which further work to narrow unce"]
[15.701014518737793, 19.48115348815918, "\n[65, 65] [10, 10] [34, 32]\nAmount of Capital Held by Insurers ($ billions)\n[0, 0]\n[0, 0] [6.16, 5.98] [12.8, 12.4]\nExpected Annual Government Net Outlays ($ billions)a\n[18.6, 18.6] [\u20135.19, \u20134.70] [10.6, 11.7]\n[18.6, 18.6] [\u20134.79, \u20135.12] [11.5, 10.8]"]
[15.698427200317383, 19.4789981842041, "insurers, the approach to paying claims, the extent to which the U.S. government receives a premium for the risk it bears, and the extent of policyholder subsidies.\nThe programs all leverage the deep capability of the commercial insurance indus- try "]
[15.688733100891113, 19.47073745727539, "re order\n\u2022 whetherpoliciesbackedbyPRIAwillprovidecoverageforpandemiclosseswhen the underlying BI policies require physical damage to the insured property\n\u2022 whether parametric policies will result in some firms receiving more compensa- tion than they "]
[15.666640281677246, 19.448959350585938, "e BI coverage included in the standard BOP. Others said that small businesses in the United States typically opt out of ordinary payroll coverage.\nContinuing normal operating expenses are not explicitly defined in the standard policy, which is one of"]
[15.656914710998535, 19.439239501953125, "pport postshutdown level of pro- duction.\nThe firm makes zero profit in this situation.\nSubtracting the amount of income needed from the amount of income received\npostshutdown results in the amount of the insurance payment that is returned or reserve"]
[15.696013450622559, 19.477230072021484, "mit \u0000 pholder _ deductible ) * (1\u0000 pholder _ copay ), program _ cap).\nThe amount of insured loss incurred by insurers should an event occur is\ninsurer _ claims =\n\u0000insured _ loss if insured _ loss \u0000 insurer _ deductible\n(C.3)\n(C.4)\n(C.5) (C.6)\n( C . 7"]
[15.69791030883789, 19.47861099243164, "The premium becomes\npremiumPanRe =\ne v e n t _ p r o b * i n s u r e d _ l o s s * (1 + L A E _ r a t i o ) + \u0000 r o r \u0000 * p l o s s\nG&SE +\n1+ror *copay_industry \u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 .\n(C.12)\n premiumretained byinsurersPanRe =industry_copay*premium+ (1\u0000ind"]
[15.697139739990234, 19.478614807128906, "usiness ($1,000s)\nFire 64,866,013 Homeowners multiple peril 466,275,407 Inland marine 113,496,742 International 339,248\nRatio of G&SE to Premium\n0.267 0.256 0.265 0.854 0.210 0.223 0.110 0.279 0.244 0.260\n0.212 0.229 0.290 0.475 0.181 0.210 0.241\n  M"]
[15.696246147155762, 19.47788429260254, "missioners data via S&P Global Intelligence, provided to RAND by the American Property Casualty Insurance Association.\nReferences\n American Property Casualty Insurance Association, \u201cProperty Casualty Insurance Industry Suffered Largest-Ever Drop in S"]
[15.661250114440918, 19.44405746459961, ":\nhttps://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, \u201cHighly Pathogenic Asian Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus,\u201d webpage, last review"]
[15.698138236999512, 19.46625518798828, "icy/cost\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cHow Much Does Business Interruption Insurance Cost?\u201d webpage, undated-b. As of April 5, 2021:\nhttps://www.insureon.com/small-business-insurance/business-interruption/cost\nInternal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income\u20142017: Corporation"]
[15.677213668823242, 19.455148696899414, "Annual Payroll, and Preliminary Receipts by Enterprise Employment Size for the United States, All Industries: 2017,\u201d Excel file, March 6, 2020. As of May 5, 2021:\nhttps://w w w.census.gov/data/tables/2017/econ/susb/2017-susb-annual.html\nU.S. House of"]
[15.69802188873291, 19.478918075561523, "onsequences. Proposed programs are evaluated in terms of the proportion of revenue decline replaced (efficacy), efficiency, affordability, the risk borne by the commercial insurers, expected annual government net outlays, and the amount of subsidy pr"]
[13.273813247680664, 7.603471755981445, "  CORPORATION\nSHAWN D. BUSHWAY, DULANI WOODS, DENIS AGNIEL, DAVID M. ADAMSON\nSmall Businesses, Criminal Histories, and the Paycheck Protection Program\nThere is a growing realization of the potential importance of business ownership for people with cr"]
[13.272153854370117, 7.604303359985352, "d of fraud, bribery, embezzlement, or a false statement in a loan application or an application for federal financial assistance. For all other felonies, the restrictions were limited to a one-year window after conviction for those not incarcerated ("]
[13.275235176086426, 7.607005596160889, "ers estimated that as many as 2.6 to 3.2 percent of sole proprietors were ineligible for PPP loans based on one of the five\n Abbreviations\nCI confidence interval\nCJARS Criminal Justice Administrative\nRecords System\nPPP Paycheck Protection Program\nSBA"]
[13.261341094970703, 7.591428756713867, " identification for different areas is known as entity resolution. An entity resolution algorithm helps link possibly ambiguous characteristics (such as criminal history records) to an object or individual (Talley, 2011). As an example of linking bus"]
[13.27531909942627, 7.608375549316406, "- tion of small business owners with a criminal history. We have no direct information on how often this occurred, but the broad agreement of our prevalence estimates with Finlay, Mueller-Smith, and Street\u2019s (2020) estimates and with our state-level "]
[13.250689506530762, 7.5928754806518555, "g recent felonies.\nFirst, we used the probability of felony status being unknown given everything we already know about the individual and business. For example, if most of the records in North Carolina have unknown felony status, a greater burden wo"]
[13.278812408447266, 7.615680694580078, ", our estimate of affected employees could reasonably be considered a lower bound.\nEstimated National Prevalence of Small Business Owners with a Felony Conviction\nWe first estimate the number of small business owners who had at least one felony convi"]
[13.28097152709961, 7.619053363800049, "ffected Businesses Under the Original and Revised Paycheck Protection Plan Restrictions\nWe estimate that under the revised 2021 PPP restrictions, the number of businesses affected dropped by 95 percent\u2014from 212,655 (0.47 percent of small businesses) "]
[13.276302337646484, 7.615071773529053, "f businesses\n120,000\nNOTE: Employee estimates were conservative: When an owner was known to be affiliated with multiple businesses, only one business was used to contribute to the employee estimate. In addition, employee estimates were on the lower e"]
[13.27541446685791, 7.589563846588135, " paragraph also could be caused by variation in criminal justice policies. For example, the same crime could be a misdemeanor in one state but a felony in another. This is particularly pertinent to our research because of the current progress of mari"]
[13.282572746276855, 7.625387191772461, "Public administration\nEducational services\nInformation\nArts, entertainment, and recreation\nFinance and insurance\nReal estate and rental and leasing\nAgriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting\nHealth care and social assistance\nWholesale trade\nTranspor"]
[13.263978004455566, 7.594916820526123, "7 (3,045\u20134,009) 29,698 (28,050\u201331,345) 59,960 (57,410\u201362,510) 54,046 (51,760\u201356,332) 32,224 (30,573\u201333,874) 13,223 (12,159\u201314,287) 19,978 (17,051\u201322,905)\nAffected Businesses, Revised PPP (95-percent CI)\n127 (97\u2013156) 1,453 (1,334\u20131,572) 3,308 (3,099\u20133"]
[13.271635055541992, 7.6147871017456055, "findings would likely change but could be less accurate, as\nthe PPP restrictions apply only to individuals with a 20-percent or larger ownership stake.\nUsing this final sample frame, we asked DatabaseUSA to randomly sample its records by state and bu"]
[13.274321556091309, 7.628127098083496, "nnesota\u2019s real-world equivalent; as a result, our estimate for any criminal activity for Minnesota should be viewed as a minimum estimate.\nSecond, name-based matching approaches will inevitably produce false positives (individuals incor- rectly match"]
[13.299545288085938, 7.633919715881348, "tage)\n2.0\n1.0\n0\nAll criminal history\n      3.43\n 2.48\n2.54\n   0.82\n0.86\n   0.38\n 0.22\n 0.09\n0.13\n 3.0\n        All Within felonies 5 years\nAll criminal All\nWithin 5 years\nAll criminal history\nAll felonies\nOther\nWithin 5 years\nConstruction\nNOTE: Data w"]
[13.273149490356445, 7.6092963218688965, "m seven states; second, the researchers only considered sole propri- etorships. Individuals involved in partnerships or other small businesses were not included. As a result, this study did not provide a national picture of how many small business ow"]
[13.273497581481934, 7.606651782989502, " of a felony; 8 per- cent of the general adult population have ever been convicted of a felony (Shannon et al., 2017). The SBA has a long record of imposing restrictions on loans and other aid to small businesses owned by individu- als with criminal "]
[13.230630874633789, 7.557181358337402, "ed criminal history data have been used by researchers to generate national estimates of the prevalence of criminal history records in the United States. In this report, we have compared our results from this new approach with results from other, mor"]
[13.266995429992676, 7.601048946380615, "record restrictions. Consumer and background check data could be used to identify businesses that have an owner or owners with criminal history records and that also received PPP loans. However, because consumer and back- ground check companies expec"]
[13.270980834960938, 7.604034900665283, "were ignored. Nonetheless, written restrictions could have discouraged applicants who did not want to run afoul of federal rules (Brayne, 2014).\n2 For example, when working directly with state criminal history data, we checked for duplicate name and "]
[13.269848823547363, 7.5801472663879395, "2, 2021. As of May 21, 2021: https://www.arnoldventures.org/newsroom/a-statement- from-arnold-ventures-on-the-biden-harris-administrations- expansion-of-the-paycheck-protection-program\nBang, Heejung, and James M. Robins, \u201cDoubly Robust Estimation in "]
[13.27664852142334, 7.590724945068359, ",\u201d webpage, undated-a. As of May 18, 2021: https://chs.state.mn.us/Home/Faq\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cSearch Public Criminal History,\u201d webpage, undated-b. As of May 18, 2021:\nhttps://chs.state.mn.us/Search/ChsSearch\nNorth American Industry Classification System Associat"]
[13.274740219116211, 7.603123664855957, "- increases-lending-to-small-businesses-in-need-announces- changes-to-ppp-to-further-promote-equitable-access-to-relief\n 18\nAcknowledgments\nThe authors would like to thank Tim Pinkerton of DatabaseUSA for his patience through hundreds of iterations a"]
[13.852702140808105, 4.5477681159973145, "ted in the Justice Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well-Being. The program focuses on such topics as access to justice, policing, corrections, drug policy, and court system reform, as well as other policy con- cerns pertaining to publi"]
[16.18927764892578, 17.383378982543945, "  CORPORATION\nDEBORAH R. HENSLER, JASMINKA KALAJDZIC, PETER CASHMAN, MANUEL A. GO\u0301MEZ, AXEL HALFMEIER, IANIKA TZANKOVA\nThe Globalization of Mass Civil Litigation Lessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Case\n   For more information on this publicat"]
[16.175546646118164, 17.369651794433594, " more intriguing examples of this type of litigation, the recent Volkswagen (VW) \u201cclean diesel\u201d case, a global litigation that proceeded in parallel in multiple national jurisdictions. Many scholars and practitioners believe that this sort of transna"]
[16.16782569885254, 17.361690521240234, "s, all those who participated in the roundtable, and our colleagues who have contrib- uted over the years to our knowledge about global mass civil litigation. We would also like to thank the peer viewers, Michelle Grise\u0301 and Roger Trangsrud, for thei"]
[16.179393768310547, 17.372974395751953, "ing the story of the lawsuits against VW forward beyond the date of the roundtable, we are able to suggest some of the consequences of procedural variation.\nThe roundtable discussion suggested that the VW litigation is not a \u201cone-off.\u201d Indeed, many p"]
[16.205665588378906, 17.396944046020508, "........................................................ 8 Canada.................................................................................................... 9 Australia ........................................................................"]
[16.17742156982422, 17.371850967407227, " FIVE\nLessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Litigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 APPENDIX\nAttendee List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[16.180660247802734, 17.37486457824707, " services are manu- factured and sold worldwide, problems associated with these products and services inevita-\n1 In the popular press and many legal documents, this software was referred to as a defeat device.\n2 See, e.g., Margaret Moses, The Princip"]
[16.173336029052734, 17.36713218688965, " to the phenomenon of global litigation while at the same time preserving their own legal culture and autonomy? What peculiar legal problems are created by parallel proceedings in different jurisdictions, and what are the possible solutions? Is there"]
[16.111820220947266, 17.30510139465332, "ere pleased with the enthusiasm for discussion that the participants exhibited during the day. We learned a lot about jurisdictional differences and similarities in response to mass civil litigation and attitudinal differences about the causes and co"]
[16.166759490966797, 17.360599517822266, "ns from 2007 to 2011,2 was a natural venue for the roundtable. RAND\u2019s long history of studying mass tort litigation, class actions, and mass compensation systems made it a natural partner in this initiative. Ultimately, the RAND Institute for Civil J"]
[16.163738250732422, 17.3566837310791, "the procedural rules and practices for addressing them vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The legal position is further complicated by the fact that choice of law rules also vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. When there are large numbers of"]
[16.11964988708496, 17.30133056640625, " of the same facts and law. The modern form of the U.S. class action is spelled out in federal Rule 23 and its state counterparts.3 Briefly, when there are numerous claims that share common features, a judge may certify the litigation to proceed as a"]
[16.08988380432129, 17.277217864990234, "ertifica- tion and settlement approval.6 The provision for class members to object to proposed settle- ments is said to have given rise to the development of professional objectors, represented by counsel who allegedly attempt to leverage the potenti"]
[16.150800704956055, 17.33991241455078, "Class Actions, 2005\u20132012,\u201d Fordham Law Conference, Vol. 87, No. 1, February 2018.\n8 Code of Civil Procedure, RSQ c C-25.01, Book VI, art. 571\u2013604.\n 9\nThe Globalization of Mass Civil Litigation: Lessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Case\n however"]
[16.147531509399414, 17.338031768798828, " 5 of Ontario Regulation 771/92 to consider applications to the fund and make a determination whether to fund a class action on the basis of three primary considerations: the extent to which the issues in the proceeding affect the public interest, th"]
[16.163408279418945, 17.35566520690918, " be permitted to proceed as a class action, including on the basis that the class requirements are not satisfied. Other statutory provisions permit the court to consider whether the case can proceed as a class. Such challenges, although not common, d"]
[16.13978385925293, 17.314517974853516, "r any adverse costs order or requirement to provide security for costs,17 whereas the class members are not liable for adverse costs or security for costs.18 This allocation of costs and risks, which enables all other class members to \u201cfree ride\u201d on "]
[16.158960342407227, 17.348953247070312, "ith judges to seek to achieve equity in such circumstances. One innovation was to make funding equalization orders, whereby the same percentage amount payable by funded class members to the funder was deducted from the amount payable to nonfunded cla"]
[16.171051025390625, 17.363704681396484, "cision is Lenthall v Westpac Life Insurance Services Ltd [2019] FCAFC 34. The High Court decisions are BMW Australia Ltd v Brewster and Westpac Banking Corporation v. Lenthall [2019] HCA 45 (December 4, 2019).\n21 Haselhurst v Toyota Motor Corporation"]
[16.172121047973633, 17.364076614379883, " Australian Law Reform Commission, Integrity, Fairness and Efficiency\u2014an Inquiry into Class Action Proceedings and Third-Party Litigation Funders, Brisbane, 2018. The Australian Law Reform Commission made 24 recom- mendations for reform of class acti"]
[16.185705184936523, 17.3796329498291, "pMuG procedure is lim- ited to the field of prospectus liability and other claims based on alleged violations of capital market information duties.\nIn 2018, partly in response to the VW litigation, the Musterfeststellungsklage was created for consume"]
[16.161481857299805, 17.353759765625, "ge actions but rather lawsuits seeking declaratory or injunctive relief only. There is no certification requirement, and the lead plaintiff can be an established foundation or an association (such as the Dutch Shareholders\u2019 Association), or it can be"]
[16.158174514770508, 17.349571228027344, "when appointing the exclusive representative, the court will need to take a list of requirements into account with respect to the governance, representativeness, and financial status of the nonprofit entity to assess whether the interests of the grou"]
[16.15956687927246, 17.35149383544922, "two decades, and Brazil has been generally regarded to be at the forefront, especially in the realm of consumer protection.38 The current legal framework rests on two important statutes and a constitutional provision\u2014enacted between 1985 and 1990\u2014tha"]
[16.155656814575195, 17.347002029418945, "ng diffuse, collective, and individual-homogeneous rights.45 Diffuse rights usually refer to the preservation of a public good, such as envi- ronmental protection, as opposed to a private individual or a group interest.46 Collective rights are also t"]
[16.169023513793945, 17.36159324645996, "ion: Lessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Case\n the collective proceedings prove unsuccessful.52 The CDC contains some key pro-plaintiff features, such as the shifting of the burden of proof to the defendant, a strict liability rule that reliev"]
[16.1568660736084, 17.348133087158203, "ers with little or no long-term commitment to the protection of consumer rights, but rather driven by the prospect of an early settlement that brings a large fee award.\u201d63\nThe CPA vests Chilean judges with certain powers not commonly seen in ordinary"]
[16.154203414916992, 17.345521926879883, "ve, procedures for aggregating claims and for representative collective actions vary significantly across jurisdictions. Depending on certain key features, a proce- dure will be more or less likely to be used by claimants. Most obviously, transsubsta"]
[16.183382034301758, 17.3773250579834, "oved\nassociation\nExisting\nYes\nRepresentative\nTranssubstantive\nassociation\nand ad hoc\nfoundation\n  Court Order? Certification or\nYes (court\nAggregate\n(model\nselects\n  Aggregate or Representative\nScope Transsubstantive Transsubstantive\nJurisdiction\nRep"]
[16.18307876586914, 17.37718391418457, " litigation through about June 2020, as reported in this chapter.\n1 The coauthors gratefully acknowledge the information provided by lawyers representing plaintiffs and defendants about the status of VW civil and criminal proceedings in their jurisdi"]
[16.204898834228516, 17.40068244934082, "the automobiles\u2019 emissions were many times greater than per- mitted under California\u2019s tough pollution-control standards.\nIn March 2014, the research team presented its findings at a conference in Southern California. In the audience were automobile "]
[16.198762893676758, 17.393299102783203, "RB issu- ing notices of violation to VW for the use of defeat devices in hundreds of thousands of VW diesel engine vehicles, environmental and consumer fraud attorneys from the offices of dozens of state attorneys general were participating in large "]
[16.188434600830078, 17.38295555114746, "widely respected judge, in the Northern District of California. In its transfer order, the JPML noted that the litigation had connections to many parts of the United States. \u201cWe select Judge Charles R. Breyer as the transferee judge,\u201d the panel wrote"]
[16.2074031829834, 17.40242576599121, "rder, MDL 2672, December 8, 2015, p. 3.\n13 David Shephardson, \u201cBosch Concealed Volkswagen Use of \u2018Defeat Device\u2019 Software: Lawyers,\u201d Reuters, September 8, 2016.\n14 Judge Breyer, Cabraser, Giuffra, and Feinberg all participated in the Stanford-RAND ro"]
[16.19561767578125, 17.390100479125977, "a- tives of the DOJ, federal EPA, and CARB, as well as plaintiff and defense counsel, he asked: \u201cWhat remedies are being proposed by Volkswagen to address the immediate problem of hundreds of thousands of vehicles on the streets and highways of the U"]
[16.199975967407227, 17.394994735717773, "lty claims, nor federal criminal claims against Volkswagen, Audi, and Porsche. During the summer of 2016, settlement negotia- tions between the multistate Executive Committee and VW began to break down. Shortly thereafter, a significant number of sta"]
[16.203725814819336, 17.39859962463379, "yer approved the first VW consumer class action set- tlement on October 25, 2016, about ten months after the JPML transferred the VW litigation to him.22 On the same date, Judge Breyer approved a consent decree ending parallel litigation brought by t"]
[16.208051681518555, 17.403356552124023, ".26 The provisions of the later settlement with owners of 3.0-liter cars were somewhat more compli- cated, but it also offered owners a choice of a buyback or a vehicle modification and commit- ted VW to pay an additional $225 million into the enviro"]
[16.198152542114258, 17.392908096313477, "iller, \u201cAttorney Fees in Class Action Settlements: An Empirical Study,\u201d Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, Vol. 1, March 2004; Theodore Eisenberg and Geoffrey P. Miller, \u201cAttorney Fees and Expenses in Class Action Settlements: 1993\u20132008,\u201d Journal of"]
[16.201669692993164, 17.396690368652344, ".G. Schneiderman Announces Volkswagen to Pay New York $32.5 Million\u2014Marking First-Ever NY State Environmental Enforcement Penalty Against an Automaker for Emissions Violations,\u201d press release, March 30, 2017.\n33 In re Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Litiga"]
[16.199485778808594, 17.394207000732422, "ison v. Australia National Bank,42 holding that the Securities and Exchange Act does not provide extraterritorial jurisdiction to federal courts.43 As a result, the locus of securities litigation arising out of the \u201cclean diesel\u201d scandal is Germany, "]
[16.198713302612305, 17.39402961730957, "adian and U.S. VW and Audi subsidiaries. The plaintiffs sought general and puni- tive damages of more than C$4 billion or, alternatively, rescission of the purchase price of the vehicles. The allegations were founded in negligence (in the design of i"]
[16.200578689575195, 17.395578384399414, "intiffs\u2019 motion for certifi- cation for settlement purposes was granted in its entirety.51 The judge certified a class of \u201call persons\u201d (excluding residents of Quebec, who were members of a separate class action in that province) who were registered "]
[16.207834243774414, 17.403194427490234, "ounsel C$9.9 million.\nIn August 2017, the parties, including representatives of the U.S. and German defendants and of the Canadian Competition Bureau, entered into formal settlement negotiations in respect of the 3.0-liter diesel vehicles. The retire"]
[16.197031021118164, 17.390708923339844, "orted lag issue to make an informed decision about their rights under the settlement. The motion judge found that the remedies for any lag issue were not available under\u2014nor precluded by\u2014the settlement agreement.\nTwo proposed securities class actions"]
[16.190227508544922, 17.384536743164062, "ainst VW and other entities, which, after almost five years of litigation, were settled in the fall of 2019. Settlement approval hearings were held in early 2020. The regulatory proceedings were the subject of a penalty hearing in the Federal Court o"]
[16.175701141357422, 17.370431900024414, "ave been centralized. If a class is certified, those counsel become class counsel. Neither Canada nor Australia has a statutory procedure akin to an MDL. When multiple lawsuits arising out of the same matter are filed, attorneys for the different pla"]
[16.199443817138672, 17.393619537353516, " prepared and submitted expert evidence. Thus, the first-stage trial proceeded without the respondents calling any witnesses. The judgment on the separate questions was yet to be handed down when the settlement agreement was reached. This judgment wo"]
[16.194643020629883, 17.385051727294922, "regulatory proceedings seeking civil penalties were commenced by the ACCC in 2016 and 2017. In the regulatory proceedings, the ACCC relied on causes of action in respect to conduct alleged to be misleading or deceptive or likely to mislead or deceive"]
[16.204116821289062, 17.399581909179688, "n class action litigation are an obvious problem in such jurisdictions as Australia, where the representative applicants may be liable to pay the respondents\u2019 costs if the litigation is unsuccessful.\nNotwithstanding the inordinate delay and substanti"]
[16.19968032836914, 17.394365310668945, ", which is the holding company of the VW group. These actions are of a lower monetary volume but still approach \u20ac1 billion altogether. Many of them have been brought before the lower court in Stuttgart, where Porsche\u2019s headquarters are located. The l"]
[16.196197509765625, 17.391395568847656, "alers. Most of these cases are financed through legal expenses insurance, which is widely available in Germany. The insurers first denied cover for such actions but were later forced by court decisions to provide it as the wave of litigation grew and"]
[16.199567794799805, 17.394203186035156, "class action firm; myRight claims to represent about 40,000 individual claims that have been transferred to it in exchange for a 35 percent share in the expected proceeds. VW has attacked this financing scheme as illegal, but as of June 2020, only on"]
[16.195938110351562, 17.390268325805664, "sgerichtshof, 25 May 2020, VI ZR 252/19.\n83 \u201cBraunschweig ist Spitzenreiter bei VW-Klagen,\u201d NDR, July 6, 2018.\n84 Volker, 2019.\n 45\nThe Globalization of Mass Civil Litigation: Lessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Case\n the VW group consists of "]
[16.2049617767334, 17.399431228637695, "dely agreed that all claims against VW were now time-barred, so that VW could be rather sure that no new claims would be brought if it started to admit wrongful behavior. On the other hand, VW wanted to finalize the settlement before May 5, 2020, the"]
[16.199352264404297, 17.393308639526367, "W and the VZBV agreed that only 260,000 would be eligible for payment. In particular, the agreement excluded consumers who resided outside Germany at the time they purchased their cars. The agreement also excluded those consumers who had bought the c"]
[16.199626922607422, 17.39418601989746, "l settlement, without pursuing litigation, were unsuccessful; in June 2020, the foundation decided to dissolve. The chair of the foundation, a former high- profile Dutch judge, was quoted as explaining that the foundation was unable to achieve its go"]
[16.200895309448242, 17.394861221313477, " to be taken into account. In an interim ruling of November 20, 2019, the Amsterdam District Court rejected the majority of the motions. It decided that the collective action should proceed with respect to the majority of the claims of the private an"]
[16.222408294677734, 17.417171478271484, "d a preliminary ruling interpreting Article 7(2) of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Union to provide jurisdiction for courts in the European Union to hear claims against VW from car buyers outside Germany. The advocate general for the EC"]
[16.192537307739258, 17.385669708251953, "sumer protection advocates to jump on the bandwagon to hold the carmaker liable. Similar to what occurred with affiliates of the VW conglomerate in other jurisdictions, Volkswagen do Brasil Ltda (VW Brazil) faced actions on at least two fronts. The f"]
[16.2012996673584, 17.395610809326172, "f Sa\u0303o Paulo) surpasses R$65 million (approximately US$12 million to June 2020).98 The first and largest one, for R$50 million\n96 Dia\u0301rio Oficial, Poder Executivo\u2014Sec\u0327a\u0303o I, Sa\u0303o Paulo: Imprensa Oficial, Vol. 129, No. 84, 2019, pp. 37\u201338. 97 Giorgio "]
[16.206836700439453, 17.400794982910156, "d information about all the possible defects affecting the vehicles sold by VW Brazil. VW Brazil filed an appeal, which was subsequently denied. The case is yet to become final, as the losing\n99 Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Na"]
[16.202320098876953, 17.3977108001709, "ting from any illegal emissions caused by foreign vehicles manufactured by Porsche, VW, Audi, and Skoda and imported into Chile between 2006 and 2016.105 ODECU is a well-established consumer association created in 1994,106 and it is registered to fil"]
[16.208938598632812, 17.404653549194336, "oda Fabia, emitted 6.6 times more NOx than the legal limit in Chile, and its pollution level was 9.2 times higher than the vehicle\u2019s own certification. Regarding the United States, the complaint specifically mentioned the criminal action filed agains"]
[16.199079513549805, 17.39336585998535, "tec, it argued that it was wrongfully included in the complaint because it had no relationship with VW and that\nDitec\u2019s vehicles were different from those affected.\nIn September 2019, the parties requested that the court suspend the proceedings so th"]
[16.2011661529541, 17.397262573242188, " US$18,000 value per consumer in buybacks and direct payments; a total of US$9.5 billion value to approximately 537,000 consumers\nOwners/lessees entitled to C$5,000\u2013$8,000, plus choice to\nsell or trade in the vehicle, terminate the lease without pena"]
[16.192609786987305, 17.386917114257812, "inal indictments were also imposed. In other jurisdictions, compen- satory payments were modest, and resolution instead focused on remediation. Remarkably, however, although environmental regulations vary among jurisdictions and substantive and proce"]
[16.200130462646484, 17.396316528320312, " set of facts, claimants, and potentially liable defendants\u2014that brought the roundtable participants together and engendered the lively discussion that took place in April 2019.\nLesson 2: On the surface, the VW litigation suggests that procedures for"]
[16.181211471557617, 17.37344741821289, "er- ing to domestic law and proceedings.) It seems likely that cross-jurisdiction communication and informal coordination among lawyers and parties, if not, perhaps, judges, will lead to increasing similarity among procedural rules and possibly even "]
[16.182523727416992, 17.37779426574707, "f Mass Civil Litigation: Lessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Case\n Rules regarding the production and admissibility of evidence (especially documents) differ dramatically (with the U.S. discovery as the example of ease of obtaining documents a"]
[16.193029403686523, 17.38797950744629, "on that U.S. consumers received for violations of strict U.S. regulations, which received extensive coverage internationally. This effect was amplified by the fact that the U.S. class\n62\nLessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Litigation\n action m"]
[16.1809139251709, 17.362199783325195, "g representative actions on behalf of consumer interests, which was deemed not to \u201csufficiently address the challenges relating to the enforcement of consumer law.\u201d See para. 9.\n 63\nThe Globalization of Mass Civil Litigation: Lessons from the Volkswa"]
[16.222328186035156, 17.417884826660156, "at this would reduce expense and delay in global litigation. To for- eign defense counsel, opening up their court proceedings to \u201cU.S.-style discovery\u201d was anath- ema. And some were wary of sharing even more-general information among judges, as it\n64"]
[16.180130004882812, 17.37468719482422, "ternational Court of Civil Justice, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2018.\n 65\nThe Globalization of Mass Civil Litigation: Lessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Case\n Lesson 9: In the long run, global mass civil litigation is more like"]
[16.187664031982422, 17.381973266601562, "al University USA\nJutta Gurkmann Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband Germany\n 67\nThe Globalization of Mass Civil Litigation: Lessons from the Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d Case\n Axel Halfmeier Leuphana University Germany\nDeborah Hensler Stanford Law School"]
[16.20302963256836, 17.398136138916016, "overnment, Federal Register of Information, Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 79/04\u2014Emission Control for Light Vehicles), 2011, Sec. 2, Applicability and Implementation. As of October 5, 2020: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2012C00284"]
[16.203197479248047, 17.398265838623047, "October 5, 2020: https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/judges/breyer-charles-r-crb/in-re-volkswagen-clean-diesel-mdl/ final-2-0-l-settlement/\nBreyer, Charles R., \u201cExecutive Summary of Final Class Settlement Program (3.0 Liter Engine Vehicles),\u201d U.S. District"]
[16.20197868347168, 17.397310256958008, " 2020:\nhttps://www.huntonak.com/en/covid-19-tracker.html\nDia\u0301rio Oficial, Poder Executivo\u2014Sec\u0327a\u0303o I, Sa\u0303o Paulo: Imprensa Oficial, Vol. 129, No. 84, 2019, pp. 37\u201338.\nDiesel Emissions Justice Foundation, \u201cNews,\u201d webpage, undated. As of October 5, 2020"]
[16.201419830322266, 17.39610481262207, "ne per i vertici di Volkswagen Italia,\u201d La Repubblica, April 20, 2020.\nFundac\u0327a\u0303o Procon\u2013Sa\u0303o Paolo, \u201cEmpresa utilizou software que mascara emisso\u0303es de gases na Amarok,\u201d November 15, 2015. As of October 2, 2020: https://www.procon.sp.gov.br/procon-s"]
[16.198314666748047, 17.392332077026367, "page, undated. As of October 6, 2020: https://jade.io/j/\nJustice Que\u0301bec, \u201cFonds d\u2019aide aux actions collectives,\u201d homepage, undated. As of October 2, 2020:\nhttp://www.faac.justice.gouv.qc.ca/\nKalajdzic, Jasminka, Peter Cashman, and Alana Longmoore, \u201c"]
[16.202180862426758, 17.396705627441406, "Massachusetts A.G. Healey, Maryland A.G. Frosh Announce Suits Against Volkswagen, Audi and Porsche Alleging They Knowingly Sold over 53,000 Illegally Polluting Cars and SUVs, Violating State Environmental Laws,\u201d press release, July 19, 2016b. As of O"]
[16.198440551757812, 17.392574310302734, "r-Fees-for.pdf\nOrganizacio\u0301n de Consumidores y Usuarios de Chile, \u201cQuie\u0301nes Somos,\u201d webpage, undated. As of April 26, 2021:\nhttps://www.odecu.cl/quienes-somos/\n76\nBibliography\n Parliament of Australia, \u201cLitigation Funding and the Regulation of the Cl"]
[16.226104736328125, 17.421056747436523, "rofits and Pride at Stake, the Race for a Vaccine Intensifies,\u201d New York Times, May 2, 2020.\nSettlement Class Counsel\u2019s Statement of Additional Information Regarding Prospective Request for Attorneys\u2019 Fees and Costs, In re Volkswagen \u201cClean Diesel\u201d L"]
[16.205650329589844, 17.40018653869629, "d in VW \u2018Dieselgate\u2019 Case,\u201d BBC News, April 6, 2020. As of October 5, 2020:\nhttps://www.bbc.com/news/business-52184229\nUnited Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Regulation 83, Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to"]
[16.205785751342773, 17.400184631347656, "1-7-milliarden-euro/24457804.html?ticket= ST-209253-gIbVvEiCIaFkghvWLD69-ap1\n\u201cVW Faces \u2018Dieselgate\u2019 Lethal Threat in France,\u201d The Connexion, January 27, 2020. As of October 5, 2020: https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/Car-manufacturer-Volkswa"]
[15.464385032653809, 3.182572603225708, " Community Supervision in a\nDigital World\nChallenges and Opportunities\nJoe Russo, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, and Brian A. Jackson\nDelivering effective community supervision services has always been challenging; however, recent societal shif"]
[15.45853042602539, 3.2062489986419678, "ools should be devel- oped. These tools should be designed for nontechnical officers to scan the spectrum of electronic devices (e.g., smartphones, tablets, computers). Tools must be free\nor low-cost and sustainable (e.g., supported, regularly update"]
[15.46894645690918, 3.1750571727752686, "rvision tool. Specifically, policy guidance and training are needed to high- light the issues surrounding monitoring individuals\u2019 activity on these sites (e.g., what the benefits are, when it is appropriate, what the proper techniques are, what the p"]
[15.46722412109375, 3.1723644733428955, "hat stakeholders (e.g., legisla- tors, judges, prosecutors)\u2014whose decisions affect how community supervision agencies apply digital management strategies\u2014require better education. For example, broad-brush bans on accessing technology might be unreali"]
[15.380926132202148, 3.1404757499694824, "e, computer-facilitated crime is growing rapidly. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation\u2019s (FBI\u2019s) Internet Crime Com- plaint Center, more than 460,000 complaints were received\nin 2019, an increase of nearly 33 percent from the previous yea"]
[15.450278282165527, 3.1746935844421387, "lectronic devices.\nThese special conditions of supervision serve as guidelines that set the stage for specific digital management strategies\nto help deter or detect criminal activity and/or behaviors that violate the conditions of supervision.1 Furth"]
[15.466870307922363, 3.184004068374634, "g officers in the same agency. In the following section, we describe the most common digital management strategies cur- rently in use. It is important to note that the approaches are not mutually exclusive, but instead might be used in combination ba"]
[15.393576622009277, 3.2579970359802246, "s, can be very time-consuming. Some community supervision agencies have this capability internally. For example, in 2017, the Administrative Office of the United States Courts launched a national laboratory that serves federal\nprobation and pretrial "]
[15.434072494506836, 3.2016994953155518, "essag-\ning and chat logs, file-sharing activity) of the device and will report any violations or keyword \u201chits\u201d to authorities. These systems are capable of blocking unauthorized sites and detect- ing attempts to tamper with or delete the monitoring "]
[15.457526206970215, 3.180638074874878, " the presence of the supervisee). Monitoring an individual\u2019s SNS activity can be time-con- suming because of the number of sites used and the volume of information shared. Automated tools are available that monitor the internet for references to spec"]
[15.473556518554688, 3.1746301651000977, " ignored; it must be managed.\nAlthough sex offenders and cybercriminals are the groups that are most likely to have computer-related supervision condi- tions, not every individual in these groups poses the same cyber risk. Furthermore, all supervisee"]
[15.448616027832031, 3.1703529357910156, "ficer knowledge of technology, search and seizure techniques, monitoring techniques, general versus spe- cific supervisee population issues, improvement of exist- ing tools, comparative evaluations of existing tools, the need for new tools, developme"]
[15.39638900756836, 3.124998092651367, "See Figure 2 for the distribution of the needs across the five themes. The full list of needs can be found in the technical appendix.\nOverall, more than one-third of all of the needs identified were related to the tools and training required to effec"]
[15.360437393188477, 3.1069257259368896, "required to perform advanced digital management techniques (e.g., forensic examinations, cloud investigations). Many agen- cies lack the internal capacity (e.g., trained staff, tools, infra- structure) to perform these functions, and they might not b"]
[15.492748260498047, 3.179590940475464, "s key objectives; range of management, monitoring, and supervision options; model policies and procedures; legal issues; required tools and infrastructure; and staffing and training needs.\n\u2022 Develop case studies to promote the benefits (e.g., cost-sh"]
[15.472460746765137, 3.198166847229004, "agement that is required for supervisees.\nThere is a dearth of evidence around the effectiveness of digital management strategies.\n\u2022 Develop best practices, policies, and templates for a digital intake process (and periodic updates) that includes all"]
[15.467961311340332, 3.1789298057556152, "ish a supervisee\u2019s individual baseline for cyber risk. This baseline could be informed by relevant information, such as\nan inventory of electronic devices an individual owns or to which they have access; software or applications to which they have ac"]
[15.462858200073242, 3.202357530593872, "vices\n(e.g., smartphones, tablets, computers). These tools should be designed specifically for community supervision purposes and should allow a nonexpert officer to quickly scan a device and create a report of key findings. Furthermore, these tools "]
[15.464469909667969, 3.170226812362671, "e.g., friends of friends), and protects the officer\u2019s identity. According to the participants, specific guidance is needed regarding how information found online may be used in court proceedings (e.g., authentication); they noted that some judges do "]
[15.470403671264648, 3.215944766998291, "society.\nThe participants argued that stakeholders (e.g., legislators, judges, prosecutors, supervision agencies) need education high- lighting the importance of managed access to technology for prosocial activities, as opposed to outright bans. Stak"]
[15.474746704101562, 3.182865858078003, "roups (e.g., sex offenders, gang members, violent offenders, financial criminals).\nThe participants recognized that identifying the most- appropriate measures of effectiveness will be challenging. In general, the more intensive the management approac"]
[15.456584930419922, 3.2058777809143066, "oads, it is\nno longer possible to provide effective community supervision without accounting for how individuals interface with the digi- tal world. Effective digital management strategies that are based on risk can deter and detect criminal behavior"]
[14.975028991699219, 2.1607112884521484, "ent additional details about the workshop agenda and the process for identifying and prioritiz-\ning technology and other needs related to community supervi- sion in a digital world. Through this process, we developed the research agenda that structur"]
[14.928174018859863, 2.0404305458068848, "t the findings. The process typically elicits opinions from a relatively small group of experts. As a result, we strive to make the group as repre- sentative as possible of different disciplines, perspectives, and geographic regions. However, the fin"]
[14.826285362243652, 1.813951849937439, "tionality from Turning Tech- nologies). We asked each participant to score each need and associated strategies to address those needs using a 1\u20139 scale for two dimensions: importance and probability of success.\nFor the importance dimension, participa"]
[14.785762786865234, 1.757778525352478, " the respon- dents and used that as the group\u2019s collective expected value score for the need.\nWe clustered the resulting expected value scores into three tiers using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The algorithm we used was the \u201cward.D\u201d spherica"]
[14.780233383178711, 1.705087423324585, "mine the point value of a single vote, we divided the full range of expected values by the number of participants voting.\nTo prevent the (somewhat rare) situation in which small numbers of votes have an unintended outsized impact\u2014for example, when so"]
[14.803319931030273, 1.6734098196029663, "y of the needs to change their position within the second-round tiers. The output from this process became the final ranking of the panel\u2019s prioritized results.\nThe complete list of identified needs is shown in Table A.2, and the needs are sorted by "]
[14.762001991271973, 1.7182148694992065, "ble to upvote items in that tier).\n 20\nFigure A.4. How a Need\u2019s Increase in Expected Value Might Result in Its Movement Across Tier Boundaries\nHigher score\nTier 1 score range\n1\n   1\n1\n   2\n   Tier 2 score range\n22\n2\n  2\n  Lower score\nTier 3\nscore 333"]
[15.529316902160645, 3.212780714035034, ".g., what to look for while conducting home visits, different types of storage media, indicators of multiple devices). Training should include approved methods of previewing devices in the field (e.g., manual scans, triage tools) and when and how to "]
[15.472763061523438, 3.1896750926971436, "ome try to avoid risks\nby denying supervisees access to digital devices.\nNeed Tier\n\u2022 Develop educational materials for stakeholders that illustrate the importance of managed individual access to technology for prosocial activities (as opposed to outr"]
[15.48397445678711, 3.1657512187957764, "ng opportunities to fully leverage the spectrum of supervisee digital information.\nAgencies have incorporated digital management into comprehensive supervision approaches for some individuals (e.g., sex offenders), but similar principles have not bee"]
[15.366073608398438, 3.249669313430786, "king site posts; conducting social networking investigations; or using tools to conduct point-in-time scans of devices, full forensic examinations, and the continuous remote monitoring of devices.\n2 For example, the Nevada Department of Public\nSafety"]
[13.948052406311035, 3.7513363361358643, "port on Public Safety: Tools and Strategies to Help States Reduce Crime, Recidivism, and Costs, New York, July 31, 2018.\nDance, Gabriel J. X., and Michael H. Keller, \u201cTech Companies Detect a Surge in Online Videos of Child Sexual Abuse,\u201d New York Tim"]
[13.984723091125488, 3.872083902359009, "nta Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-A108-8, 2021. As of June 10, 2021: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA108-8.html\nJohnson, Derek B., \u201cCongress Targets COVID Cyber Fraud,\u201d Federal Computer Week, June 17, 2020. As of November 6, 2020"]
[13.94974136352539, 4.113432884216309, "o Address Current and Emerging Concerns, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2933-NIJ, 2019. As of June 10, 2021: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2933.html\nTanner, Jim, \u201cBeyond Prosecution: Improving Computer Management of Convict"]
[13.919489860534668, 4.1813836097717285, " is a quantitative analyst adept at data acquisition, transformation, visualization, and analysis. His research typically focuses on justice and homeland security policy. He began his career as a Coast Guard officer on afloat and ashore assignments i"]
[13.903043746948242, 4.233789920806885, "sing Evidence-Based Practices, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corporation, RR-A108-5, 2020\n\u2022 Brian A. Jackson, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Kristin J. Leuschner, Dulani Woods, John S. Hollywood, Duren Banks, Sean E. Goodison, Joe Russo, and Shoshana R. Shelton,"]
[13.857645034790039, 4.603542804718018, "Corporation\nwww.rand.org\nThe RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpar"]
[22.98597526550293, 14.09825611114502, "Evaluating Baltimore\u2019s\nAerial Investigation\nResearch Pilot Program Interim Report\nANDREW R. MORRAL, TERRY L. SCHELL, ROSANNA SMART, BRANDON CROSBY, JUSTIN LEE, ROSE KERBER\n Sponsored by Arnold Ventures\nSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\n For more informa"]
[22.98784637451172, 14.100647926330566, "out their experiences with the program and (2) an analysis of cases that closed after receiving AIR evidence.\nThis report might be of interest to policymakers and the public interested in Baltimore\u2019s experience using increased surveillance as a means"]
[22.987653732299805, 14.099605560302734, "... 19 CHAPTER FIVE\nSurvey of Detectives\u2019 Experiences with the AIR Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 CHAPTER SIX\nReview of Cases Closed with AIR Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[22.984731674194336, 14.096766471862793, " racial justice protests across the United States, the Baltimore Police Department (BPD) began a six-month pilot program of an aerial sur- veillance program designed to help detectives solve cases of serious violent crime in the city. Arnold Ventures"]
[22.987489700317383, 14.100017547607422, "was never operational in the program because of the time that it took to install cameras and acquire Federal Aviation Administration permits. Therefore, from June 17 until the end of the program, two planes took off around 9:00 a.m.,\nix\n Plane may re"]
[22.98709487915039, 14.09917163848877, "provisionally solved rates describe the percentage of the next higher-level total represented by the corresponding count. For instance, 157 crimes with AIR evidence is 10 percent of all MOU crimes, and 42 provisionally cleared cases with AIR evidence"]
[22.984514236450195, 14.098018646240234, ".\nBecause systematic differences could affect clearance and solve rates between cases with and without AIR evidence, simple comparisons of rates between these two groups are difficult to interpret. A more interpretable comparison would be between AIR"]
[22.986413955688477, 14.099008560180664, "he program, but the program could have a much broader range of effects, such as deterrence, that should be considered in a full evaluation of its value. Third, if AIR evidence causes a reallocation of police resources from non-AIR cases, examining th"]
[22.98621940612793, 14.097993850708008, "ze (8.0 per 1,000 population).\nIn recent years, many murders and other serious crimes in Baltimore have gone unsolved, meaning that police have not been able to clear the crime with an arrest. Whereas U.S. cities\n1 The UCR definition of violent crime"]
[22.98639678955078, 14.098400115966797, "and had real-time access to the computer- aided dispatch 911 and CitiWatch camera systems (Police Foundation, 2017). All calls for service were considered potentially eligible for PSS review, although violent crimes were said to be prioritized (Polic"]
[22.986303329467773, 14.098517417907715, "eighborhoods, but across a wider portion of the city (described either as more than 90 percent of the city or as cov- ering an area over which 92 percent of the prior year\u2019s homicides occurred).\n\u2022 With rare exceptions approved by the Commissioner, th"]
[22.986398696899414, 14.098701477050781, " the Schaefer Center at the University of Baltimore of public opinion of the program when it was first launched and after the program completed (Cotten et al., 2020), and a study by the RAND Corporation of the implementation and effectiveness of the "]
[22.986648559570312, 14.098910331726074, " six months. The program involved collaboration between the BPD, PSS, several evaluation teams, and (to a lesser extent) the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s Office, which handles prosecutions in Baltimore. Financial support from Arnold Ventures was used to pay PS"]
[22.986421585083008, 14.098553657531738, "and the procedures for making such requests.\nIn the original plans for the AIR program, three manned aircraft equipped with powerful cameras would fly above the city during daylight hours, capturing a second-by-second record of outdoor events. Imager"]
[22.986783981323242, 14.098888397216797, " shows detail resolution when AIR analysts increase magnification on a location. The object in the lower left corner of the larger image is the wheel of the aircraft.\na request for AIR investigation (see Figure 2.4). AIR analysts would then examine a"]
[22.986738204956055, 14.098661422729492, "s.\nTogether, these activities and the AIR evidence packages were expected to improve the BPD\u2019s investigations of violent crimes, increasing the rate at which the BPD cleared serious crimes by arrest. AIR evidence could also help the BPD close cases f"]
[22.98694610595703, 14.098511695861816, "icy decisions about the program and to identify and resolve new and ongoing challenges. The twice-weekly schedule was gradually reduced to a once-weekly schedule, with larger meetings held once every two weeks for the duration of the program. RAND an"]
[22.987384796142578, 14.098220825195312, "micides that occurred while the aircraft was flying were at locations captured by the aircraft. During the final four months, when two aircraft were available, 66 percent of homicides that occurred while aircraft were flying were in a location covere"]
[22.9868221282959, 14.098847389221191, "ly identifiable information and criminal justice information protected by law on a broad set of incidents, not just MOU crimes. Giving such information to a contractor could raise privacy concerns and questions about why a program limited to MOU crim"]
[22.987041473388672, 14.098445892333984, "challenges had been addressed, the BPD opened AIR evidence requests to detectives in the Sex Crimes Unit. This occurred after detectives noted that many of the sex crimes that they were investigating also involved armed robberies, an MOU crime eligib"]
[22.98697853088379, 14.09866714477539, "of when or where the crime was committed. At the same time, the BPD had all unsolved MOU crimes from May and June identified and forwarded to the AIR program for review.\nThe MOU allowed the possibility that AIR review might be requested for incidents"]
[22.99105453491211, 14.103185653686523, "were in place for ensuring that the AIR program was notified to begin review of these cases.\n17\nCHAPTER FOUR\nMOU Crimes and Case Dispositions During the AIR Program\nDuring the six-month AIR program, 1,516 MOU crimes were reported across the city of B"]
[22.98676872253418, 14.098780632019043, "e these crimes, they are excluded here. The five added cases appear in the latest data set that we received from the BPD but were not available when we conducted our analyses for the preliminary findings report.\n  19\nEvaluating Baltimore\u2019s Aerial Inv"]
[22.984722137451172, 14.099446296691895, " and homicides are cleared at a higher rate than other MOU crimes. Therefore, we would expect cases with AIR evidence to have a higher clearance rate, even if AIR had no effect on clearance rates. Other factors, such as the weather, the day of the we"]
[22.987037658691406, 14.098909378051758, "timate the effects of AIR evidence packages on this subset of cases by excluding from the analysis all cases that close on the day of the crime or the next day. Therefore, using just the cases that did not close within one day, we compared clearance "]
[22.98697853088379, 14.098791122436523, "eceived at least one AIR evidence packet. Most of the survey questions about the strengths and weaknesses of the AIR program were limited to this subset of 24 respondents.\nThis survey has a small sample size; the margin of error for percentages calcu"]
[22.986919403076172, 14.09884262084961, "cene of crime\u201d was the most commonly selected response, while \u201cidentifying a key witness\u201d was the least selected option. Relatedly, when asked whether AIR evidence had ever arrived after they had already solved the case, about half of respondents ind"]
[22.988115310668945, 14.1005220413208, "ing responses about the utility of these improvements:\n\u2022 \u201cExtending program coverage to include nighttime hours\u201d (18 responding \u201cmuch more useful\u201d)\n\u2022 \u201cIncrease video resolution\u201d (18 responding \u201cmuch more useful\u201d)\n\u2022 \u201cExpand coverage areas to reduce ga"]
[22.987150192260742, 14.099308967590332, "se that had closed and had an AIR evidence packet as of mid-November 2020. Lieutenant Brett Parson (retired) of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia reviewed case records and evidence packages posted to the BPD\u2019s Lotus Notes"]
[22.988033294677734, 14.10036849975586, "e received from the program.\nTherefore, of the 47 cases that closed and were worked by the AIR program, there were seven in which detective notes in the investigation database system indicated that the AIR evidence was \u201chelpful\u201d (five cases) or \u201ccrit"]
[22.987302780151367, 14.099241256713867, "he BPD in time for it to be included in this report.\n29\nCHAPTER SEVEN\nDiscussion\nThe AIR program launched before its requisite systems (including aircraft), detective train- ing, and policies and procedures were fully developed and operational. The p"]
[22.987876892089844, 14.100516319274902, "me reduction benefits in certain settings (e.g., parking lots) and for certain crime types (e.g., motor vehicle thefts), although findings are not always consistent across studies (Lim and Wilcox, 2017; Piza, 2018; Piza, Caplan, and Kennedy, 2014a), "]
[22.987884521484375, 14.100095748901367, "t be interpreted as a conclusion about the overall effectiveness of the AIR program for several reasons. First, the strategy that we used to match non-AIR cases to AIR cases has limitations. Although the matched cases do, on average, occur at times a"]
[22.98588752746582, 14.097885131835938, "dies suggest that the benefits of CCTV for crime detection and enforcement derive in large part from the extent to which the systems are actively moni- tored and systematically integrated into routine law enforcement activities (La Vigne et al., 2011"]
[22.987642288208008, 14.099702835083008, "es.\nIdentification of Cases\nCases were counted as MOU crimes during the program if they were classified as a homi- cide, a nonfatal shooting, an armed robbery, or a carjacking in the BPD\u2019s Lotus Notes data system. This data system is used to record f"]
[22.979957580566406, 14.099165916442871, "cs.\nPropensity scores and corresponding weights were constructed using the twang package in the R statistical programming language (twang version 1.6; Ridgeway et al., 2020). For our analyses, propensity scores (p) are the probabilities that each cas"]
[22.985387802124023, 14.098458290100098, "\n0.16\n 0.13\n0.10\n0.05\n0.03\n0.04\n0.05\n0.06\n0.07\n0.06\n0.10\n0.16\n0.17\n0.52\n0.17\n0.13\n0.10\n0.05\n0.03\n0.04\n0.04\n0.06\n0.06\n0.06\n0.09\n0.16\n0.17\n0.51\n0.16\n37\nEvaluating Baltimore\u2019s Aerial Investigation Research Pilot Program: Interim Report\n Table A.1\u2014contin"]
[8.396116256713867, 4.379004955291748, " Vol. 18, No. 3, 2019, pp. 525\u2013551.\nCook, Philip J., and Jens Ludwig, \u201cPolicing Guns: Why Gun Violence Is Not (Just) a Public Health Problem,\u201d Items: Insights from the Social Sciences, blog post, November 6, 2018. As of January 19, 2021:\nhttps://item"]
[22.979421615600586, 14.090922355651855, "tute Justice Policy Center, September 2011. As of June 2, 2021: https://www.urban.org/research/publication/evaluating-use-public-surveillance- cameras-crime-control-and-prevention\nLim, Hyungjin, and Pamela Wilcox, \u201cCrime-Reduction Effects of Open-Str"]
[13.832063674926758, 3.844480037689209, "t for Weighting and Analysis of Nonequivalent Groups: A Tutorial for the R TWANG Package, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TL-136/1-NIDA, 2014. As of July 15, 2021: https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL136z1.html\nWelsh, Brandon C., and David P. F"]
[6.367111682891846, 16.61534881591797, "   CORPORATION\nJASON M. WARD\nThe Effects of Project Labor Agreements on the Production of\nAffordable Housing Evidence from Proposition HHH\nResearch Report\n  For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA1362-1.\nAbout RAND\nThe RAND"]
[6.3480143547058105, 16.556325912475586, "ombining housing and labor policies. Consistent with the RAND Corporation\u2019s mission to provide rigorous, objective, nonpartisan research and analysis, all the data and code related to this project is being made publicly available so that interested r"]
[6.387823581695557, 16.708816528320312, "riencing homelessness. Extensive publicity during the campaign for the ballot measure suggested the funding would support the creation of up to 10,000 housing units. However, at present, virtually all funding has been committed, and a total of around"]
[6.3876261711120605, 16.706283569335938, ". As regards another potential motivation for the use of a PLA, ensuring a fair wage for workers, it is important to note that all developers of HHH-funded projects are required to pay workers \u201cprevailing\u201d (union-level) wages that are specified annua"]
[6.387785911560059, 16.70568084716797, " In contrast, there was one proposed project falling between 65 and 69 units.\nvi\nFigure S.1. Frequency Distribution of Project Sizes for HHH-Funded Projects\n   Threshold for PLA\n      20\nNumber of projects\n10\n5\n0\n5 20\n15\n 35 50\n65 80 95\n110 125 140 1"]
[6.379860877990723, 16.686420440673828, " foregone profits related to higher costs would create incentives similar to what might be expected of developers of market-rate housing.\nDeveloper concerns about the PLA adding uncertainty over costs and timelines may\nhave been an important factor. "]
[6.386010646820068, 16.705936431884766, "...................... xii\n1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1 The High Costs of HHH-Funded Housing Projects .............................."]
[6.385926723480225, 16.70966148376465, "...................................................................................................... 32 Limitations of the Cost Analysis ............................................................................................................ 34"]
[6.39310884475708, 16.72026252746582, ".... 21 Figure 4.2. Distribution of Project-Size Shares by Funding Source............................................. 22 Figure 5.1. Per Unit Costs and Cost Differences by Project Size................................................. 24 Figure 5.2. "]
[6.379831314086914, 16.66619110107422, "ternate Data Exclusions Around the PLA Threshold .............................................................................................................................. 61 Table B.7. Descriptive Statistics for Cost-Analysis Sample............."]
[6.3658881187438965, 16.69193458557129, "t this achievement has been overshadowed by the impression that HHH has failed to deliver on its\n1 \u201cPermanent supportive housing\u201d (or sometimes simply \u201csupportive housing\u201d) is a broad term used to indicate housing units intended as permanent residenc"]
[6.378336429595947, 16.708742141723633, " of total costs. The small size of this share in the high-cost environment of Los Angeles is driven by the fact that a number of\n2 Most projects only have estimated costs at this time since they are either in the pre-construction or construction phas"]
[6.386632919311523, 16.70134735107422, "s among HHH projects has focused primarily on non\u2013 construction-related channels. A recent report from Abt Associates pointed to fiscal factors such as the 2017 federal tax reform bill that diminished the value of the low-income housing tax credit (L"]
[6.389137268066406, 16.70395278930664, " important ramifications for the effectiveness of Proposition HHH, the PLA was not included in the language of the ballot initiative.6\n\u2022 During the debate between developers, trade union representatives, and the city over the structure of the PLA, no"]
[6.387796878814697, 16.705781936645508, "dely used in the public sector for large-scale, government-funded projects (General Accounting Office, 1991). In recent decades, PLAs governing public works projects (such as the HHH PLA) have increasingly included language prescribing various levels"]
[6.3902907371521, 16.70762825012207, "disadvantaged (or \u201ctransitional\u201d) workers from within these residential areas. Among residents, two tiers of transitional workers are defined. The first is veterans and those with a history of criminal justice involvement. If individuals meeting thes"]
[6.385544776916504, 16.697521209716797, "e built are\n7 The HHH PLA also has a $5 million total development cost threshold for facilities improvement projects (work that is ancillary to the main buildings containing housing, such as site improvements), but this report focuses on housing proj"]
[6.392985820770264, 16.71217918395996, " controversial and relatively scant.\nThe lack of clarity around how PLAs affect competitiveness, costs, and other aspects of public works projects has two key drivers. The first is the difficulty of finding real-world settings where conditions allow "]
[6.3897175788879395, 16.707752227783203, " stipulations related to travel, holidays, and overtime) as well as differences in overall staffing levels and worker roles on the job site that affect costs (e.g., nonskilled tasks such as moving materials being performed by apprentice or journey-le"]
[6.391055583953857, 16.709274291992188, "ess, among the studies conducted or funded by organizations with a policy position on PLAs, the findings are, in every case,\n10\nstrongly aligned with the policy positions of the organization, an association that does\nlittle to contribute to the quali"]
[6.394489765167236, 16.713014602661133, "e associated with 25 percent higher construction costs (Bachman and Tuerck, 2006).\nA critical weakness of this series of studies is that projects subject to a PLA may differ in important ways\u2014such as geographic differences in construction costs and d"]
[6.392509460449219, 16.709529876708984, "t and became statistically insignificant, suggesting that much of the estimated PLA association likely represented aggregated cost factors unique to Los Angeles.\nA pro-PLA 2015 working paper that is perhaps most conceptually relevant to the present s"]
[6.406373977661133, 16.723085403442383, "rence in the number of bids between PLA and non-PLA projects. For reasons not made entirely clear in the report, the authors used an unconventional analysis that make these findings difficult to directly compare with other analyses.11\nEvidence on the"]
[6.386590003967285, 16.700374603271484, "als and outcomes, approximately 50 percent of worker/hours goals were met under local hire programs outside of a PLA, while approximately 33 percent of worker/hours goals were met under THPs in a PLA.\nTable C.1 presents all the main findings from the"]
[6.3853020668029785, 16.70738983154297, "t is the nature of the threshold that triggers a project falling under the HHH PLA\u2014whether it comprises 65 or more housing units. Typical PLAs associated with the construction of a given project or set\n13 As discussed below, I also control for potent"]
[6.386785507202148, 16.708070755004883, " of Los Angeles comprised 111 HHH projects and 34 non-HHH projects. Of the 111 HHH projects, 13 were non-new construction (either partially or completely rehabilitation of existing housing). These projects were dropped, so the resulting full analysis"]
[6.395887851715088, 16.715309143066406, "g the size of the standard errors but not the sign or magnitude of the estimate (Wooldridge, 2020).\nEvidence on the Comparability of the HHH and Non-HHH Data Samples\nThe validity of this study hinges, in significant part, on the comparability of the "]
[6.389340400695801, 16.711759567260742, "ogram, Home Investment Partnerships Program) and LIHTC funding. These soft loans, which tend to have generous terms and take junior positions in terms of repayment relative to other funding sources, must generally be procured first and are often scar"]
[6.375965118408203, 16.704286575317383, "uction type) that also incentivize the proposal of projects of just under 65 units. To provide evidence on the plausibility of such a scenario, we can consider how the distribution of HHH-funded projects by size compares to the distribution of the sa"]
[6.389860153198242, 16.712560653686523, "ests that the disproportionate number of HHH-funded projects proposed to be between 60 and 64 units is directly related to a desire by developers to avoid the PLA. In Chapter Six, I develop a simulation exercise in order to estimate how much the agre"]
[6.388844966888428, 16.71630859375, "on.\nBasic cost tabulations showing how project size is associated with costs for HHH-funded and non\u2013HHH-funded projects can help to illustrate this concept. Panel A of Figure 5.1 presents unit costs according to four groupings of project size for the"]
[6.418435573577881, 16.750202178955078, "o 60 units or going from 70 to 100 units is associated with a per unit construction cost decrease of $6,960.\nBy construction, the fitting of a single line to the data does not allow for the estimation of potential differences in construction costs as"]
[6.398928165435791, 16.729007720947266, "rcise is simply to\n  26\nprovide the intuition behind the regression modeling approach used. The model used to generate the actual cost estimates in this report\u2014described below and in more detail in Appendix B\u2014 simultaneously uses the discontinuity-ba"]
[6.386753559112549, 16.707786560058594, "phical example in panel B of Figure 5.2 above) are:\n20 Recent examples of this approach include Lemieux and Milligan (2008) and Cellini, Ferreira, and Rothstein (2010).\n 27\n\u2022 the number of stories\n\u2022 whether a project is subject to a requirement to pa"]
[6.399301528930664, 16.729068756103516, "endix B.\n 28\ninterpreted in terms of an approximate percent change in construction costs associated with the HHH PLA.22\nFor each panel, I present the results of three specifications of the model. A brief explanation of each of these follows:\n\u2022 Specif"]
[6.400120258331299, 16.733196258544922, "the overall explanatory power of the model (measured using adjusted R2) from 0.64 to 0.74.23 Specification 3, which excludes projects from 64 to 74 units under the assumption that these projects near the PLA threshold were more likely to have their s"]
[6.3926472663879395, 16.72100067138672, "t or more of the sample data, suggesting a persistent, robust statistical relationship.24\nAppendix B contains a wealth of additional material relating to these estimates. Tables B.1 and B.2 present results for each specification with coefficients and"]
[6.395622253417969, 16.724210739135742, "increased PLA cost in percent terms relative\nFigure 5.3. Interpreting HHH PLA Cost Estimates by Comparison with Larger Non-HHH Projects or Smaller HHH Projects\n  20\n15 Percent increase in construction costs 10 5\n0\nNon-HHH (65+ units)\nHHH (50-63 units"]
[6.390933990478516, 16.716398239135742, " results (around 21 percent) found in this body of past research.\nOne useful falsification test for these results involves using soft costs instead of construction costs as an outcome. While soft costs are indirectly related to construction costs thr"]
[6.3943657875061035, 16.721237182617188, "syncratic nature of the PLA threshold, factors likely to significantly bias the estimated PLA effect would have to be explicitly correlated with project size around the PLA threshold or would have to be correlated meaningfully with construction costs"]
[6.389167308807373, 16.714998245239258, "LA status. Due to their sizes, they are only used in draws for the static shares of projects of between 95 and 109 units and 110+ units. Their inclusion is motivated by increasing the pool of projects of different sizes available for drawing simulate"]
[6.426455020904541, 16.751556396484375, " them in a counterfactual setting where there was no HHH PLA.\nTable 6.2 presents the results of this simulation. The first column shows the total number of units, the per unit construction cost, and the total per unit cost of the projects in the HHH "]
[6.39408016204834, 16.719327926635742, "ld decline by approximately 1.5 percent across all units produced. Note that these differences reflect changes in cost averaged across all HHH projects in the absence of the PLA, not only projects covered by the agreement.\nSince this simulation uses "]
[6.386707782745361, 16.708187103271484, "ull HHH Pipeline\n    Scenario 1\nScenario 2\n          Additional housing units\nTotal housing units produced\nTotal cost savings (millions)\nPercent increase in total housing units\nObserved HHH Pipeline\n7,305\nHousing Output and Associated Savings\n666 7,9"]
[6.389707565307617, 16.713777542114258, "ring in mind as this and other research focuses on using the lessons of HHH to improve the effectiveness and transparency of future large-scale fiscal policies to address the housing affordability and homelessness crises in Los Angeles.\nSummary of St"]
[6.382628440856934, 16.693721771240234, "ack\u201d multiple funding sources (i.e., use them together on one project), a feature common to a number of state-run funding programs in California, may significantly constrain the overall maximum costs of a project (California Department of Housing and"]
[6.386539936065674, 16.707202911376953, "group that is unionized.\nIf, instead, a primary policy goal is to ensure that publicly funded housing is built primarily or exclusively using a unionized workforce, then directly including such language in future ballot initiatives or other proposals"]
[6.3782057762146, 16.6807918548584, "pondents identifying as ethnically Hispanic and non-white, as is the case in the ACS).\nWhy Do These Findings Matter?\nIn the near term, the cost estimates in this report may aid in ongoing decisions regarding the expenditure of any remaining HHH funds"]
[6.39031982421875, 16.712352752685547, "or utilization\n\u2022 generating meaningful evidence on the landscape of hiring and utilization of local and disadvantaged workers in the construction trades on non-PLA job sites and how this compares to job sites governed by a PLA or related regulations "]
[6.390097141265869, 16.71648406982422, "ulations from city of Los Angeles, TCAC, and CDLAC data.\nNOTE: Standard deviations for each measure in square brackets. Two projects with a CA Department of Industrial Relations PLA status that does not follow the 65+ threshold rule are omitted.\n45\n["]
[6.3937249183654785, 16.721698760986328, "between the time that cost estimates were provided for obtaining LIHTC funding and when they were provided to the California DIR. The fact that these cost estimates appear to vary little between when data are provided to the state committees allocati"]
[6.399691104888916, 16.730571746826172, "ontribute to the average costs of projects that were subject to the PLA. This exclusion does\nnot qualitatively influence the cost estimates discussed. Its effect on construction costs is demonstrated in Table A.2. Panel A replicates the construction "]
[6.391290187835693, 16.722782135009766, "ured either in $1,000s or the natural log of $1,000s\u2014for project \" estimated in year # on a binary indicator variable for using HHH funding, a binary indicator variable for the project comprising 65 units or more of housing, and the interaction betwe"]
[6.39386510848999, 16.720632553100586, "would result in an estimate that would be biased downward in magnitude (toward zero). On the other hand, it might also be the case that developers who were more aware of the presence and implications of the PLA chose to build below the threshold, whi"]
[6.393613338470459, 16.72174644470215, "\u2022 Stories/construction type. The number of stories can influence project size by directly increasing costs. As stories increase, different building types must be used (e.g., wood over a concrete foundation versus steel construction). However, it can "]
[6.3980712890625, 16.72947883605957, "larger buildings, which are more likely to have this amenity. For this reason, I do not focus on the specific magnitude of this (and other coefficients) per se, but consider whether (a) they improve the overall fit of the model and (b) they improve t"]
[6.407497406005859, 16.7521915435791, ".288 (13.441)\n25.868 (19.854)\n\u201330.917* (15.174)\n19.979 (37.336)\n102.501 (61.997)\n(3)\nAlso Exclude 64- to 74-Unit Projects\n\u20134.482 (30.889)\n20.639 (23.135)\n46.843* (22.572)\n0.483 (0.831)\n\u20132.877* (1.147)\n6.380 (10.299)\n3.692 (24.763)\n0.000 (.)\n16.434 (1"]
[6.397878646850586, 16.728261947631836, "s that does not follow the 65+ threshold rule are omitted (see Appendix A for details). In specification 2, outlier projects are those below the 5th percentile or above the 95th percentile of project size. Standard errors in parentheses.\n+ p<0.10,* p"]
[6.397547721862793, 16.727994918823242, "** p<0.01.\nTable B.5. Estimated PLA Cost Effect Using Quadratic Modeling of Unit Size\n      HHH PLA\nObservations Adjusted R2\nSingle Quadratic Specification\n44.877* (21.017) [0.037]\n86 0.735\nIndependent Quadratic Terms Above/Below Threshold\n45.457* (2"]
[6.389969825744629, 16.710420608520508, " TCAC, and CDLAC data.\n   63\n         Table C.1. Summary of Past Studies of Targeted Hiring Provisions with PLA Status\n                Jurisdiction PLA\nCity of Cleveland\nCity of Oakland\nCity of Richmond\nWest Contra Costa USD\nCity College of San X Fra"]
[6.37317419052124, 16.675634384155273, "ners 1\nD. L. Horn & Associates, LLC 2 Daylight Community Development 2\nDDCM Incorporated 1\nDecro Corporation 4\n Deep Green Housing and Community Development\n1 1\nDomus GP, LLC 4 EAH Housing 3\n East LA Community Corporation\n1 2\nFlexible PSH Solutions 2"]
[6.384549140930176, 16.69584846496582, "nstitute, New York State Dormitory Authority Construction Project,\u201d 1995. As of May 4, 2021: http://thetruthaboutplas.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Roswell-Park-Cancer-Institute -NY-Letters-on-PLA-Cost-Increases-1995.pdf\nBachman, Paul, William F. Bu"]
[6.329021453857422, 16.55670928955078, "se/Home/California/CaliforniaCodeofRegulations?gui d=I47630370D45A11DEA95CA4428EC25FA0&originationContext=documenttoc&transitio nType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)\nCalifornia Department of Housing and Community Development, \u201cMultifamily Housing Pr"]
[6.352208137512207, 16.60420036315918, "nning.lacity.org/StaffRpt/InitialRpts/CPC-2017-3136.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Rules and Regulations: Implementing the First Source Hiring Ordinance, Los Angeles: Bureau of Contract Administration, Office of Contract Compliance, 2016.\nCity of Los Angeles Department of"]
[6.354913234710693, 16.53618812561035, "ifornia Environmental Quality Act Lawsuits and California\u2019s Housing Crisis,\u201d Hastings Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2018, pp. 21\u201371.\nHolland, Gale, \u201cL.A. Officials Launch Campaign for Homeless Housing Bond Measure,\u201d Los Angeles Times, Se"]
[6.358213901519775, 16.608911514282227, "rnia Needs More Affordable Homes. This Union Stands in the Way,\u201d Wall Street Journal, April 17, 2021. As of May 4, 2021: https://www.wsj.com/articles/california-needs-more-affordable-homes-this-union-stands-in -the-way-11618660801\nMartindale, Scott, "]
[6.359272003173828, 16.622940063476562, "UC Berkeley Labor Center, 2017. As of May 20, 2021: https://laborcenter.berkeley.edu/project-labor-agreements-and-bidding-outcomes/\nRaetz, Hayley, Teddy Forscher, Elizabeth Kneebone, and Carolina Reid, The Hard Costs of Construction: Recent Trends in"]
[6.356050491333008, 16.59900665283203, "HH,\u201d Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2021. As of July 23, 2021: https://github.com/RANDCorporation/HHH-Project-Labor-Agreements\nWarth, Gary, \u201cGov. Newsom Proposes $12 Billion to House California\u2019s Homeless,\u201d Los Angeles Times, May 11, 2021. As of Jun"]
[17.342748641967773, 11.131074905395508, "Project imPACT Cohort 1 Final Local Evaluation Report\nSTEPHANIE BROOKS HOLLIDAY, ALFONSO MARTIN, KATYA MIGACHEVA, AMY GOLDMAN, NICOLE BRACY, VERONICA AWAN, SARAH B. HUNTER\n Sponsored by the Los Angeles Mayor\u2019s Office of Reentry\nSOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WE"]
[17.34791374206543, 11.171920776367188, " or who are currently on community-based supervision who also have a history of mental health and/or substance use concerns. This program provides employment, behavioral health, and legal services in an effort to help participants obtain and retain e"]
[15.063258171081543, 5.781606674194336, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Evidence Base for Employment-Focused Programs for Justice-Involved Individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Program Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[17.349231719970703, 11.176728248596191, ".....................\n. .1 . .2 . .3 . .5\n. .7 . .7 10 14\n.15 .15 17 22 22\n23 23 34\n35 35 36 46 47\nv\nvi Project impact Cohort 1 Final Local Evaluation Report\nCHAPTER SIX OutcomeEvaluationResults........................................................"]
[17.337865829467773, 11.161459922790527, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79\nFigures and Tables\n Figures\n1.1. Project imPACT Logic Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[17.331758499145508, 11.159153938293457, "ct imPACT Completion Status . . . . . . . . .\n5.1. Barriers to Service Delivery and Uptake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n5.2. Barriers Precipitated by the COVID-19 Pandemic. . . . . . ."]
[17.34697723388672, 11.174564361572266, "laboration, (b) trauma-informed care, (c) cultural competence, and\n(d) focus on the Fellow\n4. improved employment outcomes\n5. reduced recidivism.\nRAND Corporation and Harder+Company (the evaluation team) conducted a mixed\nmethods process and outcome "]
[17.35500717163086, 11.184064865112305, "ed, two of these outcomes (those related to employment and recidivism) overlap with the overarching project goals established by the Mayor\u2019s Office. The other two outcomes (improved decisionmaking and addressing barriers to employment) are based on t"]
[17.360200881958008, 11.18771743774414, "ion data\nLack of physical space for services\nInsufficient training on topics such as trauma-informed care, or refresher trainings for CBT\nFellows have some remaining unmet needs, such as limited access to transportation, housing, or medical care; lac"]
[17.352428436279297, 11.181234359741211, "0 percent of Fellows to either correct, remove, seal, or expunge their rec- ords, or to take initial steps in that process (for those who were not yet eligible for expungement).\nWith respect to employment, a total of 192 Fellows obtained employment. "]
[17.360782623291016, 11.190168380737305, "There are some opportunities for improvement, though. For example, providers described a need for additional training, and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) presented key challenges to serv- ing Fellows\u2014particularly given technology-related challenge"]
[17.371164321899414, 11.200185775756836, "s\nThough Cohort 1 of Project imPACT has ended, the program continues to serve Fellows through Cohort 2. The program has demonstrated promise and ongoing data collection during\nSummary xiii\nxiv Project impact Cohort 1 Final Local Evaluation Report\nCoh"]
[17.354660034179688, 11.133228302001953, "portunities to reduce burden on the providers, such as through development of a new case management system that providers can use for ser- vice provision and we can use to extract evaluation data. This will include elements to assist providers in the"]
[17.354467391967773, 11.153473854064941, " criminal justice system, with priority given to programs that \u201creduce recidivism of people convicted of less serious crimes (such as those covered by Proposition 47) and those who have substance abuse and mental health problems\u201d (Taylor, 2015, p. 8)"]
[17.352577209472656, 11.177845001220703, "lar for formerly justice-involved indi- viduals and nonjustice-involved individuals (Formon, Schmidt, & Henderson, 2018). Starting salaries were also similar. A recent review described the findings of several randomized controlled trials of programs "]
[17.346967697143555, 11.17424488067627, "odels of employment services in several ways. First, Project imPACT was designed to serve individuals who have a history of mental health conditions and/or substance use disorders. Second, Project imPACT was designed as a wraparound service model. Th"]
[17.349842071533203, 11.177583694458008, "hort-term, Project imPACT aims to improve participant decisionmaking, via the CBT curriculum, and address barriers to employment, through the employment, legal, and behavioral health services. It is expected\nProject Description 3\n4 Project impact Coh"]
[17.350887298583984, 11.180980682373047, "uilds on an interim report published in late 2019 describing the early stages of Project imPACT (Brooks Holliday et al., 2019). The previous report described the planning phase (February 2018\u2013July 2018) of Project imPACT in detail. It also described "]
[17.348529815673828, 11.17766284942627, "ellows satisfied with their experience in Project imPACT?\nIn addition to providing detail about implementation, the process evaluation was impor- tant for interpreting results of the outcome evaluation; for example, if no effect of the program\n1 Most"]
[17.354677200317383, 11.184782028198242, "us disease-19 (COVID-19). One of the researchers on the team reviewed data from these sources and thematically organized them within a struc- tured grid, which incorporated such categories as barriers to implementation, facilitators of the implementa"]
[17.351442337036133, 11.180785179138184, "provided information to program providers on who should be invited to participate in the interviews, the purpose of the interviews, and frequently asked questions. Potential interview participants were asked to share their contact information and the"]
[17.349245071411133, 11.17501449584961, "Fellows are satisfied with service delivery\nDefinition\nNumber of individuals assessed for Project imPACT\nNumber of individuals enrolled in Project imPACT\nNumber of individuals assessed by service provider\nNumber of individuals receiving services by s"]
[17.35737419128418, 11.185880661010742, "employment providers aimed for 55 percent of individuals completing the program to obtain employment. For others, such as rates of employment retention, we drew on the literature to determine how outcomes for Proj- ect imPACT fellows compared with th"]
[17.354093551635742, 11.177688598632812, "yment at 6, 9, and 12 months after placement, by full-time and part-time employment\nPercentage of Fellows convicted of a new crime, 6, 12 and 18 months after program completion\nNotes for Measurement/ Timeline\nTo be measured at baseline, completion of"]
[17.354286193847656, 11.183612823486328, "/seasonal employment. In addition, the Mayor\u2019s Office set the goal of at least 55 percent of enrolled Fel- lows obtaining full-time employment. Therefore, employment rates were also compared with this benchmark. As a supplemental data point, provider"]
[17.34611701965332, 11.175990104675293, "mploy- ment providers were meant to follow up with graduated Fellows at 6, 12, and 18 months to determine if they had been convicted of any new crimes in the last 6 months.4\nUnfortunately, there were significant limitations to the use of self-reporte"]
[17.353853225708008, 11.182092666625977, "\nTogether, our process and outcome evaluation methods allowed us to measure progress toward each of the five Project imPACT goals described above. Table 2.3 summarizes each goal, how it was operationalized for the purposes of the evaluation, and whet"]
[17.35277557373047, 11.182031631469727, "isting contacts and community-based organizations to identify potential Fellows. In some regions, the employment agency serves a broader range of clients, so a representative from Project imPACT would attend those broader orientations to describe the"]
[17.356853485107422, 11.18581485748291, "ental health, and sub- stance use. Those who meet initial eligibility criteria are then assessed with the LS/CMI; the potential Fellows who are determined to be medium risk or higher are then eligible to enroll in Project imPACT.1 Participation in Pr"]
[17.356029510498047, 11.18589973449707, "orkshop, a five-day course during which time they learned about the various program options offered by CEO, including Project imPACT. Those who were interested completed the eligibility assessment process and then began work with Project imPACT provi"]
[17.377830505371094, 11.208276748657227, "- lows entered directly into an employment position, though some clients completed technical education courses first, such as welding, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), and hospitality-focused courses. Once Fellows obtained a job, th"]
[17.36092185974121, 11.191089630126953, "aintenance services. Services are intended to address behavioral health concerns that may interfere with obtaining and maintaining employment, including anger management, depression and substance use, mental health stigma, and low self-esteem. Comple"]
[17.360652923583984, 11.188718795776367, "advice, self-help, limited representation, and full representation. Completion of legal services was defined as having completed the comprehensive legal needs assessment and having one or more of their legal needs addressed (note: this does not neces"]
[17.358400344848633, 11.187468528747559, "e program), and helping Fellows schedule appointments and connect to other types of needed services (e.g., DMV appointments, health care appoint- ments). One peer navigator highlighted the value to having a staff member in the program who had lived e"]
[17.356597900390625, 11.186615943908691, "e up sessions at a future date. At the beginning of the program, the curriculum was delivered in a variety of ways across regions, with some imple- menting the curriculum as an intensive two-week course and others offering it as a weekly or twice-wee"]
[17.356184005737305, 11.186304092407227, "lients in online training sessions in lieu of in-person work crews and was eventually able to place Fellows on in-person work crews with additional safety precautions in place (e.g., mask wearing, physical distancing requirements). Some behavioral he"]
[17.358327865600586, 11.188580513000488, "ed to serve as an eligibility screener, so this is one way that providers can determine if individuals are eligible for Project imPACT or not. When Fellows are not eligible for the program, they are generally referred to other resources, primarily ot"]
[17.360300064086914, 11.187582015991211, "rvices ended. Fellows largely scored as medium (44.7 percent) or high (44.4 percent) risk on the LS/CMI. Fellows were predominately male (79.4 percent) and the largest percentage (57.4 percent) was between the ages of 26 and 43. Nearly all (96.3 perc"]
[17.365331649780273, 11.197789192199707, "ate 0.9%\n7.1%\n      SOURCE: Data submitted by regional providers.\nNOTE: The racial/ethnic categories were specified by the BSCC.\nTable 4.4\nPercentage of Fellows Receiving Services Across Regions\n Service Category\nEmployment Behavioral health Legal\nDo"]
[17.373764038085938, 11.210504531860352, "istration (OSHA) training, which was later expanded to include any vocational training; however, it is possible that this expanded definition was not used consistently, which would explain the small numbers of Fellows receiving vocational training se"]
[17.364938735961914, 11.194714546203613, " (4.9)\n                Employment Services, Overall and Regional\nTable 4.5\n1.68 (1.23)\n2.50 (1.52)\n62 (60.8)\nreadiness\nassessments\nreadiness\nworkshops\nCareer\nCareer\n88 (88.0)\nSOURCE: Data submitted by regional providers.\nNOTE: SD, standard deviation."]
[17.366779327392578, 11.187382698059082, "e average number of sessions that Fellows received per month. These averages were calculated only for those who participated in a given service (i.e., the average number of monthly individual crisis sessions is based only on those who had at least on"]
[17.365341186523438, 11.193135261535645, "2) 2.00 (1.59) 0.00 (0.00) 2.68 (1.43) 2.00 (0.58)\nTotal\nSessions Attended per Month M (SD)\n1.61 (0.89) 2.52 (1.87) 1.20 (0.42) 2.57 (1.44) 2.38 (1.26)\n          SOURCE: Data submitted by regional providers. NOTE: SD, standard deviation.\nTable 4.9\nTo"]
[17.36475944519043, 11.19497299194336, " Fernando Valley (n = 54)\nM (SD) No. of Hours\nReceiving No./ Services Percentage\n        Legal Services, Overall and Regional\nTable 4.10\nM (SD)\nHours\nNo. of\nDowntown (n = 88)\nReceiving\nNo./\nPercentage\nServices\nLegal Service\nCategory of\nrepresentation"]
[17.35161590576172, 11.180706024169922, "ompletion rate than San Fernando Valley (p<.05). The relatively higher rate of unsuccessful exits from the San Fernando Valley region may reflect some of the Fellows who were lost to follow-up during the transition of employment agencies. Providers d"]
[17.355247497558594, 11.184015274047852, "t imPACT\n24.60 (31.66) 3.02 (4.85) 1.72 (1.20) 24.50 (45.84)\n  Association Between Use of Individual Services and Program Completion\nWe examined programmatic factors that may have contributed to a Fellow successfully com- pleting Project ImPACT. Firs"]
[17.36029815673828, 11.189305305480957, "il in our interim report (Brooks Holliday et al., 2019). To better understand the facilitators and barriers to program implementation, we drew on interviews with staff members during site visits, information learned during our atten- dance at Project"]
[17.357574462890625, 11.186380386352539, "l Health Services\nEmployment providers in all regions noted the great value in offering high-quality specialized legal and behavioral health services to their Fellows. Providers mentioned that the fact that legal providers and behavioral providers se"]
[17.358781814575195, 11.185944557189941, "ation team, providers decided to offer a condensed, more intensive two-week course. These changes were executed to make it easier for Fellows enrolled in the program to fully participate in CBT and to serve as a demonstration of commitment to program"]
[17.358455657958984, 11.18596363067627, "e.g., the CBT facilitation training), and there were not opportunities for these individuals to participate in the missed trainings.\nProvider Perspectives on Program Implementation 37\n38 Project impact Cohort 1 Final Local Evaluation Report\n  Solutio"]
[17.35368537902832, 11.179740905761719, "n when required by the court\nFrame services as an opportunity to alleviate\u2014not add to\u2014pressures, meeting Fellows where they are, serving as Fellows\u2019 support networks\nReferral to relevant mental health resources\nAll N/A\nUptake\nSevere mental health\ncha"]
[17.360227584838867, 11.19006633758545, "es or missing data arise. Throughout the project, members of the evaluation team also met with regional pro- viders to support their data reporting challenges, through either training or troubleshooting.\nFollowing up with Fellows to capture their lon"]
[17.359216690063477, 11.189550399780273, "hat access to transportation was a barrier for some of the Fellows that may have prevented them to engage in, complete, or fully benefit from Project imPACT. Most of the regions referred Fellows to external resources that offered transportation assis"]
[17.360000610351562, 11.189249038696289, "- employment relationship) and appealed to prioritize adding housing as the Project imPACT component. As a result of multiple discussions, the Mayor\u2019s Office created a housing services element, staffed by personnel from one of the behavioral health o"]
[17.35802459716797, 11.187458038330078, "t the program establish or support special graduation ceremonies and certificates to celebrate Fellows\u2019 accomplishments, recognize their ability to complete a program with many requirements, and elevate the prestige of the program. Some regions have\n"]
[17.358516693115234, 11.188264846801758, "llow\u2019s mental health symptoms became more acute while enrolled in services, behavioral health providers sometimes referred individuals to appropriate external resources. In these instances, Fellows were welcome to stay in Project imPACT as they were "]
[17.361915588378906, 11.182523727416992, "tions and CBT, to job development and peer navigation, to legal counsel and behavioral therapy. However, without specific training, doing so was a challenging process that demanded rapid learning, trial and error, and adaptation to keep Fellows engag"]
[17.35964584350586, 11.189321517944336, "enge for Fellows across different regions was the lack of private spaces that Fel- lows could use for engagement with different services within Project imPACT. Many Fellows lived in shared housing, including shared rooms. Further, lack of access to p"]
[17.360445022583008, 11.191189765930176, "scribed, providers identified opportunities to further leverage community collaborations to offer additional supportive ser- vices to Fellows and/or raise the profile of Project imPACT in the community.\nTrauma-informed care. All providers were acutel"]
[17.357524871826172, 11.183917045593262, "ers to engagement arose, providers discussed their con- cerns with other providers and the Mayor\u2019s Office to identify solutions. Providers made sure to create environments where Fellows did not feel judged or pressured to follow directions that were "]
[17.359500885009766, 11.18680191040039, " need for adequate training in trauma- informed approaches to work with reentry populations and the Mayor\u2019s Office prepared to facilitate one such training at the time of the writing of this report.\nProvider Perspectives on Program Implementation 47\n"]
[17.358041763305664, 11.186101913452148, "1). The mean change was a decrease of 0.57 points. It should be noted that the majority of these Fel- lows were from South Los Angeles (n = 81), with the remainder from Watts (n = 10). Similarly, we examined the change in scores for the subset of par"]
[17.36077880859375, 11.190750122070312, "I did initially.\nIt made me think different on the daily like, instead of doing something crazy, I\u2019ll just go calm down, and relax and breathe and take a walk.\nOther Fellows and alumni described an improved ability to identify their thinking pat- ter"]
[17.363962173461914, 11.193140983581543, "Valley (n) (n) (n) 77 99 89 72 97 65 72 94 36 50 43 80 49 98 21 60 51 51 56 58 27 54 59 44 13 23 90\n25 7 39 43 15 4 14 4 12 14 3 58 11 6 3\n9 6 4\nTotal (n/%)\n367 (85.0) 335 (77.5) 290 (67.1) 270 (62.5) 263 (60.9) 251 (58.1) 230 (53.2) 225 (52.1) 185 ("]
[17.353784561157227, 11.183213233947754, "d part time, and 3.7 percent were employed in a temporary or seasonal position (Table 6.5).\nWe found some significant regional differences in the rate of employment, with South Los Angeles having the highest employment rate (p<.05). South Los Angeles"]
[17.33563232421875, 11.163259506225586, ") (32.3 percent) is nearly twice the percentage who exited without a job prior to COVID (July 2018\u2013March 2020) (16.4 percent). This suggests that COVID pandemic may have had an effect on Fellows\u2019 ability to find a job.\nOn average, Fellows participate"]
[17.350231170654297, 11.179165840148926, "vices also appeared more likely to obtain employment (80.3 percent) than their non- completer counterparts (74.7 percent); however, this difference was not statistically signifi- cant. Those who completed legal services were about equally as likely t"]
[17.348188400268555, 11.177220344543457, "viders was not able to reach (either because they attempted to reach the individual and were unsuccessful or did not attempt to reach the individual). At three months, 58 percent of Fellows were known to still be employed, and at six months, 60 perce"]
[17.348798751831055, 11.179828643798828, " legal services experienced a smaller increase in income (r = \u22120.27, p < .01).\nRecidivism\nProject imPACT providers assess recidivism when conducting regularly scheduled follow-ups with Fellows at 6, 12, and 18 months after a Fellow completes Project "]
[17.35901641845703, 11.189096450805664, "to Cohort 2.\nOutcome Evaluation Results 59\nCHAPTER SEVEN\nClient Perspectives\nGathering qualitative client feedback and experiences with Project imPACT is an important component of this evaluation. This feedback is solicited through semistructured foc"]
[17.358272552490234, 11.18842887878418, "dedicated to success and accomplishing something and improving your life, Proj- ect imPACT is where you can do it.\nAnother shared:\nMy whole outlook was different when I came out and society had changed. Everything had changed and so I had to adjust. "]
[17.359086990356445, 11.184728622436523, "ficult situations\n\u2022 Better understanding of root causes of behavior and learning coping skills\n\u2022 Opportunity to share thoughts and feelings in nonjudgmental space\n\u2022 Convenienceofcolocatedservices\n\u2022 No-cost legal services that address removing, sealin"]
[17.360130310058594, 11.190120697021484, "ts to working with the peer navigator, who pro- vided a forum for sharing their experiences in a nonjudgmental space. As one alum indicated:\n[Having a peer navigator] helped because you were comfortable to just say what you were going through and jus"]
[17.36139678955078, 11.190943717956543, " probably would have went back. I probably would have failed, if anything that were posi- tive. They talk to me as a person, not as an inmate, not as a prisoner, not as a convict. They treated me as a person. That\u2019s what I loved about this program.\nA"]
[17.35905647277832, 11.18863582611084, "like family. By us not being able to see, talk, whenever. Sometimes it\u2019s hard to get a hold on them. Maybe you\u2019re trying this, but now you can\u2019t. You can\u2019t find nowhere or nobody or you can\u2019t see nobody to get it out, so they don\u2019t give you an input "]
[17.362789154052734, 11.192686080932617, "d probation officers. Fellows also suggested having alumni share their success stories with new program participants to encourage them to remain in the program. As one Fellow noted, \u201cpeople have achieved a lot and when you see one achieve, it makes y"]
[17.358997344970703, 11.189640998840332, "artners who might serve as referral pipelines, including probation, parole, and other community\u00adbased organizations serving justice\u00adinvolved individuals. These recruitment and enrollment numbers demonstrate the effectiveness of these referral pipelin"]
[17.37074089050293, 11.201203346252441, "has also been observed in other contexts in which behavioral health services are integrated with other care (e.g., Watkins et al., 2020). It will be important to ensure that the infrastructure exists to support all types of providers to be on\u00adsite, e"]
[17.358911514282227, 11.188693046569824, " literature (e.g., Farabee, Zhang, & Wright, 2014; Redcross, Millenky, et al., 2012). More\u00ad over, Fellows who completed employment services were more likely to be employed than those who did not. This suggests an association between participation in "]
[17.359617233276367, 11.19040584564209, ", the Mayor\u2019s Office collaborates with providers to develop solutions. A prime example is the establishment of housing services for\nSummary and Conclusion 71\n72 Project impact Cohort 1 Final Local Evaluation Report\nemployed Fellows. Our focus groups "]
[17.355600357055664, 11.186083793640137, "were equipped to work with a diverse range of indi\u00ad viduals. Some providers indicated that they were interested in training on this topic as well, though, including training on serving LGBTQ+ populations. Finally, both providers and Fel\u00ad lows describ"]
[17.35027503967285, 11.1812162399292, "e time, it is important to keep in mind that Los Angeles is an extremely high cost of living region, and the demand for affordable housing far outpaces the availability of such housing (California Housing Partner\u00ad ship, 2020). In addition, the fair m"]
[17.352602005004883, 11.173564910888672, "ay the importance of peer navigators to the program\u2014in fact, providers described peer navigators as an essential part of their regional teams, and Fellows noted how valuable it was to have indi\u00ad viduals with lived experience involved with the program"]
[17.361154556274414, 11.191193580627441, "who successfully completed the program to those who exited before completion (e.g., with respect to volume of services received); however, we missed the follow\u00adup data regarding employment and income outcomes for many of those who exited unsuccessful"]
[17.35952377319336, 11.190814971923828, "iduals experiencing complex trauma, may also protect against burnout. In addition, though a certain level of turnover is inevitable, positions often were vacant for several weeks before being filled by a new staff member. Find\u00ad ing ways to improve tr"]
[17.361061096191406, 11.190662384033203, "s could integrate into their budgets if there is a need. Finally, the Mayor\u2019s Office has sought opportunities to formally add additional services to the Project imPACT model. Spe\u00ad cifically, after hearing the need for housing services, the Mayor\u2019s Of"]
[17.349035263061523, 11.176312446594238, " data collec\u00ad tion requirements, with the goal of developing a robust evaluation approach that also limits burden on the providers. However, there are substantial quantitative reporting requirements for this work, and there are ongoing difficulties r"]
[20.564599990844727, 9.087586402893066, "Proposals. Sacramento, CA: State of California. As of July 11, 2019: https://www.cacities.org/Resources-Documents/Policy-Advocacy-Section/Hot-Issues/Homeless-Resources /League-CSAC-Task-Force/May-11,-2017/7-_proposition_47_request_for_propsals_-_upda"]
[17.023906707763672, 7.919625759124756, "ss youth in a substance use and HIV-risk reduction program. Field Methods, 30, 22\u201336.\nGlaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press.\nHarder+Company (2015). Ce"]
[16.979673385620117, 7.95101261138916, "fender employment programs and recidivism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1, 295\u2013315.\nWatkins, K., Hunter, S. B., Cohen, C. C., Leamon, I., Hurley, B., McCreary, M., & Ober, A. (2020). Organizational capacity and readiness to p"]
[9.184955596923828, 10.146354675292969, "  CORPORATION\nASHLEY M. KRANZ, ANITA CHANDRA, JAIME MADRIGANO, TEAGUE RUDER, GRACE GAHLON, JANICE BLANCHARD, CHRISTOPHER J. KING\nAssessing Health and Human Services Needs\nto Support an Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County"]
[9.221785545349121, 10.185937881469727, "ssment in its pursuit of a Health in All Policies approach to policymaking. This assessment builds on the 2009 RAND assessment and other County reports to more deeply examine the drivers of health influencing health outcomes. The findings are based o"]
[9.155861854553223, 10.120301246643066, " provided across many sectors in the County including human services, criminal justice, and schools. Yet, drivers of health largely exist outside of health care alone. While most adults in the County reported having good to excellent health, there ar"]
[9.135162353515625, 10.099687576293945, "...........................................................................4 Framework for Understanding Health and Human Services Needs.............................................5 Approach .........................................................."]
[9.12761402130127, 10.093949317932129, "ounty, Maryland\nHealth Literacy.......................................................................................................................45\nHealth Behaviors ................................................................................"]
[9.126005172729492, 10.087539672851562, "..............................................................................................................................90 School-Based Wellness Centers............................................................................................"]
[9.125075340270996, 10.091104507446289, " Populations......... 119 Seniors..................................................................................................................................120 People Experiencing Homelessness .................................................."]
[9.106671333312988, 10.073140144348145, "........................................................168\nPopulation Profile.................................................................................................................168 Health Outcome: Potentially Avoidable Health Care Utili"]
[9.196616172790527, 10.16051197052002, "....................................207 Summary.................................................................................................................................208 Data Gaps and Limitations............................................."]
[9.010558128356934, 9.977243423461914, "2014\u20132018...............................................................................................................15\n3.1. Mortality Rates per 100,000 Population for Heart Disease,\nby Race/Ethnicity, 2017........................................."]
[8.991458892822266, 9.958597183227539, "Condition, 2017 .............................................................................................................75\n4.9. Rates of Inpatient Hospitalizations for Adults and Children per 100,000 Population\nin 2017, by Race and Ethnicity ..."]
[9.037665367126465, 10.004087448120117, "f County and National Parks in Prince George\u2019s County, 2019...................150\n6.4. Land Cover Type, 2017..................................................................................................... 152\n6.5. Relative Lead Risk from Housing"]
[9.05953598022461, 10.026205062866211, ".............199\n8.6. Total FY2018 General Fund Budget Spending for Health and Human Services\nper Person in Poverty, by County......................................................................................200\n8.7. Budgets for Selected County D"]
[9.038625717163086, 10.005905151367188, "..................24\n3.5. Self-Reported Health Status for Adults, by Jurisdiction, 2017.............................................27\n3.6. Self-Reported Health Status for Adults in Prince George\u2019s County, 2017............................28\n3.7. Self"]
[9.021821022033691, 9.988842010498047, ".........................46\n3.27. Self-Reported Health Behaviors for Adults, by Jurisdiction, 2017 .......................................48\n3.28. Self-Reported Unhealthy Behaviors Among Adults, by Jurisdiction, 2017...........................49\n3.29"]
[8.99828815460205, 9.965883255004883, " for Adults per 100,000 Population,\nby District and Condition, 2017 .........................................................................................76\n4.14. Rates of ED Visits for Children per 100,000 Population, by District and Condition, 2"]
[9.05335807800293, 10.018613815307617, "..............................93\n4.32. HIV Testing and Care Linkages Completed by the Prince George\u2019s County\nHealth Department, 2015\u20132019 .........................................................................................94\n4.33. Metrics for Se"]
[9.028910636901855, 9.995747566223145, "...................... 114\n5.14. Percentage Who Are Unemployed or Working Poor in Prince George\u2019s County, 2009\u20132018........................................................................................................................ 115\n5.15. Perc"]
[9.020190238952637, 9.989851951599121, "................................................................................ 141\n6.3. Percentage of Population in Overcrowded Housing in Prince George\u2019s County,\nby District.........................................................................."]
[8.962699890136719, 9.93023681640625, " County Residents in 2018, by Citizenship and Place of Birth ............... 181\n7.7. Rates of ED Visits and Hospitalizations per 100,000 Population, 2017 ............................182\n7.8. Most Common Reasons for ED Visits for Adults, Percentage o"]
[9.06199836730957, 10.027408599853516, "020). Prince George\u2019s County, which is predominantly composed of Black residents, accounts for more than one-in-four COVID-19 cases in Maryland (Maryland Department of Health, 2020). As of this writing, the County has reported the highest rate of COV"]
[9.16430377960205, 10.127663612365723, "happening including national discussions regarding the increasing burden of chronic diseases, rising health care expenditures, and growing attention to the role of social determinants of health (SDOH). In this context, Prince George\u2019s County is poise"]
[9.191296577453613, 10.14941692352295, "oviders in DC\n   Examines health care provision outside of traditional health care providers, including schools, fire/EMS and corrections\n   Situates recommendations via Health in All Policies, inclusive of budget alignment and legislative action lev"]
[9.183249473571777, 10.14576530456543, "commendations, we reviewed Prince George\u2019s County\u2019s operat- ing budgets from fiscal year (FY) 2007 to 2019 and proposed operating budget from FY2020 determine where funding was allocated across county departments. We also reviewed prom- ising practic"]
[9.096982955932617, 10.062734603881836, "s a better option.\nSpending on health and human services is low.\n\u2022 Estimated County spending on health and human services departments is $39 per person, about one-third to one-seventh the per-person spending of surrounding Maryland counties.\nIneffici"]
[9.123390197753906, 10.086996078491211, "lenges related to access to care and system confusion indicated by use of emergency services for non-urgent needs. Stakeholders expressed concern about access to care, frequently related to access to primary care and mental and behavioral health serv"]
[9.076271057128906, 10.04352855682373, " therefore may be uncounted. Improvements were observed for school and public safety, with fewer high school students reporting sexual dating violence and a lower violent crime rate. However, self-reported data from middle school students suggests sa"]
[9.20207691192627, 10.167210578918457, "s emer-\ngency medical services from the Fire/EMS Department, health care offered by Department of Corrections, public safety supported by the Police Department, and environmental efforts from the Department of the Environment. This preliminary budget"]
[9.236557006835938, 10.20166301727295, "ng new measurement and data systems. We use the acronyms LB and EB to help delineate primary roles for the County Board of Health (LB) versus activities of the Office of the County Executive (EB).\nxxx An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Pri"]
[9.191808700561523, 10.158287048339844, "alth, which produced a guide to help towns design health communities (Vermont Agency of Transporta- tion, 2019). Examples of using equity lenses on community investment and policy decisions include Multnomah County, Oregon, which developed the Equity"]
[9.197293281555176, 10.162081718444824, "is essential for ensuring messages reach the correct populations. For example, communicating volunteer opportunities to seniors necessitates a different communication strategy than communicating about service availability to young adults.\n2. Align In"]
[9.207889556884766, 10.173086166381836, "s, focused on midstream and upstream determinants and drivers of health, which were then used to develop policy recommendations (Vermont Department of Health, 2018a).\n2.3 Better coordinate the nongovernmental organizations that address health and hum"]
[9.201945304870605, 10.164461135864258, "example, Santa Monica, California reports traditional health outputs and outcomes in physical, social, and emotional health in addition to broader well-being measures of community cohesion, the quality of the natural and built environments, and econo"]
[9.156315803527832, 10.119099617004395, "red interest of leaders and residents to embrace a more inte- grated and holistic strategy for promoting health and well-being and addressing inequities in the County. This shared interest provides an excellent foundation for implementing and sus- ta"]
[9.107650756835938, 10.072925567626953, "ergency department\nEMS Emergency medical services\nEPA Environmental Protection Agency\nERS Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture FQHCs Federally Qualified Health Centers\nFTE Full time equivalent\nFY fiscal year\nHPSA Health Pro"]
[9.180472373962402, 10.14431095123291, "ganiza- tions, and other service providers. In particular, there is a need to understand the full extent of the health issues in the County as well as where and how health is being influenced in order to inform recommendations for how the County proc"]
[9.17722225189209, 10.141944885253906, "has been the trend across the United States, the hospital mergers and acquisitions have changed the County\u2019s health care landscape (National Institute for Health Care Management Founda- tion, 2020). In 2019, Anne Arundel Medical Center and Doctors Co"]
[9.14615535736084, 10.110151290893555, "ors in the County with clinical pharmacists to deliver care virtually, an approach known as \u201ctelepharmacy\u201d (Council News, 2018). With a history of engagement in health promotion and at the cusp of a new hospital, the Board of Health is poised to purs"]
[9.169654846191406, 10.133001327514648, "nering for Health Equity: Strategies, Partnerships and Recommendations for Immi- grants\u2019 Health in Prince George\u2019s County from La Cli\u0301nica Del Pueblo (2018).\nMaternal and infant health\n\u2022 Maternal and Infant Health Report from the County Health Depart"]
[9.184123992919922, 10.144943237304688, "l, economic, built, and natural environments.\n Offers insight into role of schools and human services departments in promoting health.\n   Utilizes health care discharge data from both Maryland and District of Columbia (DC), highlighting key role of c"]
[9.173345565795898, 10.13717269897461, "ommunity levels (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). While the health care system is widely recognized as impacting health, public health systems are essential for promoting both individual- and community-level health by conducting hea"]
[9.19194221496582, 10.145376205444336, "George\u2019s County Administration Building in Upper Marlboro. An online survey was also used to capture comments from residents who were unable to attend this meeting.\n\u2022 Three focus groups composed of 24 residents. These groups were distributed geograph"]
[9.163156509399414, 10.128049850463867, " with attention to reflecting all areas of our framework and also to highlight indicators that have not previously been included in prior reports related to health needs in Prince George\u2019s County. Together, these data describe drivers of health affec"]
[9.090521812438965, 10.056889533996582, "findings by populations that have special needs, such as pregnant\nwomen, seniors, and people experiencing homelessness.\n\u2022 Chapter Seven provides several exemplars illustrating the linkages of drivers of health\nand health outcomes for two populations "]
[9.029200553894043, 9.998376846313477, "urveys (2014 to 2018).\n11\n12 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland Table 2.1.\nDemographics of Prince George\u2019s County Over Time, 2009\u20132018\n Year\n 2009 2010 2011\n24.7 23.7 23.5 31.7 33.3 33.3 34.1 33.5 33.4\n9.4 "]
[9.005013465881348, 9.976127624511719, "nger than 18 years Aged 18 - 39 years Aged 40 - 64 years Aged 65 years or older\nSex\nFemale\nMale\nRace/Ethnicity\n24.5 23.4 22.4 27.1 28.0 29.4 35.4 34.0 33.6 13.0 14.6 14.6\n51.1 51.7 51.5 48.9 48.3 48.5\n53.1 44.5 51.4 18.2 17.7 29.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 17.7 14"]
[9.044294357299805, 10.010645866394043, "ear Summary File, 2014\u20132018.\n16 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland Table 2.3.\nDemographics of Prince George\u2019s County, by District, Pooled 2014\u20132018\n County Councilmanic Districts\nPG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\n  Age\n"]
[9.030279159545898, 10.004284858703613, "a very high proportion of foreign-born (48.2 percent) residents and the highest proportion of Hispanic residents (52.2 percent) compared to all other districts.\n\u2022 District 3 has a higher proportion of White (21.8 percent) and Hispanic (27.2 percent)\n"]
[9.169414520263672, 10.1333646774292, "d\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022\nSubstance use disorder Sexual health\nMaternal and infant health\nAfter that, we summarize indicators of well-being, inclusive of\nHealth literacy Health behaviors Civic engagement\nWe end the chapter by sharing key themes that emerged duri"]
[9.095385551452637, 10.061484336853027, "vior. Clinical care assesses a county\u2019s accessibility to affordable and qual- ity health care. Subsequent chapters in this report focused on drivers of health will further describe the measures related to social and economic factors and the physical "]
[8.94595718383789, 9.909858703613281, "derably lower rates of YPLL. Within Prince George\u2019s County, the YPLL rate was greater for Black residents than White and His- panic residents.\nTable 3.3.\nYears of Potential Life Lost Rate per 100,000 by Jurisdiction and Race/Ethnicity, Pooled 2015\u201320"]
[8.973356246948242, 9.939355850219727, "Death Rates\n250\n200 176 166 150\n100\n50 0\n180 192\n94\n64 8064\nSOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019b.\nNOTES: Data was accessed from CDC WONDER in 2019 and represents 2017. Rates are age-adjusted and presented per 100,000 population.\n"]
[9.041136741638184, 10.007721900939941, "re and having a medical home is a known challenge in the County Assessment (Prince George\u2019s County Health Department, 2019b).\nFigure 3.3.\nDescriptions of Chronic Conditions\n Condition\n  Description\n  Prevention & Treatment\n Arthritis\n \u2022 Inflammation "]
[9.039416313171387, 10.005940437316895, " adults had higher rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes than the state and nearby counties.\nTable 3.5.\nSelf-Reported Health Status for Adults, by Jurisdiction, 2017\nMeasure\nSelf-rated health: Excellent, very good, or good\nDiagnosed arthritis\n"]
[9.035776138305664, 10.002198219299316, "For example, undiagnosed hypertension has been identified as a problem among immigrants in the United States with poor access to health care (Zallman et al., 2013).\nTable 3.7.\nSelf-Reported Health Status for Adults in Prince George\u2019s County, 2017\nDia"]
[8.994633674621582, 9.961482048034668, "ction.\nCancer screening\nIn 2016, Prince George\u2019s County had slightly higher cancer screening rates compared to the state for prostate, colorectal, and breast cancers, and slightly lower screening rate for cervical cancer (Table 3.8).\nTable 3.8.\nSelf-"]
[8.973390579223633, 9.939473152160645, "6 2007 2008\nAll Sites\nLung and Bronchus\n2009\nBreast Prostate\n2010\n2011\n2012 2013 2014\nColorectal Cervical\n      SOURCE: Maryland Cancer Prevention, Education, Screening and Treatment Program, 2017. NOTES: 2006 incidence rates are lower than actual du"]
[9.025222778320312, 9.990921020507812, "rince George\u2019s Maryland\n154.1 154.3 25.8 21.5 13.2 13.19 16.5 16.3 10.9 12.0 31.9 37.0 38.0 44.1 27.3 31.8\nSOURCE: Maryland Cancer Prevention, Education, Screening, and\nNOTES: HP 2020 Goal, indicates the Healthy People 2020 goal which serves as a fed"]
[8.98041820526123, 9.94699478149414, "c adults reported the highest rate of disabilities overall (42.1 percent) and had the highest rate of mobility disabilities (27.1 percent). Reporting a mobility disability was more common among adults who were less educated and lived in lower income "]
[9.029090881347656, 9.996474266052246, " diagnosed with depressive disorder than in other nearby counties or the state (Table 3.14).\nTable 3.14.\nSelf-Reported Mental Health for Adults, by Jurisdiction, 2017\n Measure\nDiagnosed depressive disorder\nReported days of \u201cnot good\u201d mental health pa"]
[9.000875473022461, 9.967475891113281, "t killing themselves\nHigh School\nSeriously considered attempting suicide\nFelt sad or hopeless frequently\nBullying\nMiddle School\nBeen bullied on school property\nBeen electronically bullied\nHigh School\nBeen bullied on school property Been electronicall"]
[9.000953674316406, 9.96731185913086, " Binge drinking is defined as drinking 5 or more drinks on an occasion for men or 4 or more drinks on an occasion for women.\nTable 3.18.\nSelf-Reported Binge Drinking by Adults in Prince George\u2019s County, 2017\nBinge Drinking\nOverall 12.8\nDemographics\nA"]
[9.009928703308105, 9.975114822387695, "nce George\u2019s County, Maryland, 2007\u20132017\n3. Health and Well-Being 41\n   Number of deaths\n120\n100\n 80\n 60\n 40\n 20\n0\n     2009 2010 2011\n2012\n2013\n2014 2015 2016\nFentanyl-Related Heroin-Related Alcohol-Related\nOpioid-Related\nPrescription Opioid-Related"]
[8.984099388122559, 9.951244354248047, "52 7,365 1,282 1,832 2,001 81 110 143\n2018\n8,013 2,020 153\nMaryland\n30,658 510.4\nTB Prevention.\n  SOURCE: Maryland Department of Health Infectious Disease Bureau, 2019. NOTE: *Includes both Primary and Secondary Syphilis.\nTable 3.22.\nChlamydia Infect"]
[8.975226402282715, 9.94052791595459, "omen, 21 per 1,000 for Black women, and 6 per 1,000 for White women.\n44 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\nTable 3.23.\nTeen Birth Rates (TBR) per 1,000, by Jurisdiction and Race/Ethnicity, Pooled 2011\u20132017\n"]
[9.100659370422363, 10.065686225891113, "4.5\n3.8\n SOURCE: Maryland Vital Statistics Administration, 2019.\nNOTES: *Rates based on <5 deaths are not shown since rates based on small numbers are statistically unreliable.\nWell-Being\nWell-being encompasses the factors that describe a full and sa"]
[9.060688972473145, 10.02733325958252, "teracy, an in person assessment of English language literacy among\na nationally representative sample of U.S. adults aged 18 and older. Full methods describing the modeling approach are included in the 2010 report by Lurie and colleagues (Lurie et al"]
[9.036410331726074, 10.003520965576172, "ng County adults was lower than the state average and lower than rates in Howard and Montgom- ery counties, and the obesity rate was considerably higher among County adults.\nTable 3.27.\nSelf-Reported Health Behaviors for Adults, by Jurisdiction, 2017"]
[9.032544136047363, 9.999625205993652, "k and above Below $50k\nHas a personal doctor Has a personal doctor No personal doctor\nConsumed fruit one or more times per day\n63.2\n62.2 67.8\n64.9 60.8\n64.0 60.2 64.8\n64.7 58.2\n61.5 65.7\n62.0 65.4\nConsumed\nvegetables one or more times per day\n77.6\n77"]
[9.00654411315918, 9.973254203796387, "ectronic vapor product declined from 2014 to 2016 (Table 3.32). In 2016, 17 percent of County high school students reported drinking alcohol, which was lower than the state rate of 25.5 percent in 2017. Similarly, fewer high school students in the Co"]
[9.200898170471191, 10.221460342407227, " (Table 3.34).\nTable 3.34.\nVoter Turnout, 2010\u20132018\nGeneral Election\n2010\n2012*\n2014\n2016*\n2018\nSOURCE: Maryland State Board of Elections, 2019. NOTES: *Indicates presidential election.\nStakeholder Insights\nPrince George\u2019s\nCounty Maryland\nPercent Per"]
[9.115996360778809, 10.081732749938965, "ounty, Maryland\nlimited school gym spaces, and few places to exercise in the community contribute to the problems of childhood obesity. In addition, one participant noted that there are few options for younger children to engage in outdoor recreation"]
[9.147077560424805, 10.111946105957031, "d requesting funding. I didn\u2019t know about a lot of these programs. Why don\u2019t they coordi- nate what these programs are doing?\nOne participant noted several examples of social media partnerships that have improved communication about county services. "]
[9.142206192016602, 10.10245132446289, "ends who are still alive. I have fewer men to call because they\u2019re not staying around.\nIn the area of health issues, stakeholders were particularly concerned about mental and behavioral health, including among people experiencing homelessness. In dat"]
[9.148096084594727, 10.110483169555664, "ow to incorporate volunteers in an efficient way.\nAmong seniors, there was interest in having County services that foster engagement to reduce isolation and improve health. Stakeholders explained that isolation can lead to depres- sion which in turn "]
[9.064823150634766, 10.0308256149292, "bacco use, lack of exercise, unhealthy diet) are more common among adults with less education.\n\u2022 Large inequities for infant outcomes were observed, with Black infants having the highest rates of low birthweight and infant mortality.\n\u2022 Concerns about"]
[9.164636611938477, 10.125699996948242, "ing healthy habits earlier. These concerns are supported by data, as few high school students reported eating vegetables often.\nFinally, residents and stakeholders expressed concerns about mental health, and spe- cifically that of children and adoles"]
[9.0780668258667, 10.043081283569336, "medical offices), first responders, public safety agencies, schools, and health and human services agencies. This chapter describes the types of health care providers serving Prince George\u2019s County, their roles, and the services provided.\n   Key data"]
[9.048739433288574, 10.015074729919434, " More Hispanic adults reported cost as a barrier to medical care than Black adults. Adults with less education were more likely to report cost as a barrier to medical care.\nTable 4.2.\nBarriers to Health Care Access and Utilization for Adults in Princ"]
[9.020702362060547, 9.987460136413574, "h Care Service Environment 63\n Count\n2013 2014 2015\n174 182 181 293 288 290 123 118 117\n10 12 12 40 40 41 22 21 20 24 24 23 13 13 13 46 49 49 21 19 19\n51 54 59 6 4 4 33 32 34 42 39 35 12 10 10 8 8 8 5 6 6\n57 54 53 58 60 57 13 13 12\n22 23 25\nRate per "]
[9.017845153808594, 9.98468017578125, "5 2.05\n1.87 1.72 0.09 0.37 1.06 1.76 1.00 1.51 0.31 0.75 0.25 0.60 0.28 0.21\n4.48 2.57 2.90 2.09 1.00 1.60\n0.53 0.71\nUnited States\n3.05\n3.65 1.83\n0.14 0.70 0.38 0.45 0.40 1.19 0.83\n1.20 0.20 0.58 0.81 0.32 0.25 0.14\n1.41 1.29 0.54\n0.35\n SOURCE: Healt"]
[9.05819034576416, 10.023786544799805, "th Resources & Services Administration, 2019b.\nNOTES: HPSA, health professional shortage areas. health. HPSAs are identified based geography (e.g., lack of providers nearby) and population (e.g., lack of providers to serve specific populations, such "]
[9.046547889709473, 10.01169490814209, "16\n25 25 14 9 28 28 67 62\n2017 2018 2019\n25 25 25 18 16 10 28 28 32 71 69 67\n SOURCE: Maryland Health Care Commission, 2019a.\nNOTES: Data from annual reports on licensed acute care beds by hospital and service. Acute care beds generally accommodate h"]
[9.001520156860352, 9.967206954956055, ".1\n58.9 21.2\n51.3 54.9\n64.7 55.5 47.3\n61.4 39.5\n62.5 45.3\n54.9 47.8\n Sex\nFemale 68.4\nMale Race\nWhite, non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Hispanic\nSocioeconomic characteristics\nEducational attainment Above high school High school or less\nHousehold incom"]
[8.992424964904785, 9.96035385131836, "visits per 100,000 population to the 16 EDs serving county residents in Maryland and DC. The majority of visits were made to the 11 EDs in Maryland, with fewer visits made to EDs in DC (Table 4.10). More ED visits were made to Doctors Community Hospi"]
[8.980371475219727, 9.948205947875977, "OURCE: Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission, 2017; DC Hospital Association, 2017.\nNOTES: Includes 2017 ED discharges in Maryland and DC for Prince George\u2019s County residents. Children are younger than 18 years. Reasons are CCS codes which g"]
[8.984983444213867, 9.953665733337402, "Figure 4.7.\nRates of ED Visits for Chronic Conditions for Adults per 100,000 Population, by Race and Ethnicity and by Condition, 2017\n ED visits per 100,000\n700\n600\n500\n400\n300\n200\n100\n-\n453 349\n577\n185\n389\n224 158\nDiabetes\nHispanic\n609\nNon-Traumatic"]
[8.988777160644531, 9.956809043884277, "r Adults per 100,000 Population, by District and Condition, 2017\nCounty Councilmanic Districts\nPG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9\n      All ED visits 32,315\nMental and behavioral\nhealth 1,178\nSubstance related 194 Diabetes 321 Heart disease 405 Hypertension 464 No"]
[9.047642707824707, 10.012939453125, "ccess to a usual source of dental care.\nInpatient Hospitals\nInpatient hospital care is defined as involving an overnight stay at the hospital and therefore tends to include more serious and costly care. In fiscal year 2019, there were five hospitals "]
[8.970405578613281, 9.937114715576172, "ated in Lanham, Maryland (Table 4.16). Children had 2,582 hospital discharges per 100,000 population to nine hospital EDs in Maryland and DC. The majority of hospital discharges for children (69 percent) were to Children\u2019s National Medical Center in "]
[8.944978713989258, 9.913713455200195, "ents. Children are younger than 18 years. Reasons are CCS codes which group related diagnoses and procedures into meaningful categories.\nVariation in Hospitalization by Race/Ethnicity\nDuring 2017, rates of hospitalizations were highest for Black adul"]
[8.959619522094727, 9.927257537841797, "hildren.\nFigure 4.11.\nRates of Inpatient Hospitalizations for Children per 100,000 Population in 2017, by Race and Ethnicity and by Condition\n4. Drivers of Health: Health Care Service Environment 81\n Hospitalizations per 100,000\n450\n400\n350\n300\n250\n2"]
[8.99958610534668, 9.967816352844238, " 5 6 7 8 9\n      All hospitalizations 2,582 Asthma 162\n2,646 2,836 3,083 108 150 130\n2,210 2,693 124 157 48 61\n198 297 * *\n2,521 2,908 2,433 2,158 204 252 184 169 82 52 72 111\n270 363 338 206 * 4 * 11\nDiabetes\nMental & behavioral health\nSubstancerela"]
[9.04010009765625, 10.00505256652832, "aryland Health Care Commission does not report the number of hospice beds available by county. When examining the number of hospice agencies or organizations, the number in the County in 2018 was similar to nearby counties.\nTable 4.21.\nHospices, Hosp"]
[9.010589599609375, 9.975691795349121, "County\n1,442 23 39 88 516 3,140 3,643 4,597 5,283 11 18,782\nMaryland\n3,316 291 326 769 4,901 27,603 28,820 30,509 28,360 24 124,919\n 541 24 33 105 706 3,713 3,939 3,459 2,424\n SOURCE: Maryland Health Care Commission, 2019b.\nNOTES: Data retrieved from"]
[9.070099830627441, 10.035761833190918, "r were considered to be for non-urgent medical services. The percentage of 911 calls for non-urgent medical services varied slightly across districts, ranging from 22.5 percent in District 6 to 26.6 percent in District 7.\nTable 4.26.\nEmergency Calls "]
[9.049565315246582, 10.0142183303833, "y in Prince George\u2019s County, health care services are primar- ily provided through contracts with local health care providers who come to the correctional facility to provide services. This facility houses inmates who are serving sentences of 18 mont"]
[9.07838249206543, 10.041723251342773, "aryland\nconditions. Law enforcement agencies are increasingly working with the health care system and pursuing collaborative community-wide strategies to implement effective policing strategies for people with behavioral health conditions (Council of"]
[9.083568572998047, 10.047796249389648, "ent two school years, the school-based wellness centers have had staffing vacancies for nurse practitioners (NPs). Additionally, it took until the fourth quarter of 2019 to fill all four social worker positions during the 2019 school-year.\nTable 4.28"]
[9.070561408996582, 10.037335395812988, "rated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\nor reduced price meals. In Prince George\u2019s County during the 2019-2020 school year, there were 45 schools designated community schools, of which most were elementary schools. Thes"]
[9.080452919006348, 10.046359062194824, "f medical assistance programs that are intended to help families obtain health insurance, reduce barriers to access- ing health care, and promote receipt of needed care. For example, DSS helps residents to sign up for public health insurance programs"]
[9.145434379577637, 10.109213829040527, "mental health screenings, follow-up care, and vaccinations for individuals <18 years.\n   94\nAn Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022\n\u2022\nScreening and treatment for sexually transmitted infections.\nTesting fo"]
[9.098596572875977, 10.061576843261719, "icare).\nThe state of Maryland offers crisis lines (phone and text) staffed by specialists for indi- viduals who are experiencing a mental health or substance use concern. Additionally, outpa- tient substance use disorder treatment services and mental"]
[9.162095069885254, 10.12153148651123, "ception that there are few immu- nization clinics in the County and that this limits family\u2019s abilities to obtain neighborhood- based preventive care. School-based screenings were proposed by stakeholders as a potential option for obtaining preventiv"]
[9.19317626953125, 10.15572452545166, "exist- ing health care outreach services and noted that community health workers can help facilitate this connection, but are underutilized.\nIn focus groups, residents noted their interest in having health care providers who reflect the community\u2019s d"]
[9.130977630615234, 10.087122917175293, "related to the provision of health care, do not have the capacity to bill public insurance.\nMental and Behavioral Health\nAs noted in the prior chapter, mental and behavioral health was frequently mentioned by stake- holders as an important health nee"]
[9.158188819885254, 10.106253623962402, "on in the school-aged population. Participants expressed the desire for more wellness centers at schools that foster mental health, including staff specially equipped for mental health counseling. One noted,\nOur teachers are struggling to manage educ"]
[9.14707088470459, 10.102665901184082, "s tend to focus on sentencing and forensic-related guide- lines, but that it is important for them to also take into consideration health needs, such as access to outpatient primary care and behavioral health services, in the counseling phase.\nStakeh"]
[9.037708282470703, 10.003700256347656, "7, where more than 3 in 4 residents are Black, ED visit rates are high for conditions better managed in primary care settings, like diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension for adults and asthma for children.\n\u2022 Challenges in obtaining dental care ex"]
[9.057092666625977, 10.022415161132812, "vel and educational attainment. Further, our analyses suggest that many adults lack a usual source of dental care and are using the ED to treat dental conditions best cared for in a dental office. A variety of reasons may lead to inappropriate use of"]
[9.155195236206055, 10.118934631347656, "t also individual-level interventions to educate residents about the role of different types of providers and when to call 911.\nFinally, the health care delivery system in Prince George\u2019s County includes more than just hospitals and other traditional"]
[9.091293334960938, 10.05827522277832, "es of home ownership, a key mechanism of building wealth in the United States, have influenced rates of poverty in families and communities for genera- tions. Because the financing of public schools is partially based on local property taxes, ineq- u"]
[9.079967498779297, 10.045774459838867, " 15\n2015 16\n2016 17\n2017 16\n2018 16\n2019 13\nSOURCE: County Health Rankings, 2019b.\nNOTES: Possible ranking out of 24 counties in Maryland.\nPoverty\nPoverty has long been recognized as a contributor to health and disease as it affects a variety of clin"]
[9.0304594039917, 9.996733665466309, "nty residents are uninsured or insured by Medicaid than observed in nearby counties and the state.\nRates of uninsurance are driven by several factors, including income and eligibility requirements for public programs, like Medicaid. In Maryland, adul"]
[9.028826713562012, 9.99534797668457, "district has a sizeable foreign-born population, which may be apprehensive or ineligible for government health insurance programs. These factors may con- tribute to this high rate of uninsurance.\nUninsured 10.8\nHas Medicaid\nHas Medicare\nHas private h"]
[9.052247047424316, 10.019353866577148, "y\nBaltimore County Maryland\nHoward County\n     SOURCE: Annie E. Casey Foundation Kids Count Data Center, 2019.\nNOTES: Raw data was obtained from the Maryland State Department of Education School Report Cards, 2000 \u2013 2018. Data not available for Howar"]
[9.041064262390137, 10.007287979125977, " declined over time, from 8,266 in 2016 to 7,224 in 2019. Similarly, the percentage of new and re-applications approved slightly declined, from 25.6 percent in 2016 to 22.8 percent in 2019.\nTable 5.6.\nNew and Re-Applications Received and Approved for"]
[9.0350980758667, 10.006547927856445, " Data was provided directly from the Office of Special Education and Student Services and are not publicly available. While no denominator was provided for these counts, in 2019 Prince George\u2019s County Public Schools had 208 schools and centers more t"]
[9.030162811279297, 9.997523307800293, "indicator is comprised of two measures of a cohort of ninth grade students grad- uating within four years or five years, respectively. Graduation rates vary widely across race/ ethnicity in the County, with Asians having the highest graduation rate a"]
[8.995281219482422, 9.961319923400879, "udents are\nLess than high school education\nHigh school diploma or equivalent\nSome college\nBachelor\u2019s degree or higher\n4.5 8.7 10.0\n14.0 13.3 24.8 20.2 18.9 25.6\n61.4 59.0 39.6\nPrince George\u2019s Baltimore County County\n13.5 8.9\n25.7 26.2 28.2 26.3\n32.7 "]
[9.051719665527344, 10.01781940460205, "n Prince George\u2019s County have a higher median household income than other jurisdictions, excluding Howard County.\nTable 5.13.\nMedian Household Income, by Jurisdiction, Pooled 2014\u20132018\n  Median household income, $\nBy race/ethnicity, $ White\nBlack\nAme"]
[9.036802291870117, 10.003697395324707, " percentage of individuals in Prince George\u2019s County con- sidered working poor (5.4 percent) was higher than that of nearby counties and slightly higher than the state (5.2 percent). Additionally, the County unemployment rate was slightly higher than"]
[9.023531913757324, 9.988533973693848, "sed Prince George\u2019s County School Climate Survey discusses parental concern on school safety (Keane & Swinton, 2017). While 91 percent of parents of elementary school students expressed a positive perception of safety and discipline at their child\u2019s "]
[9.03286361694336, 9.998537063598633, "port estimated over 60 percent of the jail mental health population in Los Angeles County jail were likely appropriate candidates for mental health diversion (Holliday et al., 2020). A similar proportion of inmates may benefit from diversion in the C"]
[9.0077486038208, 9.975825309753418, "37.9 379.4 * 746 746 111.6 *\n2011\n2,759.3 6,118.0 1,634.5 3,056.9 3,220.6 3,241.3 4,065.0 4,163.7 5,391.0 3,632.0 * 5,894.4 7,294.4 4,129.6 2,988.3 4,229.8 7,470.5 3,875.5 3,585.4 4,818.1 4,352.1 2,840.8 957.9 3,773.9 5,910.6 3,304.8 6,750.4\n2016\n1,6"]
[9.07807445526123, 10.039989471435547, "ing primary data collection as having unique challenges in accessing health and human services. The challenges experienced by noncitizen immigrants were also often mentioned during primary data collection, and this subgroup is described in detail in "]
[9.049734115600586, 10.015298843383789, "ile, 2014\u20132018.\n 122 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\nSeniors compose 12.3 percent of the County population, which is less than in nearby counties (Table 5.20). Few County seniors lack health insurance (1"]
[9.038018226623535, 10.004302024841309, ".7 percent of seniors are dually-enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid, a proxy for low-income status.\n124 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland Table 5.21.\nCharacteristics of Prince George\u2019s County Residents Aged"]
[9.08119010925293, 10.046055793762207, "ices to enable individuals who meet an institutional level of care or who are chronically ill or disabled remain in their own homes or assisted living facilities. Services include personal assistance, nurse monitoring, home-delivered meals, home adap"]
[9.047969818115234, 10.014019966125488, "rks (4,462 participants), and Yoga in the Parks (3,052 participants).\nPeople Experiencing Homelessness\nPeople experiencing homelessness are those who lack a primary nighttime residence or are living in a shelter. The experiences of people experiencin"]
[9.030200958251953, 9.997627258300781, "ividuals and families experiencing homelessness has declined in Prince George\u2019s County since 2007. In 2018, there were 478 individuals identified as experiencing homelessness in Prince George\u2019s County (Figure 5.5), meaning these individuals did not h"]
[9.036032676696777, 10.003312110900879, "Annual PIT Count of Persons Experiencing Homelessness.\nThe rate of persons experiencing homelessness within Prince George\u2019s County in 2019 was 0.5 per 1,000 people (Table 5.24). The County\u2019s rate is below the region average without DC\u2019s (0.7 percent)"]
[9.027298927307129, 9.996001243591309, "ts conducted as part of the federally-funded Continuum of Care program and reported in the 2018 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress. Point-in-Time counts provide a count of sheltered and unsheltered persons experiencing homelessness on a si"]
[9.036883354187012, 10.003660202026367, "7 households entered emergency shelters, which was similar to what was observed in June 2017, but much higher than what was observed in June 2018 (327 households). The number of households establishing permanent housing increased from 120 in June 201"]
[9.113863945007324, 10.075793266296387, "rwise meet the PSH or RRH project type descriptions\u201d (Orange County Homeless Management Information System, 2014). *3 permanent supportive housing programs were de-funded by HUD during the FY2016 competition. **Counts of emergency shelter beds provid"]
[9.195566177368164, 10.137346267700195, "at promote employment. As one stakeholder explained, childcare and adequate clothing for an interview are often overlooked as critical human service needs, yet are important for obtaining employ- ment. The County is engaged in positive efforts around"]
[9.138528823852539, 10.098519325256348, "n trafficking and wage theft. One stakeholder noted that the Hispanic population comprises 17 percent of Prince George\u2019s County residents yet makes up 31 percent of sex abuse cases. Stakeholders also mentioned that survivors of domestic violence also"]
[9.103342056274414, 10.065448760986328, " equipped to handle students and families with English as a Second Language needs. Very few schools equipped for ESL. It impacts their ability to learn and communicate, as well as limits opportunity for parents to get involved.\n5. Drivers of Health: "]
[9.023994445800781, 9.989991188049316, " support to help them stay in their homes, such as real estate tax credits. Assistance to modify their homes to comfortably maintain activities of daily living can support aging in place. Stakeholders shared,\nMany seniors are caught in what is called"]
[9.100387573242188, 10.064535140991211, ", a higher percentage of residents remain in poverty and uninsured compared to neighboring counties. Poverty and low educational attainment are clustered in districts (2, 3, 5, 7) that border Washington, DC. Health risks are exacerbated without good "]
[9.119876861572266, 10.08358383178711, "untry has declined over the past ten years. Additionally, more than 80 percent of individuals experienc- ing homelessness were sheltered in 2018. One concerning finding relates to the increasing number of veterans experiencing homelessness. Although "]
[9.107992172241211, 10.078165054321289, "ture have all been associated with greater physical activity in children and adults (Smith et al., 2017). There is also evidence that these features may be associated with lower obesity (Papas et al., 2007), less cardiovascular disease risk factors ("]
[9.074671745300293, 10.041346549987793, "enspace measurements which may affect the quality of pedestrian transit (County Health Rankings, 2019c).\nTable 6.1.\nCounty Health Sub-Rankings for the Physical Environment, Prince George\u2019s County 2010\u20132019\n  Year\n2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20"]
[8.990331649780273, 9.958823204040527, "ing overcrowded households across districts in Prince George\u2019s County, overcrowded households is a large problem in Districts 2 and 3, where 16.1 percent and 8.1 percent of households, respectively, are overcrowded or severely overcrowded (Table 6.3)"]
[9.114058494567871, 10.080243110656738, "ty Survey 5-Year Summary File, 2014\u20132018.\n6. Drivers of Health: Built and Natural Environments 143\nNeighborhood Design\nNeighborhood design plays a strong role in providing a supportive environment for a healthy lifestyle. The idea is that neighborhoo"]
[9.114714622497559, 10.080513954162598, "y food options, we show supermarkets here because of the diversity of food choices they offer.\n144 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\nThere are some limitations to the USDA ERS\u2019s definition of a food desert"]
[9.062042236328125, 10.02873420715332, "nters serving the population of Prince George\u2019s County (6.2 per 100,000) is far lower than the pro- portion in the state of Maryland (11.5 per 100,000), as shown in Table 6.6. Data are available from the U.S. Census County Business Patterns which exc"]
[9.110456466674805, 10.080568313598633, "y to begin and maintain a physically active lifestyle, neighbor- hoods that support walking for commuting and leisure are thought to encourage physical activity and promote a healthy lifestyle (Smith et al., 2017). The term \u201cwalkability\u201d is used to d"]
[9.066325187683105, 10.037823677062988, "the risk for obesity and chronic disease (Smith et al., 2017). In addition, parks also provide opportunities for residents to interact with nature and each other, strengthening social capital and sense of place, and improving psychological health. Ta"]
[9.057242393493652, 10.027085304260254, " a higher proportion of impervious surfaces than tree canopy. As noted earlier, these districts have many \u201cwalkable\u201d neighborhoods, due to their street connectiv- ity and diversity of residences and businesses. However, the lack of green space may de"]
[9.029058456420898, 9.996649742126465, "bility and Commuting Habit, by Jurisdiction, Pooled 2014\u20132018\nVehicle availability among working population\nOne or more vehicles available\nNo vehicles available\nWorking population traveling to work by\nDriving alone Carpool\nPublic transportation Walki"]
[8.954838752746582, 9.925383567810059, "2.6 12.2 6.4\n97.7 94.0 2.3 6.0\n73.6 66.0 8.2 11.4 10.2 17.2 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.5 5.3 2.5\n23.1 20.4 15.9 16.7 25.8 29.0 15.2 14.6 16.1 15.1\n4.0 4.3\n97.5 89.9 95.8 98.9 2.5 10.1 4.2 1.1\n70.0 61.4 67.4 75.8 9.1 10.3 11.3 9.4 15.7 23.2 15.1 9.6 0.7 1.3 1.4 1."]
[9.020750999450684, 9.98939037322998, "ng based on the total number of houses and pro- portion of houses by year of construction. Each era of housing is adjusted with a factor that reflects proportionate risk for that era, according to the prevalence of lead-based paint hazards found in U"]
[9.001434326171875, 9.9691801071167, "In 2017, 1.1 percent of tested children in Prince George\u2019s County had a blood lead level at 5\u20139 \u03bcg/dL and 0.3 percent of children had a blood lead level \u226510 \u03bcg/dL (Table 6.13). This proportion was similar to that observed in Mary- land, overall. Alth"]
[9.137208938598633, 10.102103233337402, " are set at the federal level by the EPA and enforced by states. When a water system fails to meet an EPA-mandated drinking water standard, a drinking water violation can be issued, although reductions in enforcement activities have led to estimates "]
[9.122538566589355, 10.087260246276855, "e data collection and understand complicated relationships describing the social and environmental determinants of health.\n160 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland Figure 6.7.\nSocial Vulnerability Index for P"]
[9.154626846313477, 10.116101264953613, " lot of the County\u2019s developments now prioritize construction of new roads which encourages movement to remote areas. However, stakeholders thought there should also be a focus on developing older neigh- borhoods and improving land use in these locat"]
[9.165828704833984, 10.126113891601562, "te exercise and outdoor activity. Com- munity centers and parks should be utilized both for exercise and for social engagement and bringing community members together. Residents felt that the County could have a large role in promoting physical activ"]
[9.147697448730469, 10.109293937683105, "nd special transport options, in order to make health care appoint- ments. One stakeholder shared that although, in theory, the County has accessible taxis for seniors who are disabled, many residents do not know how to use this service. Further, som"]
[9.112709999084473, 10.0773344039917, "ousing affordability is a primary concern of residents, which may contribute to overcrowding and have downstream health effects. District 2 has the highest rates of severely overcrowded housing and households paying more than 50 percent of monthly in"]
[9.140607833862305, 10.108451843261719, ": Built and Natural Environments 165\nDistricts 2 and 7 have a lower proportion of parks per population than other districts. Barriers to transportation (evident in both the quantitative and qualitative analysis) may also contrib- ute to poor access t"]
[9.082610130310059, 10.047072410583496, "o health care services shape long-term outcomes. Many stakeholders mentioned concerns about chil- dren\u2019s mental health and access to health care services in the County.\no Below, we describe linkages between drivers of health and barriers to pediatric"]
[9.016013145446777, 9.980605125427246, "s County\n Total 22.5 Sex\nFemale 49.1\nMale 50.9\nRace\nWhite 14.7 Black 59.7 Asian 2.9 Other 17.9\n23.2 24.7 21.4 22.2\n48.8 50.6 51.4 47.1 51.2 49.4 48.6 52.9\n23.8 13.4 25.1 27.8 44.4 21.9 39.8 52.0 7.7 2.0 3.0 5.1 18.0 59.7 27.4 7.4 6.1 2.9 4.7 7.7\n32.4"]
[9.06850528717041, 10.034996032714844, "ty, 2018). Because these types of visits are potentially avoidable, they may be indicative of poor health care management or inadequate access to care (Dowd et al., 2014).\nDrivers of Potentially Avoidable Health Care Utilization in Children\nAlthough "]
[9.073134422302246, 10.038919448852539, "y Files, 2009\u20132018.\nHealth Care Environment: Provider Shortages\nInsurance solves only one part of the health care access and health management problem. Other barriers include a shortage of health care providers, not enough providers willing to see ch"]
[9.073883056640625, 10.039938926696777, "k factors.\nTo overcome this limitation, and to provide a preliminary assessment of barriers to pre- ventative health care for children, we used data from the American Community Survey to better understand the prevalence of drivers for potentially avo"]
[9.046272277832031, 10.014056205749512, " health care utilization. Many of these communities are in districts that border Washington, DC.\n174 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland Figure 7.3.\nCommunities with One or More Determinants of Potentially A"]
[9.01005744934082, 9.975593566894531, "h close to one quarter of Hispanic high school students in the County considered overweight. High school students of other races also have a much higher than average rate of being overweight and non-Hispanic Black high school stu- dents have a slight"]
[9.051270484924316, 10.017410278320312, "3 percent in 2013 to 13.2 percent in 2016 (Table 7.4). During each year of the survey this proportion has been higher than the Maryland-wide average. The group with the highest proportion not eating vegetables in the preceding week were Hispanic stud"]
[8.995091438293457, 9.96211051940918, "kely indicates that there is a complicated relationship between the food environment and childhood obesity, likely influenced by mul- tiple drivers of health.\n178 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\nFigure 7"]
[9.024341583251953, 9.990608215332031, "ts in Prince George\u2019s County\nResearch suggests that immigrants encounter more nuanced challenges beyond policy and financial barriers such as discrimination and fear of deportation (Hacker, Anies, Folb, & Zall- man, 2015). Depending on their citizens"]
[9.006707191467285, 9.972569465637207, "% 12% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018\nSOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, 2019a.\nNOTES: Data in figure were obtained from the American Community Survey 1-Year Summary Files, 2009\u20132018.\nAcross the County, noncitizen immigrants are more likel"]
[9.00101089477539, 9.967310905456543, " immigrants. Communities with a low percentage of noncitizen immigrants were defined as ZCTAs below the 80th percentile, i.e., having fewer than 21 percent of their popu- lation composed of noncitizen immigrants.\nWe find that children in communities "]
[9.024496078491211, 9.990474700927734, "ts. Adults are aged 18 years and older. Reasons are Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) codes which group related diagnoses and procedures into meaningful categories. Communities with a high percentage of noncitizen immigrants were defined as ZCT"]
[8.982977867126465, 9.946293830871582, "ities with Fewer Noncitizen Immigrants, %\nOther upper respiratory infections 11.2 Viral infection 4.5 Ear infections and related conditions 3.4 Other injuries and conditions due to external causes 4.9 Superficial injury; contusion 4.5 Other gastroint"]
[8.980910301208496, 9.947014808654785, "related diagnoses and procedures into meaningful categories. Communities with a high percentage of noncitizen immigrants were defined as ZCTAs at or above the 80th percentile, i.e., having 21% or more of their population composed of noncitizen immigr"]
[9.000052452087402, 9.965886116027832, "hat noncitizens com- pose the greatest share of the uninsured in Districts 2 and 3 (79.1 percent and 62.5 percent, respectively). Conversely, native-born citizens compose the greatest share of the uninsured in Districts 6 (72.9 percent), 7 (69.3 perc"]
[9.065982818603516, 10.029548645019531, "\n6.5 20.9\n  SOURCE: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018.\nNOTES: Data in table were obtained from the American Community Survey One-Year Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), 2018.\n7. Connecting Drivers of Health with Health Outcomes: Examples for Children and Non"]
[8.951192855834961, 9.918630599975586, "fore, we present county-level information on the housing experiences of noncitizen immigrants and also utilize information from the American Community Survey to better understand the housing experiences of communities with a higher percentage of non-"]
[8.96923828125, 9.935752868652344, "i- grants and also a high percentage of housing with severe overcrowding. As illustrated by the red, these \u201chot spots\u201d of communities with high rates of severely overcrowded housing and noncitizen immigrants are primarily in District 2 and primarily "]
[9.065037727355957, 10.02979564666748, " analyses are also intended to spur further thinking and analyses about other subgroups and the drivers of health that may be most salient to them. This chapter also can be used as the County progresses toward Health in All Policies, and must conside"]
[9.139934539794922, 10.105299949645996, "on. When examining common reasons for adult hospitalizations, we found that five of the ten most common reasons for hospitalizations were related to birth and complications of birth for residents of communities with a high percentage of nonciti- zen "]
[9.195481300354004, 10.161515235900879, " drivers of health described in prior chapters. Where relevant, we pull from prior reports and analyses conducted by the County.\nAs the data available reflect government spending, the findings noted in this chapter should be interpreted accordingly. "]
[9.130144119262695, 10.097018241882324, " Because that data is not yet available, we offer potential next steps for County action with respect to health budgeting and investment alignment in the final recommendations chapter. We accompany that chapter with a proposed budget template to orie"]
[9.109297752380371, 10.075762748718262, "e total investments directed to health and human services in the County is low (a point raised in the next section about relative County department budget allocations (see Chapter Nine for an associated recommendation).\nFigure 8.2.\nCounty Human Servi"]
[9.111380577087402, 10.076363563537598, "ormation has important information on types of ser- vices and specific grant programs, more accurate coding of program documents (objectives, aims, populations served, outcomes) is needed to get this level of specificity.\n198 An Integrated Health in "]
[9.063177108764648, 10.029552459716797, "Data was provided in an internal county presentation and conglomerates internal health and human services agencies from FY 2007 to FY 2018.\nWhen looking at spending for populations most in need, Prince George\u2019s County also spends less than nearby cou"]
[9.174845695495605, 10.138348579406738, "d. Also, the accounting of health spending by health and human services departments may not be fully representative of total County health costs. A deeper analysis is important for understanding what types of health funding exist, for what services, "]
[9.1590576171875, 10.120148658752441, "o identify areas of inefficiency. For instance, if there are programs in Human Services that are working to prevent frequent use of 911 or get ahead of chronic disease management for those who are frequent users of emergency departments, those effort"]
[9.105884552001953, 10.07182788848877, "Services*\nCommunity Corrections (e.g., reentry services)\nPolice\nBureau of Patrol (e.g., community policing)\nFY2020 Proposed Budget (General Fund only)\n$139,110,500 $21,465,300\n$2,291,500 $2,619,000\n$182,559,000\n8. Exploring Prince George\u2019s County Bud"]
[9.092657089233398, 10.057528495788574, "ose costs. Again, a more detailed coding on direct links to health would be warranted in a health budgeting effort, but this table provides a first place for consideration.\nTable 8.2.\nAddressing Poverty Efforts with Proximal Links to Health\nDepartmen"]
[9.156087875366211, 10.121806144714355, "tly focuses on the design and placement of houses, community design, and where food establishments are located and what they serve. For illustration in this driver, we focus on supports for transporta- tion that may influence health (Table 8.4).\n    "]
[9.196800231933594, 10.15970516204834, "onal health care delivery system. The frame- work presented in the first chapter of this report can be used as a way to organize the findings of this report and to also offer a guide to the County when considering future policy and pro- gram decision"]
[9.123185157775879, 10.087017059326172, "ervices are greatly influenced by drivers of health and systemic inequities and these inequities need to be addressed. Inefficient uses of health care services are both magnified and mitigated by greater attention to upstream drivers of health, along"]
[9.061753273010254, 10.021838188171387, "th and human services.\n\u2022 Residents are often unaware of available services and resources or may not know\nhow to access or navigate known services and resources.\nLow spending on health and human services.\n\u2022 Estimated County spending on health and huma"]
[9.131999969482422, 10.098572731018066, "apters. We describe the larger, cross-cutting limitations below.\nSub-county data. Prince George\u2019s County is large and diverse. Therefore, data available only at the County-level will not fully capture the experience of all residents. We used several "]
[9.206929206848145, 10.165007591247559, "lar areas where relevant data gaps exist (e.g., oral health, unmet need, health care quality, and broader health and well- being) and discuss ways the County may consider addressing these gaps going forward. Fur- ther, as greater attention is given t"]
[9.200846672058105, 10.164932250976562, "th Health in All Policies. Second, we provide comprehensive recommendations for imple- menting a comprehensive Health in All Policies approach. These recommendations, categorized as (1) creating a Health in All Policies system, (2) aligning investmen"]
[9.223814964294434, 10.189455032348633, "ons as well as to offer suggestions to the County in terms of what may be helpful for monitoring the health and human services ecosystem going for- ward. Where relevant and available, we provide examples from other communities. We note LB where legis"]
[9.177536010742188, 10.141288757324219, "nty reports and policies, relates to the challenge of how departments that serve residents\u2019 health and human services needs are connected and coordinated, mainly in the area of structure and governance across the various sectors that contribute to he"]
[9.177322387695312, 10.139719009399414, "Budget, the body responsible for holding the county accountable for its pro- claimed strategies. Additionally, in 2013, Seattle & King County developed the Health and Human Services Transformation Plan to shift the human services from reactive to pre"]
[9.18665885925293, 10.151248931884766, "ctivities of traditional health and human services to avoid duplication, minimize gaps in services, but also is key as the County moves towards stronger Health in All Policies actions that bring in departments beyond health and human services, such a"]
[9.157757759094238, 10.126315116882324, "ome of these topics were covered in Prince George\u2019s County approved general plan, Plan 2035. Released in 2014, this plan outlines several strategies that align development plans with broader goals of community health and well-being as discussed in th"]
[9.219846725463867, 10.186684608459473, "and recreation, biking, walking, and local cuisine. Another example is the Better Connections Program, which coordinates state and local funding sources to increase transportation options. Local municipalities in Vermont are encouraged to use funds t"]
[9.191436767578125, 10.155619621276855, "rally specific approach \u201cthat reflects the needs and experiences of Black women and families\u201d (American Public Health Association, 2015).\nHarnessing whole community approaches to place-based investment. Given the role that non- governmental organizat"]
[9.165792465209961, 10.122682571411133, "on, and workforce development in the revitalization of Detroit\u2019s neighborhoods. The City partners with the University of Michi- gan Poverty Solutions Lab to assist in teen pregnancy prevention through increased clini- cian engagement, the expansion o"]
[9.20349407196045, 10.166637420654297, "ered regarding augmenting telemental health, especially for underserved areas, such as District Heights, or for individuals that may feel uncomfortable seeking care in person due to stigma. There was particular interest in enhancing mental health ser"]
[9.196711540222168, 10.159368515014648, "d by a RWJF Data Across Sectors for Health (DASH) grant to integrate affordable housing and health data and can be layered with data on chronic disease to help guide policymakers in resource allocation (DASH Connect, 2019; Eyler et al., 2019).\n9. Con"]
[9.180495262145996, 10.145584106445312, "gested that relaunching or reinvigorating such a program could help bring more individuals, particularly youth and seniors, into providing services that support and promote health and well-being. There was also interest raised about helping the most "]
[9.191243171691895, 10.155470848083496, "h literacy integral to its mission, structure, and operations\n\u2022 Integrates health literacy into planning, evaluation measures, patient safety, and quality\nimprovement\n\u2022 Prepares the workforce to be health literate and monitors progress\n\u2022 Meets the ne"]
[9.172009468078613, 10.13702392578125, "health and human services part of County government, inclusive of the Health Department, Department of Social Services, and Department of Family Services. Further, this is a challenge to broader Health in All Policies budgeting. Stakeholders also que"]
[9.208174705505371, 10.172285079956055, " structure development. Since its establishment, the fund has transitioned to supporting health assessments, developing the Allegheny health improvement plan, and acquiring accreditation (Hacker, Monroe, & Yonas, 2017). Under the grant funds from the"]
[9.191608428955078, 10.156133651733398, "irstly, the fund does not require annual approval through the appropriations committee and instead is a four-year commitment. Second, large hospitals and insurers are the funding source for the fund, rather than relying on taxpayer revenue. Lastly, t"]
[9.18708324432373, 10.152039527893066, "tment submits budgets.\nAs noted earlier, the County puts forth its actual and anticipated budgets by department each year. These reports include important performance metrics, such as clients served, and some outcomes, such as change in percentage of"]
[9.193049430847168, 10.157767295837402, " addressing the health outcomes or goals; and (4) using the aforementioned information to budget for the health outcomes or goals.\n\uf026Examples from the Field: Health Impact Assessments\nAlthough Prince George\u2019s County engages in health impact assessment"]
[9.197697639465332, 10.162229537963867, "such as expanding greenspace and developing more smoke-free sites. The Health in All Policies\n9. Conclusions and Recommendations 225\n226 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\nTask Force has been in the process"]
[9.191276550292969, 10.155677795410156, "tment to identify and apply for funding for initiatives that promote Health in All Policies with nonprofits. Given the broader issue of both coordination and nonprofit capacity building, a few examples from other regions may be worth noting.\n\uf026Example"]
[9.19977855682373, 10.163420677185059, "es aims to increase access to healthy foods and transportation and support programs for traumatic brain injury, abuse prevention, motor vehicle safety, and falls preven- tion. Another partnership with Tobacco Free Allegheny conducts a week-long campa"]
[9.195817947387695, 10.157772064208984, "ures at a sub-county level would enable the County to identify neighborhood challenges and successes related to health and well-being. To obtain richer sub-county information about these indicators, Prince George\u2019s County could field a similar instru"]
[9.183709144592285, 10.148407936096191, "ts use health care services in Washington, DC. Thus, to accurately measure residents\u2019 use of EDs and hospital services, data are needed from both Maryland and DC. While this assessment uses data from both sources, the most recent health assessment fr"]
[9.21304702758789, 10.176949501037598, "munity-based organizations provide updates and feedback to clinical providers. The communication between the two entities allow for a more holistic integration of the patient. Any clinical-community partnership, in order to be formally recognized by "]
[9.178872108459473, 10.142141342163086, "t the report, but those outcomes are not combined with performance measurement in a way that can be actively and holistically addressed through a common operating and actionable data portal and dash- board. Further, the County Health rankings while u"]
[9.222270965576172, 10.185174942016602, " built, natural, and health ser- vices environments. Further, the study linked key insights from primary and secondary data to recommendations to foster aligned and integrated planning and budgeting across the County to promote health and well-being\n"]
[9.196414947509766, 10.158349990844727, " ness, and also to the historical and systemic inequities impacting the health and well-being of many residents.\n9. Conclusions and Recommendations 231\nReferences\n Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2016). Access and disparities in access t"]
[2.8470518589019775, 4.313215732574463, " & Robling, M. (2018). The impact of pre and perinatal lifestyle factors on child long term health and social outcomes: A systematic review. Health Economics Review, 8(2), 2.\nBellinger, D. C. (2008). Very low lead exposures and children\u2019s neurodevelo"]
[9.199631690979004, 10.149548530578613, "0, 2020:\nhttps://w w w.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudaspji0709.pdf\nBrown, D. L. (2015). Prince George\u2019s neighborhoods make \u2018Top 10 List of Richest Black Communities in America\u2019. The Washington Post. As of October 1, 2019:\nh t t p s : / / w w w . w a s h"]
[9.18891716003418, 10.142318725585938, "Assessment and Planning Team (FAPT). As of January 10, 2020: https://www.vbgov.com/government/departments/human-services/about/Pages/fapt.aspx\nCohen, A., K., & Syme, S., L. (2013). Education: A missed opportunity for public health intervention. Ameri"]
[9.195928573608398, 10.133861541748047, " M., Casey, P., H., Chilton, M., Cook, J., T., . . . Frank, D., A. (2011). U.S. housing insecurity and the health of very young children. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), 1508-1514.\nCutuli, J. J., Ahumada, S. M., Herbers, J. E., Lafavor, T."]
[9.177894592285156, 10.138326644897461, "nal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 8(1), Article 3.\nFleischhacker, S., E., Evenson, K., R., Sharkey, J., Pitts, S., B., J., & Rodriguez, D., A. (2013). Validity of secondary retail food outlet data: A systematic review. American Journ"]
[9.175856590270996, 10.133508682250977, "ker, K., Anies, M., Folb, B. L., & Zallman, L. (2015). Barriers to health care for undocumented\nimmigrants: A literature review. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 8, 175-183.\nHacker, K., Monroe, C., & Yonas, M. (2017). Innovative partnerships to"]
[9.256465911865234, 10.170183181762695, "20: https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/5783/2018-ahar-part-1-pit-estimates-of-homelessness-in-the-us/\nHuman Services Research Institute. (2019). Baltimore public behavioral health system gap analysis. As of January 12, 2020:\nhttps://www.powerdms.c"]
[9.183466911315918, 10.143128395080566, " p s : / / w w w . h e a l t h a ff a i r s . o r g / d o / 1 0 . 1 3 7 7 / h p b 2 0 1 8 0 8 1 7. 9 0 1 9 3 5 / f u l l /\nKing County. (2013). Health and human services transformation plan. As of July 22, 2019: https://www.kingcounty.gov/elected/exe"]
[9.200366973876953, 10.160808563232422, "c/live_well_san_diego/indicators/Indicators_Fact_Sheet.pdf\nLive Well San Diego. (2018). Live Well San Diego food system initiative encourages residents to prevent food waste. As of September 9, 2019: http://www.livewellsd.org/content/livewell/home/al"]
[9.03623104095459, 10.022851943969727, "coronavirus.maryland.gov\nMaryland Department of Health Dataset Query System. (2016). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. As of January 2020:\nhttps://ibis.health.maryland.gov/query/selection/brfss/BRFSSSelection.html\nMaryland Department of Hea"]
[9.239174842834473, 10.190183639526367, "al and emergency department discharges, 2017.\nMaryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems. (2018). Mobile integrated health (MIH) programs are growing in Maryland. Maryland EMS News. As of July 23, 2020: http://www.miemss.org/home/Porta"]
[9.259427070617676, 10.211703300476074, "l of Public Health, 41(11), 3-28.\nMeltzer, R., & Schwartz, A. (2016). Housing affordability and health: Evidence from New York City. Housing Policy Debate, 26(1), 80-104.\nMensah, G., A., Mokdad, A., H., Ford, E., S., Greenlund, K., J., & Croft, J., B"]
[9.132643699645996, 10.09596061706543, ", 2020: https://www.nihcm.org/categories/hospital-consolidation-trends-impacts-outlook\nNelson, C., Sloan, J., & Chandra, A. (2019). Examining civic engagement links to health: Findings from the literature and implications for a Culture of Health. Ret"]
[9.079937934875488, 10.046063423156738, "ysis, FY2008 - 2018. Information shared by Prince George\u2019s County Council Budget and Policy Analysis Team.\nPrince George\u2019s County Department of Family Services. (2019). Department of Family Services 2019 Fiscal Year Approved Budget. As of January 15,"]
[9.134953498840332, 10.098814964294434, "etwork. (2019). Prince George\u2019s County senior resource guide. As of February 3, 2020:\nhttps://www.princegeorgescountymd.gov/DocumentCenter/ View/24613/2019-Prince-Georges-Senior-Resource-Guide\nRegional Primary Care Coalition. (2018). The healthcare l"]
[9.192831039428711, 10.156371116638184, "n and Physical Activity, 14(1), 158.\nStafford County. (2019). Children\u2019s services act for at risk youth and families: FAQs. As of March 3, 2020: https://staffordcountyva.gov/Faq.aspx?QID=218\nSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. "]
[9.172945976257324, 10.135865211486816, " 54-62.\nUniversity of Maryland School of Public Health. (2012). Transforming health in Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland: A public health impact study. As of October 1, 2019: https://sph.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/TransformingHealth.pdf\nUrban H"]
[12.696329116821289, 13.817154884338379, "The health and health care of U.S. prisoners: Results of a nationwide survey. American Journal of Public Health, 99(4), 666-672.\nYoung, R., F., & Severson, R., K. (2005). Breast cancer screening barriers and mammography completion in older minority w"]
[9.179407119750977, 10.13698959350586, "sagree, strongly disagree, don\u2019t know) and used an online polling system, which enabled attendees to immediately see aggregated responses as part of the discussion. Prompts included the following:\n\u2022 There is good health care in my community (26 perce"]
[9.26402473449707, 10.161172866821289, "esidents were conducted to obtain information about residents\u2019 opinions and experiences regarding health and human services in the County. The focus groups were conducted in English. The composition of these focus groups is described in Table A.1. Th"]
[9.186820983886719, 10.147417068481445, " Health Department\n252 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\n\u2022 Prince George\u2019s County Department of Housing and Community Development\n\u2022 Prince George\u2019s County Department of Parks and Recreation\n\u2022 Prince George"]
[10.84338092803955, 10.422840118408203, " with the best efforts (e.g., individuals experiencing homelessness and undocumented immigrants). Relatedly, the individuals who attend focus groups and town hall meetings may represent more engaged residents who may or may not share the same opin- i"]
[9.191104888916016, 10.123395919799805, "e end of the study we will destroy the tapes. Is it all right if we audiotape this focus group? If you have questions about your rights as a research participant or need to report a research-related injury or concern, you can contact RAND\u2019s Human Sub"]
[9.2095365524292, 10.168038368225098, "ife\ni. Let\u2019s start by thinking about a few questions that offer an indication of quality of life. For example, is my community a good place to raise children? A good place to grow old? Are there policies and laws that protect my health and the health"]
[9.203324317932129, 10.1611909866333, "y can do to improve health in the County and to better serve the needs of residents.\nIn this discussion, we want to get your perspective on priority health issues in the County \u2013 and, importantly, your thoughts on the program and policy solutions to "]
[9.172039985656738, 10.124823570251465, "e been the biggest barriers faced by your agency in improving these human\nservice needs? Probe \u2013 funding streams, resource allocation, political biases, county\nnorms\n5. Are there particular targeted populations that have been most challenging?\n6. Con"]
[8.997479438781738, 10.041943550109863, "ry File\nAmerican Community Survey 1-Year Summary File\nAmerican Community Survey 1-Year Public Use Microdata Sample\nAmerican Lung Association, State of the Air\nBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System\nCDC National Center for Health Statistics, CDC W"]
[8.986961364746094, 9.972378730773926, "r extreme heat days\nand number of extreme precipitation days. Available at https://ephtracking.cdc.gov/DataExplorer. Extreme heat days are days in which the daily maximum temperature exceeded the 90th percentile of the range of daily maximum temperat"]
[9.06689739227295, 10.054401397705078, "County by the total number of children tested in the County. These data were obtained from the Childhood Blood Lead Surveillance In Maryland Annual Reports for each year, 2009 \u2013 2018. Reports are found on the Maryland Department of the Environment we"]
[9.002717018127441, 9.980142593383789, "dexchange.info/resource/5783/2018-ahar-part-1-pit- estimates-of-homelessness-in-the-us/. Available December 2018. Accessed September 19, 2019.\nThe Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) data are limited only to births within Maryland and"]
[8.974337577819824, 9.99708366394043, "groups were placed into 20 quantiles by variable value. The block groups were then assigned a rank from 1 to 20 depending upon their quantile position. A ranked score of 1 was assigned to the block groups with the lowest relative values influencing w"]
[6.40812349319458, 15.515793800354004, "uction, each of block is contained uniquely in a tract and in a ZCTA. To add district information to this block level file, we used a spatial join in ESRI ArcMap 10.7 between blocks and councilmanic districts.1 Almost all census blocks are uniquely c"]
[9.028616905212402, 10.000941276550293, " downloaded from Prince George\u2019s Planning Department GIS Open Data Portal.\nAppendix B 263\n     264 An Integrated Health in All Policies Plan for Prince George\u2019s County, Maryland\nStatistics, CDC WONDER is a comprehensive database designed to promote i"]
[9.02189826965332, 9.989569664001465, "\nI11\nI13 I20-I25 I26-I28\nI30-I51\nI10 I11 I12 I13 I15 I16\nK08.81 K08.82 K08.89\nCode Description\nDiabetes mellitus due to underlying condition Drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes mellitus\nType 2 diabetes mellitus\nOther specified "]
[8.994891166687012, 9.962475776672363, "Behavioral Health Conditions per 100,000 Population in 2017, by ZIP Code\nSOURCE: 2017 Maryland data was obtained from the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission. 2017 DC data was obtained from the DC Hospital Association.\nNOTES: Includes 201"]
[9.183586120605469, 10.144319534301758, "des 2017 inpatient hospital discharges in Maryland and DC for Prince George\u2019s County residents aged 18 years and older. Non-traumatic dental care identifies conditions that can be prevented or best treated in a traditional dental office. It is an ind"]
[9.188790321350098, 10.151515007019043, "ell-\nbeing outcome\nof interest (e.g.,\neither outcome\ngoal to achieve)\n      health services get\nDecrease in unmet\nwho need mental\nneed (i.e., those\nmental health\nservices without\ndelay or other\nbarrier)\n   county plans are organized. A similar approa"]
[9.206461906433105, 10.169082641601562, "r)\nget services\nStep 3: Given Steps 1, 1a, and 2, consider what programs and policies you would rate as most critical for addressing the outcome of\ninterest. Consider rating against three dimensions:\n\u2022 Interoperability - Can be executed with coordina"]
[9.153325080871582, 10.1173095703125, "rden, including mental and behavioral health conditions\n\u2022 Desire to focus on health equity and address the role of systemic factors in influencing health\n\u2022 Increasing interest in health promotion policies, social determinants of health,\nand investmen"]
[9.203163146972656, 10.16892147064209, "ing these services (in order to measure and reduce inequities).\n\u2022 Align information about what is being spent on these health services and information on reach, effectiveness, and impact on reducing inequities.\n\u2022 Require all nongovernmental organizat"]
[9.206632614135742, 10.17090892791748, "er communities to situate recommendations in a Health in All Policies framework to foster aligned and integrated planning and budgeting across the county to promote health and well-being. Findings from the assessment indicate a shared interest among "]
[12.279884338378906, 5.979094982147217, "  Research Report\nSAMUEL PETERSON, DIONNE BARNES-PROBY, KATHRYN E. BOUSKILL, LOIS M. DAVIS, MATTHEW L. MIZEL, BEVERLY A. WEIDMER, ISABEL LEAMON, ALEXANDRA MENDOZA-GRAF, MATT STRAWN, JOSHUA SNOKE, THOMAS EDWARD GOODE\nUnderstanding\nSubgroups Within the"]
[12.275935173034668, 5.980063438415527, "les County Counsel commissioned the RAND Corporation to conduct an independent research study on deputy subgroups within LASD. The study was commissioned to help the county and LASD learn more about how subgroups have affected community per- ceptions"]
[15.047895431518555, 5.765284538269043, "........................... 7\nConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nCHAPT"]
[12.158695220947266, 6.143070697784424, "ups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nRecommendations Related to Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Conclusion........."]
[12.120050430297852, 6.176878452301025, "puty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Midlevel Managers\u2019 Versus Deputies\u2019 Views Regarding the Impact of Subgroups on the\nDepartment and Individuals and Their Suggestions as to What LASD Can Do About\nSubgroups....................."]
[12.106207847595215, 6.1936726570129395, "Cliques on the Workplace and LASD as a Whole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n8.5. Survey Respondents\u2019 Views About What LASD Should Do, if Anything, About\nDeputy Subgroups or Cliques . . . . . . . "]
[12.090412139892578, 6.216445446014404, "to Join a Deputy Subgroup, Overall and by Tenure. . . . . . . 125\n8.4. At What Stage in Their Career Are Most Deputies First Invited to Join a Deputy Subgroup?......................................................................................... 1"]
[12.266992568969727, 5.9768829345703125, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162\n10.1. Factors Involved in Organizational and Cultural Change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.267773628234863, 5.974353313446045, "estigations (not just those associated with subgroups), the\n1 In February 2020, LASD implemented a new policy, \u201c3-01/050.83: Employee Groups Which Violate Rights of Other Employees or Members of the Public\u201d (Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department Ma"]
[12.28386116027832, 5.967341899871826, "station areas;3 interview data from 57 individuals, including members of LASD and other county stakeholders; and 1,608 survey participants. To preserve confidentiality and promote honest responding, surveys were conducted anonymously, and no informat"]
[12.277048110961914, 5.975675106048584, " differential treatment by race, socioeconomic status, physical appear- ance, and other factors. Community members from the Central and North Patrol Division areas overall reported less-positive views of LASD. Stakeholders also pointed to the ways de"]
[12.196471214294434, 6.071928024291992, "of deputy subgroups in media reports, legal claims, state- ments by public officials, and some of our interviews with LASD personnel and community members are that they are gangs that glorify violence and recruit only hard-charging crime fighters, es"]
[12.197365760803223, 6.069474697113037, "ledge of and assessments of subgroups\u2019 characteristics and conduct.\n What Purpose Do Subgroups Serve?\nSubgroups vary significantly. Some are drinking groups. Others are closer to cliques or, as one respondent called them, \u201cpopular kids.\u201d And some enc"]
[12.19594669342041, 6.071481704711914, "ime\u2014is a point of pride and means that one is competent enough to work anywhere in the department. Deputies at fast stations might be perceived as hard chargers, although deputies might choose slow stations for practical reasons, such as proximity to"]
[12.203932762145996, 6.06315279006958, " often discussed as a potential reason for why people form subgroups or get invited to join subgroups, but some interviewees challenged this characterization. It is not clear why hard work and humility could not be recognized and rewarded through ord"]
[12.175121307373047, 6.09871244430542, " supervision. Proper supervision was identified by LASD interviewees as critical for managing subgroups.\nAnother key role in the formation of subgroups identified by LASD personnel and in research literature is that of the frontline supervisor. This "]
[12.144548416137695, 6.1373372077941895, "this leading to adverse behavior. For example, deputies might use unnecessary force to show how aggressive they are in an effort to be invited to join a subgroup. Thus, how a subgroup defines competence has implications for what behavior is valued by"]
[12.183734893798828, 6.088939666748047, " they were asked to join a subgroup on the basis of their performance and declined without professional repercussions. In interviews, those who opted out mentioned some form of work-life balance, and command staff speculated that deputies working tow"]
[12.205395698547363, 6.062314987182617, "this behavior could include efforts to get people to act in certain ways (e.g., make certain arrests) or to transfer out of the station. Many of the internal problems that can develop with subgroups involve pat- terns of disrespectful behavior toward"]
[12.24791431427002, 6.012485504150391, "ups are accused of misconduct is too great a risk for the county and its residents. Efforts should be made to intervene early to prevent problems from escalating or occurring in the first place. Research on change management suggests that a critical "]
[12.239298820495605, 6.022568702697754, " perceptions of problematic behaviors associated with subgroups are not universal among LASD respondents and tend to change over time given a set of con- ditions (e.g., poor supervision, subgroup leadership). Although LASD personnel perceive the more"]
[12.256892204284668, 5.994377136230469, "nts and independence of the various units across LASD, chiefs and commanders should work with unit commanders to develop strategic plans for managing known subgroups.\n\u2022 Ensure that those in key roles are aware and accountable. Unit commanders are dir"]
[12.338796615600586, 5.873447418212891, " disabilities, and building skills for interacting with people and displaying empathy. Some training recommendations were specifically about the practice of deputies starting their careers in the jails instead of in patrol stations, which community s"]
[12.324783325195312, 5.892202854156494, "reimbursement).\n\u2022 Improve relationships with external oversight. This includes establishing community advisory councils, soliciting feedback on policies from the Los Angeles County Sheriff Civilian Oversight Commission, and building a productive work"]
[12.26353931427002, 5.970499038696289, "ty of Los Angeles\nCalifornia Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training Performance Reporting and Monitoring System\nProject Active Bystandership for Law Enforcement\nxxvii\nxxviii Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s "]
[12.288016319274902, 5.952173233032227, "ke those described above damage public trust. Moreover, as indicated by allega- tions of community mistreatment (e.g., excessive force), the risk of harm to the community is a key reason why this issue is a matter of public discussion. This risk make"]
[12.267658233642578, 5.978858947753906, "public demonstrations against police brutality, as well as several high- profile shootings committed by deputies that have contributed to tension with some com- munity members. These tensions also manifested in attacks on deputies, the most notable o"]
[12.242435455322266, 6.024697303771973, " intent and reach of this policy, ongo- ing conflict with civilian oversight bodies regarding the department\u2019s approach to subgroups, and post-policy allegations of ongoing subgroup activity provide reasons to be wary. Addition- ally, recent depositi"]
[12.255269050598145, 6.0010271072387695, "ions of LASD personnel and community members. This framework recognizes that subgroups and issues surrounding them exist within a broader context, which could have implications for group formation, group features, group member characteristics, and be"]
[12.272997856140137, 5.98295783996582, " this case, interviewees, focus group participants, and survey respondents.4 Surveys were conducted anonymously; RAND does not have any information that could be linked to an individual.\nAdditionally, we present many of our qualitative findings with "]
[12.245383262634277, 6.0051045417785645, "ers relevant inquiries and lawsuits into LASD subgroups over several decades and analyzes media coverage to see how frequently and in what context subgroups have been mentioned (primarily in the Los Angeles Times). The Kolts Commission provided the f"]
[12.249656677246094, 6.00574254989624, " Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nMedia Coverage of LASD Deputy Subgroups\nWeb searches for \u201cdeputy cliques,\u201d \u201cdeputy gangs,\u201d and \u201cdeputy subgroups\u201d reveal cover- age from local, national (e.g., New York Times), and international (e.g., The Gua"]
[12.241626739501953, 6.009254455566406, "bgroup), statements by county officials (e.g., the Sheriff, the Board of Supervisors), and potential investigations into deputy subgroups (e.g., by the FBI or the OIG). Researchers also analyzed the set of articles using RAND-Lex, a cloud-based text "]
[12.32410717010498, 5.8596415519714355, "ent is formally organized into many workplace groups of various sizes\u2014across units, shifts, and areas of responsibility, and this structure can create a sense of isolation and localized patterns of behavior (Klinger, 1997; Hassell, 2007), which occas"]
[12.256101608276367, 5.99409294128418, "s unclear; however, the NOPD at the time was mired in scandals related to various forms of corruption and outright criminal conduct (Frontline, 2009).\nOther groups have been identified following whistleblower accusations about pressure to use lethal "]
[12.260381698608398, 5.9885430335998535, " Two Internal Affairs undercover investigators originally assigned to investigate were reportedly removed from the case after two and a half years; claiming they were reassigned and ostracized, the investigators filed a whistleblower retaliation laws"]
[12.275045394897461, 5.969345569610596, "ding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nOperation Pandora\u2019s Box\nMore recently, the 2011 Operation Pandora\u2019s Box scandal resulted in federal charges and con- victions for former Sheriff Baca and Undersheriff Tanaka (Grad and "]
[12.223628997802734, 6.027926921844482, "mbers of individuals who were killed in shootings committed by deputies. Community members\u2019 claims typically cite unreasonable search and seizure; unreasonable or excessive force; failure to train, supervise, and discipline; and munici- pal liability"]
[12.24766731262207, 6.009913921356201, "behavior (e.g., Rathbun & Sexton v. County of Los Angeles).\nTogether, such complaints and lawsuits provide ample examples of subgroup members\u2019 alleged misconduct against both county residents and other deputies. However, the resolu- tion of these cas"]
[12.241656303405762, 6.0164079666137695, "ly affecting these out- comes, such as supervision, discipline, and community engagement, among others. Here, we review key findings from these reports as they relate to subgroups or cliques and LASD culture generally and for recommendations related "]
[12.232440948486328, 6.028837203979492, " community policing. Regarding the subgroups, the report recommended that LASD eradicate offensive station mascots and conduct an immediate internal affairs investiga- tion to identify and punish gang-like behavior. It recommended breaking up deputy "]
[12.215256690979004, 6.044594764709473, "rengths and weaknesses of management, knowing what training had been received or is needed, and knowing whether subgroups are forming and what assistance has been given to the captain. This assistance included developing working plans with captains t"]
[12.238774299621582, 6.017464637756348, "2011; Liebowitz et al., 2012). These reports\nPrior Reports and Media Coverage of LASD Subgroups 17\nidentified deficiencies in LASD\u2019s use-of-force policy; its training; and its reporting, investiga- tion, and discipline for excessive force and noted a"]
[12.203787803649902, 6.067877292633057, "rom this report, one can infer that cliques were emblematic of a culture or subculture within the department that supported the use of force as a tool. The CCJV advocated culture change, noting that it would require committed supervisors, strong and "]
[12.315317153930664, 5.906280517578125, "The agreement includes a vari- ety of recommendations related to stops, seizures, and searches; bias-free policing; community engagement; Section 8 enforcement; data collection; use of force; personnel complaints; and accountability. These recommenda"]
[12.220481872558594, 6.028952598571777, "past investigations on deputy subgroups (Loyola Law School Center for Juvenile Law and Policy, 2021). The report distin- guishes between deputy subgroups or cliques and deputy gangs based on whether the group has engaged in gang-like behaviors, defin"]
[12.237552642822266, 6.0210466384887695, "o them, instead focusing on disciplinary and other departmental processes. The OIG\u2019s recent report on the Banditos criminal investigation (OIG, 2020a) and the Loyola Law School Center for Juvenile Law and Policy report (Loyola Law School Center for J"]
[12.248586654663086, 6.015751838684082, "eractions, and not condoning allegiances to sub- parts of the department.\nLASD disagreed with some of the findings and recommendations, typically noting their points of disagreement in response letters. LASD has, however, implemented several of the r"]
[12.300012588500977, 5.824892997741699, "tting (e.g., \u201ctattoos associated with deputy cliques . . . have also in some instances been used as a reward for aggressive behav- ior\u201d; CCJV, 2012, p. 115). What has been missing in prior accounts of deputy subgroups is an explanation of why these g"]
[12.387524604797363, 5.721863269805908, "ture is emergent\u2014that is, it is part of a creative process that is influenced by social action and group interactions and conflict. This includes the broader social context, and deputies bring their own beliefs, values, and worldviews to the job.\nPol"]
[12.361418724060059, 5.779324531555176, ", which reflects an occupational culture within law enforce- ment. In relation, an organizational perspective posits that unique features within a particular agency lead to unique cultural adaptations that vary across agencies (Paoline and Terrill, 2"]
[12.325065612792969, 5.83506441116333, "ilence is important for the mutual trust needed to perform well. In research surveys on this topic, officers tend to overwhelmingly endorse physical protection and emotional protection or the camaraderie/bond features of loyalty, while between 12 and"]
[12.295631408691406, 5.875816345214844, "y themselves as a distinct group within the organiza- tion . . . and routinely take action on the basis of collective understandings unique to the group\u201d (Van Maanen and Barley, 1984, p. 38). The extent to which subcultures reflect other subcultures "]
[12.3325834274292, 5.813480854034424, "evel of danger), (4) preferences and ideologies of command structures, and (5) types of crimes and legal authority commonly used (e.g., stops and searches for weapons). Both formal and infor- mal processes shape subunit culture and officer behavior.\n"]
[12.307437896728516, 5.876471042633057, "ypical members are negative outliers (or \u201cfree riders\u201d) and \u201chigh-flyers.\u201d Rejecting the free riders is important for solidifying the ingroup prototype, while high-flyers can be tolerated as long as the group can take some ownership of their behavior"]
[12.342178344726562, 5.813125133514404, "r police to avoid external scrutiny). In addition to the impact of peer groups, a key consideration for research in this area involves group processes. The idea of emergence\u2014how elemental content (e.g., individual orientations to aspects of police cu"]
[12.336801528930664, 5.812202453613281, ", views about use of force (Oberfield, 2012; Roithmayr, 2016), misconduct (Chappell and Piquero, 2004; Ouellet et al., 2019; Quispe-Torreblanca and Stewart, 2019; Wood, Roith- mayr, and Papachristos, 2019), ethical decisionmaking (Blumberg, Papazoglo"]
[12.32620620727539, 5.8320441246032715, "of these effects occur because of selection (i.e., \u201cbirds of a\nRelevant Research 29\n30 Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nfeather flock together\u201d) or influence. Thus, research on social identity, self-categoriz"]
[12.292503356933594, 5.897751331329346, "es or the extent to which workgroups share similar outlooks. However, other research has shown that fairness perceptions are associated with observed treatment of peers, and particularly more similar peers (Huang, Ryan, and Mujtaba, 2015). As mention"]
[12.318550109863281, 5.949456691741943, "recognizes that the way an organization treats employees also can affect attitudes and behaviors and has implications for reforming LASD and implementing new policies. These concepts also have relevance for understanding orientations toward and inter"]
[12.278640747070312, 5.980135917663574, "ess, LASD provided contact information for command staff in the custody1 and patrol divisions. We developed our survey approach through feedback from LASD stakehold- ers, which informed our decision to conduct a paper survey. LASD and ALADS also assi"]
[12.312960624694824, 5.9478020668029785, "using referrals and independent searches to ensure that a variety of perspectives were represented. Ultimately, 46 community stakeholders agreed to participate, yielding a 45-percent response rate. For the focus groups, we recruited 95 English- or Sp"]
[12.255653381347656, 6.00888729095459, "operates, awareness of deputy subgroups, impacts of deputy subgroups, and perspectives on how to address deputy subgroups.\nRecruitment\nIn October 2019, LASD sent out an email announcement giving personnel an overview of the various components of the "]
[12.181313514709473, 6.102406024932861, "where subgroups are typically found within LASD\n\u2013 advantages of belonging to a subgroup\n\u2013 conduct, attitudes, and behavior of deputies who belong to a deputy subgroup \u2013 impact of subgroups on the workplace\n\u2013 supervisors\u2019 approach to subgroups\n\u2013 views"]
[12.26956558227539, 5.998040199279785, "tment, and community levels.\nTo pretest the survey, we recruited 12 LASD personnel of varying ranks to partici- pate in cognitive interviews. Cognitive interviewing, which involves administering a survey while asking a respondent to elaborate on the "]
[12.2621431350708, 5.983183860778809, "ntities investigating LASD, and would not provide confidential information to any outside entity, including the county. Infor- mation gathered as part of the survey would only be used for research purposes and would not be shared with anyone outside "]
[12.211996078491211, 6.044013977050781, "or had been asked within the past five years to join a subgroup. We felt that the analyses that compared subgroup invitees with those had never been invited to join a subgroup were informative as to these respondents\u2019 knowledge of and assessments of "]
[12.255084991455078, 6.02820348739624, "l. First, we used benchmarking to identify units that had signifi- cantly lower or higher levels of reported subgroup activity than we would expect, given the demographics of the individuals who responded. We compared these results with external\nMeth"]
[12.287674903869629, 5.963076114654541, "ty for the department to change in response to public outrage or pressure from other county stakeholders. Therefore, we sought to understand community perceptions on this issue, as well as how those perceptions are related to views of LASD overall.\nT"]
[12.313253402709961, 5.9336838722229, "es, station personnel, and leadership through their involvement in citizens groups and advisory panels. In addition, stakeholders in the North and Central divisions more frequently offered negative perceptions of LASD than community representatives i"]
[12.288578033447266, 5.956851482391357, "ing with the commu- nity; and (3) community partnership, which varies from collaborating to address public\n Chapter Five Methods: Interviews and Focus Groups with Community Stakeholders\n\u2022 Our method is based on interviews and focus groups conducted w"]
[12.315816879272461, 5.940037250518799, "nd-highest numbers of calls for service; Figure 5.1).1\nCommunity leaders and members offered several different perspectives on and experi- ences with department personnel and subgroups. The aim of this chapter is to present this information as it was"]
[12.30506706237793, 5.939878463745117, "the people, not to the Board, but they control his budget, so they went after him [through the] budget. . . . The Board should drop their lawsuit and let [the Sheriff] do what he was elected to do.\nFunding\nSome participants expressed concern about th"]
[12.31513786315918, 5.930058479309082, "es 45\n46 Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nCompton Station to describe the present relationship between Compton and LASD. Commu- nity leaders in the North Division frequently mentioned the 2015 Antelope Valley"]
[12.328036308288574, 5.866735935211182, "ASD programs, such as the Youth Activi-\n2 In 2011, the DOJ, Civil Rights Division, initiated an investigation of LASD to evaluate allegations of violations of the Fair Housing Act. DOJ found that LASD\u2019s Palmdale and Lancaster stations \u201chad engaged in"]
[12.320549011230469, 5.90008020401001, "research suggests that supervisor expectations can affect whether officers engage in community policing or problem- solving (Engel and Worden, 2003), but much more research is needed to understand the opti- mal conditions for high-fidelity implementa"]
[12.305121421813965, 5.93740177154541, "ture in nearly every focus group or interview in every division. However, community leaders\u2019 perceptions were more varied, with negative culture mentioned in a fourth of interviews in the South Division, approximately two thirds of interviews in the "]
[12.319717407226562, 5.92484188079834, "vested in the community. Others described problems emerging when the majority of deputies do not represent the community culturally or demographically. A community leader noted that having stations represent the racial and ethnic composition of the c"]
[12.309744834899902, 5.936763286590576, " was failing to provide necessary services for the community. This theme was especially prominent in the North and East divisions, with approximately half of discussions of those divisions describing inadequate service. This topic was raised far less"]
[12.324385643005371, 5.919130802154541, "e\ncommunity. More community stakeholders from the North and South divisions mentioned having opportunities to interact with deputies than did those in the other divisions.\nDespite the importance of community interaction, some participants noted that "]
[12.310131072998047, 5.915626049041748, "ness, some people felt unsafe so LASD ensured they had more presence with deputies. There is also a roving COPS [Com- munity Oriented Policing Services] team that comes to the community. It is proactive policing. They are very actively involved if th"]
[12.425110816955566, 5.77443265914917, "fety decisions. Attempts to partner with the community might not be successful if station personnel have not engaged in relationship-building through community interaction. A community leader mentioned that the local station\u2019s attempts to solicit fee"]
[12.290919303894043, 5.9664411544799805, "ders reported experiencing mistreat- ment by deputies\u2014including harassment, retaliation, and excessive force\u2014as well as differ- ential treatment. Community members described mistreatment in every interview and focus group, which was more often than i"]
[12.340771675109863, 5.906612396240234, "d Central divisions.\nThe majority of the comments suggested that differential treatment was based on race (i.e., primarily Black and Hispanic individuals). A community member described the relation- ship between the Hispanic community and deputies th"]
[12.307717323303223, 5.938511371612549, " leader attributed lower crime rates to successful partnerships between the deputies and the community and added that:\nit takes the community working with the sheriffs. Now, if the community doesn\u2019t care or isn\u2019t working with the sheriffs [you won\u2019t "]
[12.28143310546875, 5.9695658683776855, "ity. For example, a com- munity leader said:\nThere were more programs in the community which made it more comfortable for them to understand who the community is. Now, it\u2019s \u201cI\u2019m going to shoot you, I\u2019m going to beat you.\u201d . . . I asked [deputies] to "]
[12.235197067260742, 5.963039875030518, "ory good where I could really hear everything about that. It was just in a walk-by way, if that makes sense\u2014it wasn\u2019t the main point in the conversation, so I\nhadn\u2019t really thought about it. But I could believe it. I could believe it just based on th"]
[12.212469100952148, 6.04911470413208, "ne community leader explained,\nI have seen those cliques make the community safer because they don\u2019t tolerate the things that are going on, so the crime rate has significantly reduced. These cliques are not out to hurt people. When I was in the servi"]
[12.20013427734375, 6.067661285400391, "l Division (with only one additional comment from a community member in the East Division) and from community leaders in the South and North divisions.\nSubgroup Behavior\nPatrol Deputies\u2019 Behavior\nCommunity leaders and members gave examples of how pat"]
[12.275775909423828, 5.974414825439453, "anguage of rival gangs.\nIn addition, some participants were reticent to file complaints about subgroup behavior because they said that the complaints would just go through fellow LASD personnel and would likely never be heard. Comments about the beha"]
[12.222278594970703, 6.038323879241943, "that is because I was part of the military and I know how these rank-and-file companies are and how they are run. If you have a bad person running that company . . . when I think of the sheriff rank-and-file group, they teach the same kind of trainin"]
[12.223834037780762, 5.992443561553955, "and kept the community safe, and a few said that there really was no impact on the community. In general, however, the predominant sentiment was that subgroups have a negative impact on the community. As we note later, this sentiment aligns with that"]
[12.266268730163574, 5.983523368835449, "ors indicated the existence of and participation in subgroups.\nIllicit Behavior\nCommunity members and leaders described illicit behavior that they associated with sub- groups. One common and unlawful practice that participants discussed was dropping "]
[12.305506706237793, 5.934505462646484, "e LA Times article came out last year, they did a good job communicating that the cliques aren\u2019t there now, so from my perspective and my neighbors\u2019 perspective, we don\u2019t really have a sense of that being there anymore. It might be more of a sense of"]
[12.341724395751953, 5.871626853942871, "d for training to focus more on building skills for interacting with people (e.g., procedural justice) and display- ing empathy. One community member said:\n[They need p]eople skills, because you\u2019re dealing with people. You\u2019re dealing with the com- mu"]
[12.346761703491211, 5.872724533081055, "responsible for the entire community.\nIn a similar vein, participants recommended that LASD overall engage in more community-oriented policing (COP).4 Participants described COP as working with the com- munity to advance public safety, engaging with "]
[12.297287940979004, 5.972841739654541, "ment\nRecommendations for Internal Activities\nImprove Hiring and Training Practices\nBoth community leaders and community members had suggestions about improving hiring and training practices as a way of addressing issues of subgroups within the depart"]
[12.249091148376465, 6.015529632568359, " was likely to be ineffective. A community member\u2019s comment underscored this point:\nThere needs to be investigations by independent bodies within the department of any sus- picions. I have doubts about any internal committees to be unbiased\u2014I don\u2019t t"]
[12.259567260742188, 5.992298603057861, "groups; federal agencies, through consent decrees or federal injunctions, to keep the pressure on the department to do something about sub- groups; the Board of Supervisors and the COC exercising their power over the department to dismantle these gro"]
[12.280522346496582, 5.9442830085754395, "eaders were also more likely to highlight the need for residents to be more involved in efforts to improve LASD community relations. Conversely, community members typically offered a less favorable assessment of LASD culture, station personnel behavi"]
[12.239273071289062, 6.002507209777832, "and survey questions were aimed at helping us understand whether complexity (or lack of it) at LASD is a factor in deputy subgroups forming. RAND research- ers with expertise in qualitative data collection interviewed a total of 57 individuals, inclu"]
[12.243239402770996, 6.015868186950684, "ly, patrol tends to be a more valued assignment than other assignments like custody and courts, and special assignments (Special Enforcement Bureau, Homicide Bureau) tend to be the most highly valued assignments.\n\u2022 Core organizational processes. The "]
[12.26700210571289, 5.981921195983887, "who was ambushed and killed in the line of duty\u2014states: \u201cMy goals are simple, I will always be painfully honest, work as hard as I can, learn as much as I can and hopefully make a differ- ence in people\u2019s lives.\u201d We highlight these values and mottos "]
[12.26359748840332, 5.990296363830566, "ge from urban areas to suburbs and from high-crime areas to low-crime areas. These differences contribute to deputies\u2019 perception of the experience to be gained by working at some stations (e.g., deputies in high-crime areas will be more likely to wo"]
[12.266951560974121, 5.987619400024414, " earning the reputation of having favored assignments within LASD. According to one retired department member,\nWorking in [other areas], you were nothing. You weren\u2019t worthy of promotion. [One region] had the stigma of being the cowboy country. I was"]
[12.269880294799805, 5.984824180603027, "on, this idea that certain assignments are more favorable feeds into department members\u2019 understanding of what leadership values. It is not clear how perva- sive these perceptions are today, as some interviewees reported that there is currently no cl"]
[12.263934135437012, 5.9892258644104, "e there is a higher volume of serious crime, this could result in a trade-off in quality when it comes to writing reports, can hinder the development of skills to deal with less serious crimes or provide service, and can result in less diverse experi"]
[12.259482383728027, 6.000654220581055, "rate as independent police departments.\nThis statement also recognizes that, rather than operating as districts or precincts within the same department, LASD stations are more like completely separate departments (Meyer and Rowan, 1977; Pfeffer and S"]
[12.276100158691406, 5.971242904663086, " 2000/3000 to build your reputation as a hard charger and can handle ghetto. Those floors are associated with the station you want to go to. 3000 go to Compton. In patrol, they ask where did this guy work? Which floor? 2000 go to Century. NCCF [North"]
[12.265033721923828, 5.990391254425049, "g., being close to home, a regular schedule).\nKey Organizational Processes\nAlthough a full examination of organizational processes is beyond the scope of this project, several of these processes were frequently mentioned in relation to both subgroups"]
[12.268777847290039, 5.984084129333496, "ld also contribute to making the department \u201ctoo young\u201d because they could lead to people leaving custody too soon and being unprepared for patrol training. Conversely, contingent on county funding, if a hiring spree is followed by a hiring freeze, p"]
[12.260520935058594, 5.999652862548828, "we need them to know. We have the field operations school for sergeants that\u2019s supposed to be had within a year [of promoting to sergeant], but 90 percent of the typical class has at least 3 years [on the job]. We have no training for sergeants or li"]
[12.251805305480957, 6.009920120239258, "s a ringer in there. There would be a county rep or a city manager or someone that you\u2019d interview with, and they would tell the Sheriff who they wanted. And the Sheriff would ignore that and pick the person they actually wanted.\nThere is now apparen"]
[12.245895385742188, 6.011629581451416, "pline varies across the department, and historical perspectives on discipline under different sheriffs.\nHistorically, several command staff noted a pattern of lax discipline during Sheriff Baca\u2019s tenure, primarily attributed to favoritism on the part"]
[12.26713752746582, 5.989624977111816, "at we\u2019re trying to get our younger personnel to understand. Consistency is a good thing, but every situation should be looked at differ- ently. There should be minimum standards, but everything needs to be evaluated. If you\u2019re not going to own the mi"]
[12.23833179473877, 6.01898717880249, " all, building trust, and ensuring that everyone is on the same page. The simplest aspect of this is walking around the station or facility and talking to people where they work rather than in an office. Captains deemed this to be critical for unders"]
[12.244037628173828, 6.0169172286987305, "he importance of deputy leaders and TOs for implement- ing the goals of the department. Sergeants are also in important leadership positions, but as a supervisor, their role is slightly different in that they need to guide and monitor behavior withou"]
[12.229146957397461, 6.034168720245361, "n important requirement because their deeper experience and knowledge of assign- ments in these areas will likely make them better leaders. However, \u201cif they make exceptions, then it\u2019s a huge drawback . . . people lose respect for leadership.\u201d\nFront-"]
[12.2404146194458, 6.018216609954834, "ing or controlling activity, which could set LASD apart from other law enforce- ment agencies. This approach can present a tension with supervision, however, as people could feel that if a supervisor does \u201croll\u201d on a call (accompany the deputy when r"]
[12.232268333435059, 6.035436153411865, " staff\nLASD Organizational Context 85\n86 Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nmember noted, \u201cYears of service is more important than rank. On the surface, we\u2019re very com- pliant with the hierarchy. You have to se"]
[12.226750373840332, 6.032315731048584, "geant\u2019s background could poten- tially inhibit his or her effectiveness when dealing with subgroup members.\nPromote and Remain\nOn the flip side of \u201cback-dooring\u201d is the idea of \u201cpromote and remain,\u201d or promoting from within the same station where one"]
[12.237190246582031, 6.023118019104004, "nvestigation. Once that investigation starts, the deputy could be blacklisted or worse. Policy dictates the way the supervisor will supervise. . . . Even guiding someone, it affects the sergeant-deputy relationship. I can see these things being good "]
[12.237421989440918, 6.020739555358887, "everything is education. If it is correctible, then education can be more effective than discipline. Discipline can make some depu- ties ineffective. But if the offense is bad enough, there\u2019s no problem firing the deputy. For instance, if a deputy ne"]
[12.253174781799316, 6.008874893188477, "very station. They control how [the] deputy will go.\u201d Another outlined the characteristics of a good TO this way:\nGood TOs recognize what works with the trainees. There is no \u201cone size fits all.\u201d You have to be dedicated and willing to put in the hou"]
[12.218034744262695, 6.046618938446045, "ted to take the position. If you as a supervisor are going to be respon- sible for managing the person, you should at least be able to weigh in on who gets the job.\nPeer Leaders\nInformal peer leaders were mentioned as having an important role in help"]
[12.235221862792969, 6.02295446395874, "es are also expected to listen and learn, or, as one command staff put it:\n7 To \u201croll up\u201d means to leave patrol training before completing it and returning back to custody or another nonpatrol assignment.\n Trainees don\u2019t talk unless they have to talk"]
[12.228567123413086, 6.034026622772217, " own approach to the job. Being labeled a hard worker could help a deputy advance or maybe even get one out of trouble. Some interviewees noted that deputies can occasionally be hard working to a fault, as in being too defined by work and having a wo"]
[12.261680603027344, 5.999108791351318, "a sheriff, I thought, okay, I\u2019m going to do law enforcement\u2014I wasn\u2019t thinking, okay, I\u2019m going to help this person find a home, okay, I\u2019m going to help this person get into foster care. And they don\u2019t give people enough training to deal with that. It"]
[12.26312255859375, 5.987368106842041, "uits is the question.\nConclusion\nLASD is a large and fragmented law enforcement agency, with each patrol station operating largely as an independent police department. Despite the size and fragmentation, individual reputation matters. A variety of fa"]
[12.182354927062988, 6.087351322174072, "extent to which expectations for serving the community are embedded into key organizational processes is worthy of further exploration.\nCHAPTER SEVEN\nLASD Views on Subgroups\nAmong LASD staff, there is little agreement about the degree to which subgro"]
[12.223215103149414, 6.047657489776611, ", and focusing on their personal lives or having family obligations that prevented socializing with colleagues above and beyond regular work interactions.\n 95\n96\nUnderstanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\n\u2022 What are th"]
[12.217192649841309, 6.045373439788818, "humiliating, or intimidating behavior might try to deal with these behaviors on their own or put up with them until they become very serious. Many noted that the risks of more serious or criminal behavior are rare but can occur. Finally, some noted t"]
[12.196870803833008, 6.068297863006592, " that is known to group members, but they are not officially recognized by LASD. Deputies typically join the subgroup by invitation only and may have to meet certain requirements for subgroup membership.\u201d\nOrganizational research on other professions "]
[12.200398445129395, 6.06511926651001, "k ethic, the indi- viduals joining the group, the nature of the group, and the individual\u2019s own feelings about tat- toos, and unit-based versus LASD pride. The groups often form based on shared work experi- ence; as another interviewee explained, the"]
[12.206539154052734, 6.053747177124023, "ains. They are elected by peers. They communicate information from the coaches. That\u2019s how I view subgroups. Subgroups are people of like minds. A true friend will communicate to you if you\u2019ve screwed up. The department needs more mentor- ing to help"]
[12.163091659545898, 6.115824222564697, " and peer motivation fill in the gaps where supervision and formalized performance evalu- ations cannot. For instance, we repeatedly heard that the \u201ccounty only requires people to be competent and not good.\u201d There are five levels to the performance r"]
[12.182655334472656, 6.091315269470215, "es a clear example of how groups that get too big lose their ability to provide distinctiveness to their members, which motivates people to find other ways to be distinctive\n(Hogg and Terry, 2000). Tension can also arise across groups or between memb"]
[12.162714004516602, 6.114960670471191, " get involved in a shooting or a fight, that\u2019s it. You\u2019re in. [In custody], if a deputy was involved in a physical fight with an inmate, that was huge [for getting asked to join a sub- group]\u2014even though you could have de-escalated the situation! I\u2019v"]
[12.184165954589844, 6.089132308959961, " be better. Show- boating is not cool, especially in this crowd.\u201d Some groups are noted for this. Being reserved about one\u2019s status in a subgroup could contribute to the secrecy and the allure of the subgroups. Notably, one LASD interviewee explained"]
[12.180418968200684, 6.0876617431640625, "ing reports), and providing off-duty favors (such as hosting parties) or obliging egregious demands (such as \u201cpaying rent to work at a station\u201d). Some line-level and midlevel representatives were adamant that membership in some subgroups is contingen"]
[12.18537712097168, 6.083932399749756, "ed that these individuals want to ensure that \u201cthere is no dirt on them, ever.\u201d This attitude toward subgroups stands in contrast to historical examples in which one\u2019s mem- bership in a subgroup, especially at specific stations, might have contribute"]
[12.171699523925781, 6.1031107902526855, "saw subgroups as a means of reinforcing the standards of being a top-performing deputy, which raises the question of how similar subgroup standards are to LASD standards. A command-level staff member explained:\nYou\u2019re not going to get any points for "]
[12.212518692016602, 6.061933994293213, "y to destress and decompress from all of this.\nInterviewees across ranks echoed the sense that subgroups \u201care just the way to decom- press\u201d and not an avenue for adverse actions.\nA command-level representative spoke about the role of healthy competit"]
[12.187498092651367, 6.084848403930664, "gs because they have\na tattoo while others are not. To others, the divisiveness comes from the exclusivity associated with certain tattoos, which conflicts with the idea that the tattoos are supposed to represent unit pride. It also could contribute "]
[12.176841735839844, 6.095454692840576, " workers was a common explanation for asking someone to get a tattoo, and the offer was often made by respected deputies at the station. As one respondent said:\nWhen you get to patrol, the cool group are the two-stripes deputies (Bonus Deputies). Sub"]
[12.199850082397461, 6.0679731369018555, "ls of Visibility\nSecrecy, exclusion, alternative hierarchy\nEncouraging adverse behaviors such as ostracism and disrespect, overemphasis on aggressive policing, promoting unhealthy coping mechanisms, workaholism\nLASD Views on Subgroups 109\n      Low v"]
[12.174942970275879, 6.097151279449463, "erned that subgroups are by nature exclusionary. As one command-level representative said, \u201cThe tattoos are by invitation\u2014this is divisive because it\u2019s not all inclusive. This creates a wedge between the partners. Even though it\u2019s not a problem, it j"]
[12.218879699707031, 6.044173240661621, " also report on a deputy\u2019s performance, and interviewees said that they felt pressure \u201cto please the TO.\u201d A line-level representative described training as follows:\nYou\u2019re put in this spot where you have to do whatever you have to do to get off train"]
[12.16557788848877, 6.109256267547607, "hey have the brass thinking they\u2019re squared away and let them do anything they want. They tried to get him to sign off that he was failing patrol. I got him transferred.\nThis quote describes how subgroup members have reportedly tried to \u201croll up\u201d tra"]
[12.165532112121582, 6.105952262878418, "pervised. . . . The two or three [bullies] who were extremely loud and powerful, they created chaos.\nThis interviewee noted that the individuals in question were also perceived to be hard workers, so other aspects of their job performance were not an"]
[12.169157028198242, 6.103237152099609, "across staff levels described the intrinsic role of supervision as being either complacent or complicit in the formation and persistence of subgroups. A midlevel rep- resentative stated, \u201cThe slippage happens when supervisors start to turn a blind ey"]
[12.196137428283691, 6.064730167388916, "ing contrast to the reports from some other interviewees that subgroup members are seen as the do-gooders who are unwilling to go against policy to accomplish their work. One interviewee recounted a past example of having to supervise deputies who ha"]
[12.228872299194336, 6.038175582885742, "avor of saying [subgroups in gen- eral] are a problem\u201d but still acknowledged the risk of the separate codes of conduct that cer- tain subgroups have orchestrated. \u201cAny group that sets separate rules should not be allowed,\u201d he said. \u201cThe job isn\u2019t ab"]
[12.16227912902832, 6.109723091125488, "get their hands dirty without disgrace, dishonor, or hesitation\u201d meant working late and not complaining, according to members of the group. The department did not agree that this creed reflected the values of the department, and several members or as"]
[12.196245193481445, 6.069737911224365, "thout necessarily being overly aggressive. Additionally, a command-level representative spoke about subgroups as an isolated, historical issue:\nThe Viking5 issue was an anomaly. I\u2019m unsure how that occurred, but I haven\u2019t seen that type of non-commun"]
[12.190023422241211, 6.082680702209473, " have protection. . . . It\u2019s no wonder they\u2019re drinking so much and their divorce and suicide rates are so high.\nThe previous quote and the next quote both highlight how the solidarity and support provided by being in a subgroup can contribute to soc"]
[12.175600051879883, 6.104199409484863, " of camaraderie to one of problematic behavior. \u201cSubgroups open up the department to risk. If there\u2019s enough smoke there\u2019s probably fire,\u201d a command-level staff member stated succinctly. The running thread throughout interviews is that subgroups allo"]
[12.1170072555542, 6.177160739898682, "ically (and as was detailed in Chapter Four), the survey focused on survey respondents\u2019 experiences with deputy subgroups, including\n\u2022 who gets invited to join these subgroups and the criteria for being invited\n\u2022 where within LASD these subgroups are"]
[12.106084823608398, 6.190093517303467, "aking arrests) as a criterion.\n\u2022 Where within LASD are deputy subgroups or cliques typically found? Two-thirds of subgroup invitees and two-thirds of midlevel managers agreed that deputy subgroups exist in some, but not all, LASD stations. Half of ea"]
[12.096282958984375, 6.205169677734375, "nd 30 percent of midlevel managers and 20 percent of invitees agreed with the statement that deputies\nLos Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department Survey Results 121\nin subgroups bully or harass nonmembers. Roughly one out of five midlevel managers agreed"]
[12.082167625427246, 6.221120834350586, "em out to be.\n\u2022 What are their views regarding supervisors\u2019 approach to deputy subgroups or cliques? Half of midlevel managers and two-thirds of subgroup invitees agreed that supervisors were aware of subgroups\u2019 conduct. One out of four midlevel mana"]
[12.140484809875488, 6.157379150390625, "ly, to report on survey respondents\u2019 assessment of the impact of subgroups on LASD and individuals, as well as their recommendations for what (if anything) LASD should do about subgroups, we first compare those who had ever been invited to join a sub"]
[12.089632987976074, 6.217042922973633, "ed because they are more likely to be familiar with subgroups. This is underscored by the fact that the percentage of respondents who indicated \u201cdon\u2019t know\u201d for a particular response category was much higher for those who had never been invited. Depu"]
[12.101880073547363, 6.201028347015381, "p or clique?\n  Q4 and Q5. Have you ever been invited to join a deputy subgroup or clique? In the last five years, have you been invited to join a deputy subgroup or clique? For each question, survey respondents were asked to check either \u201cYes\u201d or \u201cNo"]
[12.096548080444336, 6.20640754699707, "ubgroup invitees reported that these subgroups exist in some, but not all, LASD stations (Table 8.5). Only 24.7 percent responded that deputy subgroups exist in all LASD stations. In addition, 55.6 percent reported that these sub- groups are common a"]
[12.097877502441406, 6.207903861999512, "1 100% 1,573 100%\n251 100% 1,319 100% 1,570 100%\n252 100% 1,322 100% 1,574 100%\n  Invited\nNot invited\nOverall\n12.3% 6.3% 6.3% 6.1% 4.7% 9.8% 7.1% 5.0% 9.2%\n. . . exist in all LASD stations\nInvited\nNot invited\nOverall\n25.5% 15.1% 8.8% 25.2% 10.3% 9.9%"]
[12.140998840332031, 6.145992279052734, "dback from several interviewees who commented that subgroups often can serve to motivate other members to be proactive about making arrests.\n130 Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nFigure 8.2\nWhat Are the Percei"]
[12.08706283569336, 6.218243598937988, "pe Disagree Disagree nor Disagree Agree Agree Don\u2019t Know\nRow Total\n253 100% 1,325 100% 1,578 100%\n254 100% 1,325 100% 1,579 100%\n254 100% 1,322 100% 1,576 100%\nInvited\nNot invited\nOverall\n21.3% 9.1% 11.1%\n10.3% 4.7% 5.6%\n11.1% 9.5% 9.8%\n16.6% 10.9% 1"]
[12.09521484375, 6.209781646728516, "4%\n7.1%\n8.3% 11.7% 11.2%\n26.0% 19.3% 20.4%\n10.2%\n6.3%\n Q11 (a, b, c). The following statements to a deputy subgroup or clique. Please statements. (Survey respondents were Agree,\u201d plus a \u201cDon\u2019t Know\u201d option.)\nare about the\nindicate how strongly you ag"]
[12.0996675491333, 6.204294204711914, "ndicated that not belong- ing to a subgroup had no negative impact (Table 8.9). Specifically, about two-thirds of these respondents\n\u2022 disagreed that not belonging limits a deputy\u2019s training opportunities\n134 Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Ang"]
[12.118695259094238, 6.1802849769592285, "ther two-thirds indicated that deputy subgroups help motivate others within the station or unit (e.g., make more arrests, maintain better order of custody inmates).\nStill, some subgroup invitees noted a negative impact of these groups. A quarter indi"]
[12.10142993927002, 6.201653480529785, "iques hurts morale within the station/unit.\nThe presence of deputy subgroups or cliques makes non-members want to leave or avoid certain stations/units.\nDeputy subgroups\u2019 or cliques\u2019 behavior has negatively impacted community perceptions of LASD.\nDep"]
[12.08250904083252, 6.221263885498047, "% 8.9% 10.3%\n11.4% 7.3% 8.0%\n41.3% 9.4% 6.7% 20.7% 6.4% 7.6% 24.0% 6.9% 7.4%\n9.4%\n10.6% 15.9%\n11.1%\n11.0% 50.5% 44.1%\n Q14 (a, b, c, d, e). Now we want to ask you specifically about supervisors\u2019 (Lieutenants or Sergeants) approach to deputy subgroups"]
[12.09119701385498, 6.215160846710205, "deputies indicated that the invitation had occurred prior to the past five years (Table 8.11).\nAt What Point in Their Career Are Most Deputies First Invited to Join a Subgroup?\nJust under half of midlevel managers and nearly one-fourth of deputies in"]
[12.080405235290527, 6.227160453796387, "38%\n32%\n  23%\n  29%\n49%\n 49%\n140 Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nTable 8.11\nWhether a Respondent Had Ever Been Invited to Join a Subgroup or Had Been Invited Within the Last Five Years (Midlevel Managers Ver"]
[12.090633392333984, 6.215198040008545, "re likely than deputies to agree that deputy subgroups exist in some, but not all, LASD stations and are common at LASD stations in high-crime areas. Specifically, nearly three-fifths of midlevel managers either somewhat or strongly agreed that these"]
[12.08676528930664, 6.219667911529541, "ist in some, but not all, LASD stations, and 13.8 percent responded that subgroups exist in all LASD stations (Table 8.13). More than a third of deputies agreed that these subgroups are common at LASD stations in high-crime areas. Note the higher per"]
[12.082995414733887, 6.221141815185547, "her Agree nor Disagree\" and \"Don't Know.\"\n41%\n 40%\n23%\n 23%\n 38%\n21%\n12%\n17% 51%\n5% 4%\n39%\n38%\n55%\n   48%\n 72%\nRespondent Strongly Somewhat Neither Agree Somewhat Strongly\nType Disagree Disagree nor Disagree Agree Agree Don\u2019t Know\nRow Total\n394\n100% "]
[12.088003158569336, 6.2155537605285645, "bgroups have their own code of conduct (Table 8.15). One out of five midlevel managers also agreed that subgroups encourage members to work outside the chain of command in situations that normally require supervisor involvement (e.g., use- of-force i"]
[12.083121299743652, 6.22434139251709, "\n Respondent Strongly Somewhat Neither Agree Type Disagree Disagree nor Disagree\nSubgroups or cliques have their own code of conduct\nSomewhat Agree\nStrongly Agree\n15.3% 12.8% 13.5%\n33.0% 17.1% 21.3%\n10.4% 6.7% 7.7%\nDon\u2019t Know\n33.3% 50.2% 45.8%\n26.6% "]
[12.067336082458496, 6.245413303375244, "ongly Agree\" and \"Agree\" responses, while the \"Disagree\" category represents \"Strongly Disagree\" and \"Disagree.\" Respondents also had the option of \"Neither Agree nor Disagree\" and \"Don't Know.\"\nof deputies about the impact of subgroups and suggestio"]
[12.09097671508789, 6.213412284851074, "half of deputies indicated that these subgroups have no effect on the daily operations of their station or unit (Figure 8.9). Nearly two-\n150 Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nFigure 8.9\nMidlevel Managers\u2019 Ver"]
[12.084256172180176, 6.224352836608887, "el managers to report that they did not know what impact subgroups had on community perceptions of LASD.\nWith respect to the media\u2019s portrayal of subgroups, there was a large percentage of respondents who agreed that subgroups were not as harmful as "]
[12.06308650970459, 6.241146564483643, ",104 100% 1,498 100%\n394\n100% 1,107 100% 1,501 100%\n  Midlevel managers\nDeputies\nOverall\n4.3% 7.4%\n2.4% 2.7%\n2.9% 3.9%\n12.9% 28.2%\n9.8% 18.8%\n10.7% 21.2%\nSupervisors formally discipline improper or unethical behavior by subgroup or clique members\nMid"]
[12.107649803161621, 6.190203666687012, "at subgroups are a way to recognize high-performing deputies, that the formal performance evaluation process was lacking in terms of being able to properly reward positive performance or correct poor perfor- mance, and that evaluations were not used "]
[12.083587646484375, 6.2179131507873535, "were in similar agreement about whether promotions are handled fairly (40 to 49 percent agreement), while invitees and midlevel managers were more likely to disagree (41 and 37 percent, respectively). On the consistency of disciplinary action, 44 per"]
[12.087523460388184, 6.191154956817627, "e who had not been invited to join a subgroup were more positive about executive leadership. Subgroup invitees were the least positive about leadership, with 41 percent disagreeing that executive leadership represents high ethical stan- dards. Midlev"]
[12.114853858947754, 6.182393550872803, " analyses supported insights from the interviews that, according to survey respondents, those who were invited to join subgroups were typically deputies who are known as hard workers, are willing to work challenging assignments, and, in some cases, s"]
[12.196904182434082, 6.078309059143066, "nagers and those who had not been invited to join a subgroup agreed that LASD should discourage deputies from joining subgroups or cliques and/or prohibit subgroups alto- gether. Among subgroup invitees, one-third agreed with discouraging deputies fr"]
[12.206315040588379, 6.059004306793213, "dividual groups and individuals within those groups should be accountable for their own behavior and that it was unfair to label all groups or all people within a group based on the actions of others. This parallels some of the history and heterogene"]
[12.258512496948242, 6.000658988952637, "a collection, so we also identify the findings that most prominently informed our recommendations after Table 9.1. This is then followed by a discussion of the main limitations of this study.\nWe base our recommendations on the following key findings:"]
[12.12206745147705, 6.1665544509887695, "cent of those invited agreed;\n62 percent of midlevel management agreed)\n\u2022 Subgroups engage in behavior that may offend intimidate or endanger community members (15 percent overall agreed; 16 percent of those invited agreed)\nLASD is fragmented, and un"]
[12.16694450378418, 6.111613750457764, "In custody], if a deputy was involved in a physical fight with an inmate, that was huge [for getting asked to join a subgroup]\u2014even though you could have de-escalated the situation!\u201d (line-level interview)\nWhat do subgroups do? What is their impact o"]
[12.164555549621582, 6.11052131652832, "ercent overall agreed; 23 percent of those invited agreed)\n\u2022 limit opportunities for career advancement or promotion (22 percent overall agreed; 25 percent of those invited agreed)\nSubgroups might start out with honorable intentions, but there is a r"]
[12.204694747924805, 6.054732799530029, "sivity, or problematic actions (Carton and Cummings, 2012). Secrecy is another form of control that enhances group cohesion and group identity (Costas and Grey, 2014). Problematic behaviors iden- tified by interviewees often target select individuals"]
[12.243751525878906, 6.064634323120117, "ey would advocate for telling deputies to not join subgroups. Many survey respondents recognized the negative com- munity perceptions associated with subgroups. Lastly, survey respondents tended to indi- cate that something should be done, with 37 pe"]
[12.240212440490723, 6.019497394561768, "ommendations\nLASD is not the only law enforcement agency that has been confronted with reexamining its policies and practices in the wake of scandal, nor is it alone in its need to show that it can be accountable to the public and acknowledge negativ"]
[12.226217269897461, 6.040924549102783, "te responses. Some captains have responded by developing their own approaches to addressing issues with sub- groups, emphasizing direct communication and setting expectations. Although this approach could ameliorate problems in particular places, it "]
[12.270218849182129, 5.98742151260376, " they are not aligned with cultural values and practices or if amending these values and practices does not make sense to the population that must adhere to them. Any strategy that does not recognize the significance of subgroups to a significant pro"]
[12.245393753051758, 6.017453670501709, "hat even the best supervision can be circumvented if there is motivation to do so.\nAlthough it is worthwhile to uphold and enforce policies prohibiting subgroups, it is also important to consider that doing so could have unintended consequences. Proh"]
[12.233813285827637, 6.020411491394043, "olicy as it currently exists, and consider potential negative unintended consequences and efforts that could mitigate or pre- vent them. Next, we focus on other ways that LASD could use a holistic approach to promote cultural change. This approach in"]
[12.239415168762207, 6.0227251052856445, "ty. In the longer term, collaboration, stakeholders, training and resources will be important for driving lasting, sustainable change.\nImplementing the Policy on Employee Groups Which Violate the Rights of Other Employees or Members of the Public\nShe"]
[12.24197006225586, 6.021723747253418, " ambiguous language that employees are \u201cadvised to avoid joining\u201d these groups. Being firm in setting and enforcing standards will be critical for this issue and has been identified elsewhere as being essential when implementing programs to enhance e"]
[12.216790199279785, 6.0454936027526855, "s do come to light, it is critical that they are investigated thoroughly and swiftly. However, secrecy also makes these investigations challenging because information can be limited to insiders. Internal Affairs investigators should receive guidance "]
[12.24046516418457, 6.020702838897705, " with LASD mission and values) and the desired cultural change that the department is heading toward, which could include acknowledging and com- municating a desire to separate the department from the past. A cultural stance on subgroups would convey"]
[12.237553596496582, 6.023602485656738, "eriff\u2019s Department\nbehavior of deputies, and they must denounce retaliation (Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran, 2005). Leadership must also clearly explain that retaliation will not be tolerated. For example, a recent anonymous report to Internal Affairs"]
[12.233786582946777, 6.028674125671387, "rganizational identification, unit commanders should emphasize the common identity of working in a particular unit.5 In-group\n4 Recently, two deputies at the Compton station filed lawsuits against LASD with allegations that a subgroup allegedly named"]
[12.209617614746094, 6.04808235168457, "ive conduct or bullying. Supervisors should understand and know to look for these behaviors and signs of conflict.\n\u2022 Supervisorsshouldalsobemadeawarethattheircurrentorpriormembershipinadeputy subgroup is a reportable conflict of interest should they "]
[12.325294494628906, 5.906601428985596, "ntoring programs for sergeants to enhance supervisory behavior in general was recommended by several inter- viewees, although, again, research evidence is limited (Herrington and Schafer, 2019; Pearson- Goff and Herrington, 2014). Lastly, LASD should"]
[12.304364204406738, 5.932614326477051, "t at the time, who mentioned efforts to get ahead of problems associated with cliques, although the article did not discuss what those were (Avins, 2000).\n84 percent of those at all ranks support a requirement to intervene if another officer is about"]
[12.304189682006836, 5.92971658706665, " most critical factor is that depu- ties know they will be supported if they intervene, which is the responsibility of leadership (Mesmer-Magnus and Viswesvaran, 2005). Additionally, the goals of Project ABLE include redefining various features of la"]
[12.199307441711426, 6.070491790771484, " departmental members (e.g., peer intervention requires that anyone can intervene with anyone else, regardless of rank or status).\nTransform How the Department Shares and Generates Information\nLessons Learned\nFrom our interviews and survey findings, "]
[12.346171379089355, 5.881606578826904, "stances of subgroups pressuring individuals to leave a unit, this procedure could identify issues early. Information from these interviews should be reviewed regularly.\nDevote Resources to Enhancing Support for Employees\nLastly, ongoing devotion of r"]
[12.329551696777344, 5.904201507568359, " improving respectful interactions with community members or inmates.\nRecommendations 179\n 180 Understanding Subgroups Within the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department\nwith higher workload, more serious crime, and/or subgroups that prioritize aggre"]
[12.374281883239746, 5.800915241241455, " \u201cGuardians\u201d Starting in the Academy\nAs noted above, organizational and cultural change needs to be built into organizational pro- cesses where possible. Rahr and Rice, 2015, contend that shifting to more of a guardian mind- set and recommitting to d"]
[12.351521492004395, 5.853916168212891, "al justice components to the officer. This approach has the added benefit of creating interactions between supervisors and subordinates that are positive (i.e., nondisciplinary) while also training to reinforce procedural justice and positive behavio"]
[12.483762741088867, 5.613203048706055, "al contacts with citizens and document the con- tact in the MDC [mobile data computer] system with a clearance code of 755 (community relations).\u201d The order instructed deputies to provide contact cards and instructed sergeants to brief and review dep"]
[12.567959785461426, 5.425304412841797, "ed by community members (Fielding and Innes, 2006). Such mea- sures consist of key activities and outcomes identified as relevant to the given problem and solution (Alpert, Flynn, and Piquero, 2001). Common measures and methods for assessing communit"]
[12.313729286193848, 5.914644241333008, "ble to investigate these complaints (OIG, undated). Additionally, it is not clear from its website how LASD handles anonymous complaints. Anonymous com- plaints can be valuable for documenting behavior, but that is likely the main benefit (Walker and"]
[12.388236999511719, 5.743544578552246, "g polic- ing in specific ways and in accordance with a clear normative vision; 4) fact-finding; 5) the identification and promulgation of key experiences and narratives on both sides; 6) the specification of concrete changes in policies and practices"]
[12.27409553527832, 5.973852634429932, "rust, legitimacy, effectiveness, and safety. For instance, Loyola Marymount University\u2019s StudyLA project has surveyed county residents about their general perceptions of LASD in the recent past,10 but its more-detailed recent survey on per- ceptions "]
[12.22459602355957, 6.030223846435547, "nt steps that LASD and the county should take. As discussed in detail in this report, the long-term solution involves mitigating the pressures and assumptions that lead deputies to create exclusive subgroups in the first place and addressing the norm"]
[12.456188201904297, 5.55833625793457, "Prison Project and ACLU Foundation of Southern California, Cruel and Usual Punishment: How a Savage Gang of Deputies Controls LA County Jails, September 2011. As of May 5, 2021: https://www.aclusocal.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/ 97165508-"]
[12.514385223388672, 5.423903942108154, "eflects-on-sheriff-deputies-fight-raises/docview/865443591/ se-2?accountid=25333\nBarling, Julian, Kathryne E. Dupre\u0301, and E. Kevin Kelloway, \u201cPredicting Workplace Aggression and Violence,\u201d Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 60, 2009, pp. 671\u2013692.\nBarr"]
[12.504801750183105, 5.443942070007324, "Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department, Knock LA, March 30, 2021. As of August 25, 2021:\nhttps://knock-la.com/grim-reapers-jump-out-boys-lasd-gangs/\nChan, Janet, \u201cChanging Police Culture,\u201d British Journal of Criminology, Vol. 36, No. 1, Winter 1996,"]
[12.584890365600586, 5.294172286987305, "Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, 2003, pp. 186\u2013207.\nCrank, John P., Understanding Police Culture, 2nd ed., New York: Routledge, 2004.\nCronin, Matthew A., Laurie R. Weingart, and Gergana Todorov, \u201cD"]
[12.524282455444336, 5.402787685394287, "isconduct,\u201d Police Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2014, pp. 103\u2013126.\nEngel, Robin Shepard, \u201cThe Effects of Supervisory Styles on Patrol Officer Behavior,\u201d Police Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2000, pp. 262\u2013293.\nEngel, Robin Shepard, and Robert E. Worden, \u201cPo"]
[12.520598411560059, 5.412725448608398, "nt Review Annual Report, Los Angeles: Office of Independent Review, County of Los Angeles, 2012. As of May 5, 2021:\nhttps://oig.lacounty.gov/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=yH9RxxIBbr4%3d&portalid=18\nGetty, Ryan M., John L. Worrall, and Robert G. Morris, \u201c"]
[12.556665420532227, 5.343750476837158, "p. 216\u2013225.\nHassan, Shahidul, Jongsoo Park, and Jos C. N. Raadschelders, \u201cTaking a Closer Look at the Empowerment\u2010 Performance Relationship: Evidence from Law Enforcement Organizations,\u201d Public Administration Review, Vol. 79, No. 3, May\u2013June 2019, pp"]
[12.707270622253418, 4.979102611541748, "ss-Lethal Force Policies: Examining the \u2018Transmission Belts\u2019 of Police Departments,\u201d Journal of Crime and Justice, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2011, pp. 221\u2013233.\nIngram, Jason Robert, Robert R. Weidner, Eugene A. Paoline III, and William Terrill, \u201cSupervisory In"]
[12.50497817993164, 5.448653697967529, "\u2013306.\nKlinger, David A., \u201cOrganizational Accidents and Deadly Police-Involved Violence: Some Thoughts on Extending Theory, Expanding Research, and Improving Police Practice,\u201d Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 687, N"]
[12.283180236816406, 5.898369789123535, "heriff\u2019s Department\nLos Angeles County Sheriff Civilian Oversight Commission, \u201cSecret Deputy Subgroups,\u201d webpage, last updated October 15, 2020. As of May 4, 2021: https://coc.lacounty.gov/Our-Work/Secret-Deputy-Subgroups\nLos Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s"]
[12.666241645812988, 5.07565975189209, "nd the Use of Coercion in Police\u2013Suspect Encounters,\u201d Police Practice and Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2005, pp. 19\u201337.\nMcDowall, Almuth, Paul Quinton, David Brown, Indira Carr, Emily Glorney, Sophie Russell, Natasha Bharj, Robert A. Nash, and Adrian Coy"]
[12.606973648071289, 5.230749130249023, " How Psychological Contract Violation Develops,\u201d Academy of Management Review, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1997, pp. 226\u2013256.\nMujal, Gabriela N., Meghan E. Taylor, Jessica L. Fry, Tatiana H. Gochez-Kerr, and Nancy L. Weaver, \u201cA Systematic Review of Bystander Int"]
[12.454039573669434, 5.565236568450928, "Office of the Attorney General, State of California Department of Justice, \u201cAttorney General Becerra Launches Civil Rights Investigation of the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department,\u201d press release, January 22, 2021. As of May 5, 2021:\nhttps://oag."]
[12.581371307373047, 5.281906604766846, "f the Job, Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2013.\nParker, Martin, \u201cSecret Societies: Intimations of Organization,\u201d Organization Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2016, pp. 99\u2013113.\nPatton, Michael Quinn, \u201cEvaluation, Knowledge Management, Best Practices,"]
[12.547526359558105, 5.353137016296387, "y/2020-08-06/lapd-whistleblower-swat-mafia-homeless\nReisig, Michael D., \u201cCommunity and Problem-Oriented Policing,\u201d Crime and Justice, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2010, pp. 1\u201353.\nReuss-Ianni, Elisabeth, Two Cultures of Policing: Street Cops and Management Cops, N"]
[12.538393020629883, 5.371666431427002, ". 2, Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2010. Shareef, Reginald, \u201cSubsystem Congruence: A Strategic Change Model for Public Organizations,\u201d\nAdministration & Society, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1994, pp. 489\u2013517.\nSherman, Lawrence W., Scandal and Reform: Controll"]
[12.558920860290527, 5.397461414337158, " Vol. 41, No. 2, 2007, pp. 457\u2013492.\nTyler, Tom R., and Jeffrey Fagan, \u201cLegitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?\u201d Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, Vol. 6, 2008, p. 231.\nU.S. Department of Justice C"]
[12.522024154663086, 5.420439720153809, "County Sheriff\u2019s Department and Condemning His Failure to Cooperate with Civilian Oversight,\u201d Los Angeles County Sheriff Civilian Oversight Commission, October 15, 2020. As of May 4, 2021: http://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/commissionpublications/"]
[4.666335105895996, 17.5257511138916, "Evaluation of Energy Systems Network\u2019s Moving Forward Initiative in Indiana\nInitial Program Outcomes and Potential Impacts\nNICHOLAS E. BURGER, AIMEE E. CURTRIGHT, JACOB DEWEESE, HARDIKA DAYALANI, RAHIM ALI, BRITTANY L. JOSEPH\n Sponsored by the Centra"]
[12.647907257080078, 13.58109188079834, "med since the launch of its first phase in 2015, to allow ESN to continue to track performance as\nMF matures, and to provide insight into the potential replicability of the MF model.\nThis report is intended for several audiences. The first is ESN and"]
[4.648984432220459, 17.540115356445312, "Affordable Housing Supply and Cost Burden in Indiana ........................................................... 1 Elements of the Cost of Living for Low-Income Families ......................................................... 4 Policy and Regulator"]
[4.633975982666016, 17.54050636291504, "................................................................. 46 Additional Themes That Emerged During the Evaluation ....................................................... 48 Survey Results ......................................................"]
[4.650692939758301, 17.539527893066406, "oving Forward Development Site Locations .......................................................... 27 Figure 2.4. Key Building Attributes and Innovative Technology Deployment for Moving\nForward 1.0\u20133.0 Developments .................................."]
[4.607385635375977, 17.570280075073242, "5. Efficiency Design Elements and Specifications for Moving\nForward Developments......................................................................................................... 73\nTable B.6. Development Mobility and Transportation Metrics..."]
[4.675661087036133, 17.51351547241211, "ble housing in Indiana outside of the standard Qualified Allocation Plan (QAP) used to approve funding for affordable housing projects. In 2015, ESN worked with IHCDA to develop a process for awarding these set-aside LIHTC funds and in so doing affor"]
[4.6792192459106445, 17.50963592529297, " evaluation of the impact the program had. We laid out four broad research questions that focus on whether the program was being implemented effectively, whether the program produced the desired outcomes, what factors were associated with success, an"]
[4.681819915771484, 17.505990982055664, "ncorporated many of the concepts and technologies introduced through the workshops, including multiple solar PV systems and energy-efficient building designs. Some developers felt MF pushed them to adopt new concepts and technologies, while other dev"]
[4.68247127532959, 17.505836486816406, "ssing the program\u2019s core goals (i.e., outcomes) and ensuring that MF is structured, staffed, and resourced to achieve those goals:\n\u2022 Clarify which program goals are the priorities and ensure the program is structured and resourced to achieve those go"]
[4.671077251434326, 17.520219802856445, "y aligning energy companies and project developers.\n\u2022 Build on partnerships, knowledge, and technology development as a starting place for successive phases.\n\u2022 Help developers engage with subject-matter experts following the workshops in a way that s"]
[4.664953231811523, 17.527273178100586, "e, Jenna Rosswurm, Alisha Jones\n\u2022 MF 2.0, H38 East: Elva James, Jeff Ryan, Tyler McKee, Ronda Shrewsbury Weybright, Anna Rankin, Melanie Reusze, Donald Peters, Steven Jackson, Michelle Carter\n\u2022 MF 2.0, The Union: Melissa Benton, Robin Davis, James Ta"]
[4.6508564949035645, 17.520263671875, "ffordable housing produced in Indiana by integrating enhanced energy efficiency, transportation, and access to services into the housing design and construction processes. An overarching goal of MF is to reduce household spending on housing\u2014including"]
[3.6097829341888428, 17.28427505493164, "where 27 percent of renter households are ELI and only 38 affordable housing units are available for every 100 households, the shortage of rental homes available for ELI renters was more than 130,000 units in 2018. In terms of cost burden, 19 percent"]
[3.682194709777832, 17.351003646850586, "ent of monthly income at the VLI threshold and 42 percent of monthly income at the ELI threshold (Dolin, 2019).\n8 In the following paragraphs, we report data on rental costs (i.e., rent payments). For some households, that payment will include some b"]
[3.6426563262939453, 17.301729202270508, "(Lafayette)\nMedian Income for a 4-Person Family\n$75,547 $85,096 $84,412 $97,159 $94,307\n30 percent of Median Income for a 4-Person Family\n$22,664.10 $25,528.80 $25,323.60 $29,147.70 $28,292.10\nMax Monthly Rent and Utilities, 30 percent of Eligibility"]
[3.7386114597320557, 17.385334014892578, " While \u201cother renters\u201d spent less than 10 percent of their income on utilities, both nationally\nFigure 1.2. Average Utility Cost as a Percentage of Median Household Income\nSOURCE: U. S. Census Bureau (2009\u20132017), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2009"]
[4.488142013549805, 17.74996566772461, "d, whereas other renters\u2019 proportion spent on transport was relatively flat. Table 1.1 provides the calculation of how spending on utilities and transportation translate, on average, into a dollar amount in the counties where developments in the firs"]
[4.528325080871582, 17.79349136352539, " local level (e.g., county, city, municipality). State and local governments typically adopt these established codes and standards and make changes to reflect local building practices or EE goals\n15 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-"]
[4.570070266723633, 17.696022033691406, " Code based on the 2000 International Residential Code\u2014neither of these versions was adopted.\n18 The bill would have required adoption of the latest IECC and ASHRAE 90.1 codes at that time as well as requiring that subsequent updates be adopted withi"]
[4.602881908416748, 17.614824295043945, " goals. The share of this\n20 These numbers were current as of September 9, 2020. See the HUD USER (undated) database summary and related FAQ (HUD USER, 2020).\ninvestors receive a dollar-for-dollar reduction in their federal tax liability in exchange "]
[4.569592475891113, 17.70546531677246, " MF program showed a decline in the total points assigned to \u201cSustainable Development Characteristics\u201d as well as the percentage of total points for this category. Specifically, this category awarded a maximum\n25 points (of 195 total points, or less "]
[4.5063557624816895, 17.81753921508789, "ce) was a novel concept, and the initiative served to increase visibility for and investments in energy efficiency for affordable housing (Schwartz et al., 2018). Consistent with these findings, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (A"]
[4.669445037841797, 17.51061248779297, "g developers to improve energy performance and transportation connectivity. The initiative seeks to increase quality of life while also decreasing the cost of living for low- to moderate-income individuals and families in new Moving Forward developme"]
[4.668941020965576, 17.50461769104004, "ble affordable housing developments where feasible.\nThis evaluation sought to achieve certain goals and explicitly did not seek to achieve others. We tried to gather perspectives from a range of stakeholders, primarily those involved in designing and"]
[4.6567063331604, 17.53008460998535, "ion and analysis of MF, explaining how the program is designed to work. We focus in detail on the workshop element that is central to the program\u2019s design. We discuss MF funding briefly and then develop a theory of change for the program, which repre"]
[4.677631855010986, 17.511856079101562, "e MF idea, IHCDA requested and received authorization to use the general set-aside to fund and promote the Moving Forward initiative, including selection of two MF development teams in each phase2 through a competitive request for qualifications (RFQ"]
[4.666086196899414, 17.52389907836914, " phase 1.0 was energy efficiency to reduce housing and transportation costs for residents, which is the core focus of MF from its inception. In contrast, in MF 2.0, IHCDA asked applicants to add a supplemental focus on poverty alleviation and economi"]
[4.682203769683838, 17.511308670043945, "ection processes. In 2016, 2017, and 2018, two of the total projects each year were MF projects, constituting\n$1.5 million, $1.8 million, and $1.86 million, respectively.\n5 For MF phases 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, a request for qualifications (RFQ) had to be"]
[4.672236442565918, 17.51979637145996, "ful creation of a development concept, were eligible to apply for up to $750,000 in annual Section 42 credits outside of the standard points-based QAP process.8\nAll three RFPs for MF 1.0 through 3.0 share common objectives for the creation of \u201cinnova"]
[4.6708502769470215, 17.51833152770996, "the formal scope of this evaluation, the changes in emphasis for MF 2020 provide an illustrative example of shifting priorities and adding layers of complexity. Specifically, MF 2020 added a focus on populations with intellectual and developmental di"]
[4.689666748046875, 17.498123168945312, "elop solutions that target stretch goals. The goal at the end of the workshop is to have a \u201chigh-level plan\u201d that development teams could further refine and ultimately implement.\nEach workshop begins with an open-minded visioning session where partic"]
[4.682031154632568, 17.506105422973633, "ources of funding needed to support staffing, operations, and overhead associated with running the program. Nevertheless, we want to provide some general\n12 Because these materials were created expressly to support MF, they are all ESN\u2019s intellectual"]
[4.681064128875732, 17.506681442260742, "and\n13 For example, in its first year, ESN applied for $120,000 from IHCDA to support the initial round of projects (ESN, 2015a), and each phase of Moving Forward received $100,000 to support the associated workshop. We emphasize that these are not c"]
[4.678921222686768, 17.508995056152344, " the MF program or workshop process, so pro bono support was a key supporting activity.\nInputs and activities are designed to generate program outputs. Some outputs are intermediate and support other activities and outputs. For example, the minimum a"]
[4.687546253204346, 17.499727249145508, "or some projects, while service coordination for other projects focused on off-site, nearby services.\n 25\nAside from impacts focused on residents, MF is also working to produce general social and environmental impacts, such as reduced greenhouse gas "]
[4.6803059577941895, 17.50682830810547, "takeholders could use a TOC like this to identify the resources required to make it possible to achieve specific outcomes and impacts. Alternatively, they could use a TOC to assess the feasibility or desirability of outcomes/impacts based on constrai"]
[4.662764072418213, 17.519865036010742, "d solar electricity (PV). Gray shading of text/icons indicates a planned feature that had not been completed at the time of this evaluation. Broadway Lofts (MF 3.1) is eligible for LEED certification but is not planning on going through the process o"]
[4.675209045410156, 17.511924743652344, " we are limited in what we can conclude\n 29\nabout factors associated with success. In Chapter 4 we draw conclusions where possible, focusing on implementation-based outcomes.\n4. To what extent is the overall success of Moving Forward\u2014or successful el"]
[4.675546169281006, 17.50252914428711, "ject was still actively conducting its initial leasing during our evaluation period, and MF 3.0 developments were still under development. Appendix B provides electricity bill data for one of the MF 1.0 developers that also manages properties and pay"]
[6.341371536254883, 15.5513277053833, " cases, we interviewed multiple individuals from a single organization at the same time, and we have counted this as one \u201crespondent\u201d here.\n 31\nOur interviews were not without limitations, partly because of Covid-19. We conducted all interviews virtu"]
[4.672281265258789, 17.513601303100586, "andemic restrictions. We discuss the limited survey results in more detail in Chapter 4, and in\n4 A $5 Amazon electronic gift code was included in the survey invitation letter, which the residents were able to redeem regardless of participation in th"]
[4.695617198944092, 17.4920654296875, "ent possible, and include some highlights of our analysis, the details of which can be found in the technical appendixes at the end of this report. Then we turn to additional themes that emerged over the course of the research and that are also relev"]
[4.679291248321533, 17.511802673339844, "le, when IHCDA added the supplemental focus areas starting in phase 2.0, having a design document, like a theory of change, would have allowed IHCDA and ESN staff to consider how the emphasis would interact with existing MF goals, what resources it w"]
[4.6782121658325195, 17.5118350982666, "ment costs without necessarily conferring a commensurate benefit to residents and thus, in fact, could undermine the core program goals.\nThe supplemental focus areas layered onto the program in MF 2.0 and subsequent phases is another example of the p"]
[4.6881890296936035, 17.500059127807617, "es of MF.\n 36\nprincipally the workshops.5 However, ESN does not separately budget or track costs for MF, so we were unable to look at program revenue and spending in detail.\nOne risk of the current funding model for MF is that the program has relied "]
[4.7008843421936035, 17.48771095275879, "h they successfully conducted for each phase of MF. And all developers interviewed provided one or more positive comments or observations about the workshop. Along with the positive feedback, many of the developers also offered caveats by noting limi"]
[4.67034387588501, 17.520984649658203, "ogies that exceeded standard affordable housing design, but both had to back down substantially from their workshop plans, with implications for cost and project timeline.11\n8 This characterization is consistent with RAND\u2019s own observation and analys"]
[4.6957478523254395, 17.492231369018555, "program did not adapt to their different capabilities. For example, some developer teams had little experience with EE technologies or transportation-oriented design. In contrast, others had done extensive previous work on EE designs and had experien"]
[4.676668643951416, 17.51491355895996, "path to final outcomes. Developers generally described a positive experience with the MF process, and there is some evidence of increases in developer knowledge and examples of engagement with nontraditional partners, such as community groups.\nSevera"]
[4.677182674407959, 17.512807846069336, "ject] to another project.\u201d Additionally, interviewees noted that relative to the traditional LIHTC application process, MF allowed \u201ca little bit more time to do a more intentional project and really flesh out . . . [the more extensive] partnerships.\u201d"]
[4.65924072265625, 17.541109085083008, "lar was able to include geothermal heating and cooling. The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for the Posterity Heights Scholar House is a clear example of an outcome that followed directly from the aggressive project"]
[4.663564682006836, 17.524423599243164, "ncluded this development in this tally. Water conservation: QAP points are awarded based solely on the inclusion of low/dual-flush toilets, whereas four of the five MF developments included in the tally above have multiple additional water-saving fea"]
[4.6668829917907715, 17.523143768310547, "is investment (to the MF residents) relative to the overall fewer units that may be possible to produce in the state of Indiana with limited LIHTC funding, which would impact non-MF households in terms of the affordable housing supply in the state ov"]
[4.676495552062988, 17.51188850402832, "ons in some cases. For example, one of the MF 1.0 teams engaged with BlueIndy, IndyGo, and Uber to explore options for providing \u201cintegrated housing development with transportation\u201d (ESN, 2016a). According to the developer, MF was their first signifi"]
[4.691020488739014, 17.495771408081055, "ee mobility scores, and one scoring worse in all three. The two MF 3.0 projects both lack transit scores; on the other two scores, one is slightly better than the comparable properties while one is slightly worse. Therefore, as a group, the six MF pr"]
[4.67933464050293, 17.509855270385742, " electricity generated will not directly offset utility costs because the project is not net metered. Increased awareness of these issues up-front, including more explicit discussion of barriers and challenges to solar integration during the workshop"]
[4.7087860107421875, 17.47863006591797, "ects remain susceptible to changes in the political environment (e.g., a changed tax incentive value mid-project).\nMoving Forward developments were found to cost more than comparable developments by as little as 12 percent and as much as 100 percent "]
[4.690427780151367, 17.497718811035156, "esentations on new or emerging technologies from external experts (ESN, 2018).\nFor one development team, the workshop provided a lot of big ideas, which they worked to incorporate and which took substantial effort to scope and design. However, in the"]
[4.686609745025635, 17.50185775756836, "uding from IHCDA, for post-workshop support. ESN used the VISTA program to supplement support (e.g., through regular meetings with developers), but VISTA member capabilities were limited. On the other hand, ESN was able to conduct extensive follow-up"]
[4.686168670654297, 17.502737045288086, "ly helpful. But at the end of the day, when you\u2019re really getting ready to implement it and you\u2019re constrained by budget and space, I don\u2019t know how helpful it is to think outside the box, because I don\u2019t think there was anything in that workshop tha"]
[4.624940395355225, 17.5225772857666, "lopers expressed a relative lack of previous substantial experience with incorporating transportation and mobility options into their planning and design processes.\n 51\nfuture LIHTC projects. On balance, however, the developers as a group have likely"]
[4.48677921295166, 17.577434539794922, "nd. Electricity bills range from $20\u2013$39 up to $140 or more. Of the seven respondents who answered the question about how their electricity bill compares to their previous residence (and who paid their bill separately at both residences), one reporte"]
[4.6834893226623535, 17.502561569213867, " through our evaluation. For instance, Is MF achieving reductions in total housing costs on a life-cycle basis for residents, while still producing as many or more units as non-MF projects? Are the total benefits of MF larger than total program costs"]
[4.68090295791626, 17.507938385009766, "the traditional approach to tax credit\u2013based affordable housing planning under IHCDA by encouraging developer teams to form first, then identify a potential project and carry out the design. We do not have enough evidence to definitively say this app"]
[4.690602779388428, 17.500324249267578, "ansportation space.\nRevisiting the Workshop Structure and Goals\nThe workshop has been the central element of MF in its first five years. We found positive and negative aspects of the workshop, and we recommend taking the time to reflect on the worksh"]
[4.679737567901611, 17.506332397460938, "rom earlier MF phases to inform subsequent phases. This could also be a unique opportunity for developer competitors to share lessons learned with peers and to avoid roadblocks experienced\u2014and leverage opportunities identified\u2014in ongoing or even earl"]
[4.684525489807129, 17.504066467285156, "nefit from establishing standard metrics and information that developers would report, along with a reporting schedule. That process would allow ESN to have up-to-date information on process status and more effectively track how designs change over t"]
[4.681636810302734, 17.506059646606445, "e that the added cost of engaging expertise to support innovative design may not be financially feasible or may require cost trade-offs.\nRecognize that knowledge of and access to cutting-edge technology is necessary but not sufficient for real-world "]
[4.691050052642822, 17.494892120361328, "redit\u2013incentivized housing process was a goal, but the program has not been used this way formally. MF could be explicitly structured as a way to test out technologies, EE designs, financing options, or specific transit-oriented demand approaches, wh"]
[4.70234489440918, 17.484376907348633, " to draw more precise conclusions about how MF improves outcomes for residents. It would also allow ESN to be able to explain to others the specific mechanics of the program: what resources are necessary and at what levels, what the most effective wo"]
[4.615447521209717, 17.589025497436523, "building commissioning\nPermanent affordable and workforce housing\nSOURCE: ESN, 2015b.\na IAQ is indoor air quality.\nb VOC is volatile organic compound. c CO2 is carbon dioxide.\nd ppm is parts per million.\nStretch Goals\nMeet Living Building Challenge 3"]
[4.632706642150879, 17.545106887817383, " Workshop\n  Minimum Goals\nPersonal vehicles minimized (no more than one car for each person)\nViable transportation alternatives accepted by residents (reduce personal vehicle demand)\nParadigm change of residents\nVoice of customer in design phase\nSOUR"]
[4.6504645347595215, 17.537744522094727, "ding solar in 2021\n\u2022 Unit-level metering\n\u2022 Planned on-site electric vehicle charging infrastructure for residents and car- share vehicles\na \u2022\nvehiclesc \u2022 Site selection made for access to\nmultiple transit lines\n           MF Phase 2.0: Energy Efficie"]
[4.625082969665527, 17.587425231933594, "visitors\n\u2022 On-site car share\n\u2022 Car-sharing will be provided by Sway Mobility\n\u2022 Bikeshare partnership currently in development\n\u2022 Transit access\n\u2022 Car-sharing will be\nprovided by Sway\nMobility\n\u2022 Transit access\n\u2022 ILFIf Petal certification\n\u2022 On-site rain"]
[4.631123065948486, 17.576099395751953, "; local redevelopment plan; federally assisted revitalization award; off-site amenity and facility improvement within 0.25 mile of site; tax credit per unit; tax credit per bedroom; and internet access.\nb Subcategories include smart use training on-s"]
[4.649679660797119, 17.522138595581055, "s across each of the relevant five geographic locations.2\n Table B.1. Moving Forward and Comparable Project Information\n      ID #\nMF1.1\n1 2 3\nMF2.1\n6 7\nMF2.2\nProperty Name\nB-Line Heights\nCrawford Apartments II Kinser Flats\nSouthern Knoll\nH38 East\nCh"]
[4.6217427253723145, 17.5634822845459, "ercent (MF 1.1), 14 percent (MF 1.2), 12 percent (MF 2.1), and 100 percent (MF 3.2) more expensive to build than their average comp costs. As a ballpark figure, BWI indicated during our interview that development of the Posterity Scholar House was \u201c1"]
[4.613465309143066, 17.576740264892578, "ved finalized cost approximations from Pedcor and BWI. Other cost approximations are still pending for other Moving Forward projects.\na Cost estimates early in the project that incorporated Net Zero designs were in the region of $11.6 million. b Squa"]
[4.616887092590332, 17.591476440429688, "category. So, among the 81 percent of developers that sought points for some type of building certification, the average score obtained was 83 percent of the maximum score possible in that category.\nThe categories and subcategories listed correlate w"]
[4.615346431732178, 17.58627700805664, "0.050 0.055\n0.060\n2005 Indiana Residential Code\n2020 2018 Indiana International\nResidential Residential Code Code\n            SOURCE: Indiana Administrative Code, Article 14, One- and Two-Family Dwelling Code; Indiana Residential Code 2005 Edition Ti"]
[4.6428422927856445, 17.547903060913086, "Forward Developments\n      ID #\nMF1.1\nMF1.2 MF2.1 MF2.2\nRoof Insulation\nProperty Name R-Value\nB-Line Heights R-24\nPosterity Heights N/A H38 East\nThe Union R-30\nBroadway Lofts\nHarbor Square R-54\nExterior Wall R-Value\nN/A\nN/A\nR-21 for fiber cement sidi"]
[4.624893665313721, 17.57326316833496, "ospheric conditions, and allows for an apples-to-apples comparison between buildings. These differences are emphasized when comparing buildings in different climate zones or in different years within the same climate zone. There is no obvious differe"]
[4.671517372131348, 17.49981117248535, " of gas and electricity, whereby a simple unit conversion can be made to adjust common gas units of cubic feet or British thermal units (BTU) to kWh. These calculations could be used, for example, to determine cost savings as well as cost-effectivene"]
[4.646358966827393, 17.494171142578125, "o MF-specific goals and outcomes from the program theory of change, including more detailed questions on energy, transportation, and comfort outcomes. The first survey (administered on lease signing) should focus extensively on the resident\u2019s previou"]
[4.234808921813965, 17.46767807006836, "s that you consider yourself to be. a. White\nb. Black or African American\nc. American Indian or Alaska Native d. Asian\ne. Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander f. Other\n6. Thinking about all of your sources of income, which category best describes the "]
[4.469000816345215, 17.5085506439209, "evious home for the same month(s)?\na. I pay more in my current home\nb. I pay the same in my current home\nc. I pay less in my current home\nd. I did not get a separate electricity bill at my previous residence\n19. How does the comfort of your current h"]
[4.47794246673584, 17.676345825195312, "e, or gotten worse since moving to your current home?\na. Health care b. Child care c. Groceries d. Restaurants e. Recreation f. Libraries\ng. Entertainment\nh. Other city/county services\n30. Which are the top three services that are most important to y"]
[4.505398273468018, 17.68134307861328, "fordability Index FAQ,\u201d webpage, undated b. As of December 23, 2020:\nhttps://htaindex.cnt.org/faq/\nCNT\u2014See Center for Neighborhood Technology.\nDOE\u2014See U.S. Department of Energy.\nDolin, Marissa, HUD PD&R Housing Market Profiles, Indianapolis-Carmel-An"]
[4.5321245193481445, 17.61898422241211, " Innovation Workshop: Final Report Prepared for IHCDA,\u201d February 2016a.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cMoving Forward 2.0 Final Report: Executive Summary,\u201d Indianapolis, December 2016b. As of December 30, 2020: https://www.in.gov/ihcda/files/Moving%20Forward%202_0%20-%20Exec"]
[4.225639343261719, 17.77215576171875, "y,\u201d PD&R Edge, Office of Policy Development and Research, Washington, D.C., August 14, 2017. As of May 6, 2021: https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-featd-article-081417.html#:~:text=Home %20%3E%20Featured%20Article-,Defining%20Housing%20A"]
[4.4174885749816895, 17.968097686767578, " Herna\u0301ndez, and Arline T. Geronimus, \u201cEnergy Efficiency as Energy Justice: Addressing Racial Inequities through Investments in People and Places,\u201d Energy Efficiency, Vol. 13, 2019, pp. 1\u201314.\nLyons, Craig, \u201cHUD Approves Demolition of Contaminated Wes"]
[3.574218988418579, 17.243192672729492, "n Wilson, Who Can Afford to Live in a Home? A Look at Data from the 2006 American Community Survey, U.S. Census Bureau, 2008. As of May 6, 2021: https://www.census.gov/housing/census/publications/who-can-afford.pdf\nState of Indiana, \u201c2016\u20132017 Qualif"]
[4.4098992347717285, 17.91488265991211, "mer Expenditure Survey: Interview Survey and Detailed Expenditure Files,\u201d data file, 2009\u20132017. As of January 19, 2021: https://www.bls.gov/cex/pumd_data.htm\nU.S. Department of Transportation, \u201cHousing and Transportation Affordability,\u201d webpage, Augu"]
[15.821538925170898, 9.922143936157227, "Examining Implementation of the Los Angeles County Office of Diversion and Reentry Supportive Housing Program\nSTEPHANIE BROOKS HOLLIDAY, ALEX R. DOPP, MALLIKA BHANDARKAR, SARAH B. HUNTER\nSponsored by The Rose Hills Foundation\n  CORPORATION\nFor more i"]
[12.658249855041504, 13.56769847869873, "cipant interviews to describe how the program is implemented, identify its key facilitators and challenges, and illustrate participant experiences. This report will be relevant to entities interested in alternatives to incarceration and permanent sup"]
[15.791023254394531, 9.895879745483398, "............................................................... 13\n3. ODR Housing Program Description ......................................................................................... 14 Program Overview......................................."]
[15.80529499053955, 10.261713981628418, "............................................................... 43 Enrollment .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Interim Housing..........."]
[15.83989429473877, 9.929564476013184, "........... 15 Figure 6.1. Demographic Characteristics of People Experiencing Homelessness and\nIncarceration in Los Angeles County ................................................................................... 56\nTables\nTable 1.1. Summary of Fin"]
[15.781147956848145, 9.892702102661133, "(2) describe program facilitators and challenges as expressed by program administrators and key service providers; and (3) obtain participant perspectives. We attended service-provider meetings and interviewed program administrators (n = 8), key serv"]
[15.762896537780762, 9.84095573425293, "s an issue. Although the program was designed to link clients to the DMH Full Service Partnership (FSP) program for ongoing mental health services support, there have not always been enough slots available for the number of ODR clients in need. ODR d"]
[15.791869163513184, 9.881479263305664, "aff training opportunities. This will ensure that staff from all organizations, including interim housing sites, are prepared to serve clients who have significant clinical needs.\n\uf0b7 Expand ODR\u2019s focus on equity in program implementation and outcomes."]
[15.816283226013184, 9.922468185424805, " County)\nPSH permanent supportive housing\nRHO Returning Home-Ohio\nSAPC Substance Abuse Prevention and Control (Los Angeles County)\n xi\n1. Introduction\nIn 2015, the Office of Diversion and Reentry (ODR) was established in Los Angeles County. Housed wi"]
[15.824612617492676, 10.256356239318848, "h shows that these programs can increase housing stability and reduce the use of crisis care (Aubry et al., 2020; Gilmer, Manning, and Ettner, 2009; National Academies of Sciences,\n1 Number of individuals diverted as of October 2020 (Health Services,"]
[15.827156066894531, 10.248702049255371, "(Aidala et al., 2013; Thomas et al., 2020).\nOther program models feature elements similar to the FUSE model, such as combining PSH with mental health treatment. The Corporation for Supportive Housing Returning Home\n2 Note that we also include a preli"]
[15.81988525390625, 10.200228691101074, "or example, in the first eight months of the D.C. FUSE program, 110 individuals were identified as potential participants; of those, 51 met with the program\u2019s transition coordinator, and only 14 were enrolled in the program (Fontaine, Gilchrist-Scott"]
[15.890222549438477, 10.263660430908203, "duction) than a matched\nin permanent housing at one year and 86% at\nrespectively.\nwere 21 times more likely to be arrested in the\nfollow-up period.\nA preliminary-outcomes study found that 10 of\nSingle-group\nPSH; assertive community\ntreatment\nincarcer"]
[15.867408752441406, 10.234906196594238, "es and\nwho were conditionally\n2.76 times more likely to commit a new offense\nagainst another person than those released to\nsignificantly different. RHO clients were 40%\nbehavioral health services\ncurrent risk of homelessness\n(Fontaine et al., 2012; F"]
[15.796235084533691, 10.249029159545898, "experimental study of the New York/New York program (CUSC Institute, 2019) found that the subset of participants who had a history of justice-system involvement experienced significant decreases in days spent in prison or jail (Culhane, Metraux, and "]
[15.798041343688965, 10.170531272888184, "lly significant reductions (Somers et al., 2013). These findings are similar to those of a study of a Housing First program in Australia, which also found that clients in scattered-site housing experienced a decrease in the mean number of justice-sys"]
[15.85534954071045, 10.024435997009277, "ame unstable during the intervention (Kerman et al., 2018). By contrast, those who obtained housing later in the program then experienced a decrease in prison time. A study of New York/New York III, which focused on individuals with substance use dis"]
[15.777671813964844, 9.906704902648926, "the Los Angeles County ODR Housing Program by doing the following: (1) describe the program\u2019s implementation, including the ways that participants are identified and enrolled, the services that are offered, and the resources that are needed to operat"]
[15.78830337524414, 9.904006004333496, "ce after March 2020. Given that most data collection took place pre-COVID-19, our description of the program and its operation focuses on that time frame. However, the program has continued to evolve in response to COVID-19, and to the extent possibl"]
[15.78499984741211, 9.940325736999512, "artner-organization settings), and (5) the process of implementation. The codebook was developed and refined by three members of the research team, using a combination of deductive and inductive coding. We deductively sought codes that fit within the"]
[15.7922945022583, 9.900128364562988, "ews conducted by the master\u2019s level researcher. Our protocol was reviewed and approved by the RAND Institutional Review Board. All client responses were kept confidential. It was made clear during the consent process that there was no expectation tha"]
[15.763254165649414, 9.856111526489258, " services agencies under contract with ODR. They also receive mental health services, typically provided in partnership with the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health (DMH) Full-Service Partnership (FSP) program. Individuals directly enter i"]
[15.701678276062012, 9.691617965698242, "an individual\u2019s legal history to determine whether there are factors that might bar them from candidacy (i.e., a judge is unlikely to view certain serious charges, such as murder or rape, as acceptable for diversion). If initial clinical and legal re"]
[15.79030704498291, 9.875635147094727, "h the client to prepare their medications for release (e.g., shifting to a long-acting injectable medication). ODR also assigns an ICMS provider, who typically arranges to meet the client in jail, completes an intake assessment, and then requests pla"]
[15.790380477905273, 9.895278930664062, "l Health, undated). However, there are a limited number of FSP slots, which means that, at times, no slots are available, especially in certain geographic areas. Given the clinical vulnerability of clients during their initial weeks in the program, O"]
[15.807328224182129, 9.90569019317627, "m housing. ICMS case managers support clients\u2019 ability to attend their ongoing probation meetings. ODR clinical staff complete and submit FSP referrals to DMH on the client\u2019s behalf. In addition, when clients are released from jail, they typically ha"]
[15.784178733825684, 9.880403518676758, "recommendation, input from interim housing providers, FSP providers, and legal stakeholders is a key consideration. ODR clinical staff review each recommended client. If a client is not approved, a plan is put into place to address the reasons the pe"]
[15.78664493560791, 9.881095886230469, " work independently with their case managers to identify units; in this case, Brilliant Corners begins their involvement when the lease is signed. The lease is a standard renter\u2019s lease.\nOn behalf of ODR, Brilliant Corners pays rent for ODR participa"]
[15.789582252502441, 9.890217781066895, ", it might be their permanent housing setting.\nResidential Care Facility\nSome ODR Housing clients have significant clinical needs that require a higher level of care. For these clients, PSH may be in the form of a licensed residential care facility, "]
[15.773087501525879, 9.873130798339844, "to clear the warrant and are sometimes successful but that other times the client returns to custody. Clients may also be rearrested on new charges and return to custody.\nIn the case of a bench warrant or rearrest for a less serious charge, ODR will "]
[15.784149169921875, 9.889479637145996, "s the program, staff members described the development of policies and practices as collaborative, with ODR willing to consider input from those directly serving clients. Second, there are regular meetings that provide an opportunity for interagency "]
[15.786283493041992, 9.904160499572754, "al services, which can be difficult to achieve with such a high-need and chronically underserved client population. Indeed, the suggestion that supportive housing programs should be expected to produce cost savings has been rejected on ethical ground"]
[15.879589080810547, 10.023221015930176, "he Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors in November 2021 provided the treatment and housing cost- estimates for interim housing (Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, 2020a). These estimates exceed the supportive housing costs typicall"]
[15.776077270507812, 9.885622024536133, "ability hearing\nSuitability hearing\nCounty court\nPer hearing\nCourt holds hearings to make assignments\nPublic Defender/Legal Aid\nConditional release, interim housing, jail release,\nPSH placement\ninterim housing\nmonthly rate paid by ODR\nclients to achi"]
[15.783600807189941, 9.899744987487793, "onse to provider input, client needs, and the expansion to other court hubs in Los Angeles County. The program also changed in certain ways as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the majority of our data collection with staff took place befor"]
[15.774247169494629, 9.88880443572998, "tive housing. In the next chapter, we examine provider perspectives on the implementation of ODR Housing.\n31\n4. Provider Perspectives\nTo explore the factors that facilitated the implementation of ODR Housing, as well as challenges to implementation, "]
[15.779413223266602, 9.897706985473633, "do more to promote clients\u2019 integration and functioning in the community, such as assisting with vocational opportunities and prosocial network-building.\n 32\nOther challenges related to the ODR Housing Program model were identified as well. One area "]
[15.780107498168945, 9.896767616271973, "out \u2018Are we keeping you housed?\u2019 because that\u2019s what [we do], but \u2018Are you really able to thrive?\u2019\u201d (SH provider)\n\u201cWe have been operating for several years with a kinda one-size-fits-all housing. . . . We have clients who are in interim housing for q"]
[15.781784057617188, 9.895562171936035, "using is having staff that\u2019s trained and equipped to deal with the client base . . . so working on de-escalation tactics, and understanding mental health on a deeper level.\u201d\n(ICMS provider)\n  NOTE: SH = supportive housing (interim or permanent). Inne"]
[15.789652824401855, 9.889089584350586, "k that is a lasting\neffect. . . . You need to teach how to fish, and [to do that], you don\u2019t need to give people the fish, you got to let them make mistakes.\u201d (ICMS provider)\n  NOTE: SH = supportive housing (interim or permanent). Outer Setting\nFor p"]
[15.802034378051758, 9.889162063598633, "s mental health services were described as not having enough capacity to take on clients. On the other hand, staff reported that Los Angeles County offers access to a robust social safety-net system for clients (e.g., Social Security, Medi-Cal, Count"]
[15.790575981140137, 9.882877349853516, " in LA county?\u201d (SH provider)\n\u201cThe ones that can\u2019t make it through the program are probably our most severe cases. They need a higher level of care\u2014that\u2019s either drug rehab or something like that. It\u2019s mostly drugs. Sometimes a mental health issue. ."]
[15.789972305297852, 9.898683547973633, "lates to where they are with their mental health.\u201d (ICMS provider)\n\u201cIt\u2019s hard to provide just case management, be asked to do clinical stuff, then have to tell the FSP you have to do x and y\u2014they don\u2019t like to be told what to do. There are a lot of c"]
[15.778307914733887, 9.889872550964355, "relationships with local communities in advance of opening new housing options.\nMore generally, interviewees described how ODR Housing has rapidly grown as a program in the past few years. Overall, this was described as a facilitator and indeed a wel"]
[15.722622871398926, 9.836636543273926, "roject-based housing [is needed] . . . housing that has all services onsite so it\u2019s not a fractured treatment team.\u201d (ODR staff)\nWe also have coming online our own Board and Care. . . . We\u2019ve worked for a year on getting this up and running\u2014that\u2019s th"]
[15.779226303100586, 9.889771461486816, "he program based on feedback from providers and the needs of the clients.\nHowever, there have also been certain challenges to implementing ODR Housing. Though partnerships are a key element of the program, we learned that coordinating across so many "]
[15.7797269821167, 9.891136169433594, "set of the pandemic, however, do not have a frame of reference for the \u201ctypical\u201d operation of the program, which means some of their impressions of the program and its services were likely shaped by the pandemic in ways they may not have even known o"]
[15.777286529541016, 9.891776084899902, " facilities and assistance applying for jobs and completing benefits paperwork.\n\uf0b7 Challenges included problematic behavior by other residents and the need for additional staff support.\n\uf0b7 Clients in interim housing were largely aware of the steps need"]
[15.775132179260254, 9.898565292358398, "nd those clients were sent to isolate in a separate location before being placed in their designated interim housing sites.\nInterim Housing\nWhen asked about the most helpful services received in interim housing, participant responses included the ava"]
[15.782004356384277, 9.896255493164062, "nced a need to complete a checklist provided by ODR before looking for permanent housing:\nThey have a list, a checklist, to make sure we have our ID, make sure we have our social security, they make sure we have our income-verification form, and they"]
[15.804926872253418, 9.911075592041016, "or and therapist appointments, and on other errands. They also assisted clients in\n46\nfinding jobs. Overall, the clients in permanent housing were extremely happy with the program, and many made some version of the comment, \u201cODR saved my life.\u201d\nBehav"]
[15.815681457519531, 9.876516342163086, " helpful to stay inside rather than be outside and getting triggered to use.\nOther clients reported appreciating that they had a reason not to leave their apartments or not to have to travel to their ICMS provider\u2019s office, now that services were pro"]
[15.787854194641113, 9.889347076416016, "you get jobs, help you get assistance. It\u2019s been a good program for people that want to straighten their lives up and get back on track.\n48\nSummary\nThese interviews provided important insights into client experiences in ODR Housing, including those e"]
[15.788330078125, 9.863637924194336, "ers can prove challenging.\nThe ODR Housing Program provides wraparound services, including long-term housing subsidies, intensive case management, mental health services, and time-limited community supervision. These services are provided by differen"]
[15.78981876373291, 9.833003044128418, "is challenge and of the need for continuity of mental health services immediately upon release from jail, ODR\nhas filled this gap by funding bridge mental health providers through the ICMS agencies, even though this comes at greater cost to the progr"]
[15.765096664428711, 9.89118480682373, " Watkins et al., 2017). However, this has yet to become a widespread practice, and more resources are needed to support further integration of care for multiple co-occurring conditions that many participants experience.\nODR Housing serves clients wit"]
[15.789776802062988, 9.894445419311523, "ir case managers or mental health providers, the clients we spoke with were largely satisfied with the services they received. Clients who had been in the program longer seemed to be more aware of the range of services available to them, which sugges"]
[15.78833293914795, 9.880377769470215, "pandemic, when organizations were focused on adapting to the emergency situation.\nRegarding client interviews, we relied on program staff to advertise the opportunity for clients to participate in our data collection, so it is possible that the recru"]
[15.793646812438965, 9.877666473388672, "o staff members who do not have formal clinical training, such as staff of interim housing sites. As the program establishes additional interim housing sites, standardized staff training opportunities may help to ensure high quality services across t"]
[15.92040729522705, 10.3455810546875, "plore process measures, including early attrition rates.\nEarly reports on the program\u2019s outcomes evaluated only housing stability and new felony convictions among clients who had reached the PSH phase of the program (Hunter and Scherling, 2019). It a"]
[15.787015914916992, 10.248459815979004, " terms were identified to capture these concepts, depending on the database. Wildcard characters were used to expand search terms (e.g., \u201cincarcerat*\u201d to capture both \u201cincarcerated\u201d and \u201cincarceration\u201d). Results were limited to English-language artic"]
[15.770379066467285, 10.274992942810059, ",\nand Collins, 2013\nPre/post with\nmatched control\ngroup\ncommunity-based or site-based service support, or congregate-\ndiagnosis and a recent history of homelessness, either in shelters or\nSingle-group\nPermanent housing subsidies,\nVeterans experiencin"]
[15.79720687866211, 10.283621788024902, "mary care services,\nN = 1,937\neither onsite or by referral.\nlong-term housing placement with case management for and assistance with income.\nwith a disability that limits their ability\n Target Population\nVeterans enrolled in a supported\nLos Angeles, "]
[15.753159523010254, 10.27570915222168, "02\nhomelessness with behavioral\n62\n Various, Canada,\nUSA USA\n   supportive housing in California Permanent\nHenwood, Katz, and Hickert and Taylor, Gilmer, 2015\n2011\nMentally Ill Offender Crime-Reduction\nEmergency Service\nSeattle Downtown\nCenter housin"]
[15.80150318145752, 9.902837753295898, "Design\nKey Services\nand Sample Size\nGeographic Area\nProgram\ncontrolled trial\nvouchers, and placement\ntreatment providers.\nprogram. N = 1,160\nand peer supporter) or\nillness diagnosis. N = 2,255\nRandomized\nScattered-site units with Assertive\ntreatment-"]
[15.776611328125, 9.898272514343262, "s receive while in interim housing?\n5) Tell me about the process of an individual getting permanent housing.\na. What is the wait-list process like?\nb. Are there milestones that clients have to achieve to enter housing?\n 65\nc. Are there different requ"]
[15.77150821685791, 9.886140823364258, "th clients? How does this relate to service eligibility? (Potential probes: Housing readiness, substance use/mental health, physical health)\nCase Management Providers\n14) What type of screening or assessment(s) do you do with ODR Housing clients? (Po"]
[15.7727632522583, 9.893818855285645, "g; other resources)\n28) What are the major resources that you and your agency need to deliver the program?\na. We would like to set up a separate meeting to discuss how we can track program costs and potential savings. Who from your agency should be i"]
[15.745031356811523, 9.880810737609863, "\n[If additional clarification is needed: The case management providers may have a number of roles in your care, including linking you to services, helping to prepare you for the move to permanent housing, and overseeing your psychiatric medication.]\n"]
[15.792531967163086, 9.935014724731445, "mination or unfair treatment since being in the program? This could include unfair treatment from any source, including providers, landlords, or neighbors, or based on any characteristic (age, race, gender, mental health status, criminal justice stat"]
[15.780879020690918, 10.25522518157959, "/12/Report_FUFBooklet.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Returning Home: Ending the Cycle of Homelessness and Criminal Justice Involvement Through Supportive Housing, New York, N.Y.: Corporation for Supportive Housing, 2011. As of February 9, 2021: https://d155kunxf1aozz.clou"]
[15.786088943481445, 10.233369827270508, "of February 8, 2021: https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/25716/412632-Supportive-Housing-for -Returning-Prisoners-Outcomes-and-Impacts-of-the-Returning-Home-Ohio-Pilot-Project.PDF\n73\nFontaine, Jocelyn, Carey Anne Nadeau, Caterina Ro"]
[15.764607429504395, 10.262218475341797, "15, pp. 80\u201387.\nHickert, Audrey O., and Mary Jane Taylor, \u201cSupportive Housing for Addicted, Incarcerated Homeless Adults,\u201d Journal of Social Service Research, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2011, pp. 136\u2013151.\nHilton Foundation, \u201cJust in Reach and Pay for Success Fac"]
[15.747450828552246, 10.23798942565918, "odd P. Gilmer, \u201cImplementation and Outcomes of Forensic Housing First Programs,\u201d Community Mental Health Journal, Vol. 52, No. 1, 2016, pp. 46\u201355.\nLarimer, Mary E., Daniel K. Malone, Michelle D. Garner, David C. Atkins, Bonnie Burlingham, Heather S. "]
[15.738901138305664, 10.238287925720215, "ahsa.org/documents?id=4558-2020-greater-los-angeles-homeless-count -presentation\nMalone, Daniel K., \u201cAssessing Criminal History as a Predictor of Future Housing Success for Homeless Adults with Behavioral Health Disorders,\u201d Psychiatric Services, Vol."]
[15.737894058227539, 10.258797645568848, "L. Streiner, Helen-Maria Vasiliadis, Paula N. Goering, and At Home/ Chez Soi Investigators, \u201cEffect of Scattered-Site Housing Using Rent Supplements and Intensive Case Management on Housing Stability Among Homeless Adults with Mental Illness: A Rando"]
[15.717728614807129, 10.259106636047363, "h Services Research, Vol. 48, 2021, pp. 707\u2013717.\nWatkins, Katherine E., Allison J. Ober, Karen Lamp, Mimi Lind, Claude Setodji, Karen Chan Osilla, Sarah B. Hunter, Colleen M. McCullough, Kirsten Becker, and Praise O. Iyiewuare, \u201cCollaborative Care fo"]
[21.622390747070312, 15.325672149658203, "   Research Report\nSHAMENA ANWAR, PATRICK BAYER, RANDI HJALMARSSON, MATTHEW L. MIZEL\nRacial Disparities\nin Misdemeanor Speeding Convictions\nCORPORATION\n Racial Disparities in Misdemeanor Speeding Convictions\nFor more information on this publication, "]
[21.616302490234375, 15.33010196685791, "re are racial disparities in who benefits from this discretion and why these racial disparities might exist.\nJustice Policy Program\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health an"]
[21.612979888916016, 15.335387229919434, " court stages. Because of the relatively small numbers of individuals in other racial groups, our analysis focused on disparities between Black and White motorists.\nFindings on Racial Disparities in Misdemeanor Speeding Convictions Overall Racial Dis"]
[21.616975784301758, 15.330495834350586, "ney present significantly lowered the likelihood that a motorist was convicted of a misde- meanor, but in Virginia, attorneys are not provided by the court for these violations and must be retained at the motorist\u2019s expense.\nAbout one-fifth of the ra"]
[21.617624282836914, 15.330737113952637, ". 29 Regression Analysis at the Law Enforcement Stage .................................................................. 32 Regression Analysis and Oaxaca-Blinder Decompositions at the Court Stage................................... 36\nCHAPTER SIX\nCon"]
[21.61552619934082, 15.330114364624023, "ts Cited by Officers Who Did Not Discount Speeds ............................................ 48\nTables\n2.1. Summary Statistics for the Main Analysis Sample......................................................... 9 3.1. How Court Pathways Differ Acr"]
[21.619163513183594, 15.327589988708496, ". For instance, although Black individuals made up 13 percent of the U.S. population in 2015, they made up 27 percent of misdemeanor arrests (Natapoff, 2018). Mayson and Stevenson (2020) analyzed misdemeanor case filings in multiple jurisdictions and"]
[21.621307373046875, 15.32589054107666, "g record, and can result in increased penalties for any future criminal conviction.\nFor several reasons, studying misdemeanor speeding violations presents a unique opportunity to under- stand both the overall disparities present in a misdemeanor offe"]
[21.620819091796875, 15.32631778717041, "eive a charge reduction by the officer are generally required to go to court to adjudicate the charge, whereby the judge or prosecutor can reduce the charge to a simple traffic infraction. This allowance for discretion brings up a natural question: A"]
[21.616071701049805, 15.332334518432617, "legally relevant reason that some of these controls are being taken into account. The models used for analysis here are directly informed by our process-mapping results. Because of the relatively small numbers of individuals in other racial groups, o"]
[21.619327545166016, 15.32741641998291, "st, in our study, the benefits that motorists received from getting their speeds or charges dis- counted were quite different from the benefits noted in the earlier studies. In previously studied settings, only a higher fine (rather than a more serio"]
[21.617826461791992, 15.329379081726074, " amend charges.\n 4\nCHAPTER TWO\nData and Analysis Sample\nData Sources, Cleaning, and Variable Construction\nCollecting data on speeding violations in Virginia requires obtaining data from the district courts. Virginia is composed of 95 counties and 38 "]
[21.617874145507812, 15.329553604125977, "nts per county used in our analysis (Virginia Demographics, undated). These counties, however, are geographically dispersed through much of Virginia.\n1 Most counties had either no data or incomplete data for 2006. Only two of the counties (Shenandoah"]
[21.617908477783203, 15.328804969787598, "ar, and thus driver age is unknown in our sample); city, state, and zip code of residence; and the county in which the alleged violation took place. We used the motorist\u2019s address to code whether they were an out-of-state driver.\nAlthough the data do"]
[21.62326431274414, 15.324440956115723, "a felony are eventually convicted of a misdemeanor in those courts; the\n7\nRacial Disparities in Misdemeanor Speeding Convictions\n courts also handle probation violations. Our criminal history measure is thus a combination of whether the individual ha"]
[21.618179321289062, 15.330110549926758, "arrested drivers were Virginia residents, and Virginia law enforcement officers are likely to mainly receive alerts from in-state incidents. Because we wanted to focus only on incidents in which the speeding violation was likely the only offense bein"]
[21.61661720275879, 15.332019805908203, "ack individuals. Almost 60 percent of these drivers were from out of state, and almost two-thirds of the violations occurred in areas where speed limits were either 65 or 70 mph. Note that we report summary statistics as decimal num- bers (e.g., 0.58"]
[21.616687774658203, 15.331977844238281, "d Brunswick Chesterfield Essex Fluvanna Fredericksburg Halifax\nLouisa Madison Mecklenburg Prince George Rockbridge Shenandoah Southampton Warren\nYork\nObservations\nOverall Black White\n0.650 0.624 0.667 0.287 0.301 0.277 0.063 0.075 0.055\n0.592 0.592 0"]
[21.619279861450195, 15.328657150268555, "0 mph at any speed limit.1 This charge is classified as a first-degree misdemeanor, punishable by up to 12 months in jail. Motorists traveling over the speed limit but under the reckless speeding limits are to be charged simply with speeding, which i"]
[21.621952056884766, 15.325833320617676, " charged with a reckless speeding violation that was\n1 Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission, 2015, p. 133. As noted earlier, in Virginia, this violation is technically listed as reckless driving\u2014speeding, but for simplicity, we refer to it in this"]
[21.613719940185547, 15.33495044708252, "officers in Virginia record only one speed on a citation and do not note whether this speed has been discounted, the easiest way to examine the extent to which discretion is used by law enforcement is to examine the data for the frequency distributio"]
[21.615947723388672, 15.333423614501953, "rivers to be relatively continuous throughout the whole distribution.\nDistribution of Cited Speeds\nIn Figures 3.1\u20133.3, we present three histograms, each presenting the distribution of miles per hour above the misdemeanor cutoff that the motorist was "]
[21.615510940551758, 15.334022521972656, " cutoff is that motorists intentionally drive at a speed just below the cutoff to avoid receiving the harsher penalty. Although there is potential that some of this bunching reflects motorist behavior, we believe, for several reasons, that the majori"]
[21.615554809570312, 15.33322525024414, "14), we can employ the following measure as a proxy for the amount of discounting used:\nNumber of motorists cited at the misdemeanor cutoff\nNumber of motorists cited between the misdemeanor cutoff and 15 mph above the cutoff (inclusive)\n 17\nRacial Di"]
[21.61489486694336, 15.339926719665527, " it is still a useful indication of how the use of discretion by law enforcement varies across groups. The value of this measure (i.e., the number of motorists cited at the misdemeanor cutoff divided by the number of motorists cited between the misde"]
[21.629079818725586, 15.319615364074707, "on, which indicates that offi- cers are discounting charges at a substantial rate. In this section, we consider what factors might influence whether law enforcement officers choose to discount a misdemeanor charge down to an infraction.\nFigure 3.4 ma"]
[21.627418518066406, 15.320905685424805, " in the previous section, law enforce- ment officers in our sample classified 58 percent of these motorists\u2019 cases as infractions. Although these motorists could still go to court to try and further reduce their charges, we considered that discounted"]
[21.622425079345703, 15.325018882751465, "orist prepaid the fine (which means that the officer made the offer and the motorist accepted it). Whether motorists exer- cised the prepayment option depended heavily on the county of the stop: Almost all instances of prepaid mis- demeanor charges o"]
[21.62108039855957, 15.32521915435791, " with upgraded charges had prepaid their tickets, so the data indicate that an upgrade typically happened only if the individual chose to challenge the original infraction citation in court.\n 21\nRacial Disparities in Misdemeanor Speeding Convictions\n"]
[21.622692108154297, 15.324090003967285, " graded or dismissed. Table 3.1 shows the proportion of motorists with a given characteristic who prepaid the ticket, did not attend court, attended court without an attorney, or attended court with an attorney. We estimated the numbers in this table"]
[21.623077392578125, 15.324589729309082, "ve the court outcome (n = 109,183). The table shows the proportion of each group in each court pathway.\nFIGURE 3.6\nPercentage of Motorists Who Attended Court and Had the Misdemeanor Charge Downgraded or Dismissed\n        100\n         90\n         80\n "]
[21.62767791748047, 15.320561408996582, "tion can go to jail and can have their driver\u2019s license suspended by the judge, these two outcomes are relatively rare for motorists convicted of reckless speeding and are likely inflicted only on the very riskiest of drivers (who likely would not ha"]
[21.623188018798828, 15.32542896270752, "xchange (generally, offenses for which fingerprints are collected).\n  25\nRacial Disparities in Misdemeanor Speeding Convictions\n Black applicants than for similar White applicants: A previous audit study by Pager (2008) indicated that the impact of a"]
[21.650859832763672, 15.298351287841797, "ve the charge classified by law enforcement as an infraction, (3) charged with a misdemeanor by law enforcement but have the charge downgraded to an infraction or dismissed by the court, (4) or charged with a misdemeanor by law enforcement and convic"]
[21.64387321472168, 15.30463695526123, "ls whose charge was amended to an infraction by the court, although the amount was still higher than if the motorist had been charged by law enforcement with an infraction. For motorists whose charge was amended to an infraction by the court, the fin"]
[21.633459091186523, 15.315423011779785, "mit, motorists would receive 3 demerit points, and if the charge was amended to speeding between 10 and 19 mph above the speed limit, they would receive 4 demerit points (Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, 2021). The table indicates that there is"]
[21.623458862304688, 15.325494766235352, "isparities in outcomes, which we define as the racial disparities that exist when no other factors are controlled for. As noted in Chapter Three, there are four key outcomes that can occur when an individual is stopped for speeding in the reckless ra"]
[21.6184139251709, 15.330313682556152, "ocess indicates that a much larger percentage of Black motorists than White motorists were forced to go to court to have the charge adjudicated. Furthermore, our discussion in Chapter Four on fines and license points indicates that one of the most pr"]
[21.620941162109375, 15.327892303466797, "ppened at the law enforcement stage ((0.166\u22120.075) / 0.166 = 0.55), and the remaining 45 percent of the disparity occurred at the court stage. Next, we delve into what factors might explain the racial disparities at each of these stages.\n31\nBlack mot"]
[21.617990493774414, 15.329909324645996, "aracteristics. How- ever, this coefficient can also reflect racial differences in relevant characteristics that we are not accounting for in our model. As we discussed in Chapter Three, these relevant variables include the actual speed at which the m"]
[21.61700439453125, 15.332633972167969, "0.151 (0.003)*** 0.077 (0.003)***\n0.354 154,729\n0.055 (0.006)*** 0.055 (0.006)*** 0.053 (0.006)*** 0.054 (0.006)*** 0.029 (0.006)***\n0.178 25,739\n0.069 (0.006)*** 0.075 (0.006)*** 0.074 (0.006)*** 0.074 (0.006)*** 0.057 (0.006)***\n0.307\n26,546\n0.217 "]
[21.619388580322266, 15.329489707946777, "s among that subsample who were either charged with a misdemeanor by law enforcement or cited with a speed at the cutoff (depending on the dependent variable used).\nThe results presented in Panel B of Table 5.1 indicate that driving record and crimin"]
[21.61863899230957, 15.330536842346191, " for the speed limits of 65 or 70 mph are relatively small; this is likely because law enforcement officers rarely used discretion to classify speeds above the cutoff as an infraction at these high speeds. The low use of discretion implies a low oppo"]
[21.616424560546875, 15.331988334655762, " be stopped in areas where all motorists were less likely to be cited for a speed at the cutoff. Unfortunately, we are unable to determine whether there is a race-neutral reason that, in counties in which a larger share of stops were of White motoris"]
[21.61590576171875, 15.332910537719727, "ited motorists are actually driving at the cutoff. To the extent that speed- discounting is responsible for the disparity, researchers would need to determine whether there is a legitimate reason why officers in counties with more White motorists eng"]
[21.617733001708984, 15.331290245056152, "ns (guilty, not guilty, or dismissed). To examine the\n36\nRacial Disparities in Misdemeanor Convictions\n raw racial disparity in misdemeanor convictions at the court stage, and to determine the extent to which this raw disparity can be explained by va"]
[21.615676879882812, 15.334054946899414, "a in which the motorist was cited nor the addition of controls for previous driving violations or non-traffic criminal history seem to affect the central results.\nThe first key result is that, among this sample of individuals charged with a misdemean"]
[21.61139678955078, 15.33758544921875, "paid control\nAdd attendance control\nAdd attorney control\nProportion of White motorists convicted of a misdemeanor\nSample\n0.168 (0.004)*** 0.146 (0.004)*** 0.144 (0.004)*** 0.144 (0.004)*** 0.158 (0.004)*** 0.140 (0.004)*** 0.144 (0.004)*** 0.050 (0.0"]
[21.59583854675293, 15.346027374267578, "p in an outcome variable Y between Black and White individuals (denoted as B and W) can be split apart into two terms (Jann, 2008):\nYB -YW =(XB -XW )\u03b2W +XB (\u03b2B -\u03b2W ). (5.4)\nXB and XW represent the average values of all covariates included in Equation"]
[21.618616104125977, 15.330024719238281, "dicate that court attendance was the largest driver of the racial disparity observed at the court stage. The racial gap in misdemeanor conviction rates would close by 7 percentage points if White\n5 A negative decomposition value attached to a covaria"]
[21.62299346923828, 15.326370239257812, " generally are not provided indigent defense representation because the potential for jail time on these cases is typically waived in advance. Anecdotal evidence suggests that retaining a private attorney for these types of cases can cost about $500,"]
[21.618267059326172, 15.328343391418457, "the most effec- tive intervention. That is, is it mainly important to implement interventions that encourage people to go to court or that get individuals to complete the driver\u2019s clinic? A necessary first step is for the court to record when drivers"]
[21.617206573486328, 15.331491470336914, " played a role here. Overall, we were able to explain a higher percentage of the disparity at the court stage than at the law enforcement stage.\nData Limitations\nAll of our conclusions necessarily focus on racial disparities in misdemeanor speeding c"]
[21.586528778076172, 15.368680953979492, " and send citations to speeding vehicles. These automated enforcement methods, which are common in Europe, are widely considered to reduce speeding- related crashes, fatalities, and injuries (NTSB, 2017; Wilson et al., 2010). Automated methods of enf"]
[21.612346649169922, 15.337882041931152, " these two interventions had on court appearance rates for misdemeanor summons in New York City and found that redesigning the summons form reduced failures to appear by 13 percent, and text message reminders reduced failures to appear by 21 percent."]
[21.61468505859375, 15.335002899169922, "is restriction dropped 33 percent of the observations in areas where the speed limit was 25\u201360 mph.1 The hallmark of officers speed-discounting when issuing cita- tions is that there is bunching right at the misdemeanor cutoff. Thus, to identify the "]
[21.610496520996094, 15.338683128356934, "y fit either group, so we did not use these observations in analyses that compare outcomes for motorists stopped by officers who did and did not discount speeds.3 Figure A.1 shows the distribution of cited speeds in speed limit zones of 25\u201360 mph and"]
[21.610759735107422, 15.338558197021484, "comes of stops by officers who did discount speeds. The fact that such a small subsample of the stops were conducted by officers who did not discount speeds indicates that this comparison is not likely to be too useful, because this small subsample m"]
[21.61129379272461, 15.338227272033691, "were differences in the locations where Black and White motorists were cited that need to be controlled for, Table B.1 does not present straight speed tabulations for each of the four officer and motorist combinations, although the numbers can be int"]
[21.61180877685547, 15.337759971618652, "from the rate that White motorists\u2019 speed was discounted.\ning columns 1 and 3 indicates that speed-discounting increases the proportion of Black motorists who were cited at the cutoff and reduces the proportion who were cited at speeds 1\u20135 mph above "]
[21.596220016479492, 15.35202407836914, "s exploratory because we were able to include only a small (and somewhat nonrepresentative) portion of our full sample. Furthermore, the research design relies on comparing cited speed distributions among officers who did and did not discount speeds;"]
[21.613525390625, 15.332669258117676, " 0.137 0.005 0.025 0.030 0.048\n116,107 276,621\nOverall Black\n0.499 1.000 0.501 0.000 0.739 0.711 0.615 0.721\n0.121 0.085 0.258 0.226 0.621 0.688\n0.047 0.041 0.044 0.032 0.027 0.007 0.181 0.258 0.020 0.020 0.008 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.015 0.011 0.028 0.0"]
[21.61286163330078, 15.332147598266602, "ut Infraction Cited Above Classified as an\nCutoff Cited at the\nLocation\n0.506\n0.029\n0.477\n0.633\n0.181 0.046\n0.452 0.568\n0.570\n0.052\n0.518\n0.788\n0.139\n0.649\n0.861\n0.134\n0.727\n0.339\n0.006\n0.333\n0.529\n0.030\n0.499\n0.745\n0.114\n0.765\n0.215\n0.550\n0.838\n0.35"]
[21.61661148071289, 15.330930709838867, "w of Law and Economics, Vol. 38, June 2014, pp. 11\u201324.\nAnwar, Shamena, and Hanming Fang, \u201cAn Alternative Test of Racial Prejudice in Motor Vehicle Searches: Theory and Evidence,\u201d American Economic Review, Vol. 96, No. 1, March 2006, pp. 127\u2013151.\nBeck"]
[21.61573028564453, 15.330124855041504, "5, 2020. Luh, Elizabeth, \u201cEffects of Disparate Policing on Long-Term Outcomes: Evidence Using Chicago Parking\nTickets,\u201d working paper, March 20, 2020.\nLynn, Cheryl W., Wayne S. Ferguson, Nicholas J. Garber, and Jonathan C. Black, Executive Summary: A"]
[21.615549087524414, 15.329011917114258, ", No. 2, 2021, pp. 1199\u20131253.\nSaez, Emmanuel, \u201cDo Taxpayers Bunch at Kink Points?\u201d American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, Vol. 2, No. 3, August 2010, pp. 180\u2013212.\nSpohn, Cassia C., \u201cThirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neu"]
[13.930392265319824, 4.17198371887207, "ocuses on understanding the sources of racial disparities in the criminal justice system, as well as evaluating criminal justice system reforms. She holds a Ph.D. in economics.\nPatrick Bayer is a professor of economics at Duke University. His researc"]
[-2.9983785152435303, 8.846529006958008, " Research Funding for Women\u2019s Health\nMODELING SOCIETAL IMPACT\nMatthew D. Baird Melanie A. Zaber Annie Chen Andrew W. Dick Chloe E. Bird Molly Waymouth Grace Gahlon Denise D. Quigley Hamad Al-Ibrahim Lori Frank\n     CORPORATION\n A MESSAGE FROM WHAM\n T"]
[-2.997385263442993, 8.848917961120605, "ese data and citing this report.\n WHAM\u2019s LEAD PARTNERS\nWHAM\u2019s sponsorship of this research project was enabled through the generous financial support from the following partners.\nAmerican Heart Association\nThe Association is a relentless force for a "]
[-3.004692554473877, 8.842317581176758, "es, Founder and Former CEO of CAROLEE\nMeryl Comer, Vice Chair and Global Chair Co-Founder, UsAgainstAlzheimers/ WomenAgainstAlzheimers\nChair, Global Alliance on Women\u2019s Brain Health\nAnula Jayasuriya, Vice Chair and Chief Scientific Officer\nFounder an"]
[-2.997828483581543, 8.848138809204102, "chiatry in the Field of Women\u2019s Health, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital\nDr. Wendy Klein, MD, MACP, Former Medical Director, Health Brigade\nDr. JoAnn Manson, DrPH, MD, Michael and\nLee Bell Professor of Women\u2019s Health, Medicine, Harvard Medical School Co-"]
[-3.0366709232330322, 8.80616283416748, "ol of Pharmacy, University of Washington\nHadine Joffe, MD\nVice Chair for Research, Department of Psychiatry, Executive Director, Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women\u2019s Health and Gender Biology, Paula A. Johnson Professor of Psychiatry in the Field"]
[-3.052631378173828, 8.787641525268555, "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1\n  2 RESEARCH FUNDING FOR WOMEN\u2019S HEALTH: MODELING SOCIETAL IMPACT\nNIH portfolio for AD/ADRD, 4.5 percent for CAD, and 7 percent for RA. The impact of a current investment was assumed to occur in ten years, with benefits accruing a"]
[-3.045105218887329, 8.79499340057373, " to help them plan investments that can yield the greatest public health benefits.\nAs part of an initiative of the WHAM nonprofit foundation, RAND Corporation researchers examined the impact of increasing funding for women\u2019s health, beginning with a "]
[-3.059600353240967, 8.781136512756348, "  For late onset AD/ADRD, gender differences in informal caregiv- ers are a prominent part of the differential gender impact, with more women than men serving as informal caregivers. The caregiving burden associated with CAD is not quite as high, and"]
[-3.056011199951172, 8.783793449401855, "ng the Research Investment\nTo construct models of the impact of research investment, we used current levels of funding from the NIH. Certainly, the universe of fund- ing extends beyond the NIH and includes advocacy organizations,\nthe biopharmaceutica"]
[-3.0798137187957764, 8.751686096191406, "f approxi- mately one million adults and simulated the pro- gression of each person\u2019s health in the sample over a 30-year time horizon. For CAD and RA, the focus was on working- age adults age 25 and older. For AD/ADRD, the cohort represents the U.S."]
[-3.061142921447754, 8.779014587402344, "thetical cohort, we chose to base earnings calculations for everyone on the earnings of non-Hispanic white males. This avoids the gender- and race-based labor market discrimination that is inherent in the different (and lower) earnings for women vers"]
[-3.0584068298339844, 8.782618522644043, " and reduced mortality due to disease.\nWe simulated the effects of increasing funding for health research on women in terms of economic outcomes, including the monetary value of patients being able to stay in the labor force longer as a result of dec"]
[-3.060800790786743, 8.775574684143066, "e years with RA, and men have about 9,000 fewer life years with RA.\nIncreased Life Expectancy\nFor AD/ADRD, a 0.01 percent health improvement results in nearly 4,000 additional life years lived, more than 6,000 fewer years with AD/ADRD, and nearly 4,0"]
[-3.088383436203003, 8.747564315795898, "regivers pick up the increased care need instead. Countering this effect is the smaller number of individuals with the disease, which ultimately reduces overall productivity loss for the informal caregivers.\nFor CAD, caregiver productivity drops by a"]
[-3.0817277431488037, 8.752310752868652, "e not changing the onset or severity of the disease, decrease the burden of the disease for a given severity. For these reasons, the QALYs capture a much larger effect, which is represented by approximately 223,000 more life-year equivalents of\na ful"]
[-3.0606484413146973, 8.775239944458008, "50,000 100,000\n50,000 0 \u201350,000\nWomen Men\n      \u20134,514\n34,446\n 223,074\n   \u201324,535\n  \u20133,869\n\u2013732\n Lost productivity (self)\nLost productivity (caregivers)\nQALYs\nNOTE: Figure shows a 0.1 percent health improvement, which is three times larger for women "]
[-3.0582199096679688, 8.781463623046875, "e next-largest driver. The overall reduc- tion in costs was around $10.5 billion over 30 years (in 2017 dollars). About 87 percent of the costs are from female patients, and 13 per- cent are from male patients. Approximately 90 percent of the cost re"]
[-3.05715274810791, 8.782516479492188, " devoted to women\u2019s health relative to general research, according to the specifications used here.\nThe overall societal cost savings from modest investment in wom- en\u2019s health research could be $932 million for AD/ADRD, $1.9 billion for CAD, and $10"]
[-3.0562992095947266, 8.786087989807129, "nal database, but these estimates are larger than some reports in the literature. Smaller estimates still result in large ROIs but change the nature of the health improvements.\n  Policy Implications\nThe results of these analyses suggest several polic"]
[-3.055567502975464, 8.785523414611816, " factors and, given the uncertainty of the future, requires assumptions. Future investment\nin women\u2019s health may result in large gains in condition status with resulting gains in health-related quality of life. The limitations that result from the im"]
[-3.0529115200042725, 8.784869194030762, "y and Systems, Vol. 16, No. 1, February 8, 2018, p. 8.\nCommittee on Family Caregiving for Older Adults, Board on Health Care Services, Health and Medicine Division, \u201cEconomic Impact of Family Caregiving,\u201d in Richard Schulz and Jill Eden, eds., Famili"]
[-3.063270330429077, 8.775230407714844, "ex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease\u2013Related Dementias (AD/ADRD),\u201d August 5, 2020b. As of April 5, 2021: https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/ NOT-AG-20-038.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 \u201cResearch Portfolio Online Reporting"]
[-3.0557665824890137, 8.782732009887695, "Molinuevo, Matthew Norton, and Alireza Atri, \u201cTip\nof the Iceberg: Assessing the Global Socioeconomic Costs\nof Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias and Strategic Implications for Stakeholders,\u201d Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Vol. 70, No. 2, 2019"]
[-3.0548653602600098, 8.782753944396973, "s (RePORTER),\u201d updated November 7, 2020c. As of November 17, 2020: https://projectreporter.nih.gov/reporter.cfm\nNichols, Gregory A., Timothy J. Bell, Kathryn L. Pedula, and Maureen O\u2019Keeffe-Rosetti, \u201cMedical Care Costs Among Patients with Established"]
[-3.054490089416504, 8.78572940826416, "uce, Bryan R., Josephine Mauskopf, Frank A. Sloan, Jan Ostermann, and L. Clark Paramore, \u201cThe Return on Investment in Health Care: From 1980 to 2000,\u201d Value in Health, Vol. 9,\nNo. 3, 2006, pp. 146\u2013156.\nNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskele"]
[-3.012970209121704, 8.82694149017334, "\u2019s health research, with a focus on the following three disease areas: brain health, immune and autoimmune disease, and cardiovascular disease. Using microsimulation analyses, the research team studied the societal cost impact of increasing research "]
[-3.01214337348938, 8.83273983001709, " Societal Impact of\nResearch Funding for\nWomen\u2019s Health\nIN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE\nMatthew D. Baird Melanie A. Zaber Andrew W. Dick Chloe E. Bird Annie Chen\nMolly Waymouth Grace Gahlon Denise D. Quigley Hamad Al-Ibrahim Lori Frank\n     CORPORATION\n A"]
[-2.967315912246704, 8.879121780395508, "n more about using these data and citing this report.\n WHAM\u2019s LEAD PARTNERS\nWHAM\u2019s sponsorship of this research project was enabled through the generous financial support from the following partners.\nAmerican Heart Association\nThe Association is a re"]
[-3.00789475440979, 8.83642292022705, "\nFounder, AccessCircles, Founder and Former CEO of CAROLEE\nMeryl Comer, Vice Chair and Global Chair Co-Founder, UsAgainstAlzheimers/ WomenAgainstAlzheimers\nChair, Global Alliance on Women\u2019s Brain Health\nAnula Jayasuriya, Vice Chair and Chief Scientif"]
[-3.0085153579711914, 8.836469650268555, "iate Professor of Psychiatry in the Field of Women\u2019s Health, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital\nDr. Wendy Klein, MD, MACP, Former Medical Director, Health Brigade\nDr. JoAnn Manson, DrPH, MD, Michael and\nLee Bell Professor of Women\u2019s Health, Medicine, Harva"]
[-3.0438220500946045, 8.798574447631836, "OICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington\nHadine Joffe, MD\nVice Chair for Research, Department of Psychiatry, Executive Director, Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women\u2019s Health and Gender Biology, Paula A. Johnson Professor of Ps"]
[-3.051922559738159, 8.788689613342285, " outcomes.\nInvesting in women\u2019s health research for CAD yields benefits simi- lar to investing in general research, with improved health-related qual- ity of life for women from women-focused research.\nThe results establish the potential for investme"]
[-3.0494322776794434, 8.791215896606445, ", researchers, and policymakers to help them plan investments that can yield the greatest public health benefits.\nAs part of an initiative of the Women\u2019s Health Access Matters (WHAM) nonprofit foundation, RAND Corporation researchers exam- ined the i"]
[-3.05631947517395, 8.784432411193848, "orbidity and mortality, investment in women\u2019s health could be expected to yield a favorable return for society.\nThe lack of societal-level evidence on the economic costs, ben- efits, and social impacts of attention to sex and gender in health researc"]
[-3.055154323577881, 8.784239768981934, "CAD and examine the impacts of additional investments\n INTRODUCTION 7\n  the future impact of funding on health outcomes and changes in soci- etal burden from CAD.\nDetermining the Research Investment\nWe used current levels of funding from the NIH as t"]
[-3.0597076416015625, 8.779744148254395, "ed to disease impact and has been used as a metric for disease impact and impact of health innovation, incorporating length of life with the quality of life (Grant and Buxton, 2018).\nThe model assumes improved health as a result of increased fund- in"]
[-3.0561046600341797, 8.785496711730957, "ls on health outcomes (Grant and Buxton, 2018). The return on research investment calculation was a function of the fol- lowing specific health outcomes: age incidence of disease, improved detection rates and earlier detection in the disease course, "]
[-3.0602402687072754, 8.779921531677246, "ting in Women\u2019s Health\nResearch\nTo further understand investment impact, we also examined the prob- ability of success of research investment levels. We calculated the minimum probability of success of the investment to generate a target of 15 percen"]
[-3.0635204315185547, 8.773271560668945, "0,000\n0 \u201320,000 \u201340,000 \u201360,000\n 540\n12,628\n 8,097\n35,712\n 19,538\n     \u201339,524\n  \u201313,496\n\u20138,297\n\u20133,410\n2,014\n  Life years\nCAD years\nLost productivity (self)\nLost productivity (caregivers)\nQALYs\nNOTE: Figure represents the U.S. population age 25 and o"]
[-3.054793119430542, 8.785748481750488, "atients)\nNOTE: Figure shows a 0.01 percent impact, which is three times larger for women than men.\n13\n7\n\u2013159\n32\n \u201378\n  9\n \u2013465\n \u20131,311\n Women Men\nRESULTS 19\n  20 SOCIETAL IMPACT OF RESEARCH FUNDING FOR WOMEN\u2019S HEALTH IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE\n   Dis"]
[-3.055626392364502, 8.784832000732422, "y through many path- ways. The models examined here focused on a small but important subset of potential impacts on population health using investment in women\u2019s health research. Although a cure and/or preventive interven- tion may be possible for CA"]
[-3.052797794342041, 8.787386894226074, "men in the workforce.\nDISCUSSION 23\n  24 SOCIETAL IMPACT OF RESEARCH FUNDING FOR WOMEN\u2019S HEALTH IN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE\nConclusion\nUnderstanding the full range of societal impacts from health research investment requires consideration of multiple "]
[-3.0541069507598877, 8.784863471984863, "o. 1, February 8, 2018, p. 8.\nAmerican Heart Association, \u201cMaking Progress: Making a Difference,\u201d fact sheet, undated. As of December 10, 2020: https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/about-us/policy-research/ fact-sheets/ucm_497880.pdf?la=en\nBaird, Matt"]
[-3.0552914142608643, 8.784784317016602, "Measuring and Improving the Societal Impact of Health Care Research,\u201d Eurohealth, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2013, pp. 32\u201335.\nLuce, Bryan R., Josephine Mauskopf, Frank A. Sloan,\nJan Ostermann, and L. Clark Paramore, \u201cThe Return on Investment in Health Care: Fro"]
[-3.0342659950256348, 8.803604125976562, "randa R. Jones, \u201cAir Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: A Focus on Vulnerable Populations Worldwide,\u201d Current Epidemiology Reports, Vol. 5, No. 4, December 2018,\npp. 370\u2013378.\nZhao, Min, Mark Woodward, Ilonca Vaartjes, Elizabeth R. C. Millett, Kers"]
[-3.8238871097564697, 7.391907215118408, "Going to the Doctor\nRideshare as Nonemergency Medical Transportation\nLAURA FRAADE-BLANAR, TINA KOO, CHRISTOPHER M. WHALEY\n Sponsored by Lyft Healthcare\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA1019-1.\nAbout RAND\n"]
[-3.826415538787842, 7.392746925354004, "del, the role of rideshare in NEMT, and the policies that support such a role. We conclude by considering how best to support NEMT broadly and optimize rideshare within NEMT specifically. This report is intended for a broad general audience. We condu"]
[-3.827587842941284, 7.394099712371826, "et need for on-demand cost-effective solutions within the NEMT ecosystem. Current RB-NEMT capabilities are most appropriate for individuals with medical conditions that result in the need to request rides and those who use Door2Door, Curb2Curb, or Ar"]
[-3.827302932739258, 7.394832611083984, "rtationVulnerable?CharacteristicsofPotentialNEMTandRB-NEMTUsers....... 7 MedicalBarriers ........................................................................................................... 7 LogisticalBarriers ................................"]
[-3.8261964321136475, 7.392830848693848, ".................................................................. 17\n4.1. ChapterFour:TheBottomLine............................................................................. 22 5.1. ChapterFive:TheBottomLine......................................."]
[-3.8267035484313965, 7.392202854156494, "number of patients must show up\u2014and show up punctually.\nNonemergency medical transportation (NEMT) services aim to improve health and health care delivery by facilitating access to medical care for transportation-vulnerable people. It is transport sp"]
[-3.8266470432281494, 7.3940229415893555, "T is a mandatory Medicaid benefit: States are required to provide free or low-cost transportation to and from medical appointments if beneficiaries have no other means of accessing services. But what exactly is covered, how that coverage works, and s"]
[-3.827514886856079, 7.395510673522949, "ecipients, to reduce costs (Price and Verma, undated), although protocol for applying for a waiver has changed with time and under different administrations. The potential for cost reduction is slight; NEMT comprises what the U.S. Government Accounta"]
[-3.827362537384033, 7.394249439239502, "ies for the NEMT benefit and, if the ride is appropriate, will assign a transit mode. A broker works with multiple transportation providers available to fulfill a request. With rideshare- based NEMT (RB-NEMT), the TNC becomes such a provider.\n3 Addit"]
[-3.8273632526397705, 7.393893241882324, " mile, and will the total ride be\nunder two hours?)\n\u2022 environmental conditions (e.g., is it over 100oF, below-freezing temperatures?)\n\u2022 what the ride involves (discussed more in Chapter Four); for example, because most modes, such as taxis\nor paratra"]
[-3.8274619579315186, 7.394242286682129, "urer found a 66 percent decrease in rider complaints when using RB-NEMT, and a public health system in Oakland, California, found that using RB-NEMT led to a 73 percent decrease in no-show rates at a primary care clinic and a $400,000 annual savings "]
[-3.8269879817962646, 7.393564701080322, "e requirements for their drivers, but these may not match state require- ments for NEMT drivers, such as that drivers learn first aid and be able to provide CPR. Currently, TNCs are\n5\nGoing to the Doctor: Rideshare as Nonemergency Medical Transportat"]
[-3.827385187149048, 7.3942341804504395, "ions remain about what types of riders and what types of rides work best for NEMT provided by rideshare.\n6\nCHAPTER TWO\nWho Are the Transportation Vulnerable? Characteristics of Potential NEMT and RB-NEMT Users\nWho needs NEMT? Broadly, NEMT users are "]
[-3.821833848953247, 7.39428186416626, ".1\nIndividuals with Transportation Challenges Among Those Who Have a Medical Condition That Makes It Hard to Travel (by Age)\n   Number of people with a medical condition (millions)\n14 12 10\n8 6 4 2 0\n      Ages\n16 to 19\n20 to 34 35 to 50 51 to 64 65 "]
[-3.8179526329040527, 7.394845962524414, " steps Difficulty lifting ten pounds\nLimitation in physical functioning*\n                                                     0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percentage of respondents reporting stated limitation\nSOURCE: MEPS data (see Agency for Hea"]
[-3.825559377670288, 7.393793106079102, "ese barriers can be based on the physical, cognitive, or sensory health of a patient, or logistical barriers relating to geography and car ownership, among other issues.\n\u2022 Thesebarriersresultinrealchangestotransportationpatterns\u2014forexample,avoidingpu"]
[-3.8205268383026123, 7.389743328094482, " ambulatory, able to walk distances (e.g., a half-mile to a bus stop) independently and without strain, and able to enter a vehicle without assistance. People in this group could walk to a nearby medical service or to a public transit stop at some di"]
[-3.8252995014190674, 7.39339542388916, "y one characteristic of the group. By nature, people are intersectional in their vulner- abilities; very few of us have only one morbidity. Thus, some morbidities affect the required level of service, and some do not. For example, an individual with "]
[-3.8270397186279297, 7.393625259399414, "that can be provided to them.\nC2C or A2A transportation can accommodate various physical and cognitive challenges, depending on the severity and level of outside support needed.5 According to the 2017 NHTS, of respondents with a medi- cal \u201ccondition "]
[-3.8271474838256836, 7.394282341003418, "ons dressing or bathing\nFIGURE 3.2\nRB-NEMT Groups Associated with Cognitive and Physical Ability\nWhich Riders Are Best for RB-NEMT?\n   Level of assistance required Patient independence\n H2H D2D C2C A2A\nPossible RB-NEMT users Likely RB-NEMT users\n  th"]
[-3.827694892883301, 7.393720626831055, "rting technology. Recall that, in the pilot program with Lyft and CareMore described in Chapter One (footnote 1 in the Summary), smartphone apps were among the methods used to increase user comfort. Although owning (and being able to use) a smartphon"]
[-3.8258473873138428, 7.391828536987305, "can broadly come down to three ques- tions:\n\u2013 How ambulatory is a patient on their own?\n\u2013 How much assistance is needed to carry items they have with them? \u2013 Cantheytravelalone?\n\u2022 Table 3.1 provides details on a selection of NEMT providers, along wit"]
[-3.8271024227142334, 7.394017696380615, "them there, and another may drive them home.1 The rideshare driver driving to the appointment may have difficulty finding a ride going back to the small town, and the rideshare driver driving from the appointment may have difficulty finding a rider w"]
[-3.827199697494507, 7.393970966339111, "astructure made it easy to book regular rides for an individual. Additionally, using RB-NEMT for regular travel by low-needs individuals (e.g., those traveling to a methadone clinic) freed up other NEMT resources for those who need more in-transit ca"]
[-3.8272271156311035, 7.393831253051758, "t, and Sobhani, 2019).\nReciprocally, rideshare may increase interest in and use of NEMT. A focus group from the MACPAC (2021) noted that using rideshare helped normalize accessing NEMT and removed the stigma generated by using traditional NEMT vehicl"]
[-3.8269436359405518, 7.393864631652832, "fficult. Part of this difficulty stems from the diversity of ways that NEMT is implemented in research and in practice and the need to match service level with personal needs and resources. The net result is an unusual situation where positive indica"]
[-3.826981782913208, 7.393762588500977, "ing to the Doctor: Rideshare as Nonemergency Medical Transportation\n utes for traditional NEMT, and a difference-in-difference analytical approach in Philadelphia found fewer missed appointments in patients who used RB-NEMT services (Chaiyachati et a"]
[-3.8272838592529297, 7.393875598907471, "ew York, 2018). GAO noted vulnerabilities in terms of how NEMT providers were selected, how NEMT was administered, and how eligibility was verified for patients (Yocom and Goldstein, 2016b), a concern supported by interviewee anecdotes of systemic mi"]
[-3.827162027359009, 7.393856048583984, "re specifically, variation can result from the following scenarios:\n1. TNC performance and user experience differs between TNC providers (e.g., Lyft, Uber, Veyo), so results from a specific TNC may not be generalizable to other TNCs. Similarly, servi"]
[-3.8265693187713623, 7.393740653991699, "s, along with other social determinants, such as health behavior, employment, and education (Health Research and Educational Trust, 2017; Healthy People 2030, undated). Recognizing the important role that transportation plays in accessing health care"]
[-3.8224563598632812, 7.390064716339111, "al factors that determine an individual\u2019s required level of service, transportation needs can vary. As we articulated in Chapter Two, MA and Medicaid beneficiaries are more transportation-insecure because of logistical and medical factors. These indi"]
[-3.82670259475708, 7.392520904541016, "t an expensive benefit: One interviewee put the average ride at $25 at the unit level. This cost compares with the costs of missed medical appointments, pegged by an industry publication as $200, or emergency room visits, at an average of $530 (Moore"]
[-3.8271114826202393, 7.3939056396484375, "on may grow because of the aging of the U.S. population. TNCs may explore a tiered rideshare system, possibly starting with the four levels of service described in Chapter Three, where riders could request a driver with specific expertise, willingnes"]
[-3.8260436058044434, 7.392655849456787, "re research and to think about best practices. Other important research areas include understanding how the rideshare model can be used to deliver needed health-related goods and medical services to individuals who cannot travel. These could and have"]
[-3.8268115520477295, 7.393610000610352, "are system runs. Such enablers as NEMT broadly and RB-NEMT specifically deserve support.\n5 For example, Uber has worked with Meals on Wheels (Uber, undated).\n 29\nGoing to the Doctor: Rideshare as Nonemergency Medical Transportation\n  BOX 5.1\nChapter "]
[-3.807736873626709, 7.396230697631836, "014 was assigned where missing.\n\u2022 Living alone. We defined living alone as not married or living with a partner, relative, or other unrelated adult. Nursing-home residents were considered not living alone.\n\u2022 Functional limitations. Respondents who an"]
[-3.825098991394043, 7.391716480255127, "rip files to describe the relationship between select household, per- sonal, and trip characteristics. Our analysis comprised 264,234 respondents and 923,572 trips. Estimates of personal characteristics, such as demographics and medical conditions, w"]
[-3.8265750408172607, 7.389528751373291, "ce an Important Benefit?\u201d Health Affairs Blog, September 20, 2017. As of October 20, 2020: https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20170920.062063/full/\nAgency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, "]
[-3.825330972671509, 7.38895320892334, "ww.cms.gov/Research-Statistics-Data-and-Systems/Monitoring -Programs/Medicare-FFS-Compliance-Programs/Prior-Authorization-Initiatives /Prior-Authorization-of-Repetitive-Scheduled-Non-Emergent-Ambulance-Transport-\nChaiyachati, Krisda H., Rebecca A. Hu"]
[-3.8246490955352783, 7.389437198638916, "& Medicaid Services, Department of Health and Human Services, April 24, 2019. As of December 23, 2020: https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Health-Plans/HealthPlansGenInfo/Downloads/Supplemental_Benefits_ Chronically_Ill_HPMS_042419.pdf\neHealth, Inc., \u201cMedic"]
[-3.818467617034912, 7.388857841491699, "-of-transportation-insecurity-an -exploratory-factor-analysis\nHealth Research and Educational Trust, Social Determinants of Health Series: Transportation and the Role of Hospitals, Chicago, Ill., November 2017. As of July 19, 2021: https://www.aha.or"]
[-3.8236401081085205, 7.389091968536377, "\u201d Washington, D.C.: United States Securities and Exchange Commission, March 1, 2019. As of December 23, 2020: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1759509/000119312519059849/d633517ds1.htm\nMACPAC\u2014See Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission"]
[-3.823958158493042, 7.388960838317871, ", 2018. As of July 19, 2021: http://www.nadtc.org/wp-content/uploads/NADTC-Transportation-Options-Booklet-2018.pdf\nOkoro, Catherine A., Tara W. Strine, Stacy L. Young, Lina S. Balluz, and Ali H. Mokdad, \u201cAccess to Health Care Among Older Adults and R"]
[-3.8251543045043945, 7.389439105987549, "tes Between 2016 and 2018,\u201d July 2018. As of October 20, 2020:\nhttps://www.statista.com/statistics/916253/ride-sharing-total-ridership-us/\nSyed, Samina T., Ben S. Gerber, and Lisa K. Sharp, \u201cTraveling Towards Disease: Transportation Barriers to Healt"]
[-3.8256208896636963, 7.389551162719727, "ss/house-bill/133/text\nWeber, Chris, \u201cIntroducing Uber Health, Removing Transportation as a Barrier to Care,\u201d Uber Newsroom, March 1, 2018. As of October 20, 2020:\nhttps://www.uber.com/newsroom/uber-health/\nWestat, Main Study Retrieval Questionnaire,"]
[15.903182029724121, 10.489988327026367, "Implementation and 12-Month Health Service Utilization and Cost Outcomes from a Managed Care Health Plan\u2019s Permanent Supportive Housing Program\nSARAH B. HUNTER, ADAM SCHERLING, RYAN K. MCBAIN, MATTHEW CEFALU, BRIAN BRISCOMBE, WILLIAM MCCONNELL, PRIYA"]
[15.934245109558105, 10.524894714355469, "report, we provide an update from our previous reports in terms of program implementation through September 2020, describing participant characteristics, program referrals, enrollment timelines, housing placements, and program exits. We also assess t"]
[15.957864761352539, 10.557247161865234, " the key social determinants of health, stable housing, but little is known about the associated program costs and potential impacts on health care utilization among insured populations. We sought to understand the program\u2019s implementation, the progr"]
[15.94165325164795, 10.548749923706055, " the PSH program prior to 12 months had higher health care utilization and associated costs in the pre-enrollment and post- enrollment periods relative to enrollees who remained in stable housing through the PSH program.\n\u2022 The PSH program was associa"]
[15.933140754699707, 10.466933250427246, "ity of life.\n\u2022 We observed that enrollees who exited the program before reaching 12 months of enrollment had higher utilization patterns and associated costs both before and after enrollment, relative to enrollees who were stably housed at 12 months "]
[16.008214950561523, 10.517477035522461, "................... 9\n3. Findings .................................................................................................................................... 12 Program Implementation ........................................................."]
[16.013690948486328, 10.584223747253418, " Health Care Costs in the Treatment and Comparison Groups\nPrior to and After Program Enrollment ................................................................................ 16 Figure 3.3. Change in Per-Member Health Costs Pre-Enrollment Versus Po"]
[16.02268409729004, 10.596911430358887, " Group Demographics, Unweighted ....................... 8 Table 3.1. Characteristics of the Treatment and Comparison Groups, Before and After\nWeighting..................................................................................................."]
[15.989818572998047, 10.634153366088867, "........................................................ 55 Table C.13. Monthly Custodial Health Costs ............................................................................... 56 Table C.14. Monthly Emergent Health Costs......................."]
[15.906148910522461, 10.535493850708008, "dial Health Costs ............................................................................... 72 Table E.14. Monthly Emergent Health Costs ............................................................................... 73 Table E.15. Monthly Home"]
[15.81537914276123, 10.435927391052246, "ed with poorer physical and mental health outcomes. For example, compared with the general U.S. population, people experiencing homelessness are more likely to suffer from unmanaged chronic physical health problems (Baggett, Liauw, and Hwang, 2018), "]
[15.89613151550293, 10.539665222167969, "ealth care providers and public payers. Through the Affordable Care Act and state Medicaid expansion, many individuals experiencing homelessness are now eligible for Medicaid. Also, a growing movement away from fee-for-service models to bundled payme"]
[15.92926025390625, 10.532505989074707, "adequately planning PSH program implementation.\nPrevious studies have also tended to report the average effects over a specified intervention period (e.g., six or 12 months) rather than exploring changes over time in service use and associated costs."]
[15.928690910339355, 10.548019409179688, "cant component of services delivered included recuperative care for which members were provided shelter, meals, and transportation. Recuperative care has become an important service since the passing of California Senate Bill 1152 (Discharge Planning"]
[15.993070602416992, 10.507128715515137, "lled in the PSH program. Data included member demographic information and records about individual use of health care services. For program enrollees, we received information about program referral and enrollment dates, receipt of supportive housing "]
[15.920310020446777, 10.540517807006836, "CD-10)\ndiagnosis code Z59.0, indicating homelessness, between January 2018 and September\n2019 (coinciding with the recruitment period for the treatment group)\n\u2022 who were not enrolled in the PSH program during the analytic period.\nThis process identif"]
[15.954763412475586, 10.596633911132812, "i.e., Current Procedural Terminology or Uniform Billing codes), place of service, ICD-10 diagnosis code, and net pay amount. A service event could include one or more health care claims or encounters. Costs, as ascribed to health care services and th"]
[16.024208068847656, 10.597579002380371, "ogram enrollment on health care service utilization and costs (Austin, 2011). The use of a propensity score permits the analysis of an observational, nonrandomized study to mimic the characteristics of a randomized controlled trial by balancing treat"]
[15.981008529663086, 10.554152488708496, "o that they sum to 162 to match the number of members in the treatment group.\nHealth Care Service and Cost Effects\nThe effects of the PSH program on health care service utilization and costs were examined using propensity score\u2013weighted regression mo"]
[15.97392463684082, 10.515467643737793, "ervice) in each person-month\n2. a mixed effect linear regression predicting the number of services in person-months with at least one service\n3. a mixed effect linear regression predicting costs in months with at least one service.\nAll models control"]
[16.021549224853516, 10.614112854003906, "anced the groups were before and after weighting. Group differences were deemed notable when the maximum ASMD was greater than 0.20 (Cohen, 1992).\nPropensity score weighting was effective in attenuating the observed differences between the treatment "]
[16.006013870239258, 10.575332641601562, "rary lodging\n$710a\n(n = 162; ESS = 87.2)\n0.41 23.2\n5.01 40.62\n6.48\n31.35\n53.91 3.23\n$3,253 $4,661 $1,485 $46,518 $1,082 $1,072 $5,245 $2,048a\n$9,610 $11,864 $15,851 $7,417 $13,623 $7,383\n3.04\nTreatment (n = 162)\n0.35 21.96\n5.91 39.34\n8.52\n32.41\n51.69"]
[15.968465805053711, 10.620031356811523, "osts during the post-enrollment period were segmented according to housing status (pre-housing transitional period, post-PSH placement period, and post-exit period among those who left the program), costs were notably lower during the period in which"]
[16.021028518676758, 10.625608444213867, "36 percent and 66 percent; see Figure 3.3), while the number of patients served stayed relatively stable and the number of patient events increased.\n17\n                      Table 3.2. Most-Common Health-Related Costs: Permanent Supportive Housing Pr"]
[16.00670623779297, 10.635422706604004, "mptoms\nAll other diseases\nTotal cost\nPatient N Events\n50 296 66 354\n45 193 42 354 59 503 31 360 27 177 22 174 21 125\n134 248\n158 4,655 132 1,867 158 10,365\n162 19,671\nTotal Exp\n$1,167,710 $793,802\n$935,990 $333,291 $413,614 $565,567 $323,279 $75,962 "]
[16.01475715637207, 10.604138374328613, "acy General signs and symptoms All other diseases\n-49% -36%\n-60% -66%\n-44% -34%\n-37% -63%\n-67% -74%\n-47% -44%\n-40% -29%\n-38% -49%\n-6%\n 3% 9%\n24%\n10%\n16%\n34%\n-100% -80%\n-60% -40% -20% 0%\n20% 40%\n85%\n60% 80% 100%\n-43%\n-36%\n20\nTreatment Effects on Healt"]
[15.995410919189453, 10.597404479980469, "hich constitute a majority of the observed health care costs (see Figure 3.9). Looking at costs in other settings, we were able to identify statistically significant treatment effects for home health and temporary lodging of $217 PMPM and $166 PMPM, "]
[16.015987396240234, 10.572078704833984, "d health and social care so that high-cost health care events become less frequent (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018).\n 24\nFigure 3.7. Cumulative Share of Post-Enrollment Inpatient Costs, by Member, Treatment Group (n ="]
[15.99255084991455, 10.534868240356445, "t 12 Months\n  27\nFigure 3.11. Monthly Health Costs for Members Who Left the Program, by Exit Reason\n 28\nThe Effect of Housing Versus Program Enrollment\nThe previously described modeling approach aggregates data into annual summaries\u2014i.e., the average"]
[15.981905937194824, 10.557239532470703, "hs post-enrollment, we find that their probability of having any health care services is no different than had they not enrolled in the program.\nNext, we explore the effect of the program on the total number of health care services during months with"]
[15.981266021728516, 10.571697235107422, "ere is a nonstatistically significant but meaningful decrease of $1,337 PMPM during months with at least one health care service after the receipt of housing relative to no enrollment.\nThe total effect of the program on health care costs is the combi"]
[15.983149528503418, 10.565094947814941, "nt). Custodial care and recuperative care were infrequent after PSH housing placement.\nLooking at this 12-month window, total programmatic costs were $3,884,374, or $23,978 per participant (n = 162). The average cost per enrollee over the first 12 mo"]
[15.983104705810547, 10.577466011047363, "\nHousing, ongoing Housing rental Housing utilities Damage mitigation\nEnrollee services Transportation\nMeals and food\nTotal $960,553\nGrand total     $1,488,103\na The cohort perspective follows each enrollee over a 12-month period from\nenrollment.\n    "]
[15.993989944458008, 10.579655647277832, "ivariable regression analyses that adjusted for demographic differences between the treatment and comparison groups, we did not find a statistically significant difference between groups in terms of change in health care costs from the pre-enrollment"]
[15.978940963745117, 10.567816734313965, "18\u2014a reduction of $21,418 over the period.\n\u2022 Those in the comparison group observed a similar reduction of $25,273 between the pre- and post-enrollment periods, despite not participating in the PSH program.\n\u2022 Health care costs declined further among "]
[15.959596633911133, 10.57178783416748, "did not demonstrate cost offsets over the initial 12-month period of analysis, this may be partially due to high costs observed in the transitional period (the period after program entry but before receipt of PSH). Health care costs during the transi"]
[15.935394287109375, 10.606010437011719, "etes care among enrollees following enrollment that occurred despite overall diabetes care costs remaining flat (see Appendix B, Table B.1). To examine whether these shifts in health care translated to improved health outcomes among enrollees compare"]
[15.959877967834473, 10.566697120666504, "n those panel studies, an increase in pharmacy spending was observed in the post-PSH placement periods. Also, DeLia et al., 2021, did not observe net total health care cost savings after PSH placement: The reduction in emergent care costs was largely"]
[15.978009223937988, 10.576608657836914, "t and comparison groups.\nSimilarly, we did not have information about the comparison group\u2019s status in terms of whether members of this group had died, moved out of the area, or lost insurance coverage. All\n39\nof these events might have resulted in a"]
[15.98119068145752, 10.584683418273926, "he drop in utilization because of the spike prior to enrollment.\nWe also compare pre-enrollment and post-enrollment costs using nominal cost data unadjusted for inflation. This method slightly overestimates (in real terms) the costs associated with t"]
[15.947203636169434, 10.556221008300781, " was primarily provided by another payer, and we did not consider other social service use, such as criminal justice utilization and associated costs.\nFurthermore, we do not advocate that the financial outcomes specific to the health plan should driv"]
[16.023738861083984, 10.542850494384766, "s compared with the transitional period. Our findings should be of interest to PSH program planners who are interested in understanding PSH implementation, including programmatic costs and their relation to health care utilization and associated cost"]
[16.020395278930664, 10.608256340026855, " the comparison group is larger than the treatment group, it was necessary to iterate through the treatment group members several times, each time in random order.\n 43\nPropensity Score Weights\nHaving identified enrollment dates for the comparison gro"]
[16.044960021972656, 10.590153694152832, "ollment, using manual classifications based on CCSR.\nd This variable indicates that the member was diagnosed with at least one chronic condition in the 12 months prior to program enrollment, based on the chronic condition indicator from HCUP, 2020.\n4"]
[16.001686096191406, 10.626144409179688, "atric facility Emergent\nER\nAmbulance Outpatient\nGeneral hospital Primary care facility\nUrgent care facility Nonmedical location\nCustodial care facility\nTemporary lodging\nHome health Other classifications\nPharmacy\nAll other locations\nPatient N Events\n"]
[16.045530319213867, 10.683379173278809, "49 $480 $103 101 1,612\n$3,399 $3,399 123 4,696\n$16,147 $348 123 11,859\nTotal Cost\n$263,606 $154,131\n$274,465\n$471,224 $399,376 $202,677\n$164,104 $68,365\n$77,013\n$13,050 $490,174 $134,428\n$387,210 $3,099,823\nPerson Costa\n$2,143 $1,253\n$2,231\n$3,831 $3"]
[16.10016441345215, 10.895342826843262, " 518, ESS = 249) Standard\n     Variable\nIntervention\nBaseline (intercept)\nPSH enrollment (treatment)\nDemographic characteristic Age\nGender: male\nEthnicity: black\nEthnicity: Hispanic Ethnicity: not reported/other County: Riverside\nEstimate Error t p \u2013"]
[16.10784912109375, 10.91002368927002, "orted/other County: Riverside\nEstimate Error t p \u20130.03 0.06 \u20130.50 0.62\n0.11 0.03 4.14 0.00\n0.00 0.00 0.07 0.94\n0.00 0.02 \u20130.16 0.87\n0.01 0.03 0.49 0.62\n0.01 0.04 0.35 0.73\n\u20130.03 0.03 \u20131.15 0.25 \u20130.01 0.02 \u20130.27 0.79\n               NOTE: p = probabili"]
[16.101438522338867, 10.898133277893066, "4 1.13 0.26 2.09 0.04\n\u20131.19 0.24 0.35 0.72\nTable C.14. Monthly Emergent Health Costs (n = 518, ESS = 249) Standard\nNOTE: p = probability value; t = t-test statistic.\n56\n                    Variable\nIntervention\nBaseline (intercept)\nPSH enrollment (tr"]
[16.11861801147461, 10.93475341796875, " = probability value; t = t-test statistic.\nVariable\nIntervention\nBaseline (intercept)\nPSH enrollment (treatment)\nDemographic characteristic Age\nGender: male\nEthnicity: black\nEthnicity: Hispanic Ethnicity: not reported/other County: Riverside\nEstimat"]
[16.11610221862793, 10.922283172607422, "Enrolled (not housed)\nMonths since enrollment\n\u201312\n\u201311\n\u201310\n\u20139\n\u20138\n\u20137\n\u20136\n\u20135\n\u20134\n\u20133\n\u20132\n\u20131\n0 (enrollment month) 1\n    2\n    3\n    4\n    5\n    6\n    7\n    8\n    9\n    10\n    11\nCounty\nRiverside\nSan Bernardino\nRace/ethnicity\n3.36 4.03\n2.77 3.47\n2.44 4.29\n3.2"]
[16.103120803833008, 10.913022994995117, "h E.10 show the results for the number of health care services by type of claim, and Tables E.11 through E.20 show the results for the health care costs by type of cost.\nModels: Number of Monthly Services\nTable E.1. Total Number of Monthly Services ("]
[16.104249954223633, 10.91231918334961, "p = probability value; t = t-test statistic.\n68\n          Table E.6. Monthly Number of Inpatient Health Services (n = 445, ESS = 206) Estimate SD Error t p\n     Variable\nIntervention\nBaseline (intercept)\nPSH enrollment (treatment)\nDemographic charact"]
[16.11400604248047, 10.925347328186035, "phic characteristics Age\nGender: male\nEthnicity: black\nEthnicity: Hispanic Ethnicity: not reported/other County: Riverside\nEstimate\n\u2013783.10 1,230.40\n\u201324.26 \u20131,222.67 501.82 \u20131,454.67 \u20132,512.07 652.83\nSD Error\n1,707.54 735.97\n27.21 786.56 794.73 1,139"]
[16.109745025634766, 10.924783706665039, "Intervention\nBaseline (intercept)\nPSH enrollment (treatment) Demographic characteristics\nAge\nGender: male\nEthnicity: black\nEthnicity: Hispanic Ethnicity: not reported/other County: Riverside\nEstimate\nSD Error t p\n      \u2013389.47 1,573.05\n \u20130.25 0.80\n 7"]
[15.825743675231934, 10.452953338623047, "oom\nESS effective sample size\nHCUP Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project\nICD-10 International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision ICMS intensive case management services\nPMPM per member per month\nPSH permanent supportive housing SD standard "]
[15.730048179626465, 10.330150604248047, "gelo Asa, Wendy Hartogensis, Stephanie E. Cohen, Monica Gandhi, Elvin Geng, and Katerina Christopoulos, \u201cEvaluating the Impact of Housing Status on Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Screening in an HIV Primary Care Setting,\u201d Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Vol."]
[15.717744827270508, 10.310800552368164, "alth Status of Homeless Adults Entering Permanent Supportive Housing,\u201d Journal of Public Health, Vol. 40, No. 2, 2018, pp. 415\u2013418.\nHollander, Mara A. G., Evan S. Cole, Julie M. Donohue, and Eric T. Roberts, \u201cChanges in Medicaid Utilization and Spend"]
[15.693592071533203, 10.294007301330566, "ousing to Help Homeless Patients,\u201d JAMA, Vol. 321, No. 9, 2019, pp. 822\u2013824.\nKushel, Margot B., Sharon Perry, David Bangsberg, Richard Clark, and Andrew R. Moss, \u201cEmergency Department Use Among the Homeless and Marginally Housed: Results from a Commu"]
[15.774421691894531, 10.341156959533691, " pp. 287\u2013294.\nSalem, Benissa E., Angela L. Hudson, Kartik Yadav, Jaemilyn Lucas, Joy Toyama, Stephanie Chen, Mark Faucette, Maria L. Ekstrand, and Adeline M. Nyamathi, \u201cCorrelates of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Formerly Incarcerated, Homeless"]
[14.915400505065918, 13.840782165527344, "Translational Impacts of World Trade Center Health Program Research\nA Mixed Methods Study\nTHOMAS W. CONCANNON, LAURA J. FAHERTY, JAIME MADRIGANO,\nSEAN MANN, RAMYA CHARI, SAMEER M. SIDDIQI, JUSTIN LEE, LIISA HIATT\n Sponsored by the National Institute "]
[12.724250793457031, 13.586936950683594, " (2) stakeholder perspectives gathered through focus groups and interviews, and (3) a review of program documentation. This report is intended to guide program planning by the World Trade Center Health Program leadership as it aims to maximize the im"]
[14.913324356079102, 13.844897270202637, "WTC and related sites or located within the New York City disaster area during and after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Scientific research supported by the Program provides an evidence base for the health monitoring and clinical care o"]
[14.927632331848145, 13.829514503479004, " existing research in future research, planning, policy, and care. Finally, we applied a machine-learning algorithm with these same words and uses of research to identify related text passages within thousands of pages of Program documentation and gr"]
[14.921124458312988, 13.835358619689941, "earch?\n\u2022 Finding 5. Facilitators of research translation include a focused mission to improve care through research; research infrastructure, such as the colocation of researchers and clinicians at Clinical Centers of Excellence and the collection, m"]
[14.943548202514648, 13.811236381530762, "ons. The scope and heterogeneity prevented a focused look within population and condition groups for summary effect estimates or strength of evidence assessments. Finally, as with all scoping reviews, some data items may be subject to misclassificati"]
[14.917731285095215, 13.840313911437988, "...... xii 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 1\nBackground.................................................................................."]
[14.921160697937012, 13.811854362487793, "................................................................ 48 Appendix C. Methods ................................................................................................................... 52 Appendix D. Scoping Review: Search Strategy"]
[14.913689613342285, 13.837908744812012, "x .................................................................. 42 Table A.1. Representatives of Each of the Major Stakeholder Types .......................................... 47 Table B.1. Research Questions and Data Sources ..................."]
[14.9148530960083, 13.845514297485352, "nt.\nExposure characterization can be accomplished through measurement or modeling or, in some cases, a combination of both methods.\nExamines associations between one or more exposures and health outcomes.\n xii\nGray literature\nGroup or population stud"]
[14.910696029663086, 13.846189498901367, " to submit a petition in accordance with the \u201cPolicy and Procedures for Handling Submissions and Petitions to Add a Health Condition to the List of WTC-Related Health Conditions\u201d (WTC Health Program, 2021a).\nData compiled on a defined population, suc"]
[14.903861045837402, 13.858487129211426, "survivors, referring to those present in the New York City disaster area in the dust or dust cloud on September 11, 2011; those who worked, resided, or attended school, childcare, or adult daycare in the New York City disaster area during or after Se"]
[14.917679786682129, 13.840083122253418, "ers want to understand the impacts of research investments to date and how to maximize those impacts going forward. In 2017, NIOSH engaged the RAND Corporation to conduct a four-year, independent assessment of the translational impacts of Program-sup"]
[14.926011085510254, 13.83421516418457, " answer the second research question (RQ2: To what extent is WTC health-related research translational?), we synthesized qualitative data from gray literature, Program documentation, focus groups, and interviews. From focus group and interview transc"]
[14.917606353759766, 13.83830738067627, "rogram research.\n Although this report is of interest to a broad range of stakeholders, the primary audience is\n Program leaders who are charged with implementing the Program\u2019s research mission. Therefore,\n we offer a concise report that directly con"]
[14.9241304397583, 13.835721015930176, "ed full-text articles with adjudication and quality review. Data were extracted using a customized electronic form implemented in DistillerSR (DistillerSR, undated). Data analyses were performed using DistillerSR, Python (Python, undated), and Micros"]
[14.89645767211914, 13.864781379699707, "y types and funding sources have evolved over time. Figure 2.2 shows the distribution of study types by funding source (NIOSH and non-NIOSH) in three-year increments. Regardless of funding source, exposure-outcome linkage studies have predominated (b"]
[11.795405387878418, 21.864669799804688, "ublications supported by other funding were less likely to report on studies of responders than of survivors (responders: N = 181 of 515, 35.1 percent; survivors: N = 316 of 515, 61.1 percent).\nMany studies included both populations, and because the "]
[11.78111457824707, 21.899564743041992, " 100 percent.\n8\n4 0.9 6 0.8 18 4.0 21 2.7 22 4.9 28 3.6 12 2.7 49 6.2\n                                                                                                                                                                                    "]
[14.917753219604492, 13.838144302368164, "sychiatric conditions when considering all funders (physical: N = 182, 39.7 percent; neuropsychiatric: N = 294, 64.1 percent). Among all publications that addressed a covered neuropsychiatric condition, we found high concentrations of research on PTS"]
[14.920175552368164, 13.833710670471191, "t research should cover every ring and node of the diagram, nor that it should start at fundamental questions before proceeding to questions on the outer rings. Rather, study of a topic may start on any ring, may skip rings, and may follow a nonlinea"]
[14.918424606323242, 13.834671020507812, "ng can be seen as an impact of the research, including its use for decisions about care, program planning, and policy. Using findings from stakeholder focus groups and interviews, Program documentation, and gray literature, we found that WTC health-r"]
[14.917572975158691, 13.837287902832031, "porated into iterative cycles of program planning. Program leaders describe using research findings to \u201cmake better decisions in terms of programmatic efforts or clinical procedures or clinical protocols within our unique population.\u201d One Program lea"]
[14.903432846069336, 13.85295295715332, "l and mental health conditions related to the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as diagnosis and treatment options for those enrolled in the Program (WTC Health Program, undated a). Specific emphasis was given to studies of biomarkers of expo"]
[14.910003662109375, 13.846006393432617, "   WTCHP Funding Announcement (August 2020)\nSOURCE: Author analysis of Program documentation.\nNOTE: WTCHP = World Trade Center Health Program. This figure shows that the rationale and priorities for the Program\u2019s research mission were established and"]
[14.919532775878906, 13.836236000061035, "ralized as a disaster population.\u201d An FDNY focus group participant had a similar perspective: \u201cIt\u2019s really important for similar disasters down the line that we\u2019ve become the advocates for this . . . because of what we went through, it\u2019s going to be "]
[14.93118953704834, 13.851802825927734, "udy establishes a link between 9/11 exposure and a certain outcome, that is considered a translational milestone in the Fundamental Questions ring of the framework and is denoted in Figures 2.6, 2.7. and 2.8 with a \u201c1\u201d next to the node that most clos"]
[14.893324851989746, 13.86760425567627, "C disaster?\u201d We identify research on this question as translational milestone 1 in the Fundamental Questions ring (see Figure 2.6). A smaller proportion assessed clinical, health services, or policy interventions for mental and behavioral health, wit"]
[14.921213150024414, 13.839292526245117, "d people across their life course looking at sort of the trajectories of PTSD and depression. And I would love to see that continue because I think\u2014just from pure research, nothing to do with the World Trade Center per se\u2014there\u2019s very little out ther"]
[14.919568061828613, 13.83611011505127, "or practice.\nThe other group of publications on women\u2019s health addressed a program or intervention aimed at modifying health outcomes (outcome modification studies, N = 9). These publications described treatment programs and are indicated as translat"]
[14.940149307250977, 13.814468383789062, "g. This large body of literature has also led to the publication of several synthesis studies focused on the same topics.\nTranslational Milestones in Research on Youth\nThis body of work addresses the question, What are the health outcomes of WTC-expo"]
[14.909987449645996, 13.845865249633789, "me after adult mental health and respiratory disease (WTC Health Program Scientific/Technical Advisory Committee, 2016).\nThe SSC has continued to urge the Program to prioritize research on children, young adults, and women. During the SSC\u2019s September"]
[14.924650192260742, 13.832650184631348, "lth, and a 2020 evaluation report shed light on the feasibility of creating a youth-focused cohort. Ongoing discussions will be needed to chart the best path forward for WTC youth-related health research.\nConclusion\nIn this chapter, we explain our co"]
[14.92149829864502, 13.833829879760742, "search mission, infrastructure to support research, and investments in research communication and dissemination.\nA Focused Research Mission\nThe Program\u2019s research mission is to support translational bridges from research to improved clinical care. A "]
[14.917923927307129, 13.837652206420898, "Es and the collection, management, and analysis of data by the Data Centers and Registry\u2014serves as a facilitator of translation.\nCCE-based research and care inform each other directly. Several researchers and CCE representatives who participated in f"]
[14.9219331741333, 13.832194328308105, "requently contact Members to ascertain their preferred forms of engagement with the Program.\nThe Program has placed an increased emphasis in the past few years on using several communication channels and modalities for disseminating research findings"]
[14.908099174499512, 13.84726333618164, "r, 2019).\n\u2022 For a study on longitudinal changes in PTSD symptoms in WTC survivors, a researcher identified a need for clinical trials to study different modalities of PTSD treatment and the effectiveness of those treatments (Rosen, 2019).\n1 These mee"]
[14.897855758666992, 13.857349395751953, "ing medical education credit (Howard et al., 2018).\nPeer-Reviewed Publications\nProgram leaders emphasize the importance of disseminating Program-funded research in the peer-reviewed literature, recognizing that rigorous peer review of the quality of "]
[14.916678428649902, 13.838983535766602, "tion: methodological limitations, fragmentation of the U.S. health care system, funding constraints, variable definitions of research translation, and misaligned expectations of research.\nMethodological Limitations\nAll health-related research\u2014in any "]
[14.920211791992188, 13.83658218383789, "stions there are with respect to 9/11 and health impacts and how challenging it is for researchers to secure funding to conduct important studies. As with any research program, NIOSH leadership must make decisions about the research it will prioritiz"]
[14.914464950561523, 13.839805603027344, "at WTC-related research can and should achieve, as well as what the Program could do with better evidence. We identified four types of expectations for WTC health-related research.\nSome Members who participated in our focus groups expressed a desire "]
[14.92250919342041, 13.834711074829102, "s, and limitations of research, this misalignment leads to understandable frustration when different stakeholders perceive that they are not heard, understood, and responded to. The Program can enhance its efforts to engage stakeholders to overcome t"]
[14.923140525817871, 13.826095581054688, "s to research translation include methodological limitations, fragmentation of the health care system, funding constraints, variable definitions of translation, and misaligned expectations about research.\n 36\nRQ4: To What Extent Has WTC Health-Relate"]
[14.928882598876953, 13.827451705932617, "grant progress reports or presentations at the biannual research grantee meeting could be mined to identify translational accomplishments and nominate new research priorities. The Program can also consider analyses of the connections between related "]
[14.925483703613281, 13.827679634094238, " decisions can be more effectively communicated to various internal and external Program stakeholders.\nWe identified the NIEHS framework as a promising model for describing and assessing research translation in the environmental health context. In Ch"]
[14.931380271911621, 13.823451042175293, "rch along different translational pathways. These are all potential actions the Program could take to more actively, and more proactively, manage translational bridges.\nNIOSH and Program stakeholders might work together to develop case studies of tra"]
[14.930787086486816, 13.822721481323242, "arch lifecycle, from planning research, to conducting research, to using it in communications and decisionmaking. An examination of the Program\u2019s efforts to use established engagement frameworks and guidance will help illuminate new engagement activi"]
[14.931661605834961, 13.82343578338623, "\n                   Example: Research to Care community events are held to review care implications of recent intervention studies.\n     Example: Research case studies using the NIEHS framework are codeveloped by researchers and the Program.\n Using r"]
[14.90304183959961, 13.853843688964844, "ay of examining a body of research, is novel and may need extensive testing and validation. It is unknown whether this framework on its own can capture all the distinctiveness and complexities of the Program\u2019s research activities.\nConclusion\nMore tha"]
[14.91010856628418, 13.847926139831543, "ygiene, the Registry is an ongoing epidemiological cohort study that was established in 2002. The largest registry in the history of the United States to follow the health effects of a disaster, it includes waves of surveys conducted approximately ev"]
[14.916038513183594, 13.839224815368652, "ugh the FDNY Responder Health Program, the CCEs, and the NYC Health and Hospitals System WTC Environmental Health Center\n\u2022 Health system leadership\n\u2022 Policymakers (state, local, and federal [WTC Health Program science\nteam, CDC, other federal agencie"]
[14.94763469696045, 13.802289962768555, "eting, etc.)\nIndependent data: peer-\nreviewed literature\nIndependent data: gray\nliterature\nIndependent data: in\nprogress research (NIH\nreporter)\nPrimary data collection:\ngroups and interviews)\nstakeholder views (focus\nOther (political context?)\nZadro"]
[14.92296314239502, 13.843384742736816, "thesis of themes emerging from coded data. In this appendix, we also describe our approach to integrating quantitative and qualitative findings through the development of case studies of research impact.\nResearch Question Development and Refinement\nT"]
[14.91887378692627, 13.84467887878418, " (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results (Chapter 2, \u201cImpacts of World Trade Center Health-Related Research\u201d).\nRecord Search\nWe used a systematic search strategy to find records in databases of peer-reviewed publications and gray litera"]
[14.923185348510742, 13.807282447814941, "rocess are reported in the Preferred Items for Reporting on Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart in Figure 2.1 (Liberati et al., 2009).\nFull-Text Review\nTo guide the abstraction of data from peer-reviewed publications, we developed"]
[14.914529800415039, 13.858112335205078, "ation studies describe physical or chemical stressors in the environment. Exposure-outcome linkage studies examine associations between one or more exposures and health outcomes (including mental health). Outcome modification studies examine characte"]
[14.914608001708984, 13.828561782836914, "r, other similar acute traumatic injuries. Cancer: Any cancer (cancer type not specified); blood and lymphoid tissue, digestive system, eye and orbit, female breast, female reproductive organs, head and neck, respiratory system, skin (melanoma and no"]
[14.918729782104492, 13.821432113647461, "akeholders have, according to several different models for visualizing a body of research. Their selection does not imply an evaluation standard: for instance, that WTC evidence should equally cover every evidence type from prioritization to dissemin"]
[14.91825008392334, 13.81410026550293, "decisionmakers compare the benefits and harms of various interventions and strategies for preventing, diagnosing, treating, and monitoring health conditions in real-world settings.\n\u2022 Evidence synthesis: The process of systematically reviewing, evalua"]
[15.039384841918945, 13.706032752990723, "f these free-text options, creating a categorization scheme that we iteratively refined as we reviewed each free-text entry. The items include\n\u2022 intervention types under the categories of screening or testing, treatment or management, or other interv"]
[15.085033416748047, 13.656832695007324, "his initial round was to test and improve the appropriateness of the preliminary codebook and identify the need for additional documentation. The preliminary codebook was refined on the basis of these findings and again compared with the focus group "]
[15.080255508422852, 13.66829776763916, "nalysis. We used the focus group discussion guide, which was based on our research questions, to develop a priori codes. This codebook was developed in parallel with another codebook for Program documentation, described below. The two were frequently"]
[14.941669464111328, 13.820064544677734, "engine of more than 1,200 think tanks and research centers that is maintained by the Harvard Kennedy School (Harvard Kennedy School, 2021). In Google, we carried out three searches, two with limits to domain type (.org and .gov) and one without domai"]
[15.006165504455566, 13.750086784362793, "us group transcripts, Program documentation, and gray literature documents. This text was then processed using a \u201cbag of words\u201d natural language processing approach, in which each page is transformed into a list of commonly used words and two-word ph"]
[14.945016860961914, 13.813583374023438, "findings from multiple data sources across the same condition or population of interest (e.g., WTC youth, PTSD), using the research questions as a guide. For instance, to address subquestions about the extent to which the research portfolio addresses"]
[14.921773910522461, 13.829317092895508, "steps and connected directly to Program planning and policy. As detailed in Chapter 2, translational steps are depicted in this framework on five \u201crings\u201d corresponding to different kinds of research questions (fundamental questions, application and s"]
[11.78174877166748, 21.89900016784668, "OR attack* OR catastroph* OR disaster* OR crash* OR (building* adj3 collaps*) OR (tower* adj3 collaps*) OR (building* adj3 burn*) OR (tower* adj3 burn*) OR (building* adj3 fire*) OR (tower* adj3 fire*) OR plane* OR airplane* OR jet* OR aircraft* OR \u201c"]
[11.780290603637695, 21.895278930664062, "RMS: TI terror* OR AB terror* OR KW terror* OR TI attack* OR AB attack* OR KW attack* OR TI catastroph* OR AB catastroph* OR KW catastroph* OR TI disaster* OR AB disaster* OR KW disaster* OR TI crash* OR AB crash* OR TI crash* OR TI(building* N3 coll"]
[11.775289535522461, 21.896663665771484, "g* N3 burn*) OR TI(tower* N3 burn*) OR AB(tower* N3 burn*) OR MW(tower* N3 burn*) OR TI(building* N3 fire*) OR AB(building N3 fire*) OR MW(building N3 fire*) OR TI(tower* N3 fire*) OR AB(tower* N3 fire*) OR MW(tower* N3 fire*) OR TI plane* OR AB plan"]
[11.781715393066406, 21.89898109436035, "OR aircraft* OR burn* OR crash* OR hijack*) OR ABS(terror* OR attack* OR catastroph* OR disaster* OR collaps* OR tower* OR building* OR fire* OR plane* OR airplane* OR jet* OR aircraft* OR burn* OR crash* OR hijack*) AND (EXCLUDE (SUBJAREA , \u201cSOCI\u201d) "]
[11.782434463500977, 21.896387100219727, "d Sep* to Sept*.)\nStatement #1: Common References to the Attack\nTS=(\u201cworld trade center\u201d) OR TS=(sept* NEAR/0 11) OR TS=(sept* NEAR/0 11th) OR TS=(\u201cground zero\u201d) Exclude: RESEARCH AREAS: (PLANT SCIENCES OR ENGINEERING OR REMOTE SENSING OR COMPUTER SC"]
[11.779464721679688, 21.896488189697266, "ES OR INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTATION OR PHYSICS OR REMOTE SENSING OR FORESTRY OR HISTORY PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE OR ENERGY FUELS OR THERMODYNAMICS OR ENTOMOLOGY OR WATER RESOURCES OR ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS OR AUTOMATION CONTROL\n       69\nSYSTEMS OR ZOOLOG"]
[14.92128849029541, 13.83954906463623, "Application of Translational Research Frameworks\n\u2022 Evidence type (e.g., generation, synthesis)\n\u2022 NIEHS Translational Research Framework\n\u2022 NIH Translational Science Spectrum\nFree-Text Capture\n\u2022 Study objectives\n\u2022 Findings\n\u2022 Implications\n\u2022 Limitations\n"]
[11.781001091003418, 21.900062561035156, "ard E., Joseph A. Boscarino, and Sandro Galea, \u201cAlcohol Use, Mental Health Status and Psychological Well-Being 2 Years After the World Trade Center Attacks in New York City,\u201d American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2006, pp. 203\u20132"]
[11.779446601867676, 21.90176773071289, "radeep, Daniel Del Prado, Steven Karidas, Richard Neff, Michael Sadler, \u201cPenetrating Axillary Trauma in a Survivor of the World Trade Center Disaster,\u201d Emergency Radiology, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2002, pp. 300\u2013302.\n24. Albert, Pradeep, Jeremy Handel, Paula Y"]
[11.784521102905273, 21.896522521972656, "g Rosen, Kim Davis, Greg Smith, and Malachy Corrigan, \u201c\u2018Stay Connected\u2019: Psychological Services for Retired Firefighters After 11 September 2001,\u201d Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2007, pp. 49\u201354.\n34. Ammar, Ali, Zahia Esber, Sunil "]
[11.77994155883789, 21.903682708740234, "asilios Christodoulou, Michael D. Weiden, and David J. Prezant, \u201cAccelerated Spirometric Decline in New York City Firefighters with \u03b11- Antitrypsin Deficiency,\u201d Chest, Vol. 138, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1116\u20131124.\n43. Banauch, Gisela I., Atiya Dhala, Dawn Al"]
[11.778053283691406, 21.897363662719727, "2. Beebe, Beatrice, Christina W. Hoven, Marsha Kaitz, Miriam Steele, George Musa, Amy Margolis, Julie Ewing, K. Mark Sossin, and Sang Han Lee, \u201cUrgent Engagement in 9/11 Pregnant Widows and Their Infants: Transmission of Trauma,\u201d Infancy, Vol. 25, No"]
[11.783981323242188, 21.901004791259766, " Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, Vol. 10, Nos. 2\u20133, 2011, pp. 286\u2013295.\n62. Bergman, Anni, K. Mark Sossin, Suzi Tortora, Lydia (Ryan\u2019s Mother), Phyllis Cohen, and Beatrice Beebe, \u201cThe Team Approach to the Treatment of a Traumatized Mother and Chil"]
[11.781492233276367, 21.899511337280273, "ncy Dodson, Jeanne M. Stellman, Steven Southwick, Vansh Sharma, Robin Herbert, Jacqueline M. Moline, and Craig L. Katz, \u201cStories Behind the Symptoms: A Qualitative Analysis of the Narratives of 9/11 Rescue and Recovery Workers,\u201d Psychiatric Quarterly"]
[11.818671226501465, 21.86365509033203, "ster: Implications for Mental Health Care,\u201d General Hospital Psychiatry, Vol. 26, No. 5, 2004, pp. 346\u2013358.\n82. Boscarino, Joseph A., Richard E. Adams, and Charles R. Figley, \u201cA Prospective Cohort Study of the Effectiveness of Employer-Sponsored Cris"]
[11.782244682312012, 21.898988723754883, "ndro Galea, Jennifer Ahern, \u201cUtilization of Mental Health Services Following the September 11th Terrorist Attacks in Manhattan, New York City,\u201d International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Vol. 4, No. 3, 2002, pp. 143\u2013155.\n93. Boscarino, Joseph "]
[11.769194602966309, 21.91120147705078, "Grande, and James E. Cone, \u201cGender Differences in Probable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Police Responders to the 2001 World Trade Center Terrorist Attack,\u201d American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 53, No. 12, 2010, pp. 1186\u20131196.\n103. Bow"]
[11.780076026916504, 21.90177345275879, "Horowitz, and Joanne P. Reinhardt, \u201cThe September 11th Attacks and Depressive Symptomatology Among Older Adults with Vision Loss in New York City,\u201d Journal of Gerontological Social Work, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2004, pp. 55\u201371.\n112. Breysse, Patrick N., D\u2019An"]
[11.779995918273926, 21.90120506286621, "ter the September 11th World Trade Center Attacks,\u201d Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 38, No. 13, 2004, pp. 3514\u20133524.\n122. Buyantseva, Larisa V., Mark Tulchinsky, George M. Kapalka, Vernon Chinchilli, Zhengmin Qian, Robert Gillio, Arthur J."]
[11.783032417297363, 21.89838218688965, "\u2013362.\n131. Caruana, Dennis L., Po Hsuan Huang, Jonathan C. Li, Keely Cheslack-Postava, and Anthony M. Szema, \u201cAllergy and Lung Injury Among Rescue Workers Exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster Assessed 17 Years After Exposure to Ground Zero,\u201d Jo"]
[11.778945922851562, 21.90192413330078, "51, No. 1, 2002, pp. 1\u20135.\n87\n143. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \u201cPotential Exposures to Airborne and Settled Surface Dust in Residential Areas of Lower Manhattan Following the Collapse of the World Trade Center\u2014New York City, November 4"]
[11.782877922058105, 21.90120506286621, " to the World Trade Center Attacks, PTSD Symptomatology, and Suicidal Ideation,\u201d Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 24, No. 5, 2011, pp. 526\u2013529.\n154. Chemtob, Claude M., Yoko Nomura, and Robert A. Abramovitz, \u201cImpact of Conjoined Exposure to the Worl"]
[11.78144359588623, 21.895797729492188, " Chiu, Sydney, Mayris P. Webber, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Jackson Gustave, Roy Lee, Kerry J. Kelly, Linda Rizzotto, Rita McWilliams, John K. Schorr, Carol S. North, and David J. Prezant, \u201cPerformance Characteristics of the PTSD Checklist in Retired Firefig"]
[11.782673835754395, 21.90062713623047, "lementi, Emily A., Angela Talusan, Sandhya Vaidyanathan, Arul Veerappan, Mena Mikhail, Dean Ostrofsky, George Crowley, James S. Kim, Sophia Kwon, and Anna Nolan, \u201cMetabolic Syndrome and Air Pollution: A Narrative Review of Their Cardiopulmonary Effec"]
[11.780036926269531, 21.900850296020508, "r Subsequent Decline in Function in a Sample of World Trade Center Responders,\u201d Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2019.\n183. Clouston, Sean A. P., Jack Guralnik, Roman Kotov, Evelyn Bromet, and Benjamin J. Luft, \u201cFunctional Limitations Among Respond"]
[11.779152870178223, 21.902416229248047, "chard E. Peltier, Judith Zelikoff, and Lung-chi Chen, \u201cAcute High-Level Exposure to WTC Particles Alters Expression of Genes Associated with Oxidative Stress and Immune Function in the Lung,\u201d Journal of Immunotoxicology, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2015, pp. 140"]
[11.785369873046875, 21.89784049987793, ". Cone, James E., Sukhminder Osahan, Christine C. Ekenga, Sara A. Miller-Archie, Steven D. Stellman, Monique Fairclough, Stephen M. Friedman, and Mark R. Farfel, \u201cAsthma Among Staten Island Fresh Kills Landfill and Barge Workers Following the Septemb"]
[11.779851913452148, 21.900772094726562, "Services, Psychiatric Services, Vol. 57, No. 9, 2006, pp. 1313\u20131315.\n95\n212. Cowell, Whitney J., Sally A. Lederman, Andreas Sjo\u0308din, Richard Jones, Shuang Wang, Frederica P. Perera, Richard Wang, Virginia A. Rauh, and Julie B. Herbstman, \u201cPrenatal Ex"]
[11.784066200256348, 21.901113510131836, "pi, Robert, Elizabeth Brondolo, \u201cPosttraumatic Stress Disorder Post 9/11: A Review of the Evidence and Implications for Public Health Policy,\u201d TPM-Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2017, pp. 363\u2013378.\n223. Cruz"]
[11.783888816833496, 21.897581100463867, ". Crane, Julia R. Kaplan, Roberto G. Lucchini, Benjamin J. Luft, Jacqueline M. Moline, Susan L. Teitelbaum, Usha S. Tirunagari, et al., \u201cCohort Profile: World Trade Center Health Program General Responder Cohort,\u201d International Journal of Epidemiolog"]
[11.779942512512207, 21.904727935791016, " Artery Diameter Is Associated with Reduced FEV1 in Former World Trade Center Workers,\u201d Clinical Respiratory Journal, Vol. 13, No. 10, 2019, pp. 614\u2013623.\n244. de la Hoz, Rafael E., Xiaoyu Liu, Juan C. Celedo\u0301n, John T. Doucette, Yunho Jeon, Anthony P"]
[11.7877836227417, 21.891897201538086, "ckbill, Steven D. Stellman, and Mark R. Farfel, \u201cComparison of Health Outcomes Among Affiliated and Lay Disaster Volunteers Enrolled in the World Trade Center Health Registry,\u201d Preventive Medicine, Vol. 53, No. 6, 2011, pp. 359\u2013363.\n254. Dekel, Sharo"]
[11.782135963439941, 21.90015411376953, "rld Trade Center Attacks,\u201d Psychological Trauma, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2011, pp. 1\u20137.\n266. Dewart, Tracey, Blanche Frank, and James Schmeidler, \u201cThe Impact of 9/11 on Patients in New York City\u2019s Substance Abuse Treatment Programs,\u201d American Journal of Drug "]
[11.78194522857666, 21.900720596313477, " pp. 264\u2013273.\n275. DiMaggio, Charles, Sandro Galea, and Michael Emch, \u201cSpatial Proximity and the Risk of Psychopathology After a Terrorist Attack,\u201d Psychiatry Research, Vol. 176, No. 1, 2010, pp. 55\u201361.\n276. DiMaggio, Charles, Sandro Galea, and Guohu"]
[11.775482177734375, 21.904510498046875, " City 6 Months After the WTC Attack,\u201d Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 24, No. 5, 2011, pp. 553\u2013556.\n103\n287. Durmus, Nedim, Yongzhao Shao, Alan A. Arslan, Yian Zhang, Sultan Pehlivan, Maria- Elena Fernandez-Beros, Lisette Umana, Rachel Corona, Shei"]
[11.781907081604004, 21.900320053100586, "and Robin Herbert, \u201cQuality of Spirometry Performed by 13,599 Participants in the World Trade Center Worker and Volunteer Medical Screening Program,\u201d Respiratory Care, Vol. 55, No. 3, 2010, pp. 303\u2013309.\n297. Eskenazi, Brenda, Amy R. Marks, Ralph Cata"]
[11.78179931640625, 21.90286636352539, "Christina C. Ekenga, Sukhminder Osahan, Sharon E. Perlman, Lisa M. Gargano, Jennifer Imasuen, and Mark R. Farfel, \u201cRelationship Between Persistent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Human Remains Exposure for Staten Island Barge and Landfill Recovery "]
[11.781315803527832, 21.900653839111328, "enihan, Marcella M. Johnson, Vandana Karri, and C. V. R. Reddy, \u201cCardiac Sequelae in Brooklyn After the September 11 Terrorist Attacks,\u201d Clinical Cardiology, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2006, pp. 13\u201317.\n316. Fernandez, William G., Sandro Galea, Jeff Miller, Jenn"]
[11.77828311920166, 21.903865814208984, "o. 1, 2006, pp. 5\u201314.\n325. Freedman, T. G., \u201cVoices of 9/11 First Responders: Patterns of Collective Resilience,\u201d Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2004, pp. 377\u2013393.\n326. Friedberg, Fred, Jenna L. Adamowicz, Indre Caikauskaite, Anthony N"]
[11.778385162353516, 21.89873695373535, "r, Raluca M., Jeffrey S. Simons, Gerald A. Jacobs, David Meyer, and Erika Johnson-Jimenez, \u201cCoping Motives and Trait Negative Affect: Testing Mediation and Moderation Models of Alcohol Problems Among American Red Cross Disaster Workers Who Responded "]
[11.771445274353027, 21.889144897460938, "88\u2013795.\n346. Garcia, Evangeline, and Denise A. Horton, \u201cSupporting the Federal Emergency Management Agency Rescuers: A Variation of Critical Incident Stress Management,\u201d Military Medicine, Vol. 168, No. 2, 2003, pp. 87\u201390.\n347. Gard, Betsy A., Josef "]
[11.773852348327637, 21.901357650756836, "\u201cReview of Non-Respiratory, Non-Cancer Physical Health Conditions from Exposure to the World Trade Center Disaster,\u201d International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2018.\n358. Gargano, Lisa M., Ho Ki Mok, Melanie H."]
[11.781035423278809, 21.896638870239258, "h Wicks, Michaeline Bresnahan, Cristiane S. Duarte, and Christina Hoven, \u201cComorbidity Classes and Associated Impairment, Demographics and 9/11-Exposures in 8,236 Children and Adolescents,\u201d Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol. 96, 2018, pp. 171\u2013177.\n"]
[11.785943984985352, 21.898698806762695, " Glaser, Michelle S., Neomi Shah, Mayris P. Webber, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Nadia Jaber, David W. Appel, Charles B. Hall, Jessica Weakley, Hillel W. Cohen, Lawrence Shulman, Kerry Kelly, and David Prezant, \u201cObstructive Sleep Apnea and World Trade Center E"]
[11.781449317932129, 21.89961814880371, "ional Journal of Cancer, Vol. 145, No. 6, 2019, pp. 1504\u20131509.\n387. Graeff-Martins, Ana Soledade, Christina W. Hoven, Ping Wu, Fan Bin, and Cristiane S. Duarte, \u201cUse of Mental Health Services by Children and Adolescents Six Months After the World Tra"]
[11.78206729888916, 21.900344848632812, "edy: Placing Children\u2019s Reactions to Trauma in a New Context,\u201d Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2002, pp. 286\u2013295.\n399. Haen, Craig, \u201cRebuilding Security: Group Therapy with Children Affected by September 11,\u201d International Journal o"]
[11.779816627502441, 21.89834976196289, "treach and Peer-Delivered Mental Health Services in New York City Following September 11, 2001,\u201d Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2008, pp. 117\u2013123.\n409. Harville, Emily, Xu Xiong, and Pierre Buekens, \u201cDisasters and Perinatal Healt"]
[11.775047302246094, 21.898324966430664, "efighters,\u201d Chest, Vol. 153, No. 1, 2018, pp. 114\u2013123.\n118\n420. Henley, Robert, Randall Marshall, and Stefan Vetter, \u201cIntegrating Mental Health Services into humanitarian Relief Responses to Social Emergencies, Disasters, and Conflicts: A Case Study,"]
[11.782888412475586, 21.899951934814453, "Brennan, and Lisa Colarossi, \u201cEvent-Exposure Stress, Coping, and Psychological Distress Among New York Students at Six Months After 9/11,\u201d Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2010, pp. 153\u2013163.\n431. Hill, Matthew N., Linda M. Bierer, Iouri M"]
[11.777071952819824, 21.896011352539062, "7.\n440. Hoven, Christina W., Cristiane S. Duarte, Wu P, et al., Parental Exposure to Mass Violence and Child Mental Health: The First Responder and WTC Evacuee Study, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2009, pp. 95\u2013112.\n441."]
[11.783034324645996, 21.899755477905273, "\n450. Jack, Katherine, and Sherry Glied, \u201cThe Public Costs of Mental Health Response: Lessons from the New York City Post-9/11 Needs Assessment,\u201d Journal of Urban Health, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2002, pp. 332\u2013339.\n451. Jackson, Carlos T., George Allen, Susan"]
[11.781638145446777, 21.895925521850586, "nn Difede, Ellen Klausner, and Lisa Spielman, \u201cAre Male Disaster Workers With Vietnam Military Service at Greater Risk for PTSD than Peers Without Combat History?\u201d Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 194, No. 11, 2006, pp. 859\u2013863.\n462. Jayas"]
[11.78116226196289, 21.897811889648438, "ty Among Rescue and Recovery Workers and Community Members Exposed to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks, 2003\u20132014,\u201d Environmental Research, Vol. 163, 2018, pp. 270\u2013279.\n470. Jordan, Hannah T., Steven D. Stellman, Alfredo Mo"]
[11.78342342376709, 21.89917755126953, "al, Vol. 111, 2018, pp. 268\u2013278.\n480. Katz, Craig L., Natalie Gluck, Andrea Maurizio, and Lynn E. DeLisi, \u201cThe Medical Student Experience with Disasters and Disaster Response,\u201d CNS Spectrums, Vol. 7, No. 8, 2002, pp. 604\u2013610.\n125\n481. Katz, Craig L.,"]
[11.780970573425293, 21.899219512939453, "rigan, Steven B. Markowitz, Jacqueline M. Moline, David Z. Savitz, Andrew C. Todd, Iris G. Udasin, and Juan P. Wisnivesky, \u201cIncreased Rates of Asthma Among World Trade Center Disaster Responders,\u201d American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 55, No."]
[11.786581993103027, 21.899648666381836, "imenez, Adam Gonzalez, Kathryn Guerrera, Julia Kaplan, Jacqueline Moline, et al., \u201cPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Risk of Respiratory Problems in World Trade Center Responders: Longitudinal Test of a Pathway,\u201d Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 77, "]
[11.784902572631836, 21.9011287689209, "ack,\u201d Social Service Review, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2019, pp. 96\u2013128.\n510. Kung, Winnie W., Xinhua Liu, Emily Goldmann, Debbie Huang, Xiaoran Wang, Keon Kim, Patricia Kim, and Lawrence H. Yang, \u201cPosttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Short and Medium Term Fol"]
[11.781679153442383, 21.900035858154297, "yed H. Haider, George Crowley, Erin J. Caraher, Dean F. Ostrofsky, Angela Talusan, Sophia Kwon, David J. Prezant, Yuyan Wang, Mengling Liu, and Anna Nolan, \u201cSynergistic Effect of WTC-Particulate Matter and Lysophosphatidic Acid Exposure and the Role "]
[11.775589942932129, 21.89883804321289, "errorist Attack,\u201d International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2006, pp. 267\u2013274.\n529. Lederman, Sally Ann, Mark Becker, Stephen Sheets, Janet Stein, Deliang Tang, Lisa Weiss, Frederica P. Perera, \u201cModeling Exposure to Air Polluti"]
[11.784924507141113, 21.89832878112793, "en Attending Prenatal Care,\u201d Journal of Prenatal and Perinatal Psychology and Health, Vol. 19, No. 4, 2005, pp. 275\u2013288.\n539. Li, Jiehui, Howard E. Alper, Lisa M. Gargano, Carey B. Maslow and Robert M. Brackbill, \u201cRe-Experiencing 9/11-Related PTSD Sy"]
[11.776650428771973, 21.902130126953125, "r Tissue Samples from World Trade Center Responders,\u201d Journal of Translational Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2018.\n548. Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil, Stephanie Tuminello, Christina Gillezeau, Maaike van Gerwen, Rachel Brody, David J. Mulholland, Lori Horton, M"]
[11.779165267944336, 21.90144157409668, "ast of the World Trade Center (WTC) in Lower Manhattan After the Collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001,\u201d Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 110, No. 7, 2002, pp. 703\u2013714.\n134\n558. Lipkind, Heather S., Allison E. Curry, Mary Huynh, Lorna E. Thorp"]
[11.781923294067383, 21.900714874267578, "orld Trade Center Exposure on the Timing of Diagnoses of Obstructive Airway Disease, Chronic Rhinosinusitis, and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease,\u201d Frontiers in Public Health, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2017.\n568. Locke, Sean, Angela-Maithy Nguyen, Liza Friedman,"]
[11.782937049865723, 21.8995418548584, "No. 5, 2012, pp. 1069\u20131079.\n577. Lurie, Jacob M., Hazel Lever, Lucy Goodson, Daniel Jack Lyons, Robert T. Yanagisawa, and Craig L. Katz, \u201cInstilling Hope and Resiliency: A Narrative Photo-Taking Intervention During an Intercultural Exchange Involving"]
[11.783323287963867, 21.900150299072266, "n, Mana, Jiehui Li, Mark R. Farfel, Carey B. Maslow, Sukhminder Osahan, and Steven D. Stellman, \u201cAdolescent Behavior and PTSD 6\u20137 Years After the World Trade Center Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001,\u201d Disaster Health, Vol. 2, Nos. 3\u20134, 2014, pp"]
[11.77696418762207, 21.9000244140625, "l Qualitative Study,\u201d Social Work Research, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2007, pp. 121\u2013126.\n597. Matthieu, Monica M., Andre\u0301 Ivanoff, Sarah Lewis, and Kathryn Conroy, \u201cSocial Work Field Instructors in New York City After 9/11/01: Impact and Needs Resulting from t"]
[11.783122062683105, 21.901630401611328, "l and Professional Experiences of 9/11 Mental Health Workers,\u201d Social Work in Mental Health, Vol. 18, No. 6, 2020.\n609. Mendelson, David S., Mark Roggeveen, Stephen M. Levin, Robin Herbert, and Rafael de la Hoz, \u201cAir Trapping Detected on End-Expirato"]
[11.796771049499512, 21.907245635986328, "G. Crawford, S. James, C. L. Katz, L. E. Crowley, et al., \u201cPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder Dimensions and Asthma Morbidity in World Trade Center Rescue and Recovery Workers,\u201d Journal of Asthma, Vol. 54, No. 7, 2017, pp. 723\u2013731.\n141\n620. Moir, William"]
[11.784481048583984, 21.89869499206543, "dies, Vol. 15, No. 6, 2006, pp. 733\u2013743.\n629. Moynihan, Patrick J., Jeffrey M. Levine, and Orlando Rodriguez, \u201cThe Experiences of Project Liberty Crisis Counselors in the Bronx,\u201d Community Mental Health Journal, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2005, pp. 665\u2013673.\n630"]
[11.779406547546387, 21.9005126953125, "nd Sandro Galea, \u201cPatterns and Predictors of Trajectories of Depression After an Urban Disaster,\u201d Annals of Epidemiology, Vol. 19, No. 11, 2009, pp. 761\u2013770.\n640. Napier, Camille O., Ositadinma Mbadugha, Laura A. Bienenfeld, John T. Doucette, Roberto"]
[11.784570693969727, 21.90272331237793, "e,\u201d New Solutions, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2008, pp. 3\u201322.\n649. Nicosia, Gregory J., Lorna Minewiser, and Amanda Freger, \u201cWorld Trade Center: A Longitudinal Case Study for Treating Post Traumatic Stress Disorder with Emotional Freedom Technique and Eye Movem"]
[11.786017417907715, 21.898296356201172, "ol. 163, No. 6, 2009, pp. 531\u2013539.\n658. Norris, Fran H., Sheila A. Donahue, Chip J. Felton, Patricia J. Watson, Jessica L. Hamblen, and Randall D. Marshall, \u201cA Psychometric Analysis of Project Liberty\u2019s Adult Enhanced Services Referral Tool,\u201d Psychia"]
[11.779167175292969, 21.902494430541992, "yees of New York City Companies Affected by the September 11, 2001 Attacks on the World Trade Center,\u201d Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, Vol. 5, Supp. 2, 2011, pp. S205\u2013S213.\n669. Offenberg, J. H., S. J. Eisenreich, L. C. Chen, M. D. "]
[11.783838272094727, 21.8995418548584, "Heyde, Dori Reissman, and Vansh Sharma, \u201cThe Enduring Mental Health Impact of the September 11th Terrorist Attacks: Challenges and Lessons Learned,\u201d Psychiatric Clinics of North America, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2013, pp. 417\u2013429.\n678. Paasivirta, Maria E., C"]
[11.779926300048828, 21.90188217163086, " 709\u2013714.\n689. Perera, Frederica P., Deliang Tang, Virginia Rauh, Kristen Lester, Wei Yann Tsai, Yi Hsuan Tu, Lisa Weiss, Lori Hoepner, Jeffrey King, Giuseppe Del Priore, and Sally Ann Lederman, \u201cRelationships Among Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-DN"]
[11.78325366973877, 21.899993896484375, "garet Altemus, Moonseong Heo, and Hong Jiang, \u201cSalivary Cortisol and Psychopathology in Children Bereaved by the September 11, 2001 Terror Attacks,\u201d Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 61, No. 8, 2007, pp. 957\u2013965.\n700. Pfeffer, Cynthia R., Margaret Altemus,"]
[11.790152549743652, 21.907175064086914, "R. Ozbay, V. Sharma, et al., \u201cDimensional Structure and Course of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptomatology in World Trade Center Responders,\u201d Psychological Medicine, Vol. 44, No. 10, 2014, pp. 2085\u20132098.\n151\n711. Pietrzak, R. H., A. Feder, R. Singh, C. B"]
[11.78456974029541, 21.90154457092285, "mas K. Aldrich, and Kerry J. Kelly, \u201cCough and Bronchial Responsiveness in Firefighters at the World Trade Center Site,\u201d New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 347, No. 11, 2002, pp. 806\u2013815.\n722. Pridemore, William A., Adam Trahan, and Mitchell B. Ch"]
[11.77975082397461, 21.902341842651367, " Community Members Exposed to World Trade Center Dust and Fumes,\u201d International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, No. 18, 2020.\n732. Reibman, Joan, Nomi Levy-Carrick, Terry Miles, Kimberly Flynn, Catherine Hughes, Michael "]
[11.784423828125, 21.898744583129883, "ng, and Joanna Legerski, \u201cEngagement in Trauma-Specific CBT for Youth Post-9/11,\u201d Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2012.\n743. Rodriguez, Jorge J., and Robert Kohn, \u201cUse of Mental Health Services Among Disaster Survivors,"]
[11.784902572631836, 21.900880813598633, "4.\n753. Rubacka, Joseph M., James Schmeidler, Yoko Nomura, Rohini Luthra, Khushmand Rajendran, Robert Abramovitz, and Claude M. Chemtob, \u201cThe Relationship Between PTSD Arousal Symptoms and Depression Among Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center At"]
[11.784958839416504, 21.901838302612305, "\u201cGenetic Markers for PTSD Risk and Resilience Among Survivors of the World Trade Center Attacks,\u201d Disease Markers, Vol. 30, Nos. 2\u20133, 2011, pp. 101\u2013110.\n763. Sauler, Maor, and Mridu Gulati, \u201cNewly Recognized Occupational and Environmental Causes of C"]
[11.784570693969727, 21.900676727294922, " Curve Analysis,\u201d BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 16, 2016.\n773. Sciancalepore, Roseann, and Robert W. Motta, \u201cGender Related Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in a World Trade Center Tragedy Sample,\u201d International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, "]
[11.754335403442383, 21.86983871459961, "rs Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among World Trade Center Disaster Evacuees,\u201d Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2017, pp. 326\u2013336.\n159\n784. Sherrieb, Kathleen, and Fran H. Norris, \u201cPublic Health Consequences o"]
[11.80530834197998, 21.91162109375, ". Singh, A., R. Zeig-Owens, C. B. Hall, Y. Liu, L. Rabin, T. Schwartz, M. P. Webber, D. Appel, and D. J. Prezant, \u201cWorld Trade Center Exposure, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Subjective Cognitive Concerns in a Cohort of Rescue/Recovery Workers,\u201d"]
[11.7752103805542, 21.902482986450195, "ggi, \u201cPotential Carcinogenic Effects of World Trade Center Dust After Intratracheal Instillation to Sprague-Dawley Rats: First Observation,\u201d American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 56, No. 2, 2013, pp. 155\u2013162.\n805. Sofka, Carla J., \u201cAssessing "]
[11.777548789978027, 21.898530960083008, "e Barlev, Michael Marmor, and Marc Wilkenfeld, \u201cNeurologic Evaluations of Patients Exposed to the World Trade Center Disaster,\u201d Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 58, No. 11, 2016, pp. 1150\u2013 1154.\n816. Stecker, Mark, Jacqueline "]
[11.780282020568848, 21.90201759338379, "irbrother, \u201cBehavior Problems in New York City\u2019s Children After the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks,\u201d American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, Vol. 75, No. 2, 2005, pp. 190\u2013200.\n826. Stuber, Jennifer, Heidi Resnick, and Sandro Galea, \u201cGender Dispar"]
[11.787513732910156, 21.90079689025879, " Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vol. 113, No. 3, 2004, pp. 420\u2013426.\n835. Szema, Anthony M., Khalil W. Savary, Benjamin L. Ying, and Kevin Lai, \u201cPost 9/11: High Asthma Rates Among Children in Chinatown, New York,\u201d Allergy and Asthma Proceedings, Vol"]
[11.781767845153809, 21.899581909179688, "ental Health Perspectives, Vol. 116, No. 10, 2008, pp. 1383\u20131390.\n845. Thorpe, Lorna E., Shervin Assari, Stephen Deppen, Sherry Glied, Nicole Lurie, Matthew P. Mauer, Vickie M. Mays, and Edward Trapido, \u201cThe Role of Epidemiology in Disaster Response "]
[11.779189109802246, 21.899450302124023, "r, \u201cA Deese- Roediger-McDermott Study of Trauma Memory Among Employees of New York City Companies Affected by the September 11, 2001, Attacks,\u201d Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2015, pp. 165\u2013174.\n167\n856. Trout, Douglas, Ashok Nimgade, "]
[11.781866073608398, 21.899477005004883, "re Science and Environmental Epidemiology, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2017, pp. 306\u2013312.\n865. van Gerwen, Maaike A. G., Stephanie Tuminello, Gregory J. Riggins, Thais B. Mendes, Michael Donovan, Emma K. T. Benn, Eric Genden, Janete M. Cerutti, and Emanuela Taio"]
[11.781473159790039, 21.8994197845459, "juana Among Manhattan, New York, Residents After the September 11th Terrorist Attacks,\u201d American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 155, No. 11, 2002, pp. 988\u2013996.\n875. Vossbrinck, Madeline, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Charles Hall, Theresa Schwartz, William Moir,"]
[11.782514572143555, 21.899696350097656, "e,\u201d Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2002, pp. 241\u2013250.\n886. Warren, Tiffany, Shannon Lee, and Stephen Saunders, \u201cFactors Influencing Experienced Distress and Attitude Toward Trauma by Emergency Medicine Practitioners,\u201d Journal of Clinica"]
[11.787039756774902, 21.89964485168457, ". 3, 2005, pp. 355\u2013374.\n896. Webber, Mayris P., Michelle S. Glaser, Jessica Weakley, Jackie Soo, Fen Ye, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Michael D. Weiden, Anna Nolan, Thomas K. Aldrich, Kerry Kelly, et al., \u201cPhysician-Diagnosed Respiratory Conditions and Mental "]
[11.7872953414917, 21.90319061279297, "ger, et al., \u201cObstructive Airways Disease with Air Trapping Among Firefighters Exposed to World Trade Center Dust,\u201d Chest, Vol. 137, No. 3, 2010, pp. 566\u2013574.\n905. Weiden, Michael D., Sophia Kwon, Erin Caraher, Kenneth I. Berger, Joan Reibman, Willia"]
[11.779158592224121, 21.90087890625, "m the World Trade Center Health Registry,\u201d Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 140, 2014, pp. 1\u20137.\n914. Welch, Alice E., Kimberly Caramanica Zweig, Jonathan M. McAteer, and Robert M. Brackbill, \u201cIntensity of Binge Drinking a Decade After the September "]
[11.789121627807617, 21.903173446655273, "nals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Vol. 126, No. 3, 2020.\n175\n924. Wisnivesky, Juan P., Susan L. Teitelbaum, Andrew C. Todd, Paolo Boffetta, Michael Crane, Laura Crowley, Rafael E. de la Hoz, Cornelia Dellenbaugh, Denise Harrison, Robin Herbert,"]
[11.787693977355957, 21.902057647705078, "phen M. Friedman, and Hannah T. Jordan, \u201cProbable Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Lower Respiratory Symptoms Among Rescue/Recovery Workers and Community Members After the 9/11 World Trade Center Attacks: A Longitudinal Mediation Analysis,\u201d Psychoso"]
[11.78400993347168, 21.897624969482422, "ticulate that Settled Inside the Surrounding Buildings and Outside on the Streets of Southern New York City After the Collapse of the World Trade Center, September 11, 2001,\u201d Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, Vol. 54, No. 5, 2004, "]
[11.782825469970703, 21.89971923828125, "on/Irritants, Asthma Control, and Health-Related Quality of Life Among 9/11-Exposed Individuals with Asthma,\u201d International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 16, No. 11, 2019.\n952. Yurt, Roger W., Palmer Q. Bessey, Nicole E. A"]
[11.781886100769043, 21.900772094726562, "lan, et al., \u201cWorld Trade Center Disaster and Sensitization to Subsequent Life Stress: A Longitudinal Study of Disaster Responders,\u201d Preventive Medicine, Vol. 75, 2015, pp. 70\u201374.\n961. Zvolensky, Michael J., Roman Kotov, Clyde B. Schechter, Adam Gonz"]
[14.979828834533691, 13.774786949157715, "her end users (child code)\n\u2013 Policymakers external to\nProgram (e.g., Congress or state governments) (child code)\n 181\n   Program Documentation A Priori Codebook\n     Focus Group Transcripts A Priori Codebook\n     Interview Transcripts A Priori Codebo"]
[14.925378799438477, 13.832144737243652, "rs, and advocacy on behalf of the Program (child code)\n\u2013 Informing Program/research planning (child code)\n\u2013 Informing individual health care decisions (child code)\n\u2013 Responding to future disasters (child code)\n\u2013 Guiding future research (child code)\n\u2013"]
[11.778584480285645, 21.902271270751953, "fect Term* (\u201cWorld Trade Center\u201d OR WTC OR \u201cSeptember 11\u201d OR \u201cground zero\u201d) AND Exposure Term* (\u201cWorld Trade Center\u201d OR WTC OR \u201cSeptember 11\u201d OR \u201cground zero\u201d) AND Translation Term*\n  184\n*Terms were searched one at a time\ngovinfo\nLimit 2001\u2013present\n"]
[14.909995079040527, 13.842796325683594, "lly think about the dust and everything else, cleanup, when young kids are 19, 20 years old now, that\u2019s to me I think about it constantly because I can\u2019t even imagine a juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.\nThere was general agreement across stakeholder com"]
[14.917437553405762, 13.838711738586426, "ents most commonly described three criteria. They would prioritize research according to\n\u2022 what is most clinically relevant\n\u2022 who is affected\n\u2022 the \u201cfeasibility of being able to answer the question.\u201d\nOne researcher described what is meant by clinical"]
[14.905844688415527, 13.852826118469238, "ntific question that\u2019s raised in the grant proposal or the contract proposal. It\u2019s about the feasibility of being able to answer the question. That\u2019s nothing new for the Federal Government or for any funding agency, but it will be of particular impor"]
[14.873268127441406, 13.886492729187012, "Center Health Program Research Grantee Meeting, New York, June 2019.\nConnected Papers, homepage, undated. As of September 21, 2021: https://www.connectedpapers.com/\nCooper, Simon, Robyn Cant, Michelle Kelly, Tracy Levett-Jones, Lisa McKenna, Philippa"]
[14.859016418457031, 13.906060218811035, "activity/hearings/hearing-on-examining-hr- 1786-james-zadroga-911-health-and-compensation\nHouse Committee on Energy and Commerce Democratic Staff, \u201cHearing on \u2018Examining H.R. 1786, the James Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Reauthorization Act,\u2019\u201d"]
[14.916653633117676, 13.829129219055176, "\u2019Brien, \u201cScoping Studies: Advancing the Methodology,\u201d Implementation Science, Vol. 5, 2010.\nLiberati, Alessandro, Douglas G. Altman, Jennifer Tetzlaff, Cynthia Mulrow, Peter C. G\u00f8tzsche, John P. A. Ioannidis, Mike Clarke, P. J. Devereaux, Jos Kleijne"]
[14.90475845336914, 13.856038093566895, "1, 2020: https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/programs/translational/resources/index.cfm\nNational Institutes of Health, \u201cCooperative Research Agreements Related to the World Trade Center Health Program (U01),\u201d PAR-12-126, March 23, 2012. As of Septembe"]
[14.895660400390625, 13.870979309082031, "Categorization,\u201d ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 34, No. 1, March 2002, pp. 1\u201347.\nSelker, Harry P., Laurel K. Leslie, June S. Wasser, Andrew G. Plaut, Ira B. Wilson, and John L. Griffith, \u201cTufts CTSI: Comparative Effectiveness Research as a Conceptual Fr"]
[14.910593032836914, 13.846722602844238, "er 21, 2021: https://www.webtrends.com/\nWilczynski, Nancy L., R. Brian Haynes, John N. Lavis, Ravi Ramkissoonsingh, and Alexandra E. Arnold-Oatley, \u201cOptimal Search Strategies for Detecting Health Services Research Studies in MEDLINE,\u201d Canadian Medica"]
[11.78405475616455, 21.897714614868164, "rking Group of New York City, 2011 Annual Report on 9/11 Health, New York, November 2011. As of September 20, 201: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/wtc/downloads/pdf/news/wtc-mwg-annual-report2011.pdf\nWTC\u2014See World Trade Center.\nYip, Jennifer, \u201cMental Hea"]
[8.622601509094238, 4.0262932777404785, "Suggestions for Estimating the Effects of State Gun Policies\nCommentary on Four Methodological Problems in the Current Literature\nTERRY L. SCHELL, ROSANNA SMART, ANDREW R. MORRAL\n Sponsored by Arnold Ventures\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this"]
[8.730412483215332, 4.071606636047363, "ernative explanation is that different researchers may be using methods that are more or less appropriate to the gun policy topics they are investigating. Use of flawed or inappropriate methods can lead to incorrect conclusions, even among the most n"]
[8.663691520690918, 4.005818843841553, "ve are publicly available on the project website at www.rand.org/gunpolicy.\nJustice Policy Program\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being "]
[8.77692699432373, 4.113707542419434, "uce Confounding .................................................15 Uncertain Control of Confounders..........................................................................................................17\n4. Ensuring That Key Model Assumptions Ar"]
[8.755578994750977, 4.108136177062988, "). In this report, we discuss four common methodological problems that we observed in the gun policy literature and offer suggestions for how future research on gun policies should be conducted, reported, and evaluated.\nThis report is not intended as"]
[8.763955116271973, 4.110021114349365, ". Some of these challenges are a result of the complexity of the policies being studied or limitations inherent in the available data. For example, classifying policies or laws involves trade-offs between increasing homogeneity among the policies who"]
[8.83024787902832, 4.176074028015137, "or prespecified time points. If the policy effect is operationalized with multiple parameters (e.g., in hybrid models), researchers should present results as the joint effect of the multiple coefficients used to describe the effect. They should not t"]
[8.86215877532959, 4.15702486038208, " biased\u2014if there are heterogeneous effects across units or time-varying policy effects.\nThe recommendation to control for confounders, however, should be balanced against the harms associated with overly complex models. Models that are more complex t"]
[8.88455867767334, 4.208651542663574, "ch the treated unit on the outcome and other covariates in the pre-policy period, and the causal effect is estimated by assuming that, in the absence of treatment, the outcomes of the treated and weighted control units would have been identical.\nIn t"]
[8.862374305725098, 4.177831172943115, " of independent, identically distributed residuals). Although some papers acknowledged these potential issues, they rarely provided empirical evidence to support the authors\u2019 preferred model specification. More often, papers reported several alternat"]
[8.879268646240234, 4.157898902893066, "ings to represent a significance test. Moreover, blocking on the implementation year and the quality of the match, which is what has typically been done in this literature, leaves unaddressed\nxi\nseveral known sources of heteroscedasticity (e.g., matc"]
[8.836921691894531, 4.144748687744141, " reviewed.\n\u2022 Recommendation 15. Some of the proliferation of alternative tests might be attributed to the curiosity of journal editors and reviewers who wish to see their own preferred specification reported and so require that it be added to article"]
[8.575366973876953, 4.107635974884033, "s are needed to identify the effects of gun policies in a persuasive and replicable way. In this report, we identified four areas that we think may be most ready for these improvements and proposed some ways that these improvements might be made.\nxii"]
[8.82156753540039, 4.178004264831543, "in-differences (DID) regression model, most commonly two-way fixed-effects models (i.e., including fixed effects for both the temporal and geographic units of analysis). Less\n1 Although not all guns are firearms, in this report, we follow conventiona"]
[8.791956901550293, 4.07692813873291, "ression-based models to identify the effects of gun policies, synthetic control studies have become increasingly common. They also have a somewhat unique set of limitations and interpretational challenges that have not been clearly articulated in the"]
[8.773283958435059, 3.982050657272339, "stard, 1997; Rosengart et al., 2005; Vernick and Hepburn, 2003) have published or shared their coding of laws, which allows for debate and improvement of the coding schemes, such coding often is not transparent and cannot be reviewed to determine acc"]
[8.670604705810547, 4.072177886962891, "re being developed. These include\n\u2022 the RAND State Firearm Law Database, which, as of this writing, covers 1979 through January 2020 and includes 17 broad classes of state gun policies and many subcategories (Cherney et al., 2020)1\n\u2022 Boston Universit"]
[8.849406242370605, 4.214301586151123, " used only about 20 times a year to remove firearms from someone who presented an imminent risk to themselves or others. It was not until after the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007 that the law started to be more widely used. With this pattern of uptak"]
[8.868733406066895, 4.22288703918457, " there is no single effect size to report. In fact, for the linear splines used in much of the extant gun policy literature, these models assume that the policy of interest can have effects on the outcome that are extremely large in magnitude\u2014in some"]
[8.850907325744629, 4.236173152923584, "hen the only effect of the policy is an immediate surge in crime following implementation within the treated units, the slope parameter will be negative, not positive.3 Standard frameworks for inferring causality from observations (e.g., Mill, 1843) "]
[8.822349548339844, 4.304981708526611, "tion would be expected to become progressively more extreme after the policy is implemented\u2014the opposite of regression to the mean. In contrast, in data showing regression to the mean, a null hypothesis that the trend before a given\n 8\ndate equals th"]
[8.874664306640625, 4.214725017547607, "e justified as the phase-in period of the policy\u2019s effect (e.g., as used in the preferred specifications in Donohue, 2004, and Schell, Cefalu, et al., 2020). Such splines are similar to dummy-coded variables but with a gradual rather than abrupt tran"]
[8.779483795166016, 4.102950096130371, "ets these three requirements for interpreting the effects. However, in 2020, we and other researchers published a study of the effects of three gun laws that we believe does satisfy these criteria (see Schell, Cefalu, et al., 2020). In that paper, we"]
[8.828702926635742, 4.212758541107178, " the model results as revealing policy effects. Although we focus this chapter on issues of confounding that are most relevant to estimating the causal effects of state firearm policies, these issues are not unique to the study of firearm policies an"]
[8.705071449279785, 4.584042549133301, "2014; Ayres and Donohue, 2003; Donohue, 2003; Donohue, Aneja, and Weber, 2019; Grambsch, 2008; Kovandzic and Marvell, 2003; Kovandzic, Marvell, and Vieraitis, 2005; Lott and Mustard, 1997; Manning, 2003; Plassmann and Whitley, 2003; Rosengart et al.,"]
[8.861860275268555, 4.1943817138671875, "ects of firearm policy and requires alternative approaches to those used most commonly in this literature. There are several methods that do not require parallel pre-trends in outcomes but instead assume that expected outcomes for states exposed and "]
[8.809213638305664, 4.125529766082764, "resent in the outcome in the prior year. Thus, the model implies that law effects propagate forward in time even if the model does not contain an explicit effect of the law on the outcomes in those later years.\nIn general, if researchers include auto"]
[8.845658302307129, 4.140625476837158, "d variable bias) in gun policy research (see, for example, Ayres and Donohue, 2009; Moody and Marvell, 2019), and many candidate confounders have been proposed as potentially important for ensuring valid estimates of a policy\u2019s effects. These candida"]
[8.839301109313965, 4.173318386077881, "Determining which variables are potential confounders and which are\n2 In this context, collider refers to candidate covariates that may themselves be affected by implementation of the law and by changes in the outcome. Including colliders as covariat"]
[8.863052368164062, 4.156650066375732, "r all predictors in the model. These problems are greatly exacerbated if one prunes variables based on standard levels of statistical significance (the default in many software packages) rather than on a criterion, such as cross-validated error or th"]
[8.917852401733398, 4.24080753326416, " (2010)\u2014is the synthetic control method, which estimates the causal effect by comparing (1) one analytic unit (e.g., a state) that implemented a policy with (2) a weighted average of other comparison units that did not implement the policy. These wei"]
[8.911599159240723, 4.239274024963379, "nt and control groups.\nHowever, in the gun policy research literature, the synthetic control studies that we examined did not attempt to balance on covariates that are thought to be associated with the treatment. Unless there are a large number of co"]
[8.8982572555542, 4.246212482452393, "ng method in which treatment and control states are matched on those factors (Rubin, 1974). The Donohue, Aneja, and Weber (2019) synthetic control analyses achieved relatively good balance on the pre-implementation trends in the outcomes, but the tre"]
[8.928474426269531, 4.247531890869141, " In fact, Kaul et al. (2018) showed that the optimization method used to estimate synthetic control weights results in all other covariates being ignored when all pre-treatment outcomes are included as predictors.\nResearchers using synthetic control "]
[8.8352689743042, 4.18434476852417, "D, that combines features from both synthetic control and DID methods. Their approach (1) estimates unit-specific weights that define the synthetic control unit based on pre-treatment data, (2) estimates time-specific weights that define the syntheti"]
[8.811219215393066, 4.140734672546387, "ss a variety of modeling approaches commonly used in gun policy evaluations to identify the approach that made the most-appropriate assumptions about the firearm mortality data. By design, that simulation study removed the possibility of selection bi"]
[8.849281311035156, 4.164191246032715, "o severely underestimate the true uncertainty that two-thirds or more of effects known to have no systematic association with the outcome variable appear to be statistically significant, a share far higher than the 5 percent expected for significance"]
[8.886642456054688, 4.197265148162842, "mber of states (or jurisdictions), in which case the standard clustering corrections may not yield accurate estimates of uncertainty (Conley and Taber, 2011; MacKinnon and Webb, 2017). Although a growing methodological literature has sought to derive"]
[8.851492881774902, 4.168961524963379, " the pre-implementation period\n\u2022 for states with more-prevalent count outcomes (e.g., for states with higher homicide\nrates) or with dichotomous outcomes with prevalence closer to 50 percent.\nIn addition, the variance will depend on the specific year"]
[8.85544204711914, 4.158848762512207, " on all these factors and still have sufficient permutations to get a useful estimate of the p value in an analysis of state-level panel data of gun violence. Without blocking on those factors, a gun law passed in a small state with a high prevalence"]
[8.84815788269043, 4.1555094718933105, " two- tailed). In addition to the mathematical limit on the number of possible quantiles that can be estimated in the data, there is a broader question about the accuracy of those quantiles, given their estimation in such a small sample.\n2 Models tha"]
[8.857200622558594, 4.142101764678955, "rarely used in the studies that we examined in The Science of Gun Policy. Additionally, such procedures further compromise statistical power, which might contraindicate their use in this field even if they are generally useful elsewhere. Because ther"]
[8.827250480651855, 4.173608779907227, "ignificant effects may often get the direction of the effect wrong (Gelman and Carlin, 2014). These serious problems are common whenever the effects of interest are small relative to other sources of variation in the outcomes (Cohen, 1988).\nNeverthel"]
[8.834299087524414, 4.166562557220459, "re generally, significance tests conducted on studies in which the effect size of interest is small relative to the standard error of the estimate provided by the available data have almost no chance of improving public policy and have a non-negligib"]
[8.862480163574219, 4.137494087219238, "o discover are likely to be exaggerated in their magnitude and, in the worst cases, are almost as likely to be in the wrong direction as the right one (Gelman and Carlin, 2014). Insufficient power may be slightly less of a concern in studies that eva"]
[8.831974029541016, 4.157149314880371, "licy literature that we reviewed often have substantially lower power because of even less-precise estimates of causal effects. The permutation test results from the synthetic control method studies included in our literature review correspond to an "]
[8.728835105895996, 4.071093559265137, "to the lives of so many.\nFurthermore, we have not offered a comprehensive primer on estimating gun policy effects but instead focused our discussion on a few common problems that we have seen repeatedly in the gun policy research studies that we have"]
[8.798417091369629, 4.05365514755249, "ven those with a good number of studies seemingly confirming their effects.\nYet these limitations of the available evidence should not be seen as an excuse for inaction by policymakers. When strong empirical evidence of the effects of policies is ava"]
[8.853206634521484, 4.218791961669922, "ssion equation that takes on values of zero before the policy was implemented (as well as in states that never implemented it) and then takes on values that increase linearly over time for a given state once the policy is implemented in that state. F"]
[8.890395164489746, 4.2437849044799805, "1 2000 30 10 1 2001 31 11 1\n    36\nReferences\nAbadie, Alberto, \u201cUsing Synthetic Controls: Feasibility, Data Requirements, and Methodological Aspects,\u201d Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 59, No. 2, 2021, pp. 391\u2013425.\nAbadie, Alberto, Alexis Diamond,"]
[8.849452018737793, 4.252730846405029, "vi Feller, and Jesse Rothstein, \u201cThe Augmented Synthetic Control Method,\u201d Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 116, No. 536, 2021a, pp. 1789\u20131803.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Synthetic Controls with Staggered Adoption, Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of "]
[8.80868148803711, 4.254513740539551, ",\u201d Causal Inference: The Remix, March 8, 2021.\nDaw, Jamie R., and Laura A. Hatfield, \u201cMatching and Regression to the Mean in Difference-in- Differences Analysis,\u201d Health Services Research, Vol. 53, No. 6, December 2018, pp. 4138\u2013 4156.\nde Chaisemarti"]
[8.628000259399414, 4.317120552062988, "tational Statistics, Vol. 15, No. 3, September 2000, pp. 373\u2013390.\nGibbons, Charles E., Juan Carlos Sua\u0301rez Serrato, and Michael B. Urbancic, \u201cBroken or Fixed Effects?\u201d Journal of Econometric Methods, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2019.\nGiffords Law Center to Preven"]
[8.744794845581055, 4.247753143310547, "d Kevin Lang, \u201cThe Promise and Pitfalls of Differences-in-Differences: Reflections on 16 and Pregnant and Other Applications,\u201d Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2020, pp. 613\u2013620.\nKaul, Ashok, Stefan Klo\u0308\u00dfner, Gregor Pfeifer,"]
[8.396588325500488, 4.3350677490234375, "ess, 2003, pp. 331\u2013341.\nManski, Charles F., and John V. Pepper, \u201cHow Do Right-to-Carry Laws Affect Crime Rates? Coping with Ambiguity Using Bounded-Variation Assumptions,\u201d Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 100, No. 2, 2018, pp. 232\u2013244.\nMcShan"]
[8.531933784484863, 4.144667625427246, "sis of Research Evidence on the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States, Santa Monica, Calif., RR-2088-RC, 2018. As of December 30, 2021:\nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2088.html\nRiley, Richard D., Kym I. E. Snell, Joie Ensor, Dani"]
[8.598929405212402, 4.221160411834717, "orporation, TL-354-LJAF, 2020. As of May 29, 2021: https://www.rand.org/pubs/tools/TL354.html\nShadish, William R., Thomas D. Cook, and Donald T. Campbell, Experimental and Quasi- Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference, 2nd ed., Boston,"]
[8.83504581451416, 4.234911918640137, "shington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp. 345\u2013402.\nWasserstein, Ronald L., Allen L. Schirm, and Nicole A. Lazar, \u201cMoving to a World Beyond \u2018p < 0.05,\u2019\u201d American Statistician, Vol. 73, Supp. 1, 2019, pp. 1\u201319.\n46\nWegman, Edward J., and Ia"]
[0.36478304862976074, 6.087376117706299, "Spending Trajectories After Age 65\nVariation by Initial Wealth MICHAEL D. HURD, SUSANN ROHWEDDER\n Sponsored by Insight Investment\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA2355-1.\nAbout RAND\nThe RAND Corporation i"]
[0.3651174008846283, 6.090665340423584, "iversity of Michigan Health and Retirement Study. The report presents estimates of the trajectories of spending after age 65 among single and coupled households stratified by wealth holdings observed at or closely following age 65. The estimated traj"]
[0.36514994502067566, 6.084751129150391, "recognize that spending needs are not constant over the course of retirement. Furthermore, there is heterogeneity across households with respect to the evolution of spending with age. Many households may be able to anticipate the cost of their desire"]
[0.3647146224975586, 6.082938194274902, "hange to help determine adequate saving rates during the working life and affordable spending levels during retirement.\nFigure S.1. Estimated Spending Trajectories for Single Households\n     Percent of total spending at age 65\n100\n 90\n 80\n 70\n 60\n 50"]
[0.36497601866722107, 6.082755088806152, "..............................28 Appendix F. Spending Path Parameters, Median Regressions......................................................31 Appendix G. Sensitivity of Results to Estimation Method ................................................"]
[0.3647937476634979, 6.082681655883789, " Quartile............................27 Table E.1. Budget Shares of Single Households...........................................................................28 Table E.2. Budget Shares of Coupled Households........................................."]
[0.36463695764541626, 6.083130359649658, " the surviving spouse: At advanced old age, the marginal utility of wealth to the surviving spouse declines because of their short life expectancy, causing the couple to consume more earlier. Furthermore, the spending path of the household will decli"]
[0.36573854088783264, 6.086630344390869, "ending on some categories will decline with age, they will bring spending forward, which would steepen any decline due to mortality risk.1\nAn alternative explanation for declining budget shares is a worsening of economic resources with age, which wou"]
[0.36497771739959717, 6.08835506439209, "mortality and possible cohort differences. A long-running panel is necessary because of macro shocks that could dominate over short periods. Furthermore, we use data on the detailed composition of spending to study budget shares and what those might "]
[0.3644361197948456, 6.083079814910889, " categories were split to distinguish spending on goods versus spending on services. CAMS waves 2005 through 2019 queried spending in 39 categories.\n  4\nAnalytic Sample and Derivation of Initial Wealth Quartile\nWe derive our analytic sample in two st"]
[0.3642522096633911, 6.082539081573486, "seholds in our analytic sample come from multiple birth cohorts, spanning birth years 1917 to 1952 (median: 1936); therefore, the year when individuals in our sample were observed near retirement (ages 65 through 69) varies. To summarize households\u2019 "]
[0.3642794191837311, 6.08236026763916, "     Lowest\n   \u221283,791\n   4,582\n   \u22123,660\n   0\n   \u22124,916\n   0\n   2nd\n 5,000\n 101,812\n 34,818\n 20,362\n 3,188\n 0\n  3rd\n  104,887\n  411,600\n  214,420\n  193,443\n  68,314\n  54,978\n  Highest\n  418,244\n    6,545,000\n    1,301,632\n    712,745\n    722,853\n   "]
[0.3641536235809326, 6.082484722137451, "ingle Households\n     Age Band\nTable 2.2. Annual Household Spending\nInitial Wealth Quartile Lowest 2nd 3rd\nMeans\nHighest All\n50,698 34,687 49,276 34,520 47,976 32,824 46,293 32,956 47,912 33,578\n40,731 28,505 39,226 27,446 38,998 26,963 35,776 26,094"]
[0.3644333779811859, 6.082302093505859, "0.0%\n8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0%\nUtilities\n             65-69\n70-74 75-79 80+ lowest highest\n  9\n  Single Households Coupled Households\n   20.0% 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0%\n8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0%\nGifts and donations\n        65-69\n70-74 lowest\n75-79 "]
[0.3643743395805359, 6.082466125488281, ".1 shows real two-year spending changes for couples and singles, by age band, over years 2005 to 2019, or seven changes. To reduce the influence of outliers, we show medians within age-band-wave cells of the rates of change. The changes are calculate"]
[0.36597341299057007, 6.082011699676514, "west quartile as reference. The three specifications differ in how age is modeled. In the columns labeled \u201cAge Bands,\u201d age is entered as categorical variables with ages 65 through 69 as reference. In the \u201cAge Continuous\u201d columns, age is entered linea"]
[0.36627212166786194, 6.092051982879639, "088 0.0097\n0.0102\n       2nd 3rd Highest\nMale spouse\u2019s age 65\u201369\n70\u201374 75\u201379 80+\nMale spouse\u2019s age\u201465\nFemale spouse\u2019s age is 2+ years less than male spouse\u2019s age Constant\n0.0246 0.0185 0.0101 0.0176 0.0099 0.0183\n(Ref.) (Ref.) 0.0309* 0.0176\n\u22120.0142 "]
[0.3645212650299072, 6.083536148071289, "uding age bands as controls\n  Percent of spending at age 65\n          65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90\n  100\n 90\n 80\n 70\n 60\n 50\n 40\n 30\n 20\n 10\n  0\nOLS estimation, linear age control\n  Percent of total sp"]
[0.365604043006897, 6.083918571472168, "icted spending path for households in which female spouse\u2019s age is less than two years younger than the male.\n  Percent of spending at age 65\n65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 lower mid upper\n          18\nC"]
[0.36543384194374084, 6.084564208984375, "d a fixed effects estimator and modeled spending as a quadratic in age. However, the fitted shape of the spending path in a quadric specification will be dominated by the large sample sizes at younger ages, thus obscuring the spending declines at old"]
[0.3672904372215271, 6.09583854675293, "ctories, are based on historical rates of change. Although our choice of functional forms and explanatory variables are informed by economic reasoning, our data are not fit to a structural model based on utility maximization with explicit modeling of"]
[0.3649139106273651, 6.0849609375, "g panel of the HRS, we estimated survival differentials by age, sex, marital status, and education. According to our estimates, a single female lacking a high school education has a 50 percent chance of surviving to about age 80; a married female wit"]
[0.36816099286079407, 6.107114791870117, "dual trajectories would average out to the population average of \u22120.04. Separating the models requires linking together individual-level rates of change over more periods and the direct modeling of individual heterogeneity. This in turn requires a mo"]
[0.36564454436302185, 6.086993217468262, "dget constraints because even those in the top quartile, who are the least constrained, exhibit a declining path. We used the variation in budget shares to support an alternative hypothesis: Worsening health associated with aging causes declining mar"]
[0.36463847756385803, 6.082204818725586, "\n  sizes across age bands are insufficient for robust statistical analyses.\n24\nAppendix B. CAMS Spending Categories\nThe CAMS elicits household spending in 39 categories, which we aggregated into broader categories (see Table B.1).\nTable B.1. Aggregat"]
[0.36508652567863464, 6.083196640014648, "tion.\nTable C.1. Persistence of Wealth Quartile Between Ages 65 Through 69 and 70 Through 74\nWealth Wealth Quartile, Ages 70 Through 74 Quartile,\nAges 65\nThrough 69 Lowest 2nd 3rd Highest All\nLowest 20.8 5.1 1.2 0.2 27.4 2nd 6.3 13.8 5.1 1.1 26.3 3rd"]
[0.36424943804740906, 6.08207893371582, "7 0.9\nDurables 0.7 0.7\nHousing 26.2 22.1\nTransportation 13.8 16.4\nHousehold\nsupplies and 4.6 3.8 services\nUtilities 16.8 16.7 Health 9.9 12.4\n0.9 1.4\n0.7 0.8 21.1 23.5 13.7 13.6\n4.8 4.1\n14.9 12.2 13.1 11.2\n7.6 11.2\n16.9 14.5 1.7 1.8\n1.0 0.7 0.7\n0.7 1"]
[0.36439064145088196, 6.086981773376465, "0.0 1,936 161\nQuartile\n2nd 3rd Highest All\n18.0 18.3 16.4 17.5 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.5\n2.7 3.3 3.5 3.0\n1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 320 401 491 1,373\n          Trips and vacation\n1.7\nPersonal care 1.6\nTotal 100.0\n           n 281\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 "]
[0.367512047290802, 6.104408264160156, "Single Households\n  spending at t in each age band\n\u2022 median spending ratio at the population level: S med , where S med is the population median\nSt t+2\nSmed t t\n   100\n 90\n 80\n 70\n 60\n 50\n 40\n 30\n 20\n 10\n  0\n                    female\nmale female Low"]
[0.3655506372451782, 6.096524715423584, "irement Study: Data Quality and Early Results, 1995.\nRAND Corporation, \u201cRAND HRS CAMS Data File 2019 (V1),\u201d dataset produced by the RAND Center for the Study of Aging, January 2022a.\nRAND Corporation, \u201cRAND HRS Longitudinal File 2018 (V2),\u201d dataset p"]
[9.605276107788086, -1.834992527961731, "Selecting and Evaluating Case Studies of the Economic Benefits of Research and Services at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health\nCase Studies on Personal Dust Monitors for Coal Miners, Improved Ambulance Design, and Amputation Sur"]
[12.643470764160156, 13.54572868347168, "mental Policy\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. This research was conducted in t"]
[9.552170753479004, -1.8383804559707642, "............................................................. 13 The Cost of Black Lung ......................................................................................................................... 14 Overview of NIOSH\u2019s Activities Relate"]
[9.588399887084961, -1.8042012453079224, "s Findings .............................................................................................. 113 Summary of Case Study Findings ........................................................................................................ 113 "]
[9.446989059448242, -1.6073298454284668, "........................................................... 70 Figure 3.10. Avoided Injuries per Year Will Increase as New Ambulances Become More\nPrevalent over Time....................................................................................."]
[9.54500961303711, -1.8816633224487305, "and Productivity Losses Attributable to Individual\nCases of Fatal and Nonfatal Respiratory Disease ................................................................. 43 Table 2.9. Estimated Avoided Medical Costs and Productivity Losses for Cases of Fa"]
[9.490641593933105, -1.940078616142273, "................................. 103\nTable 4.6. Incidence Rate Ratios of Poisson Regression of Total Initial Penalties with\nIncreasing Controls, 2003\u20132018 ......................................................................................... 106\n"]
[9.525545120239258, -1.9084911346435547, "h three exploratory case studies. This report builds upon that work by developing a process for selecting case studies for evaluation, applying that selection process to a list of ten potential case studies, and selecting three case studies from this"]
[9.416605949401855, -1.5641030073165894, "al cases avoided by age 73 or 85 and whether a 3-percent or 7-percent discount rate is used.\nIn the Improved Ambulance Design case, NIOSH\u2019s impact on ambulance design has been the result of a steady stream of partnerships with stakeholders. NIOSH has"]
[10.601858139038086, 13.044549942016602, "assachusetts. The program also provided better information on the extent of amputations in Michigan and in which industries and firms amputations had occurred that were not reported in other sources.\n\u0000 While our estimates are not causal, if we assume"]
[9.557899475097656, -1.8595396280288696, "ntion coal mine dust personal sampler unit chronic obstructive pulmonary disease continuous personal dust monitor\nCoal Workers\u2019 Health Surveillance Program\ncoal worker\u2019s pneumoconiosis, a.k.a. \u201cblack lung\u201d Department of Transport\nEnhanced Coal Worker"]
[9.622454643249512, -1.842854380607605, "e difficult to accurately quantify the impact of activities on the underlying risk or associated outcomes. Second, benefits may not accrue until many years in the future. Third, much of NIOSH\u2019s work is done in collaboration with many government, acad"]
[9.598272323608398, -1.8396682739257812, "tween them. RAND decided which case studies to pursue, although as the methodology clearly notes, NIOSH\u2019s institutional priorities were one of several important factors in determining which cases to evaluate in detail. Given the need for detailed inf"]
[9.804469108581543, -2.0044972896575928, "f activities aimed at producing outputs that will help mitigate the hazard. Examples of NIOSH activities include research, surveillance, and training. These activities lead to outputs such as new information about the causes of a hazard, the identifi"]
[9.596078872680664, -1.8465031385421753, "s is exposed, such as a case study that evaluates the impact of several activities aimed at reducing a certain type of injury for a certain type of worker. Alternatively, a case might group several related hazards, such as a case study that evaluates"]
[9.586170196533203, -1.838426113128662, "observed an increase in prevalence of coal workers\u2019 pneumoconiosis (CWP, or \u201cblack lung\u201d) in 2005, 2006, and 2007 (and more cases in younger miners).\nOil and gas workers can be exposed to hydrocarbon gases and vapors (HGV) and oxygen (O2)-deficient a"]
[9.593156814575195, -1.8131580352783203, " loss is the most common occupational disease among workers in the mining industry. Hazardous noise exposures are more prevalent in this sector than in any other major U.S. industrial sector. NIOSH studies have shown that ca. 90% of coal miners and 4"]
[9.587806701660156, -1.8451205492019653, "s provided funds to start regional safety training programs for commercial fishermen, although NOAA funding ended many years ago. Today, most funding comes from the Coast Guard, NIOSH, course fees, and locally raised funds.\n    7\nMethod for Selecting"]
[9.574280738830566, -1.8418852090835571, "t areas of particular interest to NIOSH. Another institutional factor might be the consideration of which case studies NIOSH can complete in-house versus which case studies are best suited for evaluation by an external independent research organizati"]
[9.525049209594727, -1.736570954322815, "of nine recorded fatalities (and an unrecorded number of injuries) between January of 2010 and March of 2015. New industry standards and proposed changes to federal regulations could promote safer methods for crude oil measurement, but even the large"]
[4.8322343826293945, 13.77695369720459, "eletal Diseases in Poultry Processing Plants, Reduction in Exposure to Hazardous Drugs in Health Care, and Alaska Commercial Fishing Training\u2014were deemed likely to face significant feasibility challenges, and thus appear on the right-hand side of the"]
[9.518280029296875, -1.9088863134384155, "that would be selected should each evaluate different groups of workers to meet priorities over balance; hence we would need to choose between the two cases related to mining. We selected Personal Dust Monitors for Coal Miners over Mining Hearing Los"]
[9.477681159973145, -1.9555275440216064, " Co., Inc. (R&P), allows miners to take corrective actions based on these measurements to reduce occupational exposure to respirable coal mine dust. NIOSH, through an informal partnership with industry, labor, and MSHA, collaborated in product develo"]
[9.510353088378906, -1.919029712677002, "e coal mine dust. Finally, we provide estimates of the economic benefits of the illnesses and fatalities likely to be averted due to the adoption of CPDMs and consider NIOSH\u2019s role in contributing to these benefits.\nThe Cost of Black Lung\nThe costs t"]
[9.500321388244629, -1.9240574836730957, "9), which established the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration within the Department of the Interior. The Coal Act established a mandatory federal exposure limit for the average concentration of respirable dust in underground coal mines of 3."]
[9.50968074798584, -1.9218605756759644, " exams to miners in the field and provide early detection of dust-related pulmonary disease, as well as target additional areas for prevention. Both surveillance programs are provided at no cost to miners, but participation is voluntary.\nThrough the "]
[9.478672981262207, -1.950817346572876, " industry, labor, and MSHA to develop and test the\nprototype devices in laboratory and mine settings.\n2004\u20132008 NIOSH published two reports demonstrating the CPDM provided accurate readings of a miner\u2019s dust exposure and was wearable and durable duri"]
[9.460153579711914, -1.971962809562683, " monitors\u2014and once the technology has been verified, to use these monitors in conjunction with other sampling methods for surveillance.\nIn response to the first report, NIOSH\u2019s Pittsburgh Research Center (PRC) initiated the development of a fixed-sit"]
[9.437960624694824, -1.9919005632400513, "o Fisher Scientific conducted regional workshops in 2010 to help coal miners learn how to use the new instrument. NIOSH awarded another contract to Thermo Fisher Scientific in 2012 to revise the design and make the device lighter to carry. A modified"]
[9.47189998626709, -1.9585946798324585, " CPDMs in April 2016. In August 2016, MSHA lowered the PEL for respirable coal mine dust from 2.0 mg/m3 to 1.5 mg/m3 of air for underground and surface coal mines, and from 1.0 mg/m3 to 0.5 mg/m3 for intake air at underground mines and for Part\n90 mi"]
[9.472742080688477, -1.960742712020874, " furthest away when\ndownwind of the continuous miner\n\u0000 Staying out of the return air when not bolting\n\u0000 Alternating changing of dust collection bags so that\none person is not getting all of this specific unavoidable dust exposure\n\u0000 Rock dusting more "]
[9.474658966064453, -1.9560127258300781, "s of NIOSH\u2019s technological contribution to reducing the risk of exposure to high concentrations of respirable coal mine dust, we compare the reduction in negative health outcomes associated with observed reductions in exposure levels and the reductio"]
[9.472208023071289, -1.9588706493377686, "tion into categories that will later be used as the framework for estimating changes in exposure. Not all miners are exposed to high concentrations of respirable coal mine dust. In the regulatory analysis for the coal mine dust rule, MSHA estimated t"]
[9.465418815612793, -1.965467929840088, "ile we do not have sufficiently detailed information to identify coal rank for each individual mine in MSHA\u2019s Mines dataset, we use the distribution of WLs by coal rank within each occupation from MSHA\u2019s QRA (MSHA, 2013).8 To estimate the distributio"]
[9.450441360473633, -1.9826525449752808, "nce\nLow-/Med.- High-Rank\nRank Bituminous Anthracite\nMid-Recurrence\nLow-/Med.- High-Rank\nRank Bituminous Anthracite\nHigh-Recurrence\n   Auger Operator\nContinuous Miner Operator\nCutting Machine Operator\nDrill Operator\nElectrician and Helper\nLaborer\nLoad"]
[9.46751880645752, -1.9600943326950073, " July 2016, operator samples were collected using the CPDM, and the PEL was 2.0 mg/m3 of air (1.0 mg/m3 for Part 90 miners).\n3. From August 2016 to December 2018, operator samples were collected using the CPDM, and the PEL was 1.5 mg/m3 of air (0.5 m"]
[9.459966659545898, -1.968891978263855, "ample these occupations during mine inspections. Prior to 2016, operator samples accounted for slightly more than half of all samples collected, but due to increased sampling requirements operator samples now account for more than 80 percent of all s"]
[9.465842247009277, -1.9646480083465576, "3 1.009 0.913 0.886 1.168 1.614 0.939 1.223 1.288 1.315 0.475\nHigh-Recurrence\n1.527 1.126 1.270 \u2013\n\u2013 1.781 \u2013 1.341 1.497 1.444 \u2013 0.969 1.218 1.658 2.839 1.390 \u2013\n\u2013 2.660 0.708\n Auger Operator 0.645 Continuous Miner Operator 0.525 Cutting Machine Operat"]
[9.421238899230957, -2.0144171714782715, "y selectively sampling on lower production shifts/days because a higher number of valid samples was required for each calendar quarter.\nTable 2.5. Number (and Percentage) of Coal Dust Samples Exceeding the PEL\n Population\nSurface workers\nUnderground "]
[9.463091850280762, -1.9679551124572754, "rue for occupations that collect relatively few samples each period. For groups such as \u201cother underground workers,\u201d the distribution of measurements varies considerably over time because it reflects a different mix of job titles and tasks each perio"]
[9.464690208435059, -1.9669207334518433, "were able to continually monitor the device to make decisions to continue working.\nAn alternate explanation is that the data reflect a downward bias in the operator samples prior to 2016. In practice, while equivalent in accuracy to CMDPSUs, CPDMs le"]
[9.467601776123047, -1.9665447473526, "ay, this implies that sampling using CPDMs may occur for as little as two to four weeks for a designated occupation during a calendar quarter. However, the benefits of lessons learned through end-of-shift measurements and adoption of better work prac"]
[9.469626426696777, -1.967380166053772, "ary to July 2016 because we use quarterly and not monthly data due to sampling limitations and because most mines delayed the adoption of CPDMs until April 2016. Therefore, we use the second and third calendar quarters of 2016 to estimate the impact "]
[9.47909164428711, -1.9544366598129272, "ponse to using CPDMs (Haas and Colinet, 2018).\nThe before and after estimation is calculated as follows:\n\u0000\u0000 \u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000 \u0000\u0000 (Equation 1)\nwhere Ct is the average dust concentration at time t, \u00000 is a constant, \u0000PDM equals 1 if a sam"]
[9.478307723999023, -1.9534600973129272, ".e., areas with a high number of exceedances).21 This effect is attributable to the CPDM providing both continuous real-time measurement that allows miners to move further away from the source and end-of-shift measurements that allow miners to take c"]
[9.497576713562012, -1.9334497451782227, "disease per 1,000 miners. Based on these models, we estimate impacts for five major adverse health conditions:\n1. CWP category 1 (CWP 1+): Based on the International Labour Organization (ILO) International Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconio"]
[9.472709655761719, -1.9591246843338013, " NMRD.\nFirst, we estimate the number of excess cases of morbidity and mortality due to respiratory disease over a 45-year job tenure, from age 20 to 65, under baseline mining conditions compared with the probability of death without occupational expo"]
[9.496848106384277, -1.9337892532348633, " equivalent to a 5.4 percent reduction in exposure to respirable coal mine dust. We also present a sensitivity analysis showing the effect of using a relatively higher estimate of a 9.2 percent reduction, which is between the 5.4 and 13.0 percent est"]
[9.517186164855957, -1.9147909879684448, " and new workers entering the workforce.26 The benefits of using a single probability distribution are twofold: it avoids the need to make additional assumptions about workforce replacement and disease latency and progression, and estimates a smooth,"]
[9.53445053100586, -1.909550666809082, "nek, 2019). Many miners wait until near retirement age (around their late 50s) before seeking diagnosis or treatment for CWP or starting the process of qualifying for federal black lung benefits.29 Therefore, we use 20 as an approximation for years o"]
[9.5303373336792, -1.9026758670806885, " is not considered to be disabling, but likely will result in a significant health impediment for coal miners. PMF and severe emphysema can both result in totally disability and inability to work. For cases of CWP 2+, PMF, and COPD, we use estimates "]
[9.528935432434082, -1.9003132581710815, "r cases of CWP 1+ based on the value of lost workday injury. For cases of CWP 2+, we use an estimate of approximately $490,000 (in 2018 dollars) from the EPA\u2019s Office of Air and Radiation for avoided cases of chronic bronchitis (EPA, 2011b). For case"]
[9.477791786193848, -1.9568184614181519, " attribute a specific percentage of the monetized benefits of MSHA\u2019s coal mine dust rule to NIOSH. Furthermore, it is challenging to separate the impacts of requiring the use of CPDMs and mandating a reduction in the PEL as both provisions of the rul"]
[9.507601737976074, -1.9601885080337524, "e risk models described in this chapter, this larger estimated reduction results in approximately a 40-percent increase in the number of cases of fatal and nonfatal respiratory disease prevented and a corresponding 40- to 45-percent increase in monet"]
[9.495587348937988, -1.9344600439071655, "eved and after 40 years approximately 95 percent of the steady state benefits will be achieved.\n 47\nmonetized benefits by approximately 25 to 45 percent. This range is relatively large because it represents the estimated monetized benefits using disc"]
[9.483871459960938, -1.950125813484192, "ed) if they deactivate or disable their proximity reader to ensure they get valid dust samples using the CPDM. Current regulations require both detectors and CPDMs be worn. NIOSH is also conducting research on techniques that can be used to mitigate "]
[9.457517623901367, -1.6290158033370972, "ons linked to CPDMs would have been less likely to occur. It is unlikely similar technology would have been developed without NIOSH. The technology has now been available for more than a decade and no other countries, or other manufacturers within th"]
[9.391573905944824, -1.532822847366333, "ure 3.2, those individuals make up the majority of injuries. This report focuses on ambulance occupants.\n51\nFigure 3.1. The Number of Ambulance Crashes Is Slowly Increasing over Time\n    \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000 \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\n\u0000\n "]
[9.389327049255371, -1.5292226076126099, "heir jobs while wearing standard safety restraints (Larmon, LeGassick, and Schriger, 1993). This has led many to work unrestrained in the patient compartment. In serious crashes investigated by NHTSA, 84 percent of EMS providers in the patient compar"]
[9.417671203613281, -1.5643742084503174, ": A Survey on Ambulance Patient Compartment Safety,\u201d Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2007, pp. 86\u201390.\nCurrent, R. S., P. H. Moore, J. D. Green, J. R. Yannaccone, G. R. Whitman, and L. A. Sicher, \u201cCrash Testing of Ambulance Chas"]
[9.394708633422852, -1.534191370010376, "uctural Integrity Test to Support SAE J3027 Compliant Litter Systems\u201d\nNIOSH, Improving EMS Worker Safety in the Patient Compartment, Washington, D.C.: Department of Homeland Security, 2017.\nReichard, Audrey A., Suzanne M. Marsh, Theresa R. Tonozzi, S"]
[9.403984069824219, -1.5445812940597534, "stry-standard 30 mph crash test setting. The researchers performed frontal, side, rear, and rollover crash tests. The resulting data allowed researchers to reconstruct and publish the \u201ccrash pulse\u201d for each crash type. The published crash pulses now "]
[9.414344787597656, -1.560110092163086, "ted, manufacturers would provide new, stronger prototype components as test assets. This iterative process allowed the test procedures to be tested and refined while also providing manufacturers with the opportunity to\n41 For more information, see NI"]
[9.407036781311035, -1.5525529384613037, ".S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center\n     42 Assessment based on an interview with Jim Green of NIOSH on June 21, 2019.\n43 Assessment based on an interview with an equipment manufacturer on April 10, 2019.\n44 Assessme"]
[9.391702651977539, -1.5327132940292358, "ated there were 240,800 full-time employed EMTs and paramedics (NIOSH, 2019b). In addition to EMS workers, members of the general public ride in the patient compartment as patients or when accompanying a patient.\nAn alternative way to think about the"]
[9.39190673828125, -1.539440393447876, " truck chassis and Type III is mounted on a van chassis. Type II ambulances do not have a box-shaped patient compartment, but instead use a van chassis with a raised roof.\n 59\nseveral data sources to reach reasonable assumptions on these issues. Howe"]
[9.396403312683105, -1.5402649641036987, "on is included in the estimate of 22.9 million trips, and if the average air ambulances transport just as many patients per day as the average ground ambulance, then\n22.4 million of the trips are ground transportation ambulances. This is a conservati"]
[9.389545440673828, -1.530428409576416, "t there were approximately 36.1 million (22.4 million + 13.7 million) ambulance trips in 2016.\nStep 3: Estimate the Current Rate of Injuries and Fatalities in the Patient Compartment\nWe use data from NASS-GES and FARS to measure the current rates of "]
[9.387965202331543, -1.5289462804794312, "om 2002 to 2015.54 An estimated additional 291 front seat ambulance passengers were injured and an average of 1.1 killed per year from 2002 to 2015. Patient compartments accounted for an estimated 332 injuries and an average of 5.8 fatalities per yea"]
[9.38667106628418, -1.5270072221755981, " Injuries are indeed more severe when the ambulance is traveling faster, although high-speed crashes are rare. Some crashes occur when the ambulance is at a complete stop and is struck by another vehicle.\n65\nWe estimated urban and nonurban injury rat"]
[9.39596176147461, -1.537033200263977, "whether the road on which the crash occurred is urban or rural. We categorize crashes that occur on urban roads as attributed to \u201curban\u201d areas, and crashes that occur on rural roads as attributed to \u201cnonurban\u201d areas. These allocations are imperfect a"]
[9.384580612182617, -1.524616003036499, "ering all the redesign elements in aggregate. The alternative restraints were more successful than traditional lap belts in preventing injuries, but in some cases testing dummies still contacted other interior elements of the ambulance during crash s"]
[9.379443168640137, -1.5188462734222412, "es in replacement rates are caused by differences in usage rates; urban ambulances accumulate miles far faster than rural vehicles due to more frequent usage. Based on the date SAE standards were issued and the fact that redesigned ambulances are now"]
[9.384557723999023, -1.5232007503509521, "\nSerious Injury\nFatal Injury\nInjured, Unknown Severity\nAlternative Distribution 3:\nSeat Belt Literature (Non\u0000Urban)\n84.6%\n8.6%\n4.3%\n1.4%\n0.5%\n0.6%\nAlternative Distribution 3:\nSeat Belt Literature (Urban)\n84.8%\n8.7%\n4.3%\n1.5%\n0.1%\n0.6%\nAlternative Dis"]
[9.375160217285156, -1.5152655839920044, "mbulances reduce the number of injuries in each severity category by a fixed percentage. The standards introduced by NIOSH, as well as the design changes made by the manufacturers NIOSH partnered with, made a wide variety of changes to improve the sa"]
[9.37209415435791, -1.4943057298660278, "than 10-percent reduction in fatalities to over 80-percent reduction in fatalities. We base our assumption for fatality risk on two more recent studies. NHTSA (2000) found seat belts reduce fatalities in light trucks by 60 percent, with uncertainty r"]
[9.380881309509277, -1.518993616104126, " not have sufficient data to differentiate between patients and workers in modeling reductions in injury associated with new restraint designs. As such, we make the following simplifying assumption: We assume that 35 percent of patient compartment oc"]
[9.431870460510254, -1.577394723892212, "eets updates and population growth, and the third where benefits increase due to population growth only.\n 73\nFigure 3.10. Avoided Injuries per Year Will Increase as New Ambulances Become More Prevalent over Time\n  Number of avoided injuries predicted"]
[9.396696090698242, -1.5288105010986328, "                                2049\n                                                                       2050\nAlternate Distribution 1\nAlternate Distribution 2\nAlternate Distribution 3\nConsistent with Figure 3.9, if redesign results in the patient"]
[9.425811767578125, -1.5741276741027832, ".6 million to $10.1 million per year in avoided direct costs by 2020, and $8.0 million to $14.9 million by 2036. For comparison to the case presented in Chapter 2, these result in an annualized value of $4.3 million to $8.0 million from 2017 to 2050 "]
[9.48975658416748, -1.64646315574646, "SH research, rather than re-creating the same research themselves. Indeed, some of the industry partners NIOSH worked with are encouraging Canada to adopt the same SAE standards, as common global standards can help companies streamline manufacturing "]
[10.60155963897705, 13.045241355895996, "ers, and includes acute, obvious injuries such as amputations.68\n66 Over 90 percent of amputations in Michigan in recent years are finger or partial finger amputations, although amputations may involve other extremities including hands, arms, toes, f"]
[10.60021686553955, 13.046892166137695, "ent of the problem. Further, it is difficult to measure progress on reducing work-related amputations if accurate, stable estimates of the current number do not exist (Rosenman, 2013).\nThe Burden of Work-Related Amputations\nMost work-related amputati"]
[10.600398063659668, 13.047089576721191, "ogram does not receive any other outside funding.73 The surveillance program specifically began reviewing medical records for patients treated for amputations and referring cases meeting designated criteria to MIOSHA. Beginning with data received in "]
[10.600351333618164, 13.047737121582031, "lted in 1,566 violations cited and $652,755 in penalties assessed.77\n75 See MSU, undated-a, for the yearly reports for the amputation surveillance program. From 2006 to September 2008, the industries were based on Standard Industrial Classification ("]
[10.60105037689209, 13.046608924865723, "iffer slightly from their study. For example, between 2006 and 2012, our data record 233 inspections based on referrals with total initial violations of 1,971 and total initial penalties of $804,840. It is not clear why these differences exist but so"]
[10.601205825805664, 13.046319961547852, "in 2003\u20132009 and 42 in 2011\u20132018, showing that the process is becoming more efficient over time. A shorter time between amputation and inspection in recent years provided an opportunity for quicker remediation.\n 82\nBetter Targeting of Inspections\nThe"]
[10.601058006286621, 13.046738624572754, " phone March 28, 2019; interview with Adrian Rocskay of the General Industry Safety and Health Division of MIOSHA, conducted via phone April 29, 2019. See also Berkowitz, 2018.\n80 Interview with Doug Kalinowski conducted via phone on June 6, 2019.\n81"]
[10.601325988769531, 13.045247077941895, " than most other injuries . . . Furthermore,\n82 NIOSH supports 26 states to do some kind of state-based surveillance program (Rosenman interview). See also Davis et al., 2014, and Friedman et al., 2013.\n83 Although the Massachusetts program has used "]
[10.600955963134766, 13.046318054199219, "86 See also Michaels, 2016. Although the Michigan surveillance program is not mentioned in the documentation\nto the new rule, influence of the Michigan and Massachusetts programs on the federal regulation was noted by\nDr. David Michaels in his interv"]
[10.601187705993652, 13.04549789428711, "e BLS data we see the number and rates of amputations decrease through time both in Michigan and in the rest of the United States. Amputations decreased substantially in Michigan from the 2003\u20132006 period (average 390/year) to the 2008\u20132017 period (a"]
[10.601299285888672, 13.04537296295166, " surveillance program did not exist (i.e., we do not know the counterfactual), we cannot claim that the program caused inspections to find\n87\nmore violations and penalties than they otherwise would have. However, we find that the surveillance inspect"]
[10.603175163269043, 13.046282768249512, "the employer belongs to (six digits); the type and scope of the inspection; whether the employer is privately owned; information on related activities; whether it was an inspection for health or for safety; count of serious, willful, repeat, other, a"]
[10.603221893310547, 13.04627513885498, " Note that in the data inspections are referred to as \u201cplanned\u201d while in the manual they are called \u201cprogrammed.\u201d94 Planned inspections make up\n73 percent of the observations in the Michigan data, followed by complaint at 14 percent, referral at 4 pe"]
[10.601975440979004, 13.044966697692871, "tions and 44 percent partial inspections.\n94 The reason for the difference in terminology is not clear.\n95 Although we have generally used the word \u201cinjury\u201d to describe the event that results in an amputation, the OSHA data use the word \u201caccident.\u201d\n "]
[10.60672664642334, 13.04163932800293, "t Current Penalty Other Current Penalty Unclass Current Penalty Total Current Penalty Total FTA Amount\nSerious Initial Violations Willful Initial Violations Repeat Initial Violations Other Initial Violations Unclass Initial Violations Total Initial V"]
[10.609119415283203, 13.031789779663086, "8 0\n3,075.81 0 4,194.43 0 3,130.26 0\n197.16 0\n124.60 0 6,901.08 0 1,749.94 0 2,228.84 0 1,999.27 0\n201.19 0\n681.78 0 4,083.52 0 877.44 0\nMichigan surveillance program.\n2,100 4,409.03 134,310 900 1,629.17 21,150\n00.000\n0 368.58 40,080 0 98.09 4,500 00"]
[10.60219955444336, 13.045186042785645, "nzero observations and observations with violation counts less than 30.\n  97\nFigure 4.4. Distribution of the IHS of Total Initial Penalty Size from Surveillance Program Referrals and All Other Inspections in Michigan\nSOURCE: Author analysis based on "]
[10.60009765625, 13.041291236877441, "se are good outcomes for the purposes of the current study. We believe that MIOSHA inspectors are not incentivized to inflate these numbers, and their pay and prestige within the agency are not based on them. Assuming variation in hazardous condition"]
[10.603232383728027, 13.0428466796875, "with the highest number of hazardous conditions, thus leading to a more effective use of resources. Thus, if (1) violations and unsafe conditions that could lead to injuries exist and are unevenly distributed across worksites, (2) MIOSHA inspectors r"]
[10.608503341674805, 13.03742790222168, "is present. Log-linear models also cannot incorporate observations with zeros in the outcome variable. Both Poisson and negative binomial regression analyses are commonly used to model count data and to deal with the problem of zero-valued dependent "]
[10.603116035461426, 13.048551559448242, "2, but MIOSHA still had high-priority industries in its strategic plan. Regressions using priority industries based on the 2014\u20132018 Strategic Plan produced an estimate of 1.60 for the Michigan surveillance program. Using an indicator for being in a "]
[10.603358268737793, 13.042518615722656, "trol) N\n(1) (2)\n2.50*** 2.75*** (0.01) (0.02)\nNo No No No No No 2.50 2.50 86,136 86,136\n(3) (4)\n2.07*** 2.90*** (0.03) (0.07)\nYes Yes No Yes No No\n2.50 2.50 86,136 86,136\n(5) (6)\n2.45*** (0.03)\n2.37*** 0.00 (0.05) (0.00)\nYes Yes Yes Yes No Yes 2.50 2"]
[10.60114574432373, 13.045385360717773, "ccident Type = Unprog Rel Type = Prog Related Type = Follow-up Type = Prog Other Type = Monitoring Type = Other\nType = Un Prog Other Type = Variance\nType = Fat/Cat\nSafety Inspection\n(1)\n3.24*** (0.38)\n(2)\n2.68*** (0.33)\n2.21*** (0.15)\n1.54*** (0.06)\n"]
[10.60179328918457, 13.045516967773438, "ploited a cutoff of OSHA\u2019s Site-Specific Targeting plan to estimate the effects of inspections with a fuzzy regression discontinuity using panel data on 61,702 unique establishments between 1996 and 2011. The authors reported that inspections decreas"]
[10.602777481079102, 13.044083595275879, " the mean) compared with the 24 surveillance inspections that were performed. Viewed through this lens, the program \u201csaved\u201d 14 (72) inspections per year along with their associated costs and still found the same number of violations. Calculating simi"]
[10.6021089553833, 13.044168472290039, "uld have led to no reductions in injuries, then the 24 additional surveillance inspections per year would lead to $9.72 million dollars of saved costs and lost earnings per year of the program. To the extent\nthat the very act of conducting an inspect"]
[10.601666450500488, 13.045204162597656, "e geography or over many years to have enough statistical power to see the effects of the program on amputations.\n 110\nThere is a further value in the information provided by the Michigan surveillance program. Although it is well known that the BLS S"]
[10.601876258850098, 13.042998313903809, "federal rule change. Documenting and detailing exactly how the Michigan program influenced the Massachusetts surveillance program and how important the public comments from the Massachusetts Department of Health were on the creation of the federal la"]
[9.585186958312988, -1.843606948852539, "se studies, and RAND traced the elements of these case studies from the input hazard to the potential changes in health outcomes for workers and other affected individuals. In parallel, RAND identified attributes of cases studies that NIOSH might use"]
[9.435942649841309, -1.58917236328125, "nts, both by working directly with manufacturers and by collaborating with standard-setting organizations. NIOSH continues to play a pivotal role in these partnerships, and many of the design changes may not have happened without NIOSH\u2019s involvement."]
[9.617916107177734, -1.816443681716919, "t resources utilized for these inspections would have been used to conduct inspections similar to the average inspection measured in our data had the program not existed, then we can provide some rough numbers of the effects of the program on these p"]
[9.60155963897705, -1.840132713317871, "ting Evidence on Cancer Risk Among Firefighters found NIOSH research was associated with an annualized value of $71 million in 2016 dollars in avoided medical costs and productivity losses, and approximately $1 billion per year in VSL estimates for a"]
[9.480489730834961, -1.9509994983673096, "be subtracted from the baseline levels in Tables A.1\u2013A.5 to calculate the impact of CPDMs on the excess risk of respiratory disease due to coal mine dust (measured per 1,000 workers).\n  108 Due to the relative complexity of the exposure risk models, "]
[9.474058151245117, -1.9582080841064453, "ever, we note that the additional excess risk may be significantly higher for workers smoking two packs a day as opposed to workers smoking less than half a pack per day, for example.\n119\nTable A.1. Estimated Excess Risk of CWP by Age 73 After 45 Yea"]
[9.4432954788208, -1.9910173416137695, "112.2\n143.1 98.3\n122.6 83.5\n117.2 79.7 180.3 125.8 306.4 225.7 128.1 87.4\n194.1 136.2\n211.2 149.3 218.3 154.8\n49.5 32.7\nCWP 1+\n310.3 207.6\n243.4\n\u2013 \u2013\n378.7 \u2013\n261.3\n302.2 288.3\n\u2013\n170.7\n230.2 345.5 633.8 274.1\n\u2013\n\u2013 597.4\n114.6\nCWP 2+\n279.6 170.0\n206.4\n\u2013 "]
[9.434784889221191, -2.007786273956299, " Operator Longwall Jacksetter Longwall Tailgate Operator Mechanic and Helper\nMobile Bridge Operator\nRoof Bolter\nScoop Car Operator\nSection Foreman\nShuttle Car Operator Uni-Hauler Operator\nUtility Man\nAll Other Underground Jobs Part 90 Miners\nRank Bit"]
[9.462393760681152, -1.9720126390457153, "n and Helper\nLaborer\nLoading Machine Operator\nLongwall Headgate Operator\nLongwall Jacksetter\nLongwall T ailgate Operator\nMechanic and Helper\nMobile Bridge Operator\nRoof Bolter\nScoop Car Operator\nSection Foreman\nShuttle Car Operator\nUni-Hauler Operato"]
[9.434728622436523, -1.998702883720398, "e A.8. Estimated Excess Risk of COPD by Age 73 After 45 Years of Occupational Exposure at Reduced Exposure Levels (per 1,000 Workers)\n Occupation\nLow-Recurrence\nMid-Recurrence\nHigh-Recurrence\n Auger Operator 35.1 Continuous Miner Operator 28.0 Cuttin"]
[9.43201732635498, -2.002349615097046, " Uni-Hauler Operator\nUtility Man\nAll Other Underground Jobs Part 90 Miners\nLow-/Med.- High-Rank\nRank Bituminous Anthracite Rank\nBituminous Anthracite\nRank\n21.8 15.5 17.7 \u2013\n\u2013 26.0 \u2013 18.8 21.3 20.5 \u2013 13.2 16.9 24.0 45.8 19.6 \u2013 \u2013 42.2 9.5\nBituminous Ant"]
[9.507789611816406, -1.9014227390289307, "6 99.9%\n37 100.0%\n38 100.0%\n39 100.0%\n40 100.0%\n41 100.0%\n42 100.0%\n43 100.0%\n44 100.0%\n45 100.0%\n46 100.0%\n47 100.0%\n48 100.0%\n49 100.0%\n50 100.0%\n51 100.0%\n52 100.0%\n53 100.0%\n54 100.0%\n55 100.0%\n56 100.0%\n57 100.0%\n58 100.0%\n59 100.0%\n60 100.0%\n61"]
[9.536096572875977, -1.8774093389511108, "Blackburn, M. L., \u201cThe Relative Performance of Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression Estimators,\u201d Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 77, No. 4, 2014, pp. 605\u2013616.\nBlackley, David J., Cara N. Halldin, and A. Scott Laney, \u201cContinued I"]
[9.555695533752441, -1.7345069646835327, "lic Health Referrals to OSHA,\u201d September 2011. As of July 15, 2019:\nhttp://www.cste2.org/webpdfs/occupational/OSHAreferral922011.pdf\nCromartie, John, and Dennis Vilorio, \u201cRural Population Trends,\u201d Amber Waves, February 15, 2019. As of July 24, 2019: "]
[11.426514625549316, 18.06827735900879, "ria/transport_ria_final-csapr_2011-06.pdf\nEPA\u2014See Environmental Protection Agency.\nFederal Transit Administration, \u201c2001 Table 24: Number of Injuries\u2013Collisions and Non- Collisions,\u201d webpage, 2001. As of November 5, 2019: https://www.transit.dot.gov/"]
[9.596160888671875, -1.7384157180786133, "fects of Publicizing Violations of Workplace Safety and Health Laws,\u201d August 30, 2019. As of November 5, 2019: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HcKpGXZuFWNNLa1YTl0A4Hte1BiJabT-/view\nKica, Joanna, and Kenneth D. Rosenman, \u201cMultisource Surveillance Sys"]
[9.508392333984375, -1.9017256498336792, "hn Wood, David J. Blackley, and David N. Weissman, \u201cCoal Workers\u2019 Pneumoconiosis\u2014Attributable Years of Potential Life Lost to Life Expectancy and Potential Life Lost Before Age 65 Years\u2014United States, 1999\u20132016,\u201d Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"]
[9.515250205993652, -1.8865069150924683, "e Operators\u2019 Dust Control Plans and Compliance Sampling for Respirable Dust,\u201d Federal Register, Vol. 68, No. 44, March 6, 2003, pp. 10784\u201310884.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cLowering Miners\u2019 Exposure to Respirable Coal Mine Dust, Including Continuous Personal Dust Monitors"]
[9.540881156921387, -1.706622838973999, "ght Trucks, Publication No. DOT HS 809 199, Washington, D.C.: NHTSA, 2000.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cThe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Ground Ambulance Crashes,\u201d presentation, April 2014. As of November 5, 2019: https://www.ems.gov/pdf/GroundAmbulan"]
[9.559944152832031, -1.7578836679458618, "ault.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Enhanced Coal Workers\u2019 Health Surveillance Program, Publication Number 2019-112, Washington, D.C.: Department of Health and Human Services, October 2018c.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cThe Work-Related Injury Statistics Query System,\u201d webpage, last updated Se"]
[9.49836540222168, -1.675426959991455, " Paul Moore, and Roger Levine, \u201cSafety in Numbers: A Survey on Ambulance Patient Compartment Safety,\u201d Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2007, pp. 86\u201390.\nReynolds, Laura, Cara N. Halldin, A. Scott Laney, and David J. Blackley, \u201cCo"]
[11.497929573059082, 17.97974395751953, "s, \u201cImpact of Differential Injury Reporting on the Estimation of the Total Number of Work-Related Amputations,\u201d American Journal of Industrial Medicine, Vol. 57, 2014, pp. 1144\u20131148.\nUnited States Census Bureau, \u201cStatistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB),"]
[12.418963432312012, 12.331299781799316, "  CORPORATION\nBENJAMIN M. MILLER, DEBRA KNOPMAN, LIISA ECOLA, BRIAN PHILLIPS, MOON KIM, NATHANIEL EDENFIELD, DANIEL SCHWAM, DIOGO PROSDOCIMI\nU.S. Airport\nInfrastructure Funding\nand Financing\nIssues and Policy Options Pursuant to Section 122 of the 20"]
[12.42623519897461, 12.307918548583984, "endations on the actions needed to upgrade the national aviation infrastructure system to meet the grow- ing and shifting demands of the 21st century.\u201d RAND, a nonprofit and nonpartisan policy research organization, was selected by the FAA through a "]
[12.40483283996582, 12.340084075927734, "logy, and commu- nity organizations and institutions that affect well-being. For more information, email chep@ rand.org.\nContents\n Preface........................................................................................................... iii "]
[12.426681518554688, 12.324301719665527, "r Trends in Airline and Airport Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.435931205749512, 12.324671745300293, "PTER FIVE\nFederal Role in Airport Infrastructure Funding: Airport Improvement Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Airport and Airway Trust Fund. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.442874908447266, 12.312820434570312, "ng Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................."]
[12.429525375366211, 12.315533638000488, "an Index for Three Airline Industry Metrics, 1974\u20132018 . . . . . . . . . .\n2.3. Herfindahl-Hirschman Index According to Enplanements at Large- and Medium-Hub Airports, 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[12.45357894897461, 12.303030014038086, ". . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.8. Trends in Commercial Service Airport Expenses, 2009\u20132017. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.9. Commercial Service Airport Expenses, by Airport Size, 2009\u20132017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.553301811218262, 12.21769905090332, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n6.4. PFC Collections, by Year, 1992\u20132018. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n6.5. Billions of Dollars of PFC Proje"]
[12.382473945617676, 12.355938911437988, ", and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134\n8.6. Airports with the Most Hours of OPSNET Delays in 2018 . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[12.422446250915527, 12.327098846435547, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.3. Funding Sources for Average Rural and Urban Commercial Service Airports, 2017 . . .\n4.4. Expenses for Average Rural and Urban Commercial Service Airports,\n2017 (millions of dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[12.426225662231445, 12.324981689453125, "tion (FAA) Reauthorization Act of 2018 directed the FAA to contract with an independent research organization to address questions and provide recommendations related to infrastructure funding and financing at commercial service airports. These airpo"]
[12.428546905517578, 12.324281692504883, "s an important determinant in an airport\u2019s funding preferences. Depending on the \u201ccolor of money,\u201d airports also are required to line up approvals from the appropriate combina- tion of federal regulators, local and state governments, and airlines bef"]
[12.444479942321777, 12.31186294555664, "ts over local land-use policy and public priorities.\nFinding 3: There Are Known Areas in Which Infrastructure Investment Is Needed\nAirport runways are generally in good repair. This reflects the priority given to airside infrastructure\u2014i.e., infrastr"]
[12.572338104248047, 12.202818870544434, "orts that choose to participate in the federally authorized passenger facility charge (PFC) program. With reference to the color of money in Finding 1, airlines cannot veto FAA-approved PFC-funded projects. The cap on PFCs has been set at $4.50 per p"]
[12.525179862976074, 12.255840301513672, "small to support airport construction of any conse- quence. Airports, however, are permitted to defer their annual entitlements over several years to accumulate sufficient funds to undertake a project.\nFinding 6: The Airport and Airway Trust Fund Has"]
[12.571301460266113, 12.208173751831055, " by outside observers, including the FAA. The FAA has effective enforcement options available for discouraging the second form of revenue diversion, but the FAA\u2019s existing enforcement mechanisms are largely unable to prevent grandfathered airports fr"]
[12.611346244812012, 12.16626262664795, " 100 percent of AIP primary entitlements for medium- and large-hub airports\nthat choose to raise their PFC above $4.50.\nWe are not aware of compelling evidence or data justifying a particular level for a new cap. Any number could be chosen, but we no"]
[12.581626892089844, 12.196672439575195, "ace demands on infrastructure.\nNot all airports will choose to seek an immediate or longer-term PFC increase. To increase transparency regarding the intentions of airports in maintaining cash reserves beyond those required by bond rating agencies, we"]
[12.542978286743164, 12.238699913024902, "ct funds to current high-priority projects at spe- cific airports.\nWe recommend that Congress remove the triggered primary entitlement increase that occurs when Congress appropriates at least at $3.2 billion to the AIP. Those airports not vol- untari"]
[12.54062557220459, 12.248098373413086, " as determined by the FAA.\nCongress Should Include Ancillary Fees in the Domestic Passenger Ticket Tax\nAncillary fees are charges for airline-provided services or products that some airlines sell sepa- rately from tickets, such as checked baggage, ad"]
[12.53756046295166, 12.237664222717285, " airports, cities, and routes are served by only one or two airlines. Lack of competition among airlines at a given airport can result in higher costs for travelers. In practice, PFC proj- ects provide airports with a means of accommodating new entra"]
[12.444089889526367, 12.313529968261719, "rastructure, air traffic control towers, and other air traffic facilities, and there is a need for an assessment of their current capacity, functionality, and physical condition. An up-to-date inventory and assessment of infrastructure conditions wou"]
[12.558111190795898, 12.214385986328125, "tus, regional and local economic conditions, and other factors.\nAs noted in (c)(1), 20 airports account for 96 percent of delays measured by the FAA\u2019s OPSNET. These airports create delays for passengers that propagate throughout the NAS.\nSeparately, "]
[12.509547233581543, 12.265233039855957, "als, while AIP grants are generally focused\non airside infrastructure. Expanding airports\u2019 revenue bases to include the taxing of nonairport local businesses and residents\nis unattractive to local governments and would increase the cost of local good"]
[12.430463790893555, 12.324503898620605, "ter Two\nChapter Five\nChapter Eight\n   Table S.3\u2014Continued\nSubsection of\nSection 122 Issue\nLarge-Hub Airports\n(d)(1) Analyze the current and\nfuture capacity constraints\nof large-hub airports\n(d)(2) Quantify large- hub airports\u2019\ninfrastructure requirem"]
[12.416905403137207, 12.332905769348145, "be available over this five-year period.\nChapter in Report\nChapter Eight\nChapter Two\nChapter Eight\nChapter Five\nChapter Five\nSummary xxv\n    Acknowledgments\n As a part of Section 122 of the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018, the RAND research team was "]
[12.411314010620117, 12.336248397827148, "hone interviews. These include, in alpha- betical order, representatives from Airlines for America, Airports Council International\u2013North America, Airports Council International\u2013World, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Frasca & Assoc"]
[12.423074722290039, 12.325263977050781, "n Statistics\nCAB Civil Aeronautics Board\nCATS Certification Activity Tracking System\nCFC customer facility charge\nCFR Code of Federal Regulations\nCLT Charlotte Douglas International Airport\nCPI Consumer Price Index\nDB1B Airline Origin and Destination"]
[12.433572769165039, 12.321582794189453, "ncluded in the price of an airline ticket that is now sold separately, such as checked baggage, advance seat assignments, and priority boarding.\nAircraft that are operational, airworthy, and based at an airport for a majority of the year.\nAn arrangem"]
[12.412070274353027, 12.343354225158691, "service airports and to provide improved general aviation access to the overall community. These may be publicly or privately owned.\nAn agreement between an airport and airlines in which signatory airlines agree to cover an airport\u2019s operating expens"]
[12.430785179138184, 12.321972846984863, "adding fees or taxes that increase fares, subsidizing overly ambitious local airport expansion plans, supporting plans that might open the way toward more competition, or enabling jurisdictions to divert airport-generated revenue for nonaviation publ"]
[12.491740226745605, 12.275603294372559, "ggests congressional interest in this study is closely tied to under- standing impacts of potential changes in the PFC program on airports, airlines, and passengers before commencing further legislative action. In Chapter Six of this report, we discu"]
[12.429959297180176, 12.321381568908691, "aircraft, and role within the national airport system.\nTable 1.1 presents the various airport categories and subcategories, along with their defi- nitions and relevant statistics. The FAA aggregates airports as either commercial service air- ports or"]
[12.430339813232422, 12.322335243225098, "cluding runways, taxiways, aprons, and aircraft gates and the land adjacent to these facilities required by current FAA standards\u201d (FAA Order 5100.38D, 2019). Landside refers to \u201c[t]he portion of an airport that provides the facilities necessary for "]
[12.418898582458496, 12.33133316040039, "n links connecting from outside the airport to the airport, enabling passengers to access the airport\u2019s services. This exclusion can be problematic for funding and finance at some airports and jurisdictions, as will be discussed further in Chapter Th"]
[12.409578323364258, 12.339298248291016, "ted in the latest edition of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Infrastructure Report Card, which states,\nThe FAA\u2019s set performance goal is that no less than 93% of runways at NPIAS airports are in excellent, good or fair condition. In 20"]
[12.498825073242188, 12.270456314086914, " of airport opera- tions, including aeronautical and non-aeronautical expenditures and revenue, federal and state grants, and other sources of capital.\nIn Chapters Five and Six, we take a closer look at two important funding mechanisms administered b"]
[12.49242115020752, 12.271669387817383, "e last increase in 2000 to the year of enactment of this Act\n(c)(7) Impact to passengers and airports of indexing the PFC for inflation\n(c)(8) How long airports are constrained with current PFC collections\n(c)(9) Impact of PFCs on promoting competiti"]
[12.139309883117676, -5.067380905151367, "ot off the ground in the 1910s when the U.S. Post Office began encouraging mail delivery via air.1 The main legislation regulating commercial flight passed in 1938 and was patterned on trucking regulation, which in turn had grown from concerns rooted"]
[12.425087928771973, 12.322916984558105, "irlines that ceased to operate (Goetz and Vowles, 2009). Since 2008, another six major airlines have been acquired by other airlines:\n\u2022 Midwest, acquired by Republic Airlines, 2009\n\u2022 Northwest, acquired by Delta Air Lines, 2009\n\u2022 Continental, acquire"]
[12.440106391906738, 12.3154878616333, "n, Pan Am, Northwest, TWA, and USAir, all of which have merged with other airlines or ceased operating as of 2018. The \u201cLCCs\u201d category includes AirTran, Alaska, ATA, Hawaiian, JetBlue, Midway, Sun Country, Vanguard, and Virgin America. The \u201cULCCs\u201d ca"]
[12.448197364807129, 12.304278373718262, "rated markets have higher HHI. The Department of Justice considers a market or industry HHI of 1,500 to 2,500 to be moderately concentrated and anything above 2,500 to be highly concentrated (U.S. Department of Justice, 2018). The HHI is a widely acc"]
[12.432721138000488, 12.318214416503906, "ta do not include ASM or revenue passenger miles, so we could not recalculate the HHI for ASM and rev- enue passenger miles to include operating carriers as part of the marketing carriers.\n Figure 2.2\nHerfindahl-Hirschman Index for Three Airline Indu"]
[12.423822402954102, 12.324353218078613, "rcent of its enplanements were for Alaska Air and 11 percent were under its own name in 2018.\n 14 U.S. Airport Infrastructure Funding and Financing\nTable 2.1\nProportion of Enplanements, by Airline Category, 2018\nCarrier Type\nPercentage of Enplanement"]
[12.419550895690918, 12.329009056091309, "i-hub markets are less concentrated, meaning that passengers in those markets have a greater choice of ticketing carriers to choose from. Three of the four most highly concentrated airports (Midway, Hobby, and Love) are in multi-hub markets. The\n11 A"]
[12.422599792480469, 12.319527626037598, "ts,12 accounting for direct flights as well as flights with one or two layovers. We looked at round-trip itineraries between two markets, and each market pair is included twice, once with one city being the origin and a second time with that city as "]
[12.439663887023926, 12.308575630187988, "fees are exempted from reporting (GAO, 2014a). Bag fee collections increased substantially beginning in 2008, when they grew by almost 150 percent (BTS, 2019e).\nHistorical Context and Trends in Air Travel 17\n 1,501\u20132,500 2,501\u20135,000 5,001\u20137,500 7,501"]
[12.438577651977539, 12.306501388549805, "ncillary fees.\nFigure 2.7\nTotal U.S. Enplanements and Enplanements per Capita, 1990\u20132018\n800 4\n700\n600 3\n500\nEnplanements (millions) 400 2 Enplanements per capita 300\n200 1\n100\n00 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2018\nYear\nSOURCE: BTS, 2019b.\n\u2022 changes "]
[12.420541763305664, 12.328063011169434, "aft as a way to compete more on price than quality. LCCs continue to seek out airports that enable quick turnaround times at gates, since using aircraft efficiently continues to be an important element of their business model (Graham, 2013).\nAs the d"]
[12.424137115478516, 12.32420825958252, "ndicator. The evidence shows that, as enplanements have risen over the past three decades, the number of operations rose at a slower pace and has declined over the past 15 years.\nForecasting airport trends too far into the future is risky because ind"]
[12.389766693115234, 12.366691589355469, "ports in the United States are publicly owned, and our focus in this chapter is on commercial service airports. Among large- and medium-hub airports, almost all are owned by cities, counties, or independent authorities established by a city or county"]
[12.498154640197754, 12.272406578063965, "pter Six.\nNot all revenues, however, can be used to cover all expenses. The color of money matters. Revenue use is governed by a system of statutory-based \u201cgrant assurances,\u201d which are admin- istered by the FAA and restrict airports\u2019 abilities to rai"]
[12.446099281311035, 12.311469078063965, "s choose to use an individual airport (for example, in either an origin- destination or hub mode) can affect the finances of the airport, its access to certain types of revenue sources, and its leverage in negotiations with incumbent airlines and new"]
[12.46853256225586, 12.29512882232666, " simply refer to these as agreements. Although not every airport signs such agreements with its incumbent air- lines, the large majority do (Faulhaber et al., 2010). Agreements are discussed in more detail later in this chapter.\nThe Business of Airpo"]
[12.455477714538574, 12.302342414855957, "hod\nLandside: shared, with residual protection\nHybrid compensatory\nAirfield: any method\nTerminal: any method\nLandside: shared, without residual protection\nCompensatory\nAirfield: any method\nTerminal: compensatory\nLandside: kept by airport\n            "]
[12.451447486877441, 12.309946060180664, "capital projects.\n8 Comparable data on medium hubs were not provided.\n9 Wu notes that his categorizations differ slightly from the FAA; however, he also notes that \u201cthere are no consistent defi-\nnitions of the types of rate methodologies\u201d (Wu, 2015a,"]
[12.414883613586426, 12.341336250305176, "takeholders and to obtain FAA approval, but they do not require airline approval. These issues are discussed in greater detail in Chap- ter Six.\nGate Control and New Market Entrants\nOne common point of contention between airports and airlines is the "]
[12.427556037902832, 12.32404899597168, "irline uses an airport as a hub does not mean it has a majority of passengers and operations at that airport; an airport might serve as a hub for more than one airline.16\nAnother issue is that hub airports might have a higher proportion of passengers"]
[12.435571670532227, 12.321279525756836, "ultiple hub airlines. All but one of the large-hub airports serve as a hub or focus city for at least one airline. Specifics are shown in Table 3.2.\nMarket Size and Demand\nLarger airports with high demand should be in a better position to negotiate w"]
[12.448338508605957, 12.310707092285156, "revenues and expenditures to the FAA using its CATS database, which contains a standard categorization of revenues and other funding sources as well as individual items in each category. CATS distinguishes between two types of operating revenues: aer"]
[12.499382972717285, 12.274336814880371, "l contributions by airport sponsors and others,18 as well as federal and state grant programs and the PFC program. Generally, these non-operating revenues might not be used for operating expenses of the air- port, and as a result, are especially impo"]
[12.516244888305664, 12.256656646728516, " were consolidated into the AIP in the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 (AAIA). See FAA, 2017c.\n20 The appropriation limitation also includes four other funding categories: Small Community Fund, Administrative Expenses, Airport Technology R"]
[12.445998191833496, 12.31597900390625, " debt activities, which occur primarily through the municipal bond market. Bond proceeds are inflows of capital. Repayment of borrowed capital and interest payments associated with the debt incurred, col- lectively called debt service, is counted as "]
[12.465415000915527, 12.296875953674316, " be made only with certain types of funds. The following section on federal regulations touches on some of these restric- tions, and the results of these and revenue-specific restrictions are shown in Tables 3.5 and 3.6 at the end of that section.\nFe"]
[12.528017044067383, 12.252889633178711, "ot exceed the costs allocated to that user or user group under a cost allocation method- ology adopted by the airport proprietor that is consistent with this guidance\u201d (FAA, 2013, Sec- tion 3.1). This policy allows for fees to vary between signatory "]
[12.545218467712402, 12.235811233520508, " an airport, the airport must use those revenues for airport purposes (FAA Order 5190.6B, 2009, Chap- ter 3). Although airports can raise revenue by selling airport property, the FAA must approve any sales. Approval requires that the airport establis"]
[12.542943954467773, 12.238910675048828, "u and the Texarkana Airport Authority have expired (FAA, 2018c). San Diego\u2019s grandfathering authority was eliminated when the airport was transferred to a new and independent authority. The cap was set independently for each airport and increases ann"]
[12.536649703979492, 12.239639282226562, "n an existing expressway to make the project eligible (Gos- ling, Wei, and Freeman, 2012). The project was not approved by the FAA until after a seven- year legal case clarified the interpretation of \u201cexclusive use\u201d (Karaskiewicz, 2018).36 In a more "]
[12.49150276184082, 12.277173042297363, "ting, and administrative costs\n\u2022 Airside development and planning\n\u2022 Select projects in non\u2013revenue- generating areas\n\u2022 All AIP eligible projects\n\u2022 Projects in revenue- generating areas, with certain limitations\n\u2022 Debt service\n\u2022 Capital expenditures\n\u2022"]
[12.507622718811035, 12.264935493469238, "g\nAIP PFC\nBonds\nPrivate Investment\n                                                                                                           Operating\n        SOURCES: Operating (aeronautical and non-aeronautical) and non-operating funds: FAA Order "]
[12.483636856079102, 12.282489776611328, "be approved by the FAA before airports can receive AIP grants or PFC approvals (FAA Order 5100.38D, 2019, Appendix W).\nAIP grant assurances\u2014conditions that airport sponsors must meet as a condition for having accepted past AIP grants\u2014also include sev"]
[12.433475494384766, 12.319585800170898, "te the minimum usage of slots at Level 3 airports. At DCA and LGA, which serve primarily domestic flights, slots are distributed to carriers on a rolling basis, largely based on the number of slots a car- rier has historically owned and operated. At "]
[12.424786567687988, 12.332279205322266, "necessary restriction.42 Because no clear verdict has been reached, the perimeter rules remain in place at the time of this writing.\nEnvironmental, Noise, Safety, and Security Regulations\nAirports are subject to many federal regulations in four areas"]
[12.425943374633789, 12.328828811645508, "regard to safety regulations, commercial service airports must maintain a current FAA-approved Airport Certification Manual to show that current and planned infrastructure meet safety requirements under 14 CFR Part 139. These requirements are mainly "]
[12.419119834899902, 12.337575912475586, "rcial service airports would not be sold to private investors (Poole, 2018).46\n43 The pilot program allows for up to ten airports to be privatized, and applications have been staggered over several years.\n44 Stewart International Airport in Newburgh,"]
[12.430150985717773, 12.326709747314453, "ope\u2019s 500 airports that are fully public fell from 78 percent to 59 percent between 2010 and 2016. Mixed- ownership airports, which encompass various types of public-private partnerships, have dou- bled over the same period, from 13 percent to 25 per"]
[12.440397262573242, 12.314682006835938, "However, airport planning cycles are much longer, with many long-term master plans looking out 20 years or more. Changes to the physical infrastructure at airports tend to require many years to plan, permit, and build. Airports are also subject to a "]
[12.410118103027344, 12.348054885864258, " airports are governed by FAA regulations and adhere to the terms of use-and-lease agreements with airlines, other stakeholders (shown in Figure 3.2) can affect an airport\u2019s abil- ity to embark on major capital projects or change its operations. Such"]
[12.432954788208008, 12.320581436157227, "d businesses\nFIxed-base operators, concession holders, ground transport, janitorial, and other service providers\nThe Business of Airports 47\n         Airlines\nTransportation Security Administration (TSA)\n            SOURCES: RAND design with Noun Pro"]
[12.434569358825684, 12.319891929626465, "rport size. Although the FAA has allowed a limited number of airports to pursue privatization, this option has not proven as popular in the United States as it has in other countries.\nThe FAA imposes some specific restrictions on airports and their r"]
[12.433070182800293, 12.321428298950195, "nt) was from aeronau- tical operating revenue, $10.1 billion (35.1 percent) was from non-aeronautical operating rev- enue, and $1.4 billion (4.9 percent) was from non-operating revenue, as shown in Figure 4.1.\n1 Airports report data to CATS aggregate"]
[12.403369903564453, 12.353202819824219, "rom all other types of debt. To avoid double-counting the interest, we have subtracted non-operating expenses from debt service. Because we cannot subtract only the long-term bond debt, the value we report as debt service might undercount the princip"]
[12.429490089416504, 12.326674461364746, "aeronautical operating\nNon-operating PFC\nAIP and other grants\nBond proceeds\nTotal 27,015\nSOURCE: CATS (FAA, undated c).\nLarge-Hub Medium-Hub Small-Hub Non-Hub\nPrimary Primary Primary Primary Nonprimary Total\nSource (30 Airports) (31 Airports) (72 Air"]
[12.43153190612793, 12.319587707519531, "imary Primary Primary Primary Nonprimary Total Category Source (30 Airports) (31 Airports) (72 Airports) (194 Airports) (76 Airports) (403 Airports)\n Operating Expense 9,377\nNon-operating Expense 2,725\nCapital Expense 8,749 expenditures\nPrincipal Deb"]
[12.431267738342285, 12.319170951843262, "Figure 4.5\nProportion of Expenses for Rural and Urban Commercial Service Airports, 2017\n     Percentage\n100 90\n  80\n  70\n  60\n  50\n  40\n  30\n  20\n  10\n0\n SOURCE: CATS (FAA, undated c).\nRural\nUrban\nTrends in Funding and Expenses from 2009 to 2017\nIdea"]
[12.437346458435059, 12.318612098693848, ".0%\n4.7%\n11.7% 10.4%\n2012 2013\n23.224 24.603 40.8% 40.7% 33.9% 33.5%\n3.4% 4.7%\n11.9% 11.4% 10.0% 9.8%\n  Figure 4.7\nCommercial Service Airport Revenue, by Airport Size, 2009\u20132017\n    Billions of dollars (nominal)\nBillions of dollars (nominal)\nYear\nNon"]
[12.439220428466797, 12.314384460449219, "l revenue increased, whereas the proportions of other sources decreased.\nTrends in Expenses, by Airport Size\nAs shown in Figure 4.8 and Table 4.6, operating expenses were the largest category of expenses from 2009 to 2017 and have shown consistent gr"]
[12.4041109085083, 12.349115371704102, "ds for urban airports and rural airports have developed differently over time. As shown in Figure 4.10, the two largest sources of revenue, aeronautical and non-aeronautical operating revenues, have been steadily increasing for urban airports. Rural "]
[12.446319580078125, 12.313405990600586, " (nominal)\nBillions of dollars (nominal)\nBillions of dollars (nominal)\n10 8 6 4 2\nLarge-hub primary airports\n2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5\nMedium-hub primary airports\n2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4\nSmall-hub primary airports\n      2.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4\nBillions of dollars "]
[12.516363143920898, 12.256647109985352, "rating revenues across airports of all sizes steadily increased. However, the rate of increase declines with the size of the air- port. Also, the proportion of AIP and other grants compared with other sources of revenue decreased during this period f"]
[12.516097068786621, 12.261394500732422, "nding for the AIP and for FAA programs more generally. It was established by the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 (P.L. 91-258) and sub- sequently reactivated by the Airport and Airway Improvement Act of 1982 (Pub. L. 97-248).1 Appendix E i"]
[12.49746036529541, 12.273722648620605, " general aviation jet fuel surtax on fractional ownership\nRate for Calendar Year 2019\n7.5% of fare\n$4.20 (indexed annually to CPI)\n$18.60 (indexed annually to CPI)\n$9.30 (indexed annually to CPI)\n7.5% of fare\n6.25% of amount paid for the transportati"]
[12.496550559997559, 12.276482582092285, "tional Airport that was shared with us, the median large-hub airport was responsible for about $14 of AATF excise tax contributions for each $1 in AIP grants received over the period from FY 2009 to FY 2016, the median medium hub was responsible for "]
[12.496915817260742, 12.283997535705566, "et fuel could substitute for diesel fuel when facing a lower tax rate, depriving the High- way Trust Fund of revenue. The 2005 Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (Pub. L. 109-59) equalized the tax rat"]
[12.517889022827148, 12.26109790802002, "Airport and Airway Trust Fund Revenues and Outlays, FYs 1999\u20132018\n    16\n    15\n    14\n    13\n    12\n    11\n    10\n9\n8\n7\n6\n1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018\nFiscal year\nSOURCE: OMB, 20"]
[12.518929481506348, 12.260100364685059, "n trust fund revenues over expenditures can be seen as an offset in federal deficit computations. In some cases, however, the balance may be seen as having been spent on non-aviation programs or purposes. Because the balance is invested in short-term"]
[12.505206108093262, 12.271110534667969, "lion at the end of FY 2024 and $47.7 bil- lion at the end of FY 2029 (JCT, 2019, Table 2). Figure 5.6 plots the projections for the uncom- mitted balance along with the projections for AATF revenues (including interest, because inter- est earnings co"]
[12.50291633605957, 12.27369499206543, "rs intervened; the uncommitted balance ended up being about $5.7 billion at the end of FY 2016 (Tang and Elias, 2017, p. 8). Five years later, in 2011, the CBO projected that the cash balance (which includes amounts that have been obligated but not y"]
[12.50925064086914, 12.266643524169922, " of the FAA budget but also be designed to guard against the possibility of draining down the balance, should revenues fail to materialize. As GAO, 2012a, p. 22, notes,\nAccording to an industry expert, the effects of certain exogenous events\u2014events c"]
[12.490970611572266, 12.278119087219238, " origins in the years after World War II, when policymakers established the Federal-Aid Airport Program in the Federal Airport Act of 1946 (Pub. L. 79-377) to support building airfields, terminals, and access roads. This funding came from the General"]
[12.49799919128418, 12.27503490447998, "ng, developing an environ- mental management system, and developing a plan for recycling and minimizing the generation of airport solid waste (49 U.S.C. \u00a7 47102).\n\u2022 Airport development: a wide-ranging term that includes (but is not limited to) con- s"]
[12.52484130859375, 12.25284194946289, "tly, the FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Pub. L. 115-254) authorized annual AIP spending of $3.35 billion from FY 2019 to FY 2023. However, Congress also imposes a separate, sometimes lower limitation on obliga- tions that can be made in a particula"]
[12.510683059692383, 12.264433860778809, " limitation to less than $3 billion in tandem with other changes to both the AIP and the PFC program.9 This proposal, which was not adopted by Congress, would have raised\nFigure 5.7\nAirport Improvement Program Funding Authorized and Airport Improveme"]
[12.514394760131836, 12.262319564819336, "more money through the PFC program than they forgo in AIP grants.\nThe overwhelming majority of AIP dollars support airside infrastructure, consistent with the NPR system, which prioritizes these projects as part and parcel of prioritizing safety. In "]
[12.52227783203125, 12.256011962890625, "rded at the airport in calendar year 2017 is used. Table 5.2 lists the fund- ing amounts per passenger, depending on the number of enplanements. The table lists the amounts specified in statute that are apportioned when the AIP obligation limitation "]
[12.52399730682373, 12.257396697998047, "s received funding through the cargo enti- tlement program, with Memphis International receiving the most funding ($16.9 million) because it accounted for about 15 percent of total landed weight among eligible airports (FAA, undated a). In general, t"]
[12.541587829589844, 12.236126899719238, "ing as the \u201cprotected entitlements\u201d category in Figure 5.8.\nSmall Airport Fund\nThe Small Airport Fund receives 87.5 percent of forgone primary entitlements at large- and medium-hub airports that impose a PFC, as described above. The amounts are reapp"]
[12.522924423217773, 12.25442886352539, ") are added to the discretionary pot and are not subject to set-asides, with the exception that at least half of these funds are to go to airports other than large and medium hubs.\nState Block Grant Program\nThe State Block Grant Program provides stat"]
[12.515120506286621, 12.259849548339844, "r- ances that reflect federal priorities incorporated into statute over time.15 Details are provided in Appendix G.\nDistribution of Airport Improvement Program Grants by Airport Size\nFigure 5.9 shows the distribution of the dollars of AIP grants over"]
[12.561453819274902, 12.21500015258789, "smaller airports, and airports outside metropolitan areas in particular, received priority consideration for $1 billion in supplemental AIP funds appropriated in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2018 (Pub. L. 115-141). No supplemental discretiona"]
[12.552343368530273, 12.226945877075195, "rom passengers. Passengers pay a flight segment fee that is indexed to the CPI, along with a ticket tax of 7.5 percent of the fare. Other excise taxes are based on inter- national travel, cargo, and fuel use.\nUnder current law, the authorized amount "]
[12.58504581451416, 12.191237449645996, " be increased above $4.50, the amount it has been since April 2001, when the cap increase included in the 2000 FAA reauthorization took effect.\nIn this chapter, we begin by providing background on the PFC program, a description of eligibility criteri"]
[12.559627532958984, 12.213910102844238, "time of the PFC program\u2019s creation shine a light on one of the motivating factors for the PFC: promoting competition. GAO, 1990, pp. 2\u20133, states,\nA PFC gives airports a source of revenue for financing airport expansion projects indepen- dent of airli"]
[12.545426368713379, 12.226821899414062, "irports forgo 50 percent of their AIP primary entitlements if they impose a PFC of $3 or less, and they forgo 75 percent of these AIP funds if they impose a PFC of more than $3.\nAfter receiving a PFC application from an airport, the FAA first reviews"]
[12.54305648803711, 12.228924751281738, "e eligible at hub airports, but concession areas, such as food courts, are not).\n\u2022 PFC revenues can be leveraged to incur debt, and airports can use PFCs to pay principal and interest on this debt. In most cases, bonds backed by PFC revenues must be "]
[12.57243537902832, 12.201789855957031, "n to destination, including stops or layovers along the way.\nTable 6.1\nPFCs by Airport Category\nAirport Category\nLarge hub\nMedium hub\nSmall hub\nNon-hub primary\nNonprimary commercial service\nTotal 506\nFederal Role in Airport Infrastructure Funding: Pa"]
[12.589486122131348, 12.185174942016602, "19f. Boise charged a PFC from 1994 to 2015, while Greenville has never charged a PFC. See Day, 2019, and Greenville-Spartanburg Airport Commission, 2019.\n 90 U.S. Airport Infrastructure Funding and Financing\nFigure 6.2\nPercentage of All Hub Airports "]
[12.555166244506836, 12.218504905700684, "s not double apportionment amounts.\n    Percentage charging a PFC\nPercentage charging $4.50 PFC\n Percentage of hub airports\n Federal Role in Airport Infrastructure Funding: Passenger Facility Charge Program 91\nFigure 6.3\nPFC Collections Versus AIP Gr"]
[12.543085098266602, 12.230232238769531, "ual PFC projects are approved at non-hub primary airports, more than 75 percent of the dollars are for projects at large-hub airports. Figure 6.5 displays the distribution of PFC dollars by airport hub size over the duration of the PFC program (throu"]
[12.580070495605469, 12.193830490112305, "6 percent at large hubs to 95 percent at nonprimary airports.\nInflation and the Purchasing Power of the PFC over Time\nPrices rise over time because of inflation. Therefore, the amount of infrastructure that can be purchased with each dollar declines "]
[12.588075637817383, 12.188582420349121, " three construction- related inflation indexes, which used construction materials, average hourly wages, and the price of asphalt, respectively. Using these indexes, a PFC of $4.50 in the year 2000 would purchase $2.72 of construction materials, $2.6"]
[12.587370872497559, 12.186964988708496, "at construction cost inflation varies across several major U.S. cities. This source also finds that airport terminal construction costs vary between certain major U.S. cities and by type of terminal being built (Turner & Townsend, 2019, pp. 98\u2013103). "]
[12.5779447555542, 12.195786476135254, "c.19 The only way to fund additional projects (other than those already approved) using a PFC would be by using revenues received after 2030 or, in the case of the small number of airports collecting a PFC at less than the maximum rate of $4.50, by s"]
[12.574378967285156, 12.198272705078125, "port reaches its authorized PFC collection amount prior to the anticipated PFC expiration date (i.e., if enplanements are higher than expected at the time of PFC approval), the authorization to collect would lapse unless the airport submits an additi"]
[12.579660415649414, 12.196867942810059, "jects without borrowing until 2023 at all but one large-hub airport, with the existing $4.50 cap (again, with the exception of the one that does not charge a $4.50 PFC).\nIt is important to note that our analysis is unable to incorporate projects that"]
[12.581518173217773, 12.189387321472168, "o collect essentially the maximum potential PFC revenue in future years as well.\nFor the 2020s, we estimate that 86 percent of large-hub PFC revenues are tied up, while about $4.2 billion could be earned over that period to fund as-yet-unapproved pro"]
[12.556428909301758, 12.216208457946777, "nd charts in this chapter can inform the discussion surround- ing the adequacy of the existing maximum allowable PFC, there are limitations to this analy- sis. In addition to an inability to account for projects in early planning stages, this analysi"]
[12.550675392150879, 12.2190580368042, "ices to deter the entry of competitors. Although this strategy reduces profits in the short term, it enables the incumbent to charge prices that are higher than competitive market rates in the future, once the threat of competition is gone. In some c"]
[12.570306777954102, 12.202136993408203, "hat potentially enhance competition provide the baseline data for this analysis.\nInterviews with stakeholders yielded differing points of view on whether airlines some- times press airports to use up their PFC funds on projects not related to competi"]
[12.601385116577148, 12.172914505004883, "etition-Enhancing PFC Projects in Four Markets\nDetroit, MI\n00 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019\nPittsburgh, PA\n1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019\nYear Atlanta, GA\n1995\n1997\n1999\n2001\n2003\n2"]
[12.61040210723877, 12.165996551513672, " could build up to a larger aggregate effect. Relatively rapid increases or decreases in competition at airports are usually associated with consolidation and changes in airline hubbing decisions. For example, the steep decline in the HHI in Pittsbur"]
[12.640652656555176, 12.13697624206543, " cap means more potential PFC revenues avail- able to be used for infrastructure projects, greater potential for airport-level variation in PFC levels, and larger possible impacts on passengers.\nPolicymaker Decisions\nThe effects of raising the PFC ca"]
[12.61296558380127, 12.164424896240234, "um hubs) or eliminating AIP eligibility entirely for these airports (entitlement or discretionary), that would affect airports differently than PFC cap increases that do not alter AIP eligibility standards. For example, airports might increase their "]
[12.610690116882324, 12.166781425476074, "ently does not cap the levels at which airports may set their airport improvement fees, which are broadly similar to the U.S. PFC. In Canada, though, these charges are typically limited to\nFederal Role in Airport Infrastructure Funding: Passenger Fac"]
[12.60044002532959, 12.177092552185059, "in terms of a decrease in demand for travel. Passengers with connections also would be hit harder by a PFC increase than travelers with nonstop flights, since the charge is imposed on each leg of a two-flight trip. These larger effects on connecting "]
[12.601816177368164, 12.17374324798584, "the country\u2019s airports\u201d (Whitman Insight Strategies, 2019). As with all surveys, the way in which the same questions are framed and anchored can have a large effect on the response.\nAnother possibility is that a higher PFC cap could allow airports to"]
[12.60358715057373, 12.176937103271484, "ects on nonstop and connecting pas- sengers, with connecting passengers paying multiple PFCs, but it is important for modeling the demand response. Specifically, applying a demand elasticity of \u22120.8 (the baseline value used by GAO, 2014c)36 means tha"]
[12.606147766113281, 12.1715726852417, " to substitute other forms of travel). We use demand elasticities that do not distinguish between these categories for this analysis for two reasons. First, the elasticity estimates from InterVISTAS Consulting Inc., 2007, and those included in the GA"]
[12.578363418579102, 12.19594669342041, "n nominal dollars and adjusted for inflation using the CPI. A combination of factors contributed to this growth over time: an increase in airports charging a PFC, an increase in the share charging at $4.50, and an increase in enplanements at these ai"]
[12.517024040222168, 12.251705169677734, "so might use a cap increase to pay down existing debt faster, and thus reduce their interest costs. Specifi- cally, we estimate that raising the PFC cap by $1 would increase potential PFC revenue avail- able to hub airports over the next five years ("]
[12.437895774841309, 12.34788703918457, ". Note that nearly all airports are operating in the municipal (tax-exempt) bond market, although there are a few exceptions of airports using taxable bonds instead.\nBond Issuers\nThe issuer of an airport bond depends on the oversight structure of the"]
[12.466264724731445, 12.2984037399292, "t infrastructure projects, GARBs are issued with maturity dates in increments of 10, 20, and 30 years.\nSimilar to the usage of the proceeds, the covenants of the GARBs specify the sources of revenue that can be used for repayment of the debt.1 Revenu"]
[12.470523834228516, 12.357558250427246, "onds are issued by airport operators for projects that require less consultation from the airlines. For either single- or double-barrel bonds, airports must track the components of the bond proceeds to the specific projects that have been approved fo"]
[12.44054126739502, 12.323713302612305, " operators\u2019 balance sheets because they are the issuers of the bonds.\n 116 U.S. Airport Infrastructure Funding and Financing\nSuch facilities include rental car centers, terminals, and other leased infrastructure outside the normal fee structures of a"]
[12.433914184570312, 12.329936981201172, "y AAA-grade corporate bonds and tax-exempt bonds of comparable grade from 2006 to 2016 is 0.65 percentage points (Maguire and Hughes, 2018). Even though tax-exempt bonds offer lower interest rates than taxable bonds, they can be attractive to many in"]
[12.420553207397461, 12.341202735900879, "nplanements compared with the amount of indebtedness, the ratio of annual revenue gen- erated to total indebtedness, and the quality of the airlines that operate in the airport. Other factors include the issuing airport\u2019s debt structure and its infra"]
[12.451997756958008, 12.346916198730469, "y to borrow helps an airport pay for projects whose costs exceed what the airport could pay for with a single year\u2019s revenue. Throughout this report, we do not consider bond proceeds to be revenue because this would double-count revenue (today\u2019s bond"]
[12.439098358154297, 12.325203895568848, "d to the two airports when reporting its financials to the FAA. Therefore, the bond proceeds and debt services in this report exclude such airports.\n Figure 7.1\nBond Proceeds and Revenue, by Airport Size, 2009\u20132017\n      Billions of dollars\nBillions "]
[12.429632186889648, 12.332379341125488, "vice airports and is likely to remain so, barring changes in the tax code or major market disruptions. Airports that participate in the municipal bond market are considered by the rating agencies to offer investment-grade opportunities with a low ris"]
[12.415910720825195, 12.335785865783691, "air transportation services at affordable fares and reasonable levels of qual- ity to travelers, businesses, and aviators that are anticipated to use these services in the future. As complements or alternatives to supply-side measures, demand-side ma"]
[12.427854537963867, 12.321369171142578, "ssengers in 2018 as in 1990. For comparison, the U.S. popula- tion grew by only 30 percent over this same period. The FAA\u2019s TAF suggests this growth will continue. Medium-, small-, and non-hub airports are all expected to see enplanements grow by 20\u2013"]
[12.405922889709473, 12.33953857421875, "ng toward use of larger planes to meet demand without a comparable increase in operations, and this trend is anticipated to continue. However, the relatively mild growth in the number of operations does not necessar- ily translate to diminished infra"]
[12.414590835571289, 12.335112571716309, " trying to optimize in response to their own expectations of the future. Under these circumstances, forecasting demand many years into the future at an individual airport is challenging.\nThere are two main sources of demand forecasts for airport plan"]
[12.391817092895508, 12.350268363952637, "essing Future Demand and Capacity Constraints 127\n  Historical\n  Forecast\n  Baseline\nOptimistic scenario Pessimistic scenario\n  4\n3\n  2020 2025 2030 2035\n2040 2045\nFiscal year\n  Historical\n  Forecast\n    Baseline\nOptimistic scenario Pessimistic scena"]
[12.412092208862305, 12.335102081298828, "capacity constraints, forecast aircraft fleet mixes, and capacity profiles of individual airports. The FACT reports thus give insight into the evolution of airside capacity constraints as well as the inputs determining these constraints over time.\nTh"]
[12.3873291015625, 12.35641860961914, "ped because of lack of evidence (McLaughlin and Sasso, 2017).\nThe changes in projected airside capacity constraints over the past two decades contain lessons for the future of airside capacity planning. For one, external factors, such as demand for a"]
[12.4276704788208, 12.322630882263184, "y, deter- mine when it will become constrained, and identify projects to expand.5 We emphasize that this analysis is specific to the airport in question and is not collected on a systemwide basis. Without systemwide, empirical data on landside infras"]
[12.385881423950195, 12.35857105255127, "structure needs, as well as the revenue that pays for those investments, can change quickly. Flexibility of funding sources is of paramount concern to airports because they want and need the agility to alter plans if conditions suddenly change.\nImpac"]
[12.344659805297852, 12.387012481689453, " delay data by cause, from June 2003 to the present, for most nonstop commercial flights, as submitted by reporting carriers.7 As shown in Figure 8.5, there are five categories of delay causes within the ASQP database: air carrier, extreme weather, n"]
[12.357287406921387, 12.378914833068848, "ntify the party best able to reduce the delay. Because late-arriving aircraft delays occur when a previous flight delayed the aircraft, causing the current flight to be delayed, the party best suited to reduce the delay depends on the cause of the in"]
[12.360804557800293, 12.376687049865723, "ort individually.10\nNational Aviation System (OPSNET) Delays\nNAS delays, as described above, are delays for which the FAA, airport operators, and state or local governments are in the best position to take corrective action to prevent or mitigate the"]
[12.371387481689453, 12.365309715270996, "er challenges, however. San Francisco, for instance, must often deal with low ceilings because of the frequent presence of fog, whereas Denver might face snowy conditions more frequently. There are several airports where weather is not the pre- domin"]
[12.381166458129883, 12.355325698852539, "sing Future Demand and Capacity Constraints 137\n                         Ten-Year Trend\nGrand Total\n365,230\n310,331\n267,972\n265,947\n151,627\n150,947\n125,885\n83,352\n57,186\n42,363\n33,878\n30,130\n29,848\n29,647\n28,382\n26,849\n25,511\n25,010\n22,328\n15,592\n86,"]
[12.382781982421875, 12.3537015914917, "0.1\n2016\n 3.4\n 5.7\n 3.8\n 1.2\n 1.7\n 1.5\n 1.0\n 1.0\n 0.3\n 0.8\n0.9\n 0.5\n 0.6\n 0.6\n 0.5\n 0.5\n 0.6\n 0.2\n 0.2\n 0.5\n 0.01\n 0.1\n2015\n 2.7\n 4.9\n 2.5\n 1.9\n 2.3\n 1.4\n 1.0\n 1.1\n 0.5\n 0.8\n0.9\n 0.5\n 0.5\n 0.3\n 0.5\n 0.3\n 0.4\n 0.3\n 0.4\n 0.3\n 0.01\n 0.1\n2014\n 4.1\n 4.8\n "]
[12.338193893432617, 12.395492553710938, " at least at those airports able to expand, can reduce the probability that volume delays will occur when airlines schedule many flights at the same time, but it is unlikely to eliminate all congestion at peak times. Likewise, improved infra- structu"]
[12.352910995483398, 12.381048202514648, "LGA\u2013ORD\nBad weather causes a 12-minute delay. Arrives 12 minutes late.\nFlight 2, ORD\u2013LGA\nFlight leaves 12 minutes late but is able to make up 2 minutes in the air. Arrives 10 minutes late.\nFlight 3, LGA\u2013ORD\nFlight leaves 10 minutes late but is able t"]
[12.354804039001465, 12.380718231201172, ".12 Consequently, this measure of total NAS delay cannot be attributed to an individual airport. As an example of how total delay is calculated, Table 8.4 provides the top 13 O&D pairs that produce the most total NAS delay. These 13 O&D pairs represe"]
[12.355141639709473, 12.386202812194824, "r Most NAS Delays\n100\n90\n        2,621 pairs (41%) make up 90% of NAS delay 1,426 pairs (22%) make up 75% of NAS delay\n572 pairs (9%) make up 50% of NAS delay 142 pairs (2.2%) make up 25% of NAS delay\n13 pairs (<1%) make up 5% of NAS delay\n     Cumul"]
[12.399672508239746, 12.351463317871094, "ebt service an airport\u2019s reserves should be able to cover; this metric is commonly referred to as \u201cdays of cash on hand.\u201d The recommended amount varies depending on whether the airport or airline bears the risk of paying costs if revenues fall short."]
[12.413548469543457, 12.33689022064209, "e metric for measuring the airport\u2019s current financial status. Large- and medium- hub airports have seen their days of cash on hand slowly increase in recent years, although as noted above, these airports might also be saving for additional infrastru"]
[12.393465995788574, 12.347625732421875, " depreciation) + Debt Service (excluding coverage)\nTable 8.6 shows that a holistic view of airports with the most OPSNET delays per opera- tion in 2018 reveals variation and nuance in airports\u2019 status. For example CLT has relatively normal delays per"]
[12.394124984741211, 12.347984313964844, "/A\nN/A\n0.87914864\nN/A\n1.60533197\n0.70224447\n2.26166683\nN/A\n1.52525321\n1.22924694\n1.99380368\n2.17973263\nN/A\n2.87975066\n1.63250881\n2.29556382\nN/A\nN/A\n2.52490346\n1.56405689\n2.73352892\nTrend 2009\u20132017\nDSCR 2009\nN/A\nN/A\n1.1573963\nN/A\n1.804785722\n0.0717375"]
[12.372149467468262, 12.372482299804688, "in effects of exter- nal factors (e.g., economic conditions and airline decisions) make airport planning difficult. This is one reason why airports find flexibility in funding desirable.\nCapacity constraints can manifest themselves in several ways th"]
[12.440325736999512, 12.311896324157715, "sure that there is coherence in its overall strategy, either with the vision above or an alternative vision, and a willingness to adapt federal programs and resources to align with that overall strategy.\nWe begin this chapter by presenting our findin"]
[12.429618835449219, 12.32363224029541, " on the \u201ccolor of money,\u201d airports might be required to line up approvals from the appropriate combination of federal regulators, local governments, state governments, and airlines before making investments in airport infrastructure. Decisions made b"]
[12.424018859863281, 12.327232360839844, "ated excellent, good, or fair. This reflects the priority given to airside infrastructure in federal grants provided under the AIP and the effectiveness of funding from all sources to meet airside needs. However, terminals and control towers are wide"]
[12.595108032226562, 12.179045677185059, "e cap on PFCs has been set at $4.50 per passenger since the 2000 FAA Reautho-\nKey Findings and Recommendations 151\n152 U.S. Airport Infrastructure Funding and Financing\nrization Act. Since that time, the purchasing power of a dollar of PFC revenues h"]
[12.529820442199707, 12.248085975646973, "thorized exclusively for use by commercial service airports, nor do GA airports have sufficient passenger volume to support such a user fee. Instead, GA and nonprimary commercial service airports rely on AIP funding, which is redistributive by design"]
[12.541553497314453, 12.23916244506836, "ue diversion practices in 1982. Airports operated by these air- port sponsors are legally allowed to divert airport operating revenue, up to a statutory limit. The second form encompasses revenue diversion by any other airport sponsor, which most fre"]
[12.474002838134766, 12.288987159729004, "o of complementary changes to the PFC program, the AIP, the AATF, and to policies and procedures regarding revenue diversion, as indicated in Figure 9.1. The interrelated nature of these funding programs and policies makes it important to consider\nFi"]
[12.586956024169922, 12.188413619995117, "create delays for passengers that propagate throughout the NAS.\nSeparately, the average inflation-adjusted domestic ticket price fell from $630 in 1993 to $432 in 2018. Competition and market conditions are the primary determinants of ticket prices. "]
[12.52662181854248, 12.242829322814941, "unattractive to local governments and would increase the cost of local goods and services unrelated to air travel. Privatization is possible but rarely pursued; the Airport Investment Partnership Program, established in 1997, allows airports to explo"]
[12.450745582580566, 12.306044578552246, "e-hub airports\n(d)(2) Quantify large- hub airports\u2019\ninfrastructure requirements, including terminal, landside,\nand airside infrastructure\n(d)(3) Quantify the percentage\ngrowth in infrastructure requirements\nof the large- hub airports relative to othe"]
[12.560516357421875, 12.216344833374023, "8 U.S. Airport Infrastructure Funding and Financing\nthese recommendations as a whole rather than in isolation. Taken together, these changes have the potential to help airports of all sizes maintain safe, efficient, and sustainable operations.\nThe vi"]
[12.604011535644531, 12.174156188964844, " operations will likely lead to increased infrastructure requirements.\nUnder current policy, larger airports are generally able to raise funds for critical projects and are meeting their debt obligations. Some airports, such as CLT, appear to be fina"]
[12.58985710144043, 12.187263488769531, "ary entitlements entirely. The largest airports, with more than about 26 million enplanements, would be more than made whole by the ability to keep collecting at the higher PFC level after forgoing their primary entitlements.\nOption C: Increase the C"]
[12.60819149017334, 12.169609069824219, "ise their PFC above $4.50, indexed to inflation, should forgo their AIP primary entitlements dollar-for-dollar for each dollar of PFCs they collect, up to 100 percent of these entitlements. Instead, that money could more efficiently achieve the redis"]
[12.594623565673828, 12.182840347290039, "not be allowed to charge layover passengers a PFC of less than 50 per- cent of the origin PFC. This would prevent airports from lowering their layover PFC to $0 to attract layover traffic and only charge origin passengers for infrastructure use.\nKey "]
[12.542908668518066, 12.23946475982666, "ver time, but the timing and magnitude of annual grants would be better aligned with the timing and magnitude of needs. Airports could compete to receive more funds in the form of larger grants from the pool of discretionary funding, when needed, but"]
[12.560036659240723, 12.232426643371582, "elps fund the AATF. This policy favors airlines that separate ancillary fees from their base ticket price over those that do not. Airlines should be free to separate ancillary fees if they wish, but the Domestic Passenger Ticket Tax should not incent"]
[12.517792701721191, 12.257220268249512, "provide conclusive evidence as to whether individual PFC projects have had an effect on competition. Facilities funded with PFCs may not be leased on an exclusive- use basis, and that policy element of the PFC program might support competition. In pr"]
[12.518451690673828, 12.251100540161133, "ric planes using the same infrastructure untaxed. A comparable situation applies to the gas tax supporting the Highway Trust Fund. To ensure stability and equity of funding, Congress should authorize the FAA to conduct a study that considers transiti"]
[12.419217109680176, 12.33345890045166, "AIP funding over time, but the timing and magnitude of annual grants\nKey Findings and Recommendations 165\n166 U.S. Airport Infrastructure Funding and Financing\nwould be better aligned with the timing and magnitude of needs. Second, although airport r"]
[12.443991661071777, 12.305595397949219, "ploads/2017/01/Aviation-Final.pdf\nASCE\u2014See American Society of Civil Engineers.\nBeckman, Howard, \u201cAbility of Local Jurisdictions to Regulate Airport Noise,\u201d webpage, August 2, 2012. As of June 26, 2019:\nhttp://www.airportnoiselaw.org/abate.html\nBelko"]
[12.436064720153809, 12.314573287963867, "s-t-100-and-t-100f-traffic-reporting\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cRural Airports,\u201d webpage, December 18, 2018. As of May 1, 2019: https://www.bts.gov/modes/aviation/rural-airports\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cOn-Time Performance: Flight Delays at a Glance,\u201d 2019a. As of October 18, 2019: https:/"]
[12.432177543640137, 12.3187837600708, "Subpart C, Collection, Handling, I, Part 158, Subpart C, Section 158.53,\nI, Part 158, Subpart D, Reporting, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, Part 1542, Airport Security, October 1, 2018.\nCoogan, Matthew A., MarketSense Consulting LLC, and Jacob"]
[12.460821151733398, 12.297324180603027, "eparing Attachments for PFC Application Form: Section 6 of FAA Form 5500-1,\u201d undated e. As of November 22, 2019: https://www.faa.gov/airports/resources/forms/media/pfc_5500_1_instruct_attach_0810.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cThe Operations Network (OPSNET),\u201d database, "]
[12.476387977600098, 12.280998229980469, "9, 2019:\nhttps://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/taf/media/taf_summary_fy_2018-2045.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cGrandfathered Airports,\u201d fact sheet, May 1, 2018c. As of September 9, 2019: https://cats.airports.faa.gov/GrandfatheredAirports.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cFY 2018-2020 Ai"]
[12.470787048339844, 12.281540870666504, "cular 150/5070-6B, Change 2, Change 2 to Airport Master Plans, Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration, January 27, 2015. As of October 10, 2019: https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC_150_5070-6B_with_chg_1&2.pdf\nFe"]
[12.432780265808105, 12.317214012145996, "hority, Airport Revenue Bonds, Series 2009, Bozeman, Mont., October 7, 2009. As of November 22, 2019:\nhttps://emma.msrb.org/EP332996-EP37912-EP659937.pdf\nGAO\u2014See Government Accountability Office.\nGentry, Jennifer, Kent Duffy, and William J. Swedish, "]
[12.436762809753418, 12.3112154006958, "anged Little in Recent Years, but Stakeholders Voice Concerns About Competition, Washington, D.C., GAO 14-515, June 2014a. As of June 25, 2019:\nhttps://w w w.gao.gov/products/GAO-14-515\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Airport Privatization: Limited Interest Despite FAA\u2019s Pilot"]
[12.429261207580566, 12.31963062286377, "dicators, Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, ACRP Report 19A, 2011.\nH.R. 1265\u2014See Investing in America: Rebuilding America\u2019s Airport Infrastructure Act, 2017. H.R. 3791\u2014See Investing in America: Rebuilding America\u2019s Airport Infrastructu"]
[12.429228782653809, 12.321261405944824, "D.C.: Transportation Research Board, ACRP Legal Research Digest 35, September 2018.\nKasper, Daniel M., and Darin Lee, An Assessment of Competition and Consumer Choice in Today\u2019s U.S. Airline Industry, presentation prepared for Airlines for America, J"]
[12.437605857849121, 12.312853813171387, "://web.mit.edu/airlinedata/www/Aircraft&Related.html\nMathews, J. Scott, \u201cA Counterpoint Assessment of Vancouver International Airport as a Gateway to North America,\u201d Thunderbird International Business Review, Vol. 41, No. 3, May/June 1999, pp. 265\u201327"]
[12.446270942687988, 12.307161331176758, ", D.C.: National Academies Press, 2007. As of November 11, 2019: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/14041/innovative-finance-and-alternative-sources-of-revenue-for-airports\nNunes, Ashley, \u201cIs Trump\u2019s Plan to Privatize Air-Traffic Control a Good Idea?\u201d The A"]
[12.441102027893066, 12.309943199157715, "/default/files/2018-05/ Final%20Official%20Statement%20-%202010%20PFC%20bonds.pdf\nPublic Law 79-377, Federal Airport Act of 1946, May 13, 1946.\nPublic Law 91-258, Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970, May 21, 1970.\nPublic Law 93-44, Airport Dev"]
[12.453758239746094, 12.298121452331543, "Chana R., \u201cAirport Munis,\u201d Forbes, June 9, 2003. As of August 5, 2019: h t t p s : / / w w w . f o r b e s . c o m / f o r b e s / 2 0 0 3 / 0 6 0 9 / 1 3 4 . h t m l # 6 9 d c 7 b 6 0 4 15 7\nSFO\u2014See San Francisco International Airport.\nSharkey, Joe,"]
[12.441707611083984, 12.30689525604248, ".pdf\nUnited Airlines, Inc. v. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey \u2013 Complaint and Exhibits A to NN (16-14-13), FAA-2015-0026, posted January 8, 2015. As of June 25, 2019: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=FAA-2015-0026-0001\nU.S. Code, "]
[12.415633201599121, 12.335700035095215, "gister_notices/media/pfc_69fr6366.pdf\nReferences 179\n180 U.S. Airport Infrastructure Funding and Financing\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cRevisions to Passenger Facility Charge Rule for Compensation to Air Carriers,\u201d Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 69, No. 53, March 18, 2"]
[12.433289527893066, 12.31922435760498, "inance/articles/airport-rate-methodology\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cUnited States Airport Rates and Charges Regulations,\u201d webpage, March 15, 2015b. As of June 25, 2019:\nhttps://www.dwuconsulting.com/airport-finance/articles/airport-rate-regulation\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAir Ticket Taxes "]
[12.426175117492676, 12.32492446899414, "   CORPORATION\nBENJAMIN M. MILLER, DEBRA KNOPMAN, LIISA ECOLA, BRIAN PHILLIPS, MOON KIM, NATHANIEL EDENFIELD, DANIEL SCHWAM, DIOGO PROSDOCIMI\nU.S. Airport\nInfrastructure Funding\nand Financing\nIssues and Policy Options Pursuant to Section 122 of the 2"]
[12.419242858886719, 12.326345443725586, "s related concerns, and to \u201cmake recommendations on the actions needed to upgrade the national aviation infrastructure system to meet the growing and shifting demands of the 21st century.\u201d RAND, a nonprofit and nonpartisan policy research organizatio"]
[12.389833450317383, 12.368315696716309, "ynamics, transportation, energy, and climate and the environment, as well as other policy concerns that are influenced by the natural and built environment, technology, and commu- nity organizations and institutions that affect well-being. For more i"]
[12.428065299987793, 12.322516441345215, "ane Downey, Vice President of Government Relations, Global Business Travel Associa- tion\n\u2022 Bryant Francis, Director of Aviation at the Port of Oakland\n\u2022 Trish Gilbert, Executive Vice President of the National Air Traffic Controllers Association\n\u2022 Ada"]
[12.422528266906738, 12.330842018127441, "ank Camm and Lauri Rohn, for their timely and constructive reviews of our work throughout the study period as part of the RAND quality assurance process. We thank John Strong for wearing a second hat as an exter- nal reviewer in addition to being a m"]
[12.466552734375, 12.289430618286133, "ions regarding which entities must approve the spending. As a consequence, airport operators consider more than whether sufficient dollars are available to fund an infrastructure project. They also carefully consider whether and how much funding can "]
[12.432591438293457, 12.31875991821289, "000 annual enplanements\nNonprimary commercial service\n At least 2,500 and no more than 10,000\n0.10\n126\nNoncommercial service: Less than 2,500 annual enplanements\nGeneral aviation\n Less than 2,500\n0.05\n378,858\n 2,549\nReliever\n Designated to relieve co"]
[12.575075149536133, 12.195751190185547, "n the Passenger Facility Charge Would Reduce Airports\u2019 Borrowing Costs but Likely Would Increase Ticket Prices\nAirports will need to make significant investments in the coming years to sustain existing capacity and services and to accommodate growth "]
[12.53176498413086, 12.246932029724121, "y generate in excise tax revenues to the Airport and Airway Trust Fund (AATF), which funds the AIP and many other FAA programs. Airports must be included in the NPIAS to be eligible to receive AIP funds.\nThere are two general types of AIP grants: ent"]
[12.5404052734375, 12.240083694458008, "e or local governments diverting revenue from aviation fuel taxes to nonaviation purposes.\nThe argument for grandfathering was that accounting and spending practices at these air- ports made a clean separation of revenue between airport and nonairpor"]
[12.626709938049316, 12.151354789733887, "policy options in Chapter Nine: (1) index the current cap to inflation, (2) increase the flexibility of airport revenue but do not increase cumulative revenue other than indexing the cap to inflation, (3) raise but do not remove the PFC cap and index"]
[12.664020538330078, 12.115450859069824, "m airlines and other stakeholders when requesting a PFC increase.\nTo ensure that airports have sufficient and stable sources of revenue commensurate with present and future capital needs, the PFC cap should be indexed to inflation, regardless of whet"]
[12.554182052612305, 12.22556209564209, "their own capital needs do not impose costs on other airports in the process. Origin passengers represent the majority of passengers at most airports, with the notable exception of three large hubs, and layover passengers could still be charged PFCs "]
[12.502196311950684, 12.27772045135498, "d to ensure excise tax revenues are spent on aviation system priorities. In practice, the enforcement mechanism is weak and is regularly ignored by Congress. Under excise tax levels set in current law, a large uncommitted bal- ance is projected to ma"]
[12.540657997131348, 12.240256309509277, "authority to withhold other USDOT grants from airport sponsors (as opposed to withholding FAA grants from airport management) that remain out of compliance with revenue diversion rules. This withholding rarely occurs, but the FAA should pursue this p"]
[12.48994255065918, 12.280450820922852, " Fuel Taxes Will Eventually Be Needed\nFuel taxes are not the largest portion of AATF revenue. Nonetheless, progress on developing and deploying electric planes could eventually lead to declines in fuel-based tax revenues while leaving the electric pl"]
[12.472319602966309, 12.291232109069824, "propriate infrastructure investments.\nAirports of all sizes draw on multiple sources of funding. Larger airports tend to generate most of their revenues from their operations and take advantage of the municipal bond market. In contrast, smaller airpo"]
[12.512340545654297, 12.26102066040039, "ions to fund terminal construction projects\nResources eligible for use toward noise reduction and emission reduction projects\nGap between the cost of projects eligible for the AIP and the annual federal funding provided\nImpact of regulatory requireme"]
[12.449546813964844, 12.309305191040039, "e. Markets with fewer passengers are likely to be served by fewer airlines.\nSome airlines have separated ancillary fees, such as fees for baggage and reserved seats, from their base fares. Ancillary fees that have been separated from base fares are e"]
[12.485353469848633, 12.282306671142578, "by 17 percent, small hubs by 10 percent, and non-hubs by\n6 percent. This growth will likely lead to increased infrastructure requirements, but local circumstances will determine whether changes are required and, if so, their associated costs.\nIn tota"]
[12.441414833068848, 12.31056022644043, "serve at least 2,500 passenger boardings (enplanements) per year and that receive scheduled passenger service, handle 99.9 percent of those enplanements. These airports provide the physical infrastructure\u2014runways, terminals, gates, and other faciliti"]
[15.794466972351074, 9.71764087677002, "  Research Report\nSTEPHANIE BROOKS HOLLIDAY, NICHOLAS M. PACE, NEIL GOWENSMITH, IRA PACKER, DANIEL MURRIE, ALICIA VIRANI, BING HAN, SARAH B. HUNTER\nEstimating the Size of the Los Angeles County Jail Mental Health Population Appropriate for Release in"]
[15.715341567993164, 9.698152542114258, "tate Hospitals FIST felony incompetent to stand trial\nLASD Los Angeles County Sheriff Department MIST misdemeanor incompetent to stand trial ODR Office of Diversion and Reentry\nSMI serious mental illness\nThis increase in the mental health population "]
[15.742323875427246, 9.773357391357422, "o provide these services, and may save costs without compromising public safety.\n 2\n Box 1. Current ODR Diversion Programs\n\u2022 Supportive housing program for individuals experiencing homelessness (i.e., ODR Housing program): Initiated in August 2016, t"]
[15.72406005859375, 9.676996231079102, " incarceration, with a particular focus on the population with mental illness. In August 2018, the BOS directed a study of the existing jail mental health population to determine who may be eligible for diversion programs (which resulted in this repo"]
[15.711453437805176, 9.662684440612793, "th providers. On August 5, 2019,\nDHS, DMH, and the Department of Public Health delivered a report to the County Chief Executive Office outlining the need for services to be developed along a continuum of care, with significant options for unlocked co"]
[15.691022872924805, 9.657625198364258, "cal eligibility for diversion. We started this phase by holding discussions with ODR clinicians to better understand ODR programs and processes, including the factors they consider when determining if they will put someone forward as a candidate for "]
[15.699616432189941, 9.663237571716309, "chart review of a stratified random sample of individuals from the jail mental health population to identify an estimate of the number\nof individuals that are potentially divertible. LASD provided a data set that included all individuals in\nits jail "]
[15.691722869873047, 9.652612686157227, " coded the charts, they flagged any charts that were especially challenging or inconclusive. All flagged charts were reviewed by another clinician to make a final determination.27\nAfter completion of the clinical review, the legal and clinical decisi"]
[15.689258575439453, 9.652862548828125, "n by gender. A larger percentage of women were determined to be appropriate candidates for diversion than men.\nAdditional analyses by race/ethnicity are reported in Appendix D.\nTABLE 2\nAppropriateness for Diversion of the Jail Mental Health Populatio"]
[15.68593692779541, 9.649837493896484, " she could have been diverted at some point during pretrial proceedings or at the time the court\u2019s judgment was rendered. That said, it is also worthwhile to consider effective community-based treatment options that can be provided along the entire c"]
[15.739027976989746, 9.71839427947998, "al needs\nover competency services.31 Bexar County in Texas provides police officers with a dedicated short-term treatment facility for individuals with mental illness who have minor charges; outcomes are promising in that numbers of diversions have i"]
[15.690841674804688, 9.658317565917969, " receive individualized consideration, the number of cases\nin any given \u201cmental health\u201d courtroom should be\n Even with increased diversion, however, there\nwill continue to be a large number of individuals with mental health needs who remain in jail\u2014 "]
[15.692724227905273, 9.644590377807617, "all number of courtrooms that are currently in play. Legal stakeholders in other courts may have differing views regarding the factors that shape legal suitability and clinical eligibility. If it is assumed\nthat the judges assigned to courtrooms curr"]
[15.695686340332031, 9.65526294708252, "ed, if relevant) during our review period. But we acknowledge that any review of this sort\u2014just like any clinical diagnosis in jail\u2014cannot infallibly distinguish all symptoms of mental illness from all effects of substances.\nFifth, it is important to"]
[15.692115783691406, 9.6680908203125, " real-time\n 11\nway to track outcomes.39 Therefore, this might also include new data-collection infrastructure or efforts. An increased capacity for ongoing data collection is particularly important because there are numerous systemic changes and evol"]
[15.688051223754883, 9.655075073242188, "subset would decline to participate in a diversion program.\nFinally, although ODR is responsible for developing diversionary programming, there are other local and state agencies that have a stake and\na role in providing solutions. Therefore, future "]
[15.688509941101074, 9.656002044677734, "including information from the jail medical record\nas well as information regarding use of public mental health services in Los Angeles County. Based on both the legal and clinical review, they then made a determination about each person\u2019s overall po"]
[15.67894172668457, 9.626252174377441, "issue; those considered potentially appropriate are those in which there are certain charges or statuses that raise some question of suitability but the issue is not one that appears to be an obvious bar for diversion. All cases categorized as approp"]
[15.681913375854492, 9.63444995880127, "(DDES) online system, which was one of several sources used in the ODR preliminary study. Because we were not granted access to DDES, we relied on ODR to use the system on our behalf and to provide us with current charge and recent conviction informa"]
[15.61877155303955, 9.498058319091797, "priate\n NOTES: All other cases were considered appropriate for purposes of our review. PC = California Penal Code; HS = California Health and Safety Code. a There is no specific penal code associated with this criterion.\n 15\nAppendix C. Clinical Crit"]
[15.652154922485352, 9.53145980834961, "er\nUnspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder\nBipolar I disorder\nCurrent/most recent episode manic\nCurrent/most recent episode depressed\nF31.31 F31.32 F31.4 F31.5 F31.75 F31.76\nIntellectual disability\nSchizophrenia\nMild F31.11 Mo"]
[7.698696136474609, 4.507229328155518, "anor Charges and Recent Felony Convictions Rated as Not Appropriate for Diversion\nCite Description\n    PC 32\nPC 182.5\nPC 186.28 PC 187\nPC 187(a)\nPC 187(a)(1) PC 189\nPC 190.05 PC 192(a)\nPC 192(b)\nPC 207(b)\nPC 209(b)\nPC 209(b)(1) PC 209.5\nPC 209.5(a) P"]
[7.689189910888672, 4.5999603271484375, "omy of minor under eighteen\nSodomy\u2014victim under 18\nSodomy\u2014victim under 16, defendant over 21 Sodomy\u2014victim under 14, defendant 10 years older Oral copulation\u2014victim under 18\nOral copulation\u2014victim under 16\nOral copulation\u2014victim under 14\nLewd act on "]
[7.724452018737793, 4.597231864929199, "g minor to assist in distribution of obscene matter; posing or modeling involving sexual conduct Brandishing a firearm\n   22\n  Cite\nPC 417(b)\nPC 417(c)\nPC 417.3\nPC 417.4\nPC 647.6(a)(1) PC 647.6\nPC 653f(b)\nPC 664/187(a) PC 664/187(a)(1) PC 664/187\nPC "]
[7.776411056518555, 4.438451290130615, "dwelling, vehicle, or aircraft\nDischarging firearm from vehicle with GBI or death\nExplosion or attempt to explode destructive device with intent to murder\nCarrying a loaded firearm with intent to commit felony\nAllowing another to discharge firearm fr"]
[7.624754905700684, 4.3362274169921875, "ony conviction, stolen firearm or by gang member\nDelivering concealable firearm to person within any of the classes prohibited by California Penal Code 12021 or 12021.1\nDelivering concealable firearm to person within any of the classes prohibited by "]
[15.720633506774902, 9.668146133422852, "gram Countywide to Safely Divert More Individuals with Serious Clinical Needs, 2019.\n18 Motion by Supervisors Sheila Kuehl and Mark Ridley-Thomas: Expanding Countywide Diversion for Justice Involved Adults, 2019; Garcia, 2019.\n19 LAC + USC Restorativ"]
[5.8600969314575195, 3.950509548187256, "oups by two sex levels). However, this study\u2019s sampling frame contained 29 strata because the remaining three strata had no individuals. In each stratum, a simple random sample was drawn where the sample size was proportional to\nthe size of the strat"]
[15.765860557556152, 9.722784042358398, " Mental Health Treatment Center (Item No. 25, Agenda of February 12, 2019), August 7, 2019. As of November 8, 2019: http://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/supdocs/139802.pdf\nCowell, Alexander J., Arnie Aldridge, Nahama Broner, and Jesse M. Hinde, A Co"]
[15.755338668823242, 9.841679573059082, ". As of December 4, 2019: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1754.html\nHunter, Sarah B., and Adam Scherling, Los Angeles County Office of Diversion and Reentry\u2019s Supportive Housing Program: A Study of Participants\u2019 Housing Stability and New"]
[15.729928016662598, 9.706847190856934, "de to Safely Divert More Individuals with Serious Clinical Needs, May 14, 2019. As of November 8, 2019: http://file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/bos/supdocs/135516.pdf\nMotion by Supervisors Hilda L. Solis and Sheila Kuehl: Cancellation of Design-Build Contr"]
[13.929522514343262, 4.287179946899414, "dated. As of November 12, 2019: https://ctsi.ucla.edu/patients-community/pages/whole-person- care\nWarren, Janet I., Daniel C. Murrie, William Stejskal, Lori\nH. Colwell, James Morris, Preeti Chauhan, and Park Dietz, \u201cOpinion Formation in Evaluating th"]
[13.874741554260254, 4.595544815063477, "ND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout\nthe world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the pub"]
[11.380224227905273, 10.676151275634766, " Evaluation of the SB 1041 Reforms to California\u2019s CalWORKs Welfare-to-Work Program\nUpdated Findings Regarding Policy Implementation and Outcomes\nRAND AUTHORS Lois M. Davis, Lynn A. Karoly, Dionne Barnes-Proby, Beverly A. Weidmer, Praise O. Iyiewuare"]
[11.331635475158691, 10.712841987609863, "on. Following a competitive bidding process, the California Department of Social Services (CDSS) awarded the evaluation contract to the RAND Corporation, in partnership with the American Institutes for Research (AIR).\nAs described in the evaluation b"]
[11.380355834960938, 10.68085765838623, " California\u2019s CalWORKs Welfare-to-Work Program: Findings Regarding the Initial Policy Implementation and Outcomes, by RAND authors Lois M. Davis, Lynn A. Karoly, Robert Bozick, Diana Catherine Lavery, Dionne Barnes-Proby, Beverly A. Weidmer, Praise I"]
[11.33756160736084, 10.711930274963379, "...............................................................................................................................xiii Summary .............................................................................................................."]
[11.330890655517578, 10.714649200439453, "1.................................................................... 66 Early Engagement Activities.................................................................................................... 69 Counties\u2019 Views Regarding Impact of SB 1041 on"]
[11.351134300231934, 10.705504417419434, "................................. 177 Outcomes One Year After Entry ............................................................................................ 180 Discussion .........................................................................."]
[11.528190612792969, 10.546781539916992, "by Race/Ethnicity: 2016...................................................................................................... 156 Figure 6.3. Percentage of CalWORKs WTW Clients in the Transitional\nGroup and Post\u2013SB 1041 Group: Status Cross-Sections i"]
[11.50979232788086, 10.563318252563477, "........................................ 170\nFigure 6.14. Percentage of CalWORKs WTW Clients Who Were Employed for\nat Least One Quarter in the Subsequent Three Years After Entry: Tracked Entry\nCohorts 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013..........................."]
[11.398100852966309, 10.660754203796387, ".............................................................. 209 Figure A.2. Assessment of WTW Clients\u2019 Barriers and Needs (Pre\u2013AB 74) ............................ 210 Figure A.3. California OCAT (Post\u2013AB 74)........................................"]
[11.299674034118652, 10.774017333984375, "57 Table 4.7. How Long It Currently Takes a CalWORKs Participant to Start to Receive\nthe Services to Which He or She Was Referred (All Counties) ........................................... 58 Table 4.8. In the Last Year, Have More CalWORKs Clients Do"]
[11.190011978149414, 10.86409854888916, "ll Counties and by County Caseload Size) ......................... 74\nTable 4.23. Write-In Responses Regarding Services Offered to Children Through\nCounties\u2019 FS Programs (By County Caseload Size)......................................................."]
[11.365323066711426, 10.701929092407227, "TW Entry Cohorts) ............................ 185 Table 8.1. Summary of Key Findings......................................................................................... 192 Table A.1. Comparison of CalWORKs Welfare-to-Work 24-Month Time-Clock\nA"]
[11.252741813659668, 10.827545166015625, "........... 282\nTable D.10. Percentage of CalWORKs Clients in a County Who Have Used Their\nFull 24-Month Time Clock and . . . (All Counties and by County Caseload Size) ........... 283\nTable D.11. Supervisors\u2019 Assessment of How Well WTW Caseworkers\nU"]
[11.536581993103027, 10.540704727172852, " of Months Counted on the 48-Month Time-on-Aid\nClock and Counted on the 24-Month Time Clock Two Years After Entry:\nTracked Entry Cohorts 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014....................................................... 297\nTable E.5.b. Average Numb"]
[11.494983673095703, 10.575345039367676, "............................................ 303\nTable E.13. CalWORKs WTW Client Status Among Those with the Short-Term WTW Exemption for Young Children in December 2012: February 2013, February 2014, February 2015, February 2016....................."]
[11.459634780883789, 10.603353500366211, "ime exemption from WTW requirements to care for a child from birth to age 23 months, replacing the prior temporary young child exemption\u2014 which excused one adult per family from WTW work participation requirements while caring for one child below the"]
[11.348785400390625, 10.707649230957031, "links to a set of outputs and finally an array of desired impacts on child and family well-being. The evaluation framework serves to illustrate that whether the reforms achieve their intended effect will depend on a number of factors. First, as part "]
[11.367509841918945, 10.679959297180176, "pproached the policy and process changes adopted under SB 1041, and the opportunities for addressing any challenges encountered to date.\nIn addition, this report includes analyses based on several other sources of data that contribute to other study "]
[11.302633285522461, 10.7482328414917, "d that the core components of SB 1041 had been implemented as of mid-2016, although issues remained with the execution of some components, particularly the WTW 24-month time clock. From the perspective of the CDSS staff and other state stakeholders w"]
[11.236588478088379, 10.785273551940918, "ies to which he or she had been assigned or scheduled. In terms of receiving services, more than 90 percent of counties reported that it takes WTW clients less than one month to receive child care, transportation, and domestic abuse services. Still, "]
[11.110150337219238, 10.789734840393066, " has required counties to revamp their business processes and, in some cases, develop or strengthen partnerships with service providers. It has also extended the time needed to complete a WTW plan. The time required to administer the OCAT, the sensit"]
[11.20333194732666, 10.849493026733398, "y services and to serve a smaller share of eligible families (73 percent versus 84 percent for large counties). State- and county-level stakeholders largely viewed the FS program as a success because of the flexibility it offers to address the unique"]
[11.210126876831055, 10.838652610778809, "he part of the community colleges following budget cuts in the wake of the Great Recession, a growing economy making work more attractive than further education, the expectation on the part of recipients that pursuing a degree would likely extend bey"]
[11.480623245239258, 10.593034744262695, "ticipant Indicators in the Post\u2013SB 1041 Period\nAs with the first evaluation report, the status and tracking study components covered in this second report are based on the analysis of state administrative data covering the CalWORKs WTW population. Th"]
[11.541826248168945, 10.533784866333008, " WTW clients meeting federal work participation requirements, causing their 24-month time clock not to advance; and WTW clients with exemptions or sanctions that caused both clocks to stop.\n\u2022 Comparing the rate of ever receiving an exemption before a"]
[11.59070873260498, 10.484975814819336, "ORKs WTW in the post\u2013SB 1041 period relative to the pre\u2013SB 1041 period. A larger percentage of the February 2014 entry cohort was employed for at least one quarter in the cohort\u2019s first two years after entry compared with the February 2007 entry coho"]
[11.543387413024902, 10.530179023742676, " covering the period from the first quarter of 2007 through the first quarter of 2016, were employed in a multicohort interrupted time series design that aims to isolate changes in outcomes that can be associated with SB 1041. Outcomes are measured f"]
[11.473578453063965, 10.608255386352539, "erly earnings among new CalWORKs WTW clients two years after enrollment was no different than predicted.\nAlthough these analyses are based on the early cohorts to experience SB 1041 and during a period when implementation was still underway, the find"]
[11.229694366455078, 10.78915786743164, "en these issues, we will continue to focus on this aspect of implementation of SB 1041 in the final round of qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis.\nThe degree of take-up of the 24 months of WTW services and how the flexibility is "]
[11.345559120178223, 10.706457138061523, "he legislation, such as connecting CalWORKs clients to needed services. In our final round of data collection, we will be particularly interested in novel approaches that counties have taken that may prove to be useful models for other counties and h"]
[11.285648345947266, 10.746277809143066, "nk the several individuals who served as key points of contact for and greatly facilitated our second wave of data collection in the six focal counties. These individuals include Sadaf Pirzada, program specialist for Alameda County; Roselinda Torres "]
[11.36164665222168, 10.682530403137207, " Number\nCPI Consumer Price Index\nCWD county welfare department\nCWDA County Welfare Directors Association\nDHHS U.S. Department of Health and Human Services\nEDD Employment Development Department\nESE Expanded Subsidized Employment\nFS Family Stabilizatio"]
[11.34865951538086, 10.70548152923584, " identified situation or crisis that would interfere with participation in WTW activities and services; and (3) the Expanded Subsidized Employment (ESE) program, which added funds for CWDs to expand the number of subsidized employment placements for "]
[11.331483840942383, 10.70651626586914, "tus study and a WTW client tracking study to examine point-in-time and dynamic indicators for the CalWORKs WTW population both before and after the SB 1041 changes; a county welfare operations impact study to assess the consequences of SB 1041 for va"]
[11.4351167678833, 10.621809005737305, "ystems that were not yet available for analysis but will be examined in the final study report.) We also employ the state administrative data, now with an additional year of data relative to the first report (through 2016), to update our assessment o"]
[11.430821418762207, 10.637721061706543, "ths to 48 months as of 2011), exemptions from work requirements for adults with a young child in the assistance unit3 (with a more generous allowance as of 2009), and the financial incentives to work (made less generous in 2011).\nSB 1041 Policy Chang"]
[11.434381484985352, 10.637737274169922, "B 1041 time-clock structure.\n\u2022 Those in the program prior to January 1, 2013, with fewer than 24 months accumulated are subject to the 24-month CalWORKs WTW time clock, followed by the CalWORKs federal standards until the 48-month lifetime limit is r"]
[11.366593360900879, 10.684761047363281, "vices component if they were no longer eligible for the young child exemption.\n\u2022 Other provisions. SB 1041 included a number of other changes, including (1) restoring the earned income disregard (the income excluded when calculating the benefit level"]
[11.353826522827148, 10.701752662658691, "rough the implementation stage in the second column, to the outputs from the policy change, and finally to the desired impacts on child and family well-being. The top row indicates the sequence of activities, starting with the passage of SB 1041, con"]
[11.32109260559082, 10.723889350891113, "ertaken to satisfy SB 1041; to examine the understanding of the reforms from the perspective of CalWORKs clients, caseworkers, and other county welfare office staff; and to identify any other factors that may affect SB 1041 implementation and its imp"]
[11.352180480957031, 10.69417953491211, "ot constant. To address this challenge, as discussed in Karoly et al. (2015), the evaluation components concerned with measuring the impact of the legislation use relevant analytic and statistical techniques to control for such confounding factors. T"]
[11.327956199645996, 10.71596908569336, "WTW clients?\nHas SB 1041 helped remove barriers to WTW clients\u2019 employment?\nHas SB 1041 affected WTW clients\u2019 transitions at the 25-month mark?\nHas SB 1041 accelerated WTW clients\u2019 paths to self-sufficiency?\nHas SB 1041 affected California\u2019s TANF ann"]
[11.263936996459961, 10.773447036743164, " of the OCAT, which had a longer development phase, lagged relative to these other components. A majority of the counties indicated they had formed new or enhanced partnerships with community-based service providers as they implemented SB 1041.\n\u2022 The"]
[11.50887393951416, 10.562183380126953, "verage, a 10-percent increase over the March 2013 cross-section.\n\u2022 The descriptive analysis for the tracking study, which followed pre\u2013 and post\u2013\nSB 1041 cohorts up to two years after CalWORKs entry, showed small to moderate increases in the prevalen"]
[11.33045482635498, 10.714801788330078, "s. Most relevant for this second evaluation report are the following results from the telephone interviews:\n\u2022 At the time of the survey, about half of the sample was currently enrolled in the CalWORKs program. Employment issues was the most common re"]
[11.344477653503418, 10.70969295501709, "he Child Supplement surveys and assessments include the following:\n\u2022 Twenty-five percent of parents reported that their children were in parental care only (as opposed to Head Start, other centers, relative care, or non-relative home care). Among tho"]
[11.382894515991211, 10.668428421020508, "tive data to address questions specific to the status and tracking studies. Although deeper analysis will occur in the final report when county-level administrative data can also be examined, the state data cover key indicators for CalWORKs WTW clien"]
[11.355140686035156, 10.693958282470703, "ducted using state administrative data.\nIn the remainder of this chapter, we discuss each of the data components and corresponding methods in turn, with additional technical details provided in Appendix B and Appendix C. The processes for collecting "]
[11.277519226074219, 10.750441551208496, "ferrals to, coordination of, and use of supportive services \u2022 Coordination and communication with community colleges \u2022 Status of implementation of AB 74 early engagement\n\u2022 Impact of SB 1041 on CalWORKs WTW clients\n\u2022 Successes, challenges, and next st"]
[11.268136024475098, 10.762393951416016, "examined responses to individual questions across the set of state-level key informant interviews. This allowed us to identify key themes that emerged from the interviews and where there were similarities or differences in views regarding the goals o"]
[11.270404815673828, 10.765411376953125, "he 2016 ACS questionnaire to minimize measurement error. The final questionnaire contains the following sections (see Appendix B):\n\u2022 Barriers to the Implementation of SB 1041 Reforms and Related Mandates in Your County\n\u2022 Implementation and Effect of "]
[11.248783111572266, 10.776394844055176, "y percent of counties completed the survey within the scheduled four-week time frame. We provided additional time for several counties and then closed the survey on July 12, 2016. All 58 counties participated, resulting in a 100-percent response rate"]
[11.243558883666992, 10.811884880065918, "ate, degree of urbanicity, demographic makeup of the population, measures of socioeconomic status, and the state of the economy. Counties were also selected such that, together, they would capture a sizable share of the CalWORKs caseload.\n22\nFigure 2"]
[11.250123977661133, 10.80700397491455, "meda Fresno\nSan Francisco Central Bay Area, Valley East Bay (south)\nLarge Medium central metro metro 99.6 89.2\n1,594,569 972,297 4.1 2.5\n32.6 30.6 11.1 4.7 27.9 9.8 22.7 51.9\n5.6 3.0\n13.1 26.4 42.8 19.7\n20.5 31.0\n$77,214 $43,423 12.5 27.7\n5.9 11.6\n16"]
[11.262574195861816, 10.767777442932129, "iew Topics\n\u2022 Informant\u2019s perception of how implementation of SB 1041 is going\n\u2022 Implementation and perspective on OCAT\n\u2022 Current processes for calculating clients\u2019 WTW 24-month time clock \u2022 Views on the work participation rate\n\u2022 Clients\u2019 engagement i"]
[11.239952087402344, 10.775794982910156, "\nWTW clients\n            a Includes directors of CalWORKs, WTW, and FS, ESE, OCAT, and child care programs.\nb Includes mental health providers, domestic violence services, alcohol and drug programs, educational providers and vocational training provi"]
[11.20300579071045, 10.790542602539062, "cts their work and experience with CalWORKs WTW clients. Specifically, the caseworker focus group protocol covered the following topics (see Appendix B):\n\u2022 OCAT implementation\n\u2022 conducting appraisals using OCAT\n\u2022 the OCAT appraisal summary\n\u2022 views on"]
[11.299981117248535, 10.721256256103516, " 22 15 17 25 25 23 38 21 30 17 68\n110 28\n        Each caseworker focus group session followed a written protocol, and the sessions ran approximately 90 minutes. A researcher with experience in conducting focus groups facilitated the caseworker focus "]
[11.256690979003906, 10.762151718139648, "ews was drawn from a subset of the CalWORKs clients from the 2013 and 2014 cohorts who participated in CalSES and who reported that they had received assistance from the CalWORKs program to further their education or participate in a training program"]
[11.196331977844238, 10.7857666015625, "discussions with clients in 2015, we anticipated that we may find some differences by language in their experiences with referrals to and accessing of educational services. We were unable to sample based on language for the OCAT appraisal group since"]
[11.339807510375977, 10.701537132263184, "ntion. This approach allowed for a systematic process of categorizing the data through reduction, organization, and connection. The method supports exploration and the discovery of categorical relationships derived directly from the data and encourag"]
[11.416146278381348, 10.644532203674316, "her system\u2014LEADER [Los Angeles Eligiblity, Automated Determination, Evaluation and Reporting] Replacement System [LRS]\u2014is for Los Angeles County.) These data will add such information as participants\u2019 use of services, enrollment in education programs"]
[11.507286071777344, 10.567943572998047, "tural workers, and the informal sector (i.e., individuals working for cash). Estimates suggest that unemployment insurance administrative data underreport self-reported employment among welfare leavers by 10 to 20 percent (Isaacs and Lyon, 2000). Oth"]
[11.528642654418945, 10.54410171508789, " identified these sanctioned participants in the exception file as having exception reason codes 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, or 205, and no record in the program participation file within the same month.\n10 CalWORKs WTW clients are members of cases. A C"]
[11.49198055267334, 10.578725814819336, "ntry includes 891,047 WTW clients.\nThe impact analysis of two-year outcomes includes 28 cohorts of clients who were first-time CalWORKs WTW clients from January 2007 through December 2014. The cohorts are defined the same as in the analysis of one-ye"]
[11.51020622253418, 10.5609130859375, " associated with SB 1041. This analysis assesses the association between SB 1041 and CalWORKs WTW clients\u2019 employment, CalWORKs WTW status, and other measures of economic status. We assess these associations by comparing the outcomes of individuals w"]
[11.51640510559082, 10.555255889892578, "s the cohort that entered in the fourth quarter of 2014 and the last entry cohort for whom we could observe two-year outcomes was the cohort that entered in the fourth quarter of 2013.\nWe conducted analyses on three sets of outcomes, measured one yea"]
[11.27827262878418, 10.764106750488281, "ure); (2) state-level stakeholders external to CDSS (e.g., welfare advocates, representatives from community college groups, legislative staff) acknowledged the hard work of all parties, but they continued to highlight the challenges that county work"]
[11.295483589172363, 10.75419807434082, "d the release of guidance to explain the methodology for the 20-percent target for extensions beyond the 24-month time clock (CDSS, 2015b).\nThree of the state stakeholders interviewed\u2014staff not employed by CDSS\u2014offered a somewhat more mixed picture o"]
[11.094522476196289, 10.83983039855957, "te-level respondents reported that the OCAT had been implemented by the counties, training had been being provided on the system, and the long-term plan was to integrate it with the Statewide Automated Welfare System (SAWS). A CDSS administrator high"]
[11.262166976928711, 10.795520782470703, "pathways. Echoing a theme identified in our 2015 study, community college representatives were concerned that they had not observed an uptick in referrals in this area. State respondents suggested a variety of factors may be contributing to this pict"]
[11.277689933776855, 10.79080581665039, "mployment is growing, it\u2019s growing slowly. But it is really an avenue that we continue to push counties on.\nFS. Designed to provide intensive case management and services to high-need clients (and their children, if needed), the FS program was charac"]
[11.27882194519043, 10.773529052734375, "ounty findings). One CDSS administrator, reflecting on the state\u2019s recent success in meeting WPR, hoped that, with time, concerns at the county level in this area would slowly alleviate. However, another CDSS administrator emphasized that counties ma"]
[11.234546661376953, 10.828704833984375, "small and medium-sized counties. In terms of the complexity of SB 1041 reforms, 72 percent of counties reported it was a moderate to major hindrance to implementation in the last year (mid-2015 to mid-2016); large counties were more likely to report "]
[11.347742080688477, 10.719551086425781, "on). Overall, 77 percent of counties\u2019 supervisors reported that WTW caseworkers understood moderately well to very well how to determine a client\u2019s 24- month time clock. Yet, supervisors in 72 percent of counties reported that they were only somewhat"]
[11.194396018981934, 10.86391544342041, "the 24-month time clock far lower, with only one-third assessing that clients understood the process moderately to very well.\n\u2022 What have been counties\u2019 experiences with the ESE program in the last year? Similar to the 2015 ACS results, 45 counties ("]
[11.118847846984863, 10.834349632263184, "rcent of eligible families over the same period. For those counties with FS programs, 89 percent reported that the FS program was doing moderately well to very well in helping to stabilize families in crisis and in helping to address clients\u2019 barrier"]
[11.270642280578613, 10.772964477539062, ".\n\u2022 What are counties\u2019 assessments of the effects of SB 1041 on key outcomes, and how well are SB 1041 reforms and related mandates working at the county level? Between\n41 percent and 65 percent of counties estimated that the implementation of SB 104"]
[11.218873023986816, 10.85442066192627, "back on their information needs and suggestions for improving SB 1041. Appendix D presents additional survey results regarding the provision of and capacity to provide services related to employment, education and training, and supportive services.\nF"]
[11.168463706970215, 10.92128849029541, "ation (All Counties and by County Caseload Size)\nGroup and Indicator\nAll counties\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nSmall counties\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nMedium-sized counties Number\nPercentage distribution\nLarge counties\nNumber\nPercentage distr"]
[11.205384254455566, 10.873053550720215, "e\njob opportunities for CalWORKs clients educational opportunities for CalWORKs\nNumber of Responding Counties in Total\n58\n58\nCounty Rated Issue as a Moderate or Major Hindrance\nAll Small Medium Large Counties Counties Counties Counties\n34 15136 59% 7"]
[11.168984413146973, 10.914786338806152, "unty size.\n53\n19 7 11 3 5\n12% 55% 15% 28%\nIn addition, similar to the 2015 ACS results, 41 percent of counties reported that competition with other state and federal mandates (e.g., Medi-Cal expansion) was a hindrance to implementation. Small and med"]
[11.1950044631958, 10.898858070373535, "abuse service providers, many counties indicated that this was not needed including 40 percent of small counties, 65 percent of medium-sized counties, and 50 percent of large counties; and (3) with respect to developing new or enhanced partnerships w"]
[11.216870307922363, 10.8763427734375, "for clients to begin engaging in job skills training, on-the-job training, subsidized employment, or community service. Although the results by county are not shown here, Table D.3 in Appendix D presents the detailed results for Table 4.5. Table D.3 "]
[11.240801811218262, 10.833388328552246, "ities. Although the results by county are not shown here, Table D.4 in Appendix D presents the detailed results for Table 4.6. Table D.4 indicates that, for GED preparation, community college/postsecondary education, and other types of education, lar"]
[11.190041542053223, 10.918015480041504, "istribution\nDomestic abuse\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nTranslation\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nHousing assistance Number\nPercentage distribution\nOther services\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nMore Than Two\nMonths Total\n1 58 2% 100%\n1 58 2% 100%\n"]
[11.248937606811523, 10.847315788269043, "s (20 counties), and 5,000 or more for large counties (18 counties). Counties were instructed to mark one answer per row. Percentages are calculated using the number of counties responding to the question as the denominator. Appendix D provides resul"]
[11.309708595275879, 10.75973129272461, " calculation of the 24-month time clock.\n60\n       Table 4.9. Who Is Responsible for Calculating How Much Time CalWORKs Clients Have Left on Their WTW 24-Month Time Clock (All Counties and by County Caseload Size)\n      A Special Group of Staff Have "]
[11.319796562194824, 10.80712604522705, "ppendix D presents the detailed results for Table 4.11. Table D.7 indicates\nTable 4.11. Of the Counties That Provided Additional Training on How to Calculate the 24-Month Time Clock, Type of Training Provided in the Last Year (All Counties)\n    Type "]
[11.291633605957031, 10.790693283081055, "l Counties)\n     24-Month Time Clock Activity\nAccurately explain the 24-month time clock to CalWORKs clients\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nAccurately calculate CalWORKs clients\u2019 24- month time clock\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nAccurately reconcil"]
[11.327079772949219, 10.738875389099121, "degree of confidence they had that staff could carry out the different activities associated with the 24-month time clock. In Table 4.13, we focus more narrowly on the caseworkers who are often the initial staff to do the determinations of the 24-mon"]
[11.289215087890625, 10.832765579223633, "centage distribution\nNot at All Well\n1 2%\nSlightly Moderately Well Well\n12 34 21% 58%\nVery Not Well Applicable\nTotal\n        0 5 32 0% 9% 56%\n0 8 35 0% 14% 60%\n3 4 30 5% 7% 52%\n11 0 58 19% 0% 100%\n20 0 57 35% 0% 100%\n15 0 58 26% 0% 100%\n21 0 58 36% 0"]
[11.225769996643066, 10.856221199035645, "add up to 100 or may exceed 100 because of rounding.\nUnderstanding of Other Components of SB 1041\nSupervisors were asked to assess the understanding of other components of SB 1041 for both caseworkers and CalWORKs clients. In the tables that follow, "]
[11.228940963745117, 10.863591194152832, " 4,999 for medium-sized counties (20 counties), and 5,000 or more for large counties (18 counties). Counties were instructed to mark one answer on the Likert scale per policy change. Percentages are calculated using the number of counties responding "]
[11.235677719116211, 10.874211311340332, "lock. Only 40 percent of supervisors rated CalWORKs clients\u2019 understanding of the change to CalWORKs federal participation standards after the 24-month time clock has been exhausted as moderately well to very well. Also, only 60 percent of supervisor"]
[11.182612419128418, 10.902542114257812, "o, but No, Planning\nYes Opted Out to Join Total\n457658 78% 12% 10% 100%\nGroup and Indicator\nAll counties\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nSmall counties\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nMedium-sized counties Number\nPercentage distribution\nLarge counties\n"]
[11.195443153381348, 10.895037651062012, "m as doing moderately well than were small counties on all of the categories listed in Table 4.17, except for the category of keeping clients from returning to CalWORKs. Fifty percent of large counties rated the ESE program as doing only slightly wel"]
[11.16592025756836, 10.89409351348877, "e counties\n(18 counties). Counties were instructed to mark one answer per row. Percentages are calculated using the number of counties responding to the question as the denominator.\nFamily Stabilization Program\nOverall, 57 of the 58 counties (98 perc"]
[11.176459312438965, 10.878482818603516, "all counties, 39 percent reassigned caseworkers to the FS program,\n28 percent hired additional caseworkers, and 17 percent created a new unit to manage the FS program (Table 4.22). Forty-four percent of counties reported expanding the services offere"]
[11.183433532714844, 10.865528106689453, "m to handle the more complex cases where children are at greater risk for entering the child welfare system; and revising program policy and service delivery in the area of temporary shelter and subsidies under the housing support component to serve "]
[11.1973876953125, 10.85395336151123, "t camp or other after school/summer youth programs, as well as extended mental health meetings and support groups and services in ten domains of their lives.\n\u2022 Mental health counseling.\n\u2022 Mental health counseling and behavioral health services.\n\u2022 Men"]
[11.185624122619629, 10.86121654510498, "th a housing resource center to provide homeless and imminent risk housing services directly to FS families. The housing specialists and case managers attend FS meetings to discuss the housing needs and progress of FS customers. Domestic violence and"]
[11.144012451171875, 10.899045944213867, "ing to stabilize families in crisis and in helping to address clients\u2019 barriers to self-sufficiency. With respect to addressing housing issues, 75 percent of counties rated the FS program as doing\n76\n          moderately well to very well with respec"]
[11.155362129211426, 10.86697006225586, " of intensive case management. Small counties indicated that intensive case management was essential to\n\u2022 helping families in need\n\u2022 assisting customers in stopping their WTW 24-month time clock and looking at the\nwhole family addressing the removal "]
[11.114935874938965, 10.836821556091309, "gram was, in their view, helping program participants create the conditions needed to successfully engage in the WTW program; only one county disagreed with the statement, and three counties did not answer this question.\nOnline CalWORKs Appraisal Too"]
[11.114056587219238, 10.844491958618164, " in completing the OCAT.\nTable 4.26 summarizes counties\u2019 responses with respect to how the OCAT has affected the different issues listed. The two areas for which counties reported that the OCAT has had a positive effect were with respect to identifyi"]
[11.11082649230957, 10.85294246673584, "cent of counties reported that it had increased the number of referrals, whereas 43 percent of counties reported no effect (results not shown). Counties were also asked to explain how, if at all, the OCAT has changed the referral process in their cou"]
[11.101104736328125, 10.919015884399414, "the OCAT in the client\u2019s preferred language\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 analysis of 2016 ACS data.\nNeither\nVery Somewhat Dissatisfied Somewhat Very\nDissatisfied Dissatisfied or Satisfied Satisfied Satisfied Total\n8 31 9 7 3 58\n   "]
[11.202211380004883, 10.880411148071289, "nties (20 counties), and 5,000 or more for large counties (18 counties). Counties were instructed to mark one rating for each type of need listed. Percentages are calculated using the number of counties responding to the question as the denominator. "]
[11.189840316772461, 10.895864486694336, "Enrollment in GED programs Number\nPercent\nWorse Worse\n17 2% 12%\n05 0% 9%\nSame Better\n28 20 48% 35%\n24 28 41% 48%\nMuch Somewhat Aboutthe Somewhat\nMuch Not\nBetter Applicable Total\n2 058 3% 0% 100%\n1 058 2% 0% 100%\n        03418\n0% 5% 73% 14% 5% 2% 100%"]
[11.192374229431152, 10.871481895446777, "c abuse assistance, housing assistance) Number\nPercentage distribution\nProvision of mental health and/or substance abuse counseling or treatment\nNumber\nPercentage distribution\nCoordination with community colleges Number\nPercentage distribution\nCoordi"]
[11.270315170288086, 10.783097267150879, "ell, and 81 percent rated the implementation of the FS program in the last year as working moderately well to very well (Table 4.30).\nTwo areas that counties flagged as working less well were tracking WTW participation of CalWORKs clients and improvi"]
[11.334959030151367, 10.730891227722168, " the 24-month time clock, FS, and OCAT.\n\u2022 Remove the WTW 24-month time clock. The time clock is time intensive, and time would be better spent focusing on client outcomes.\n88\n    Table 4.31\u2014Continued\nMedium-Sized Counties\n\u2022 24-month time clock. Post\u2013"]
[11.354011535644531, 10.714181900024414, " remove-from-aid process.*\n\u2022 It would be helpful to have all of the 24-month time clock mandates, tables, forms, and other materials consolidated into one resource booklet.*\n\u2022 More information on the automation and tracking of WTW 24-month time clock"]
[11.305937767028809, 10.750627517700195, "urces and energy toward the six-month period for those families who really need additional time and attention. The 24-month time clock impacts our ability to meet WPR, since the state and federal regulations do not align.\n\u2022 To provide our clients wit"]
[11.312853813171387, 10.742840766906738, "aging the difficulties associated with the 24-month time clock and provide our workers with more time to focus on WTW engagement.\n90\n        Table 4.32\u2014Continued Medium-Sized Counties\n\u2022 Improve the WTW 2 so that it is less confusing to a client. For "]
[11.157078742980957, 10.819345474243164, "mplement until the consortia have effectively created tracking tools in the software programs. It\u2019s very cumbersome to track FS and Housing Stability Plan (HSP) separately because our consortium has no tracking mechanisms in the system. HSP 14 and FS"]
[11.219895362854004, 10.840738296508789, "ently, the counties have NO WAY to track and see if the customers\u2019 needs were met by the CalWORKs Employment Services case managers. Additionally, 183 learning needs screenings; 344 emotional and mental health concerns identified; 56 customers with p"]
[11.272616386413574, 10.772263526916504, "hat stop, exempt, and/or extend the 24-month time clock render the policy somewhat ineffectual and certainly inefficient in terms of resources and workload, including time and resources dedicated to continuous policy development, training/retraining,"]
[11.18358039855957, 10.805917739868164, " to meet the state\u2019s WPR affected implementation of SB 1041, if at all? As they did as of 2015, most focal county staff continued to express significant concerns\n  Chapter Five Methods\n\u2022 Based on analysis of qualitative data collected for six focal c"]
[11.24013614654541, 10.81188678741455, "nt, for example, reported that she did not want her young daughter to hear that she had been depressed. Another client stated that she did not want her eight-year old son to hear her talking about the abuse she had suffered from his father. In genera"]
[11.322690963745117, 10.734037399291992, "iscussion regarding interviewee results about the WPR, including calculation of weekly participation hours, consequences of not meeting the federal WPR, perceived impact of SB 1041 on the WPR, and the tension perceived by interviewees about meeting W"]
[11.340069770812988, 10.725848197937012, "he six focal counties and a completely manual process in the last county. Although the automated system ticks the 24-month time clock automatically after the initial input of information, the individual managing the clock is still responsible for ent"]
[11.376432418823242, 10.691588401794434, " 24-month time clock was first implemented, CDSS released multiple directives for calculating and managing the clock (e.g., CDSS, 2012c). On-site trainings occurred in counties to reinforce the instructions relayed through these directives and to cla"]
[11.414666175842285, 10.654973983764648, "lients of the months unticked from their WTW 24-month time clocks, and if appropriate, engage them in WTW activities (CDSS, 2015i).\nApplication of Extenders to the WTW 24-Month Time Clock\nIn January 2015, CDSS released further guidance on extensions "]
[11.341553688049316, 10.728347778320312, "ers received on the 24-month time clock happened during the induction period. Updated trainings on the 24-month time clock were delivered by staff development and through briefings.\nCaseworkers\u2019 Understanding and Perceptions of the WTW 24-month Time "]
[11.369152069091797, 10.699557304382324, "rvisors had to develop some guidelines, and they were not formal. Individual supervisors have a grasp on teaching their staff. When you go to another unit, it\u2019s hit or miss. Some supervisors don\u2019t have a good grasp on [the WTW 24-month time clock], s"]
[11.347347259521484, 10.719223022460938, "it to a customer.\u201d\nFurthermore, respondents noted that several factors hindered caseworkers from providing clients with a comprehensive explanation of the WTW 24-month time clock. First, the complexity of and inconsistent instructions regarding the W"]
[11.34956169128418, 10.719183921813965, "h long plan. One county leader said,\n[Clients] want to know, \u201cHow many hours do I have to do?\u201d They want concrete things. Nothing with this clock is really concrete . . . I think we try to explain the options, but I just think sometimes clients have "]
[11.341907501220703, 10.726003646850586, "late the clock, and caseworkers do not have always access to the data they could use to correctly calculate the clock according to their county\u2019s standards. This further complicated management of the WTW 24-month time clock. One caseworker noted, \u201cWe"]
[11.359951972961426, 10.74236011505127, " the [federal requirements] . . .\n104\nIf the feds say, \u2018This is what you have to do,\u2019 and we were on board and aligned with that at the state level, I think that we could really . . . be able to hone in on what we do to align with the feds and be abl"]
[11.307246208190918, 10.771140098571777, "TW Requirements (for 24 Months)\n20 non-core 30 non-core 35 non-core No\n         The weekly work participation hours required for the WTW program are aligned with federal requirements; however, the methodology for calculating participation hours diffe"]
[11.305452346801758, 10.757169723510742, "nistrator from another county explained, \u201cBest practice is to get the client to meet WPR from the get go, because in doing so, you\u2019re acclimating them to the most \u2018difficult\u2019 requirement. The 24-month time clock is then icing on the cake. If they get"]
[11.259249687194824, 10.80893325805664, "using their 24-month time clock.\n 107\nown activities. As one respondent explained, \u201cI think our clients feel like they have that flexibility [to choose their activities]; they have more options now than they used to and I don\u2019t know that WPR goes aga"]
[11.26979923248291, 10.789582252502441, "Ks federal WPR. One county administrator shared that the state was facing a potential sanction for not meeting the state WPR, adding, \u201cAnd that\u2019s the biggest conflict that we\u2019re feeling. We can\u2019t afford not to do the WPR, so it\u2019s a balancing act righ"]
[11.2714204788208, 10.790656089782715, "In this county, caseworkers explained that, at the policy level, the approach was \u201cno longer work first\u201d and that \u201cengagement has been emphasized over WPR.\u201d Yet, in that same focus group, caseworkers noted that while the county\u2019s policy focused on cl"]
[11.148102760314941, 10.836341857910156, "d similar thoughts, noting, \u201cThere [are] also cases where the customer is meeting WPR week after week, but they aren\u2019t really trying to get off aid. They have the numbers, so WPR looks good, but they aren\u2019t reaching self-sufficiency. It\u2019s a Catch-22."]
[11.097415924072266, 10.835918426513672, "   Demographics General Information, Household Composition, Finances/Benefits, Client Index Numbera, Assistance Unit Case Numberb, First Name,\nLast Name, Date of Birth, Gender\n   Employment Current Activities, Reasons for Not Working, Job History, Wo"]
[11.088606834411621, 10.845105171203613, "ient. Most clients complete the orientation and OCAT in one day. However, one county indicated that the orientation\u2014a one-on-one or group review of the WTW program\u2014and associated requirements are lengthy procedures (e.g., clients complete various for"]
[11.065131187438965, 10.84469223022461, "ion from these conversations to answer the questions in the OCAT. This helps save time and makes the interaction more conversational. Specifically, one worker said, \u201cI don\u2019t ask the questions verbatim. I tell the customer, tell me if you have concern"]
[11.042309761047363, 10.880249977111816, "\u201cI do the main questions\u2014I don\u2019t go in depth unless it\u2019s really necessary. I can get most done in 30 minutes\u2014I tell them I\u2019ll call them back if I have any further questions. . . . I don\u2019t do every detail\u2014just enough to have it complete.\u201d\nAt the time "]
[11.06882095336914, 10.852447509765625, "y, there were mixed views on the impact of the OCAT on caseloads. Administrators indicated that the caseload had remained stable or declined, while caseworkers lamented that their caseloads are double the maximum allowed. One worker said, \u201cWe fall be"]
[11.059814453125, 10.847736358642578, "ok, just in case they had no- shows. If they had [a no-show], they would just get another customer then and just continue moving along. But with the OCAT, it is so lengthy that they can\u2019t do that, so when the folks don\u2019t appear, that messes their rou"]
[11.104472160339355, 10.83906364440918, "m the primary data system to enter into OCAT, and after the OCAT is complete, they enter data from the OCAT into the primary data system. An administrator in one county commented, \u201cThe worker has to input information into two separate systems (which "]
[11.030550003051758, 10.806291580200195, "nterview is problematic. One county administrator said, \u201cMany times, our clients bring their children, even though the letter says not to bring them. It can be difficult to administer the OCAT with kids in the room because of the kinds of questions a"]
[11.037436485290527, 10.865240097045898, "ne, you could see all their information.\u201d Another major concern involved the process of transferring cases between caseworkers. Two county administrators explained,\nAnother major problem is that there isn\u2019t a system in the computer to transfer the in"]
[11.086774826049805, 10.845624923706055, "15 percent of people who were referred to Job Club were not appropriate. Now with OCAT, we\u2019re seeing a lot less of that. We\u2019re getting a lot less referrals for Job Club. OCAT really opens up an opportunity to ask questions that we never would have as"]
[11.101434707641602, 10.837746620178223, "ining emotionally for [the workers], because they were really getting in deep with our families, which is great, we want that because we want to be able to identify the issues up front so we can guide our families into the right path, or at least off"]
[11.078078269958496, 10.838889122009277, "t cover all of the needs identified. A lot of the questions are intimidating for clients and even for us workers.\u201d\nIn addition to emphasizing that the OCAT questions would be best asked by clinical professionals, caseworkers commented that they belie"]
[11.086078643798828, 10.832415580749512, "nother worker from the same county said, \u201cI\u2019ve condensed the questions \u2018Do you have any DV [domestic violence], MH [mental health], or substance abuse issues?\u2019\u201d Workers in the other two counties made very similar comments. Administrators from two of "]
[11.081080436706543, 10.84677505493164, "praisal as well as how it is used to make referrals.\nPerceived Strengths and Weaknesses of the OCAT Appraisal Summary\nAcross the focal counties, administrators were generally supportive of the OCAT appraisal summary, describing it as a comprehensive "]
[11.08032512664795, 10.844242095947266, "or example, in one county, the WTW plan is created before an OCAT appraisal is completed with the client and revised only rarely following the OCAT. Caseworkers in another county explained that the WTW activities are designed based on caseworker judg"]
[11.067981719970703, 10.836015701293945, "\nWelfare Staff and Caseworker Suggestions for Improving the OCAT\nAdministrators and caseworkers offered the following recommendations for improving the OCAT tool:\n1. Make OCAT available in other languages in addition to English.\n2. Enhance the report"]
[11.1660737991333, 10.80766487121582, ", others reported that they had not been notified or had simply been told they would have to come back to meet with another caseworker. Some clients reported that they were not surprised that the appraisal took as long as it did \u201cbecause everything t"]
[11.129722595214844, 10.780120849609375, "formation on domestic violence could be used against them in child custody cases or could be reported to the Department of Children\u2019s Services. Clients were also asked whether it had been difficult to talk about these topics with the caseworker. Whil"]
[11.130269050598145, 10.796431541442871, " doing the appraisal.\nFinally, clients were asked whether they had felt any pressure to complete the appraisal or to answer any questions in order to receive the benefits. While clients did not state that they had been pressured, most reported that t"]
[11.18996810913086, 10.841047286987305, "et an appointment at a convenient time or that the counseling provider they had been referred to was in a clinic that was\n128\nrun down or that was located in an area they considered unsafe. Some of the clients also reported that they had been referre"]
[11.197137832641602, 10.847892761230469, "eported that implementation of the FS program has proceeded smoothly. Some challenges were identified:\n23 The program can provide a range of services, such as mental health treatment for families, domestic violence or substance abuse counseling, and "]
[11.207444190979004, 10.853312492370605, "m participation to ensure that clients have the necessary skills to succeed in the placement. Further eligibility criteria noted by county leadership include completion of Job Club, a specified amount of time left on WTW aid, and satisfactory experie"]
[11.21055793762207, 10.849177360534668, "m participants and (2) sending qualified re\u0301sume\u0301s of ESE\n131\nparticipants out to employers. Once a match is made and the employer is interested in a potential candidate, the employer reaches out to the participant (either directly or through the wor"]
[11.203851699829102, 10.860333442687988, "rge and disparate; things are very spread out . . . there are many pockets that are difficult to reach, and this makes implementation challenging.\n132\nParticipants are supposed to receive an ESE placement within a specified time frame. In one county,"]
[11.212212562561035, 10.845602035522461, "that over there.\u201d Caseworkers in four of the six focal counties mentioned inadequate transportation as a barrier to participant readiness for the ESE program. Lack of participant motivation also impeded readiness to work and posed a challenge to the "]
[11.238180160522461, 10.850689888000488, "the program, any breakdown in communication can lead to delays and poor outcomes for clients.\n\u2022 Increase diversity of employment opportunities. Respondents in three of the six focal counties also recommended increasing the diversity of employment opp"]
[11.188328742980957, 10.818561553955078, " payment while they waited to get approved.\n\u2022 Other clients reported that getting help with transportation expenses was very helpful but that reimbursements for cash expenses were sometimes delayed.\nIn addition, clients interviewed had a number of co"]
[11.208165168762207, 10.812149047851562, "tional education or training, or other services. For example:\n\u2022 One client reported that she had applied for child care assistance but that she had had to find an eligible provider and then submit paperwork in order for that provider to get paid. It "]
[11.231913566589355, 10.825748443603516, "chool at the moment (e.g., one client reported that his girlfriend was going to school, and, that once she finished, it would be his turn to do so; while another reported that she did not have child care during evening hours, which is when some of th"]
[11.243950843811035, 10.80894947052002, "lenges. According to leaders in three of the focal counties, community college opportunities are available in each county, however, these programs can be difficult to access for a variety of reasons, including limited class availability and transport"]
[11.236661911010742, 10.81899642944336, "clients. Community college staff stated in both 2015 and 2016 that the flexibility under SB 1041 is helpful for clients who wished to pursue their education. As one community college representative explained, \u201cStudents can dedicate more time to their"]
[11.24362564086914, 10.808570861816406, " in an educational program at some point while they were enrolled in CalWORKs. About half of the clients that were new to the CalWORKs program reported either being enrolled in an educational program or being interested in continuing their education."]
[11.237258911132812, 10.819055557250977, " for clients, noting that, \u201cStudents can dedicate more time to their schooling and not have to be burdened with the 20 hours of work a week on top of that.\u201d At the same time, some community college staff voiced concern that only clients who specifica"]
[11.282831192016602, 10.770166397094727, "es that can limit access to child care services. Staff from three of the six counties indicated that communication with CalWORKs clients in regard to child care could be improved, particularly when they are at risk of losing their child care slots be"]
[11.136591911315918, 10.849839210510254, "h limited client ability to access supportive services and secure and maintain employment. Staff from counties that include rural areas were more likely to share this concern, although one of the urban focal counties emphasized that approving and fac"]
[11.110152244567871, 10.863859176635742, "unties did staff report a strong domestic violence service system, with on-site clinicians that are equipped to work quickly with clients. Staff described their services as a \u201crobust domestic violence program that assists our WTW population,\u201d includi"]
[11.123191833496094, 10.835679054260254, "the OCAT and the FS program has resulted in increased communication with external service providers, with more focus on tracking clients\u2019 progress.\n144\nLearning Disability Services\nIf clients screen positive for a learning disability, they are referr"]
[11.25663948059082, 10.782585144042969, " high school diploma to start with. So we are creating these very long-term plans at this point which is pushing for them to get work experience far into the future beyond the time limits of the CalWORKs program, so that has also been a concern of th"]
[11.250526428222656, 10.786846160888672, "hanges so that counties can build on the programs in place. Staff in two counties reported that they struggled with the way in which SB 1041 was rolled out to the counties (a theme that also emerged in our 2015 site visits). The administrator in one "]
[11.181195259094238, 10.83870792388916, "g and doing all that stuff, could better be used in focusing on the families and providing one-on-one services with them.\u201d A caseworker from a different county said, \u201cWe spend so much time on these things that we forget why they are here. We don\u2019t ha"]
[11.105669975280762, 10.864964485168457, "he WPR.\u201d An employment service provider from the same county also emphasized the importance of supporting the clients, stating, \u201c[T]hey [the workers] need to let them [the clients] know that they believe in them and that they can make a difference . "]
[11.330503463745117, 10.74417781829834, "ve easily said, \u201cI would rather do the CalWORKs side of the clock, not the feds, I don\u2019t want to do any core hours.\u201d So our WPR would be zero, conceivably. And you can\u2019t fault the counties for that, because we\u2019re just doing what you kind of gave us a"]
[11.299670219421387, 10.738479614257812, "so much. . . . When people have a place to live that\u2019s stable and affordable, the rest can fall into line.\u201d\nImprove referral processes and coordination with service providers. Some service providers reported little to no increases in the number of re"]
[11.521529197692871, 10.55182933807373, "tus, and\nearnings) might be associated with the passage\nof SB 1041, rather than other factors, such as the changing economy. We continue to consider\n  Chapter Six Methods\n\u2022 We analyze state administrative data from WDTIP, MEDS, and EDD wage data.\n\u2022 A"]
[11.522747993469238, 10.55178165435791, "TW clients were exempt from participating in WTW requirements? The percentage of clients who received at least one exemption during their first two years in the CalWORKs WTW program increased slightly from the February 2007 entry cohort to the Februa"]
[11.530359268188477, 10.544215202331543, "employed in February 2016 than in February 2013 (26 percent in 2013 and 34 percent in 2016).\n\u2022 How much did WTW clients who were employed earn? For the February 2016 cross- section, employed clients earned about $2,533 per quarter on average, a 17-pe"]
[11.51451587677002, 10.559667587280273, " 6.1 identifies which of the two studies (the status study, the tracking study, or both) addressed each research question. In general, the status study addressed questions about WTW clients at a point in time, and the tracking study addressed pattern"]
[11.51996898651123, 10.553528785705566, " 2015 2016 0 Year\nUnemployment rate (percent)\n  CalWORKs WTW clients (left axis)\nUnemployment rate (right axis)\nSB 1041\n                   SOURCES: WDTIP, 2006 to 2016; EDD unemployment data.\nNOTES: CalWORKs WTW client status is measured in February "]
[11.541740417480469, 10.535656929016113, "lients declined by 20 percent. (See the last four periods in Figure 6.1.) The 2013 status cross-section had 338,565 clients, compared with 337,388 for the 2014 status cross-section, 308,926 for the 2015 status cross-section, and 272,013 for the 2016 "]
[11.444952964782715, 10.62834358215332, "n exhausted, clients are subject to the stricter work requirements of the CalWORKs federal standards, which are similar, but not identical, to TANF requirements. If, however, the client meets the more stringent CalWORKs federal requirements, months o"]
[11.474603652954102, 10.602814674377441, "most months counted on the 48-month time-on-aid clock (nearly 13 out of 36 months counted on average).\nIn addition, we examined how many months were counted on the WTW 24-month time clock for the 2013 and 2014 entry cohorts (the post\u2013SB 1041 cohorts)"]
[11.503865242004395, 10.571495056152344, "of ticks on the 24-month time clock for the 2013 and 2014 entry cohorts are presented in Figures E.1 and E.2 in Appendix E.\n 160\nFigure 6.6. Average Number of Months as a CalWORKs WTW Client, Counted on the 48-Month Time-on-Aid Clock, and Counted on "]
[11.545974731445312, 10.530275344848633, " transitional group had at least one of the WTW 24-month time clock exemptions in 2013, which increased to 12 percent in 2014, and 14 percent in 2015 and 2016; less than 1 percent of the post\u2013SB 1041 group had this type of exemption in 2013, which in"]
[11.511198043823242, 10.567706108093262, "ry cohorts yielded similar findings as with status cross- sectional snapshots and adds a pre-policy trend. For each tracked entry cohort, the percentage of\n163\nclients who received at least one exemption within two years was substantially greater tha"]
[11.531525611877441, 10.543701171875, "nts Were No Longer CalWORKs WTW Clients One, Two, and Three Years After Entry?\nThis section describes clients\u2019 exits from the CalWORKs WTW program. Leaving the CalWORKs WTW program is a fluid concept because clients may leave the program for a period"]
[11.540071487426758, 10.534767150878906, "ployment and earnings. This section offers an initial examination of employment patterns because only about three years had elapsed since the policy change at the time of the analysis in this report.34\nBy several measures, CalWORKs WTW clients increa"]
[11.536208152770996, 10.538384437561035, "Status Cross-Sections and Transitional and Post\u2013SB 1041 Groups in February 2013, February 2014, February 2015, February 2016\n         Status cohort\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n26 26 28\n30 30 29\n33 33 33\n33\n34\n33\n0 20 40 60 80 100\nPercentage of clients\nAll cl"]
[11.543068885803223, 10.532580375671387, "ly employed during their third year after entering CalWORKs WTW compared with their second year, with the exception of the February 2007 entry cohort. Among the February 2007 entry cohort, a little more than 22 percent were continuously employed duri"]
[11.525104522705078, 10.548270225524902, "ffect.37 We isolated the group of clients\n37 Clients with the short-term WTW exemption for young children refers to those who were exempt pursuant to AB X4 4 and were subject to reengagement (see Appendix A for further discussion). This short-term ex"]
[11.52130126953125, 10.55233383178711, "rticipation in the Cal-Learn program. It also included a small number of exceptions such as penalty, good cause, extender, and repayment. The category \u201cnot a CalWORKs WTW client\u201d was measured as a client not present in the WDTIP data system in Februa"]
[11.522577285766602, 10.549849510192871, " families that are potentially eligible for the TANF program in California (i.e., potentially eligible for CalWORKs WTW) to similar families in other states. That analysis is not updated in this report but will be updated in our final report for this"]
[11.5239839553833, 10.548391342163086, "ORKs WTW client (+1.9 percentage points). When disaggregated into mutually exclusive categories, the percentage who were employed-only was significantly lower (\u20132.1 percentage points), while the percentage who were both a CalWORKs WTW client and empl"]
[11.528837203979492, 10.54277229309082, "d, WTW Client\n   Employed, Not WTW Client\n Entry Quarter 0\n New Clients Enter CalWORKs WTW\n Two Years After Entry Quarter 8\n Not Employed, Not WTW Client\n Not Employed, WTW Client\n  Employed, WTW Client\n WTW\nClient Employed\n  Employed, Not WTW Client"]
[11.52929401397705, 10.543669700622559, "2. Percentage of CalWORKs WTW Entrants Who Are CalWORKs WTW Clients One Year After Entry, Percentage Employed One Year After Entry, and Average County Unemployment Rate One Year After Entry\n75\n50\nPercentage\n25\n0\nQ1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3"]
[11.537382125854492, 10.5357027053833, "f CalWORKs WTW Entrants Who Were Employed One Year After Entry\n50\n45\nPercentage\n35\n30\nQ1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4\n2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014\nEntry cohort\n+ 1.9*\n  SB 1041\n Post\u2013SB 1041, with SB 1041\nP"]
[11.581302642822266, 10.493354797363281, "mployment rates and client characteristics, we see that the rates of those in CalWORKs WTW only one year after entry (and not employed) as well as the rates of those neither in CalWORKs WTW nor employed one year after entry were each about 1 percenta"]
[11.551251411437988, 10.519351959228516, "er employed nor a CalWORKs WTW client one year after entry, which is 0.9 percentage points lower than we would have expected.\nOne Year After Enrollment, Was the Level of Earnings Different for Cohorts of CalWORKs WTW Clients Who Enrolled After SB 104"]
[11.586362838745117, 10.488525390625, " and 2014 CalWORKs WTW Entry Cohorts)\n    2013 Cohorts\n2014 Cohorts Estimated\nEstimated Impact for 2013 Different from 2014?\nu\u0308 u\u0308\nu\u0308\n    Status One Year After Entry\nEmployed\nWTW Client\nNeither\nWTW client only Employed and WTW client Employed only\nQu"]
[11.560729026794434, 10.513813018798828, "entage\n35\n    40\nPost\u2013SB 1041, with SB 1041\n+ 1.9*\n Pre\u2013SB 1041\nSB 1041\n Post\u2013SB 1041, without SB 1041 30\nQ1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4Q1Q2Q3Q4\n2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013\nEntry cohort\n                                       "]
[11.553008079528809, 10.521585464477539, "ith SB 1041\n 2,500\n2,000\nReal quarterly earnings ($)\n Change associated with SB 1041\n  1,973\n\u201318\n1,954\n 1,500\n1,000\n500\n0\n    Without SB 1041\nWith SB 1041\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 analysis of 2010\u20132014 WDTIP files, EDD employment and earnings files, and EDD "]
[11.33887767791748, 10.708303451538086, "e expect many of the clients who would benefit from the flexibility introduced with SB 1041 to have used it as intended\u2014to increase their human capital and address barriers that would then put them on a more stable employment trajectory. We will also"]
[11.25307559967041, 10.793949127197266, " of June 2016\nFrom the perspective of state-level stakeholders, all of the components of SB 1041 and the complementary Early Engagement activities were in place as of mid-2016, training had been provided, and data systems had been automated to the ex"]
[11.196041107177734, 10.824509620666504, "g barriers to self-sufficiency and needed services.\n\u2022 A majority of counties in the 2016 ACS indicated that it currently takes less than one month for a CalWORKs WTW client to begin participation in employment and/or job training and education. More "]
[11.293312072753906, 10.758895874023438, "ate-level stakeholders viewed the ESE program as an underused mechanism, but use is\nexpected to grow with its consolidation with the AB 98 Subsidized Employment program.\n\u2022 One challenge with the ESE program was getting employers to participate. Anoth"]
[11.533589363098145, 10.54170036315918, "lients who received at least one exemption during their first two years in the CalWORKs WTW program increased slightly from the February 2007 entry cohort to the February 2014 entry cohort (from 44 percent to 46 percent). There was a similar increase"]
[11.518414497375488, 10.554316520690918, "oss-section.\n\u2022 Among the WTW clients who had the short-term WTW exemption for young children in December 2012, 16 percent still had this exemption in February 2014 and almost none had it in February 2015 and February 2016. Sixty-five percent of this "]
[11.545247077941895, 10.53066349029541, "he WTW 24-month time clock. After three years, clients who started in the CalWORKs WTW program in February 2013 had used, on average, about 11 months of the 48-month time limit and about two months of the WTW 24-month time clock.\n\u2022 The percentage of "]
[11.516274452209473, 10.55793571472168, "t still had this exemption in February 2014 and almost none still had it in February 2015 and February 2016. Sixty-five percent of this group were not clients in the CalWORKs WTW program in February 2016.\nThird, with respect to impact on clients, the"]
[11.27267837524414, 10.767935752868652, "y obtaining a solid understanding of the WTW 24-month time clock and how it applies to them. And caseworkers continue to struggle with understanding how to calculate clients\u2019 24-month time clocks and how to explain and prepare CalWORKs clients for th"]
[11.290884017944336, 10.748302459716797, " expected to increase the counties\u2019 use of subsidized employment as a tool for increasing work participation. The extent to which this occurs will be of interest in our final round of data collection. Greater use of the program may require that count"]
[11.401860237121582, 10.66649055480957, "e started later and other features in the law were scheduled to be phased in over time.\nOverview of New WTW Services and WTW 24-Month Time Clock\nUnder SB 1041, the lifetime limit for CalWORKs receipt remained at 48 months (the time limit adopted in 2"]
[11.400175094604492, 10.672992706298828, "anuary 1, 2013, have a 24- month period to engage in more-flexible WTW activities. However, those already enrolled in CalWORKs as of 2013 with more than 24 months of cumulative aid will likely reach their 48- month lifetime limit before exhausting th"]
[11.381710052490234, 10.693872451782227, "ant difference between the clocks is the approved activities and the distinction between core and non-core activities. SB 1041 eliminated the WTW core and non- core hourly requirements, with the CalWORKs WTW 24-month time clock activities being more "]
[11.366474151611328, 10.70975112915039, "\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022\n\u2022\n\u2022 \u2022\n\u2022 \u2022\nFederal Work Activities\nCore Activities\nUnsubsidized employment \u2022 Self-employment\nSubsidized private or public sector\n\u2022 Grant-based on-the-job training\n\u2022 Work study\nWork experience\nCommunity service\nVocational education (12-month"]
[11.437856674194336, 10.695069313049316, ", WTW exemption, in the process of developing a WTW plan, good cause, domestic abuse waiver, etc.) (CDSS, 2012a; CDSS, 2012c). In general, the 48-month time-on-aid clock continues to tick each month while the nonexempt participant remains eligible fo"]
[11.3867769241333, 10.685846328735352, "estimated for July 2015 through December 2015.\nTransitioning to the Post\u201324-Month Time Clock Process\nCaseworkers are to initiate the transition to the post\u201324-month time clock process when clients are nearing the end of the 24-month time clock. After"]
[11.41787338256836, 10.660947799682617, "on of unticking a clock takes place in a manual system that communicates with the automatic system to send time-clock information to the state and federal welfare programs. As mentioned earlier, the 24-month time clock is unticked if a caseworker fin"]
[11.177528381347656, 10.810492515563965, "ior to cuts in 2011 in response to the Great Recession.\n\u2022 Supports for pregnant and parenting teens. The Cal-Learn program, after a suspension of case management services, was reinstated and allowed to resume its specialized case management and suppo"]
[11.174653053283691, 10.82268238067627, "nsuccessful in finding employment (Figure A.1). This is consistent with a \u201cwork-first\u201d approach, where job-search activities are required immediately upon receipt of assistance\u2014typically for four weeks\u2014and followed by a more thorough assessment of sk"]
[11.259620666503906, 10.801475524902344, "e eligible for FS. Additionally, at least one adult in the family must not yet have exhausted his or her 24-month time clock and his or her 48-month cash-aid time clock to participate. If a client is granted good cause while in the FS program, partic"]
[11.231819152832031, 10.82710075378418, "ment in a particular field (CDSS, 2013c). Through ESE, the county and the employer share responsibility for the participant\u2019s wages during the job-placement period. The system used to divide responsibility for wages between the two parties varies amo"]
[11.27544116973877, 10.798460006713867, " requirements by getting a caseload reduction credit, based on the extent to which the caseload has declined relative to 2005 for reasons other than eligibility changes (Schott and Pavetti, 2013; Brown and Derr, 2015).53 If a state program is unable "]
[11.272204399108887, 10.756095886230469, "ews with CalWORKs WTW clients.\nState-Level Key Informants\nThe state-level key informant interviews were conducted with individuals from the following agencies and organizations:\n\u2022 CDSS\n\u2022 CWDA\n\u2022 Legislative Analyst\u2019s Office\n\u2022 legislative staff\n\u2022 Offic"]
[11.26197624206543, 10.7807035446167, "ask: How has your role \u2013 and/or your organization\u2019s role changed with regard to the implementation of SB 1041 since we (or another member of the evaluation team) spoke with you in spring 2015?] What is your role \u2013 and your organization\u2019s role \u2013 in re"]
[11.100552558898926, 10.834576606750488, "el?\nb. In the last year, what trainings have been offered to counties to prepare for OCAT implementation and to support caseworkers in the process?\ni. How effective do you believe the OCAT trainings have been? [Probe for examples of how the OCAT trai"]
[11.247368812561035, 10.820266723632812, "ams and the community colleges, in providing education services to CalWORKs participants?\na. What are some of the factors that facilitate collaboration at the state level between the state welfare program and California Community College Chancellor\u2019s"]
[11.235733985900879, 10.802006721496582, "ble for 48 months, and in 24 of those months there are different,\nin some cases reduced, participation standards?\niii. That after the 24-month time clock is exhausted, that there is a change to the\nCalWORKs federal participation standards?\n11. Implem"]
[11.3158597946167, 10.720027923583984, ", mental health services). The 2016 survey will ask about implementation activities that took place between the completion of the 2015 ACS (i.e., July 2015) and today. As you may know, the RAND Corporation and American Institutes for Research (AIR) a"]
[11.253530502319336, 10.790356636047363, " clicking the \u201csave and exit\u201d button. Please complete all sections before \u201csubmitting\u201d the survey at the end of Section VII.\nTo review definitions related to the SB 1041 reforms, please see the last three pages of the survey. We encourage you to prin"]
[11.303460121154785, 10.762802124023438, "ces for CalWORKs participants\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n    k) Availability of line staff (e.g., caseworkers, employment services specialists) who work with and/or counsel WTW participants\n     \u00a6\n    \u00a6\n    \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n     \u00a6\n   m) Explaining the complexity"]
[11.319512367248535, 10.743711471557617, " or reconcile participants\u2019 24-month time clock status on a monthly basis.\nr WTW caseworkers calculate participants\u2019 24-month time clock on a monthly basis for their caseload.\nr Other\nIf you selected \u201cOther,\u201d please go to Question 5a. If not, please "]
[11.300902366638184, 10.759805679321289, " time clock\nd) Effectively counsel CalWORKs participants on the flexibility of the 24-month time clock\nNot At All Somewhat Very Confident Confident Confident\n\u00a6\u00a6\u00a6\n\u00a6\u00a6\u00a6\n  c) Accurately reconcile discrepancies between your consortium\u2019s database and your "]
[11.108183860778809, 10.832982063293457, "_ If your WTW caseworkers have questions about the use of OCAT, what resources do they have\navailable to them? (Check all that apply.)\nr Support from an administrator or supervisor\nr Support from a content expert within your county social services de"]
[11.130627632141113, 10.82662582397461, "ed\n\u00a6 \u00a6\n\u00a6 \u00a6\n  c) Ability to save partially completed appraisals conducted using the OCAT\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   e) Ability of caseworkers to administer the OCAT in the participant\u2019s preferred language\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n Overall, how satisf"]
[11.223794937133789, 10.834521293640137, "ibe any new and/or enhanced partnerships you established in the last year for the ESE Program.\n______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________"]
[11.21082878112793, 10.842475891113281, " \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n Transportation services (e.g., bus, Metro Rail)\nSubstance abuse Translation services Other services\n\u00a6\u00a6\u00a6\n\u00a6 \u00a6 \u00a6 \u00a6 \u00a6 \u00a6 \u00a6 \u00a6 \u00a6\n  e) Mental health\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   g) Domestic abuse\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   i) Housing assistance\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n     Comp"]
[11.189831733703613, 10.861380577087402, "dcare\nr Lack of interest/motivation\nr Other personal problems/issues\nPlease briefly describe \u201cOther\u201d from Question 39. ______________________________________________________________________________\n____________________________________________________"]
[11.198797225952148, 10.861449241638184, "services \u00a6 \u00a6\nPlease describe what services you added or expanded as part of the FS Program in the last year (since July 2015).\n______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________"]
[11.284866333007812, 10.770817756652832, " Stabilization Programs. Please continue to the next section.\n   To return to a page in this section, please click \u201cBack.\"\nTo continue to the next section, please click \u201cNext.\u201d\nTo exit the survey and return at a later time, please click \"Save and Exi"]
[11.247318267822266, 10.805039405822754, "     You have reached the end of Section VI: Questions for Supervisors About Line Staff and CalWORKs Participants. Please continue to the next section.\n   To return to a page in this section, please click \u201cBack.\"\nTo continue to the next section, plea"]
[11.263187408447266, 10.773073196411133, "\u00a6\u00a6\n  c) Provision of services (e.g., child care, domestic abuse assistance, housing assistance)\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   e) Coordination with community colleges\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   \u00a6\n   g) Coordination with other county agencies to provide serv"]
[11.387282371520996, 10.669605255126953, "f SB 1041 Reforms\nIn this survey, we will be asking you about SB 1041 policy reforms to the CalWORKs Program that were implemented January 1, 2013. What we mean by SB 1041 reforms is the following:\n\u2022 Changes to the Welfare-to-Work (WTW) time clock o "]
[11.375953674316406, 10.676013946533203, "good cause for lack of services. SB 1041 replaced these exemptions with a once-in-a-lifetime exemption for young children.\n\u00a7 Counties had until January 1, 2015, to reengage these exempt individuals.\n\u2022 Earned income deduction\no Effective October 1, 20"]
[11.277043342590332, 10.746481895446777, "ime clock with flexibility in welfare-to-work requirements; lowered the minimum hourly participation requirement for single parents; allowed recipients one lifetime exemption whereby one adult per family is excused from WTW activities if they are car"]
[11.13322925567627, 10.821555137634277, "ew Questions\nFirst we\u2019d like to ask you a few background questions and ask about the overall status of SB 1041\u2019s reforms implementation. (~5 minutes)\n2. Role. Let\u2019s start with your role within the county welfare department. What is your job title or "]
[11.053406715393066, 10.845389366149902, "er caseloads?\n6. We understand that the OCAT is currently available in English only. How\nare the service needs and barriers to self-sufficiency assessed for non- English speaking clients?\na. For these clients, how does the appraisal process differ fr"]
[11.312917709350586, 10.749903678894043, "ond to the amount of time it takes to\ncomplete the OCAT?\nc. What concerns, if any, do they have about doing the OCAT\ninterview?\nd. How have clients responded to sensitive questions (e.g., about\nsubstance use, domestic abuse, mental health issues)?\ne."]
[11.255012512207031, 10.786535263061523, "ot had CalWORKs participants transition to the post 24- month time clock, when do you anticipate that will occur?\n6. WPR: One topic that emerged from our interviews last year was the work participation rate (WPR) and counties\u2019 efforts to meet WPR.\na."]
[11.20256519317627, 10.848973274230957, "ss supportive services (e.g., tuition assistance, money for books, transportation and child care assistance) to allow them to enroll and fully participate in education programs? What, if any, barriers exist to limit or prevent access to these service"]
[11.205300331115723, 10.849197387695312, "ty social services department?\n6. Do you interact with WTW caseworkers? If so, in what ways?\n7. What types of supports does the CalWORKs Program provide students?\na. In your view, how knowledgeable are students about what services and supports they a"]
[11.224114418029785, 10.849353790283203, "xpand the number of subsidized employment slots available to CalWORKs clients.\na. Expanded Subsidized Employment (ESE) Program\nii. Has your county developed an Expanded Subsidized Employment program\n[Note: Interviewer should review the county-specifi"]
[11.258280754089355, 10.76679801940918, "nt or organization?\na. By the county social services department?\nb. Self-referral?\nc. What information, if any, is needed by your department or organization from the county\nsocial services department when a referral is made?\nd. Do you interact with W"]
[11.22422981262207, 10.711912155151367, "n education and training activities; and 5) the Family Stabilization and Expanded Subsidized Employment programs. The information you share with us today will help inform our understanding of the implementation and impact of SB 1041 reforms.\nREVIEW O"]
[11.214136123657227, 10.77273941040039, "e note that you may not be helped directly by participating in this study. However, others may be helped by what is learned from this research. The results of this focus group will help the RAND/AIR research team develop recommendations to the CDSS r"]
[11.091580390930176, 10.836377143859863, "in your office?\nb. As a result of using the OCAT, have there been any organizational changes in the\noffice, or a redefining of staff roles?\nc. What type of training and guidance were provided to prepare you to implement the\nOCAT?\ni. Was it adequate \u2013"]
[11.32178783416748, 10.782846450805664, "tion, domestic abuse services]\nd. To what extent do you feel the referral process is working effectively in your county?\ne. In your experience, have there been any significant changes in the type and number\nof referrals \u2013 meaning have there been any "]
[11.235794067382812, 10.754858016967773, "ng adequate - \u2013 did it provide clear guidance on what activities necessitate \u201cticking\u201d or \u201cunticking\u201d the 24-month time clock ?\ne. How well do you think CalWORKs participants understand the 24-month time clock [Probe: increased flexibility; reduced p"]
[11.247264862060547, 10.838990211486816, "ticipants with the education programs that they need or want to enroll in?\ni. Since implementation of SB 1041, are more clients participating in educational programs now as part of the welfare to work program? Why or why not? [Probe for barriers or f"]
[11.261530876159668, 10.763651847839355, "gram is working effectively in your county?\nd. What, if any, are the barriers or challenges to implementing the ESE program? (probe:\ninsufficient number or type of employers, inadequate/insufficient participant work experience or interest, delays in "]
[11.261335372924805, 10.75526237487793, "or are eligible to receive in the future.\nD. I am going to ask you several questions about the types of services or assistance you have received from the CalWORKs Program.\nE. We\u2019re interested in your opinions and whatever you have to say is fine with"]
[11.2371826171875, 10.798345565795898, " When did you enroll in the CalWORKs Program?\n2. What services are you currently receiving under the CalWORKs Program?\na. Which ones did you find most helpful and why?\nb. Which ones did you find least helpful and why?\nc. Are there any services that y"]
[11.20669937133789, 10.77500057220459, "l and emotional health and about your exposure to domestic violence or any issues you have experienced related to drug or alcohol use.\na. What did you think about the questions that you were asked?\nb. Did any of the questions make you uncomfortable? "]
[11.433363914489746, 10.618315696716309, " would like to interview you again in about 3 months to see how things are going and to talk to you again about the types of benefits or services you have received or have tried to get from the CalWORKs program during those 3 months and any issues or"]
[11.509859085083008, 10.558167457580566, " individuals in the state from 1998 to the present. CDSS receives quarterly updates from the California Department of Health Care Services and provides us with processed extract files semiannually. The extracts are in two forms: annual monthly extrac"]
[11.532231330871582, 10.541260719299316, "d clients include those sanctioned because of WTW noncompliance; being a fleeing felon; violating a condition of probation or parole; being convicted of a felony for the possession, use, or distribution of a controlled substance; and being a custodia"]
[11.539660453796387, 10.535353660583496, "cember 2012. \u201cFebruary 2013 status study cross-section, post-SB 1041 group\u201d is defined as individuals who were CalWORKs WTW clients during February 2013 and first started in the CalWORKs WTW program in January 2013 or February 2013.\n57 At the recomme"]
[11.505311012268066, 10.5648775100708, " the first quarter of 2007 (January, February, or March 2007) and had not been clients any time between January 1998 and December 2006. \u201cImpact study cohort 2014Q4\u201d is defined as individuals who were clients in the fourth quarter of 2014 (October, No"]
[11.405485153198242, 10.651789665222168, "iables in the tracking study analysis data set to a two-year span and the impact study analysis data set to the quarterly level.\nData Integrity\nStaff at AIR and Stanfield Systems assessed the integrity of the data files and variables prepared for ana"]
[11.402746200561523, 10.656429290771484, "l\nData Constructs\nCaseload status Case discontinuance Applicant denials\nWTW activities, exemptions, terminations\nDemographics, sources of cash assistance, earnings, other income sources\n        We expect that the final evaluation report will benefit "]
[11.168609619140625, 10.923389434814453, "  All counties\nSmall counties Medium-sized counties Large counties\nNumber 12 Number 2 Number 5 Number 5\n12 24 10 3 10 5 2 8 5 7 6 0\nNumber 24\nNumber 26 9 3 Number 105 5 0 Number 125 1 0\n0 58 0 20 0 20 0 18\n0 58 0 20 0 20 0 18\n0 58 0 20 0 20 0 18\n3 58"]
[11.178116798400879, 10.919649124145508, "mber Number Number\nNumber Number Number Number\n26 10 4 11 3 1 9 4 2 6 3 1\n5 1 1 2 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 0\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 analysis of 2016 ACS data.\n(20 counties), from 1,000 to 4,999 for medium-sized counties\n274\n                                           "]
[11.224793434143066, 10.924036979675293, "s to Which He or She Has Been Assigned or Scheduled (All Counties and by County Caseload Size)\n     Employment/Job Training Activity\nSubsidized employment All counties\nSmall counties Medium-sized counties Large counties\nJob skills training All counti"]
[11.17869758605957, 10.924474716186523, "18\n1 51 0 17 1 18 0 15\n                         SOURCE: Authors\u2019 analysis of 2016 ACS data.\nNOTE: Caseload size is up to 999 for small counties (20 counties), from 1,000 to 4,999 for medium-sized counties (20 counties), and 5,000 or more for large co"]
[11.190200805664062, 10.910709381103516, "20 5 18\n30 58 8 20 13 20 9 18\n3 58 2 20\n0 20\n1 18\n                  Benefited from enrollment in community college\n      All counties\nSmall counties Medium-sized counties Large counties\nNumber Number Number Number\n      Successfully transitioned to e"]
[11.170557975769043, 10.925320625305176, " Medium-sized counties Large counties\nNumber Number Number Number\nNumber Number Number Number\n35 11 46 9 5 14 14 4 18 12 2 14\n7 39 46 2 12 14\n2 16 18\n3 11 14\n     SOURCE: Authors\u2019 analysis of 2016 ACS data.\nNOTE: Caseload size is up to 999 for small "]
[11.195536613464355, 10.930318832397461, "ties\nSmall counties Medium-sized counties Large counties\nNumber Number Number Number\n0 5 32 0 2 10 0 2 12 0 1 10\n        How to use the flexibility of the 24-month time clock to the CalWORKs client\u2019s advantage\n        All counties\nSmall counties Medi"]
[11.191784858703613, 10.879538536071777, " Supervisor\u2019s Rating of Caseworker Understanding of Other SB 1041 Changes and Related Supports\n     Policy Change\nEnhanced educational flexibility All counties\nSmall counties Medium-sized counties Large counties\nNumber Number Number Number\nNot at All"]
[11.1875581741333, 10.919475555419922, "3 Number 2 Number 1 Number 0\n13 30 10 0 5 10 3 0 5 9 4 0 3 11 3 0\n4 16 35 0 2 5 11 0 0 3 16 0 2 8 8 0\n                        Increased flexibility offered by the 24-month time clock\nAll counties\nSmall counties Medium-sized counties Large counties\nNu"]
[11.144726753234863, 10.94507122039795, "               Table D.14. Among Counties with an FS Program, Their Rating of How Well the FS Program Is Doing (All Counties and by County Caseload Size)\n       FS Program Component\nHelping stabilize families in crisis All counties\nSmall counties Med"]
[11.149872779846191, 10.933032035827637, " Number\n        Ability to identify client exemptions\nAll counties\nSmall counties\nMedium-sized counties\nLarge counties\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 analysis of 2016 ACS data.\nNOTE: Caseload size is up to 999 for small counties\n(20 counties), and 5,000 or more fo"]
[11.166346549987793, 10.921520233154297, "nties (18 counties). Counties were instructed to mark one rating for each type of need listed. County-level results for Table 4.28, Q27 on the ACS.\nNeeds\nTotal\nVery Somewhat\nDissatis-\nfied fied\nSomewhat Very Satisfied Satisfied\nDissatis-\n        CalW"]
[11.16688060760498, 10.92997932434082, "Medium-sized counties Large counties\nNumber Number Number Number\n0 7 0 3 0 3 0 1\n291\n13 7 13 5 11 6\n                                                                                       Table D.18\u2014Continued\nMuch Somewhat About Somewhat Much Not\n    "]
[11.164831161499023, 10.928305625915527, "20 3 18\n16 58 9 20 5 20 2 18\n        All counties\nSmall counties Medium-sized counties Large counties\nNumber 2 Number 2 Number 0 Number 0\nVery Well\n24 5 10 9\n19 3 7 9\n23 4 8 11\n24 3 10 11\n20 1 9 10\n13 1 5 7\n6 1 2 3\n23 1 13 9\nNot at All\n              "]
[11.529232025146484, 10.545701026916504, "ured in February of each year. CalWORKs WTW clients include participating, exempt, or sanctioned CalWORKs WTW clients. These clients were members of two-parent families, all other families, and TANF timed-out cases. Unemployment rate is for Californi"]
[11.522425651550293, 10.55431079864502, " all other families, or TANF timed-out cases present in February 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016. Categories may not add up to 100 percent because of rounding error.\n296\n     Table E.4. Number of New CalWORKs WTW Clients: Tracked Entry Cohorts 2007, 2009,"]
[11.568848609924316, 10.512142181396484, "00.0\n79,423 40.7 36,023 2.9\n27,647 13.0 143,432 100.0 40,858 41.4 19,571 3.0\n19,636 13.7 128,581 100.0 38,565 27.2 16,452 0.4\n8,011 0.1\nPercentage\n2014 2015 2016\n100.0 100.0 100.0\n31.7 29.5 29.2 11.1 12.6 13.2\n14.3 13.1 10.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 30.7 27"]
[11.531818389892578, 10.54514217376709, "ions stop the WTW 24-month time clock, the 48-month time-on-aid clock, or both. For the tracking study, the presence of exemptions and sanctions were measured for 36 months including the entry month. For example, for the 2013 cohort, we counted month"]
[11.542076110839844, 10.531943321228027, "337,388\n2015\n308,926\n101,995 193,703 64,322 115,223 37,673\n2016\n272,013\n90,825 143,432 48,857 128,581 41,968\n89,085 321,401 84,319 17,164\n99,876 253,683 75,385 83,705 4,766 24,491\n301\n                              Table E.10. Average Real Quarterly E"]
[11.536347389221191, 10.536722183227539, " February 2013, February 2014, February 2015, February 2016\n          Group and Indicator\nClients with short-term WTW exemption for young children in December 2012\nNew WTW exemption for young children Short-term young children exemption\nSanction 139\n"]
[11.554656028747559, 10.517277717590332, "mployed only or also a CalWORKs WTW client\n\u2022 CalWORKs WTW client: CalWORKs WTW client only or also employed\n\u2022 employed only (and not a CalWORKs WTW client)\n\u2022 both employed and a CalWORKs WTW client\n 305\n\u2022 CalWORKs WTW client only (and not employed)\n\u2022"]
[11.564375877380371, 10.509493827819824, "6 39.9 39.8 38.3 36.8 34.6 36.9 36.4 35.1 33.8\nNot Employed nor WTW Client\n23.6 23.2 22.7 23.4 25.9 24.5 23.8 26.1 27.7 26.9 24.4 26.0 24.7 24.7 24.2 24.6 26.3 26.0 26.4 27.9 28.1 26.9 27.3 27.3\nReal Quarterly Earnings ($)\n$1,407.35 $1,397.75 $1,398."]
[11.560808181762695, 10.513289451599121, "3 34.3 32.8 33.5 32.2 33.4 32.3 32.4 32.4\nReal Quarterly Earnings ($)\n$1,405.31 $1,455.58 $1,639.61 $1,609.06 $1,549.56 $1,594.65 $1,662.67 $1,694.14 $1,584.23 $1,673.50 $1,736.73 $1,912.95 $1,832.76 $1,902.88 $1,957.81 $2,127.62\nEntry Cohort\n       "]
[11.403040885925293, 10.649775505065918, ". Karoly, Anamarie Auger, Beverly A. Weidmer, Ashley N. Muchow, and Italo A. Gutierrez, A Descriptive Profile of CalWORKs Recipients and Their Families: Initial Findings from the California Socioeconomic Survey, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation"]
[11.400840759277344, 10.651121139526367, "nfo/acl/2013/13-01.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Pathways to Success: Overview of CalWORKs Change, Sacramento, Calif.: CalWORKs Employment and Eligibility Branch, 2013a.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCalifornia Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs) Program: Release of Third Set"]
[11.394221305847168, 10.66327953338623, "lity to Kids (CalWORKs) Program: Additional Guidance and Forms Regarding Welfare-to-Work (WTW) 24-Month Time Clock Extensions, and Release of Related Welfare Data Tracking Implementation Project (WDTIP) Tracking Recipients Across California (TRAC) Im"]
[11.369059562683105, 10.680440902709961, ".3, Sacramento, Calif., January 2016a.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCalifornia Work Opportunity and Responsibility to Kids (CalWORKs) Assembly Bill (AB) 98 Subsidized Employment and Expanded Subsidized Employment (ESE) Program Changes,\u201d All County Letter (ACL) No. 16-95, S"]
[11.38794994354248, 10.66407585144043, "ports/RR919.html\n315\nLegislative Analyst\u2019s Office, \u201cThe 2012\u201313 Budget: The Governor\u2019s CalWORKs and Child Care Proposals,\u201d webpage, February 22, 2012. As of June 16, 2016: http://www.lao.ca.gov/analysis/2012/ss/calworks-child-care-022212.aspx\nO*NET R"]
[11.350530624389648, 10.694893836975098, "tives and if there are any unintended consequences. This second evaluation report extends the analyses in the initial evaluation report through updated findings from the process study based on the second wave of the All-County Survey and qualitative "]
[16.225812911987305, 2.9541268348693848, "    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY\nLocal jurisdictions, faced with caseloads of increasing com- plexity and cost, have adopted alternative approaches to crimi- nal case processing\u2014including new technologies\u2014that have the potential to reduce backlog and improve ju"]
[16.21894645690918, 2.948911190032959, "ogy in some capacity should be developed.\n\u2022 Model configurations that can be used to help purchasers make intelligent buying decisions should be developed.\n\u2022 Research is needed to better understand the effect of telepresence technology on defendants\u2019"]
[16.21499252319336, 2.964846134185791, "nefiel\n9th Circuit Court, Florida\nRobin Davis\nICF International\nJonathan P. Hein\nDarke County, Ohio, Common Pleas Court\nJohn W. Johnson\nMiami-Dade Corrections and Rehabilitation\nCasey Kennedy\nTexas Office of Court Administration\nFredric Lederer\nCente"]
[16.215063095092773, 2.950925350189209, "t appearances via video. According to the National Center for State Courts\u2019 (NCSC\u2019s) State Court Organization data set, which was last updated in\nJune 2017, state-level offices of courts oversee the use of video- conferencing in 35 states and the Dis"]
[16.224401473999023, 2.9533493518829346, "; Devoe and Frattaroli, 2009).1 In Crawford v. Washington, the Supreme Court further clarified that it is a violation of the defendant\u2019s Sixth Amendment rights under the confrontation clause to be denied the opportunity to confront or challenge\nan ad"]
[16.23271369934082, 2.9533865451812744, " individuals to appear in court remotely, telepresence eliminates the need to trans- port defendants and offenders from correctional facilities to courthouses, reducing potential threats to the safety\nof court personnel, corrections staff, victims, w"]
[16.230072021484375, 2.9535603523254395, "nd child abuse, to testify against the defendant without expe- riencing the revictimization and trauma of being physically present with their offender (Garvin et al., 2011; Kenniston, 2015).\nAlthough telepresence technology might offer courts valu- a"]
[16.21878433227539, 2.9515113830566406, "s for the constitutional rights of court parties. More-serious technical issues could delay or disrupt court proceedings (Devoe and Frattaroli, 2009).\n\u2022 data storage and security: Securely storing the large quantities of video and audio data generate"]
[16.231998443603516, 2.9467363357543945, "elays and challenges created by technical issues and the potential violation of the defendant\u2019s legal and constitu- tional rights. Ultimately, the participants identified 24 specific research and development needs related to the use of telepres- ence"]
[16.233837127685547, 2.952803611755371, "nsiveness when speaking (Landstro\u0308m and Granhag, 2010; Landstro\u0308m, 2008; Landstro\u0308m, Ask, and Sommar, 2015). Telepresence technology has the potential to negatively affect each of these elements. Although no known studies have confirmed this directly"]
[16.220523834228516, 2.948591709136963, "s appearing remotely might be in a room where other people are talking or where other background noises are present. One panel member described an instance in which videoconferenc- ing equipment was installed in the loud boiler room of a jail, making"]
[16.22824478149414, 2.9501636028289795, "her the technical setup of the equipment has as much of an impact as the tech- nology itself on a judge\u2019s determination during a bail hearing. Panel members also noted that research on the impact of social media platforms on communication suggests th"]
[16.23027992248535, 2.954756736755371, " games that require remote communication might be more comfortable with the technology and view the court proceedings as something like a game. A lack of appreciation for the seriousness of the proceed- ing, coupled with the feeling of being removed "]
[16.221935272216797, 2.963545322418213, "found satisfac- tion among patients, but not among providers, and suggested that although defendants might largely be satisfied with the quality of representation in proceedings involving telepresence technology, the defense attorneys could find the "]
[16.235261917114258, 2.9536869525909424, "fendant appears in person. Therefore, the use or availability of telepres- ence technology might encourage victims or other witnesses to participate in the proceedings. Telepresence technology might be especially beneficial in cases where physically "]
[16.256500244140625, 2.9121034145355225, "ce technology if the equipment setup is so complicated that \u201cthe bench looks like a cockpit.\u201d\nThe panel members discussed the benefits of using telepres- ence technology to enable judges to sign warrants electronically after hours, including over the"]
[16.229867935180664, 2.9513938426971436, "eedings through a regular conference\ncall. More research is needed to understand the implications of these backup options. Although it might appear that allowing the proceedings to be conducted via conference call speeds up proceedings, saves money, "]
[16.21755599975586, 2.9469335079193115, " and case outcomes, several areas were identified as priority research and development needs. The panel identified and later ranked needs related to understand- ing the impact of telepresence technology on court proceedings. These needs include conce"]
[16.232885360717773, 2.945823907852173, "the way in which telepresence technology is installed or operated can affect perceptions of credibility and case outcomes. Technical stan- dards and training on proper setup and use could help insure against these negative consequences.\nAccording to "]
[16.22927474975586, 2.9492011070251465, "in mind that are easy to install in a variety of settings, including court and correctional facilities. Moreover, participants argued that telepresence vendors should automate system updates and provide ongoing technical support to promote the system"]
[16.231075286865234, 2.948455572128296, "chnological devices and equipment to enable telepresence technology to be incorpo- rated.\nParticipants also touched on the importance of the back- ground for remote court appearances. Lighting and other environmental conditions of the remote court pa"]
[16.215730667114258, 2.945613384246826, "ested that research should be conducted to identify best practices for videoconferencing audio setups and to determine which materials or other equipment could be used in the setup to minimize background noise and produce high-quality audio. The pane"]
[16.211505889892578, 2.948892116546631, " concern that multimedia court records would allow appellate courts\nto overturn lower court rulings more easily and make assess- ments about credibility and other factors that could usurp the function of the trial court. As a result, trial and appell"]
[16.230375289916992, 2.9479386806488037, "lling telepresence technology equip- ment can be high, efficiencies could be realized by ensuring that telepresence systems are designed to enable multiple func- tions.\nHowever, panel members pointed out that court purchasers often neither are aware "]
[16.2298526763916, 2.9480412006378174, "earch into options for improving network connectivity.\n Proprietary equipment and software that cannot be translated across devices might limit the ways in which telepresence technology can be used in court.\nPotential Expansions of Telepresence Techn"]
[16.23740577697754, 2.9503417015075684, " as the best option for areas with less tech- nological bandwidth but that seek to use telepresence technol- ogy. Improving wireless coverage is less expensive and more feasible than adding more bandwidth or using satellites. A judge, attorney, or ot"]
[16.261287689208984, 2.9583888053894043, " courts might consider implementing some of these capabilities for use in certain legal proceedings. If everyone participated through telepresence technology, any bias or nega- tive consequences would be eliminated because the defendant or other key "]
[16.258886337280273, 2.92344331741333, " a related concern about the potential impact a fully virtual courtroom could have on behaviors and interactions. As mentioned earlier, communicat- ing behind a screen might change how an individual engages with others. It remains an open question wh"]
[14.836663246154785, 1.8305730819702148, "thing to the objective and 9 indicated that meeting the need could result in a 20-percent or greater improvement in performance).\n2. how practical it would be to meet the need (while meeting some needs might require only minor adaptation, meeting oth"]
[16.22132110595703, 2.9456558227539062, "rchasers; (7) conducting research into the effect of telepresence technology on defen- dants\u2019 experiences with the court process and perceptions of procedural justice; (8) developing standards on video quality and image size; (9) conducting research "]
[16.23700523376465, 2.941804885864258, "arch to identify best prac- tices and minimum standards for audio setup.\n\u2022 Conduct research to assess the impact of telepresence technology on the expe- riences of witnesses and victims.\n\u2022 Identify the technical issues that impact the effectiveness o"]
[16.224658966064453, 2.94027042388916, " practices for useful Yes performance indicators and the kinds\nof data that should be collected\nfrom these systems to inform the\nindicators.\n\u2022 Conduct research to assess the Yes impact of telepresence technology\non the experiences of witnesses and\nvi"]
[16.23295021057129, 2.945559024810791, "ccess to and sharing of telepres- ence feeds.\nNeed Received a High- Importance\nScore Corresponding (Yes/No) Category\nYes Measuring outcomes\nNo Measuring outcomes\nYes Technical standards and training\nYes Technical standards and training\nNo Measuring o"]
[16.238996505737305, 2.94160532951355, " remote interactions on court\noutcomes. One panel member referred to telepresence technol- ogy as being \u201cguilty until proven innocent.\u201d In other words, without rigorous efforts to assess the impact of telepresence technology on such outcomes as bail "]
[14.91557788848877, 2.109917640686035, " of the workshop\u2019s focus areas.\nIn advance of the workshop, participants were provided an opportunity to identify the issues and topics that they felt would be important to discuss during the workshop. Using a comprehensive literature review and inpu"]
[14.839286804199219, 1.8340734243392944, "d be met and broadly implemented successfully. That is, they could assign the need\u2019s chance of success between 10 percent (i.e., a rating of 1) and 90 percent (i.e., a rating of 9). This dimension was intended to include not only technical concerns ("]
[14.803759574890137, 1.8020082712173462, "version 3.5. We chose this algorithm to minimize within-cluster variance when deter- mining the breaks between tiers. The choice of three tiers is arbitrary but was done in part to remain consistent across the set of technology workshops we have cond"]
[14.782297134399414, 1.696960210800171, "o indicate whether each problem and need pairing should be voted up or down on the list. An example of this form is provided in Table A.2.\nWe then tallied the participants\u2019 third-round responses\nand applied those votes to produce a final list of prio"]
[14.779119491577148, 1.6928385496139526, "suffer when some or all of the\nparticipants are remote (judge, court reporter, prosecutor, defendant, etc.).\nNeed: Conduct research on the impacts on decisionmaking, communication, and 3 perceptions of satisfaction with the process when one or more p"]
[14.773310661315918, 1.7055670022964478, " output from this process became the final ranking of the panel\u2019s prioritized results.\nFigure A.3. How a Need\u2019s Increase in Expected Value Might Result in Its Movement Across Tier Boundaries\nHigher score\nTier 1 score range\n1\n27\n   1\n1\n        2\n  Fig"]
[16.20197105407715, 2.955606698989868, " 45, No. 1, 2014.\nConcurrent Technologies Corporation and CONSAD Research Corporation, Evaluation of Video Conferencing Demonstration Projects: Final Report, Johnstown, Pa.: Pennsylvania Commission on Crime and Delinquency, 2000.\nCookingham, Lisa M.,"]
[13.939416885375977, 3.690253496170044, "lywood, John S., Dulani Woods, Andrew Lauland, Sean E. Goodison, Thomas J. Wilson, and Brian A. Jackson, Using Future Broadband Communications Technologies to Strengthen Law Enforcement, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1462- NIJ, 2016. As "]
[16.153432846069336, 2.960085391998291, " Journal, Vol. 90, No. 4, 2015, pp. 1683\u20131705.\nMacCabe, Jena, \u201cCan You Hear Me Now?: Interpreters for California Civil Cases,\u201d Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 49, 2016,\npp. 685\u2013704.\nMaryland Administrative Office of the Courts, Evaluation of t"]
[16.214677810668945, 2.951392412185669, "cial Media its Impact with Positive and Negative Aspects,\u201d International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, pp. 71\u201375.\nStrickland, S., R. Schauffler, R. LaFountain, and K. Holt, eds., \u201cState Court Organizat"]
[13.924877166748047, 4.1803388595581055, "er by training and a research public health analyst in the Applied Justice Division at RTI International. She has provided training and technical assistance to research partners evaluating innovative prosecutorial strategies and conducted original sc"]
[13.918503761291504, 4.1691975593566895, "ention. Planty has led several projects for the U.S. Department of Justice and plays a key role in several ongoing studies related to school safety, incident-based crime statistics, identity theft, and sexual assault. Before joining RTI in 2017, Plan"]
[13.866904258728027, 4.538262367248535, "ement by NIJ or the RAND Corporation.\n This publication was made possible by Award Number 2013-MU-CX-K003, awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions o"]
[18.952497482299805, 7.630707263946533, " CORPORATION\nSTEPHANIE BROOKS HOLLIDAY, JIRKA TAYLOR, PRISCILLIA HUNT, IFEANYI EDOCHIE, SARAH B. HUNTER\nEvaluation of a Trauma-Informed Program for Juvenile Justice- Involved Youth\nThe Pilot Program at Lookout Mountain Youth Services Center\n For more"]
[18.97475242614746, 7.612160682678223, "d social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. The program focuses on such topics as access to justice, policing, corrections, drug policy, and court system reform, as well as other policy concerns pertaining to"]
[18.97511863708496, 7.612967014312744, "am. To better understand the nature of the pilot program, we com- pleted a series of related procedures. We conducted key informant discussions, reviewed relevant documents, and conducted a site visit to observe the facility. To understand barriers a"]
[18.979660034179688, 7.615165710449219, " or proportion of youth who earned a diploma or GED during the evaluation period.\nStaff Program Outcomes\nData indicated that staff absences were common. During the pilot period, staff members on both units missed approximately three days of work per "]
[18.972978591918945, 7.614723205566406, " across DYS facilities. Therefore, while the program holds promise, we offer the fol- lowing recommendations to Colorado DYS for the ongoing implementation of the program:\nviii\nEvaluation of a Trauma-Informed Program for Juvenile Justice-Involved You"]
[18.980728149414062, 7.6144819259643555, "............................................................................................. 1 Colorado DYS Pilot Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[18.968643188476562, 7.630098819732666, "........................................ 53 ix\nFigures and Tables\n Figures\n1.1. The Colorado Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[17.111669540405273, 7.946569919586182, "t CI confidence interval\nDYS Division of Youth Services FTE full-time equivalent\nGEE generalized estimating equation\nHB House Bill\nLMYSC Lookout Mountain Youth Services Center MYSI Missouri Youth Service Institute\nOR odds ratio\nPREA Prison Rape Elimi"]
[18.93364143371582, 7.624588489532471, "First, certain symptoms of mental health diagnoses can manifest as problem behav- iors such as anger, irritability, and aggression (Underwood and Washington, 2016). Similarly, youth with a history of complex trauma may be at greater risk of exhibitin"]
[18.970857620239258, 7.612483978271484, "mbers. In the report, staff members noted that they lacked training to appropriately de-escalate behavioral incidents. Together, as indi- cated in the report, these practices represented a significant barrier to effective rehabilitation.\nIn recogniti"]
[18.973962783813477, 7.612307071685791, "aff.\nbehavioral health needs (Ryan and Mitchell, 2011). Together with HB 17-1329, this Strategic Plan shaped the design and implementation of the trauma-informed pilot program at Lookout Mountain Youth Services Center (LMYSC).\nColorado DYS Pilot Prog"]
[18.98270034790039, 7.607851505279541, "program is described in more detail in subsequent chapters.\nPresent Evaluation\nIn addition to establishing the pilot program, HB 17-1329 required that the program be evalu- ated to assess its effectiveness during its first year of implementation. The"]
[18.97569465637207, 7.611936092376709, "SI submitted to DYS for the training contract, the Colorado DYS Policy on Reporting Critical Incidents (CDHS, 2017a), the Colorado DYS Strategic Plan (CDHS, 2017b), and the MYSI Assessment of the Colorado Division of Youth Corrections (MYSI, 2017).\nF"]
[18.97730827331543, 7.612593650817871, "selecting a comparison group from a different facil- ity may have introduced more variability with respect to these factors. Each unit at LMYSC is made up of multiple pods. The pilot unit was smaller than other units with regard to the number of pods"]
[18.963720321655273, 7.617681980133057, "event the youth from being in a prone position; as well as the use of transport restraints. Levels of physi- cal responses were recorded using categories established by Colorado DYS. Level One refers to an \u201cescort hold,\u201d in which a staff member holds"]
[18.974946975708008, 7.613674163818359, "eyes or skin). \u201cUnauthorized/Incidental\u201d incidents reflect fights that are not the result of an intentional act of aggression.\nMethod 7\n8 Evaluation of a Trauma-Informed Program for Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth\nInjuries. We received information as"]
[18.990007400512695, 7.609992504119873, "nary conversations with represen- tatives of DYS and LMYSC. These discussions revolved around two principal topics: (1) data collected by the DYS that could be made available to the research team; and (2) reflections of DYS and LMYSC representatives "]
[18.979839324951172, 7.613332271575928, " the youth and staff in the pilot and comparison groups. For youth, this included age, race/ ethnicity, and committing offense; for staff, this included role at the facility. We also examined whether there were differences in the mean length of time "]
[18.976518630981445, 7.61264705657959, "mparison of costs over time, and (4) unit costs (to the extent possible and analytically meaningful). Note that in the main text, we focus on summarizing the results of this analysis and provide more detailed results in Appendix C.\nCHAPTER THREE\nEval"]
[18.9766788482666, 7.61194372177124, "perience and supervise the direct care staff.\nAt the beginning of the pilot program, the intention was that YSS staff would be specifi- cally assigned to the pilot program; however, based on our key informant discussions, this became more difficult t"]
[18.976905822753906, 7.611234188079834, "nt, the training included ten modules and incorporated didactic elements and practical applications (e.g., case vignettes). The\nMissouri Model training incorporates elements of existing models of leadership and group pro- cess (e.g., Tuckman Model of"]
[18.976449966430664, 7.611424922943115, "ram model differed from implementation.\nFeatures of Programming Across LMYSC\nYouth involved in the pilot program participated in many of the same activities as youth in other areas of the facility. In this section, we describe the core features of pr"]
[18.977344512939453, 7.611392021179199, "two individual and one family session, but if the family is unable to participate, it can be three individual sessions. In addition, youth receive at least one group therapy session per week. These treatment groups are determined based on the individ"]
[18.975894927978516, 7.6123247146606445, "o reported that he encourages staff to display youth achievements and artwork, and to incorporate aspects of the treatment philosophy (e.g., charts with different emotions, community standards). In addition, youth in the pilot program were given acce"]
[18.976728439331055, 7.612020969390869, "s prior to parole, and continue providing this service for 90 days after parole in the family\u2019s own community. The goal of this component is to help understand and address any issues that the family has and connect them with resources that they may n"]
[18.976062774658203, 7.610878944396973, "articipate in regular behavioral health services, consistent with the broader LMYSC community\n\u2022 All LMYSC staff are provided with training in the Sanctuary Model; pilot staff received additional intensive training in the months leading up to pilot im"]
[18.975278854370117, 7.609463691711426, " columns summarize the outcomes expected from the program. In the short term, the pilot program is expected to decrease negative behavioral incidents, reduce use of restraints and seclusion as behavior management techniques, decrease injuries, decrea"]
[18.976394653320312, 7.613952159881592, "mber acknowledged that eliminating seclusion is beneficial, in that seclusion can be traumatizing. However, this staff member described the value of \u201ccontain- ment\u201d in more extreme situations (e.g., \u201ccausing physical harm every day\u201d), noting that thi"]
[18.9722900390625, 7.615522861480713, "ff members feeling unsafe.\n20 Evaluation of a Trauma-Informed Program for Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth\nIn turn, being short-staffed has resulted in multiple challenges to implementation. First, inter- viewees described how one foundational tenet o"]
[18.975236892700195, 7.613562107086182, "he jail system. Here, it\u2019s a little different. If you attack a staff, we\u2019ll do what we have to do, use community restoring techniques.\u201d When asked if these techniques were effective, the staff member said, \u201cWith certain youth. Then certain youth care"]
[18.974193572998047, 7.613766193389893, "ereas some found it helpful and engaging, those with more of a background in trauma-informed care found it less useful. The latter group suggested there could be ways to dive deeper into the content and spend more time discussing application of the i"]
[18.962249755859375, 7.637209892272949, " on youth who resided on the pilot or comparison units during the evaluation period. This included youth who were on these units at the beginning of the evaluation period, as well as youth who entered these units during the year of implementation. Th"]
[18.95637321472168, 7.637156009674072, "nts and Level Two physical responses were most common. Of note, the maximum number of physical responses with mechanical restraints or Level Two physical responses for a given youth in any month was seven incidents. On both units, most outcomes were "]
[18.959379196166992, 7.633627891540527, "Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth\nTable 3.4\nProportion of Youth Experiencing Each Outcome by Unit\n Outcomes\nWithout mechanical restraint With mechanical restraint Side hold\nTransport restraint\nLevel One Level Two Critical\nSeclusion < 4 hours Seclusion "]
[18.974199295043945, 7.619929790496826, ")\n40.20 (26.64) 22.0% (9)\np-value\np = 0.86 p = 0.49\n   Within the subset of youth who had not yet earned their degree (n = 41 pilot youth, n = 31 comparison youth), we examined the mean number of credits earned during the pilot year. We also examined"]
[18.98045539855957, 7.616750240325928, "nt difference in the proportion\nTable 3.7\nStaff Absences and Turnover by Unit\n Outcome\nTotal absences (days) Absences per month (days) Staff left facility\nPilot\nM (SD) or % (n)\n17.4 (27.14) 2.68 (2.81) 31.10% (14)\nComparison M (SD) or % (n)\n15.38 (17"]
[18.991430282592773, 7.591710567474365, "d (2) costs associated with the running of the facility of which the pilot is a part, but which are not specific to the pilot. We discuss these two types of costs in turn below to arrive at a composite measure of the pilot\u2019s running costs. Thus, this"]
[18.970033645629883, 7.618109703063965, "is share of facility-wide costs to the pilot.\n1 Please note that the setup of the pilot also likely required staff time from personnel not explicitly dedicated to the pilot, such as participation in training or oversight and management by the facilit"]
[18.96710968017578, 7.624937534332275, "90 $290 $417 Total $436,323\n  CHAPTER FOUR\nConclusion\nThis report has documented the first year of implementation of the trauma-informed pilot program at LMYSC. In this section, we summarize the findings, discuss how the pilot pro- gram fits with the"]
[18.97700309753418, 7.6129326820373535, "need for behavioral management techniques that staff members can use to address these situations. In addition, though use of mechanical restraints was less common in the pilot program, it was still used with 45 percent of youth at least once during t"]
[18.979198455810547, 7.612909317016602, "ning or the pilot program philosophy when interacting with youth on those other units. Therefore, nonpilot units also had exposure to certain aspects of trauma-informed care. This may have contributed to the lack of significant differences between th"]
[18.97123146057129, 7.618381023406982, "s a substantial difference between the staff working in the pilot and nonpilot areas (i.e., where more senior or specialist-skilled individuals are recruited for the pilot).\nConsiderations Related to Fit with Colorado DYS\nFrom a theoretical and empir"]
[18.97857093811035, 7.6122260093688965, "part because certain restrictions had to be put in place across the facility and in part because staff were pulled from the pilot to cover other units. To some extent, placing limits on the programming of the pilot program may be inevitable when ther"]
[18.979562759399414, 7.611501216888428, "program. We did not interview staff of the comparison unit for this evaluation, but doing so would provide additional information about what practices and challenges were unique to the pilot versus experienced facility-wide.\nRegarding the evaluation,"]
[18.974002838134766, 7.615287780761719, " the cost analysis, data provided by DYS include only information on costs directly incurred by DYS and do not include other notable cost categories, including rent/ mortgage, utilities, insurance, and workers\u2019 compensation. As such, the costs of the"]
[18.97650718688965, 7.613167762756348, "all staff\u2014including new program staff\u2014would ensure that staff members are operating from a shared understanding of the program. It may not be feasible for MYSI staff to provide this type of training to all new staff members, especially given current "]
[18.973155975341797, 7.615084648132324, "t recom- mendation) may also reduce absences and turnover.\n4. Explore staff concerns regarding safety and the effectiveness of the program in more depth.\nStaff reported that in recent months they had felt unsafe at the facility\u2014and some staff noted t"]
[18.975666046142578, 7.616041660308838, "ral health staff\nConclusion 37\n38 Evaluation of a Trauma-Informed Program for Juvenile Justice-Involved Youth\nrun groups that only include pilot program youth. Staff members also had suggestions of addi- tional groups or activities that would be bene"]
[18.935705184936523, 7.639151096343994, "as the Colorado DYS Strategic Plan specifically identifies the promotion of \u201cprosocial, safe, and nonviolent interactions\u201d as a goal, and the pilot program aims to \u201cpromote building trust and healthy relationships between youths and staff and to allo"]
[18.96307945251465, 7.632481575012207, "1000 10071000010\nComparison\nPilot\n00000000000 00000000000\n3314835561000\nPilot\n446914414400\nComparison\n00000000000 00000000111\n01001003211 00201000020\n10013112903 10402100043\n00000000000 00000000000\nComparison\nPilot\n00110000000 00000000000\n           "]
[18.97950553894043, 7.614924430847168, "94)* 0.60 (0.21, 1.71) 0.40 (0.15, 1.07)\u2020\n1.62 (0.47, 5.52)\n0.63 (0.25, 1.56) 2.87 (0.71, 11.61) 1.37 (0.51, 3.68)\n6.00 (0.53, 68.40) 2.31 (0.38, 14.24)\n1.84 (0.70, 4.81)\n(not reported due to inflated confidence intervals)\n Physical response\n   Seclu"]
[18.981969833374023, 7.624057769775391, ". We understand that the team is a key part of this pilot program. How is your working\nrelationship with your colleagues? [probes] How is your working relationship with lead- ers? [probes]\nSection E: Barriers and Challenges to Implementation (All Sta"]
[18.983671188354492, 7.6278791427612305, "clude annual leave payments and sick leave payments. Negative values represent reversals of earlier payments. The total costs from July 2018 to June 2019 were $83,655, or on average $6,971 per month. Of these, the prorated amount attributable to the "]
[17.1159725189209, 7.966616153717041, "at would be added to an already existing pod.\nReferences\n Abram, Karen M., Linda A. Teplin, Devon R. Charles, Sandra L. Longworth, Gary M. McClelland, and Mina K. Dulcan, \u201cPosttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma in Youth in Juvenile Detention,\u201d Arch"]
[17.040937423706055, 7.926052570343018, "ry, \u201cFostering Implementation of Health Services Research Findings into Practice: A Consolidated Framework for Advancing Implementation Science,\u201d Implementation Science, Vol. 4, Article 50, 2009, pp. 1\u201315.\nDeLisi, Matt, Andy Hochstetler, Gloria Jones"]
[17.124225616455078, 7.986224174499512, "hol Use Disorders in Primary Care. Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2049- NIDA, 2017. As of September 30, 2019:\nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2049.html\nIBM Corporation, IBM SPSS Statistics, version 21, 2012.\nKen Blanchard Com"]
[16.979862213134766, 7.943071365356445, "velopmental Sequence in Small Groups,\u201d Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 63, No. 6, 1965, pp. 384\u2013399.\nUnderwood, Lee A., and Aryssa Washington, \u201cMental Illness and Juvenile Offenders,\u201d International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vo"]
[12.199738502502441, 19.454395294189453, " SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nThe Frequency and\nEconomic Impact of\nMusculoskeletal Disorders\nfor California Firefighters\nTrends and Outcomes over the Past Decade Michael Dworsky, Seth A. Seabury, Nicholas Broten\nPrepared for the Commission on Healt"]
[11.367276191711426, 17.5760498046875, ". ICJ is dedicated to improving the civil justice system by supplying policymakers and the public with rigorous and nonpartisan research. Its studies identify trends in litigation and inform policy choices concerning liability, compensation, regulati"]
[12.217477798461914, 19.51566505432129, "eletal Disorder?.......................................................................................................6 Injury Compensation for Public Safety Employees in California ............................................................ 7 Exis"]
[12.028932571411133, 19.221139907836914, ".............................................................................................................. 60 Summary Statistics ....................................................................................................................."]
[11.890530586242676, 19.358781814575195, "...................... 52 Figure 7.1. Number of Chiropractic Visits in Three Years of Medical Care, All Workers\u2019\nCompensation Information System Injuries with One or More Chiropractic Visit.............. 80 Figure 7.2. Number of Occupational Therapy "]
[12.099863052368164, 19.176876068115234, "................................................................ 43 Table 4.5. Relative Earnings by Injury Year and Occupation, Musculoskeletal Injuries\nwith Permanent Disability........................................................................"]
[11.903925895690918, 19.28983497619629, " with Indemnity Benefits Receiving Any Capped\nServices, by Injury Type, Service Type, and Occupation..................................................... 78\nTable 7.2. Average Visits Injured Workers with Indemnity Benefits Receiving Any\nCapped Servic"]
[12.178513526916504, 19.40487289428711, "upation .......................................................................................................................... 105\nTable B.2. Sensitivity Analysis of Earnings Loss Estimates Accounting for Potential Misreporting of Labor Code \u00a7485"]
[12.199475288391113, 19.47527503967285, "ters than for workers in similar occupations. MSDs in older firefighters (aged 55 or above at injury) had earnings and employment losses comparable to private-sector workers, however. The report also examined the effect of medical reforms enacted in "]
[12.197025299072266, 19.44672966003418, "among firefighters with MSDs.\n\uf0b7 Estimate the effects of disability rating reforms enacted in SB 863.\n\uf0b7 Assess the effect of caps on chiropractic, occupational therapy, and physical\nmedicine visits.\nWe analyzed administrative data from the California "]
[12.241640090942383, 19.494705200195312, "es are high compared to other workers. Between 2005 and 2017, the firefighter injury rate ranges from just under 200 per 1,000 workers to more than 250 per 1,000. Injury rates for police officers are similar though slightly lower, while the overall r"]
[12.225508689880371, 19.411590576171875, "f Musculoskeletal Disorders for Firefighters Remain Less Severe than for Workers in Similar Occupations\nWe also examined postinjury earnings and employment for firefighters, using methods developed in previous RAND studies to compare injured worker o"]
[12.186375617980957, 19.342676162719727, "milar impairment severity to police and other comparison occupations with the same type of rating. Firefighters had slightly higher final ratings than comparable occupations prior to SB 863, however. Firefighters have relatively high occupational adj"]
[12.211459159851074, 19.523712158203125, "mented under SB 863.\nFirefighters with Musculoskeletal Disorders Rarely Receive Treatment or Permanent Disability Benefits for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or Other Psychiatric Conditions\nWe examined diagnosis codes on medical services and prescrip"]
[12.141926765441895, 19.43442153930664, "s on patterns of care or worker outcomes, so the Commission on Health and Safety and Workers\u2019 Compensation requested that we study this issue. We ask what\nxv\nproportion of workers with and without MSDs have sufficiently high utilization of the capped"]
[12.296314239501953, 19.983922958374023, "pensation system. Data from the workers\u2019 compensation system also cannot speak to the incidence of PTSD or mental distress among workers who do not file claims for a workplace injury. The potential for stigma suggests a need to go beyond claims data "]
[12.2094087600708, 19.477693557739258, "te sector (Bureau of Labor Statistics, undated). In California, the risks of firefighting have become even more salient in the past few years, with the record wildfires and resulting deaths that have occurred.\nThe health risks facing firefighters go "]
[11.826142311096191, 18.329742431640625, "eform in 2012 with California Senate Bill (SB) 863. This bill was passed in response to the fact that employer costs and premiums were rising even though the earlier 2004 reforms had led to a dramatic cut in permanent partial disability (PPD) benefit"]
[12.201118469238281, 19.47572135925293, "delays in medical treatment. However, while these reforms have the potential to improve worker outcomes and contain costs, their implications for California firefighters with MSDs should be relatively minor.\n 2\nworkers appeared to be particularly har"]
[12.188061714172363, 19.461719512939453, "e PTSD and other psychological injury reporting.\n7. Empirically assess what percentage of MSD claims are ultimately determined compensable under workers\u2019 compensation.\n8. Of MSDs determined compensable, assess how many are subject to causal apportion"]
[12.128130912780762, 19.276445388793945, "urces and methods to the relevant chapters, and additional details on sample construction are presented in Appendix A.\nChapter 3 uses only occupation descriptions, worker demographics, and injury characteristics from the First Report of Injury (FROI)"]
[12.1973237991333, 19.452083587646484, "l factors relevant to public safety employees, particularly regarding disability compensation that could affect our findings. We then discuss previous work and offer a few descriptive statistics using national data to describe the overall MSD risk fo"]
[12.165858268737793, 19.357995986938477, "lassification of Diseases (ICD), specifically ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes contained in the medical billing data. The ICD-9 codes have the advantage of providing more precise clinical detail about the nature of injury and an individual\u2019s physical conditi"]
[11.720882415771484, 18.263290405273438, "nclude full coverage of medical costs and partial coverage of lost wages. Indemnity benefits vary depending on whether the injury is permanent or temporary, as well as according to such other factors as the type of injury and/or the worker\u2019s age or o"]
[12.29411792755127, 19.269594192504883, "ear. As noted above, these workers are routinely asked to put their lives at risk to protect the public, and we might be concerned that workers would be less willing to take on these risks if they knew it would lead to significant future economic har"]
[12.339669227600098, 19.157407760620117, "hus, comparing workers eligible for LC \u00a74850 compensation to other workers could make it look as if injured firefighters and other safety employees were actively working after an injury even if they were out of work due to temporary disability. This "]
[12.225854873657227, 19.47926902770996, "ing moral hazard\u201c while workers increasing their risk taking and experiencing more injuries is referred to as \u201crisk bearing moral hazard\u201c (Butler and Worrall, 1991). Both are theoretically feasible, but generally speaking the former is considered to "]
[12.229222297668457, 19.49047088623047, " is a growing concern in California. Using data from the Department of the Interior from 2003 to 2007, Britton et al. (2013) identified slips or falls as the most common type of nonfatal injury, followed by injuries involving equipment or machinery. "]
[11.804280281066895, 19.04103660583496, "se is made up of information on individual workers\u2019 compensation claims submitted to DIR from claims administrators using the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) formats developed by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commi"]
[11.849204063415527, 19.062284469604492, ", such as maximum medical improvement, end date of temporary total disability payments, date and receipt of permanent partial disability payments, return to work (if applicable), and claim closure.\nIn theory, combining data from FROI and SROI should "]
[12.443924903869629, 19.67017936706543, "a semiannual survey of approximately 200,000 nonfarm establishments, for a total of about 1.2 million establishments over a three-year survey frame, which BLS uses to provide annual estimates. Because of the nature of the survey, the data exclude far"]
[12.237144470214844, 19.439144134521484, "or on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 indicating the factor is more relevant. As we discuss below, we use these data on job demands to select private- sector occupations similar to firefighting for inclusion in a comparison group.\nMethods\nWe had to choose "]
[12.481293678283691, 19.69826889038086, "d classification system, unlike the occupation description. Submission of class codes to WCIS is optional for self-insured employers, however, so class codes are not present in all FROI records, with differentially low rates of reporting among public"]
[12.35971736907959, 19.625375747680664, "active firefighters identified by our current approach.\nComparing Job Demands for Firefighters and Workers in Other Occupations\nAs with the 2010 RAND firefighter study, our analysis compares injury frequency and outcomes for firefighters to a selecti"]
[12.384291648864746, 19.68433952331543, " less relevant each factor is for a firefighter compared to someone in a randomly selected occupation, according to whether the difference is positive or negative, respectively. Even though the precise ordering should be taken as suggestive since the"]
[12.402048110961914, 19.704832077026367, " -0.51\n3.11 -0.54\n3.04 1.07\n3.1 0.46\n3.84 0.34\n3.24 0.3\n3.84 0.25\n4.19 0.07\n1.93 -0.12\n             Spend time using your hands to handle, control, or feel objects or tools\nSpend time making repetitive motions Indoors, environmentally controlled Spen"]
[12.400469779968262, 19.6787052154541, "ghters based on\njob characteristics.\nTable 3.2. Firefighters Compared to Similar Occupations\n0.0\n5.3\n7.9\n9.5\n10.6\n   Occupation Title\nStatistical Distance\n  Municipal firefighters\nMunicipal firefighting and prevention supervisors Fire investigators F"]
[12.26589298248291, 19.531723022460938, "s and attendants, except emergency medical technicians Refrigeration mechanics and installers Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners Millwrights Commercial pilots Occupational health and safety technicians\n          25.3\n   22\nis unlikely to y"]
[12.276254653930664, 19.497344970703125, ", the general patterns are the same even with additional years.\nMillwrights; Occupational Health and Safety Technicians; and Police Identification and Records Officers. We did not identify the excluded occupations in the WCIS data, so we are unable t"]
[12.228455543518066, 19.456134796142578, "or firefighters. For firefighters, MSDs account for 47.3 percent of all injuries, compared to 38 percent for police officers, 42.5 percent for other public-sector workers, 37.2 percent for workers in the private-sector comparison group, and 41.8 perc"]
[12.227568626403809, 19.456560134887695, "kely (54.6 percent) than the statewide average to be female.\nTable 3.5. Demographics of Injured Workers with Musculoskeletal Disorder Claims, by Occupation\n   Active Active Rest of Public Firefighters Police Sector\nRest of Private Sector\n40.4 13.9%\n2"]
[12.264884948730469, 19.493833541870117, "tiple body parts.\nFigure 3.3. Injuries by Occupation and Body Part\n   0.0% 20.0% Firefighters\nPolice Officers\nOther Public-Sector Workers\nPrivate Sector Comparison Group\nOther Workers\nHead, Face or Neck Upper Extremities\n40.0%\n60.0% 80.0%\n100.0% 120."]
[12.245169639587402, 19.489526748657227, " missing data on injury cause.\nWCIS also includes some information on the cause of injury, which we compare for MSDs versus other injuries across occupations in Table 3.6. Specifically, we report the share of all injuries reported to WCIS that fall i"]
[12.290763854980469, 19.230419158935547, "ot specifically referring to job security or injury compensation, as we expect that job security and injury compensation are similar between firefighters, police officers, and other public employees. While definitively studying the factors that drive"]
[12.501883506774902, 18.344301223754883, "gain experience or find better jobs, in which case earnings losses would be greater than the observed drop in earnings from before an injury to after an\n 32\ninjury. On the other hand, noninjured workers might experience declines in earnings over time"]
[12.500448226928711, 18.351964950561523, "settings with extremely high job security, such as state and local government or unionized manufacturing, such an assumption could well be a reasonable approximation in the absence of better data.\nHowever, this is not a justifiable assumption for the"]
[12.45236873626709, 18.425090789794922, "Control Group\nA key departure from previous RAND research on earnings losses is the use of medical-only injuries as an alternative control group. A limitation of our typical methodology is that the individual characteristics available for uninjured c"]
[12.33519458770752, 18.42974281311035, "e UI program must report the wage and salary earnings of every employee to EDD on a quarterly basis. EDD stores these data in the Base Wage File. Both workers\u2019 compensation and UI are nearly universal in California, so the wage and salary earnings of"]
[12.262491226196289, 19.34300422668457, "3 Match rates were very similar across occupational categories: summing across all injuries and injury years available, between 57.5 and 61.5 percent of the sample used in Chapter 3 was successfully matched to EDD wage data with matched controls.\n36\n"]
[12.300232887268066, 19.230636596679688, "ed in Appendix A.\n5 The BLS OES program reports an average hourly wage of $35.51 for firefighters and an annual mean wage of $48.12 for police. See Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017a) for police and Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017b) for firefighters."]
[12.42381477355957, 18.481109619140625, "laims is 92 percent, as against 82 percent for police, 87 percent for other public-sector workers, and 79 percent for similar private- sector workers.8 The differences in control worker earnings dynamics illustrated by Figure 4.1 are thus in line wit"]
[12.245781898498535, 19.369422912597656, "y in earnings noted above. Similar recoveries in relative earnings are apparent for other occupations as well, but relative earnings in the second year after injury are sharply lower for all other occupations studied here: 88 percent for police, 85 p"]
[12.272978782653809, 19.306224822998047, "ounced in nonmusculoskeletal cases. However, relative at-injury employment remains sharply higher for firefighters (90 percent) than for other comparable occupations (83 percent for police, 85 percent for other public-sector workers, and 76 percent f"]
[12.264791488647461, 19.22681427001953, "phics and to provide a comparison to results obtained using uninjured control workers, we also present unadjusted relative earnings based on medical-only controls, as well as estimates based on uninjured control workers. Table 4.3 focuses on earnings"]
[12.201035499572754, 19.2801513671875, "rred between 2005\u20132007 and 2010\u20132012 and that a similar deterioration in outcomes was evident in the other occupations as well. Comparing\n43\nworkers injured just before SB 863 took effect (2010\u20132012 injury years) to those injured just after SB 863 to"]
[12.286388397216797, 18.937015533447266, "ectories up to three years postinjury for injured and control workers in each occupation; figures plotting these trajectories are shown in Appendix B. We do not find evidence of a sharp decline in the third postinjury year for firefighters when compa"]
[12.228785514831543, 19.575912475585938, "uggested by Boone et al. (2011). We would expect this mechanism to be less relevant for firefighters given the high levels of job security (including high postinjury job retention); we cannot rule out that the severe pressure and sharp cuts in state "]
[12.273600578308105, 20.06232261657715, "viewed 37 studies and found that there were associations between work factors and common mental health conditions but concluded that the causal relationship between work and mental disorders remained unclear due to methodological limitations in the e"]
[12.272393226623535, 20.199569702148438, "sychiatric Association\u2019s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) for more details (APA, 2013).\n3 Hoge et al. (2004) surveyed veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan and found that fewer than half of those experiencing PTS"]
[12.21667194366455, 19.639938354492188, "consequences of comorbid psychiatric conditions is referred to as sample 4 in Appendix A.\n6 We conducted this analysis only on claims with dates of service.\n7 The ICD-9 code for PTSD is 309.81. Our measure of psychiatric disorders includes all ICD-9 "]
[12.227503776550293, 19.512489318847656, " and police with MSD claims in comparison to other public-sector workers and similar private-sector workers. On nonmusculoskeletal disorder claims, psychiatric disorder rates for firefighters and police are closer to those observed among comparable p"]
[12.213554382324219, 19.503787994384766, "s had relative earnings of 90 percent over the two years after injury, versus relative earnings of 71 percent for firefighters who also had psychiatric comorbidities. Consistent with the estimates in Chapter 4, relative earnings for workers in other "]
[12.205653190612793, 19.513225555419922, "ychiatric comorbidities are associated with worse labor market outcomes compared to MSDs without such comorbidities. This finding was anticipated given previous evidence on earnings losses for workers with permanent disability due to psychiatric impa"]
[11.948555946350098, 18.47332000732422, "ornia and the changes implemented under SB 863. This discussion draws heavily on Chapter 5 of Dworsky et al. (2016). Readers seeking further details may wish to consult that report.\nThe level of permanent disability (PD) benefits provided to an injur"]
[11.947400093078613, 18.477100372314453, "er, the larger the magnitude of the adjustment. Again assuming a 10-percent rating after occupational adjustment, a 21-year-old worker would have the rating reduced to 8 percent and a 62-year-old worker would be increased to 13 percent. The age- adju"]
[11.906447410583496, 18.423198699951172, "ed to calculate permanent partial disability. Second, SB 863 made several modifications to the Permanent Disability Rating Schedule. We briefly discuss these changes here, with an emphasis on the potential impacts on firefighters with MSDs.2\nOne majo"]
[11.952513694763184, 18.453310012817383, "lic safety workers who are unable to return to work.\n 57\nbelow the statewide average weekly wage, the majority of all injured workers were receiving the maximum weekly PD benefit before SB 863. The workers examined in this report\u2014particularly firefig"]
[12.016939163208008, 18.518569946289062, "t. Like the add-on elimination, the bump-up / bump-down elimination was expected to have limited effect because the implementing language in SB 899 was interpreted by the courts to mean a substantial fraction of PPD benefits are paid out before the b"]
[12.132057189941406, 18.641122817993164, " a back injury. The injury in the Guzman case was carpal tunnel syndrome. 59\n Data\nWe rely on disability ratings performed by the state DEU. DEU performs three types of ratings, known as consult, summary, and formal ratings. The characteristics of ca"]
[12.137283325195312, 18.60107421875, "with PD, and it is therefore unclear whether DEU can be treated as representative of the full population of workers with PD. As discussed above, cases with different types of ratings (summary, consult, or formal) reach DEU through distinct pathways t"]
[12.14638614654541, 18.7578067779541, "is of trends. Sample sizes by occupation and period (pre- vs. post- SB 863) are presented below.\nTable 6.3 shows summary statistics on DEU ratings for workers in one of the occupations of interest in this study with MSDs. Panel A reports summary stat"]
[12.205154418945312, 19.369916915893555, "Impairments and Disability Ratings for Firefighters and Other Workers\nBefore comparing ratings and benefits across occupations, we examine the distribution- specific impairments rated in MSD for firefighters and other occupations. We grouped impairme"]
[12.184950828552246, 19.272247314453125, " 6.4. Body Part of Highest-Rated Permanent Impairment by Occupation, Constant-Maturity Musculoskeletal Disorder Cases\n Body Part\nKnee\nLumbar spine\nShoulder\nCervical spine\nAnkle\nHip\nElbow\nArm neuropathy\nHypertensive cardiovascular disease Other\nActive"]
[12.19918441772461, 19.316879272460938, "26) 13.0 13.0 (0.74) (0.40)\nOther Private-Sector\n 12.5 12.9\n Table 6.6 presents final ratings by occupation, both for the full 2005\u20132015 sample and by injury date, with injury dates grouped into cases rated under the pre\u2013SB 863 disability rating sche"]
[12.196210861206055, 19.273181915283203, "results presented in Table 6.6 reflect average outcomes over the entire period when the disability rating schedule established under SB 899 was in effect, from 2005 to 2012. Since outcomes may have changed during this period, a narrower-term comparis"]
[12.196209907531738, 19.31216049194336, "89)\nNOTE: Standard errors\nOther Private-Sector\n Active Public Police Sector\n11.0 10.8 (0.38) (0.18) 10.8 10.3 (0.46) (0.21) 11.2 10.9 (0.37) (0.17) 13.1 12.6 (0.40) (0.21)\n11.6 11.2 (0.20) (0.10)\nComparison Group\n10.6 (0.71) 14.2 (1.29) 12.1 (0.89) 1"]
[12.181306838989258, 19.362653732299805, "n summary ratings, this appeared to reflect systemwide rating practices rather than anything particular to firefighters.\nThese findings suggest that increased apportionment among consult ratings may have offset some of the rating increases anticipate"]
[12.211662292480469, 19.405780792236328, "D injuries Non-MSD injuries\nActive Active Firefighters Police\n0.6% 0.5% 4.0% 3.7%\nActive Active Firefighters Police\n0.6% 0.4% 0.0% 1.0%\nActive Active Firefighters Police\n0.0% 1.1% 7.7% 6.0%\nOther Public Sector\n1.6% 10.6%\nOther Public Sector\n1.3% 1.8%"]
[12.20817756652832, 19.323822021484375, " the average statutory benefit across occupations and over time. Table 6.10 shows that there were substantial increases in statutory benefits after SB 863 took effect for both summary and consult ratings. As above, we compare 2010\u20132012 injury dates t"]
[12.09259033203125, 19.405582427978516, "apportionment to nonoccupational cause. While we did not have a sufficient sample size of firefighters with consult ratings to examine differences across occupation, across all occupations the increased frequency of apportionment was concentrated amo"]
[11.852511405944824, 19.349851608276367, "e targeted modes of treatment: chiropractic, OT, and PT. Although LC \u00a74604.5 specified that the cap could be waived with written authorization by the employer, the treatment caps clearly established a new and substantial barrier to receipt of care be"]
[12.085799217224121, 19.371732711791992, "899 differentially reduced spending on low back injuries and that this reduction in spending led to worse labor market outcomes for injured workers. Powell and Seabury (2018), however, did not have access to data on medical claims and were not able t"]
[11.830964088439941, 19.35021209716797, "that are subsequently reversed are a reasonable indication of delays and hassles encountered by injured workers.\nTo study the treatment caps, we focused on visit counts within the three varieties of capped services: chiropractic, OT, and PT. We focus"]
[11.885579109191895, 19.348392486572266, "sit counts up to three years after the first service date in the workers\u2019 compensation bills.\nResults\nTable 7.1 reports the proportion of indemnity claims receiving each of the capped services at any time in the first three years of medical care. Uti"]
[11.81801986694336, 19.34449005126953, "its.\nFigures 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 depict the distribution of chiropractic, OT, and PT visit counts for workers using each service type who had 36 or fewer visits in the first three years after the first service date. The fitted curve on each histogram i"]
[11.86661148071289, 19.357479095458984, "\n93.85% 0.78% 5.36%\n83.61% 1.56% 14.83%\nPrivate-Sector Comparison\n94.15% 0.68% 5.17%\n96.20% 0.90% 2.90%\n83.87% 1.69% 14.44%\n Under 24 visits Exactly 24 visits Over 24 visits\n Occupational Therapy\nUnder 24 visits Exactly 24 visits Over 24 visits\nPhysi"]
[12.12132453918457, 19.419994354248047, "24 visits on pre\u2013SB 228 injuries, it is difficult to know how many workers would have received more than 24 visits in the absence of the treatment caps. It is also plausible that the major reforms implemented in 2004\u20132005 (as well as the more recent "]
[12.231307029724121, 19.489097595214844, "other workers. Similar to the 2010 report, we found that firefighters are significantly more likely to be injured than workers in other occupations, and a larger share of those injuries are MSDs. Specifically, we found that nearly half (47 percent) o"]
[12.173995971679688, 19.403661727905273, "ss likely to separate from their at-injury employers than other types of workers. In most occupations, employment at the at- injury employer is well below the overall employment rate, indicating that injury can lead to increased job separations or ca"]
[12.187850952148438, 19.45598030090332, "ssible to credibly evaluate their impact on patient outcomes.\nThere are a number of policy implications from the findings. Perhaps most importantly, California firefighters continue to face an elevated risk of injuries, particularly MSDs. While injur"]
[11.807619094848633, 19.047473907470703, "rlying results in the text.\nSample Construction and Weighting\nWe construct four separate analytic samples for analysis. For each sample, we construct weights to correct for bias due to potentially nonrandom variation in data reporting across the popu"]
[12.454082489013672, 18.46584701538086, "kers in California, not just those who pass this claim administrator screen, we construct weights to match the target distribution described above. To construct these weights, we first partition our data into mutually exclusive categories defined by "]
[12.17115592956543, 19.37149429321289, "\nA limitation of our reliance on DEU data is that the population of workers who are rated at DEU may not be representative of the full population of workers with PD. Furthermore, because PD may take many years to emerge after injury, even the WCIS cl"]
[12.176685333251953, 19.412527084350586, "osis\n93\n734; 735\nLegg-Perthes disease; osteoporosis, spontaneous fracture, other diseases of the\n781\nSuch symptoms as leg cramps, leg pain, muscle pain, joint pain\nCarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)\nTable A.4 reports a cross-tabulation of this definition a"]
[12.078895568847656, 19.241987228393555, "valence of the specific types of diagnoses used in our diagnosis- based definition for the sample of claims that do versus do not meet the FROI-based definition. The distribution of diagnoses is very similar across columns with one exception: workers"]
[12.466743469238281, 18.264881134033203, " advantage given our study\u2019s focus on trends in case mix and outcomes.\nAdditional Details on Methods for Earnings Loss Estimation (Chapter 4)\nOur primary estimation sample for analysis of earnings losses includes injuries between 2005 and 2015 matche"]
[12.526008605957031, 18.15338134765625, "stimate outcomes for indemnity injuries relative to the medical-only control group. We use Poisson regression to accommodate the heavily right-skewed distribution of earnings. This regression model can be written as follows:\nyit \uf03dexp(\uf061\uf02b\uf062Indemnityi \uf02b\uf067"]
[12.1146879196167, 18.63869857788086, "ional Details on Disability Evaluation Unit Data Construction (Chapter 6)\nDIR provided the RAND research team with data on DEU ratings. A member of the research team (Neuhauser) processed these data and produced a file with information on up to six r"]
[12.120001792907715, 18.63064193725586, "w final rating using the formula set forth in the Permanent Disability Rating Schedule for combining multiple ratings.\nWe linked the WCIS data described in earlier chapters to DEU so that we could maintain consistency with the definitions of MSDs and"]
[11.805243492126465, 19.347047805786133, "e do not believe there is evidence of changes over time in selection into DEU that would bias analysis of changes in ratings after SB 863.\nIn light of these issues, we do not attempt to reweight DEU records to obtain representative estimates for the "]
[11.798453330993652, 19.347000122070312, "ess/eval; Physical therapist assess/eval; Physical therapist assess/eval; Physical therapist assess/eval; Physical therapist assess/eval; Physical therapist assess/eval; PT evaluation\nPT reevaluation\nOT evaluation\nOT reevaluation Therapeutic exercise"]
[12.219449043273926, 19.38834571838379, "eiving Any Capped Services, by Injury Type, Service Type, and Occupation, Alternative Service Definition\nOther Private- Active Public Sector\n Type of Injury Firefighters\nActive Police Sector Comparison\n Chiropractic\n Non-MSD 8.7 9.5\n9.2 8.2 9.0 7.7\n8"]
[12.360917091369629, 18.423908233642578, "esponds to the time limit for LC \u00a74850 benefits.\nTo evaluate the robustness of our analysis to this form of misreporting, we produced earnings loss estimates focusing solely on the second year after injury, after the expiration of LC \u00a74850 time. Thes"]
[12.187726974487305, 19.30502700805664, ")\n\u20130.150*** (0.00509)\n\u20130.145*** (0.00490)\n\u20130.171*** (0.0235)\n\u20130.164*** (0.0232)\n Figure B.1. Injured and Control Worker Earnings to Three Years Postinjury, by Occupation\n         107\nAdditional Results for Disability Rating Analysis (Chapter 6)\nTable"]
[12.198113441467285, 19.31368637084961, "average\n2010\u20132012 average\nActive Active Firefighters Police\n3.033 3.897*** (1.928) (0.916) 0.497 3.459*** (2.523) (1.071)\nOther Public Sector\n2.114*** (0.477) 0.0709 (0.575)\nPrivate- Sector Comparison Group\n1.519 (2.103) \u20130.490 (2.646)\n  109\n  B. Dif"]
[12.192096710205078, 19.33618927001953, " occupations. Particularly sharp increases were apparent for firefighters and other public-sector workers with summary ratings.\nTable B.7. Almaraz Ratings by Injury Date and Occupation, Consult Ratings\n Injury Date\n2005\u20132012\n2013\u20132015\n2005\u20132015 Chang"]
[11.789355278015137, 21.88997459411621, "Berninger, Amy, Mayris P. Webber, Hillel W. Cohen, Jackson Gustave, Roy Lee, Justin K. Niles, Sydney Chiu, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Jackie Soo, Kerry Kelly, and David J. Prezant, \u201cTrends of Elevated PTSD Risk in Firefighters Exposed to the World Trade Cent"]
[11.23837947845459, 18.195293426513672, "s.cdc.gov/view/cdc/39008\nDepartment of Industrial Relations, California Safety Officer Workers\u2019 Compensation Cancer Presumption\u2014Impact of AB 1035, San Francisco, Calif.: Department of Industrial Relations, 2014.\nDIR\u2014See Department of Industrial Relat"]
[12.213751792907715, 19.5594539642334, "org/10.1136/OEMED-2016-104015\nHaynes, Hylton J. G., and Joseph L. Molis, United States Firefighter Injuries\u20142016, Quincy, Mass.: National Fire Protection Association, 2017.\nHoge, Charles W., Carl A. Castro, Stephen C. Messer, Dennis McGurk, Dave I. C"]
[12.212776184082031, 19.52861213684082, " University of Montana, Missoula, Mont: ScholarWorks, Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers, January 2017, 11059. As of July 29, 2019: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/11059\n116\nSeabury, Seth A., and Christopher F. McLaren, Th"]
[12.159754753112793, 18.80067253112793, "Industrial Cancers in California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation System\nEvidence on Earnings Losses and Disability Benefits\nMICHAEL DWORSKY, CAROLYN M. RUTTER\n  SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nPrepared for the California Department of Industrial Relations\nFor"]
[12.2612943649292, 18.912050247192383, "orm the ongoing debate over compensation for industrial cancer in California. In this report, we provide new evidence on the following questions:\n1. What level of earnings losses is experienced by workers who file workers\u2019 compensation claims for ind"]
[12.324445724487305, 19.014698028564453, "information, email justicepolicy@rand.org.\niv\nContents\nPreface............................................................................................................................................ iii Figures...................................."]
[12.364669799804688, 19.0728702545166, "rnings Losses and Benefit Payments for Workers with Occupational Cancer Claims\nby Gender................................................................................................................................ 40 Earnings and Employment Change"]
[12.350248336791992, 19.080732345581055, ".................................................... 31\nTable 3.4. Disability Ratings for Constant-Maturity Cancer Cases Evaluated at the State Disability Evaluation Unit, by Injury Date ..............................................................."]
[12.356264114379883, 19.087934494018555, "of Injury Under Alternative Case Definitions, by Occupation ....................................................................... 62\nviii\nSummary\nCalifornia\u2019s workers\u2019 compensation system requires employers to provide medical care and disability (o"]
[12.203027725219727, 18.833269119262695, "legislative attention. Much of this controversy stems from concerns about the fairness of permanent partial disability (PPD) benefits for workers with occupational cancer. Permanent disability (PD) compensation in California is based on impairment ra"]
[12.36685848236084, 19.083927154541016, "ing of demographically identical workers in the same occupations and industries who filed minor, or medical-only, workers\u2019 compensation claims expected to result in minimal long-term earnings losses. We used claims data to calculate the proportion of"]
[12.375395774841309, 19.066734313964844, " and detection rise with age. They are also overwhelmingly male: just 13.6 percent of workers with cancer claims in our sample were female, while 41.2 percent of workers with a non-cancer claim were female. This gender breakdown largely reflects the "]
[12.379301071166992, 19.10635757446289, " different characteristics from others with workers\u2019 compensation claims, there are also important differences in demographics, benefit receipt, and claim denial rates across occupational groups (Table S.2). Lifeguards with cancer are substantially y"]
[12.36928939819336, 19.086971282958984, "d workers to access compensation for occupational cancers. However, other explanations for this pattern cannot be ruled out without more detailed information on primary cancer site or stage at diagnosis; such information was not available in the clai"]
[12.370959281921387, 19.084558486938477, "an half the level observed among peace officers and firefighters before the claim, their losses in dollar terms ($43,000) also exceed those for any occupation group examined in this study.\nxiv\nFigure S.1. Earnings Losses After Cancer Claims, by Occup"]
[12.356406211853027, 19.081520080566406, " firefighters.\nTable S.3. Pretax Wage Replacement Rates over Five Years, by Occupation\n          5-year earnings losses (extrapolated) (Standard error)\nAverage benefit payments\nPretax wage replacement rates\nPeace Officers\n$40,826 ($5,205) $19,860 49%"]
[12.395809173583984, 19.083311080932617, "im filing for public safety workers. Even for peace officers and firefighters, however, rates of full or partial denial on cancer claims are several times higher than those observed for the average workers\u2019 compensation claim. Detailed examination of"]
[12.364485740661621, 19.085514068603516, "atively high (86 percent) for firefighters, but was far lower for peace officers (49 percent) and lower still for workers in other occupations (39 percent). Workers in these other occupation groups had high disability ratings and also had the highest"]
[12.305333137512207, 18.997026443481445, "with cancer site and staging. Linking workers\u2019 compensation data to group health claims with a consortium of large public employers or, potentially, a retiree health care system would dramatically improve the credibility of our claims-based case asce"]
[11.85102367401123, 18.411176681518555, "artial disability\nPTD permanent total disability\nSB Senate Bill\nSROI Subsequent Report of Injury\nTD temporary disability\nTTD temporary total disability\nWCIS Workers\u2019 Compensation Information System\n xxi\n1. Introduction\nAs in other states, California\u2019"]
[12.29081916809082, 18.95987319946289, "e:\n1. Do the standards for determining impairment due to occupational injury or illness accurately reflect the level of impairment caused by industrial cancer?\n 1\n2. Study and compare the differences between the fifth and sixth editions of the Americ"]
[11.723960876464844, 18.261302947998047, "examination of the AMA Guides and the rating process in California in relation to industrial cancer claims\u201d (DIR, 2019, pp. 4\u20135).\n 2\nthree days or that requires an inpatient hospital admission. Workers with a temporary condition will collect weekly t"]
[11.851033210754395, 18.391830444335938, "its are thus infrequently used. We estimate that 1.0 percent of cancer cases receive PTD benefits without also receiving PPD benefits. This group accounts for 3.4 percent of workers with PD (i.e., those with either PPD or PTD benefits). In this repor"]
[11.959712982177734, 18.470314025878906, "stantial reduction in the size of PD ratings: the adoption of the AMA Guides led to a reduction because the average rating in the AMA Guides is lower than the rating assigned to a similar impairment evaluated using the pre-2005 PDRS. Neuhauser (2007)"]
[11.897397994995117, 18.386220932006836, "ept those whose impairments already had an adjustment factor of 1.4.4 Second, the maximum weekly wage used to calculate PPD benefits was raised for the first time since 2006. Workers injured between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2012, were eligib"]
[12.369588851928711, 19.08193588256836, "eases arising out of and in the course of employment, including cancer. The most likely mechanism for work to cause cancer is exposure to carcinogens in the workplace or while carrying out job duties. The National Institute of Occupational Safety and"]
[12.368192672729492, 19.082687377929688, "of workers with occupational disease filed a workers\u2019 compensation claim (Biddle et al., 1998). We note that these estimates were derived from data on cases identified between 1992 and 1994 in Michigan, and so the external validity of these findings "]
[12.308012008666992, 19.01987075805664, "care available to workers with cancer.\n8\n2. Data and Methods for Studying Earnings Loss and Benefits Due to Occupational Cancer\nThis chapter provides an overview of the data sources used in this study and our analytic methods. Our analysis of earning"]
[11.759317398071289, 19.022918701171875, "the state Employment Development Department (EDD) to measure postinjury labor market outcomes.\nThe WCIS FROI/SROI and EDD data used in this study, which are quite complex, are described at length in Chapter 2 and Appendix A of Dworsky, Rennane, and B"]
[11.796780586242676, 19.046981811523438, "e reported to claim administrator), worker demographics (i.e., age and sex), job and employer characteristics\n10\n(i.e., weekly wage, class code, and location), and information about the type of injury (nature, cause, and body part of injury). After a"]
[12.177985191345215, 18.751523971557617, "d the resulting disability rating. To supplement the WCIS, we will use data on ratings from the California DEU. DEU is a state agency that performs between 60,000 and 80,000 ratings of permanent disabilities each year. The DEU data contain specific i"]
[12.377388000488281, 19.113492965698242, "ultiple injuries when other occupational injuries have occurred or occupational diseases are present.\nTo address the shortcomings of our primary case definition, we conducted sensitivity analyses in which we used medical bills reported to the WCIS to"]
[12.467458724975586, 19.369884490966797, " officer occupation group beyond police and sheriff\u2019s deputies. However, this initial approach led to a small, but nontrivial number of public safety workers (primarily peace officers with less common job titles, such as special agents or investigato"]
[12.370369911193848, 19.133583068847656, "efighter workforce remains overwhelmingly male, and there were too few cancer claims from female lifeguards to provide informative estimates of gender differences; the other occupations group, meanwhile, had a higher proportion of female workers with"]
[11.861748695373535, 19.062808990478516, "trate reliable reporting of the SROI.5 We dropped 1,283 cases due to missing data or because they were submitted by claims administrators that systematically failed to report benefit payments and other claim outcomes, leaving 4,156 cases with complet"]
[12.37065315246582, 19.088104248046875, "ation was motivated by concerns about cases in the other occupations category that appeared likely to be misclassified public safety workers or were otherwise ambiguous, it is not surprising that many of the cases dropped were in the other occupation"]
[12.381050109863281, 19.097326278686523, "\nAgriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting (11)\nMining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction (21)\nUtilities (22)\nConstruction (23)\nManufacturing (31\u201333)\nWholesale Trade (42)\nRetail Trade (44\u201345)\nTransportation and Warehousing (48\u201349)\nInformation (5"]
[12.406007766723633, 19.083297729492188, "ensation claims other than cancer result in payment of death benefits, versus 2.8 percent of cancer claims.8\nThe above calculations include all cancer claims filed, including denied claims. Table 2.1 also makes it clear that cancer claims are subject"]
[12.385022163391113, 19.093223571777344, "mographics prevented us from obtaining meaningful estimates of gender differences in postinjury outcomes for firefighters or lifeguards.\nTable 2.2. Demographics, Benefit Receipt, and Employer Characteristics of Workers\u2019 Compensation Claims, by Cancer"]
[12.381187438964844, 19.09612464904785, " is unsurprising given the severity of cancer, we found major differences across occupations in the probability that claims resulted in paid death benefits. We did not observe paid death benefits for any lifeguards in our sample, while 2.4 percent of"]
[12.359175682067871, 19.085744857788086, " the availability and scope of legal presumptions for cancer. Presumptions for lifeguards are limited to skin cancer, which can frequently be treated with limited side effects. It is therefore unsurprising that lifeguards with cancer claims experienc"]
[12.483931541442871, 18.39922332763672, "main continuously employed, the inclusion of workers who leave employment after the quarter of injury outweighs wage growth (see Dworsky et al., 2016, for an example). Furthermore, wage growth and the risk of job loss are highly sensitive to economic"]
[12.42074966430664, 18.788843154907227, "hich was also focused narrowly on injuries and labor market outcomes for firefighters and other groups of public safety workers.\nThe great advantage of using workers with medical-only injuries is that the filing of a workers\u2019 compensation claim provi"]
[12.486944198608398, 18.399341583251953, "ith the same type of employer). For other occupations, we control for the two-digit NAICS code (e.g., manufacturing, utilities, construction, or health care). We include similar controls for seven categories of employer size at the time of injury, wh"]
[12.107258796691895, 18.374038696289062, "r terms could be misleading. We use the Poisson regression estimates when we describe earnings losses in percentage terms.\nMethods for Calculating Pretax Wage Replacement Rates\nEstimating wage replacement rates for this study posed some additional ch"]
[12.381476402282715, 19.066627502441406, "ctions in earnings in the years following a cancer claim. Employment rates for these groups of workers are reported in the second panel of the table. Compared with workers in other occupations, public safety workers have very high employment rates tw"]
[12.385801315307617, 19.06991195678711, " presents these event-study estimates by plotting two lines for each occupation. The solid colored lines with markers show the actual earnings of workers with cancer claims in each of the four occupation groups.3 The light gray dashed line plotted fo"]
[12.3883056640625, 19.065330505371094, "e pattern observed for lifeguards reflects the seasonality of lifeguard employment; this distinctive pattern underscores the importance for the present study of using a control group of workers with medical-only injuries whose occupations can be obse"]
[12.371825218200684, 19.07264518737793, "cers and firefighters before the claim, their losses in dollar terms ($43,000) exceed those for any occupation group examined in this study.\nTable 3.2 summarizes the earnings losses depicted in Figure 3.1 by reporting the results from our regression "]
[12.2290678024292, 19.143577575683594, "aluate the robustness of our estimates to reverse causation associated with claims that are filed with a substantial delay, we estimated our main regression models on a sample that excluded all claims (both cancer claims and medical-only claims) file"]
[12.189675331115723, 18.858997344970703, "in substantive terms and is consistent with our expectation that SB 863 would have increased final ratings substantially. However, the sample of ratings performed at DEU was limited, and this difference was not statistically significant either.8\n7 Mo"]
[12.345072746276855, 19.062828063964844, "nefit receipt and average paid amounts for those receiving benefits differ sharply between public safety workers and those in other occupations. TTD payments for those receiving TTD benefits averaged $47,197 for peace officers and $58,326 for firefig"]
[12.379487991333008, 19.079317092895508, "cross occupations for the vast majority\n9 As noted above, we observed no lifeguards who received TTD benefits for cancer claims. 33\n of workers; while SB 863 raised the maximum weekly PD benefit substantially between 2012 and 2014, most workers with "]
[12.34467887878418, 19.012588500976562, "6, we compare benefit payments with earnings losses in order to derive a measure of the pretax wage replacement rate provided to the average worker with a cancer claim in each\n10 Unfortunately, we did not have access to any other reliable source of d"]
[12.37541675567627, 18.99814224243164, "the second year after injury for workers injured between 2005 and 2008, for whom five-year losses were directly observable. This ratio was 4.74, meaning that the dollar value of losses over five years after injury is 4.74 times the value of losses in"]
[12.379369735717773, 19.0687313079834, "05), they found that less-educated cancer patients experienced more severe earnings and employment losses. Occupational differences between blue-collar and white-collar workers were also substantial.\nOther studies that did not provide longitudinal es"]
[12.374289512634277, 19.071491241455078, "ts in Michigan. Bradley et al. (2007) found substantial reductions in employment at 6 months for both breast cancer patients (17-percentage-point reduction) and prostate cancer patients (10-percentage-point reduction), but that reductions in employme"]
[12.374513626098633, 19.06886100769043, "table that we find persistently lower employment for all occupation groups other than lifeguards, when the U.S.-based studies on outcomes at two or more years after diagnosis generally do not find strong evidence of reduced employment. The peace offi"]
[12.377143859863281, 19.079484939575195, " generous for patients who remain cancer-free, but inadequate for patients who experience recurrence or new cancers in the future. While the potential for long-term complications that lead to reduced work capacity in the future is relevant for a wide"]
[12.37346076965332, 19.0689640045166, "              Annual earnings\nEmployment\nNumber of cases\n2 years before injury 1 year before injury 1 year after injury\n2 years after injury\n2 years before injury 1 year before injury 1 year after injury\n2 years after injury\nMale\n$116,880 $119,724 $1"]
[12.370270729064941, 19.071870803833008, "rs\n\u201310,219*** (3,029) \u20136,497 (12,823) 58,088\nLifeguards\n4,330 (3,433) \u20138,011 (6,397) 1,970\nOther\n\u201351,096*** (3,796) 20,994*** (5,372) 3,199,352\n  NOTES: *** p < 0.01. Standard errors appear in parentheses.\nFor the three groups of public safety worker"]
[12.398843765258789, 19.04966926574707, "for disability ratings and benefit payments conditional on benefit receipt by gender.\n43\nseem to suggest that female peace officers have, on average, slightly higher standard and final ratings compared with male peace officers. However, no gender dif"]
[12.373617172241211, 19.076940536499023, "ficance of difference between male and female workers in each occupation. Significance of differences in percentage with benefits was assessed using a chi-squared test. Significance of differences in dollar amounts was assessed using a two-sample t-t"]
[12.384086608886719, 19.094011306762695, "by the presumptions. Even for peace officers and firefighters, however, rates of full or partial denial on cancer claims are several times higher than those observed for the average workers\u2019 compensation claim. Detailed examination of delays in benef"]
[12.375027656555176, 19.07842254638672, " likely to contain more women. For the time being, however, the small number of women who filed workers\u2019 compensation claims for cancer poses a major challenge to research on the role of gender in the workers\u2019 compensation system\u2019s treatment of cance"]
[12.371210098266602, 19.019397735595703, "d with other injuries or diseases. Unfortunately, our inability to capture medical claims and diagnoses outside workers\u2019 compensation (most notably from workers\u2019 group health coverage) means that our case definitions based on medical claims are almos"]
[12.407586097717285, 19.117218017578125, " to pension eligibility. However, multiple cancer screening guidelines are keyed to ages 40, 45, and 50, and these guidelines generate sharp increases in screening that are likely to translate into increased detection at exactly the same ages when pu"]
[12.46323013305664, 19.28611183166504, " there were many cases with ambiguous occupation descriptions that we were unable to conclusively assign to one of our four occupational categories. When possible, we followed the approach taken in Dworsky, Seabury, and Broten (2019), which used occu"]
[12.367645263671875, 19.104419708251953, " of cases\nNumber of unique occupation titles\nPercentage of Cases\nPolice officer\nDeputy sheriff\nOfficer 11.9\nPercentage of Cases\n12.98\nPercentage of Cases\n40.79\nPercentage of Cases\n1.93\n1.45\n1.45\n1.45\n1.45\n1.45\n1.45 1.45 0.97\n0.97\nPeace Officer\nFirefi"]
[12.358349800109863, 19.11867904663086, " excluding benign and unspecified neoplasms (i.e., limited to ICD-9 codes 140\u2013209 and 230\u2013234) in three or more consecutive calendar quarters. This definition was chosen to select cases with a pattern of medical care over time that was very unlikely "]
[12.3753023147583, 19.09453582763672, " is likely to be missing from our data, limiting our ability to definitively identify the full population of cancer cases on the basis of medical bills reported to the WCIS.\nDespite these limitations, the WCIS medical bills provide us with the best a"]
[12.506231307983398, 18.218530654907227, "ver two years before injury and two years after injury to measure preinjury earnings and postinjury earnings. We assigned employment outcomes (both employment at any firm in California and employment specifically at the at-injury employer) from eight"]
[12.478784561157227, 18.240007400512695, " at-injury employer)\n\u2022 firm size (full set of indicators for seven categories of firm size, with cutpoints at 10, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, and 5,000 employees)\n\u2022 injury date (full set of indicators for calendar quarter of injury, from 2005Q1 to 2015Q4). "]
[12.482905387878418, 18.604841232299805, "n cannot be tested directly because we do not see what would have happened to these workers in the absence of the cancer claim, but it can be tested indirectly because we have eight quarterly observations prior to the date of injury. Specifically, we"]
[12.485776901245117, 18.614120483398438, "th a cancer claim to 1 and set the weight for each worker with a medical-only claim to \ud835\udc64\ud835\udc64 = \ud835\udc5d\ud835\udc5d /1 \u2212 \ud835\udc5d\ud835\udc5d , the\npredicted odds of a cancer claim, which measures how much more likely it is that the worker was a cancer case relative to a non-cancer case. "]
[12.406207084655762, 19.00878143310547, "\n\u20135,949*** (498.0)\n\u20135,503*** (651.1)\n\u20136,489*** (521.2)\n28,813,572\n0.223 0.0762 0.999\n      Number of observations\n(442.2) 1,460,079\n0.153 0.0482 1\n(607.9) 493,748\n0.195 0.188 0.988\n2\n\ud835\udef8\ud835\udef8 2statistic\np-value for parallel trends\nR\n6 \u20132,184*** (414.5)\n7 8"]
[12.376504898071289, 19.059045791625977, " with a substantial delay after the date of injury raises the possibility that some of these claims are filed, at least in part, in response to workers\u2019 labor market outcomes. In this case, our estimates of earnings losses could be biased due to reve"]
[12.363892555236816, 19.1331844329834, "tions\n\u201311,417*** (1,512) 635,450\n           NOTE: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. Standard errors appear in parentheses. \u201cNature of injury\u201d definition includes claims for which nature of injury on FROI is 74 (Cancer). \u201cMedical claims (loose)\u201d "]
[12.348848342895508, 19.046255111694336, "Cancer: Findings from a Longitudinal Study of Breast and Prostate Cancer Survivors Employment and Cancer,\u201d Cancer Investigation, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2007, pp. 47\u201354.\nBureau of Labor Statistics, \u201cLabor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey,\u201d"]
[12.277807235717773, 18.9630069732666, " in T. L. Guidotti, ed., Health Risks and Fair Compensation in the Fire Service, New York, N.Y.: Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2016,\npp. 265\u2013280.\nHauglann, Beate, Ju\u0304rate\u0307 S\u030caltyte\u0307 Benth, Sophie D. Fossa\u030a, and Alv A. Dahl, \u201cA Cohort"]
[12.335043907165527, 19.036998748779297, " on the Employment of Older Workers,\u201d Health Services Research, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2008, pp. 193\u2013210.\nStuart, Elizabeth, Haiden A. Huskamp, Kenneth Duckworth, Jeffrey Simmons, Zirui Song, Michael E. Chernew, and Colleen L. Barry, \u201cUsing Propensity Score"]
[11.650724411010742, 18.076522827148438, "Wage Loss Monitoring for Injured Workers in California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation System\n2016\u20132017 Injury Year Findings (Third Interim Report)\nSTEPHANIE RENNANE, NICHOLAS BROTEN, MICHAEL DWORSKY\n  SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nSponsored by the Californ"]
[11.363065719604492, 17.682998657226562, "er an accurate and up-to date estimate of wage loss for all injured workers in the state.\nRAND Institute for Civil Justice\nThe RAND Institute for Civil Justice (ICJ) is dedicated to improving the civil justice system by supplying policymakers and the"]
[12.293999671936035, 18.047697067260742, "......................................... 8 Conceptual Framework........................................................................................................................... 12 Earnings Dynamics Through Injury for Injured and Uninjured "]
[12.298672676086426, 18.015722274780273, "............................. xi Earnings Loss Trends by Claim Severity ................................................................... xii Earnings Loss Trends for Constant-Maturity Indemnity Claims..............................xiii Injured and "]
[12.32911491394043, 18.026870727539062, "r After Injury:\nAll Indemnity Injuries........................................................................................................... 87 Figure A.3a. Earnings Loss by Industry for Workers with Permanent Partial Disability\nBenefits (consta"]
[12.387211799621582, 18.0577335357666, "Percentage Matched by Firm Size .............................................................................. 54 Table A.3a. Balance Statistics by Injury Cohort........................................................................... 54 Table A.3b"]
[12.24047565460205, 18.0135555267334, ".................................................................................. 80\nTable A.9f. Changes in Relative Earnings Compared to Overall Average, by Quartile of Pre-Injury Earnings............................................................"]
[12.130776405334473, 18.19517707824707, "r before\n2015\n\u2022 comparison of earnings losses due to 2016 and 2017 injuries and earnings loss for earlier\ninjury years\n\u2022 comparison of differences in earnings loss levels and changes across subgroups of\ninjuries.\nAs noted earlier, trends in earnings "]
[12.317461967468262, 18.092283248901367, "d control workers to estimate wage loss one and two years after injury.\nKey Findings\nUsing this methodology, we estimated earnings losses, relative employment, and post-injury employment at the same firm as prior to the injury for workers injured in "]
[12.243864059448242, 17.944244384765625, "econd full year after injury (1\u20134 quarters after quarter of injury).\nRelative Earnings Increased in Los Angeles but Declined in the Bay Area\nWe estimate that relative earnings in the first year after injury increased in Los Angeles by 2.1 percentage "]
[11.760904312133789, 18.140405654907227, "y, given long reporting lags, but show large declines in relative earnings during the Great Recession and modest improvements beginning in 2014.\nFollowing this report, RAND will produce a final policy report that will provide a more\n sustained analys"]
[11.6054105758667, 18.0938720703125, "tcomes\u2014leading to more substantial earnings losses\u2014also make it more difficult and costly for the workers\u2019 compensation system to meet its objective of providing adequate disability benefits to workers.\nThe overall objective of this project is to pro"]
[11.672934532165527, 18.228185653686523, "d injury or illness is defined as one that prevents a worker from doing his or her usual work for more than three days or that requires an inpatient hospital admission.4 Workers with a temporary condition will collect weekly temporary total disabilit"]
[11.858576774597168, 18.286376953125, " filed by workers who have already retired or separated from their employer for reasons unrelated to their injuries. This may be particularly likely for occupational disease claims, which have a longer claim filing window than injury claims. In other"]
[11.857232093811035, 18.352933883666992, "e similar to those observed for workers injured in 2010\u20132012 (Dworsky, Rennane, and Broten, 2018a, 2018b), consistent with this assumption. Although the findings in this report suggest that outcomes for injured workers have begun to improve for injur"]
[11.845911026000977, 18.3250789642334, "ers (ASCs) and payment for spinal hardware.\nPPD benefits also increased sharply because of changes to the disability rating formula and increases in the weekly maximum benefit. In addition to these changes, a $120 million Return to Work Fund was esta"]
[11.990392684936523, 18.199342727661133, " and affect care during the first two years after injury for the 2016 and 2017 injured workers at the focus of this report and potentially have an indirect effect on labor market outcomes. However, the potential impacts may be limited in the first fe"]
[11.983001708984375, 18.1408634185791, "jury and increase the risk of poor labor market outcomes. At the same time, increased labor demand due to economic growth means that employers may be more motivated to accommodate workers after an injury, or that workers who end up leaving a job afte"]
[11.754480361938477, 19.00345802307129, "on to our methods should reference that study.\nData for Wage Loss Monitoring\nWe make use of several administrative data sources for this project, all of which have been used for prior RAND studies (e.g., Peterson et al., 1998; Reville et al., 2005; D"]
[11.809989929199219, 19.039228439331055, "that captures all market segments (including self-insured and public-sector employers). Given the absence of any more reliable benchmark, this study will follow Dworsky et al. (2016) in treating FROI reported to the WCIS as a representative sample of"]
[12.047688484191895, 18.245372772216797, "ng report.9 Additionally, this report provides an opportunity to update the data for injuries occurring in 2014 and 2015 now that more time has elapsed since the date of injury.\nAlso because of the longer follow-up period in this report, we present r"]
[12.307292938232422, 18.442014694213867, "n the Base Wage File. The Base Wage File represents the most accurate and comprehensive source of data on quarterly wage and salary earnings in California. The industries covered by UI are virtually identical to the industries covered by workers\u2019 com"]
[12.488898277282715, 18.339065551757812, "ceptual Framework\nWe define earnings loss due to a workplace injury as the difference between what a worker earns following an injury and what he or she would have earned had he or she not been injured. We refer to the counterfactual amount that a wo"]
[12.509188652038574, 18.31641387939453, "es data to tell us how each injured worker\u2019s earnings would have evolved over time. A major\n12\nadvantage of our method is that the data on the matched controls can capture subtle differences between workers in the dynamics of potential earnings, incl"]
[12.566184043884277, 18.35263442993164, "to non-employment are highest in agriculture, ranging over the year from 10.9 percent to 27.7 percent.\nOverall, the share of all separations that lead to a period of non-employment for the worker is higher during recessions and lower during periods o"]
[12.504180908203125, 18.33934211730957, "pool to workers who were employed at the same firm as the injured worker during the quarter of injury. To further limit the donor pool, we discarded potential controls whose annual earnings are not close to those of the injured worker. Specifically, "]
[12.514028549194336, 18.322782516479492, " before the quarter of injury and the eighth quarter after injury.13\nFinally, we selected control workers for injured workers with complete records on key FROI variables and valid EDD wage histories. As shown in Table 2.1, we successfully matched abo"]
[12.481807708740234, 18.291059494018555, "clines before and after the date of injury are driven by the fact that we are sampling workers at a point when 100 percent of both injured and control workers are employed: The lower employment rate (and, as a result, earnings) before and after the p"]
[12.520472526550293, 18.29851722717285, "or to the four-quarter match window provides an indirect evaluation of our matching methodology. Figure 2.1 illustrates clearly that injured and control worker earnings are extremely close over the year before the match window (pre-injury quarters \u20138"]
[12.323087692260742, 18.066728591918945, " we primarily emphasize trends in earnings losses. However, it is useful to see how total employment and at-injury employment evolve for both injured and control workers in order to interpret the relative measures that we focus on in our presentation"]
[12.389777183532715, 18.207975387573242, "rnings loss a useful tool for monitoring changes in worker outcomes.\nHowever, a serious drawback of focusing on overall trends is that the relatively limited earnings losses experienced by the majority of medical-only cases can make it difficult to d"]
[12.465590476989746, 18.24285316467285, "rnings is the difference between injured and control worker real earnings over the first (for 2016 and 2017 injuries) or second (for 2016 injuries only) year following the quarter of injury, adjusted by the difference between injured and control work"]
[12.453744888305664, 18.22607421875, "he year before the injury, and that the control workers\u2019 average earnings in the second post-injury year are $36,200. Because the injured worker earned $200 less than his or her control workers prior to the injury, counterfactual earnings are adjuste"]
[12.361995697021484, 18.07330322265625, "economic recovery [2013\u20132015], and the 2016 and 2017 injury cohorts). Details of our regression specifications are presented in the appendix. We ran these regressions on first-year post-injury outcomes, including the 2016 and 2017 injury cohorts, and"]
[12.33043098449707, 18.014989852905273, "ups experience changes that are different from the overall average. For instance, if relative earnings for manufacturing workers injured in 2014\u20132015 were four percentage points less than the systemwide average, these estimates would tell us whether "]
[12.340118408203125, 17.993980407714844, "y year 96% Relative employment\nFirst post-injury year 100% Second post-injury year 102% Relative at-injury employment\nFirst post-injury year 91% Second post-injury year 86%\nRecession Pre\u2013SB 863\nPost\u2013SB 863\nPre- Recovery,\n     2008\u20132009 2010\u20132012 2013"]
[12.323354721069336, 17.989229202270508, "ured in 2016 and 2017 relative to prior cohorts, with a mean of $706 (compared to a mean pre-injury weekly wage ranging between $656 and $675 for prior cohorts) and a median of $540, increasing from $499 for the 2013\u20132015 injury cohorts. Given that t"]
[12.33320140838623, 17.9489688873291, "y Area, 20 percent in the Inland Empire, and another 24 percent in Los Angeles (a two-percentage-point decline from the 2013\u2013 2015 injury cohorts). Eleven percent of injured workers lived in the Central Valley, and the remainder were spread fairly ev"]
[12.345507621765137, 17.970666885375977, "d 77 to 78 percent between 2008 and 2012. Still, the share with at least one year of job tenure is higher than the 70 percent observed in the 2005\u20132007 injury cohorts.\n30\nTable 3.3. Industry, Firm Size, and Job Tenure by Year of Injury Year of Injury"]
[12.346210479736328, 17.9864501953125, " the second post-injury year also increased from 88 for the 2013\u20132015 injury cohorts to 89 percent for 2016 injuries. Relative at-injury employment during the first post-injury year also increased by one percentage point relative to 2013\u20132015, to 79 "]
[12.327548027038574, 18.049169540405273, "ins a constant-maturity sample of claims where the worker received PPD benefits within 36 months of injury.\nTable 3.5 shows the results on relative earnings, total employment, and at-injury employment for the constant-maturity PPD sample. Relative ea"]
[12.356161117553711, 18.037015914916992, "loyment also remained stable for the overall 2016 and 2017 injury cohorts but increased by two percentage points, to 87 percent, in the first post-injury year for workers with indemnity payments from the 2016 and 2017 injury cohorts, and one percenta"]
[12.261480331420898, 18.086647033691406, "ensation system, as well as trends estimated separately for medical-only and indemnity claims, and some preliminary analyses of outcomes for workers with permanent disability payments through 2015.\nIn this chapter, we estimate trends in earnings loss"]
[12.317113876342773, 18.012353897094727, "ups of workers, or whether certain industries, regions, or other populations have had experiences that deviate from the statewide average trend.\nThe analysis presented here is descriptive and is not intended to test hypotheses about what mechanisms e"]
[12.317059516906738, 17.990646362304688, " year after injury, relative earnings declined by 1.9 percentage points for workers in retail who were injured in 2016. None of the other subgroups experienced statistically significant changes in relative earnings during the second year after injury"]
[12.358827590942383, 18.04676055908203, "ngs than the statewide average in larger firms. However, relative earnings in firms with over 5,000 employees declined by 1.6 percentage points for workers with permanent disability injured between 2013 and 2015. On the other hand, relative earnings "]
[12.307003021240234, 18.036222457885742, "e quartiles had relative earnings ranging between 50 and 60 percent, approximately a 30-percentage-point difference. Relative earnings for workers with PPD in the lowest wage quartile began to improve, increasing by four percentage points for workers"]
[12.33377742767334, 18.009803771972656, "in relative earnings during the first year after injury for workers with injuries of a specific nature in 2016 and 2017. We did not detect any statistically significant breaks in the relative earnings during the first year after injury for any of the"]
[12.251463890075684, 17.92853355407715, "ve earnings. Two exceptions to this general rule are the fact that workers from North State\u2013Shasta had significantly lower earnings relative to the average worker over the entire time frame, and workers in San Diego had significantly higher earnings "]
[12.259788513183594, 17.93340492248535, ": Relative earnings increased by an average of 3.8 percentage points during the first year after injury for workers injured in 2016 and 2017, and by 2.7 percentage points during the second year after injury for workers injured in 2016. Relative earni"]
[12.318185806274414, 18.004405975341797, "ty payments did increase for injured workers in 2016 and 2017. Relative earnings in the first year after injury increased by one percentage point, to 78 percent, for injured workers in 2016 and 2017 and increased by one percentage point, to 82 percen"]
[12.433597564697266, 18.229232788085938, "ings increased by 3.8 percentage points for injured workers in 2013\u20132015, compared with prior cohorts. Because of the long follow-up period required to analyze outcomes for permanent disability, we caution that these outcomes are preliminary and will"]
[12.55692195892334, 18.342121124267578, " matched to an injured worker, an average of all matched control characteristics was used.\nTo identify the combination of parameters that produces the best match for the full population of injured workers, we tested 12 variations of the match on subs"]
[12.577712059020996, 18.335329055786133, "tead. Finally, we also present the elementwise absolute imbalance, which sums the absolute value of the difference in quarterly earnings between injured and control. Formally, these are\ndefined as follows, with \ud835\udc56\ud835\udc56 indexing injured workers and \ud835\udc61\ud835\udc61\ninju"]
[12.553685188293457, 18.379989624023438, "ies\n\u20130.54% 0.04% 21.70% 20.86%\n26.16% 25.24%\n2010\u20132012 Injuries\n\u20130.16% 18.73%\n22.67%\n2013\u20132015 Injuries\n\u20130.59% 19.07%\n22.97%\n             54\nTable A.3c. Overall Imbalance\n    Time Period\nMatch window\n(1\u20134Q before injury) Second pre-injury year (5\u20138Q "]
[12.527216911315918, 18.402841567993164, " administrator weight, is 1.311, and its maximum value is 42.60. A summary of the sample construction and weighting scheme is shown in Table A.4.\n55\n      % female Average age Weekly wage Self-insured\nAll FROI in WCIS 0.42 40.45 706.16 0.33\nGood Clai"]
[12.419258117675781, 18.084386825561523, " injury date. The primary\nlevel of relative earnings from the level in the preceding time period. For example, \ud835\udefd\ud835\udefdY: captures\nand workers injured in 2005\u20132007, while \ud835\udefd\ud835\udefdFY captures the seasonally adjusted difference in\nthe seasonally adjusted differenc"]
[12.402338981628418, 17.947010040283203, "es are compared with 2013\u20132015 injuries. The group-specific trend break coefficients capture whether the difference in relative earnings between each group and the statewide average changed relative to the previous time period. For example, \ud835\udefd\ud835\udefdx,Fs fo"]
[12.461315155029297, 17.85597801208496, "ody parts Benefit Receipt PPD\nTTD\nAny indemnity\n2005\u20132007 2008\u20132009 Injuries Injuries\n39% 41% 42.04 42.80\n805.29 781.95\n686.63 659.73 33% 31%\n18% 19% 7% 6% 12% 12% 2% 2% 18% 19% 27% 26%\n2% 2%\n3% 2% 5% 5% 7% 7%\n87% 87% 6% 6% 40% 41% 9% 8%\n18% 18% 22% "]
[12.631711959838867, 17.77525520324707, "uries includes injuries through 2017. Sample for two-year indemnity injuries includes injuries through 2016.\n 61\nTable A.8a. Permanent Differences in Relative Earnings by Firm Size Category\n   One Year Post-Injury\nTwo Years Post-Injury\n        Firm S"]
[12.707412719726562, 17.733373641967773, "0000]**\n0.0989 (0.0055) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.0433\n(0.0042) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.1104\n(0.0036) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.0542\n(0.0031) [0.0000]**\n0.1421 (0.0017) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.1454\n(0.0051) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.0679\n(0.0056) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.1364\nbrackets. The p-values presented above a"]
[12.701942443847656, 17.742504119873047, ") [0.1990]\n 64\nTable A.8d. Permanent Differences in Relative Earnings by Nature of Injury\n   One Year Post-Injury\nTwo Years Post-Injury\n        Nature of Injury\nCumulative\nMultiple\nOther\nSpecific\nIndemnity b/se/p \u20130.1118 (0.0026) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.033 (0"]
[12.655624389648438, 17.756088256835938, "017. Sample for two-year indemnity injuries includes injuries through 2016.\n 66\nTable A.8f. Permanent Differences in Relative Earnings by Quartile of Pre-injury Earnings\n   One Year Post-Injury\nTwo Years Post-Injury\n        Quartile of Earnings\n1st p"]
[12.707138061523438, 17.73259735107422, "0]**\nIndemnity b/se/p 0.0237 (0.0015) [0.0000]**\n0.0034 (0.0012) [0.0080]**\n\u20130.0954\n(0.0038) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.2 (0.0059) [0.0000]**\nPPD (CM) (2005\u20132015) b/se/p\n0.0127 (0.0028) [0.0001]**\n0.0127 (0.0027) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.0713\n(0.0054) [0.0000]**\n\u20130.1616\n(0."]
[12.702566146850586, 17.73748779296875, "0.0094) [0.2165] \u20130.0018 (0.0073) [0.8076] \u20130.0043 (0.0036) [0.2301] \u20130.0291 (0.0274) [0.2943] \u20130.0015 (0.0071)\n     69\nOne Year Post-Injury\nTwo Years Post-Injury\n           Trend Break*(Subgroup)\nIndemnity b/se/p [0.7293]\nPPD (CM) (2005\u20132015) b/se/p"]
[12.713492393493652, 17.731952667236328, "[0.5902] \u20130.0011 (0.0043) [0.8082] 0.0178 (0.0073) [0.0185] 0.0122 (0.0095) [0.2050] \u20130.0161 (0.0083) [0.0599] \u20130.0126\n(0.0107) [0.2438] 0.0067 (0.0135) [0.6200] 0.0157\n(0.0123) [0.2085]\nPPD (CM) (2005\u20132015)\nb/se/p\n0.0091\n(0.0251) [0.7205] 0.0269 (0."]
[12.67992115020752, 17.745948791503906, "244 (0.0049) [0.0000]** \u20130.0126 (0.0047) [0.0103]\nPPD (CM) (2005\u20132015)\nb/se/p\n0.0681 (0.0187) [0.0007]** 0.0134 (0.0140) [0.3438] \u20130.0263 (0.0127) [0.0441] \u20130.0096 (0.0097) [0.3281] \u20130.0024 (0.0075) [0.7461] \u20130.0067 (0.0032) [0.0415] 0.0218 (0.0106) "]
[12.690587043762207, 17.74176597595215, "pared to Overall Average by Region\nOne Year Post-Injury\nTwo Years Post-Injury\n           Trend Break*(Subgroup)\n2008*Bay Area 2008*Central Coast 2008*Central Valley 2008*Eastern Sierra 2008*Inland Empire 2008*Los Angeles 2008*N. Sac Valley 2008*North"]
[12.6986665725708, 17.73396873474121, "]\nPPD (CM) (2005\u20132015) b/se/p [0.3631]\n0.0017 (0.0205) [0.9327]\n0.0181 (0.0192) [0.3499]\n0.0175 (0.0097) [0.0769] \u20130.0011 (0.0107) [0.9191] \u20130.0039 (0.0044) [0.3899]\n\u20130.001 (0.0092) [0.9185]\n0.0307 (0.0061) [0.0000]**\n0.001 (0.0153) [0.9471] \u20130.0026 "]
[12.708587646484375, 17.72882843017578, "77]\n0.0313 (0.0220) [0.1611]\n\u20130.0003 (0.0021) [0.8947]\n\u20130.0092 (0.0098) [0.3550]\n\u20130.0503 (0.0224) [0.0301]\n0.0055 (0.0221) [0.8049]\n0.007 (0.0021) [0.0015]**\n0.0091 (0.0084) [0.2860]\n\u20130.0336 (0.0168) [0.0521]\n\u20130.0372 (0.0209) [0.0832]\n0.002 (0.0012) "]
[12.711958885192871, 17.731786727905273, "[0.6006] 0.0047 (0.0031) [0.1400] 0.0075 (0.0026) [0.0061] \u20130.0096 (0.0273) [0.7250] \u20130.0106 (0.0133) [0.4274] 0.0005 (0.0145) [0.9751] 0.0014 (0.0147) [0.9217] 0.008 (0.0032) [0.0154]\nPPD (CM) (2005\u20132015) b/se/p \u20130.0059 (0.0263) [0.8229]\n0.0023 (0.0"]
[12.706442832946777, 17.742658615112305, "0.0523] \u20130.0123 (0.0154) [0.4280]\n0.0173 (0.0063) [0.0092]\n\u20130.003 (0.0039) [0.4495]\n     2013*Multiple \u20130.0124 (0.0030)\n2013*Neck\n2013*Trunk 2013*Upper extremities 2016*Ears/hearing 2016*Eyes\n2016*Face\n2016*Head 2016*Lower extremities\n[0.0002]** \u20130.0"]
[12.717337608337402, 17.726131439208984, "         Trend Break*(Subgroup)\n2013*1st pre-injury wage quartile 2013*2nd pre-injury wage quartile 2013*3rd pre-injury wage quartile 2013*4th pre-injury wage quartile 2016*1st pre-injury wage quartile 2016*2nd pre-injury wage quartile 2016*3rd pre-i"]
[12.673016548156738, 17.738637924194336, "ded in the analysis as a base period, so no coefficients are reported for these injury dates. The p-values presented above are unadjusted. ** indicates Holm-adjusted statistical significance based on a benchmark of \u03b1 = 0.05. PPD (CM) indicates injuri"]
[12.491056442260742, 17.855060577392578, "Subgroup)\n2016*Southern California, cumulative\nIndemnity b/se/p 0.0381 (0.0089) [0.0001]**\nPPD (CM) (2005\u20132015) b/se/p\n     NOTE: Table shows linear regression coefficients, standard errors in parentheses, and unadjusted p-values in brackets. 2005\u201320"]
[12.306994438171387, 18.045948028564453, "e A.3d. Earnings Loss by Job Tenure at Injury for Workers with Permanent Partial Disability Benefits (constant maturity sample), 2005\u20132015 Injuries\n SOURCE: 2005\u20132015 matched WCIS-EDD data.\nNOTE: Relative earnings defined as ratio of injured worker e"]
[11.197593688964844, 18.161903381347656, " for Workplace Safety,\u201d Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 30, No. 4, 2011, pp. 764\u2013 773.\nBrooks, Ward, Study of Geographical Differences in California Workers\u2019 Compensation Claim Costs, Oakland, Calif.: Workers\u2019 Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau o"]
[11.229050636291504, 18.161497116088867, " Its Second Century, Kalamazoo, Mich.: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2017.\nHyatt, Henry R., and James R. Spletzer, \u201cThe Shifting Job Tenure Distribution,\u201d Labour Economics, Vol. 41, 2016, pp. 363\u2013377. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.05.00"]
[5.782861232757568, 2.262216091156006, " CORPORATION\nLYNN A. KAROLY\nAssessing the\nCosts and Benefits\nof LifeSet\nThe Youth Villages Program Model for Transition-Age Youth\n  For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2839\n  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication "]
[12.650152206420898, 13.576275825500488, "as well as those interested more generally in the costs and benefits of programs serving young adults transitioning out of the foster care system.\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improv"]
[5.780622959136963, 2.2651278972625732, "............. 15 Housing Stability ...................................................................................................................... 15 Economic Well-Being.........................................................................."]
[5.785033702850342, 2.2662718296051025, "es\nTable S.1. Summary of the Estimated Cost and Benefits of LifeSet per Participant Under Alternative Assumptions, 2015 Dollars .................................................................................. x Table 2.1. Summary of Estimated Impac"]
[5.783413410186768, 2.264052629470825, "i.e., a randomized control trial [RCT]), for a cohort of participants in Tennessee who enrolled in the program between October 2010 and October 2012, with findings reported one year and two years after randomization. Based largely on survey data, the"]
[5.785216808319092, 2.2655653953552246, "his summary, we highlight key findings and discuss the implications of the analysis for understanding the economic returns from LifeSet.\nKey Findings\nThe BCA of LifeSet presented in this report produced the following key findings (see Table S.1):\n\u2022 L"]
[5.78511381149292, 2.2654805183410645, "per Participant Under Alternative Assumptions, 2015 Dollars\n   More Conservative\nSummary Result Estimate\n      Base-Case Estimate\n    Less Conservative Estimate\n  Present-value cost net of control group services Present-value of outcomes and deadweig"]
[5.783797264099121, 2.264622449874878, "economic values of the outcomes that could be included in the analysis. In just over one-half of the simulations, present-value net benefits exceeded zero, indicating a positive economic return.\n\u2022 If all outcomes could be valued, the estimated net be"]
[5.783140182495117, 2.2627580165863037, "he evidence regarding the program\u2019s economic benefits, in particular. These include the following:\nxi\n\u2022 Collect comprehensive information about the cost of program implementation for both the services provided to LifeSet participants and the \u201cbusines"]
[5.786574363708496, 2.2651867866516113, "benefit-cost analysis\nC control\nCPI Consumer Price Index\nCPS Current Population Survey GED general equivalency diploma NSC National Student Clearinghouse RCT randomized control trial\nSNAP Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program SSI Supplemental Sec"]
[5.787984371185303, 2.2658488750457764, "ured additional outcomes in three of the six domains: education and training, employment and earnings, and criminal involvement.\n1 A growing body of research documents the challenges and adverse outcomes faced by youth transitioning to adulthood from"]
[5.787116527557373, 2.2644686698913574, "gh School\nDiploma/General Equivalency Diploma\n\u0000 Post-Secondary Education Plans\n\u0000 Employment Skills\nCommunity Partnerships\n\u0000 Community\nCollaboration\n\u0000 Accessing Support\n\u0000 Customer\nSatisfaction\nTeam/Staff Development\n\u0000 Career/Leadership Opportunities\n\u0000"]
[5.785192489624023, 2.2644224166870117, " the evaluation represent either benefits or costs, depending on the sign of the impact coefficient, as well as whether the perspective is that of the public sector (i.e., taxpayers), the participants themselves, or the rest of society. In performing"]
[5.787598133087158, 2.2665927410125732, "measured, Chapter 3 presents the approach taken in this study to value the outcomes examined in the impact evaluation. The resulting estimates of benefits and costs are presented in Chapter 4. Conclusions and implications of the findings are the subj"]
[5.782420635223389, 2.26460599899292, "vices offered by the LifeSet staff. The frequency and duration of services utilized were close to expected levels, participation rates on the part of young adults were high, and participants were highly engaged in services.\n3 This chapter provides a "]
[5.79999303817749, 2.275283098220825, "ng stability and economic well-being, health and safety, social support, and criminal involvement.\nTable 2.1 provides a summary of the findings in the form of a stoplight chart, with each row summarizing the impacts for a given outcome measure at thr"]
[5.813154697418213, 2.2835521697998047, " safety, continued\n Binge drinking in past month\n   0\n        Used illegal drugs\n \u2013\n    Condom use during last sexual encounter\n  +\n      Was robbed or assaulted\n  0\n      Partner violence\n   \u2013\n        Social support\n  Score on social support scale\n "]
[5.791136264801025, 2.2689638137817383, "nefits), depending on the viewpoint of the decisionmaker. In such cases, the cell is shaded in a red and green pattern and viewed as indeterminant when judging whether the impact is advantageous or not.\nFinally, Table 2.1 also indicates statistical s"]
[5.78927755355835, 2.2669217586517334, "cally significant only for the mental health problems scale, the indicator of not receiving health care when needed, and the indicator of experiencing partner violence.\n9\n\u2022 Criminal involvement. The category of criminal involvement shows mixed findin"]
[5.7871785163879395, 2.265272378921509, "had a higher incidence of having a high school diploma and enrollment in vocational training, but the estimates of postsecondary enrollment showed a lower incidence by the end of two years for LifeSet participants relative to the control group (see T"]
[5.797433376312256, 2.2732818126678467, "ved SSI*\nYear 1\n    Received SNAP*\nYear 1\n    Received WIC*\nYear 1\n    Received public housing/rental assistance*\nYear 1\n    Received Families First (TANF)*\nYear 1\n              12\n      Outcome\nImpacts in MDRC Evaluation\nSource for Shadow Price\n   H"]
[5.800068378448486, 2.270399570465088, "Set participants from their observed higher rate of high school attainment as of the first year. We focus on receipt of a high school diploma and assume no benefit from attaining a GED.5 To estimate the lifetime earnings gain of a recipient of a high"]
[5.792426109313965, 2.2684664726257324, " regular diploma, after accounting for the selectivity of who receives which type of diploma and other biases introduced by the available data. The CPS, our source of estimated lifetime earnings, does not differentiate between those who completed a h"]
[5.785764694213867, 2.264472007751465, "ther, the projected earnings gains are based on the impacts for educational attainment, discussed earlier.\nHousing Stability\nThe MDRC evaluation reported the impact of LifeSet, in the first year, on a housing stability scale composed of four indicato"]
[5.80470085144043, 2.284283399581909, " of the transfer benefit as it would apply for a single adult (or family with one adult and one dependent child, in the case of WIC and TANF) in Tennessee as of 2015 (see Table 3.2). Because the evaluation measured any use of the benefit program duri"]
[5.786125183105469, 2.2647039890289307, "t for housing, which is an estimated average value of the housing benefit that varies by local rental rates and family income.\nHealth\nThe MDRC evaluation assessed various measures of health status, health care utilization, and health insurance covera"]
[5.790493965148926, 2.2674150466918945, "rime costs associated with the effect on being robbed or assaulted (victimization increased by a very small amount) and the effect on intimate partner violence (victimization decreased by a statistically significant amount) (see Table B.6). In both c"]
[5.760613918304443, 2.2413036823272705, "self-reported crime, with only one statistically significant reduction in the incidence of criminal behavior\u2014for receiving cash or goods in exchange for sex (see Table B.8). Although the incidence of arrests was lower (but statistically insignificant"]
[5.780385971069336, 2.2635531425476074, "alysis for LifeSet\nIn this chapter, we present the results of our BCA, drawing on the cost and impact estimates summarized in Chapter 2 and employing the approach to valuing outcomes reviewed in Chapter 3. Given the uncertainties in both cost and the"]
[5.786526679992676, 2.2653861045837402, "et per Participant Under Alternative Assumptions, 2015 Dollars\n   More Conservative Summary Result Estimate\n Base-Case Estimate\n     Less Conservative Estimate\n       Present-value cost 8,763 8,357 7,951\nLifeSet cost\nOffset for service utilization by"]
[5.785153388977051, 2.2656502723693848, "group had higher rates of enrollment in postsecondary education, the projected future benefits from this source of impact are negative and almost offset the high school productivity gains.\nAmong the observed outcomes, the largest contributor to posit"]
[5.784580230712891, 2.2658655643463135, "is less than 1 (0.42), indicating that costs exceed benefits.\nAccounting for Uncertainty in the Included Impacts\nThe base-case estimates rest on assumptions about the economic values of the outcomes affected by LifeSet, as well as the value of the re"]
[5.786341667175293, 2.267540454864502, "ing insecurity, reduced economic insecurity, and greater social support; improvements in mental health and reduced substance misuse; reduced costs associated with having a handgun; and greater adherence to safer sex practices. If these outcomes could"]
[5.784665584564209, 2.2646524906158447, " the short-term impacts were sustained.\nEven with these sources of uncertain net benefits or costs, under the more conservative assumptions, the addition of the currently unmeasured benefits could be sufficient to generate positive net benefits overa"]
[5.7864203453063965, 2.26692795753479, "ojected to the future, beyond the point of last follow-up. Because the impact estimates were not always favorable for the treatment group, the impacts of LifeSet were associated with both positive benefits and negative benefits (or costs). Given unce"]
[5.788637638092041, 2.2719852924346924, "rease in taxes required to pay for LifeSet, net of any increase or decrease in taxes based on the program impacts. A more conservative estimate produces a deadweight cost of about $4,400 per participant, while a less conservative estimate has no such"]
[5.78412389755249, 2.2647204399108887, "use the magnitude of the impacts on the outcomes that are not valued\n28\nwas typically small and statistically insignificant, these omitted sources of potential benefits are not likely to generate net benefits that are substantially larger than those "]
[5.7845330238342285, 2.264596700668335, "feSet is funded partially through private funders, more funding may be specifically dedicated toward tangible goods and\n29\nfinancial support around housing, clothing, and basic necessities. In other areas, staff may\nhave access to limited wraparound "]
[5.784621238708496, 2.264803409576416, "uld experience even better outcomes from participating in LifeSet than those realized for the Tennessee participants. This would occur if the program model were effective at serving youth with even greater challenges. (Program effects could be smalle"]
[5.788759708404541, 2.268035411834717, "gs and private benefits.\n\u2022 Capture the associated magnitude (or quantity) of the impacts to go beyond simply measuring the incidence of any given outcome. For example, for homelessness, measure the number of nights and type of homelessness for each e"]
[5.785760879516602, 2.2660889625549316, " in December 2018 (WSIPP, 2018a). Before we review the BCA findings, we discuss the following BCA components: program cost, program impacts, and valuation of program impacts and other assumptions.\nWSIPP Estimate of LifeSet Program Cost in Washington "]
[5.810284614562988, 2.2857818603515625, "erall effect on net benefits from this omission is unclear.\nEven for the year 1 findings, the WSIPP model does not account for all of the outcomes measured in the MDRC evaluation. In particular, as shown in Table A.1, the WSIPP model accounts for jus"]
[5.800685405731201, 2.2730259895324707, "adult\nYear 1\n    Score on familial closeness scale*\nYear 1\n    Biological family member would offer place to stay*\nFriends would offer place to stay*\nYear 1\n    Year 1\n      Criminal involvement\n     Criminal behavior scale\n   Got in gang fight or as"]
[5.801748275756836, 2.2748069763183594, "pendent organization, and used the gold-standard design, an RCT. Thus, the WSIPP-adjusted effect sizes are the same as the unadjusted effect sizes.\nThe WSIPP model also allows for effect sizes to change over time, based on either a longitudinal follo"]
[5.801769256591797, 2.2753429412841797, "dology produces a somewhat higher effect size of 0.104. And the effect is assumed to persist. Had the result for arrests been used instead, the impact would have been negative (a favorable outcome), with an effect size of \u20130.040, as reported by MDRC."]
[5.789428234100342, 2.2682838439941406, " assumption in the WSIPP model is the inclusion of a parameter to capture the efficiency cost of raising taxes to pay for government transfers and other benefits, known as deadweight loss. In effect, every dollar of public revenue required to pay for"]
[5.801209449768066, 2.2770605087280273, "s\n0\n\u20132,017 0\n2 26 0 \u20132,044 0 \u20132,017\n0\n\u20135,328 0\n0 12 9 \u201387 \u20134,962 \u20135,328\n\u20139,963\n\u20133,063 5,033\n3 66 9 \u20133,211 \u20134,962 \u201313,026\nTable A.3. WSIPP Model BCA Results\n0 \u20139,963\n3,466 816 3,461 1,572\n1 0 4 24 0 0 0 \u2013780 0 0\n3,466 \u20139,147\n  Summary Result\n    By St"]
[5.807144641876221, 2.283526659011841, ". One- and Two-Year Impact Estimates: Employment and Earnings\n       Control Impact Effect\nOutcome Source Group (T \u2013 C) Size p-value\n       Earnings from formal work\u2014year 1, year 2\nEarnings\u2014year 1 ($) 12-mo. survey 3,488 611 0.12 0.043\n Earnings\u2014year"]
[5.805612564086914, 2.2808640003204346, "* (%) 12-mo. survey 6.9 2.0 0.08 0.230\n Received SNAP* (%) 12-mo. survey 51.4 6.1 0.12 0.036\n Received WIC* (%) 12-mo. survey 16.2 0.8 0.02 0.710\n Received public housing/rental assistance* 12-mo. survey 7.1 1.6 0.06 0.337 (%)\n Received Families Firs"]
[5.755148410797119, 2.232232093811035, " times a week to almost every day 54.2 \u20131.6 \u20130.03\n  Score on familial closeness scale (range: 12-mo. survey 7.9 0.1 0.01 0.801 0\u201318)*\n Biological family member would offer 12-mo. survey 0.497 respondent a place to stay if needed* (%)\nNot at all likel"]
[5.78863000869751, 2.2672367095947266, "t the cost of delivering the LifeSet program was $11,841 per participant in 2015 dollars (see Table C.1). These costs consist of staff salaries and benefits, Youth Villages overhead, travel, operations and maintenance, and direct support to youth.\nTa"]
[5.826273441314697, 2.3025336265563965, "ager (%) 12-mo. survey\nMore than once per week 21.9 8.2\n Once per week   38.5 12.1\nMore than once per month 4.6 6.2\n About once per month 6.7 10.4\n Less than once per month 2.5 6.5\n Did not have a case manager 25.7 56.5\n  Received help preparing for "]
[5.791889667510986, 2.2710845470428467, "ants, we assume that those sessions were also one hour, on average. Thus, we estimate about 15 hours of contact with a case manager for control group members.\nHourly Cost for Case Worker Contact\nThe final step is to estimate the cost per hour of cont"]
[5.7892069816589355, 2.268122434616089, "n the estimate of program services used by the control group. (One exception was the estimated earning effect, in which the smaller estimate was taken from the two-year impact based on the administrative survey and the larger estimate was taken from "]
[5.789228439331055, 2.2679550647735596, "r and upper bounds used in the more and less conservative assumptions\n(Chapter 3)\n    Administrative cost rate for transfer programs Uniform Range of 10% to 20%\n    Deadweight-loss parameter Triangle Minimum of 0, midpoint of 0.25, maximum of 0.50\n N"]
[15.539274215698242, 6.500128746032715, ", John Eric Humphries, and Nicholas Mader, \u201cThe GED,\u201d in Eric A. Hanushek, Stephen J. Machin, and Ludger Woessmann, eds., Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol. 3, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 2011, pp. 423\u2013484.\nHeckman, James J., and Paul A. LaFo"]
[5.784895896911621, 2.264645576477051, "of Two Interventions,\u201d Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Vol. 63, No. 2, 2002, pp. 219\u2013228.\nSteurle, Eugene, and Leigh M. Jackson, eds., Advancing the Power of Economic Evidence for Making Informed Investments in Children, Youth, and Families, Washingto"]
[9.428431510925293, 10.467313766479492, "  CORPORATION\nMALCOLM V. WILLIAMS, LAURIE T. MARTIN, JESSICA SOUSA\nEarly Learnings from\nthe Hospital Community Cooperative of the American Hospital Association\nHealth is increasingly understood to be shaped by more than individual genetics, clinical "]
[9.437740325927734, 10.4800443649292, "rganizations together to collectively address key SDOH in their communities and pro- mote health equity. The effort builds on the AHA\u2019s #123forEquity Pledge to Act Campaign (American Hospital Association, undated-a), which has chal- lenged hospitals "]
[9.437657356262207, 10.480353355407715, "on, this report should be of use to foundations or other funding agencies that might support similar partnered approaches to improve health inequity in their communities.\nApproach\nWe collected data from each of the ten teams at two points in time\u2014in "]
[9.425620079040527, 10.461301803588867, "dress SDOH.\nTeams provided examples of how their capac-\nity to address SDOH had expanded. These included increases in executive leadership support and funding for addressing SDOH and health equity; identifica- tion of new partners and a strengthening"]
[9.425132751464844, 10.462849617004395, "ed at least one partner. But at baseline, only two teams felt that they had \u201cthe right types of partners to address health equity\u201d; the other eight felt they had \u201csome of the right partners.\u201d At the end of the first year, eight teams felt that they h"]
[9.439008712768555, 10.48129653930664, "ess encampment within its community during the HCC project period. Although this effort was independent of the HCC project, the team was able to quickly mobilize in support of its community partners to support housing placement for seven individuals "]
[9.437287330627441, 10.485870361328125, "sing policy change (data not shown), others were poised to take advantage of policy win- dows and opportunities for alignment.\nTeams Appreciated the Flexibility of HCC Funding and Protected Time to Work on Projects\nEach team received $10,000 and valu"]
[9.440518379211426, 10.477213859558105, "ised to take advantage of opportunities when they arose.\n  7\nLessons Learned\nThis inaugural cohort generated some helpful lessons learned for hospitals and health systems looking to develop partnered approaches to addressing SDOH and health equity in"]
[9.437397956848145, 10.480469703674316, "H. Second, because this pilot involved only ten sites, these results may not be representative of what other hospital or health system partnerships could achieve in the same period. Further compounding this issue of generalizability is that teams cam"]
[9.440463066101074, 10.484957695007324, "partners:\n\u2022 CHRISTUS St. Vincent\n\u2022 Grady Health System\n\u2022 Holy Name Medical Center\n\u2022 Hurley Children\u2019s Hospital\n\u2022 MultiCare Health System\n\u2022 Parkland Health and Hospital System\n\u2022 Sharp HealthCare\n\u2022 Truman Medical Center Behavioral Health \u2022 University o"]
[12.657007217407227, 13.581744194030762, "8 during which teams worked with technical assistance providers to define and refine their projects. RAND researchers collected data at two time points: January 2019 (baseline, allowing time for teams to finalize projects) and October 2019 (follow-up"]
[14.943359375, 3.146245241165161, "   INTRODUCTION\n  CHALLENGES FOR THE U.S. JUSTICE SYSTEM\n  RESULTS\nWe identified the following four categories of chal- lenges that come from changes in society as a whole:\n\u2022 shifts in the amount and nature of crime\n\u2022 changing needs of contact popula"]
[14.332587242126465, 3.310185194015503, "local criminal justice agencies and fostering the adoption of new technologies, policies, and\n2\npractices that can improve agencies\u2019 performance. To advance that mission, NIJ sponsored the Priority Crimi- nal Justice Needs Initiative,\na five-year coo"]
[14.621865272521973, 3.083862781524658, "ities Workshop\nJune 2016: Law Enforcement Advisory Panel Mid 2016: Corrections Futures Interview Panel\nFebruary 2017: Potential Impact of Electronic Media Use on the Right to a Fair Trial Workshop\nMarch 2017: Workforce Issues in Corrections Workshop\n"]
[14.865325927734375, 3.1740076541900635, "m change. The issues and problems in many of these areas of concern have been the focus of other research. To link the results of this effort to that broader foundation of scholarship, we provide examples of such studies throughout. In the remainder "]
[15.182769775390625, 3.184657096862793, "ond to crimes where the perpetrators might be thousands of miles away and might have entered their jurisdiction only virtually. Cybercrimes also create challenges for court practitioners in both maintaining the expertise in technology needed to under"]
[14.907286643981934, 3.251085042953491, "ed the need for model policies\nand procedures that are specific to such new types of crime as \u201cSWATing,\u201d or calling the police from a falsified telephone number to trigger a law enforcement tactical response to another address. The law enforcement an"]
[15.620942115783691, 4.7274088859558105, "h response, courts wrestle with the right approach for individuals whose offending might be driven by a treatable illness, and corrections agencies have become the nation\u2019s de facto primary institutions for mental health care delivery (Al-Rousan et a"]
[14.764883041381836, 3.1818785667419434, "ed that research and measures also are\nThe needs of the multilingual populations served by criminal\njustice agencies were the source of a very specific technology requirement across the three sectors: technology for real-time language translation.\nne"]
[14.537595748901367, 3.129197359085083, " agencies deploying technologies that might have the potential for misuse or abuse.\nfore, for the viability of such strategies as community policing, which rely on collaborative approaches to solve problems (Slocum, 2018; Murphy, Madon, and Cherney, "]
[14.451851844787598, 3.1239676475524902, "tage and other law enforcement surveillance data. Clear guidelines were felt to be needed to distinguish between data that should be published to improve transparency and fight crime and data that, if released, could be readily exploited by criminals"]
[14.502579689025879, 3.158689260482788, "g police use of force and the disparate impacts on communities of such strategies as order- maintenance policing (Tyler, Jackson, and Mentovich, 2015).\nIt also was mentioned in our discussion with respect to future technology-focused public safety st"]
[14.7317476272583, 3.093388795852661, " court proceedings, such as alternative dispute resolution, restorative justice, arbitration and mediation, and diversion- ary programs. Law enforcement also prioritized the need for research and measures to assess the effectiveness of different\n    "]
[14.942790031433105, 3.164156913757324, "st successful.\n\u2022 Develop better tools to sort cases and match them with the process that is most likely to get to an outcome efficiently and effectively (e.g., negotiation, trial, diversion, specialty court), including collecting data to inform the a"]
[15.003578186035156, 3.2814531326293945, "e services (Bureau of Justice Statistics, undated).\nDecentralization has significant consequences for criminal justice innovation. This atomization can be a boon to innova-\nInformation sharing and contractual mechanisms were recommended as options fo"]
[14.617841720581055, 3.005059242248535, "rity of proposed solutions for this issue focused on procurement policies and contractual requirements,\n  Practitioners across all sectors of the justice system complained that their agencies are drowning in a flood of data.\nwhich could be potentiall"]
[14.431763648986816, 3.046488046646118, " across the country, among different levels of government, or even international. Even within single geographic jurisdictions, the justice system requires information sharing to work effectively. For example, there is a need for data to be shared bet"]
[14.987762451171875, 3.294271945953369, ". Among the types of tools mentioned were mobile devices that securely deliver inmate information and body-worn comput- ers to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of community corrections. Agencies also highlighted the need for procedural and te"]
[15.134295463562012, 3.3941497802734375, "reconstituting community correc-\n tions operations in a locally disruptive event that might affect both staff and supervisees.\nCommon Innovation Needs and Opportunities\nSolutions to enduring issues raised largely by corrections\nand law enforcement pa"]
[15.643587112426758, 3.946633815765381, "imes argued that raising standards for recruitment\u2014for example, requiring post\u2013high school education for public safety officers\u2014would be valuable in making the justice system more effective, they also pointed out that recruitment difficulties led to "]
[15.07614803314209, 3.3787472248077393, " on improving equipment to better protect criminal justice staff, including making changes to personal equipment and disseminating effective practices for selecting and carrying gear. Participants also described the need for novel tools to allow offi"]
[15.032600402832031, 3.2507357597351074, "oncerns about rates of criminal\nrecidivism. Most criminal justice offenders are released back into their communities at some point, and the rate at which they fall back into crime calls into question the capability of current efforts to promote behav"]
[15.016562461853027, 3.1651785373687744, "tive.\n\u2022 Hold more interagency exercises to build relationships between agencies and bolster preparedness for large- scale incidents, where success depends on using common resources effectively.\n\u2022 Address shortfalls in the ability to notify individual"]
[14.97365951538086, 3.2383739948272705, "Opportunities\nAlthough many participants argued that the justice system requires more resources or different funding streams and that leaders should better advocate for those needs, a wide variety of cross-sector needs focused on how justice agencies"]
[14.407463073730469, 3.3022592067718506, " and viable solutions can be quite different for agencies that are responsible for geographically dispersed and sparsely populated rural areas than for those that are responsible for densely populated urban jurisdictions.\nNotes\n1 The Initiative was a"]
[14.903068542480469, 3.1096291542053223, "anges that could be made using existing technology and business practices that possibly could improve performance in the relatively near term.\nAlthough the inputs from our large group of workshop participants over the course of the project provided a"]
[13.905308723449707, 3.600975275039673, "-Tech-Brings-New- Issues-to-Public-Safety-Agencies.html\nCollom, Lindsey, \u201cWhen Police Officers Use Social Media, Their Departments See Risks,\u201d Arizona Republic, April 17, 2012.\nCummings, Scott, and Deborah Rhode, \u201cAccess to Justice: Looking Back, Thi"]
[13.972457885742188, 3.7552950382232666, "kson, Annie Brothers, Mark Barrett, Dulani Woods, and Michael J. D. Vermeer, A Database of Criminal Justice Needs for Innovation: Requirements for Developers and Funders\u2014User Guide, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TL-352-NIJ, 2020. As of Marc"]
[14.188444137573242, 3.6406872272491455, "orithmic Management,\u201d Big Data and Society, 2018, pp. 1\u201316.\nLink, Nathan W., \u201cCriminal Justice Debt During the Prisoner Reintegration Process: Who Has It and How Much?\u201d Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 46, No. 1, 2019, pp. 154\u2013172.\nLofstrom, Magnu"]
[13.966569900512695, 3.988377809524536, "\nRAND Corporation, \u201cPriority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative,\u201d webpage, undated. As of February 1, 2020: https://www.rand.org/well-being/justice-policy/projects/priority- criminal-justice-needs.html\nRobbins, Ira P., \u201cLessons from Hurricane Katrina:"]
[15.598587989807129, 4.73151159286499, "on Team Model of Police Response to Mental Health Crises: A Primer for Mental Health Practitioners,\u201d Best Practices in Mental Health,\nVol. 8, No. 2, 2012, pp. 71\u201379.\nWood, Emily F., Monica K. Miller, and Tatyana Kaplan, \u201cSpecialty Courts: Time for a "]
[13.915023803710938, 4.211830139160156, "unen, Andrew Lauland, Kristin Leuschner, Jocelyn Lofstrom, Mauri Jun Matsuda, Heather McCracken, Rosa Meza, Paul Ng, Cordaye Ogletree, Rachel Ostrow, Bryce Pardo, Catherine Plummer, Laura Poole, Carter Price, Rajeev Ramchand, Adrian Salas, Jessica Sa"]
[13.917498588562012, 4.182918071746826, " on science and technology policy, criminal justice, national security, and emerging technologies and innovation. His recent research involves the policy, procedure, and technology needs of criminal justice agencies, development planning and program "]
[13.918110847473145, 4.157321453094482, "the RAND Corporation. Her research focuses on national security, performance measure development, program evaluation, emerging technologies, public health systems, and workforce training. She received her master\u2019s degree in public health.\n About This"]
[13.863866806030273, 4.6031317710876465, " prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.\nRAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R\u00ae is a registered trademark.\n CORPORATION\nRR-4242-NIJ\n"]
[16.059236526489258, 9.920320510864258, "Breaking Barriers: A Rapid Rehousing and Employment Pilot Program for Adults on Probation in Los Angeles County\nEvaluation Report\nSARAH B. HUNTER, ADAM SCHERLING, MELISSA FELICIAN, SANGITA M. BAXI, MATTHEW CEFALU\n  SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nSpon"]
[13.937215805053711, 4.283514499664307, " recommendations regarding future programming and research. This report should be of interest to state and county governments serving populations on felony probation and other organizations serving criminal justice\u2013involved populations.\nRAND Social a"]
[16.102148056030273, 9.974579811096191, ".................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 4. Findings ....................................................................................................................... 19 Key"]
[16.16879653930664, 9.98058032989502, "............................................................................... 58 Figure B.3. Survival Plot of Days Housed by Age ....................................................................... 59 Figure B.4. Survival Plot of Days Housed by "]
[16.095516204833984, 9.915400505065918, "...... 50 Table B.3. Number of Days Employed ......................................................................................... 51 Table B.4. Hours per Week While Employed........................................................................"]
[16.041118621826172, 9.880213737487793, "g options in Los Angeles\n\u2022 logistical barriers from the geographic spread of the county\n\u2022 caution among landlords and property managers regarding the temporary subsidy model\nand serving the criminal justice\u2013involved population\n\u2022 staffing concerns fro"]
[16.109249114990234, 9.91877555847168, "ogram (i.e., whether participation in the program had an effect on recidivism, housing stability, employment, or income).\nAlthough this evaluation cannot make strong conclusions about the effects the program might have had on the outcomes of interest"]
[16.12132453918457, 9.934874534606934, "ome point\n- Fifty-five (24 percent) had a job at program entry, 52 (23 percent) started without a job and gained employment, and 20 (9 percent) started with a job and lost employment.\n- The average wage rate among those employed was $12 per hour, the"]
[16.075942993164062, 9.887883186340332, " example, most participants did not achieve great gains in employment and associated income during the two-year program period. More information might be helpful in determining how to achieve these goals. There are many possible barriers to employmen"]
[16.080814361572266, 9.902995109558105, " stakeholders moving forward. Our data suggest, and our interactions with stakeholders confirm, that many participants will not be able to support the full rental amount at the end of the 24-month subsidy period, particularly as rents in Los Angeles "]
[16.057388305664062, 9.927470207214355, "sing obtainment, employment, recidivism) suggest that there are important participant and program factors to consider when scaling up such a program, in that the program as initially designed was associated with more progress in terms of job attainme"]
[16.08898162841797, 9.91263484954834, "nt that put them at risk of reoffending and returning to jail or prison (Bradley et al., 2001; Petersilia, 2001; Petersilia, 2005; Gideon and Sung, 2011). Many of the individuals face difficulties accessing housing because probation conditions may re"]
[15.882421493530273, 10.04481315612793, "rs initiative. More specifically, the Los Angeles County Probation Department\u2014in collaboration with the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (DHS), the Corporation for Supportive Housing (CSH), the Conrad N. Hilton\n 1\nFoundation, and two "]
[15.727415084838867, 10.290644645690918, "hat rapid rehousing may be effective in helping families and individuals exit homeless shelters more quickly and reduces returns to shelters (Cunningham, Gillespie, and Anderson, 2015). However, it does not solve the housing affordability problem, wi"]
[15.642765045166016, 10.317355155944824, "a sense of hope for the future and a way back to self-sufficiency (Shaheen and Rio, 2007; Marrone, 2005). Contrary to prevalent stereotypes, research has shown that people experiencing homelessness do want to work, including those who have disabiliti"]
[16.037250518798828, 9.943222999572754, "nificant effects on recidivism (Miller and Ngugi, 2009). One recent evaluation of a small pilot project\u2014entitled Jail in Reach, a program to rapidly rehouse individuals who were newly released from a county jail or prison in the state of Texas with a"]
[16.062042236328125, 9.891864776611328, "e Breaking Barriers pilot program. We conducted a formative study during the first year of program implementation and a summative evaluation three years after the program was launched. The primary research questions were the following:\n1. How does th"]
[16.069978713989258, 9.888934135437012, "ations.\nThe primary goals of the Breaking Barriers pilot program were to (1) reduce recidivism, (2) improve participants\u2019 housing stability, and (3) improve employment incomes sufficiently for individuals to take over their own rental payments by the"]
[16.068376541137695, 9.893184661865234, "reed that a referral was appropriate for Breaking Barriers, they were offered an opportunity to enroll in the program.\nIf an individual was determined ineligible, they were often referred to a more suitable program that could better meet their needs."]
[16.066242218017578, 9.880125999450684, "rs, starts immediately and is followed by coordination of the employment and housing services, which we describe in more detail in the following sections.\n8\nFigure 2.1. Breaking Barriers Program Logic Model\n    INPUTS\n\u2022 Funding: Hilton Foundation ($2"]
[16.05804443359375, 9.88680648803711, " \u2022 duration of housing subsidies\nIncome and employment outputs (BC, Chrysalis):\n\u2022 % of eligible participants applied for benefits (i.e., TANF, General Relief, SNAP)\n\u2022 frequency of engagement with BB program services (i.e., housing stabilization, case"]
[16.018217086791992, 9.88774299621582, ". The case manager, in collaboration with the participant, develops an individualized case management service plan that identifies short- and long-term goals. The case manager supports the participant through the housing search and move-in process an"]
[16.052854537963867, 9.889511108398438, "cipants to prepare them for interviews and help them search for, apply for, and access jobs on a part-time or full-time basis. Some participants also benefited from employment with Chrysalis\u2019 in-house contracting and temp agencies on a short-term bas"]
[16.064321517944336, 9.879752159118652, "ing their full rental amount over time. If a participant\u2019s contribution to rent exceeded their total unit rent, then the participant graduated from the program.\n13\nChapter 3. Evaluation Design\nThe evaluation was conducted in two stages. During the fi"]
[16.06995964050293, 9.883221626281738, "aunch of the program. The 19 interviewees all played key roles in program design or implementation. For example, participants included direct service staff, such as case managers, employment specialists, housing coordinators, housing specialists, and"]
[16.081768035888672, 9.865915298461914, "rt.\nWe did not focus on or attempt to assess fidelity to the Housing First model during this qualitative assessment. No standardized scales were used to rank or rate interviewees\u2019 agreement with concepts and ideas about aspects of implementation, and"]
[16.15019416809082, 9.814083099365234, "ng change in program outcomes in the less rigorous design options (i.e., intervention group\u2013only designs). Stakeholders concluded that it was not feasible to implement a randomized controlled trial because there were not enough resources to screen mo"]
[16.058542251586914, 9.887642860412598, "rcation of roles and responsibilities across functions. All interviewees expressed very clearly where their roles began and ended, and clearly articulated the roles of other program staff. No overlapping roles or duplication of effort was found. Even"]
[16.065147399902344, 9.875150680541992, "noted that the program was individualized to the client, making it tailored to the specific needs of program participants. For example, case managers meet clients close to where they work or live, and participants who are parents receive additional r"]
[16.023263931274414, 9.878039360046387, "ards (for public transportation use) to alleviate transportation barriers, and employed several clients directly through Chrysalis Works, an internal service company, to give them an opportunity to start building an employment history.\n   20\n Facilit"]
[16.06618881225586, 9.884562492370605, "ew terrain around housing clients with criminal histories, often working harder to find housing in locations that clients think would be safer for them based on their personal history or that clients have indicated as their preference. Case managers "]
[16.084476470947266, 9.879494667053223, "ored differently to better engage them in the program.\n22\nTable 4.2. Stakeholder-Reported Program Challenges Challenges to Implementation\nExternal to the program but central to program design\nHousing market and high and rising rents in Los Angeles: A"]
[16.046964645385742, 9.864912986755371, "sing coordinators. The increase in clients brought several logistical and time management challenges. With such a client-oriented program tailored to meet the clients where they are living and work with them toward specific goals (which are developed"]
[16.067609786987305, 9.89449405670166, "s the housing affordability crisis and size of Los Angeles County. When these results were shared with stakeholders in response to a more-recent review of the study findings, the stakeholders reported ways in which they addressed many of the cited ch"]
[16.113481521606445, 9.934432029724121, "lthough individuals could receive up to a 24- month rental subsidy that started sometime after program enrollment, by using the two-year program period, we balanced inclusion of participants who had adequate opportunity to receive the different progr"]
[16.25373077392578, 9.873054504394531, " 61 (18 percent of those referred) did not attend an eligibility meeting. Of those who attended an eligibility meeting, 54 (16 percent of those referred) were not enrolled or were enrolled after November 2016 and thus were excluded from the analysis "]
[16.106239318847656, 9.983546257019043, "or child support.\n\u2022 Only 1 percent were reported as veterans.\nDuring the six months prior to program entry, participants reported residing in a variety of different settings. The following is a breakdown of places in which participants reported resid"]
[16.10249137878418, 9.979948043823242, "using or residential substance use treatment, or whereabouts were unknown at exit, or participant had died); or (3) recidivism exit (i.e., exited program because of incarceration). Using these criteria, 11 participants (27 percent) were classified as"]
[16.188600540161133, 9.927064895629883, ".7% 8.3% 12.9% 19.1%\nIn Unstable, Unknown, or\nIncarcerated Neutral Housing\n16.7% 18.9%\n14.1% 23.5% 18.2% 16.1%\n16.1% 17.9% 18.3% 21.7%\n14.3% 21.8% 20.6% 14.3% 22.2% 22.2% 18.2% 0.0%\n0.0% 33.3%\n8.3% 16.7% 20.7% 13.8%\n18.0% 22.1%\n9.6% 19.2% 18.2% 18.2%"]
[16.21422004699707, 9.910992622375488, "evel appeared to be related, such that individuals with a higher education at program entry were more likely to obtain employment during the two-year program period, but this result was not statistically significant after correcting for multiple test"]
[16.220321655273438, 9.914702415466309, "r of the program (i.e., months 1\u20136) and this number rose to more than 46 percent in the second half of the first year, then increased to 51.9 percent in the first part of the second year, and up to 58 percent in the last quarter of the program period"]
[16.123111724853516, 9.966594696044922, " days) compared with men (166\ndays).\n\u2022 Individuals who were Hispanic were more likely to have a permanent-tenure position\n(on average 75 percent) compared with black participants or individuals of other races/ethnicities (49 percent).\n35\nNo other ass"]
[16.118396759033203, 9.95224380493164, " had information about the client\u2019s portion of income being applied to rent, their rental subsidy amount, and total rent. At housing exit or the end of our evaluation period (whichever came first), we had access to the same data as at housing move-in"]
[16.129335403442383, 9.961593627929688, "loyment insurance\n2.0% 0.8% 0.0% 46.0% 46.5% 42.9% 39.9% 39.5% 57.1% 2.7% 3.1% 0.0% 0.7% 0.8% 0.0%\n1.4% 1.6% 0.0% 4.1% 3.1% 0.0% 0.7% 0.8% 7.1%\n8.8% 9.3% 7.1% 2.7% 3.1% 0.0%\n5.9% 29.4% 47.1% 5.9% 5.9%\n0.0% 5.9% 0.0%\n5.9% 5.9%\nNOTE: TANF = Temporary A"]
[16.162555694580078, 9.951870918273926, " Move-In Median\nAt Two-Year Mark or Program Exit\n        Rental Exit Status Information\nStably housed at exit\nClient portion\nBC subsidy\nTotal rent Incarcerated at exit\nClient portion BC subsidy Total rent\nn Mean 19 $108.27\n19 $899.49 19 $1,006.06\n25 "]
[16.163421630859375, 9.930063247680664, " findings, if all participants were black, then 14.1 percent would have received a felony conviction; if all the participants were white, then the model estimates that 38.2 percent of them would have received a felony conviction.\nNext, we explored ti"]
[16.147018432617188, 9.926949501037598, "quarter of participants started the program without a job and ended the program employed; less than 10 percent started off employed and ended up without employment. The majority of participants were not employed at program entry or at program exit or"]
[16.10736846923828, 9.927215576171875, " under probation or parole in California have two-year felony reconviction rates of around 22 percent (Bird, Goss, and Nguyen, 2019) with rates varying depending on whether an individual was initially sentenced to prison (25 percent), jail (28 percen"]
[16.05807876586914, 9.872509956359863, "on gathering, program planners may want to tailor the program based on what they learn. For instance, this might entail enhancing the employment support arm of the program or developing more-specific program participant eligibility criteria. One exam"]
[16.077049255371094, 9.892266273498535, "age of these opportunities and potentially expanding the opportunities available for participants to gain a better compensated skill set are necessary.\nStudy Limitations\nSeveral limitations to this evaluation should be noted. Regarding the formative "]
[16.055837631225586, 9.875969886779785, "o understand the objectives of the Breaking Barriers program, the way the program is being implemented and any challenges faced to date in implementing the program.\nToday we want to talk about the Breaking Barriers Program from your point of view. I "]
[16.056440353393555, 9.879229545593262, "m thinking of things like your organization\u2019s mission, the clients you serve, and range of services the agency provides generally (not just to Breaking Barriers).\n3. What services does your agency provide to Breaking Barriers and what is your specifi"]
[16.23446273803711, 9.943442344665527, "aining Employment Among Those Unemployed at Program Entry\nTable B.1 shows the model of employment status on the last day (at program exit or at two years) among clients unemployed on first day (n =166): 173 were unemployed on the first day and six pa"]
[16.24887466430664, 9.935275077819824, "less than a high school diploma/unknown, AB 109 supervision status, and in the program for months 0\u20136.\n50\nTable B.3. Number of Days Employed\n            (Intercept)\nAge\nFemale\nRace/ethnicity\u2013Hispanic\nRace/ethnicity\u2013white\nRace/ethnicity\u2013other\nEducatio"]
[16.284893035888672, 9.980960845947266, "\nEducation\u2013postsecondary, some college, bachelor\u2019s or higher\nEducation\u2013high school diploma Supervision status\u2013ATC Program months 7\u201312 Program months 13\u201318 Program months 19\u201324\nEstimate Std. Error\n14.717 1.990 -0.061 0.045 0.061 0.863 -0.580 0.870 -1."]
[16.254140853881836, 9.96493148803711, "0.358 -0.903 -0.012 1.600 1.225\nPr(>|t|)\n0.028 0.909 0.881 0.001a 0.028 0.155 0.305\n0.721 0.368 0.991 0.111 0.222\n      Race/ethnicity\u2013Hispanic\nRace/ethnicity\u2013white\nRace/ethnicity\u2013other\nEducation\u2013postsecondary, some college, bachelor\u2019s or higher\nEduc"]
[16.262012481689453, 9.92141056060791, "hnicity\u2013other\nEducation\u2013postsecondary, some college, bachelor\u2019s or higher\nEducation\u2013high school diploma Supervision status\u2013ATC\nCoef Exp(coef)\n-0.026 0.974 0.254 1.289 0.263 1.301 0.249 1.282 -0.589 0.555 -0.709 0.492\n0.234 1.264 -0.058 0.944\nSe(coef)"]
[16.25026512145996, 9.927084922790527, " 0.440 0.544\nz Value 0.171\n-2.252 -0.807 1.329 2.233 1.681 -0.802 0.179 -0.277\nPr(>|z|)\n0.865 0.024 0.420 0.184 0.026 0.093 0.422 0.858 0.782\n     Race/ethnicity\u2013Hispanic\nRace/ethnicity\u2013white\nRace/ethnicity\u2013other\nEducation\u2013postsecondary, some college"]
[15.786355018615723, 10.228330612182617, "ncisco, Calif.: Public Policy Institute of California, 2019. As of October 27, 2019: https://www.ppic.org/wp-content/uploads/recidivism-of-felony-offenders-in-california.pdf\nBradley, Katharine H., R. B. Michael Oliver, Noel C. Richardson, and Elspeth"]
[15.772806167602539, 10.257580757141113, ": Housing Decisions Among Families Exiting Shelter,\u201d Housing Policy Debate, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2014, pp. 364\u2013386.\nFlynn, Kathleen Nye, \u201cPutting Teeth into AB 109: Why California\u2019s Historic Public Safety Realignment Act Should Require Reentry Programming"]
[15.75679874420166, 10.268465995788574, "ychiatric Rehabilitation, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2005, pp. 13\u201335.\nMiller, Marna, and Irene Ngugi, Impacts of Housing Supports: Persons with Mental Illness and Ex-Offenders, Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, Document No. 09-11-1901"]
[8.625720024108887, 4.045413494110107, " SECOND EDITION\nThe\nScience\nof Gun\nPolicy\nA Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence\non the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States\nRosanna Smart, Andrew R. Morral, Sierra Smucker, Samantha Cherney, Terry L. Schell, Samuel Peterson, Sangeeta C. A"]
[8.597091674804688, 4.076287746429443, "es; and the first edition of this report, which synthesized the available scientific data on the effects of 13 types of firearm policies on a variety of outcomes related to gun ownership. This second edition builds on that 2018 report, adding five ne"]
[8.2296781539917, 4.321372032165527, "........................................................ xxxi Abbreviations..................................................................................... xxxiii\nPART A\nIntroduction and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[7.996466636657715, 4.277312278747559, "nd Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effects on Mass Shootings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[8.06613826751709, 4.296239852905273, "....... 109\nCHAPTER SEVEN\nExtreme Risk Protection Orders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 State Implementation of Extreme Risk Protection Orders . . . ."]
[8.082757949829102, 4.255815505981445, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Outcomes Without Studies Examining the Effects of Licensing and Permitting\nRequirements .................................................................................. 163 ChapterNineRe"]
[8.041781425476074, 4.226560592651367, ".. 196\nCHAPTER THIRTEEN\nFirearm Sales Reporting, Recording, and Registration Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 State Implementation of Firearm Sales Reporting, Recording, and Registration\nRequirements................................"]
[8.1812744140625, 4.338245391845703, "ndguns....................................................................................... 229 ChapterFifteenReferences........................................................................ 230\nPART D\nEvidence for the Effects of Policies Regulat"]
[8.160968780517578, 4.32070779800415, "ealed-CarryLaws............................................................................ 277 StateImplementationofConcealed-CarryLaws................................................ 279 EffectsonSuicide............................................."]
[8.014697074890137, 4.405547142028809, " 336 Why Don\u2019t We Know More? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 ChapterTwenty-OneReferences.................................................."]
[8.022157669067383, 4.2108659744262695, "iolentCrime............................................................. 137\n8.3. Incidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Background\nChecks on Mass Shootings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[8.074739456176758, 5.097479820251465, "ios Associated with the Effect of Stand-Your-Ground\nLaws on Violent Crime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244\n16.3. Incidence Rate Ratios Associated with t"]
[8.633286476135254, 4.066010475158691, "Studies Meeting Inclusion Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33\n2.4. SupersededStudies ......................................................................35\n2.5. Include"]
[8.592260360717773, 4.073369979858398, "o support claims about the effects of various policies.\nMethodology\nWe used Royal Society of Medicine guidelines for conducting systematic reviews of a scientific literature (Khan et al., 2003). We focused on the empirical literature assessing the ef"]
[8.7175931930542, 4.0673723220825195, "lass of policies being considered; presents and rates the avail- able evidence; and describes what conclusions, if any, can be drawn about the policy\u2019s effects on outcomes.\nIn many cases, we were unable to identify any research that met our criteria "]
[8.69948673248291, 4.069265365600586, "same direction, and contradictory evidence was\nnot found in other studies with equivalent or stronger methods.\n5. Supportive evidence. This designation was made when at least three studies not compromised by serious methodological weaknesses found su"]
[8.10659408569336, 4.33894681930542, "\n   I\n  Child-Access Prevention Laws\n      e\u0302L\n e\u0302M\n  e\u0302S\n  I\n   I\n    I\n e\u0302L\n  I\n  Stand-Your-Ground Laws\n   I\nI\n    e\u0301M\n e\u0301S\n  I\n I\n    Bans on Low-Quality Handguns\n        I\n  I\n      I\n   I\n            Bans on the Sale of Assault Weapons and High"]
[8.01437759399414, 4.304880142211914, "es\nNOTE: I = inconclusive; L = limited; M = moderate; S = supportive. When we identified no studies meeting eligibility criteria, cells are blank.e\u0301= the policy We concluded that there is limited evidence that licensing and permitting requirements de"]
[8.111787796020508, 4.285064697265625, "ale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity Magazines\n    Firearm Sales Reporting, Recording, and Registration Requirements\n    Lost or Stolen Firearm Reporting Requirements\n    Firearm Safety Training Requirements\n    Waiting Periods\n    Licensing and "]
[7.914064407348633, 4.368479251861572, "ides among youth and limited evidence that the laws reduce total (i.e., firearm and nonfirearm) suicides among youth. In addition, there is limited evidence that these laws may reduce unintentional firearm injuries and deaths among adults. There is s"]
[7.945265293121338, 4.2994704246521, "they reduce total suicides and firearm homicides.\n\u2022 Recommendation 5. States without waiting-period laws should consider adopting them as a strategy for reducing suicides and homicides.\nConclusion 6. There is limited evidence that licensing and permi"]
[8.571735382080078, 4.0874834060668945, " an important new federal initiative that, if sus- tained in future budgets, could make enormous contributions to knowledge about how to prevent gun-related injuries and deaths.\nSummary xxv\nxxvi The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Rese"]
[8.504135131835938, 4.134194374084473, "l victimization estimates. The current goal of gen-\nerating such estimates for 22 states is a reasonable compromise between cost and the public\u2019s need for more-detailed information. However, the bureau should con- tinue to expand its development of m"]
[8.520792961120605, 4.118262767791748, "ce of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nduce more readily detectable effects on public safety, health, and industry outcomes. The United States has a large stock of privately owned guns in circu"]
[8.501033782958984, 4.161099910736084, " Regina Kunz, Jos Kleijnen, and Gerd Antes, \u201cFive Steps to Conducting a Systematic Review,\u201d Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, Vol. 96, No. 3, 2003, pp. 118\u2013121.\nNational Research Council, Firearms and Violence: A Critical Review, Washington, "]
[8.478687286376953, 4.128871917724609, "der\nERPO extreme risk protection order\nFBI Federal Bureau of Investigation\nFFL federal firearms licensee\nIRR incidence rate ratio\nK\u201312 kindergarten through grade 12\nN/A not applicable\nNIBRS National Incident-Based Reporting System\nNICS National Insta"]
[8.618444442749023, 4.054927825927734, "ferences.html).\n 3\n4 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nEntrenched disagreements on gun policy are not surprising, given the number and variety of contested and contradictory studi"]
[8.609678268432617, 4.065941333770752, "lence of gun ownership has an effect on crime or suicide, problems in the measurement of defensive gun use, and what we can learn from Australia\u2019s experience banning some semiautomatic weapons. Those essays remain available on the project website. Th"]
[8.338227272033691, 4.16969633102417, "ales and transfers\n6. background checks\n7. licensing and permitting requirements\n8. waiting periods\n9. firearm safety training requirements\n10. lost or stolen firearm reporting requirements\n11. firearm sales reporting, recording, and registration req"]
[8.33299446105957, 4.2248969078063965, "occurs is not known. Thus, for laws that increase or decrease firearm suicides, the effects on total suicides are likely smaller and harder to detect but are fundamentally of greater interest for public policy. For this reason, we examine the effects"]
[8.303598403930664, 4.228024959564209, ", and murder or nonnegligent manslaughter. The last category excludes deaths caused by suicide, negligence, or accident, as well as justifiable homicides (such as the killing of a felon by a peace officer in the line of duty) (FBI, 2016e).\nGun polici"]
[8.354323387145996, 4.21043062210083, "gency departments for assault; of these, 60,470 (3.8 percent) were firearm-related (CDC, 2017c).6\nUnintentional Injuries and Deaths\nLike official statistics on suicide, those on unintentional injuries and deaths in the United States are compiled by t"]
[8.36861801147461, 4.259217739105225, "See Campbell and Nass, 2019.\nIntroduction 9\n 10 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nOften, the attention of researchers, the public, and policymakers is focused on mass shooting inc"]
[8.434992790222168, 4.199455738067627, "es with available NVDRS data (Conner et al., 2019). Several years ago, the FBI announced plans to begin a new data collection effort designed to track all incidents in which law enforcement seriously injure or kill citizens (Kindy, 2015), but results"]
[8.453235626220703, 4.173545837402344, "in using data on justifiable homicides to understand how specific firearm policies (e.g., stand-your-ground laws) influence defensive gun use because the policies themselves change what is classified as justifiable. The literature on defensive gun us"]
[8.575390815734863, 4.081994533538818, "had active licenses to sell firearms in the United States. Just more than 47 percent of these licenses were held by dealers or pawnbrokers, 41 percent were held by collectors,8 about 10 per- cent were held by manufacturers of ammunition or firearms, "]
[8.312762260437012, 4.261879920959473, "de Reports,\u201d American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 106, No. 5, May 2016, pp. 922\u2013927.\nBarber, Catherine, and David Hemenway, \u201cToo Many or Too Few Unintentional Firearm Deaths in Official US Mortality Data?\u201d Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 43"]
[8.39233112335205, 4.223932266235352, "r, Clayton E., \u201cWhy the FBI\u2019s Justifiable Homicide Statistics Are a Misleading Measure of Defensive Gun Use,\u201d University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy, Vol. 27, 2016, pp. 505\u2013514.\nDuwe, Grant, \u201cThe Patterns and Prevalence of Mass Public"]
[8.330039024353027, 4.251132011413574, " M., \u201cOn the Sources of Ordinary Science Knowledge and Extraordinary Science Ignorance,\u201d in Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele, eds., Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Pres"]
[8.37822437286377, 4.236038684844971, "creation and Tourism, Lansing, Mich.: Michigan Land Resource Project, Public Sector Consultants, 2001.\nNiforatos, Joshua D., Alexander R. Zheutlin, and Richard M. Pescatore, \u201cPublic Interest in Gun Control in the USA,\u201d Injury Prevention, Vol. 25, Sup"]
[8.605831146240234, 4.056595802307129, " National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, Washington, D.C., FHW/16-NAT, April 2018.\nWorld Health Organization, Preventing Suicide: A Global Imperative, Geneva, 2014.\nIntroduction 17\nCHAPTER TWO\nMethods\n In this second "]
[8.6141939163208, 4.049216270446777, "luding the White House and other U.S. government organizations, advocacy organizations focused on gun policy (such as the National Rifle Association and the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence), academic organizations focused on gun policy or gun "]
[8.620944023132324, 4.011054515838623, "di- tional policies, programs, or strategies that had been noted by advocacy groups, had been implemented by states, or had garnered media or legislative attention since we assembled the original list. From this updated list, each member of our resea"]
[8.682321548461914, 4.048093318939209, ", Papachristos, and Hureau, 2014; Braga and Weisburd, 2012; Braga, Weisburd, and Turchan, 2018). Accordingly, we offer no conclusions on the efficacy of such approaches. However, we recognize the potential importance of these other interventions and "]
[8.670931816101074, 4.046010494232178, "ference Service\nSocial Science Abstracts\nEconLit\nBusiness Source Complete\nWorldCat Scopus\nLawReviews (LexisNexis)\nDetails\nNational Library of Medicine\u2019s database of medical literature. Not used for gun industry or hunting searches.\nJournal articles, "]
[8.570723533630371, 4.087504863739014, " outcomes included the following:\n\u2022 gun OR guns OR firearm* OR handgun* OR shotgun* OR rifle* OR longgun* OR machinegun* OR \u201cmachine gun*\u201d OR pistol* OR \u201cautomatic weapon\u201d OR \u201cassault weapon\u201d OR \u201csemi-automatic weapon*\u201d OR \u201cautomatic weapons\u201d OR \u201cass"]
[8.803266525268555, 3.9917116165161133, "al step, the next steps in the study review process used stan- dardized review criteria to identify all studies with evidence for policy effects meeting minimum evidence standards. Table 2.2 describes our inclusion and exclusion criteria for the titl"]
[8.744515419006348, 4.082747459411621, "rm policy, or include quantita- tive analyses. In addition, we excluded studies if they were commentaries or conceptual discussions, systematic reviews or meta-analyses, case studies, dissertations, confer- ence abstracts, legal statutes or congressi"]
[8.741893768310547, 4.073286056518555, "nerally requires three types of evidence (Mill, 1843):\n\u2022 The cause and effect regularly co-occur (i.e., association).\n\u2022 The cause occurs before the effect (i.e., precedence).\n\u2022 Alternative explanations for the association have been ruled out (i.e., e"]
[8.792366027832031, 4.112669467926025, "imates, standard errors, confidence intervals). One reviewer extracted data of interest from each study and entered them into the standardized form. A second reviewer independently extracted information on estimated effects and checked all other fiel"]
[8.771788597106934, 4.079983711242676, "existing literature may have low power, poorly calibrated standard errors and Type 1 error rates, and other problems. Nevertheless, the criteria that we selected for evaluating individual studies represent threats to validity that we could evaluate o"]
[8.727751731872559, 4.076359748840332, "of available studies as a whole to make a determina- tion about the level of evidence supporting the effect of the policy on each outcome.\nMethods 29\n30 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun P"]
[8.771161079406738, 4.078004360198975, "the estimates are not necessarily identical, they are not independent and thus cannot be combined as a single estimate.\nWhile the selection of p < 0.20 as the criterion for rating evidence as suggestive is arbitrary, this threshold corresponds to eff"]
[8.673477172851562, 4.077386379241943, "tinct data sets reflects the fact that many gun policy studies use identical or overlapping data sets (e.g., state homi- cide rates over several years). Chance associations in these data sets are likely to be identified by all who analyze them. There"]
[8.607420921325684, 4.157115936279297, "011)\n3 Aneja, Donohue, and Zhang (2011)\n4 Aneja, Donohue, and Zhang (2014)\n5 Anestis and Anestis (2015)\n6 Ayres and Donohue (1999)\n7 Ayres and Donohue (2002)\n8 Ayres and Donohue (2003a)\n9 Ayres and Donohue (2003b)\n10 Ayres and Donohue (2009a)\n11 Ayre"]
[8.592822074890137, 4.158802509307861, "l. (2015)\n107 Sen and Panjamapirom (2012)\n108 Shi and Lee (2018)\n109 Siegel et al. (2017b)\n110 Steidley and Kosla (2018)\n111 Strnad (2007)\n112 Swanson et al. (2013)\n113 Swanson et al. (2016)\n114 Vigdor and Mercy (2003)\n115 Vigdor and Mercy (2006)\n116"]
[8.383501052856445, 4.317742824554443, "fficer- Involved Shootings\n                         Mass Shootings\n  79\n         46, 57, 79\n  16, 79\n  72, 79\n     16\n 16, 44, 46\n    Unintentional Injuries and Deaths\n  43\n                       Violent Crime\n 86, 102, 106\n  107, 112, 113\n 28, 100, "]
[8.826826095581055, 4.182374000549316, "come of interest was determined. We then used the base rate to transform the regression esti- mate, \u03b2, to an IRR using the following formula:\nIRR = (average base rate+\u03b2). average base rate\nHowever, if the linear model used a logged dependent variable"]
[8.59022331237793, 4.16729211807251, "thodological rigor. These limitations in the existing literature led us to pursue a more qualitative evaluation of the conclusions that available studies can support. As more research or relevant databases become available, meta-analyses may become f"]
[8.387063026428223, 4.322972297668457, "and Daniel S. Nagin, \u201cDo Right-to-Carry Laws Deter Violent Crime?\u201d Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1998, pp. 209\u2013219.\nBlau, Benjamin M., Devon H. Gorry, and Chip Wade, \u201cGuns, Laws, and Public Shootings in the United States,\u201d Applied Economi"]
[8.29302978515625, 4.312121868133545, "in Permit-to- Purchase Handgun Laws in Connecticut and Missouri on Suicide Rates,\u201d Preventive Medicine, Vol. 79, 2015, pp. 43\u201349.\nCrifasi, Cassandra K., Keshia M. Pollack, and Daniel W. Webster, \u201cEffects of State-Level Policy Changes on Homicide and "]
[8.384628295898438, 4.3450541496276855, "European Economic Review, Vol. 81, 2016, pp. 32\u201367.\nDuwe, Grant, Tomislav Kovandzic, and Carlisle E. Moody, \u201cThe Impact of Right-to-Carry Concealed Firearm Laws on Mass Public Shootings,\u201d Homicide Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2002, pp. 271\u2013296.\nEdwards, G"]
[8.334614753723145, 4.2356462478637695, "rrok, \u201cUsing Placebo Laws to Test \u2018More Guns, Less Crime,\u2019\u201d Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2004.\nHempstead, Katherine, and Antonio Rodri\u0301guez Andre\u0301s, Gun Control and Suicide: The Impact of State Firearm Regulations, 1995\u201320"]
[8.323847770690918, 4.346024036407471, "un Violence 1994\u20132003, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 2004.\nKoper, Christopher S., and Jeffrey A. Roth, \u201cThe Impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapon Ban on Gun Violence Outcomes: An Assessment of Multiple Outcome Measures and Some"]
[8.421097755432129, 4.290160179138184, "2, June 2003, pp. 185\u2013198.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAbortion and Crime: Unwanted Children and Out-of-Wedlock Births,\u201d Economic Inquiry, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2007, pp. 304\u2013324.\nLuca, Michael, Deepak Malhotra, and Christopher Poliquin, The Impact of Mass Shootings on Gun Poli"]
[8.441882133483887, 4.203737735748291, "ds 45\n46 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nMorral, Andrew R., Terry L. Schell, and Margaret Tankard, The Magnitude and Sources of Disagreement Among Gun Policy Experts, Santa Moni"]
[8.309746742248535, 4.2906975746154785, "Handgun Laws on Crime: Beyond the Dummy Variables,\u201d International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2003, pp. 199\u2013216.\nRudolph, K. E., E. A. Stuart, J. S. Vernick, and D. W. Webster, \u201cAssociation Between Connecticut\u2019s Permit-to-Purchase Ha"]
[8.079544067382812, 4.275758266448975, "4.\nWebster, D., C. K. Crifasi, and J. S. Vernick, \u201cEffects of the Repeal of Missouri\u2019s Handgun Purchaser Licensing Law on Homicides,\u201d Journal of Urban Health, Vol. 91, No. 2, 2014, pp. 293\u2013302.\nWebster, Daniel W., and Marc Starnes, \u201cReexamining the A"]
[7.720798492431641, 4.611335277557373, "ons (e.g., age 18 is the minimum legal age for handgun possession at the federal level). Other policies establish mechanisms for the removal of firearms from individuals who are prohibited possessors or expand firearm prohibitions to apply to individ"]
[7.729409694671631, 4.604490280151367, "d 22\u201327; 8.4 percent for those aged 28\u201333) (calculated using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019a). In theory, therefore, stricter age limits on purchasing or possessing a firearm could reduce the incidence of defensi"]
[7.774677753448486, 4.621810436248779, "e retail sources.\nHowever, the effectiveness of minimum age laws is likely to be tempered by the ease with which many youth can obtain firearms from sources other than legal retail- ers. For example, an analysis of data from the National Fatality Rev"]
[7.708008289337158, 4.636480808258057, "equently used than long guns in firearm suicides and violent crime, so, in theory, raising the mini- mum age for such weapons could decrease violence without impacting lawful activi- ties, such as hunting (Tritch, 2014). More-restrictive minimum age "]
[7.726592540740967, 4.599644660949707, "m age requirements that exceed the federal minimum for handgun possession.3 Several states also have minimums that are higher than the federal law for long gun purchase and possession.\nEight states and the District of Columbia restrict all handgun sa"]
[7.715597152709961, 4.623339653015137, "e District of Columbia restrict long gun possession to those aged 21 or older.8 The minimum age for possession of a long gun in Alaska, Minnesota, and New York is 16,9 and it is 14 in Montana.10\nEffects on Suicide\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nWe ident"]
[7.714855670928955, 4.6048431396484375, "un possession that were in place prior to the 1994 federal minimum age restriction, (2) state laws prohibiting juvenile handgun possession enacted the same year as the 1994 federal minimum age restriction, and (3) the federal ban on juvenile handgun "]
[7.71175479888916, 4.618946075439453, "empirical model but focusing on suicides by males and the 1995 to 2004 period after the federal minimum age law, Andre\u0301s and Hempstead (2011)\nassessed how state bans on the purchase of firearms by minors affected suicide rates in four age groups (15\u2013"]
[7.697803974151611, 4.630131244659424, "ne that raised its minimum age for posses- sion did so the same year it implemented a minimum purchase law, making the effects of these laws confounded. Moreover, the statistical model had an unfavorable ratio of covariates to observations (less than"]
[7.7356343269348145, 4.615756988525391, " passage of the background check law. Conversely, an effect size of more than 1.00 indicates that the law appears to increase the outcome by a factor equivalent to the effect size value. When the CIs do not include the value of 1.00, the estimated ef"]
[7.7150726318359375, 4.615061283111572, "s by minors were associated with significantly lower rates of suicide among males aged 15\u201344.\nConsidering these findings and an assessment of the relative strengths of these studies, we find inconclusive evi- dence for how minimum age requirements fo"]
[7.69413948059082, 4.631784439086914, "8 to 1999. Using fixed-effects models that controlled for national trends, average state effects, a lag of the dependent variable, and state-specific linear trends, the author jointly exam- ined the effects of (1) state laws prohibiting juvenile hand"]
[7.712571620941162, 4.609293460845947, " the study period; in addition, every state but one that raised its minimum age for possession did so the same year it implemented a minimum purchase age law, making the effects of these laws confounded. Moreover, the statistical model had an unfavor"]
[7.696390151977539, 4.634617328643799, " these results, and in consid- eration of the relative strengths of these studies, we find inconclusive evidence for how minimum age requirements for pur- chasing a firearm affect total and firearm homicides.\nMinimum age requirements for possessing a"]
[7.693017959594727, 4.635412216186523, "3.\nFigure 3.3\nIncidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Minimum Age Requirements on Unintentional Injuries and Deaths\nNOTE: IRR values marked with blue squares indicate that methodological concerns are discussed in the text. See Appendix B "]
[7.686431884765625, 4.645875453948975, "e.g., on how these policies were coded), it is clear that the analysis used a linear model to pre- dict a rare dichotomous outcome. Therefore, model assumptions were likely violated, making model estimates and CIs unreliable.\nFigure 3.4 displays the "]
[8.091702461242676, 4.455223083496094, "web/ncipc/mortrate.html\nDuda, M. D., and K. C. Young, Factors Related to Hunting and Fishing Participation in the United States, Harrisonburg, Va.: Responsive Management, report for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Grant # 14-48-0009-92-1252, 1993"]
[8.125788688659668, 4.403290271759033, "vior, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1999, pp. 59\u201375.\nOffice of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, OJJDP Statistical Briefing Book, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, May 25, 2016.\nPuzzanchera, C., G. Chamberlin, and W. Kang, \u201cEasy Access to the"]
[7.807309627532959, 4.299423694610596, " Young People in California: Descriptive Epidemiology and Gun Ownership,\u201d Journal of Adolescent Health, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2008, pp. 619\u2013622.\nMinimum Age Requirements 71\nCHAPTER FOUR\nProhibitions Associated with Mental Illness\n Federal law prohibits the"]
[7.844851016998291, 4.176984786987305, "The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nEpidemiological evidence suggests that a diagnosis of mental illness alone has little relation to risk of interpersonal violence (Swanson et al.,"]
[7.823531150817871, 4.197139263153076, "s than perpetrators of violence (Desmarais et al., 2014). One study of persons with severe mental illness (in treatment at mental health agencies in Chicago) found that their annual exposure to violent crime victimization was more than four times hig"]
[7.816747188568115, 4.188330173492432, "suggests that some of these suicides might have been prevented if this population had been prohibited from obtaining a firearm.\nTo assess the effects of expanded mental health\u2013related prohibitions, the ideal data would distinguish outcomes between th"]
[7.835873603820801, 4.2236409187316895, "or example, Alabama prohibits \u201canyone of unsound mind\u201d from owning, possessing, or controlling a fire- arm. Arkansas prohibits those adjudicated as \u201cmentally ill,\u201d and Illinois\u2019 law applies to anyone adjudicated to have a \u201cmental disability.\u201d See Ala"]
[7.837932109832764, 4.18243408203125, "ealth\u2013related prohibitions on suicide. Examining state-level data from 1995 to 2004, Andre\u0301s and Hempstead (2011) assessed how men\u2019s suicide rates were related to different categories of firearm restrictions, including prohibitions for persons with a"]
[7.838809013366699, 4.059807777404785, "r regression models included state-level time-varying covariates, state-level suicide rates in 1990, and fixed effects for year and census subregion. Sen and Panjamapirom (2012) found that, compared with back- ground checks that investigate only crim"]
[7.850172519683838, 4.096753120422363, "associated with mental illness can reduce total suicides and firearm suicides. A third study reported finding no effect of expanded NICS reporting for mental illness\u2013related prohibitions on suicide but did not provide detailed results.\nConsidering th"]
[7.83502721786499, 4.081454753875732, "13) obtained data from 2002 to 2009 for individuals in Connecti- cut who had been hospitalized for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder. The authors estimated changes in violent crime arrests for individuals with at least one"]
[7.840433120727539, 4.164143085479736, "sed in the text. See Appendix B for details.\nProhibitions Associated with Mental Illness 81\n  Conclusions\nWe identified two qualifying studies that estimated how laws prohibiting gun purchases by those with a mental illness affect violent crime or ho"]
[8.262130737304688, 4.187375068664551, "y Support Fund, \u201cMass Shootings in the United States: 2009\u20132017,\u201d December 6, 2018. As of May 15, 2019: http://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/\nFederal Bureau of Investigation, \u201cFederal Denials: Reasons Why the NICS Section Deni"]
[7.848820209503174, 4.178459167480469, "., and A. Panjamapirom, \u201cState Background Checks for Gun Purchase and Firearm Deaths:\nAn Exploratory Study,\u201d Preventive Medicine, Vol. 55, No. 4, 2012, pp. 346\u2013350.\nSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Results from the 2017 Nati"]
[7.651023864746094, 4.308387279510498, "ciety more broadly. In 1994, Congress enacted the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (Pub. L. 103-322), making it illegal to pos- sess or receive a firearm while subject to a nontemporary restraining order protecting an intimate partner or"]
[7.653542518615723, 4.300945281982422, "idents are killed by their unmarried partner. In 2008, the pro- portion of intimate partner homicides committed by a spouse (46.7 percent) was nearly equal to the proportion committed by a boyfriend or girlfriend (48.6 percent) (Cooper and Smith, 201"]
[7.705085277557373, 4.302717685699463, "e to keep guns illegally.\nDomestic violence\u2013related firearm laws may also affect suicide rates. Research suggests that intimate partner homicides in which firearms are the primary weapon are more likely to result in the suicide of the perpetrator tha"]
[7.65933895111084, 4.303694725036621, "ith firearms (Hemenway et al., 2019a).\nAlternatively, the process or threat of removing a firearm may increase tensions in a domestic violence situation, which may increase the risk of violence to the victim, officers responding to the situation, and"]
[7.683351993560791, 4.348138809204102, "rth Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsyl-\n Prohibitions Associated with Domestic Violence 89\npossession when an order is issued ex parte.3 Twenty-eight states have expanded the applicability of the DVRO firearm prohibition beyond the definition in federal l"]
[7.696534156799316, 4.351129055023193, " 30-7-16; N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law \u00a7 530.11; N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 50B-1(b); N.D. Cent. Code \u00a7 14-07.1-01.4; Ore. Rev. Stat. \u00a7135.230; 23 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 6102(a); R.I. Gen. Laws \u00a7 15-15-1(10); S.D. Codified Laws \u00a7 25-10-3.1(2); Tenn. Code Ann. \u00a7 36-3-"]
[7.661088943481445, 4.306225776672363, "aler, he or she should be unable to complete the purchase. At least one state\u2019s laws require notifying the person who filed the restraining order or was the victim of the misdemeanor crime of domestic violence that the abuser attempted to purchase a "]
[7.711580753326416, 4.2657647132873535, "cioeconomic and demo- graphic variables, and hunting licenses per capita, the authors found that prohibitions related to domestic violence conviction were associated with significantly lower rates of suicide among men aged 45\u201364; the estimated relati"]
[7.66747522354126, 4.30427360534668, " violence have\n uncertain\neffects on total and firearm suicides.\nEvidence for this relationship is\ninconclusive.\n Prohibitions Associated with Domestic Violence 93\nEffects on Violent Crime\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nWe identified six qualifying stud"]
[7.655501365661621, 4.319756507873535, "sian (2016) examined the 1996 Lautenberg Amendment, federal legislation that extended prohibited-possessor status to those convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence offenses and that stipulated a mechanism for requiring that they surrender all firea"]
[7.638662338256836, 4.307688236236572, " of misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence; (3) prohibitions against persons convicted of misdemeanor stalking; and (4) laws designating some stalking crimes as felonies, which could serve to prohibit firearm purchase and possession for domestic vio"]
[7.674186706542969, 4.28079891204834, " for year and census subregion fixed effects, baseline state suicide rates, and numerous state-level time-varying covariates, the authors found that checks on restraining orders were associated with significantly reduced rates of total and firearm ho"]
[7.710529327392578, 4.273636817932129, "\nEvidence for this relationship is\nmoderate.\n 98 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nstantially similar data sets with largely overlapping time periods. One additional study used a "]
[7.693699836730957, 4.289120674133301, "es (Zeoli et al., 2018). Considering these results, we find that there is inconclusive evidence for how state firearm prohibitions associated with stalking convictions influence firearm-related intimate partner homicides, and there is limited evi- de"]
[7.848863124847412, 4.295773506164551, "ez, Carolina, Rachel P. Kurland, Emily F. Rothman, Megan Bair-Merritt, Eric Fleegler, Ziming Xuan, Sandro Galea, Craig S. Ross, Bindu Kalesan, Kristin A. Goss, and Michael Siegel, \u201cState Intimate Partner Violence\u2013Related Firearm Laws and Intimate Par"]
[7.892604827880859, 4.304795265197754, "cides?\u201d Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 35, No. 1, Winter 2016, pp. 67\u201393.\nSaltzman, Linda E., James A. Mercy, Patrick W. O\u2019Carroll, Mark L. Rosenberg, and Philip H. Rhodes, \u201cWeapon Involvement and Injury Outcomes in Family and Intima"]
[7.652254104614258, 4.341032981872559, "icies, Alcohol Taxes and Police Staffing Levels on Intimate Partner Homicide in Large U.S. Cities,\u201d Injury Prevention, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2010, pp. 90\u201395.\nCHAPTER SIX\nSurrender of Firearms by Prohibited Possessors\n Federal law bans the sale of firearms "]
[7.692185878753662, 4.306710720062256, "s stipulate roles for judicial officers or law enforcement to ensure that firearms are surrendered or confiscated. In addition, 29 states require the surrender of firearms pursuant to domestic violence restraining orders, to last for the duration of "]
[7.65359354019165, 4.327674388885498, "800. Upon a showing by clear and convincing evidence that a party has used, displayed, or threatened to use a firearm or other dangerous weapon in a felony or is ineligible to pos- sess a firearm under \u00a7 9.41.040, the court shall require that the par"]
[7.642101287841797, 4.343337535858154, " restraining orders or those convicted of misdemeanors. Among the policies they examined were state laws allow- ing police to confiscate firearms from a domestic violence incident (they simultaneously examined state laws that allow police to make war"]
[7.658512592315674, 4.300646781921387, "equirements for firearm relinquishment. Using data from 1991 to 2015 and negative binomial regression models with controls for the lagged inti- mate partner homicide rate, national trends, and region fixed effects, the authors found that the effects "]
[7.654101371765137, 4.282289028167725, "omicides and firearm intimate partner homicides to be uncer-\ntain. Additional analyses by Vigdor and\nMercy (2006) that focused on other\ntypes of violent crime found signifi-\ncant effects of confiscation laws indicat-\ning that they increase assaults, "]
[7.437053680419922, 4.290658950805664, "vels on Intimate Partner Homicide in Large U.S. Cities,\u201d Injury Prevention, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2010, pp. 90\u201395.\nCHAPTER SEVEN\nExtreme Risk Protection Orders\n Extreme risk protection order (ERPO) laws, sometimes known as gun violence restraining order or"]
[7.422550678253174, 4.286876201629639, "le individuals to petition for an ERPO in emergency cases without waiting to provide notice of a hearing to the respondent. Like ex parte orders related to domestic violence (see Chapter Five), these laws are designed for situations in which the wait"]
[7.427519798278809, 4.286031723022461, "their behavior rather than relying on specific criminal or mental health histories, then ERPO laws could decrease suicides and homicides among this population over and above the suicides and homicides prevented by existing prohibited purchaser laws ("]
[7.415937423706055, 4.287095069885254, "ition for an ERPO to law enforcement officers. However, some laws extend that right to family members and medical professionals. In general, by expanding the ability to request an ERPO to family members and others with knowledge of the high-risk indi"]
[7.440438747406006, 4.286654472351074, "l event. How- ever, applying information on suicide case fatality rates by method and assuming a counterfactual pre-intervention probability of using a gun in a suicide attempt that was informed by the relationship between state-level gun ownership a"]
[7.445359706878662, 4.279648303985596, "7-2510.04.\n3 California, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and Washington. See Calif. Penal Code \u00a7 18150; Colo. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 13-14.5-104; Del. Code Ann. Tit. 10, \u00a7 7701, 7704 (family and hous"]
[7.461786270141602, 4.285738945007324, " date in 1999 and the second of which is stated to correspond with enhanced enforcement of the law following the Virginia Tech mass shooting in 2007.\nBased on the 1999 enactment date of Connecticut\u2019s ERPO law, the analyses showed small and uncertain "]
[7.432157039642334, 4.274782180786133, "res indicate that methodological concerns are discussed in the text. See Appendix B for details.\nConclusions\nOne study that examined the effects of ERPOs on suicide rates generated mixed find- ings. Specifically, Kivisto and Phalen (2018) found a sug"]
[8.22094440460205, 4.25071907043457, "irsch, Charles M. Belden, Michael A. Norko, Allison G. Robertson, Linda K. Frisman, Hsiu-Ju Lin, Marvin S. Swartz, and George F. Parker, \u201cCriminal Justice and Suicide Outcomes with Indiana\u2019s Risk-Based Gun Seizure Law,\u201d Journal of the American Academ"]
[7.982597827911377, 4.211298942565918, "ew, eight operate by establishing restrictions or requirements on the sales and transfers of firearms in legal markets. Each policy is reviewed in the subsequent chap- ters in Part C, as follows:\n\u2022 background checks (Chapter Eight)\n\u2022 licensing and pe"]
[7.9254631996154785, 4.1743550300598145, "y individuals who already own a fire-\n1 The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (2002, p. A-3) defined crime gun as \u201cany firearm that is ille- gally possessed, used in a crime, or suspected to have been used in a crime. An abandoned firearm may "]
[7.831691265106201, 4.089111328125, "disqualifi- cations for high-risk individuals and whether these disqualifications correctly target individuals who present greater danger to themselves or others. As of December 2018, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)\u2019s National Instant Crimi"]
[7.860306262969971, 4.160187721252441, "ome cases (e.g., restraining orders), an individual may be only temporarily prohibited from possessing a firearm, and, in the case of crime outcomes, details on the criminal offender can be known only if the perpetrator is known. (See the discussion "]
[7.91942834854126, 4.202926158905029, "\u00a7 202.254; N.M. Stat. Ann. 1978, \u00a7 30-7-7.1; N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law \u00a7\u00a7 897, 898; Ore. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 166.435; R.I. Gen. Laws \u00a7 11-47-35; 13 Vt. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 4019; Wash. Rev. Code Ann. \u00a7 9.41.113; D.C. Code Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 7-2502.01, 7-2502.03.\n3 Calif. Penal Code "]
[7.895033836364746, 4.0505290031433105, "itation of the Ludwig and Cook (2000) study is that it had an unfavorable ratio of estimated parameters to observations (less than one to six), meaning it could have mis- leading parameter estimates and confidence intervals (CIs) due to model overfit"]
[7.867957592010498, 4.058351516723633, "esis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nlower firearm suicide and total suicide rates. Sen and Panjamapirom\u2019s estimates sug- gest the post-policy firearm suicide rate to be 96 percent of the expected rate had this policy not bee"]
[7.865612983703613, 4.059185981750488, "es likely are not reliable.\nFinally, Kagawa et al. (2018) used synthetic control methods to estimate how suicide rates were affected by the 1998 repeals of comprehensive background check laws in both Indiana and Tennessee. For each state separately, "]
[7.857541561126709, 4.055854320526123, " in many states when the Brady Act was implemented. The second study, Sen and Panjamapirom (2012), examined components of background checks, finding significant effects indicating that checks on mental illness and checks on fugitive status reduce tot"]
[7.857149124145508, 4.043776988983154, " on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nEffects on Violent Crime\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nOf studies that examined the relationship between background checks and violent crime, we identified 14 that met our inclusion criteria.13 Ludwig and Cook (2000"]
[7.845473766326904, 4.044134616851807, "ividuals with a felony arrest and did not provide evidence for background checks per se.\n14 Ludwig and Cook (2000) also tested the effects of background checks specifically (separate from waiting periods, which were also imposed by the Brady Act) by "]
[7.848971366882324, 4.053371429443359, "ffects of the types of background checks conducted by states on homicides. They noted that the supply of state and local records to the NICS is voluntary and that substantial variation exists in state laws regarding the categories of records included"]
[7.8358330726623535, 4.079153060913086, " ratio of estimated parameters to observa- tions (less than one to ten), meaning the estimated effects and significance values may be inaccurate because of model overfitting. Examining a shorter time frame (1979 to 1998) and using negative binomial m"]
[7.858725547790527, 4.042957782745361, "mes as involv- ing firearms (Swanson et al., 2016).\nSince the first edition of this report, four more studies provide mixed evidence for the effect of background checks on violent crime, although the studies adopt different policy definitions or clas"]
[7.873578071594238, 4.075078010559082, "eal of the background check law. The authors found uncertain effects for both policies on firearm homicide rates, while the estimate from Indiana showed that the repeal was associated with a significant increase in nonfirearm homi- cide rates. Althou"]
[7.840527057647705, 4.032416343688965, "ing evidence on the effects of background checks, or some component of background checks, on violent crime. Six of these studies provided an overall effect of either dealer background checks or private-seller background checks on total homicide rates"]
[7.862104892730713, 4.042652606964111, "ects on violent crime and total homicides.\nEvidence for this relationship is\nBackground Checks 139\n    Background checks have\nuncertain\ninconclusive.\n      decrease\nfirearm homicides.\nPrivate-seller background checks have\nuncertain\neffects on firearm"]
[7.950466632843018, 4.124605655670166, "aws and the probability of at least one mass shooting event occurring (see Figure 8.3). However, assessing the effects of gun policies on mass shoot- ings was not the primary focus of the study, and the authors intended the estimates to serve solely "]
[7.872623920440674, 4.060521125793457, "ion over the study period), and because the models did not control for other potential differences across states, the authors\u2019 estimates most likely reflect differences between states that have the laws and states that do not rather than differ- ence"]
[7.8448076248168945, 4.038365840911865, "characteristics and potential proxy indicators of gun trafficking (e.g., the number of Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives [ATF] gun traces linked back to a given FFL) and (2) dealer dropout rates during a period of reforms to the fed"]
[8.329808235168457, 4.29582405090332, "rujillo-Baute, \u201cHow Do US State Firearms Laws Affect Firearms Manufacturing Location? An Empirical Investigation, 1986\u20132010,\u201d Journal of Economic Geography, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2017, pp. 753\u2013790.\nBuchanan, Larry, Josh Keller, Richard A. Oppel, Jr., and D"]
[8.101299285888672, 4.134023666381836, "lia, Jon S. Vernick, Daniel Webster, Cassandra Crifasi, Kara E. Rudolph, Magdalena Cerda\u0301, Aaron Shev, and Garen J. Wintemute, \u201cRepeal of Comprehensive Background Check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide,\u201d Epidemiology, Vol. 29, No. 4, 2018, p"]
[7.92037296295166, 4.177368640899658, "\u201d Preventive Medicine, Vol. 55, No. 4, 2012, pp. 346\u2013350.\nSwanson, Jeffrey W., Michele M. Easter, Allison G. Robertson, Marvin S. Swartz, Kelly Alanis- Hirsch, Daniel Moseley, Charles Dion, and John Petrila, \u201cGun Violence, Mental Illness, and Laws Th"]
[7.986944675445557, 4.283416271209717, "a firearm, and the policies could facilitate firearm removal from owners who become ineligible. Requiring permits to purchase ammunition makes it more difficult for prohibited possessors to use their illicit firearms. Where no such checks occur, proh"]
[8.009427070617676, 4.323285102844238, "arm. Azrael et al. (2017) found that, on average, gun owners had close to five firearms each, and a large majority (62 percent) purchased their most recent weapon from a licensed gun dealer. For those who already own guns, licensing and permitting re"]
[7.984408378601074, 4.237574100494385, " crime through dis- rupting illegal firearm trafficking, causal inference could be strengthened by exam- ining crime gun trace data and changes in homicide rates.2 Specifically, if permit-to- purchase laws restrict trafficking operations from in-stat"]
[7.90979528427124, 4.314228534698486, "strict of Columbia have implemented licensing or permitting regimes for all firearms,9 and seven states have done so for handguns.10 Michigan\u2019s law has a broad exemption for individuals who purchase handguns from licensed dealers following a backgrou"]
[7.991991996765137, 4.376065254211426, "\u00a7 2C:58-3.\n16 R.I. Gen. Laws \u00a7 11-47-35.\n17 Hawaii Rev. Stat. \u00a7 134-2; N.J. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 2C:58-3; N.C. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 14-403 (handguns only).\n18 Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and the District of Columbia. See Conn. Gen. Stat.\n\u00a7\u00a7 29-"]
[7.953995227813721, 4.285163402557373, "percentage change in total suicide and firearm suicide in Connecticut before and after the state established a permit-to-purchase law in 1995, as well as before and after the repeal of Missouri\u2019s permit-to-purchase law in 2007. This approach enabled "]
[7.925442695617676, 4.280263423919678, ". Therefore, the estimates reported in Crifasi et al. (2015) may not be reliable indicators of the direction or magnitude of the true effects of permit-to-purchase laws on suicide.\nFinally, a 2017 study of waiting periods and background checks includ"]
[7.933847427368164, 4.299917697906494, "s were associated with significantly reduced rates of total and firearm suicides for adults aged 21 or older.\nConsidering these studies, we find limited evidence that licensing and permitting requirements decrease total suicides and firearm suicides "]
[7.993612766265869, 4.300989151000977, " law in this study, it is not possible to conclude that the changes were a result of the permit-to-purchase por- tion of the law as opposed to other factors influencing homicides in the state around the same time.\nCrifasi, Pollack, and Webster (2016)"]
[7.958400726318359, 4.2705206871032715, "). Both studies that examined total homicide rates\u2014either among adults aged 21 or older or among intimate partners\u2014found uncertain effects of the laws. The same two studies also found uncertain effects for firearm-specific homicides among the populat"]
[7.980981826782227, 4.283955097198486, "0.85, 1.39] 0.95 [0.62, 1.12] 0.60 [0.22, 0.98] 1.01 [0.90, 1.12]\n1.04 [0.85, 1.28] 1.06 [0.83, 1.37]\n0.45 [0.10, 2.08]\n0.20 [0.02, 1.90] 1.67 [0.18, 15.18]\n0.86 [0.82, 0.90] 1.04 [0.97, 1.13]\n1.17 [1.12, 1.22] 1.28 [1.22, 1.34] 0.96 [0.87, 1.05]\n1.2"]
[7.976702690124512, 4.29130744934082, " yielded two studies that met our inclusion criteria and examined the effects of licensing and permitting requirements on mass shootings in the United States.20 Using a two-way fixed-effects linear probability model, Luca, Malhotra, and Poliquin (201"]
[7.993774890899658, 4.310966491699219, "tes (i.e., population size and aggregated personal income). The authors found uncertain effects of permit-to- purchase regimes on the likelihood of a public shooting event. Although their esti- mates of the effect of permit requirements for firearm o"]
[7.9499993324279785, 4.280005931854248, " examined how a policy index that captured the stringency of state laws regarding comprehensive background checks and permit-to-purchase requirements related to variation in the number of firearm manufacturing plants in a state and the number of back"]
[8.321435928344727, 4.269649028778076, "\nBraga, Anthony A., Garen J. Wintemute, Glenn L. Pierce, Philip J. Cook, and Greg Ridgeway, \u201cInterpreting the Empirical Evidence on Illegal Gun Market Dynamics,\u201d Journal of Urban Health, Vol. 89, No. 5, 2012, pp. 779\u2013793.\nBrauer, Jurgen, Daniel Monto"]
[7.749129772186279, 3.9731369018554688, "ell, Terry L., Beth Ann Griffin, and Andrew R. Morral, Evaluating Methods to Estimate the Effect of State Laws on Firearm Deaths: A Simulation Study, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2685-RC, 2018. As of October 1, 2019: https://www.rand.or"]
[7.70283842086792, 3.9216737747192383, " self-harm, giving angry or distraught buyers time to \u201ccool off\u201d or gain perspective. While it is plausible that this cooling-off period could reduce impul- sive interpersonal gun violence, some evidence exists for the potential effects of this mecha"]
[7.811837196350098, 4.051218032836914, "crime (Webster and Wintemute, 2015; Braga et al., 2012).2 However, a series of provisions attached to Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) appropriations (com- monly known as the Tiahrt Amendments) has denied most researchers acc"]
[7.7077507972717285, 3.9365885257720947, " present elevated risk of violence. As discussed in Chapter Eight, the major- ity of prohibited possessors who perpetrate gun violence acquire their firearms from social acquaintances or the black market; thus, a large portion of violent gun crime is"]
[7.684587478637695, 3.9118363857269287, " such policy heterogeneity will depend on the extent to which different types of firearms are substitutes and the marginal effect of requiring an additional day or days of delay before transfer can occur. State waiting-period laws applying to only a "]
[7.708450794219971, 3.9238638877868652, "rates before and after the implementation of the Brady Act in 1994, which initially imposed waiting periods and background checks for purchases from licensed firearm dealers. When the Brady Act was implemented, 18 states and the District of Columbia "]
[7.691632270812988, 3.9168622493743896, "des and with suggestive negative effects on total suicides, and longer waiting periods (one week or more) showed some evidence of larger effects.8 Although the authors\u2019 preferred model with quadratic state-specific trends had poten- tial issues with "]
[7.704274654388428, 3.9230117797851562, "a decline in firearm suicide induced by the waiting-period law might have reduced suicide attempts by other lethal means.\n Figure 10.1\nIncidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Waiting Periods on Suicide\nNOTE: IRR values marked with blue sq"]
[7.687110900878906, 3.9047019481658936, " of the true causal effects of the laws.\nWe identified five studies that specifically examined the effect of waiting periods on violent crime. Mustard (2001) evaluated how waiting-period and shall-issue laws (see Chapter Eighteen) affect felonious de"]
[7.689583778381348, 3.9080259799957275, "uicides as a proxy for state-level firearm prevalence, and other state-level factors. The authors found that waiting periods were associated with a suggestive negative effect on homicides. Using data over a longer time frame (1990 to 2013), linear mo"]
[7.686642646789551, 3.91292142868042, "ds 177\n     Evidence for this relationship is\nmoderate.\n Firearm homicides. We identified five qualifying studies that examined the effects of waiting periods on firearm homicide rates, but we discount the evidence provided by one (Ludwig and Cook, 2"]
[7.6788554191589355, 3.9081456661224365, "se laws may be poor indicators of their true effects. In addition, the model did not adjust for clustered standard errors. Together, these shortcomings suggest that the model results may not accurately describe the true effects of waiting periods.\nUs"]
[7.677031993865967, 3.912700653076172, " waiting-period law\nincreasing the incidence of mass shoot-\nings. However, estimates in the same\nmodel also showed a suggestive effect\nof waiting-period length on decreasing\nthe incidence of mass shootings, which\ncomplicates interpretation of the ove"]
[7.67680549621582, 3.9068965911865234, ". Because Glaeser and Glendon (1998) separately estimated the effects of waiting periods for those with and without a prior arrest history, we do not include effect sizes for this study in the figure.\nFigure 10.4\nIncidence Rate Ratios Associated with"]
[8.286524772644043, 4.23550271987915, "mphis, Tennessee, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Treasury, July 2002.\nCook, P. J., and Jens Ludwig, \u201cThe Effect of the Brady Act on Gun Violence,\u201d in B. Harcourt, ed., Guns, Crime, and Punishment in America, New York: New York University Pr"]
[8.289587020874023, 4.261102199554443, "he United States: The Importance of Attending to Method in Understanding Population-Level Disparities in the Burden of Suicide,\u201d Annual Review of Public Health, Vol. 33, 2012, pp. 393\u2013408.\nMiller, M., D. Hemenway, and D. Azrael, \u201cFirearms and Suicide"]
[8.085522651672363, 4.3839006423950195, "r before being permitted to operate one. However, detrac- tors of the laws suggest that such regulations create unwarranted costs and barriers to firearm ownership and that such ownership should not be made conditional on train- ing (Cole, 2014).\nFir"]
[8.061266899108887, 4.399338245391846, "ining (in which 80 percent of training courses covered proper gun storage) were significantly more likely to store their fire- arms loaded and unlocked compared with gun owners who had not received formal training; however, the most common source of "]
[8.106945991516113, 4.362652778625488, "orage practices might be more likely to change the behavior of gun owners than are noncredible messengers who promote safe storage.\nMore research is needed to understand the relationship between safety training and changes in firearm owners\u2019 safety b"]
[8.153351783752441, 4.474908351898193, "e sort of firearm train- ing, either in a formal course or through some other setting, such as through military service. This includes jurisdictions with \u201cmay-issue\u201d9 or \u201cshall-issue\u201d concealed-carry laws.10 See Chapter Eighteen for further informati"]
[8.104063987731934, 4.409356117248535, "v. Stat. \u00a7 237.110(4)(i); Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. 28.425b; Minn. Stat. \u00a7 624.714, Subd. 2; Mont. Code Ann. 45-8-321(3); Neb. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 69-2429(6); Nev. Rev. Stat. 202.3657(3)(c); N.M. Stat. Ann. 1978, \u00a7 29-19-4A(10); N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 14-415.12"]
[8.102334976196289, 4.370115756988525, "mponent effect of these\nlaws. Considering the methodologi-\ncal concerns with this single study, we\nfind inconclusive evidence for the effect of firearm safety training requirements on total homicides.\nFirearm safety training requirements have\n  uncer"]
[8.11646556854248, 4.311335563659668, "ovide standard errors, test statistics, or exact p-values, so we do not interpret this evidence for this review.\nFirearm Safety Training Requirements 191\n 192 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S."]
[8.0556001663208, 4.208322048187256, " There is no federal law requiring individuals to report lost or stolen firearms.\nIn 2018, federally licensed firearm dealers reported 14,738 firearms (includ- ing pistols, rifles, shotguns, revolvers, and machine guns) as lost or stolen from their p"]
[8.039358139038086, 4.186556816101074, "able to prohibited possessors or to individuals seeking to obtain firearms for criminal purposes. Thus, to estimate how requirements for reporting lost or stolen firearms affect such outcomes as violent crime, we might first examine to what extent su"]
[7.999717712402344, 4.214659214019775, ".4\nOutcomes Without Studies Examining the Effects of Lost or Stolen Firearm Reporting Requirements\nWe did not identify any research that met our inclusion criteria and examined the relationship between required reporting of lost or stolen firearms an"]
[7.996395587921143, 4.199344158172607, "ence, undated-e).\nThere is also no federal firearm registration system, which we define as a record- keeping system controlled by a government agency that both stores the names of current owners of each firearm of a specific class and requires that t"]
[7.981147289276123, 4.204038143157959, "rohibited pos- sessors. For instance, California, which has a firearm registration system, passed Proposition 63 in 2016. The law, among other things, requires courts to search Cali- fornia\u2019s centralized records of firearm sales and transfers wheneve"]
[7.968996047973633, 4.317010402679443, "umbia, all private sales are completed through dealers, who maintain records of all sales.7 Furthermore, seven states require licensed dealers to maintain records of handgun sales,8 and three states require private sellers to do so.9\nSome states have"]
[7.9792375564575195, 4.216733932495117, "nt agency. Four of these states require records of all sales to be transmitted, includ- ing those by licensed dealers and private sellers.11 Similarly, the District of Columbia\u2019s registration requirement gives law enforcement access to all sales reco"]
[8.026430130004883, 4.280370712280273, "2p(a)\n(1), 53-202q; Hawaii Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 134-3(a), (b), 134-4; Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law \u00a7 4-303; N.J. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 2C:39-5f, 2C:58-12; N.Y. Penal Law \u00a7\u00a7 265.00(22)(e)-(f), 265.00(23), 400.00(10), (16-a), 400.02.\n Firearm Sales Reporting, Record"]
[8.079241752624512, 4.280201435089111, "ts of U.S. Gun Policies\nies for firearm prevalence. Models showed a large and significant negative relation- ship between registration laws and NICS background checks for firearm purchases. However, insufficient information was provided in the paper "]
[8.268776893615723, 4.419483661651611, "ational Rifle Association, Institute for Legislative Action, \u201cNew Zealand Experience Further Proves Registration Facilitates Confiscations,\u201d July 8, 2019b.\nSteidley, Trent, and Martin T. Kosla, \u201cToward a Status Anxiety Theory of Macro-Level Firearm D"]
[8.247259140014648, 4.43510627746582, " as semiautomatic firearms that have at least two of a designated list of features (27 C.F.R. 478.11). In contrast, fully automatic weapons (i.e., machine guns) can produce continuous fire by a single trigger function without manual reloading, and th"]
[8.273517608642578, 4.43230676651001, "percent) involved an assault weapon or high- capacity magazine, resulting in 155 percent more injuries and 47 percent more fatali- ties compared with other incidents (Everytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, 2017b). In a 2018 update to the same analysi"]
[8.230341911315918, 4.427492141723633, "nerating market effects for ancillary gun companies that produce or sell certain replacement parts, accessories, or specialized magazines and precision barrels used primarily for sport shooting.\nOverall, the effects of these policies will depend larg"]
[8.246477127075195, 4.433925628662109, "tate law and to be therefore banned.4 For exam- ple, the law states that a \u201csemiautomatic, centerfire rifle that has the capacity to accept a detachable magazine\u201d is an assault weapon if it also contains any of the following fea- tures: \u201c(A) a pistol"]
[8.242695808410645, 4.414859294891357, " high-capacity magazines for pistols.14 The rest ban high- capacity magazines for all firearms,15 although there are differences in definition here too. California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and the District "]
[8.212301254272461, 4.449263095855713, "ed how bans on high-capacity maga- zines affect firearm homicide rates (Moody and Marvell, 2018b). Using a log-linear model with two-way fixed effects, the authors used a hybrid policy specification to esti- mate the joint effect of law passage on th"]
[8.304336547851562, 4.414403438568115, "e of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nEffects on Mass Shootings\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nWe identified four studies that met our inclusion criteria and estimated the effects of state or fede"]
[8.276106834411621, 4.478522777557373, "hether a mass shooting occurred in a given state-year. In con- trast to Gius (2015c), Luca, Malhotra, and Poliquin (2016) did not control for the\n18 The author found a large and statistically significant association between implementation of the fede"]
[8.333834648132324, 4.392183780670166, "sal effect estimates.\nFinally, Gius (2018) employed a model similar to that of Gius (2015c) to evalu- ate whether federal or state assault weapon bans influence school shooting fatalities or injuries, controlling for background check laws, state-leve"]
[8.282472610473633, 4.446548938751221, " bans have\nuncertain\neffects on\nmass shootings.\n      Evidence for this relationship is\ninconclusive.\n Bans on the Sale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity Magazines 215\nGorry, and Wade (2016) found that the bans significantly reduced the annual inc"]
[8.29480266571045, 4.404730319976807, "t sizes of interest, so we do not present them in a figure.\n216 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nConclusions\nOne study provided some evidence that\nsecondary-market prices of assa"]
[8.3428955078125, 4.264766693115234, "onomics and Statistics, Vol. 93, No. 1, 2011,\npp. 113\u2013125.\nCox, D. R., and E. J. Snell, Analysis of Binary Data, 2nd ed., New York: Chapman and Hall, 1989.\nEverytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, \u201cMass Shootings in the United States: 2009\u20132016,\u201d April"]
[8.232148170471191, 4.436081409454346, "Markets and Gun Violence 1994\u20132003, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 2004.\nKoper, Christopher S., and Jeffrey A. Roth, \u201cThe Impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapon Ban on Gun Violence Outcomes: An Assessment of Multiple Outcome Meas"]
[8.158461570739746, 4.453430652618408, "turers are exempt from the federal restrictions.\nSince 1968, several state laws have aimed to extend or clarify design and safety requirements on all guns in circulation in the United States, not just imported guns. Specifically, lawmakers have targe"]
[8.15467357635498, 4.470946311950684, "nnect mechanism, which prevents a semiautomatic pistol with a detachable magazine from firing when there is no magazine in the pistol. Finally, some states create a roster of approved handguns that satisfy the state\u2019s safety and design standards. In "]
[8.135157585144043, 4.4936113357543945, "s of inexpen- sive handguns were more likely than purchasers of other handguns to be charged with new crimes after handgun purchase.\nThese studies suggest that small and inexpensive handguns are disproportion- ately preferred by those engaged in crim"]
[8.172119140625, 4.477353572845459, "s, or hunting and recreation. Although handguns are commonly used in suicides (Hanlon et al., 2019) and individuals who die by suicide are more likely than the general population to have purchased a hand- gun in the previous three years (Grassel et a"]
[8.186238288879395, 4.451742172241211, "s filed a class-action suit alleging that the guns can fire without being triggered (Cohn, 2018). The case ultimately was settled.\n The specifics of which weapons or weapon features are prohibited by a particu- lar ban may be key to understanding the"]
[8.15541934967041, 4.42655611038208, "Ann. \u00a7 624.712; 9 N.Y. CRR 482.6.\n6 Calif. Penal Code \u00a7 32015; Md. Code, Pub. Safety, \u00a7 5-404; Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 140 \u00a7 1313/4; 24 D.C. MR \u00a7 2323.\n7 Calif. Ann. Penal Code \u00a7\u00a7 31910, 16900; Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 140, \u00a7 123; 9 N.Y. CRR 482.5.\nBans on Lo"]
[8.191816329956055, 4.433516502380371, "with the low-quality handgun bans examined in Rosengart et al. (2005).\n8 Calif. Penal Code \u00a7 31910.\n9 Hawaii and the District of Columbia. See Hawaii Rev. Stat. \u00a7 134-15(a); D.C. Code Ann. \u00a7 7-2505.04(b).\n Figure 15.1\nIncidence Rate Ratios Associated"]
[8.180365562438965, 4.455743312835693, " than five observations per estimated parameter, there is a substantial likelihood that the model was overfit. Thus, in keeping with our review methodology, we discount the results of this study.\nRosengart et al. (2005) used data from 1979 to 1998 to"]
[8.193731307983398, 4.4579315185546875, "n the number of states that changed the bans during the study time frame, but it is likely that only one state (California) changed its low-quality handgun law over this period. Thus, the effect of these laws may not have been well identified, and th"]
[8.173741340637207, 4.475668907165527, "ct fire- arm homicides.\nEffects on the Gun Industry\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nWe identified one study that met our inclusion criteria and assessed how bans on low-quality handguns affect gun industry outcomes. Using a first-differences model, Webst"]
[8.345087051391602, 4.284758567810059, ".\nCook, Philip J., \u201cThe Saturday Night Special: An Assessment of Alternative Definitions from a Policy Perspective,\u201d Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 72, No. 4, 1981, pp. 1735\u20131745.\nFunk, T. Markus, \u201cGun Control and Economic Discriminati"]
[8.214153289794922, 4.327502727508545, "of October 1, 2019: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2685.html\nVernick, Jon S., Daniel W. Webster, and Lisa M. Hepburn, \u201cEffects of Maryland\u2019s Law Banning Saturday Night Special Handguns on Crime Guns,\u201d Injury Prevention, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1"]
[8.086234092712402, 5.082766532897949, "ations individuals who own guns can use and carry their firearms. Of the 18 policy classes included in this review, five operate by affecting the behaviors of gun owners. Each is reviewed in the subsequent chapters in Part D, as follows:\n\u2022 stand-your"]
[8.071894645690918, 5.117340087890625, "l documented, but several data sources do exist (Kleck, 2018; Hemenway and Solnick, 2015b; National Research Council, 2004; see also RAND Corporation, 2018, Chapter Twenty-Three). Ideally, analyses of the effects of stand-your-ground laws on defensiv"]
[8.04106330871582, 4.9864091873168945, "assed similar laws.3 Eight states have expanded castle doctrine to\n1 Standard castle doctrine states that a person in his or her own home does not have a duty to retreat prior to using force, including deadly force, in self-defense.\n2 Fla. Stat. Ann."]
[8.032370567321777, 4.921562194824219, "n. \u00a7 200.120(2); N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 627:4(III); N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 14-51.3; Okla. Stat. Ann. Tit. 21 \u00a7 1289.25(D); 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 505(b)(2.3); S.C. Ann. Code \u00a7 16-11-440(C); S.D. Laws \u00a7 22-18-4; Tenn. Ann. Code \u00a7 39-11-611(b); Tex."]
[7.880980491638184, 4.641770839691162, "diate family\n10 For example, Ala. Code \u00a7 13-A-3-23 (kidnapping; assault; burglary; robbery; forcible rape; forcible sodomy; \u201cusing or about to use physical force against an owner, employee, or other person authorized to be on business property when t"]
[8.072093963623047, 5.111195087432861, "and Wisconsin. See Ia. Code Ann. \u00a7 704.1; Kan. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 21-5222, 5223, 5230; Tenn. Ann. Code \u00a7 39-11-611; Wisc. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 939.48.\n13 W. Va. Ann. Code \u00a7 55-7-22.\n14 N.D. Ann. Code \u00a7 12.1-05-07.\n member.15 In Wisconsin, the law applies in an in"]
[8.074202537536621, 5.11223030090332, " as a proxy for firearm ownership (Wallace, 2014). However, without simultane- ously examining firearm or total suicide rates, this outcome is difficult to interpret as providing a causal effect of stand-your-ground laws, so the study did not meet ou"]
[8.076089859008789, 5.114745140075684, "m 2000 to 2010 to estimate the laws\u2019 effects on homicide rates. The authors defined stand-your-ground laws using a binary variable equal to one for polices that \u201cremove the duty to retreat in some place outside the home\u201d (Cheng and Hoekstra, 2013, p."]
[8.07993221282959, 5.097986221313477, "and castle doctrine to apply outside the home\u2014we do not count this study as part of the evidence base for the effects of stand-your-ground laws.\nStand-Your-Ground Laws 241\n 242 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on t"]
[8.074932098388672, 5.118607997894287, "sib, Kostandini, and Jordan (2018) estimated the effects of stand-your- ground laws on per capita rates of total firearm-related deaths, excluding deaths by suicide.22 Based on mortality data from 1999 to 2013, and using a state and year fixed- effec"]
[8.073601722717285, 5.116652488708496, "4 states that passed a stand-your-ground law between 2005 and 2007, the authors used the synthetic control method approach to generate a weighted combination of control states (i.e., a \u201csynthetic control\u201d) that approximated the pre-law firearm homici"]
[8.072129249572754, 5.118592262268066, "13) found that these\nlaws significantly increase homicide\nStand-Your-Ground Laws 245\n    rates, but they have uncertain effects on robbery, aggravated assault, and bur- glary rates. McClellan and Tekin (2017) also found significant increases in total"]
[8.081025123596191, 5.100434303283691, "thors found that stand-your-ground laws were associated with a statisti- cally significant decline in the likelihood of a public shooting incident. However, their use of a linear model to predict a dichotomous (and rare) outcome likely violated model"]
[8.074385643005371, 5.118340492248535, "nt for changes in policing and incarceration rates, and contemporaneous crime rates. Using negative binomial regression models, they found stand-your-ground laws to be associated with increases in justifiable homicide, ranging from an uncertain 28-pe"]
[8.069609642028809, 5.122525691986084, "gical reasons. Given the methodological quality of these studies, we consider these findings inconclusive evidence for the effect of stand-your-ground laws on defensive gun use.\nEffects on the Gun Industry\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nOne study (Walla"]
[8.118453979492188, 5.012565612792969, "Nelson, Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models, Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1984.\nBlau, Benjamin M., Devon H. Gorry, and Chip Wade, \u201cGuns, Laws, and Public Shootings in the United States,\u201d Applied Economics, Vol. 48, No. 49, 2016,"]
[7.9763593673706055, 4.595427989959717, "ip?\u201d Justice Policy Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, Fall 2014.\nWebster, D., C. K. Crifasi, and J. S. Vernick, \u201cEffects of the Repeal of Missouri\u2019s Handgun Purchaser Licensing Law on Homicides,\u201d Journal of Urban Health, Vol. 91, No. 2, 2014, pp. 293\u2013302.\nCHA"]
[7.891017436981201, 4.687350273132324, "Policies\nnationwide, two-thirds of which involved a firearm (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2016). Young adults between ages 18 and 21 have among the highest rates of violent offending of any age group (Loeber and Stallings, 2"]
[7.8909382820129395, 4.751043319702148, "Azrael and Miller, 2016).\nIn the absence of strong causal models, however, alternative explanations remain plausible. If, for instance, those most determined to kill themselves leave a weapon unsecured so that it will be available for use when they a"]
[7.890439510345459, 4.758365631103516, " understood by gun owners to account for the apparent effects of these laws. If a person is unaware of a law, it is difficult to associate her or his behavior with that law. It may be, however, that knowledge of the law is not the key driver of impro"]
[7.845764636993408, 4.666425704956055, "states imposing criminal liability for negligent storage allow for exceptions or defenses.8 The most common is when the gun has been stored in a locked\n3 Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 140, \u00a7 131L.\n4 California, Minnesota, New York, and the District of Columbia"]
[7.850014686584473, 4.679474830627441, "N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 14-315.1; R.I. Gen. Laws Ann. \u00a7 11-47-60.1; Tex. Penal Code Ann. \u00a7 46.13.\n11 Calif. Penal Code \u00a7 25105; Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 29-37i; Hawaii Rev. Stat. \u00a7 134-10.5; N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 650-C:1; R.I. Gen. Laws Ann. \u00a7 11-47-6"]
[7.84343147277832, 4.718878269195557, "6 are also exceptions.\nIn addition to the main distinctions among the CAP laws already discussed, another difference is how they define minors. In the majority of states, it is an offense to provide a firearm to an individual under age 18.27 In Texas"]
[7.886125564575195, 4.757151126861572, "ligent storage a felony. In four such jurisdictions, these factors bump the crime from a misdemeanor to a felony,33 and in the other four, there is no misdemeanor offense, only these felonies.34 Texas makes clear that regardless of what additional fa"]
[7.876070976257324, 4.755343437194824, "idence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\n10.8-percent reduction in firearm suicides; in addition, they found uncertain effects on nonfirearm suicides. In this age group, the post-policy firearm suicide rate was 89 per- cent of the rate expected wit"]
[7.883020877838135, 4.751962661743164, " likely the result of suicide attempts. Therefore, DeSimone, Markowitz, and Xu (2013) should be understood to evaluate the effects of CAP laws on nonfatal firearm injuries resulting from a combination of suicide attempts and self-inflicted uninten-\n3"]
[7.889598846435547, 4.750951290130615, "ility models weighted by state population and adjusting for a large set of state-level time- varying covariates, state fixed effects, national trends, and state-specific linear trends, the authors found that the estimated associations between CAP law"]
[7.890880107879639, 4.745833396911621, "rearm suicides\namong those aged 19 or younger. Using\ndata on hospitalizations for self-inflicted\nfirearm injuries, DeSimone, Markowitz,\nand Xu (2013) found significant effects\nsuggesting that CAP laws reduce such\ninjuries among those aged 17 or young"]
[7.884581089019775, 4.761966228485107, "data. The authors examined information in 11 states between 1988 and 2003 and employed fixed effects for state and year in their statistical models (along with other state- and hospital-level covariates). They found that CAP laws based on negligent s"]
[7.8897857666015625, 4.758749008178711, "th the CAP laws examined in these studies.\nFigure 17.2\nIncidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Child-Access Prevention Laws on Violent Crime\nNOTE: IRR values marked with blue squares indicate that methodological concerns are discussed in "]
[7.886037349700928, 4.757742881774902, "ntional fire- arm deaths among those aged 14 or younger. In addition, they showed that this effect was not consistent across all states that have CAP laws. Significant reductions in such deaths were observed in states with felony CAP laws, and in sta"]
[7.877745151519775, 4.753025531768799, "ge alone or on either negligent storage or reckless provision had uncertain effects on unintentional firearm injuries in children aged 18 or younger in the 11 states that were part of the NIS, but they did find a statistically significant effect of t"]
[7.8911309242248535, 4.747739791870117, "ied no significant methodological concerns. See Appendix B for details.\nChild-Access Prevention Laws 267\n      268 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nConclusions\nWe identified six "]
[7.924571990966797, 4.722050189971924, "li- ties, injuries, and the incidence of multiple-victim public shootings, which the author defined as events unrelated to other criminal activity in which two or more people were killed or wounded in a public location. The analysis covered 1977 to 1"]
[7.894988059997559, 4.743607044219971, "fying study of\nthe effect of CAP laws on mass shoot-\nings and one qualifying study of the\neffect of CAP laws on school shoot-\nings. Lott (2003) found uncertain\neffects for these laws on mass shooting\ncasualties and mass shooting incidents,\nand Anders"]
[7.953558921813965, 4.717583656311035, " was likely overfit. We therefore excluded those results from our synthesis.\n272 The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nOutcomes Without Studies Examining the Effects of Child-Access P"]
[8.27381420135498, 4.2993597984313965, "nfatal Injury Reports, 2000\u20132017,\u201d WISQARS database, Atlanta, Ga., January 18, 2019b. As of July 26, 2019:\nhttps://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/nfirates.html\nConner, Andrew, Deborah Azrael, and Matthew Miller, \u201cSuicide Case-Fatality Rates in the Unit"]
[8.146040916442871, 4.409717082977295, " New Mexico Juveniles\u2019 Possession of Firearms, Albuquerque, N.M.: New Mexico Criminal Justice Statistical Analysis Center, Working Paper 27, 1998.\nLoeber, R., and R. Stallings, \u201cModeling the Impact of Interventions on Local Indicators of Offending, V"]
[8.535358428955078, 4.643646240234375, " Ownership in Veterans Entering Residential PTSD Treatment: Associations with Suicide Ideation, Attempts, and Combat Exposure,\u201d Psychiatry Research, Vol. 229, No. 1\u20132, 2015, pp. 220\u2013224.\nSpicer, R. S., and T. R. Miller, \u201cSuicide Acts in 8 States: Inc"]
[8.524155616760254, 4.651505470275879, "t about which laws are most likely to do so. Permitless-carry and shall-issue laws that make it easier for citizens to carry concealed weapons could increase the number of people carrying guns. The increased prevalence of concealed weapons could lead"]
[8.55006217956543, 4.650468826293945, "cealed-carry permits related to changes in various types of violent crime (Kovandzic and Marvell, 2003). The authors analyzed data from 58 Florida counties spanning 1980\u20132000, providing coverage of the period before and after the passage of Florida\u2019s"]
[8.234149932861328, 4.621625900268555, "h Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming. See Alaska Stat. \u00a7 11.61.220; Ariz. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 13-3112; Ark. App. 488 (via case law: Taff v. State, 2018); Ida. Code Ann. \u00a7 18-3302 (applies only out- side cities); Kan. Stat. A"]
[8.584247589111328, 4.658480167388916, "e laws (USA Carry, 2017).\nEffects on Suicide\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nWe identified three studies that met our inclusion criteria and examined the effect of concealed-carry laws on suicide; no studies examined the effects of permitless-carry laws "]
[8.582782745361328, 4.648416996002197, "cide rates. However, relative to laws that prohibited concealed carry,5 both may-issue and shall-issue laws were associated with significant increases in nonfirearm suicide rates.\nFigure 18.1 displays the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and CIs associat"]
[8.611294746398926, 4.598357677459717, "Two important reviews of the scientific literature on gun policy effects\u2014one by the National Research Council (NRC), a part of the National Academy of Sciences (NRC, 2004), and one by the Community Preventive Services Task Force, established by the U"]
[8.62801742553711, 4.668210983276367, "ted in Table 18.1, the NRC (2004) panel, with one member dissenting, concluded:\nSome studies find that right-to-carry laws reduce violent crime, others find that the effects are negligible, and still others find that such laws increase violent crime."]
[8.646280288696289, 4.666731357574463, "a sets used by Lott (1998b, 2000) and by Plassmann and Whitley (2003), and Plassmann subsequently acknowledged these errors to the NRC (NRC, 2004, p. 136). Correction of these errors elimi- nated many of the significant effects reported by Plassmann "]
[8.6541748046875, 4.67650032043457, "esearch Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nnot comparable with later data, according to the National Archive of Criminal Jus- tice Data (undated). Nevertheless, several analyses have continued to use county-level crime data to evaluate law "]
[8.672659873962402, 4.687114715576172, "dy et al. (2014) suggested that shall-issue laws significantly reduced the trends in rape and murder rates. They found no significant association between shall-issue laws and either assault or robbery. The fact that their model predicted a given outc"]
[8.64704418182373, 4.6724700927734375, "rrections for serial correlation in the data used, without which incorrect claims of statistical significance would be expected to proliferate (Schell, Griffin, and Morral, 2018; Aneja, Donohue, and Zhang, 2014; Helland and Tabarrok, 2004).\nState-Lev"]
[8.676039695739746, 4.680805683135986, "e (see Figure 18.3). However, as with Lott (2000), the authors did not statistically adjust for serial correlation in the panel data, and the model\u2019s ratio of estimated parameters to observations was less than one to ten, mean- ing the model may have"]
[8.643189430236816, 4.673551082611084, "lly significant might not be after correcting these analyses (Schell, Griffin, and Morral, 2018; Aneja, Donohue, and Zhang, 2014; Helland and Tabarrok, 2004).\nDeSimone, Markowitz, and Xu (2013) evaluated the effects of child-access pre- vention laws "]
[8.68465518951416, 4.688808441162109, "hall-issue states. Relative to states with shall-issue laws, states with more-restrictive firearm-carry policies had rates of firearm homicide that were 11 percent higher (see Figure 18.3). However, this model did not statistically adjust for the kno"]
[8.679919242858887, 4.684589385986328, "ounty-level analyses, that their specification improved model fit over that of Aneja, Donohue, and Zhang (2014). They also found that the individual states\u2019 trends were jointly significant, which they took as evidence supporting the need for their in"]
[8.692605018615723, 4.628279209136963, " designed to estimate the distribution of treatment effects under the assumption that laws have no real effect. They concluded that, after the seventh year post-implementation, states with shall- issue laws had significantly elevated rates of violent"]
[8.654401779174805, 4.672765731811523, "ars of data for six states after 1998, because the CDC began suppressing homicide counts below ten in that year. Nevertheless, the authors report similar results from sensitivity analyses using a different data source, the Supplementary Homicide Repo"]
[8.635656356811523, 4.6800456047058105, "stard, 2001; Crifasi, Pollack, and Webster, 2016). Mustard (2001) preferred a spline model, estimating the change in trends before versus after implementation of shall-issue laws for the outcome of felonious police deaths per capita or per full-time "]
[8.677733421325684, 4.690601348876953, "ncreases in crime com- pared with decreases. However, this study had an unfavorable ratio of model covariates to observations (less than one to ten), meaning the model may have been overfit, and thus its estimates and CIs may be unreliable indicators"]
[8.66395378112793, 4.686612129211426, "on violent crime and murder rates. Analyzing data over a partially overlapping period, from 1976 to 1998, and using a Poisson model that controlled for state and year fixed effects, state-specific linear trends, and time-varying state covari- ates, L"]
[8.616097450256348, 4.619085311889648, "del comparison techniques, Strnad (2007) reanalyzed models of the effects of shall- issue laws from Donohue (2004). In contrast to the approach of Donohue (2004) and many others, Strnad (2007) did not assess the evidence for or against shall-issue la"]
[8.616581916809082, 4.607001781463623, "orting dummy-coded law effects published since the NRC (2004) review of gun policy effects. For a summary of effects reported for all studies discussed in this chapter, see Appendix B. IRR values marked with green circles indicate that we identified "]
[8.651896476745605, 4.684941291809082, "study that included four more years of data found uncertain effects of the law in seven of eight evaluated years, with a single significant negative effect in the seventh year (Moody and Marvell, 2018a). La Valle and Glover (2012) found that shall-is"]
[8.646276473999023, 4.704158782958984, " which included data after 2000, found largely uncertain effects of shall-issue laws on robberies (Moody and Marvell, 2018a; Moody et al., 2014; Kendall and Tamura, 2010; Helland and Tabarrok, 2004; Plassmann and Whitley, 2003). Therefore, we conclud"]
[8.629778861999512, 4.676876544952393, " it could be argued that these two\nstudies of the effect of these laws on all\nviolent crimes should not suffice to sug-\ngest that there is more than inconclusive\nevidence for such an effect. However, because analyses on all violent crimes may have gr"]
[8.625359535217285, 4.6720404624938965, "e law, unintentional firearm injuries among those aged 18 or older were more than twice as frequent as would be expected without the law, which would be extraordinary if true. However, the estimated effects of shall-issue laws in this study were base"]
[8.559700012207031, 4.626875400543213, "e other four studies adopted slightly different definitions for mass shooting. Lott (2003) examined multiple-victim public shootings, which the author defined as events unrelated to other criminal activity in which two or more people were killed or w"]
[8.575611114501953, 4.642007827758789, "be poor indicators of their true effects.\nExamining a partially overlapping but later period (1989\u20132014), Luca, Malhotra, and Poliquin (2016) used a linear probability model to estimate the impact of shall- issue concealed-carry laws on a binary indi"]
[8.592281341552734, 4.658538341522217, "ce, the authors found that concealed- carry laws had an uncertain relationship with the number of school shooting victims (see Figure 18.5). Given the relatively rare nature of this outcome, these analyses may have been underpowered to detect an effe"]
[8.581564903259277, 4.6511921882629395, "Guns & Ammo magazine as a proxy for gun ownership. This study identified uncertain effects of these laws on gun ownership.\nShall-issue concealed-carry laws have\n uncertain\neffects on\nmass shootings.\nEvidence for this relationship is\ninconclusive.\n 30"]
[8.576461791992188, 4.656351566314697, "\nuncertain effect of shall-issue concealed-\ncarry laws on gun ownership proxy out-\ncomes. One study found that allowing\npermitless carry in Arizona was cor-\nrelated with significant increases in\nNICS background checks relative to the\nnational trend. "]
[8.407251358032227, 4.348101615905762, "n M., Devon H. Gorry, and Chip Wade, \u201cGuns, Laws, and Public Shootings in the United States,\u201d Applied Economics, Vol. 48, No. 49, 2016, pp. 4732\u20134746.\nBronars, Stephen G., and John R. Lott, Jr., \u201cCriminal Deterrence, Geographic Spillovers, and the Ri"]
[8.388692855834961, 4.340567588806152, " Change,\u201d Statistics in Medicine, Vol. 27, No. 24, 2008, pp. 5005\u20135025.\nGinwalla, Rashna, Peter Rhee, Randall Friese, Donald J. Green, Lynn Gries, Bellal Joseph, Narong Kulvatunyou, Dafney Lubin, Terence O\u2019Keeffe, Gary Vercruysse, Julie Wynne, and An"]
[8.399658203125, 4.346022605895996, "012, pp. 580\u2013601.\nLoftin, Colin, David McDowall, and Matthew D. Fetzer, \u201cA Comparison of SHR and Vital Statistics Homicide Estimates for U.S. Cities,\u201d Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2008, pp. 4\u201317.\nLott, John R., Jr., \u201cThe "]
[8.399218559265137, 4.364871501922607, "ematic Measurement Error with State-Level Crime Data: Evidence from the \u2018More Guns Less Crime\u2019 Debate,\u201d Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 42, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 187\u2013210.\nMoody, Carlisle E., \u201cTesting for the Effects of Concealed Wea"]
[8.329681396484375, 4.2996673583984375, "nal Justice, Vol. 25, No. 1, 2009, pp. 67\u201388.\nRosengart, M., P. Cummings, A. Nathens, P. Heagerty, R. Maier, and F. Rivara, \u201cAn Evaluation of State Firearm Regulations and Homicide and Suicide Death Rates,\u201d Injury Prevention, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2005, pp"]
[8.328523635864258, 4.588964462280273, "aws prohibit the possession of firearms in federal facilities, other than federal court facilities, except for hunting or other lawful purposes (18 U.S.C. 930). Similarly, firearms are prohibited on property belonging to the U.S. Department of Vetera"]
[8.287267684936523, 4.489310264587402, "rences in how mass shootings are defined\u2014the latter study restricts analysis to mass public shootings\u2014there also appears to be some disagreement about how gun-free zones are classified.\nTo evaluate the effects of gun-free zones, the ideal data would "]
[8.262885093688965, 4.611923694610596, "83.1; Wash. Rev. Code Ann. \u00a7 9.41.300; W. Va. Code \u00a7 61-7-11a; Wisc. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 175.60; Wyo. Stat. \u00a7 6-5-209.\n3 For example, Colorado\u2019s restriction concerns carrying concealed weapons into public buildings guarded by security personnel (Colo. Rev. "]
[8.305549621582031, 4.60792875289917, " Mis- souri, prohibit concealed carry but allow open carry. These laws also have caveats, which, like Kentucky, relate to trying to keep the firearm regulations restricted to alcohol-centric restaurants or areas of restaurants (Miss. Code Ann. \u00a7 45-9"]
[8.325742721557617, 4.542750358581543, "blic Shootings Keep Occurring in Gun-Free Zones: 94% of Attacks Since 1950,\u201d June 15, 2018a.\nEverytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, \u201cMass Shootings in the United States: 2009\u20132016,\u201d April 11, 2017b. As of May 3, 2017: http://everytownresearch.org/rep"]
[8.337615013122559, 4.577810287475586, "(q)(3)(B)(ii), (iii)). State and local laws and school district policies often further restrict whether law enforcement officers, properly licensed teachers, or others may carry firearms at primary and secondary schools.\nThose who argue in favor of a"]
[8.350014686584473, 4.597726821899414, "ince the intro- duction of federal regulations related to guns on school property, rates of students car- rying weapons in general and to school have decreased. In 1993, 22 percent of students in grades 9\u201312 carried a weapon, such as a gun or knife, "]
[8.338945388793945, 4.586155414581299, "ch an experiment would be the low base rate of gun violence experienced by schools in the United States. Thus, it may be difficult to detect the effects of these policies unless many schools were included in the experiment over what might be several "]
[8.354015350341797, 4.61723518371582, " of trustees of the school district or governing body of a charter school may appoint one marshal for every 200 students or for each building of the campus, subject to various other rules.3 In distressed rural counties in Tennessee, schools may imple"]
[8.320959091186523, 4.533714294433594, " on School Safety, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, U.S. Department of Justice, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and U.S. Department of Homeland Security, December 18, 2018.\nFowler, Katherine A., Linda L. Dahlberg, Tadesse"]
[8.60276985168457, 4.078216075897217, "in the United States. In this report, we have attempted to pro- vide a rigorous and balanced assessment of what current scientific knowledge can tell the public and policymakers about the true effects of many gun policies that are frequently discusse"]
[8.72832202911377, 4.056792259216309, " knowable do not supersede questions of individual rights or Second Amendment rights. Both should be central considerations in policymaking.\nFacts have never dictated policy, but they can inform it. The relevance of research to inform gun policy has "]
[8.631383895874023, 4.084183216094971, "- ods. Our finding of supportive evidence of an effect is limited to cases for which at least three studies not compromised by serious methodological weaknesses found suggestive or significant effects in the same direction, and the effect was found i"]
[8.159842491149902, 4.343437671661377, "ws\n      e\u0302L\n e\u0302M\n  e\u0302S\n  I\n   I\n    I\n e\u0302L\n  I\n  Stand-Your-Ground Laws\n   I\nI\n    e\u0301M\n e\u0301S\n  I\n I\n    Bans on Low-Quality Handguns\n        I\n  I\n      I\n   I\n            Bans on the Sale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity Magazines\n            I\n"]
[7.972999572753906, 4.330459117889404, "conclusive; L = limited; M = moderate; S = supportive. When we identified no studies meeting eligibility criteria, cells are blank.e\u0301= the policy We concluded that there is limited evidence that licensing and permitting requirements decrease total su"]
[7.990834712982178, 4.42820930480957, "rm Sales Reporting, Recording, and Registration Requirements\n    Lost or Stolen Firearm Reporting Requirements\n    Firearm Safety Training Requirements\n    Waiting Periods\n    Licensing and Permitting Requirements\n    Background Checks\n  Extreme Risk"]
[7.938178062438965, 4.787667751312256, "background checks or waiting periods), or they are designed to affect a relatively small proportion of gun owners (e.g., prohibitions that target the mentally ill or domestic violence offenders). Thus, the other laws generally concern either the smal"]
[8.0768461227417, 5.094651222229004, "are effects too large to be explained by justifiable homicides. Consider, for instance, that there were a combined 2,201 firearm homi- cides in 2017 in Florida and Texas, two states with stand-your-ground laws (Centers for Disease Control and Prevent"]
[7.838009357452393, 4.264880657196045, "-a). In this context, the fact that there is now moderate evidence that domestic violence restrain- ing orders and their associated prohibitions against gun ownership reduce total and firearm-related intimate partner homicides is noteworthy.\n\u2022 Recomm"]
[7.830002307891846, 4.134309768676758, "a; Owens, Horrocks, and House, 2002; Sakinofsky, 2000). We also found limited evidence that permit-to-purchase requirements, which often include a waiting period as part of the permitting process, reduce total and fire- arm suicides among adults.\nCon"]
[8.541260719299316, 4.645824909210205, "es involve sharing data on all prohibited possessors with NICS.\nConclusion 8. There is limited evidence that shall-issue, or right-to-carry, laws increase violent crime rates.\nThere has been more research on shall-issue laws than on all the other pol"]
[8.381569862365723, 4.205401420593262, "render laws; extreme risk protection orders, or \u201cred-flag\u201d laws; firearm safety training requirements; firearm sales reporting, record- ing, and registration requirements; bans on low-quality handguns; and permitless- carry laws.\nWhy Don\u2019t We Know Mo"]
[8.574677467346191, 4.101715564727783, " an elevated risk of firearm homicide for members of the household. This finding was viewed by some as a one-sided attempt to manipu- late the gun policy debate.\nIn an effort led by the National Rifle Association (Cagle and Martinez, 2004), a suffici"]
[8.530904769897461, 4.119350433349609, "for decisions about firearms and violence, the federal government needs to support a systematic program of data collection and research that specifically addresses that issue\u201d (p. 3). The federal government\u2019s support for research on gun violence prev"]
[8.485318183898926, 4.159950256347656, "he lack of research in this area stems, to some extent, from difficulties defining and measuring legal defensive gun use. In some\u2014perhaps most\u2014such cases, guns may contribute to an individual\u2019s self-defense by deterring crimes that would otherwise oc"]
[8.415600776672363, 4.144293785095215, "data on gun ownership and availability and on guns in legal and illegal markets severely limits the quality of existing research.\nThere are no regularly collected data that describe gun ownership or use at the state level since the CDC suspended its "]
[8.537572860717773, 4.157314300537109, "lishes aggregate statistics on its gun tracing program, but case-level details about the crimes that the guns were involved in, how they were acquired, and other key details are omit- ted from these reports. Although some researchers have been able t"]
[12.976312637329102, 4.176159381866455, "ited States than has been available through the FBI\u2019s Uniform Crime Reporting Program. Whereas the FBI system collects summary or aggregate statistics on serious violent and property crimes reported to law enforcement agencies, NIBRS was designed to "]
[8.466362953186035, 4.159002304077148, "2017b). BJS is planning to expand the survey panel in order to generate reliable esti- mates for 22 states that account for 79 percent of the U.S. population. In addition, the bureau has published model-based state estimates for some types of crime o"]
[8.492316246032715, 4.146329879760742, " help develop a data infrastructure for nonfatal firearm injury surveillance is not unprecedented. In 1994, the CDC provided funding for seven states to develop, implement, and evaluate systems; New York City and Cali- fornia also invested in firearm"]
[8.730742454528809, 4.086963653564453, "in many discoveries of effects that reject the null hypothesis that the policy had no effect when, in fact, under proper inferential procedures, the discoveries would be consistent with the law having no effect (or a small effect in the opposite dire"]
[8.613683700561523, 4.07908296585083, "information on laws not yet incorporated into the database. With such help, we hope to make the database a resource beneficial to all analysts.\n\u2022 Recommendation 16. Researchers, reviewers, academics, and science reporters should expect new analyses o"]
[8.349376678466797, 4.244017124176025, ", Vol. 177, No. 1, 2016, pp. 124\u2013126.\nAzrael, Deborah, Lisa Hepburn, David Hemenway, and Matthew Miller, \u201cThe Stock and Flow of U.S. Firearms: Results from the 2015 National Firearms Survey,\u201d Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Vo"]
[8.305792808532715, 4.241460800170898, " Notes from Four Decades in the Trenches,\u201d Crime and Justice, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2013, pp. 19\u201373.\nCook, Philip J., and Anthony A. Braga, \u201cComprehensive Firearms Tracing: Strategic and Investigative Uses of New Data on Firearms Markets,\u201d Arizona Law Revi"]
[8.472323417663574, 4.15731954574585, "kets and Gun Violence 1994\u20132003, Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice, 2004.\nLewiecki, E. M., and S. A. Miller, \u201cSuicide, Guns, and Public Policy,\u201d American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 103, No. 1, 2013, pp. 27\u201331.\nSummary and Conclusion"]
[8.316069602966309, 4.244080066680908, " Surveillance,\u201d American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 15, No. 3, Supp. 1, 1998, pp. 113\u2013119.\nSchell, Terry L., Beth Ann Griffin, and Andrew R. Morral, Evaluating Methods to Estimate the Effect of State Laws on Firearm Deaths: A Simulation Stu"]
[8.490693092346191, 4.10510778427124, "which we define as a recordkeeping system controlled by a government agency that (1) stores the names of current owners of each firearm of a specific class and (2) requires that these records are updated after a firearm is transferred to a new owner."]
[8.595884323120117, 4.061818599700928, "yntheses of the 13 original gun policies as separate chapters in relatively random order. For this updated edition, we reorganized the chapters to group together policies that are related to each other based on the mechanism by which they are designe"]
[8.302964210510254, 4.2435221672058105, "usion in our review and our assessment of their methodological quality were appropriate. This reassessment led to several changes.\nIn this updated edition, we excluded two of the studies assessed in our original review: Duggan, Hjalmarsson, and Jacob"]
[8.15145206451416, 4.160863876342773, "he study did not have strictly longitudinal hospital-level data, this was not an adequate reason for us to fully lessen our confidence in these findings. Thus, in our updated review, this study\u2019s estimates of the effect of child-access prevention law"]
[7.929407119750977, 4.3111138343811035, "violent crime:\n\u2013 original: limited evidence for decreasing violent crime and total homicides\n\u2013 revised: inconclusive evidence for the effect on violent crime and total homi-\ncides\nChanges from the First Edition of This Report 361\n362 The Science of G"]
[7.937597751617432, 4.317929744720459, " manufacturers or retailers, and firearm purchases\n\u2022 firearm sales reporting, recording, and registration requirements: inconclusive evidence for the effect on firearm purchases\n\u2022 child-access prevention laws: inconclusive evidence for the effect on "]
[7.937767028808594, 4.347793102264404, "vidence for total and firearm suicides\n3 Inconclusive evidence for total and firearm suicides\n1 Inconclusive evidence for total and firearm suicides\n0 No studies\n1 Inconclusive evidence for total and firearm suicides\n4 Inconclusive evidence for total"]
[7.879079818725586, 4.3144378662109375, "ides, robberies, assaults, and rapes\n3 Limited evidence for decreasing violent crime; inconclusive evidence for total and firearm homicides\n6 Inconclusive evidence for total homicides, firearm homicides, robberies, assaults, and rapes; moderate evide"]
[7.923337459564209, 4.3210649490356445, " Moderate evidence for increasing total homicides; supportive evidence for increasing firearm homicides; inconclusive evidence for robberies and assaults\n4 Limited evidence for decreasing assaults; inconclusive evidence for violent crime, firearm hom"]
[8.036938667297363, 4.327398300170898, " on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\nTable A.4\nChanges to the Number of Studies and Conclusions, Mass Shootings\n    Policy\nMinimum age requirements\nProhibitions associated with mental illness\nNo. of Studies\n1\n0\nOriginal Review\nConclusion\nPurchasing: "]
[8.169540405273438, 4.32096529006958, "   Policy\nChild-access prevention laws\nConcealed-carry laws\nGun-free zones\nLaws allowing armed staff in K\u201312 schools\nNo. of Studies\n0\n0\n0\nN/A\nOriginal Review\nConclusion\nNo studies\nNo studies\nNo studies\nN/A\nUpdated Review\nNo. of\nStudies Conclusion\n0 N"]
[8.383975982666016, 4.327144622802734, "n Economic Journal, Vol. 80, No. 1, 2013, pp. 5\u201325.\nDuggan, Mark, \u201cMore Guns, More Crime,\u201d Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 109, No. 5, 2001, pp. 1086\u20131114.\nDuggan, Mark, Randi Hjalmarsson, and Brian A. Jacob, \u201cThe Short-Term and Localized Effect o"]
[8.631377220153809, 4.039549350738525, "s is provided in Chapter Two. The data used to construct these figures, as well as the full data extraction file with infor- mation from each study, is provided in an online appendix to this report, available at w w w.rand.org/t/R R 2088-1.\n377\n  RR-"]
[13.19300651550293, 0.3784061372280121, "   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY\n Although alcohol-related impaired driving continues to be the primary cause of fatal automobile accidents (National Center for Statistics and Analysis, 2019), drug-impaired driving has emerged as a grow- ing threat to public saf"]
[13.196179389953613, 0.38819822669029236, "f implementation.\n\u2022 The costs, risks, and benefits of alternative phlebotomy approaches (e.g., officer training, contracts) should be identified.\n\u2022 Detailed data should be collected on the effectiveness of field sobriety tests when used for actual dr"]
[13.193687438964844, 0.3939175307750702, "and court- room presentation.\n\u2022 Laboratory-based toxico- logical screening provides\na more-powerful means\nof drug detection, but its utility can be diminished by delays in acquiring samples, limited labora- tory resources leading to backlogs, and ins"]
[13.190292358398438, 0.37683427333831787, "PANTS\nJoe Abrusci\nInternational Association of Chiefs of Police\nKristen Burke\nCalifornia Department of Justice Bureau of Forensic Services\nKevin Deichsel\nColorado District Attorneys\u2019 Council\nScott Flynn\nFullerton Police Department\nSte\u0301phane Fontaine\n"]
[13.189497947692871, 0.37964245676994324, " al., 2017). As states across the nation legalize medicinal and recreational cannabis use, cannabis is becom- ing more-readily available and the need to prevent and deter cannabis-impaired driving is becoming increasingly urgent. Recent studies sugge"]
[13.198208808898926, 0.36718350648880005, "s.\nequip law enforcement to perform certain observational field tests, which can produce evidence supporting a finding of drug-related impairment: the SFST,5 the Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement (ARIDE) test,6 and DRE certi- fication.7 "]
[13.195085525512695, 0.3648693263530731, "prosecution of a DUID case difficult and can\nsometimes lead to an incorrect interpretation of results.\nof potential impairment. Other states have decided not to establish such numerical thresholds and instead have adopted zero-tolerance DUID laws, in"]
[13.20120620727539, 0.3786921203136444, "y included two panelists from Canada who could offer a perspective on how\nlaw enforcement officers, forensic toxicologists, and prosecutors have been responding to the challenge of drug-impaired driv- ing in light of Canada\u2019s legalization of recreati"]
[13.19359302520752, 0.38075241446495056, " categorized as primarily related to law enforcement\n\u2022 three were categorized as primarily related to forensic toxicology\n\u2022 eight were categorized as primarily related to prosecution\n\u2022 ten were categorized as cross-sector.\nTop-tier needs touched on i"]
[13.195921897888184, 0.3828771412372589, "t- ing some drug impairment, not just alcohol-related impairment (Porath-Waller and Beirness, 2014). The participants therefore discussed how practitioners can keep a focus on detecting and proving impairment while avoiding unnecessary complica- tion"]
[13.19631290435791, 0.37958598136901855, "data on the effectiveness of field sobriety tests when used for actual DUID cases for use in additional research.\n\u2022 Develop and validate training to boost the confidence of officers when testifying (e.g., \u201ccops and court\u201d training).\n\u2022 Identify the ga"]
[13.195833206176758, 0.3783750832080841, "rotocol\u2014can create challenges in the prosecution of the case. The ARIDE training was created to offer more-advanced training to officers who were not able to go through the DRE program, but one participant said that there has been a recent rise in no"]
[13.20035171508789, 0.3692742586135864, "ld encounter two challenges: (1) the amount\nof travel time required for the DRE to arrive at the specified location and (2) the amount of time it might take for the DRE to administer and document the 12-step protocol to collect evidence of potential "]
[13.190787315368652, 0.40179574489593506, "sting law enforce- ment phlebotomy training programs needed to be expanded.14 Others noted that roadside phlebotomy could introduce poten- tial liability and evidentiary challenges. Ultimately, participants considered alternative phlebotomy approache"]
[13.19184684753418, 0.3800981044769287, " identity of the impairing drug(s) is not clear; such equipment is versatile and sensitive enough to accurately test for a wide variety of drugs. This type of equip- ment can be very expensive, however, and therefore might be out of financial reach f"]
[13.193967819213867, 0.38182541728019714, "hich ultimately\nwould enhance a prosecutor\u2019s ability to bring forward the stron- gest DUID case.\nThe evidence in DUID cases can be complex and hard to cogently present in court in a persuasive manner. Although the participants stated that the observa"]
[13.195490837097168, 0.37973877787590027, "tablished, and observations made during prearrest screen- ing (NHTSA, 2015). The documentation of these observations, both before and during contact with the suspect, is critical for providing both evidence of impairment and the legal basis for initi"]
[13.196252822875977, 0.37045928835868835, "at with drugs (unlike with alcohol), there generally is not a simple dose response that can associate\na chemical test with a degree of impairment. In other words, \u201cthere is no magic number that could be used\u201d to determine\na level of impairment from a"]
[13.193960189819336, 0.37238815426826477, "re various types of chemical tests from a driver suspected of driving while impaired without first obtaining a search warrant, as long as the suspect does not revoke this implied consent by refus-\ning to submit to the chemical test at the time of the"]
[13.194103240966797, 0.3676358461380005, "ing incidence of drug-impaired driving.\nCONCLUSION\nDrug-impaired driving persists as a major public safety threat. Preventing and deterring instances of drug-impaired driving require law enforcement officers, forensic toxicologists, and prosecutors t"]
[14.944009780883789, 2.165679693222046, "veloped the research agenda that structured the topics presented in the main report. The descriptions in this appendix are adapted from those in previ- ous Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative publications and reflect adjustments to the needs i"]
[14.890338897705078, 2.0351736545562744, "f Workshop Functions and Objectives\nTests That Establish Impairment: Observational Field Tests\nTests That Establish Impairment: Chemical Tests\nRole of Technology in Improving Impaired Driving Tests\nReview Key Benefits and Challenges Identified During"]
[14.829534530639648, 1.8164914846420288, " need\u2019s chance of success between 10 percent (i.e., a rating of 1) and 90 percent (i.e., a rating of 9). This dimension was intended to include not only technical con- cerns (i.e., whether the need would be hard to meet) but also the effect of factor"]
[14.781113624572754, 1.7118933200836182, "as standard protocols are followed.\n32%\neach problem and need pairing should be voted up or down on the list. An example of this form is provided in Table A.2.\nWe then tallied the participants\u2019 third-round responses and applied those votes to produce"]
[13.33105754852295, 0.45273545384407043, "s of DUID field sobriety tests\nwhen used for actual DUID cases and use\nthose data to conduct additional research.\n   5% 5%\n5% 5%\n0% 123456789\nNOTE: Percentages on each question did not always sum to 100 percent due to rounding and variation in the nu"]
[13.365310668945312, 0.46722593903541565, "have limitations that juries are unaware of (which helps to set unrealistic expectations).\nNeed: Develop best practices to maximize the benefits and address the limits of video evidence (with respect to driving under the influence).\n2\n2\n3\n3\n  Issue: "]
[13.204134941101074, 0.3919624984264374, "with ARIDE and DRE training in many jurisdictions.\nField sobriety tests are effective as long as standard protocols are followed.\nToxicology labs are not doing an adequate job with respect to the scope and sensitivity of DUID testing.\nThere are not e"]
[13.198810577392578, 0.3751632571220398, "technologies to find agencies that are willing and able to field test.\nIt is difficult for officers to document and connect what they saw that is related to impairment prior to actually conducting a field sobriety test.\nRoadside oral fluid testing co"]
[13.200271606445312, 0.3616560399532318, "e prioritized needs and other results from the discussion reflect the views of the invited experts, and these results do not necessarily reflect the views of researchers from the RAND Corporation, RTI International, or NIJ.\n3 Polydrug use refers to i"]
[13.191286087036133, 0.3742513060569763, "hat might indicate impairment from different types of drugs.\n7 The International Association of Chiefs of Police and the NHTSA created the DRE certification to rigorously prepare law enforcement officers to collect evidence of potential drug-induced "]
[13.193611145019531, 0.372391015291214, "field, Matthew C. Farrelly, Scott P. Novak, and Gary A. Zarkin, \u201cAssociation Between Self-Reports of Being High and Perceptions About the Safety of Drugged and Drunk Driving,\u201d Health Education Research, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2016, pp. 535\u2013541.\nArnold, Lind"]
[13.203207015991211, 0.3456011116504669, "d Traffic Fatality Investigations, Willow Grove, Pa.: Center for Forensic Science Research and Education at the Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2016.\n21\n22\nGarner, Bryan A., ed., Black\u2019s Law Dictionary, 8th ed., St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co"]
[13.194600105285645, 0.3720594048500061, "Vol. 114, No. 5, 2019, pp. 847\u2013856.\nLogan, Barry, Sherri L. Kacinko, and Douglas J. Beirness, An Evaluation of Data from Drivers Arrested for Driving Under the Influence in Relation to Per se Limits for Cannabis, Washington, D.C.: AAA Foundation for "]
[13.930852890014648, 4.223840236663818, "cipation and assistance of the workshop attendees, who are listed in the body of this report. The experiences they shared and the suggestions they put forth form the basis of the recommendations presented in this report. We would like to acknowledge "]
[13.920305252075195, 4.176973342895508, "ues.\nDuren Banks is the Division Vice President for Applied Justice Research at RTI International, overseeing research and evaluation projects related to all components of the criminal justice system and community safety. She conducts research on man"]
[13.885443687438965, 4.223387241363525, "system, researchers, and lawmakers.\nOther RAND research reports from the Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative that might be of interest are\n\u2022 Sean E. Goodison, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Jeremy D. Barnum, Dulani Woods, and Brian A. Jackson, Law Enf"]
[0.9086353182792664, -0.32454749941825867, "   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY\n  SELECTED PRIORITY NEEDS\n  RESULTS\nImplementing public education and TFA prevention efforts\n\u2022 Basic primary education should be developed for kids and parents about consent and about the risks and consequences of sharing informa"]
[0.9095715284347534, -0.3239733576774597, "nstances of TFA difficult to investigate and adjudicate. Digital anonym-\nity, the ability to collect digital evidence, and the involvement of such technology-related entities as internet providers and social media platforms all present significant ch"]
[0.9104296565055847, -0.32398781180381775, "ere ranked by participants according to whether they were high (Tier 1), medium (Tier 2), or lower (Tier 3) priority (see the technical appendix for more details on the method- ology used to prioritize the needs). Twenty-one of the identified strateg"]
[0.9092299938201904, -0.32425668835639954, "rtance of efforts to mitigate the significant, irreparable, and persistent harm experienced by TFA victims. Participants called for research to evaluate the extent to which exist-\ning remedies mitigate harm, tools for early detection of TFA, and meth"]
[0.9101197719573975, -0.32374003529548645, "sexual favors, or other things of value and threaten to harm or embarrass victims if they fail to comply (Clark, 2016).\n\u2022 nonconsensual pornography: the distribution of nude or sexually explicit images or videos of an individual without their consent"]
[0.9128603339195251, -0.32195326685905457, "t they have been victimized or know who to contact for help.\nThe Prevalence of Technology-Facilitated Abuse\nTFA is on the rise. Estimates suggest that between 18 percent and 37 percent of adult Americans have experienced severe online harassment, inc"]
[0.9107307195663452, -0.3231414258480072, "d engage in self-harm at alarmingly high rates (Bates, 2017; International Centre for Missing and Exploited Children, 2018; U.S. Department of Justice, 2016). A 2015 Federal Bureau\nof Investigation analysis of 43 sextortion cases found that in\n28 per"]
[0.9098426699638367, -0.3238116502761841, "f experts representing local, state, and federal law enforcement; legal professionals; researchers; and experts from victim services and advocacy organizations. Many of the experts invited to attend the work- shop have made significant contributions "]
[0.8950054049491882, -0.33344680070877075, "ted\nthe need for better tools to help individuals detect TFA as it is happening and respond. There was a general perception that the seriousness of TFA and its impact on victims were underap- preciated, both within the criminal justice system and out"]
[0.9094463586807251, -0.32404854893684387, " (i.e., loss) of swatting and doxing.\nThere is a lack of education and resources about consent and about the risks and consequences of sharing information online.\nIt is unclear how to get relevant stakeholders and the public to care about identifying"]
[0.9092699289321899, -0.32412189245224, " irreparable, and persistent harm to the victim.\nThere is resistance and reluctance among victims to come forward.\nLegal remedies and penalties for TFA are inadequate for addressing the harms (e.g., forfeiture, sex offender registry, misdemeanor vers"]
[0.9109363555908203, -0.3231494128704071, "ly respond to such behaviors.\nParticipants were intent on ensuring that the term used would adequately capture the variety of behaviors and motiva- tions associated with TFA. Participants agreed that character- izations of TFA must be broad enough to"]
[0.9097675085067749, -0.3239653408527374, "s a high-priority need. Participants proposed the implementation of school-based internet safety programs and public service announcements (PSAs) that would educate students and their parents about the consequences\nof sharing information online, the "]
[0.9092959761619568, -0.324180006980896, " enforcement is not aware of the relevant statutes and does not understand the consequences of TFA for victims, reports will not be taken, investigations will not be conducted, and cases will not make their way to prosecutors.\nmany states have passed"]
[0.9090169072151184, -0.3244493305683136, "sulted\nin the nonconsensual public dissemination of explicit photos of several celebrities. In every instance, individuals were unsuc- cessful in halting the sharing and posting of their photos on\nthe internet, with one exception: a gymnast who publi"]
[0.9078365564346313, -0.32509663701057434, ", and training to help address the many challenges in bringing TFA offenders to justice. Although the identified needs often were specific to dif- ferent stages of the justice system\u2014investigation, prosecution, or sentencing\u2014one recommendation that s"]
[0.9087053537368774, -0.3244699239730835, "ditation standards for first responders would ensure that it is implemented consistently nationwide. One participant\nParticipants noted that another major challenge for law enforcement agencies in addressing TFA cases is not having the training or re"]
[0.9089035391807556, -0.3244054615497589, "orce the offender to take down any content pertaining to the victim.\nMitigating Harm and Empowering Victims\nAccording to participants, the window for getting unwanted material deleted from the internet in TFA cases is often quite small: \u201cIf it\u2019s not "]
[0.9092764854431152, -0.3242243826389313, "revalence of TFA and the associated harms, for instance, as a supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, would bring attention to the number of victims affected and the extent of the impact.\nParticipants noted that, often, a victim\u2019s prim"]
[0.9087756276130676, -0.3244641125202179, " interactions and allow the storage and sharing of content\nhas given rise to new modes and methods of perpetrating harassment, abuse, and other criminal behavior. Social media platforms, gaming forums, content-sharing websites, and other digital spac"]
[14.928101539611816, 2.1056084632873535, "op Activities\nWe recruited panel members by identifying knowledgeable individuals through existing professional and social networks (e.g., LinkedIn) and by reviewing literature published on the topic. We then extended invitations to those individuals"]
[14.851693153381348, 1.8984408378601074, " Criminal Justice Needs Initiative workshops (see, for example, Jackson et al., 2015; Jackson et al., 2016, and refer- ences therein). The needs were prioritized using a variation of the Delphi Method, a technique developed at RAND to elicit expert o"]
[14.8134183883667, 1.7924153804779053, " inspection of the histogram), the participants were asked to discuss or explain their votes at one end of the spectrum or the other. If a second round of discus- sion occurred, participants were given an opportunity to adjust their ratings on the sa"]
[14.788424491882324, 1.7078359127044678, "of prioritization, we implemented a method equivalent to the one we used in previ- ous work (Hollywood et al., 2016). Specifically, if every panel member voted \u201cup\u201d for a need that was at the bottom of the list, then the collective effect of those vo"]
[14.790987968444824, 1.6827154159545898, "licymaking focus, the second-tier\n0%\nTable A.2. Example of the Delphi Round 3 Voting Form\nQuestion\nTier Vote Up\nVote Down\nTier 3\n1 1\n1\n17\n  Tier 1\nTier 2\n  Issue: Law enforcement might not prioritize TFA cases.\nNeed: Develop training materials for la"]
[14.780805587768555, 1.6902217864990234, "Across Tier Boundaries\n Higher score\nTier 1 score range\n     2\n   Tier 2 score range\n22\n2\n  2\nscore 3333\n  Tier 3 range\n Lower score\nNOTE: Each example need\u2019s original tier is shown by a circle with a solid border (the two needs starting in Tier 2 an"]
[0.9085941314697266, -0.3247723877429962, "are insufficient staff members trained to identify, gather, and process digital evidence.a\nThere is resistance and reluctance among victims to come forward.a\nCriminal justice practitioners are overwhelmed\nby the amount of unstructured data and potent"]
[0.9086647033691406, -0.32454714179039, "and coordination between people working in the TFA space.\nExisting legal and other conceptions do not capture the full scope of TFA.a\nThere is resistance and reluctance among victims to come forward.a\nThere are limited resources for managing TFA case"]
[0.9093643426895142, -0.3241160809993744, ".\n\u2022 Implement an \u201cinternet panic button\u201d for users.\nTFA can cause significant, irreparable, and \u2022 Reevaluate platform responsibility for TFA. persistent harm to the victim.a\nMedia and social media reporting of swatting, \u2022 Develop media and social med"]
[14.020395278930664, 3.674794912338257, "on on the survey, see Bureau of Justice Statistics, undated.\n2 We have documented law enforcement challenges and needs related to digital evidence and anonymizing tools in several prior reports. For more information, see Goodison, Davis, and Jackson,"]
[13.973795890808105, 3.8063771724700928, "entre for Missing and Exploited Children, Studies in Child Protection: Sexual Extortion and Nonconsensual Pornography, Alexandria, Va., 2018. As of November 8, 2019: https://www.icmec.org/studies-in-child-protection-sexual-extortion- and-non-consensu"]
[13.96945858001709, 4.123092174530029, ". 30\u201354.\nRAND Corporation, \u201cDelphi Method,\u201d webpage, undated-a. As of May 7, 2020:\nhttp://www.rand.org/topics/delphi-method.html\nRAND Corporation, \u201cPriority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative,\u201d webpage, undated-b. As of May 7, 2020: www.rand.org/well-"]
[13.939407348632812, 4.1808366775512695, " other policy concerns pertaining to public safety and criminal and civil justice. For more information, email justicepolicy@ rand.org.\n23\n24\nAbout the Authors\nAmanda R. Witwer is a research analyst in the Division for Applied Justice Research at RTI"]
[13.932038307189941, 4.044392108917236, " of Denver, is carrying out a research effort to assess and prioritize technology and related needs across the criminal justice community. This research effort, called the Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative, is a component of the Criminal Jus"]
[13.852832794189453, 4.618472576141357, "altered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. For "]
[-2.7045438289642334, 14.476304054260254, "   CORPORATION\nMELISSA L. FINUCANE, AARON CLARK-GINSBERG, ANDREW M. PARKER,\nALEJANDRO U. BECERRA-ORNELAS, NOREEN CLANCY, RAJEEV RAMCHAND, TIM SLACK, VANESSA PARKS, LYNSAY AYER, AMANDA F. EDELMAN, ELIZABETH L. PETRUN SAYERS, SHANTHI NATARAJ, CRAIG A. "]
[12.65722942352295, 13.57927417755127, "es; private-sector companies involved in reducing risk; and scientists and donors (federal and private) responsible for distributing resources that support research in this field.\nCommunity Health and Environmental Policy Program\nRAND Social and Econ"]
[-2.6918046474456787, 14.4686918258667, "......3 Overview of This Report...........................................................................................................................5\n2. Conceptual Framework of Community Resilience and Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters ."]
[-2.6999127864837646, 14.473421096801758, "............................35\nRecommendation 5: Deepen and Communicate the Evidence Base for Building Community Resilience..............................................................................................................................."]
[-2.697197675704956, 14.472655296325684, "ale of the disaster motivated diverse stakeholders to examine the human dimensions of the spill and how communities\u2019 resilience to similar threats could be improved. This examination is needed because, as long as humans depend on extracting oil and g"]
[-2.6940338611602783, 14.469993591308594, "vidence of distress associated with the DWH disaster and a variety of factors that affected the nature and severity of people\u2019s experiences. Key findings from the research are shown in Table S.1.\nTable S.1. Key Research Findings\nMental Health Distres"]
[-2.5654382705688477, 14.424546241760254, "literature review and workshop discussions, several themes emerged regarding ways to reduce the stress of large oil spills and build resilience to catastrophic events. These multifaceted themes formed the basis of several key recommendations, as show"]
[-2.6424834728240967, 14.452320098876953, " private sector, scientists\nGovernment (all levels), private sector\nTable S.2. Summary of Recommendations\nStakeholders with Primary Role\n    x\n  Recommendation\n\u2022 Deepen the evidence base for building community resilience.\no Partner with communities t"]
[-2.705381393432617, 14.476339340209961, " spill should serve as turning points, after which society evaluates how to improve community efforts to prepare for, respond to, recover from, and prevent such catastrophes. Ten years after the DWH oil spill, it is time to assess the recommendations"]
[-2.6780712604522705, 14.464487075805664, "ermore, implications of those findings have yet to be distilled into recommendations for specific stakeholder groups.\nReport Goal and Aims\nIn this report, researchers synthesize existing research to determine the opportunities and challenges facing s"]
[-2.7079453468322754, 14.476058959960938, "h, economic, and community functioning. Initial results of the literature review were presented to representatives of nongovernment organizations, academic researchers, and community leaders who attended a workshop in New Orleans on February 8, 2019."]
[-2.7037453651428223, 14.473713874816895, ".9 From those funds, about $12 billion was paid to individuals, companies, and local governments for losses caused by damages to the Gulf\u2019s ecosystem. The compensation system implemented by BP was one of the largest in U.S. history, but the company w"]
[-2.201601028442383, 14.260298728942871, "and built environments. A combination of community capacities and chronic stressors (working independently or through interaction) strongly influences the recovery (or dysfunction) trajectories of individuals and communities over time.\n  1 Patel et a"]
[-2.6734845638275146, 14.463218688964844, "e collaboratively to make decisions and act according to the outcome of those decisions.\nThe result of a shock is usually a mix of recovery and dysfunction\u2014for example, a community\u2019s economy might recover quickly, but its members might continue to st"]
[-2.706310510635376, 14.475566864013672, "phic characteristics are important drivers of negative mental health symptoms.\nHigherlevelsofsocialcapital\u2014particularlysocialsupport,senseofcommunity,and perceived resiliency\u2014have a protective impact against spill-related stress in most cases, except"]
[-2.705686092376709, 14.475032806396484, "; Grattan et al., 2011; Morris et al., 2013; Osofsky, Hansel, et al., 2015; Rung et al., 2016; Ramchand et al., 2019; Kwok, Mcgrath, et al., 2017; Gaston et al., 2017.\n2 Buttke, Vagi, Bayleyegn, et al., 2012; Buttke, Vagi, Schnall, et al., 2012; Cher"]
[-2.700383186340332, 14.472939491271973, " in the Gulf Coast Region\n        Total Louisiana\nTexas (reference) Mississippi Alabama\nFlorida\nSex\n7 Fan et al., 2015.\n8 Rung et al., 2016.\n9 Ramchand et al., 2019.\nDepression Screen (% SE)\n16.2 (1.5) 18.1 (2.4) 12.0 (2.1) 20.3 (2.9)a 13.4 (2.4) 19."]
[-2.709423303604126, 14.476836204528809, "edictor of anxiety and depression was reported income loss related to the oil spill.15 A study of residents in coastal Alabama and Florida found that, compared with people with stable incomes, people reporting spill-related income loss had statistica"]
[-2.746119499206543, 14.509610176086426, "tudy highlighted commercial fishers as particularly at risk for depression symptoms, consistent with the stress of losing multiple types of resources (e.g., job security, social networks, money, boat, self-esteem); these detrimental impacts were not "]
[-2.693418025970459, 14.471048355102539, "igion is not very salient.36 In this case, we speculate that the distribution of social resources was uneven across religious and nonreligious individuals. These studies hint at important mechanisms that could contribute to the vulnerability of some "]
[-2.7242531776428223, 14.483149528503418, "he Gulf Coast region. In the long term, high proportions of households reported negative financial experiences associated with the oil spill. The nature of the economic impacts of the DWH oil spill have been documented in about ten papers and reports"]
[-2.7181549072265625, 14.480134963989258, "ver a seven-year period.8 In contrast to the predictive approach, more-recent analysis, based on observed data of Gulf blue crab fishing and analyzed using a quasiexperimental difference-in-differences approach, suggested that there were substantial "]
[-2.7259745597839355, 14.48926067352295, "ugh many deep-water rigs in the Gulf of Mexico were not producing during the moratorium, drilling contractors, rig operators, and well servicing firms mostly retained their highly skilled employees, at least initially. Although oil production stopped"]
[-2.704735040664673, 14.474373817443848, "those operating in the post- spill period.\nLimitations\nThere are several methodological limitations associated with the studies cited here. First, it can be difficult to identify the causal impact of the oil spill on economic outcomes. Although both "]
[-2.6824471950531006, 14.466118812561035, "lude community-based participatory methods, random sampling, qualitative and quantitative analyses, and a focus on immediate and longer-term impacts in various coastal locations. A challenge in interpreting the findings relates to the many potential "]
[-2.7052199840545654, 14.475021362304688, "ill itself. Analyses showed that being part of the compensation process was one of the strongest contributors to intrusive stress among coastal residents.\nResearch on the compensation process following the DWH oil spill suggests that the process for "]
[-2.6931753158569336, 14.471975326538086, "tal impact of economic exposure on mental health symptoms, such as depression, could be explained almost entirely by economic exposure\u2019s detrimental impact on social resources (e.g., counting on family or friends for everyday favors).13\nThe community"]
[-2.567683696746826, 14.426739692687988, "onclusions about community distress that can be drawn from the findings reported above. Perhaps the most fundamental challenge is deciding what is meant by community. Individuals and households can possess a sense of community through attachment to p"]
[-2.541476011276245, 14.406427383422852, "holders with a Role in Addressing Each Recommendation\nNon-\nFederal State Local governmental Private\nGovernment Government Government Organizations Sector Scientists\n               1. Focus on the needs of people and their communities.\n         \u2022 Addr"]
[-2.5999600887298584, 14.438311576843262, "h participatory research approaches\n(e.g., partner with local organizations to design surveys and collect information)\nu\u0308u\u0308u\u0308\n               \u2022 Use prospective research designs, collect baseline data, and broaden the definition of exposure (e.g., incl"]
[-2.5164148807525635, 14.4061279296875, " evaluation.\nEnsure Ongoing Local Support\nIn the medium to long term, support resources need to be sustained to address the chronic stress that individuals report experiencing and to strengthen various capacities in communities. Specifically, resourc"]
[-2.4669718742370605, 14.392906188964844, " the social systems in which disasters are managed. Although physical and natural scientists play a critical role in providing important technical information and insights, government is primarily responsible for leading response efforts, and public "]
[-2.5791585445404053, 14.433089256286621, "f the physically contaminated zone, affecting social and economic systems more broadly. Designing recovery efforts in a way that maintains and improves the well-being of impacted communities can help groups with few livelihood alternatives (e.g., fis"]
[-2.430952548980713, 14.378233909606934, "n particular needs to establish strong, sustained local partnerships in advance of a crisis event so that local context is well understood and trusted relationships can be\n10 Ritchie, Gill, and Long, 2018.\n11 Mayer, Running, and Bergstrand, 2015.\n12 "]
[-2.5116188526153564, 14.41315746307373, "ders with a primary role in helping leverage diverse skills to build systems-level capacity are federal government agencies (e.g., the U.S. Department of\n15 Browne, 2015; Bankoff and Hilhorst, 2009; Hewitt, 2012.\n16 Lesen et al., 2019; Wilkinson, 201"]
[-2.614197254180908, 14.438553810119629, " across different types of decisionmakers.24\n21 Finucane et al., 2019.\n22 Nicholls, Picou, and McCord, 2017.\n23 Kwok, Engel, et al., 2017; Oliver-Smith, 2012; Oliver-Smith et al., 2017; Knowles, 2014; Morse, 2008; Ryder, 2017; Osofsky et al., 2012.\n2"]
[-2.575068473815918, 14.424694061279297, "P Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, 2011. 27 Chaplin, Twigg, and Lovell, 2019.\n28 Osofsky et al., 2012.\n29 Cutter, Boruff, and Shirley, 2003.\n30 Osofsky et al., 2012.\n 36\nImprove Adaptive Capacity Through Preparedness and Diversifica"]
[-2.5929436683654785, 14.434517860412598, ", 2000; Gallopi\u0301n, 2006.\n32 United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, undated; Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2018. 33 Cruz and Suarez-Paba, 2019.\n 37\nonly 1 percent of oil spill studies conducted between 1968 and 2015.34 Furthermore, "]
[-2.6015095710754395, 14.43832778930664, "ly accessible terms and phrases. The authors argue that with these processes in place, community members can be\n34 Murphy et al., 2016.\n35 Cutter, Boruff, and Shirley, 2003. 36 Wall, McNie, and Garfin, 2017. 37 Lesen et al., 2019.\n38 Lesen et al., 20"]
[-2.6655361652374268, 14.460185050964355, "h groups could be minimized.46 Access issues can be particularly salient for marginalized and vulnerable populations. Participation in the generation or consumption of research studies may be inhibited by linguistic and cultural differences. Collecti"]
[-2.7017288208007812, 14.471073150634766, "ethods used to develop this report that necessarily limit the conclusions that can be made. First, papers in preparation or other work still in progress are not included and new evidence or insights may emerge in the near future that alter our unders"]
[-2.707998037338257, 14.4747896194458, " of academic and grey literature. We searched \u201cDeepwater Horizon\u201d in Web of Science (returning 1,534 documents) and in PubMed (returning 783 documents). We reviewed other databases from websites, including research and policy organizations (e.g., Lou"]
[14.93455982208252, 2.0753982067108154, "elicited feedback on our results through a facilitated conversation with workshop participants focused on the following topics:\n\u2022 If you wanted someone to take away just one thing from this work, what would that be?\n\u2022 What strikes you as really impor"]
[12.842308044433594, 13.962580680847168, "Patient questionnaires Probabilistic telephone survey\nPurposive sampling, in-person survey\nProbabilistic telephone survey\nCluster sampling, in- person household surveys\nCluster sampling, in- person household surveys\nIn-person survey\nRepresentative te"]
[-2.6987764835357666, 14.469681739807129, "ontinental United States\nTX, LA, MS, AL, FL\nLA, MS, AL, Fl\nFL\nFL\nFL\n     Authors (Date)\nNadeau et al. (2014)\nSumaila et al. (2012)\nU.S. Department of Commerce (2010)\nWhitehead et al. (2018)\nAustin et al. (2014) Cope et al. (2013)\nCope et al. (2016) C"]
[-2.7034945487976074, 14.474555969238281, "trics.\n3. Losses in recreational activities were between 600 and 700 million dollars.\nTop Three Gaps in Knowledge\n1. Why were certain sectors more resilient than others?\n2. How did the effects of the spill differ across individual fishers/businesses?"]
[-2.7106616497039795, 14.481257438659668, "er Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Oil Drilling Moratorium, Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014.\nAlvarez, Sergio, Sherry L. Larkin, John C. Whitehead, and Tim Haab, \u201cA Revealed Preference Approach to Valuing Non-Market Recreat"]
[-2.703920602798462, 14.476749420166016, "onse\n52\n(CASPER) One Year Following the Gulf Coast Oil Spill: Alabama and Mississippi, 2011,\u201d Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, Vol. 27, No. 6, 2012b, pp. 496\u2013502.\nCarney, Diana, Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: What Contribution Can We Make? London: "]
[-2.7056336402893066, 14.476662635803223, ": Evidence from Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity Standards,\u201d Science and Public Policy, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2018.\nCope, Michael R., Tim Slack, Troy C. Blanchard, and Matthew R. Lee, \u201cDoes Time Heal All Wounds? Community Attachment, Natural Resource "]
[-2.1890270709991455, 14.278868675231934, "Population Survey,\u201d Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2015, pp. 23\u201341.\nFederal Emergency Management Agency, A Whole Community Approach to Emergency Management: Principles, Themes, and Pathways for Action, Washington,"]
[-2.730330228805542, 14.499462127685547, "gical Disaster and Chronic Community Stress,\u201d Society and Natural Resources, Vol. 11, No. 8, 1998, pp. 795\u2013815.\nGill, Duane A., Steven Picou, and Liesel Ashley Ritchie, \u201cThe Exxon Valdez and BP Oil Spills: A Comparison of Initial Social and Psycholog"]
[-2.71150279045105, 14.480302810668945, "ngineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2015, pp. 1260\u20131271.\nHarville, Emily W., Arti Shankar, Christine Dunkel Schetter, and Maureen Lichtveld, \u201cCumulative Effects of the Gulf Oil Spill and Other Disasters on Mental Health Among Reproductive-Aged Women: The Gulf"]
[-2.7091989517211914, 14.479846000671387, "lue to the State of Florida,\u201d Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Vol. 45, 2013, pp. 389\u2013399.\nLawther, Peter M., \u201cCommunity Involvement in Post Disaster Re\u2010Construction\u2013Case Study of the British Red Cross Maldives Recovery Program,\u201d Intern"]
[-2.7098772525787354, 14.478599548339844, "ical Responses and Resilience of People and Communities Impacted by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill,\u201d Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, Vol. 124, 2013, p. 191\u2013201.\nMorse, Reilly, Environmental Justice Through the E"]
[-2.71052885055542, 14.479804039001465, "egrated Research on Disaster Risk, 2016.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cThe Social Construction of Disaster Risk: Seeking Root Causes,\u201d International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Vol. 22, 2017, pp. 469\u2013474.\nOsofsky, Hari M., Kate Baxter-Kauf, Bradley Hammer, Ann Maila"]
[-2.7167835235595703, 14.48305606842041, " No. 2, 2019.\nPatel, Megha M., Leia Y. Saltzman, Regardt J. Ferreira, and Amy E. Lesen, \u201cResilience: Examining the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on the Gulf Coast Vietnamese American Community,\u201d Social Sciences, Vol. 7, No. 10, 2018, p. "]
[-2.714003086090088, 14.480820655822754, " Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the WaTCH Study,\u201d Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 124, No. 9, 2016, pp. 1429\u2013 1435.\nRung, Ariane L., Symielle Gaston, William T. Robinson, Edward J. Trapido, and Edward S. Peters, \u201cUntangling the Disaster-Depre"]
[-2.7142772674560547, 14.48139762878418, "esearch, Vol. 146, 2016, pp. 108\u2013115.\nStrelitz, Jean, Lawrence S. Engel, Richard K. Kwok, Aubrey K. Miller, Aaron Blair, and Dale P. Sandler, \u201cDeepwater Horizon Oil Spill Exposures and Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction in the GuLF STUDY,\u201d Environmental "]
[-2.7120704650878906, 14.479588508605957, "esearch, Vol. 19, No. 10, 2016, pp. 1220\u20131230.\nWhitehead, John C., Tim Haab, Sherry L. Larkin, John B. Loomis, Sergio Alvarez, and Andrew Ropicki, \u201cEstimating Lost Recreational Use Values of Visitors to Northwest Florida due to the Deepwater Horizon "]
[15.879366874694824, 10.498746871948242, "Health Service Utilization and Costs at the Outset of a Permanent Supportive Housing Program\nBaseline Evaluation Report\nRYAN K. MCBAIN, SARAH B. HUNTER, ADAM SCHERLING, ALINA I. PALIMARU, MATTHEW CEFALU, WILLIAM MCCONNELL, PRIYA BATRA\n  SOCIAL AND EC"]
[12.649535179138184, 13.57446575164795, "nd costs evolve over the course of the program, relative to a cohort of individuals experiencing homelessness who are not enrolled in the program over the same time frame. This report should be of interest to public and private health care organizati"]
[15.888070106506348, 10.495797157287598, "............3 Study Setting.............................................................................................................................................3 Recruitment and Enrollment......................................................"]
[15.92844009399414, 10.563603401184082, "tcomes in certain populations, such as individuals with HIV/AIDS.\nThe Affordable Care Act (ACA) expanded the eligibility requirements for Medicaid, allowing a large number of adults who experience homelessness to become Medicaid-eligible. Also, a rec"]
[15.885591506958008, 10.51648998260498, "naged care plan was successful in identifying and enrolling a cohort of high-need beneficiaries into its PSH program. The 164 individuals enrolled to date exhibited multimorbid physical and behavioral health conditions and significant health service "]
[15.858057022094727, 10.486035346984863, "ong-term unemployment (Slesnick, Zhang, and Yilmazer, 2018). Sustained multimorbidity creates long-term competing challenges that may persist even after an individual secures housing (Schick et al., 2019; Henwood et al., 2018).\nThe Value of Permanent"]
[15.918055534362793, 10.561258316040039, "ged care plan serving more than 1 million members in inland Southern California. The health plan has established an algorithm to identify high utilizers of their health system who are dealing with chronic housing insecurity, and the plan sought to en"]
[15.91154670715332, 10.534584999084473, " for help with activities of daily living; (3) at least six months of active eligibility for plan benefits in the member\u2019s lifetime; (4) at least seven inpatient days in an acute care facility in the past 12 months; (5) self-reported homelessness, th"]
[15.949950218200684, 10.584563255310059, "vice charge for an event (typically a medical service provided) at a specified location for a set of diagnoses on a given date.\nWe conducted a series of descriptive analyses to summarize participant characteristics in the 12 months prior to PSH enrol"]
[15.938750267028809, 10.631442070007324, "   Demographic Characteristic\nBehavioral health conditions Mental health conditions Substance use disorders\nSample (n) Percentage 91 55%\n72 44%\n50 30%\n      NOTE: Behavioral health conditions comprise both mental health conditions and substance use d"]
[15.988879203796387, 10.60303020477295, "492 $1,753\n$2,452 $15,834 $7,323\n$998 $4,905\n$70,447\nAmount\nPer Patient Event\n$2,910 $2,094 $1,583\n$396 $232\n$280 $98\n$195 $1,750 $3,715\n$178 $142\n$683\n        NOTES: Patient visits to psychiatric facilities are underrepresented; these services are p"]
[16.004560470581055, 10.635013580322266, "ervice utilization and associated costs in the year prior to program enrollment. The most frequent locations of service utilization (Table 3.2) were represented by ambulance services (2,866 patient events), inpatient general hospital care (2,125 pati"]
[15.935457229614258, 10.554661750793457, "the managed care plan has been successful in identifying and enrolling a cohort of high-need beneficiaries into its PSH program. The 164 individuals enrolled to date exhibited multimorbid physical and behavioral health conditions and significant heal"]
[15.919528007507324, 10.52780818939209, "the subsequent 12 months of enrollment.\nLastly, with regard to demographic characteristics of participants, it appears that recruitment efforts to date have captured a relatively diverse group of individuals with respect to race/ethnicity, with rough"]
[15.843725204467773, 10.463371276855469, "x physical and behavioral health needs of the population served by this program, including high utilization of emergency services and hospitalizations that\n13\nresult in significant health expenditures. The data also demonstrate the ability of the hea"]
[15.743124961853027, 10.343314170837402, "No. 2, 2018, pp. 415\u2013418.\nHogan, James, Scattered-Site Housing: Characteristics and Consequences, Seattle, Wash.: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, Septempber 1996. As of June 1, 2020: https:"]
[15.7243070602417, 10.29345417022705, "d Quality of Life of Individuals in Permanent Supportive Housing Who Were Formerly Chronically Homeless,\u201d American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 109, No. 2, 2019, pp. 313\u2013319.\nSlesnick, Natasha, Jing Zhang, and Tansel Yilmazer, \u201cEmployment and Other"]
[12.686134338378906, 13.671090126037598, "Exploring the Impact\nof COVID-19 on Social Services for Vulnerable Populations in Los Angeles\nLessons Learned from Community Providers\nSTEPHANIE BROOKS HOLLIDAY, SARAH B. HUNTER, ALEX R. DOPP, MARGARET CHAMBERLIN, MARTIN Y. IGUCHI\n  SOCIAL AND ECONOM"]
[17.861736297607422, 3.944643020629883, "rs and income from operations.\n iii\nContents\nPreface ........................................................................................................................................... iii Figures ............................................."]
[17.84580421447754, 3.94883394241333, "..................................7 Figure 3.2. Equity Concerns and Vulnerable Populations ............................................................12\n v\nTables\nTable 4.1. Summary of Facilitators, Barriers, and Proposed Solutions ................."]
[17.788728713989258, 4.029540061950684, " Heilbrun at Drexel University and Nicole Eberhart at the RAND Corporation.\n viii\nAbbreviations\nCFIR Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research\nCOVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019\nIHME Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (University of "]
[17.85325050354004, 3.9478743076324463, "interview guide that covered the following topics:\n\u2022 sources of information guiding organizations\u2019 pandemic response plans\n\u2022 changes made in response to COVID-19 regarding services, communication, policies,\nprocedures, or some combination thereof\n\u2022 b"]
[17.85275650024414, 3.9564321041107178, "ontrol and Prevention, the World Health Organization), state and local public health agencies, the University of Washington\u2019s Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)\u2019s COVID-19 infection projections (IHME, 2020), personal connections with "]
[17.8582820892334, 3.9403064250946045, ").\nWe also learned of ways in which programs and organizations have adjusted the focus of their services. Organizations have emphasized getting individuals into housing and supporting maintenance of housing. There has been a shift to providing food a"]
[17.858097076416016, 3.935900926589966, ", talked about quickly mobilizing a crisis-management team who would meet regularly (e.g., weekly) and disseminate guidance. In some cases, these teams included infectious disease experts, who were seen as particularly valuable to guiding the organiz"]
[17.865524291992188, 3.919571876525879, " from their clients placed signs on their doors with information about available services and any key guidance that might be needed. Providers also expanded the types of services provided, as described previously (e.g., providing food and other goods"]
[17.85101890563965, 3.9427378177642822, "one interviewee highlighted:\nPre-COVID, our [space was] a place of respite. That was such a loss for [our clients]. Losing the libraries and parks. Safe spaces, those have really diminished.\nInner Setting\nInterviewees discussed the importance of proa"]
[17.851123809814453, 3.949404716491699, "bed how staff are working to provide quality services to clients while balancing the impact of the pandemic on their own health and well-being. Some interviewees described the importance of additional professional supports (e.g., increased supervisio"]
[17.859466552734375, 3.9401192665100098, "intments, COVID-related service requests, and additional documentation of supports offered to clients.\n\u2022 Client status and symptoms: This includes tracking client responses and needs over time, including mental health needs, medical issues, substance"]
[17.861005783081055, 3.942193031311035, "ces could also lead to an exacerbation of existing mental health and substance use disorders. Fourth, interviewees cited barriers to determining what is accurate information about COVID-19. For example, one interviewee noted that in certain homeless "]
[17.853084564208984, 3.9444217681884766, "s and involved with the criminal justice system\u2014during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our goal was to understand the ways in which organizations have adapted their services and ultimately identify early lessons learned and innovative solu"]
[17.85015106201172, 3.9448368549346924, "erns.\nRecommendations\nThough certain services are beginning to reopen in Los Angeles County, it is clear that COVID-19 will continue to influence the way services are provided\u2014especially to vulnerable populations\u2014for the foreseeable future. The chang"]
[17.851320266723633, 3.9434385299682617, "use technology (e.g., older individuals, those recently released from long periods of incarceration).\n4. Focus on equity issues because the pandemic is creating disproportionate impacts that will likely widen over time. There are concrete steps that "]
[17.85734748840332, 3.936675786972046, "sly described, COVID-19 has placed great burdens on staff of provider organizations, increasing their potential support needs. Support for staff might include making sure that organizations are aware of resources that are available to providers on th"]
[17.851577758789062, 3.9438793659210205, "identification and other benefits offices be considered essential services\n\u2022 Temporarily waive inspection and identification requirements\n     Access to benefits (B)\nSome offices closed or reduced access\n\u2022 Provide support for organizations to engage "]
[17.79768943786621, 4.052585124969482, "mic.\n18\nReferences\nDamschroder, Laura J., David C. Aron, Rosalind E. Keith, Susan A. Kirsh, Jeffery A. Alexander, and Julie C. Lowery, \u201cFostering Implementation of Health Services Research Findings into Practice: A Consolidated Framework for Advancin"]
[17.924100875854492, 3.953671455383301, "y Today to Accelerate the Curve on Access and Quality Tomorrow,\u201d JMIR Mental Health, Vol. 7, No. 3, March 2020.\nUniversity of Wisconsin Department of Psychiatry, \u201cSupport for Healthcare Providers,\u201d webpage, undated. As of July 30, 2020: https://www.p"]
[15.385537147521973, 10.42432975769043, " The Law Enforcement Response to Homelessness\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs to Improve Law Enforcement\nStrategies for Addressing Homelessness\nSean E. Goodison, Jeremy D. Barnum, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, Siara I. Sitar, Brian A. Jackson\n"]
[15.382811546325684, 10.424524307250977, "ficer health and wellness.\nPartnerships and collaboration with service providers and communities\n\u2022 Research should be conducted to identify the poten- tial waste, costs, and benefits associated with siloed service provision.\n\u2022 A promising practices g"]
[15.385091781616211, 10.424095153808594, "f affordable housing are broadly considered the key variables at play, homelessness can manifest differently across the country. For example, some areas have more challenges with unsheltered homelessness, particularly in locales with\na mild climate, "]
[15.493090629577637, 10.397391319274902, "olutions to fill gaps or needs left unaddressed by existing responses, and evaluate whether new approaches achieve intended outcomes.\n   Although poverty and the lack\nof affordable housing are broadly considered the key vari- ables at play, homelessn"]
[15.533552169799805, 10.40839958190918, "y one-fifth (19 percent) were considered chronically homeless,\nmeaning a person \u201cwith a disability who has been continu- ously homeless for 1 year or more or has experienced at least four episodes of homelessness in the last 3 years\u201d (Henry et al., 2"]
[15.399864196777344, 10.418559074401855, "disorder, have a previous criminal history and/ or history of incarceration, have low income, and have weak social connections and/or family support are more at risk for becoming homeless than individuals without those risk factors (National Academie"]
[15.603880882263184, 10.352035522460938, "nt guidance. Three recent works\u2014a meta-analysis of homelessness intervention programs (Munthe-Kaas, Berg, and Blaasv\u00e6r, 2018), a report on the state of homelessness in America (Council of Economic Advisers, 2019), and a 2018 report by the National Ac"]
[15.614262580871582, 10.360291481018066, "ess, 2016). Finally, Munthe-Kaas, Berg, and Blaasv\u00e6r recommend that worldwide interventions should be considered, which have been an area of development since the meta-analysis was conducted (see, for example, Goering et al., 2014; and Jacups, Rogers"]
[15.582517623901367, 10.427163124084473, " larger impact on risk factors for homelessness, such as substance use and mental health disorders, than other approaches and suggests that it is more expensive than other alternatives. The NASEM report notes that PSH is important in increasing the a"]
[15.382416725158691, 10.422317504882812, " NIJ and other stakeholders to discover and implement novel law enforcement responses to homelessness. The meeting was held on February 5 and 6, 2020, in Washington, D.C., at the NIJ offices within the Office of Justice Programs headquarters. The wor"]
[15.374468803405762, 10.424283981323242, "needs. After the workshop, these needs were assessed and grouped into the following four broad operational categories (which are related to the four topical themes of the workshop):\n\u2022 Promising law enforcement practices and policy needs are related t"]
[15.379166603088379, 10.425141334533691, " fourth need called for an evaluation of the benefits of innovative law enforcement approaches to mitigating justice problems that could contrib- ute to homelessness. Examples of such innovative strategies mentioned by the participants include warran"]
[15.377339363098145, 10.424766540527344, "he data that are collected and share it appropriately with all relevant partners might produce database products that are actionable for only some users, leading others to abandon the data products when determining how to best fulfill roles and serve"]
[15.381278991699219, 10.424962043762207, "ts in wasted resources and ineffective responses.\nLaw enforcement has limited choices to respond to frequent, minor incidents related to homelessness.a\nThe general public often has a flawed perspective about what law enforcement can and cannot do to "]
[15.381399154663086, 10.423017501831055, " clinic or institutional only, or do not allow individuals to bring their property or pets with them).a\nThere are high-frequency utilizers who have a significant impact on law enforcement and other public services.\nThere is a lack of recognition of t"]
[15.406508445739746, 10.422218322753906, "ants, references to other literature sources have been included where appropriate to provide more detail and support for the assertions and opinions discussed by the participants during the workshop (for example, where a participant might have mentio"]
[15.461230278015137, 10.40187931060791, "tor influencing home- lessness is the unavailability of affordable housing options. The cost of housing is affected by numerous factors that can vary by jurisdiction, such as housing regulations, population growth, residential demand within neighborh"]
[15.408113479614258, 10.407703399658203, "ble to community members (e.g., number of arrests), and communities see law enforcement responses as more immedi- ate because police are a phone call away from being on site for a wide variety of public concerns. However, experts discussed the oversi"]
[15.391473770141602, 10.422818183898926, "lthough the challenge of homelessness might vary widely across jurisdictions, law enforcement has daily experience\nwith issues that are highly related to homelessness; specifically, mental health crises, substance use disorders, and criminal victimiz"]
[15.395026206970215, 10.420886039733887, "EH with useful social services\u2014particularly for people expe- riencing unsheltered homelessness\u2014is that some are \u201cresistant\u201d to services that are offered to them (they consistently choose\nto decline services or opt not to engage with available service"]
[15.393325805664062, 10.421854019165039, "bstances can negatively affect the mental and physical well-being of PEH. Experts also agreed that the inter- sectionality of these and other issues, such as trauma history, with homelessness requires further examination.\nThere is a higher likelihood"]
[15.385758399963379, 10.424653053283691, "ses of homelessness, police are constantly under pressure from business leaders and members of the community to \u201cfix\u201d homelessness.\nenvironment or to have their belongings stored, and making services available to establish an environment of trust. Pa"]
[15.387699127197266, 10.423550605773926, "ciently to promote public safety.\nThe law enforcement participants on the panel also highlighted efforts to reduce barriers to housing, employment, and other resources, such as warrant-clearing events or forgiving indi- viduals\u2019 fines and fees. Some "]
[15.380285263061523, 10.420282363891602, "to be accessible to all persons, regard- less of ability. There is also uncertainty in the law regarding people living in recreational vehicles and campers and whether they could be considered homeless and part of an encamp- ment. Recreational vehicl"]
[15.382012367248535, 10.422924041748047, " criticism\nin many cases if the community expects a rapid response to any problem. Unaddressed criticism can then generate public dissatisfaction about the way the problem is being addressed\nor the ways in which PEH are being treated. A key area for "]
[15.3882417678833, 10.424189567565918, "lt to collect valid and reliable data on individuals experiencing unsheltered homelessness, given the characteristics of the population and the brief nature of their contact with government officials.\nBetter data would enable front-end analysis to be"]
[15.383408546447754, 10.424236297607422, "noncriminal police encounters with PEH are recorded. Therefore, it can be difficult for agencies to determine what percentage of their workload involves this population. Track- ing these interactions, what actions officers take, and what the resultin"]
[15.396142959594727, 10.417895317077637, "(e.g., psychiatrists, nurses, and other medical professionals), community leaders, and those with lived experience.\nlaw enforcement agencies often are skeptical of participating\nin research studies without having a voice in the design and implementat"]
[15.385951042175293, 10.421772956848145, "enda to support police responses to PEH. These needs include finding ways to better define the nature and scope of homelessness to assess the needs of these communities. The needs also involve develop- ing a better understanding of related issues, su"]
[14.935189247131348, 2.101346969604492, "se individuals and provided a brief description of the workshop\u2019s focus areas. Ten of the ini- tial 25 declined participation, although four of the ten people\nwho declined provided an alternate potential attendee from their organization who we subseq"]
[14.866759300231934, 1.9606678485870361, "ators had the potential to influence the questions they posed to the group and how they phrased those questions. This also could introduce bias that could influence the findings.\nTo develop and prioritize a list of technology and policy issues that a"]
[14.812565803527832, 1.8012714385986328, "oner workloads, other staffing concerns, and societal concerns.\nAfter the participants rated the needs displayed on a particular slide (i.e., for either importance or probability of success), we displayed a histogram-style summary of participant resp"]
[14.789661407470703, 1.7573148012161255, "ve to the others. To collect these assessments, we printed the entire tiered list and distributed it to the participants. This step allowed the participants to see all of the ranked needs collected across the day-and-a-half work- shop, providing a to"]
[14.769244194030762, 1.668990135192871, "ach need.\nFigure A.2. Example Slide for Rating the Probability of Success of a Need\n  6b. What is the probability of success?\nIssue: Most U.S. responses to homelessness are \u201csiloed\u201d into, for example, law enforcement, service provision, and individua"]
[14.773259162902832, 1.6868970394134521, "actices with respect to assembling \u201chome plans\u201d for people who are preparing for release from a correctional system.\n   NOTE: Shaded cells indicate that up or down votes were not possible (e.g., Tier 1 is the top tier, so it was impossible to upvote "]
[14.776834487915039, 1.6853059530258179, "\u2019s new tier after the third-round score adjustment is shown by the connected circle with a dotted border.\n Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3\nRound 2\n          Round 3\n        8\n6\nNumber of needs\n4\n2\n0\n40 50 60\n40 50 60\n Expected value score\nTier 2 score range\n22\n"]
[15.379055976867676, 10.419702529907227, "best practices where agen- cies can make effective connections with services.\n\u2022 Conduct evaluations of the existing diversion and deflec- tion programs (i.e., alternatives to the justice system) that some agencies and jurisdictions are implementing.\n"]
[15.381780624389648, 10.42149543762207, "ce and impact of this problem.\n\u2022 Conduct research to identify the gaps, costs, risks, and benefits of various levels of behavioral health services.\n\u2022 Conduct research to identify the most-important types of data and identify approaches and tools for "]
[15.375029563903809, 10.421611785888672, "s is not able to consider the full range of public expenditures.\nPEH often have frequent contacts with the elements of the justice system (law enforcement, courts, and corrections) and, as a result, affect required resources.\nHomelessness often resul"]
[15.387480735778809, 10.421103477478027, " public officials to find \u201cboard and lodging\u201d for PEH in New York State (Callahan v. Carey, 1979). A more recent example holds to the entire U.S. Ninth Circuit, Martin v. City of Boise, where individuals could not be criminally penalized for sleeping"]
[15.54786491394043, 10.349689483642578, "al review boards to ensure human sub- ject protection, the latter challenge of denying benefit might be easier to address in practice. If the social service benefit (to include not only outcomes but also potential costs and unintended consequences)\ni"]
[15.72387981414795, 10.269000053405762, "/RR3064.html\nHeilbrun, Kirk, David DeMatteo, Kento Yasuhara, Stephanie Brooks-Holliday, Sanjay Shah, Christopher King, Anne Bingham DiCarlo, Danielle Hamilton, and Casey LaDuke, \u201cCommunity- Based Alternatives for Justice-Involved Individuals with Sev"]
[15.628877639770508, 10.33416748046875, "ner, Karen Destorel Brown, Mary Cunningham, and Noah Sawyer, Rethinking Local Affordable Housing Strategies: Lessons from 70 Years of Policy and Practice, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and the Urban I"]
[15.603421211242676, 10.349135398864746, " 2020.\nShelton, Katherine H., Pamela J. Taylor, Adrian Bonner, and Marianne van den Bree, \u201cRisk Factors for Homelessness: Evidence from a Population-Based Study,\u201d Psychiatric Services, Vol. 60, No. 4, 2009, pp. 465\u2013472.\nShinn, Marybeth, Ending Homele"]
[13.920363426208496, 4.214150905609131, "ona State University. Finally, we are thankful for the contributions of the anonymous reviewers from the U.S. Department of Justice.\nThe RAND Justice Policy Program\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks "]
[13.927698135375977, 4.120006084442139, "n criminal justice, homeland security, and terrorism preparedness. His areas of examination have included safety management in large-scale emergency response operations, the equip- ment and technology needs of criminal justice agencies and emergency "]
[13.856534004211426, 4.606245517730713, "those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Depart- ment of Justice, the RAND Corporation, or the organizations represented by any of the workshop participants.\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and"]
[17.423614501953125, 12.953668594360352, " Risk and Needs Assessments\nin Prisons\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs for Using Evidence- Based Practices\nJoe Russo, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, and Brian A. Jackson\nDespite a slight decline in the prison population in 2017 and 2018, signif"]
[17.422252655029297, 12.957135200500488, " A consumer guide should be developed to assist agen- cies in determining which questions to ask when consid- ering acquiring and implementing a new RNA tool.\n\u2022 A research organization (e.g., the National Academy of Sciences, National Institute of Ju"]
[17.42399024963379, 12.954971313476562, "dation, resources needed to administer the assessment, information technology implications) before investing in an RNA tool.\nDelivering effective interventions or programming to address\nthe criminogenic needs of inmates as identified by RNA tools acc"]
[15.624541282653809, 4.189676761627197, "t Bucklen\nPennsylvania Department of Corrections\nAnne Cummins\nFederal Bureau of Prisons, Minnesota\nGrant Duwe\nMinnesota Department of Corrections\nMichelle Gantt\nFederal Bureau of Prisons, New York\nZachary Hamilton\nWashington State University\nKyle Jac"]
[17.4240665435791, 12.955023765563965, "em have not translated into sustained behavioral change, and efforts to rehabilitate inmates have been generally ineffective.\n 4\n Prison systems are highly complex organizations, and change can be difficult.\npredict recidivism with approximately 70-p"]
[17.42400550842285, 12.954781532287598, "gislative initiatives at the state and federal levels are driving the use of RNA tools in correctional agencies. These initiatives often are part of larger, comprehensive reform packages that are designed to reduce prison populations and recidivism. "]
[17.42466926574707, 12.95592975616455, "ke it challenging to sustain EBP initiatives. For example,\nthe average tenure for a state corrections agency executive is\nless than four years (Innes, 2015). In the BOP, wardens are frequently transferred between institutions by design. Although exec"]
[17.4492130279541, 12.946858406066895, "essary program- ming might not be available in every institution, or they could lead to long waiting lists for individuals who need specific programming. Furthermore, some inmates might be released before they receive important programming, because t"]
[17.4262752532959, 12.953255653381348, "ly lower the effectiveness of the tool in that setting. Agencies need to ensure that staff are qualified to administer the assessment and that they receive initial and follow-up training on the tool. Quality assurance methods also can help maintain i"]
[17.424110412597656, 12.954743385314941, "f the First Step Act. Ultimately, a group of 15 experts was convened (see the Participants box for a full list of names and affiliations).\nThe participants were brought together for a two-day workshop. During the morning of the first day, project sta"]
[17.42399787902832, 12.953535079956055, "ization exercise.\nRESULTS\nOver the course of the two-day workshop, participants identi- fied a total of 50 needs related to the use and effective deploy- ment of RNA tools in prison. The needs were organized\ninto four major themes: organizational iss"]
[17.424022674560547, 12.95604419708252, "ted that security and treatment objectives are complementary in nature rather than competing interests. Effective programming can- not take place in an institution that is not safe and secure. It is also true that the proper application of RNA tools,"]
[17.424793243408203, 12.952784538269043, "ons so that there is a better understanding of what works and why.\n\u2022 Develop infrastructure for ongoing support for research to produce the evidence around new programs.\n\u2022 Develop criteria (e.g., minimum qualifications) for curricu- lum facilitators."]
[17.42416000366211, 12.953948974609375, "nifest in many ways (e.g., decreased capacity to administer assessments or deliver meaningful interventions), but one high-priority need focused on the difficulties that agencies face in simply maintaining situational awareness with respect to EBPs. "]
[17.421802520751953, 12.957783699035645, " and objective criteria by which to measure performance, such as various cost measures, data ownership and management considerations, and training or recertifica- tion specifications. Agencies would benefit from independent evaluation, which might yi"]
[17.42451286315918, 12.953746795654297, " every two to five years, while others indicate that the frequency of revalidation depends more on\nthe type of assessment instrument used and how it was devel- oped (Casey et al., 2014). The participants noted that agencies would benefit from indepen"]
[17.42015838623047, 12.956015586853027, "ology system infrastructure. The participants noted that this issue will become more important in the future as tools are expected to become increasingly automated.\nAdministration of Assessments\nThe participants identified three high-priority needs t"]
[17.424715042114258, 12.947088241577148, "- sors. Some staff members lack the qualifications and training necessary to work with inmates during the assessment process, and agencies might not adequately allocate time for staff to complete assessments or access relevant, collateral information"]
[16.738861083984375, 7.647599220275879, "service delivery requirements, resources, or other constraints, prisons might use nonthera- peutic staff to deliver programming. One participant referred to this as cognitive-behavioral intervention versus treatment or therapy. Both cognitive-behavio"]
[17.424575805664062, 12.954618453979492, "cipants stressed the importance of process evaluations; it is not enough to know\nwhether a program is effective, but it is critical to understand why a program is effective so that it can be replicated.\nFinally, the participants discussed the concept"]
[17.424400329589844, 12.9530029296875, "elity.\nResearch has demonstrated that validated tools based on RNR principles can correctly predict recidivism risk (Des- marais and Singh, 2013). Moreover, research has shown that employing demonstrated, effective correctional practices and programm"]
[15.017580032348633, 2.1700711250305176, "eeds. Through this process, we developed the research agenda that structured the topics presented in the main report. The descriptions in this appendix are adapted from those in previous publications of the Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative "]
[14.918837547302246, 2.0950748920440674, " to make the group as represen- tative as possible of different disciplines, perspectives, and geo- graphic regions, the final output of the workshop likely will be significantly influenced by the specific group of experts invited to participate. It "]
[14.842907905578613, 1.8283559083938599, ", the ResponseCard RF LCD from Turning Tech- nologies). Each participant was asked to individually score each problem or opportunity and its associated needs using a 1\u20139 scale for two dimensions: importance and probability of suc- cess.\nFor the impor"]
[14.812065124511719, 1.7872411012649536, "to three tiers using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The algorithm we used was the \u201cward.D\u201d spherical algorithm from the \u201cstats\u201d library in the R statistical package, version 3.5. We chose this algorithm to minimize within-cluster variance when "]
[14.789922714233398, 1.7172356843948364, "d values\u2014we also set a threshold that at least 25 percent of the workshop participants must have voted on that need (and then rounded to the nearest full par- ticipant). For this workshop, there were 15 participants, so for any votes to have an effec"]
[14.783746719360352, 1.703887701034546, "tices on how to sequence and prioritize the order in which each item should\nbe addressed.\n36%\n14%\n29%\n7%\n14%\n17\n        0% 0% 0% 0% 123456789\nNOTE: Percentages on each question did not always sum to\n100 percent because of rounding and variation in th"]
[17.419700622558594, 12.950864791870117, " the 50 identified needs,\n\u2022 11 were related to organizational issues (two of which were high priority)\n\u2022 16 were related to the selection and implementation of RNA tools (four of which were high priority)\n\u2022 nine were related to the administration of "]
[17.425029754638672, 12.955036163330078, "fidelity.\nNeed Tier\n\u2022 Develop training and guidebooks for leadership on the state of knowledge about RNA principles and how EBPs can enhance institutional security.\n\u2022 Develop a mechanism for the regular dissemination of useful information in digestib"]
[17.42162322998047, 12.956743240356445, " might not be sufficiently complete.\nThe aggregate results from RNA tools can be used to assess whether an agency\u2019s programming is sufficiently meeting the needs of its population.\nIt is difficult to understand whether needs assessments are appropria"]
[17.423463821411133, 12.95456600189209, " the \u201cbig picture\u201d with respect to the needs of an individual.\nAllowing staff or committee overrides of the evidence-based risk assessment can result in less desirable outcomes.\nMany programs are advertised to address the same need, but it is unclear"]
[17.42344093322754, 12.954538345336914, "orrec- tional and rehabilitative objectives.\n\u2022 Identify the costs and benefits of employing special groups of staff (e.g., change champions) to manage change initiatives.\n    Administration of assessments\nProgramming\nOrganizational issues\n2\n2\n3\n     "]
[17.424312591552734, 12.955159187316895, "   Selection and implementation of RNA tools\nAdministration of assessments\nProgramming\n3\n3\n3\n                 a Each unique pairing of a problem or opportunity with a potential solution is counted as a separate need. This need is associated with thre"]
[13.959035873413086, 3.964324951171875, "truments and Methods of Assessment,\u201d Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2009, pp. 567\u2013590.\nCarson, E. Ann, Prisoners in 2018, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 253516, April 2020.\nCasey, Pamela M., Jennifer K. Elek, Roge"]
[13.987679481506348, 3.865340232849121, "n A., Duren Banks, John S. Hollywood, Dulani\nWoods, Amanda Royal, Patrick W. Woodson, and Nicole J. Johnson, Fostering Innovation in the U.S. Court System: Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs for Improving Court Operations and Outcom"]
[13.883601188659668, 4.086070537567139, "nstructing the Risk-Need-Responsivity Model: A Theoretical Elaboration and Evaluation,\u201d Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 2, March 2007, pp. 208\u2013228.\nYang, Min, Stephen C. P. Wong, Jeremy Coid, \u201cThe Efficacy of Violence Prediction: A Meta"]
[13.919587135314941, 4.176106929779053, "re, Maryland. He holds an M.S. in agricultural economics (applied economics).\nBrian A. Jackson is a senior physical scientist at the RAND Corporation. His research focuses on criminal justice, homeland security, and terrorism preparedness. His areas "]
[13.858598709106445, 4.60931921005249, "ion are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Depart- ment of Justice, the RAND Corporation, or the organizations represented by any of the workshop participants.\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis docu"]
[22.24149513244629, 7.288995265960693, "  CORPORATION\nLYNN A. KAROLY, STEPHANIE J. WALSH\nEstimating the\nCost of Quality\nEarly Childhood Care and Education\nin Oklahoma\n Sponsored by the Oklahoma Partnership for School Readiness Foundation\nFor more information on this publication, visit www."]
[22.240880966186523, 7.286771774291992, "d expenditures for the most recently completed fiscal year. The information supported estimation of the per-child cost of care by child age, setting, and quality rating. Although not intended to provide a representative sample, the data collected fro"]
[22.272071838378906, 7.257046222686768, "........................................................................................................... xxii Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................."]
[22.26244354248047, 7.257868766784668, "........84 Appendix D. Additional Documentation of Model-Based Estimates .........................................133 References ........................................................................................................................."]
[22.257951736450195, 7.2568678855896, " Centers by Reaching\nfor the Stars Rating and Selected Child Age Group..............................................................40 Table 3.4. Estimated Percentage of Per-Child Cost Recovered in Sampled Centers\nUsing Child Care Subsidy Program Rei"]
[22.258989334106445, 7.276568412780762, "7 Table D.5. Assumed Unit Prices for FCCH Cost Model by\nReaching for the Stars Rating (2019 Dollars) ....................................................................138\nviii\nSummary\nThe affordability of licensed early childhood education and care"]
[22.2497501373291, 7.2778239250183105, "to understand their program structure and the associated expenditures for the most recently completed fiscal year (typically 2018); second, drawing on the findings from these illustrative providers, we developed a cost model that was used to examine "]
[22.25347900390625, 7.269725799560547, "tart programs is expected to differ from other ECCE programs given the more comprehensive set of services required; and the latter because the study timeline could not accommodate the more-lengthy human subjects research review process required for i"]
[22.245601654052734, 7.284493923187256, " the three types of providers in our sample (centers, large FCCHs, and FCCHs), as well as generating estimates of per-child expenditures and the degree of variation by provider type and other characteristics.\nProgram Features of the Illustrative Prov"]
[22.245756149291992, 7.277563095092773, ".\n\u2022 Licensed ECCE providers do not routinely have well-organized financial records, according to our illustrative providers. Although some of the large centers and a few of the FCCHs kept precise records\u2014some of which were maintained by bookkeepers o"]
[22.258609771728516, 7.254392147064209, "n the attendance rate falls below 80 percent (so that the full subsidy, which is based on attendance rather than enrollment, would not be received). The reimbursement rates more than covered estimate costs for Two Star providers but undercompensated "]
[22.24982452392578, 7.269138336181641, "riking. When a small FCCH with a total capacity of seven children maintains a group size of only six children, its costs increase 14 to 18 percent, and the amount by which the state subsidy covers its costs is reduced by 10 to 15 percent. For centers"]
[22.25667381286621, 7.266258239746094, "are a few exceptions, mostly for Two Star programs and the older age groups, where the reimbursement rates are estimated to exceed the provider cost estimate by 10 percent or more (green shaded cells). The remaining few cases have reimbursement rates"]
[22.255355834960938, 7.261830806732178, "ming 80% attendance with full enrollment\nTwo Star\nEstimated per-child cost ($)a Per child year\nPer child day\nEstimated percentage of cost recovered using the subsidy reimbursement rate (%)\nAssuming 100% attendance with full enrollment Assuming 90% at"]
[22.255428314208984, 7.271306991577148, "r, unique considerations for the FCCH provider include how to properly treat their housing costs as a business expense and their own compensation through a salary or retained earnings. Access to expert financial advice periodically or on an ongoing b"]
[22.252058029174805, 7.275320053100586, ", is a key source of cost variation to recognize, although any age groups with the same teacher-child ratio requirement could have similar reimbursement rates. Quality rating tiers are another potential key cost driver, especially if they incorporate"]
[22.248943328857422, 7.277166366577148, "from our analyses and findings.\nRecommendation 1. Use cost information collected directly from providers and/or through cost modeling to reconsider the current Child Care Subsidy program reimbursement schedule. The validity of any reimbursement syste"]
[22.254133224487305, 7.274033069610596, " federal rather than state monies. This requires a better understanding of why some ECCE providers do not apply for the program. In some cases, this may be a provider choice. But understanding and addressing any barriers to take-up would ensure a mor"]
[22.253849029541016, 7.283019542694092, " family child care home\nGED General Educational Development\nFTE full-time equivalent\nIDEA Individuals with Disabilities Act\nIEP Individualized Education Plan\nLEA local education agency\nNAC National Accreditation Commission for Early Care and Educatio"]
[22.29634666442871, 7.23582124710083, "oviding high-quality ECCE programs. Information on the resources that providers require to deliver quality ECCE can then inform issues about affordability on the part of families, as well as the public sector\u2019s role in promoting quality and subsidizi"]
[22.250720977783203, 7.287021160125732, "stand the cost of ECCE in Oklahoma in various types of licensed settings. Following prior studies (e.g., Karoly and Gomez, 2019), we adopted a two-pronged approach: (1) collecting program and expenditure data from a sample of licensed providers, purp"]
[22.302051544189453, 7.259334087371826, "cost model was developed to assess how changes in any one cost driver affect the estimated cost per child, while holding all other program features constant. Key cost drivers that were examined include the teacher-child ratio, teacher qualifications "]
[22.26439666748047, 7.277639865875244, " they reported their annual expenditures, compared with center-based programs, which tend to have a dedicated bookkeeper or accountant on staff or under contract. Fourth, providers vary in the start and end month of their annual fiscal year, which me"]
[22.2514705657959, 7.274899005889893, " earlier, our analysis focused on private licensed center- and home-based ECCE providers purposively sampled across the range of the quality ratings produced by the state\u2019s QRIS, Reaching for the Stars. In this section, we provide relevant context fo"]
[22.24513816833496, 7.281627655029297, "lots. Many providers choose to serve fewer children than their license allows. We differentiate between licensed capacity versus desired enrolled, where the latter captures how many children a provider seeks to serve, which may be less than their lic"]
[22.245803833007812, 7.282138347625732, "achers may be enrolled in high school.) Directors are also required to have some additional postsecondary coursework, credentials, or certificates. In other states, it is most common for center directors and master teachers to at least have a Child D"]
[22.250364303588867, 7.276857852935791, "Excellence in Child Care program also covers up to 90 percent of the cost of college tuition and books for qualifying staff (e.g., those in One Star Plus programs with at least 10 percent of enrolled child receiving state child care subsidies).\nReach"]
[22.250398635864258, 7.272701263427734, "d master teacher\nqualifications\nSame as licensing\nSame as licensing\nSame as licensing\n\u2022 Added administration \u2022 PD follows ELG\n\u2022 Improved learning\nenvironment\n\u2022 Added family engagement \u2022 Increased master teacher\nqualifications\nBirth to 11 months 1:4 1"]
[22.252840042114258, 7.267012596130371, "each higher tiers in Reaching for the Stars, the reimbursement rates associated with the Oklahoma Child Care Subsidy program increase with each rating level. The Child Care Subsidy program assists low-income working families (those with income up to "]
[22.25867462158203, 7.255866527557373, " monthsa\nThree Star\nDaily rate\nBirth to 12 months 13 to 24 months 25 to 48 months 49 to 72 months\nBlended rate\n49 to 72 monthsa\na Traditional rate and extended\nSOURCE: OKDHS, 2020.\nNOTE: Blended rates and rates for 73 months to 13 years are also incr"]
[22.270286560058594, 7.274785995483398, " group size, teacher-child ratio), and other features associated with program quality (e.g., staff education and compensation, quality rating). Much of the literature has centered on cost analyses of preschool programs for three- and four-year-olds i"]
[22.28553581237793, 7.294707775115967, "e staff, the salary scale and generosity of the fringe benefit package, the teacher-child ratio in the classrooms, and program intensity (e.g., part- versus full-day programs, academic-year versus calendar-year programs). ECCE teachers in public-scho"]
[22.26729393005371, 7.272899627685547, " estimated at $35,354 per child on an annual basis, toddler care at $28,203 per child, and preschool-age care at $13,655 per child. These estimates are based on program features consistent with an earlier NASEM report that recommended bachelor\u2019s-leve"]
[22.256385803222656, 7.281131267547607, "ECCE cost survey was to collect information on program structure and expenditures for 30 licensed center- and home-based ECCE programs located across Oklahoma serving infants, toddlers, and preschool-age children. As we discuss next, this process req"]
[22.246374130249023, 7.2805280685424805, "roviders were selected purposively to ensure variation along key dimensions that would be expected to affect provider per-child costs, namely:\n\u2022 provider type (three categories) defined as for-profit centers, not-for-profit centers, and FCCHs of any "]
[22.206825256347656, 7.320041179656982, "al program information, staffing levels and benefits, sources of revenue, and annual expenditures. Separate versions of the instrument were used for center- and home-based providers. Most importantly, program features and expenditures were collected "]
[22.24150276184082, 7.285498142242432, "licensed ECCE center- and home- based providers in Oklahoma. Replicating the same approach for selecting another sample may also produce different values for these statistics. For this reason, we do not report such statistics in the section that foll"]
[22.244401931762695, 7.279970169067383, "ban 52310 Large rural 5218 Rural 3227\n        Licensed Provider Type\n         Characteristic Centers Large FCCHs FCCHs\nReaching for the Stars rating (number) One Star and One Star Plus\nTwo Star\nThree Star\n1 1 9 4 3 1\n9 5\nYes 4116\nAccredited (number) "]
[22.234649658203125, 7.287794589996338, "oms or groups (number) 1\n2\n3to4 5to6\n7 or more\nAges of children served (number) Children aged birth to 11 months Children aged 12 to 36 months Children aged 3 to 5 years Children aged 6 or more years\nHas waiting list (number)\nHas waiting list for spe"]
[22.250165939331055, 7.271745204925537, "ther expensive fringe benefits, such as retirement, health, or dental benefits. Overall, FCCHs, especially the smaller ones, offer fewer benefits compared with centers. Although we did not collect salary or wage data for all center and FCCH staff in "]
[22.21921157836914, 7.3048200607299805, " 0 10 6 6 25 0 0 0 4 2 15 2 1 6\n0 5 5 6 6 25\nSpeech screening\nSpeech services\nDevelopmental assessment\nMeals 13 Counseling 0 Referrals 9\nTransportation to and/or from program\nNo services other than meals Total providers (number)\nSources of revenue. F"]
[22.246492385864258, 7.280394554138184, "Hs\nTotal\nLicensed Provider Type\n   11 \u2013 \u2013 11 18 \u2013 \u2013 18 15 \u2013 \u2013 15 18 \u2013 \u2013 18 11 \u2013 \u2013 11\n5 \u2013 \u2013 5\n\u2013 10 7 17 78 10 7 95 13 6 6 25\n25\nTotal\n               Characteristics that vary across classrooms, stratified by age group (see Table 2.9), include desired "]
[22.25153350830078, 7.273738861083984, " age group is consistent with the licensing requirements in both centers and FCCHs. Yet many center-based providers operate with teacher-child ratios lower than the licensing ceiling (i.e., fewer children per teacher than required), which may result "]
[22.249019622802734, 7.273997783660889, "less relevant. At FCCHs, children are served in mixed age groups in one or more groups or rooms and expenditures per child are not likely to vary in the same way by child age or room compared with center-based programs. Thus, for FCCHs, all expenditu"]
[22.259218215942383, 7.274367809295654, "s.\n 28\nundated). 22 In the remainder of this section, we highlight key assumptions and the alternative scenarios considered. Additional details about the cost modeling approach is provided in Appendix D.\nAssumptions for Cost Model\nThe cost analysis m"]
[22.24922752380371, 7.270484447479248, "tors, that would allow more flexibility in the quantities and prices included in the model and more readily facilitate sensitivity analyses across many scenarios.\n23 Again, for the cost model, we did not consider classrooms serving school-age childre"]
[22.251333236694336, 7.268409252166748, " classroom Staff Classroom expenditures per child\nSame as One Star/ One Star Plus\nSame as One Star/ One Star Plus\n50th percentile of OK preschool teachers\u2019 salaries 50th percentile of OK child care salaries Same as One Star/ One Star Plus\n5%\n        "]
[22.252912521362305, 7.267735958099365, "assumption is different than prior tiers.\n 31\nmaintaining accreditation (Three Star).25 A similar pattern of expenditures is assumed for small and large FCCHs, although the accreditation costs are assumed to be lower based on NAFCC fees.\nThe other ke"]
[22.253170013427734, 7.268577575683594, "er enrollment, across NAEYC, NAC, and NECPA. When totaled across fees at enrollment, verification, and annual reporting, the total fees range from $2,000 to $2,200 for centers with up to 50 children, with NAEYC in the middle at $2,120. For centers wi"]
[22.25279426574707, 7.267734050750732, " top tier) and that Three Star large centers employ a full-time associate director (compared with a half- time associate director at the baseline top tier, see Appendix D, Table D.1).\n\u2022 Geographic cost differences. Our baseline model assumes state-le"]
[22.2506160736084, 7.266561508178711, "inistrative staff and shared resources). We repeat the same analyses for home-based care costs, although we do not attempt to generate cost estimates by child age group, given the mixed-age structure in the groups of children served in typical home-b"]
[22.2504940032959, 7.269123554229736, "ce (e.g., facility rent or mortgage, utilities, maintenance), and transportation (when provided). Expenditures on staff PD is a low cost per child, sometimes with no such expenditures, while exceptional centers had annual expenditures of several thou"]
[22.249967575073242, 7.269973278045654, "respectively, the sum of the cost components is not expected to add to the total because the minimum or maximum values for a given cost component are not necessarily for the same provider with the overall minimum or maximum total cost.\n\u2022 Cost per chi"]
[22.25911521911621, 7.25629186630249, "aid for by the program. Variation is also evident for other cost components in Table 3.2, but the magnitudes of the differences are smaller.\nThe small number of centers in our sample limits our ability to make robust comparisons across providers base"]
[22.25591468811035, 7.259997367858887, "mates.\nOverall, for the centers in our sample, the estimates indicate that less than full cost would be recovered on average in rooms serving children from birth to 11 months (infants). For infants, this finding holds across the range of per-child co"]
[22.257081985473633, 7.26047945022583, "ed on the range for the estimated per-child cost. The minimum and maximum are reversed for the estimated percentage of cover recovered. In other words, the minimum per-child cost estimate will have the maximum percentage of cost recovered. For the ma"]
[22.2785587310791, 7.231100559234619, "6\n13     13 19.28 35.43\n186.8 87.4 168.1 78.7 149.4 69.9\n11 11 16.86 37.29\n152.5 80.2 137.3 72.2 122.0 64.2\n15 15 16.95 26.76\n175.8 96.4 158.2 86.8 140.7 77.1\n                        41\n8 8 8\nwere received. Even with these caveats, the data do illust"]
[22.26292610168457, 7.2631916999816895, "n sampled providers that served that age group ($6,900) and is well under the\n30 The estimates in Table 3.5 are not necessarily comparable with other estimates of per-child ECCE costs, largely because of different assumptions about the ingredients pr"]
[22.245681762695312, 7.270183086395264, "5,012 4,483 96 86 19.28 17.24\n89.2 98.6 80.3 88.7 71.4 78.9\n                                    Table 3.5. Model-Based Baseline Per-Child Cost Estimates for Centers (Continued)\n              Birth to 11 12 to 23\nIndicator Months Months 2 Years 3 Year"]
[22.2526798248291, 7.258194923400879, "m materials 1.3 Food 7.6 Transportation 0.0 Space 23.1 Administration 1.6 Total 100.0\nThree Star\nEstimated per-child cost ($)a\nPer child year 16,698 Per child week 321 Per child day 64.22\nEstimated percentage of cost recovered using Child\nCare Subsid"]
[22.261661529541016, 7.249150276184082, "4,663\n5,267\nOne Star One Star Plus\nTwo Star Three Star\n-4,000\nTitle\n-147 -661\n0\n4,000 8,000 12,000 Annual per-child cost (2019 $)\n16,000 20,000\n4,420\n4,810\n5,928\n9,226\nReimbursement Unrecovered cost\n  6,552\n2,674\n    NOTES: The amount of costs recove"]
[22.286720275878906, 7.23091983795166, "e Star and One Star Plus, with an increment of about $200 to $400 dollars per child, depending on the age group, relative to a One Star rating. The next increment from One Star Plus to Two Star is about $1,600 for infants, declining to about $600 for"]
[22.26237678527832, 7.250110149383545, "or four- year-olds. Assuming 100 percent attendance, the Two Star reimbursement rate would seem to consistently over-reimburse providers for two-year-olds and older (especially three-year-olds), based on our cost estimates. However, knowing that, in "]
[22.262561798095703, 7.248032569885254, "mple, under-enrollment\u2014enrolling fewer children than actual or desired capacity\u2014 would be expected to raise per child cost (see scenario C1 in Table 3.6). The C1 scenario shows that under-enrolling by about 10 percent of desired capacity (1 to 3 chil"]
[22.24835205078125, 7.271976470947266, "ance with full enrollment Assuming 80% attendance with full enrollment\nC4. Higher cost areas\nEstimated per-child cost ($)a Per child year\nPer child day\nChange in per-child cost from baseline (%)\nEstimated percentage of cost recovered using Child Care"]
[22.248600006103516, 7.2727251052856445, "indicators regarding the owner/operator\u2019s compensation and treatment of housing cost.\nWe begin by noting that there is considerable variation across the 12 home-based sites in the per-child cost indicators, both within and between the two size catego"]
[22.253679275512695, 7.266294002532959, "r the averages, the sum of the cost components may not add to the total\nbecause of rounding. For the minimums and maximums, the sum of the cost components is not expected to add to the total because the minimum or maximum values for a given cost comp"]
[22.253313064575195, 7.268521308898926, " a portion of their housing costs (e.g., rent or mortgage, utilities) as a business expense, based on the portion of annual hours that the home was used for business (both operating hours and other hours spent cleaning, preparing meals, and so on) an"]
[22.248899459838867, 7.269017696380615, "nual per-child space costs and for classrooms serving two-year-olds and three-year-olds, they can operate with larger ratios (1:8 and 1:12, respectively), which lowers their per-child classroom personnel costs. Nevertheless, these potential cost savi"]
[22.255489349365234, 7.263553142547607, "mated percentage of cost recovered using Child Care Subsidy program reimbursement rate (%)\nAssuming 100% attendance at observed enrollment Assuming 90% attendance at observed enrollment Assuming 80% attendance at observed enrollment\nTotal number of l"]
[22.251440048217773, 7.265458106994629, "n and operate with a 1:7 ratio (see Table 2.10). However, because they are assumed to have space to serve up to 12 children, their per-child space costs are higher than the small FCCHs operating with a lower square footage for the same enrollment of "]
[22.248395919799805, 7.270720481872559, "3\n79.3 82.7 71.4 74.4 63.5 66.2\n7,177 138\n27.60\n8,524 164\n32.78\n5,314 102\n20.44\n86.0 77.4 68.8\n5,568 107\n21.42\n6,731 129\n25.89\n10,691 206\n41.12\n3,175 3,363\n4,359 6,036 0 36 71 94\n50 80 160 200 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0000\n3,175 3,363 4,359 7,544 0 36"]
[22.277225494384766, 7.240393161773682, " resource use in other cost categories, and cost-of-living differences across communities. We explore several of these other sources of variation and the implication for per-child costs in the next section.\nCost Variation Associated with Key Cost Dri"]
[22.216167449951172, 7.301929473876953, "rly 100 percent of the per-child cost under the baseline Child Care Subsidy program reimbursements, the same large FCCH with under-enrollment would recover about 85 percent of its cost.\n\u2022 If there are cost components that do not vary by region, cost "]
[22.247644424438477, 7.28316593170166, "ntage of cost recovered (%)\n85.5 91.7 73.5 76.6\nAssuming 100% attendance with full enrollment\nAssuming 80% attendance with full enrollment\n58.8 61.3\n68.4 73.4 NOTES: Costs are estimated in 2019 dollars. For more details on the alternative scenarios, "]
[22.240222930908203, 7.289170742034912, "services provided to families, and sources of revenue, among other features. In part, this diversity may not be surprising, as we intentionally sampled providers to obtain variation across provider type, Reaching for the Stars rating tier, for-profit"]
[22.228715896606445, 7.246147155761719, "ng to collect information on ECCE provider annual expenditures, many smaller centers and FCCH providers did not have clear financial statements that carefully differentiated revenues from expenses in well- structured cost categories. For FCCHs, docum"]
[22.24831199645996, 7.2667741775512695, "nt for the FCCHs, where lower-cost providers typically had their costs full covered, even with less than 100 percent attendance, but higher-cost providers would see less than full reimbursement. The reimbursement rates more than covered costs for Two"]
[22.252321243286133, 7.272816181182861, "p between quality and per-child cost reflect the quality features accounted for in Reaching for the Stars, specifically those that have implications for program cost. The relationship between quality tiers and per-child cost could change if a differe"]
[22.2537899017334, 7.272431373596191, " on other factors, such as local area wages and whether tiered child care subsidies will cover the higher compensation costs or whether families can afford to pay higher fees or tuition. The fact that we did not see higher- rated providers with highe"]
[22.2491512298584, 7.27748441696167, "able business model and the required financial literacy.\nECCE Providers and Their Revenue\nAlthough our primary focus has been on the cost side of ECCE program operations, the information we collected from the sample of illustrative providers also poi"]
[22.260547637939453, 7.24749755859375, " age and rating tier. The cost estimates and the reimbursement rates are followed by the percentage change in dollar amounts moving across age groups within a given rating tier, first starting with four-year-olds and moving to younger ages (where cos"]
[22.263338088989258, 7.2465362548828125, "ercentage change in cost as move to younger ages (%)\nOne Star\nOne Star Plus Two Star Three Star\nPercentage change in cost as move to older ages (%)\nOne Star\nOne Star Plus Two Star Three Star\n1:4 1:6 1:4 1:6 1:4 1:6 1:4 1:6\n39.63 29.46 41.21 30.63 47."]
[22.25374984741211, 7.272559642791748, "e groups, unless there are substantial changes in other cost factors across those age groups.\nWhich Dimensions of Cost Variation to Include in a Rate Schedule\nThe illustrative provider data reveal how much per-child costs can vary across ECCE provide"]
[22.253721237182617, 7.272660732269287, "r-child requirement would have the same reimbursement rates. Quality rating tiers are another potential key cost driver, especially if they incorporate increases in classrooms staff education requirements and the associated compensation in moving up "]
[22.25920867919922, 7.271941184997559, " of how providers structure their programs, the types and quantities of resources used, and the costs that they face. Even small nonrepresentative samples can illustrate the range of circumstances providers experience. Cost modeling provides a more s"]
[22.251970291137695, 7.27431058883667, "itation, there are specific requirements for higher staff qualifications compared with Reaching for the Stars, but these standards do not require a provider to pay higher compensation for those staff, commensurate with their higher education and trai"]
[22.240686416625977, 7.2818217277526855, "s as well. For example, most small homes operate up to 12 hours per day with just the owner on site, a situation\n72\nthat may lead to stress and burnout. FCCHs reported that it was difficult to find substitutes who were adequately trained and certifie"]
[22.24933624267578, 7.2733025550842285, " are under 2 years old\n\u2022 Or six children are in care and more than\nthree children are under 2 years old\nFCCH All Groups\n     Mixed-Aged Groups\n                    Child Care Centers Large FCCH Single-Aged Groups All Groups\nFCCH All Groups\n          M"]
[22.249244689941406, 7.273468494415283, "operation or 30 hours per week\n\u2022 Has satisfactory work experience and a good\nunderstanding of program requirements and\npolicies\n\u2022 Is not a director or master teacher at another\nprogram that operates concurrently at any\ngiven time\n\u2022 Can be one of thre"]
[22.225515365600586, 7.301962375640869, " providers that we sampled from represent 78 percent of licensed center- and home-based providers in Oklahoma.\nTable B.1. Results of the Application of Criteria for Inclusion in the Provider Cost Survey\n            Number of Providers Meeting Each\nCr"]
[22.22855567932129, 7.300201892852783, "\u2022 an overview and the potential benefits of the study\n\u2022 the study funder (Oklahoma Partnership for School Readiness [OPSR] through a PDG B\u2013\n5 award from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S.\nDepartment of Education)\n\u2022 RAND as "]
[22.236289978027344, 7.291449069976807, "m information, staffing levels and benefits, sources of revenue, and annual expenditures. As noted earlier, when providers agreed to participate, they were asked a series of screening questions to verify the information we had from OKDHS and to obtai"]
[22.223772048950195, 7.298221111297607, " each classroom. When centers had more than one classroom serving the same age group, the direct and indirect costs were pooled to create a center- level total expenditure for each age group.\n4. For each age group, calculate the cost per child on an "]
[22.1837100982666, 7.333024501800537, "have as you go along. Please do not hesitate to reach out to Stephanie Walsh, RAND Survey Director, at swalsh@RAND.org or 412-683-2300 x 4195.\n1\nProvider ID:\nINSTRUCTIONS\nThis questionnaire consists of four sections:\nA. General Center / Program Infor"]
[22.18809700012207, 7.3281474113464355, "ary\n     Most recent completed fiscal year\n  For-profit / not-for-profit status\n  Reach for the Stars rating\n  Number of classrooms\n  Licensed capacity\n  Accepts state child care subsidies\n  Program changes during the most recent completed fiscal yea"]
[22.18670082092285, 7.328430652618408, "ission for Early Care and Education Programs (NAC)\n       National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC)\n    Accredited Professional Preschool Learning Environment\n                              pm\npm\nA10. Are the regular hours just "]
[22.185182571411133, 7.326570987701416, "ecent completed fiscal year, what was the number of unpaid interns in this classroom? [Enter number]\n   A19. In this classroom, how many children were enrolled who had an IFSP or IEP for special needs, such as a physical disability, including hearing"]
[22.187349319458008, 7.332158088684082, "physical disability, including hearing or sight problems, mental disabilities, or emotional disabilities. [Enter number]\n                                       A24. For the most recent completed fiscal year, was a floater assigned to this classroom t"]
[22.188100814819336, 7.327230930328369, ",whatwasthemaximumnumberofchildrenineachage group that were on your waiting list? [Enter number in each row as relevant.]\nMaximum number of infants (0 to 12 months) on waiting list ................................. ________ Maximum number of toddlers"]
[22.187143325805664, 7.329127788543701, "time\n               Fully paid health insurance\n               Paid health insurance for dependents\n               Paid sick leave or personal leave\n               Paid to attend staff meetings\n                  B3. What is the minimum number of hour"]
[22.18498420715332, 7.337512493133545, "e reported at the center level. Use the table on the next page to record the following types of classroom-specific expenditures:\nD1. Wages and Salaries for Classroom Staff. In the most recent completed fiscal year, what was the total expenditure on w"]
[22.187843322753906, 7.333880424499512, "$$ $$$$ $$$$\n$$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$\n$$$$ $$$$ $$$$ $$$$\n                               D3. Classroom materials and supplies\n                         17\nProvider ID: _______________\n                 D1. Wages and salaries for classroom staff\n       "]
[22.18916130065918, 7.3326334953308105, ".\nD9. Sub-Contractors: What was your total expenditure on contract workers for the year (i.e., people who work for you on a more irregular basis for whom you do not pay benefits)?\nIf possible/applicable, please record expenditures for the following t"]
[22.184858322143555, 7.33820104598999, "__________\n   No \uf0e0GO TO D13\nD12. Which of the following is true?\na. All of our space is donated. If so, fill out this section (i and ii, or iii):\ni. Number square feet donated: AND\nii. Estimated rent per square foot: OR\nsquare feet\nrent/square foot i"]
[22.189701080322266, 7.333553791046143, "ty, which might include liability, fire, theft, flood, earthquake; vehicle; accident for children, staff or others; child abuse, etc. Do not include health insurance or any insurance programs that are part of employee benefits. Enter \u201c0\u201d if there wer"]
[22.196941375732422, 7.326315402984619, "t question number, if applicable.\nProvider ID: _______________\n    Thank you for all your help! The information you have provided will be invaluable to our study.\n24\nRAND Corporation Oklahoma Child Care Cost Study\nFamily Child Care Homes and Large Ch"]
[22.18457794189453, 7.328396320343018, " completed fiscal year.\nTopics and Respondents: This questionnaire will cover the topics listed in the table below. We also indicate potential documentation that may be useful to have on hand.\nAs indicated in the table, the owner/program director may"]
[22.187395095825195, 7.3294548988342285, "nization, such as a church or community agency? [Select one response.]\nIndependent \uf0e8 GO TO A6 Sponsored \uf0e8 GO TO A5\nA5. Now I\u2019d like to ask about sponsorship of your program. By sponsorship, we mean an organization that provides governance and/or fina"]
[22.18282127380371, 7.3331122398376465, "ses:\nam NA pm\nA14. How many weeks of the year is your program closed? (Enter 0 if the program is open 52 weeks a year. Please provide a copy of the program calendar with days off.)\nNumber of weeks closed:\n6\nProvider ID:\nWe would like to collect some "]
[22.18332290649414, 7.3335700035095215, "-year college or university associate degree........................................... 5 Four-year college or university bachelor\u2019s degree......................................... 6 Master\u2019s degree or higher ........................................."]
[22.13557243347168, 7.382839679718018, "ours these staff work in a typical week (e.g., two part-time staff combined may work 45 hours per week in a typical week).\nYes / No\n[select one response per position]\nYes No\nYes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No\nIf yes, please note the:\n       Nu"]
[22.187414169311523, 7.334604263305664, "enue from each of the following public or private sources for your early childhood program. [Select only those that apply.]\n    Public Sources\nYes No\nDon\u2019t know\n    Program service fees paid by state Child Care Subsidies (i.e., OK Department of Human"]
[22.183088302612305, 7.338860988616943, "t again here.\n[You may record amounts by staff category using the rows under D1. If staff are shared across rooms/groups in your program (e.g., art, music, or physical education teachers), please prorate their wages/salary based on the share of their"]
[22.18413734436035, 7.3378167152404785, " other administrative staff (e.g., director, associate director, and any other administrative staff)\nb. Food preparation/service staff (e.g., cooks and other kitchen/meal service staff)\nc. Transportation services staff (e.g., bus/van drivers)\nd. Othe"]
[22.194387435913086, 7.328209400177002, "ies\na. Curricula and related materials\nb. Other learning materials and room/group supplies c. Other (specify:\nD7. Staff education and training costs\na. Classroom staff\nb. Leadership and other administrative staff\nD8. Lost tuition or fees from staff d"]
[22.19194221496582, 7.330666542053223, "al\nAmount Used by Child Care\nSquare feet Percent Square feet Percent\n    Interior square footage Exterior square footage\n        b. Please describe the payment arrangements for building costs, including the total amount paid by the business and the t"]
[22.253496170043945, 7.267393589019775, "          )\n$$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $\n$                 $\n$                 $\n$                 $\n$                 $\n$                 $\n$                 $\n$                 $\n$                 $\n$                 $\n   23\nFor Section D, please use the"]
[22.250904083251953, 7.267959117889404, "ongoing training and support for a curriculum covering multiple domains of children\u2019s development, assessing children\u2019s progress, engaging with families, and overseeing fiscal accountability policies and procedures found in accreditation standards, s"]
[22.251066207885742, 7.268151760101318, "her occupation equal to $36,510. We use 95 percent of the 25th percentile for a One Star lead teacher.\nTable D.3. Assumed Occupational Salaries for Oklahoma Center and FCCH Cost Model Baseline by Reaching for the Stars Rating (2019 Dollars)\n      One"]
[22.248828887939453, 7.269800186157227, "0 percent of salary, respectively, for other fringe benefits, which might include a partial contribution toward health insurance premiums for full-time staff.\nOther Unit Prices\nTables D.4 and D.5 display the assumed cost per unit of other cost compon"]
[22.24891471862793, 7.26973295211792, "rance (e.g., liability, accident) Postage\n25.00 25.00\n890.00 45.00 0.00\n12.15 1.95 1.19 2.54\n27.00 20.00 67.00 21.00 22.00\nAdvertising\nTelephone and internet\nAudit 0.00 Fees and permits 50.00 Accreditation 0.00 Miscellaneous 13.00\n1,280.00\n1,280.00 0"]
[22.234418869018555, 7.289644718170166, "\n2019/\nDavis, Elizabeth, Lynn A. Karoly, Bobbie Weber, Pia Caronongan, Kathryn Tout, Patti Banghart, Sara Shaw, and Anne Partika, Market Rate Surveys and Alternative Methods of Data Collection and Analysis to Inform Subsidy Payment Rates, Washington,"]
[22.186588287353516, 7.330172538757324, "ouncil, and LaRue Allen and Bridget B. Kelly, eds., Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8: A Unifying Foundation, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2015. As of August 1, 2020: https://www.nap.edu/catalog/19401/transfor"]
[22.230789184570312, 7.294231414794922, "gov/resource/trends-family-child-care-home-licensing- requirements-and-policies-2017-research-brief-2\n141\nNational Center on Early Childhood Quality Assurance, Trends in Group Child Care Home Licensing Requirements and Policies for 2017, research bri"]
[22.212888717651367, 7.31121301651001, "n Schmidt, and Tara Lynn Orlowski, 2017 Child Care Licensing Study, Minneapolis, Minn.: National Association for Regulatory Administration, 2017. As of August 1, 2020: https://nara.memberclicks.net/assets/docs/ChildCareLicensingStudies/2017CCStudy/NA"]
[0.7454094886779785, 13.429561614990234, "  CORPORATION\nJORDAN R. FISCHBACH, MICHAEL T. WILSON, CRAIG A. BOND, AJAY K. KOCHHAR, DAVID CATT, DEVIN TIERNEY\nManaging Heavy\nRainfall with Green\nInfrastructure\nAn Evaluation in Pittsburgh\u2019s Negley Run Watershed\n  For more information on this public"]
[12.640049934387207, 13.574047088623047, "le the main body of the report is more suited to technical readers.\nThis research was funded with grant support from the Henry L. Hillman Foundation, the Heinz Endowments, and 3 Rivers Wet Weather.\nCommunity Health and Environmental Policy Program\nRA"]
[15.053609848022461, 5.768073081970215, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organization of This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nCHAPTER TWO\nSimula"]
[0.863922655582428, 13.372710227966309, "..................................................\n. 10 . 10\n. 11 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 19 . 19\n. 21 . 21 . 21\n24 . 29 44 46\nv\nvi Managing Heavy Rainfall with Green Infrastructure\nCHAPTER FOUR\nStrategies to Manage Stormwater in Negley Run. "]
[0.8805733919143677, 13.3871488571167, ".................................. Comparing Benefits and Costs with Deep Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discussion and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[0.8097510933876038, 13.30789852142334, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recent Historical Negley Run Overflow Estimates, by Year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Depth-Duration-Frequency Estimates Used in Discrete Storm Analysis. . . . . . . . Runoff by "]
[0.8806391954421997, 13.389504432678223, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nxiii . xv xxi .. 4 .. 6 .. 7 .. 8 .. 9 23 . 25 27 30 . 32\n. 33 34\n. 35\n36 .39 40\n. 43\n44 48\n50 . 51 . 53\n54\n56 . 57\n. 58\nvii\nviii Managing H"]
[0.8413859009742737, 13.34557819366455, ". . . . . . . . . 22\n3.2. Summary of Recent Historical Negley Run Overflow Metrics for Different Periods. . . . 28\n3.3. Summary of Recent Historical and Projected Future Negley Run Overflows . . . . . . . . . . . ..29\n3.4. Flooding Return Period from"]
[0.7266141772270203, 13.434158325195312, " as stormwater flooding and other negative out- comes can disproportionately affect low-income or majority-minority neighborhoods.\nThese challenges are especially difficult to overcome in complex and interconnected urban environments. In many cities,"]
[0.729539155960083, 13.440277099609375, " County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) is responsible for conveying and treat- ing wastewater from 83 municipalities in the county, including the city of Pittsburgh. But ALCOSAN functions as a regional wastewater utility governed by federal, state, and"]
[0.8639003038406372, 13.395132064819336, "e effectiveness of infiltration-based approaches. However, an alternate approach is to use GSI techniques as part of combined green-and-gray strategies that seek to capture and route rainfall to a centralized surface system\u2014or daylighted\nsystem, whic"]
[0.8924131989479065, 13.404012680053711, "oding given future rain- fall uncertainty. We then evaluate proposals for a phased series of large-scale GSI investments centered on a new daylighted system that would capture, store, and convey a large volume of rainfall to the Allegheny River. Spec"]
[0.9526649117469788, 13.450610160827637, "tional increment also includes the previously numbered increments so that the strategy builds \u201cupward\u201d from the bottom of the watershed into the surrounding neighborhoods. We also identified three options (A, B, and C) for different levels of investm"]
[0.9101516008377075, 13.421181678771973, "nge strat- egy, while Strategy 9C, which represents the highest level of investment considered, is the Max Build-Out strategy.\nStudy Results\nThis study builds closely on a prior pilot-scale effort focused on climate-resilient stormwater management ac"]
[0.7689317464828491, 13.290360450744629, " a range of Recent Historical rainfall patterns compared with a single Typical Year (TY). We first evaluated sewer overflows in an FWOA (no additional investment) using the same TY approach adopted for regional planning\nxviii Managing Heavy Rainfall "]
[0.9545853137969971, 13.448845863342285, "ategy under present and plausible future rainfall conditions.\nKey Findings\nA new centralized daylighted system and subsequent upstream investments could sub- stantially reduce, but not eliminate, sewer overflows in Negley Run. When we evaluated each "]
[1.037799596786499, 13.519576072692871, "at build on a daylighted surface collection system could yield highly cost- effective sewer-overflow reduction across a range of assumptions. As modeled, the Cen- tral Daylighting strategy is highly cost-effective for overflow reduction. We estimate "]
[0.9634906649589539, 13.461791038513184, "ts in and of themselves under many plausible futures. The results suggest that the additional services provided by GSI strategies are economically desirable over a wide range of strategy and environmental assumptions.\nThe net economic value of the st"]
[0.9346267580986023, 13.451617240905762, "                                                                            84\n    48\n     (28) (20) (30) (21) (33) (21) (36) (23) (41) (23)\n(49) (27) (53) (29)\n(52) (24) (54) (28) (58) (31)\n(56) (24) (58) (29) (62) (32)\n64 68\n74 79\n80 82 85\n89 96\n96"]
[0.845939040184021, 13.396721839904785, " in ALCOSAN\u2019s Clean Water Plan.\nGather additional data to inform flood-risk assessment for Negley Run, includ- ing combined system descriptions and flow monitoring. This analysis was limited by the data available to inform model development and calib"]
[0.8227598071098328, 13.400020599365234, "peland (Pittsburgh Parks Con- servancy) but note that this effort would not have been possible without active and thoughtful engagement with the entire task force.\nMikaela Meyer (Carnegie Mellon University) helped to assemble this report, and RAND\u2019s "]
[0.706650972366333, 13.422072410583496, "ross the United States are struggling to effectively manage stormwater runoff from heavy rainfall (National Academies of Sciences and Medicine, 2019). This challenge has grown over time in response to several drivers, including impervious cover from "]
[0.7174304127693176, 13.440476417541504, " related to regulatory compliance, flood risk and damage, water quality,\n 1\n2 Managing Heavy Rainfall with Green Infrastructure\necosystem services, recreational opportunities, and economic development. It is also an envi- ronmental justice and equity"]
[0.7516866326332092, 13.442615509033203, "ntly expanded its efforts to more holistically invest in stormwater man- agement through new infrastructure investments and a proposed stormwater fee (Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority, 2020). PWSA\u2019s investments are limited to its service area, ho"]
[0.9220860600471497, 13.480949401855469, "n Infrastructure\nA key focus of public conversation surrounding the Pittsburgh region\u2019s stormwater challenges since 2012 has been on green infrastructure. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) specifi- cally uses natural elements (vegetation, soils, "]
[0.8674132823944092, 13.49780559539795, " strategy. Additionally, the ALCOSAN \u201cStarting at the Source\u201d report explored areas in which gray infrastructure plans could be reduced in favor of an expansion of green infrastructure options. ALCOSAN subse- quently established the Green Revitalizat"]
[0.8457016944885254, 13.378925323486328, "ual visions for how it could implement large- scale systems of GSI and restore some amount of natural surface flows in these watersheds. It also conducted preliminary analysis of potential plan benefits but was not able to explicitly simulate how suc"]
[0.8720261454582214, 13.377050399780273, "f City Planning and Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh, 2019; Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority, 2016).\nGeography\nNegley Run (Figure 1.2) is a large (3,300 acres) and urbanized watershed at the eastern end of the city of Pittsburgh, with "]
[0.8597797155380249, 13.386924743652344, "ata Center, 2017). Homewood, Larimer, and Lincoln-Lemington-Belmar also struggle with high rates of vacant or blighted properties, with over 20 percent of homes vacant in each neighborhood (Allegheny County/ City of Pittsburgh/Western PA Regional Dat"]
[0.87261962890625, 13.406085014343262, "een First Plan concepts, for instance, in 2017 a local design collaborative developed the Negley Run Implementation Plan (envirosocialcapital, evolveEA, and eDesign Dynamics, 2017; hereafter NRIP). This plan envisions a new sepa- rated surface connec"]
[0.8952659368515015, 13.415265083312988, "escribes modeled strategy results for stormwater outcomes, such as reductions in sewer overflows or street flooding, while Chap- ter Six builds on this simulation modeling analysis to compare economic benefits, cobenefits, and costs from each strateg"]
[0.8840922713279724, 13.423914909362793, "cor- responding approach to cost estimation and summarize the methods applied to evaluate GSI cobenefits. The chapter concludes with a brief description of the Robust Decision Making (RDM) tools applied to support a comparison of GSI strategies under"]
[0.8610548377037048, 13.38055419921875, "ts provided by PWSA or obtained from other county geographic information system sources to add new spatial and modeling detail, such as dynamic estimates of groundwater and inflow and infiltration flows. Finally, they recalibrated the model using mon"]
[0.753222644329071, 13.285469055175781, "en conducted additional validation steps to compare UA-NR model output to monitored flow data and prior Negley Run CSO estimates developed by ALCOSAN and PWSA. Additional detail on UA-NR model integration and validation is provided in Appendix B.\nHis"]
[0.8062431812286377, 13.321880340576172, " per the methods applied in ALCOSAN\u2019s WWP (ALCOSAN, 2019e). Annual overflow event durations and frequencies (as number of events) were then calculated using these thresholds for each strategy and uncer- tainty condition selected for simulation.\nNote "]
[0.8817082047462463, 13.321222305297852, " house exceeded the home\u2019s grade elevation. This conservative assumption maintains that water would only seep into the basement along the house foundation or from first floor flooding when flood waters exceed the house\u2019s grade, although it is also po"]
[0.9561968445777893, 13.500931739807129, "en Infrastructure\ndiscussed here but instead introduced in Chapter Four alongside a description of the resulting strategies. Additional methodological detail is also provided in Appendix E to this report.\nEstimating Strategy Benefits and Cobenefits\nA"]
[0.9949727058410645, 13.519646644592285, "emming from the mere existence of a good or service or the option to use it in the future) can be estimated using stated preference techniques.\n\u2022 Benefit (or value) transfer methods use values from previous research in a new context to value nonmarke"]
[0.9549216032028198, 13.466446876525879, "e also seek to estimate the potential benefits from CSO reduction (water- quality improvement) directly in dollar terms, representing the social benefit that results from cleaner waterways. This allows us to sum water-quality benefits and other coben"]
[0.9685348868370056, 13.499908447265625, "an environments. Once this estimate is obtained and extrapolated to a calendar year, average values are multiplied by the physical quantities to convert the estimates to a monetary benefit. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program provides e"]
[-0.3900027573108673, 12.737829208374023, "enity values.\nRobust Decision Making\nFinally, this study builds on the RDM approach previously described in the pilot study. RDM is a general analytical method intended to help identify policies or strategies that are robust against future uncertaint"]
[0.8353666663169861, 13.340044021606445, "ces a range of stormwater management challenges under present conditions, and as noted in Chapter One future climate change could exacerbate these chal- lenges. In this chapter, we explore recent rainfall trends and use simulation modeling to esti- m"]
[0.7896906137466431, 13.289182662963867, "\n\u2022 Storm variability by time and location\nModel Relationships (R)\nUpdated Negley Run (UA-NR) SWMM model Downscaled climate rainfall projections Overflow analysis tools\nFlood analysis tools\nPolicy Levers and Strategies (L)\nFWOA (current system conditi"]
[0.777908205986023, 13.279446601867676, "eshold, which is shown in the column header. Returning to the example, we expected approximately 8 24-hour events where at least 2.3 inches of rain fell, but over this period we observe 18 events meeting or exceeding this threshold. For the 5-year ev"]
[0.8291254639625549, 13.343690872192383, "\u2014can increase surface stormwater runoff in the early stages of a heavy rainfall event (Rossman and Huber, 2016). To account for this, we evaluated discrete storms under two scenario conditions: (1) a default dry condition, where the assumption is tha"]
[0.8014229536056519, 13.317422866821289, "onnector\n  2x 18\u201d connectors and vortex gates\nNorth Negley Run Blvd 66\u201d\nOverflow Weir elevation 725.02\u2019\n     Flow 48\u201d split\nHighland Drive 54\u201d\nEast Washington Boulevard 96\u201d\nEast Washington Boulevard 72\u201d\n   South Negley Run Blvd 85\u201d\nWest Washington Bo"]
[0.8015665411949158, 13.276559829711914, "key modeling changes that might lead to these differences in Appendix B, but the most significant factors are likely to be the following:\n\u2022 This model has been rebuilt and recalibrated for the Negley Run watershed and uses SWMM functionality not incl"]
[0.7758001089096069, 13.311799049377441, "oves some rainfall events to better match long-term historical statistics (see ALCOSAN, 2009, for more information).\n2007\n2011\nYear\n2003TY 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017\nNumber of overflow events\n74 80 90 1"]
[0.7819386124610901, 13.298969268798828, "As the wettest year on record as of the pub- lication of this report, 2018 remains an outlier but is nevertheless important to consider in a what-if analysis to understand how the current system and proposed strategies might perform under very extrem"]
[0.7620226740837097, 13.268097877502441, "rainfall represents an average across all 3 Rivers Wet Weather radar-adjusted pixels used in the UA-NR model simulation.\nIn general, these scenario comparisons reinforce similar conclusions as the pilot study. Looking at a 10- or 15-year average repr"]
[0.7435821890830994, 13.237752914428711, "mic scale. Figure developed by authors.\n    6\n4\n2\nNOAA Atlas 14\nHistorical (Highland Park)\nAverage Future (2020\u20132099)\n   3.5 3.2\n1.2 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 2.6\n  1.3 1.0\n2.9 2.0 2.2 2.7\n1.5 1.8\n 0\n1 10 100 1,000 1 10 100 1,000 1 10 100 1,000\nReturn period ("]
[0.791813850402832, 13.293517112731934, "Climate Assessment for precipitation across the Northeast (USGCRP, 2017), but here we see how this translates to a specific location in Pittsburgh. Note, however, that the range of uncertainty grows increasingly larger for the Average Future results "]
[0.7938455939292908, 13.296954154968262, "                              Total Runoff (MGal)\n  Total runoff (MGal)\n Less than 0.25\nLess than 0.25\n 0.25 - 0.5\n0.25\u20130.5\n 0.5 - 0.75\n0.5\u20130.75\n0.75 - 1.0\n0.75\u20131.0\n1.0 - 1.25\n1.0\u20131.25\n1.25 - 1.5\n1.25\u20131.5\n1.75 - 2.0\n1.75\u20132.0 GrGearteeartethrathna2n2\n"]
[0.7763544321060181, 13.274614334106445, " conditions prior to the storm: with saturated soils, alternately, the peak values from a 1-hour, 10-year rainfall increase to 25 cfs (Historical rainfall scenario) or 39 cfs (Aver- age Future scenario), respectively.\nFigure 3.8 compares the 1-hour p"]
[0.7865518927574158, 13.292328834533691, "e from Synthetic Rainfall Events\nFigure 3.9 shows a sampling of street flooding maps from the discrete storm analysis using this approach for four events of varying duration and intensity (Historical rainfall scenario, dry starting conditions). Gray "]
[0.7466321587562561, 13.254074096679688, "feet. Results show the median Historical rainfall scenario estimate assuming default (dry) prior conditions. Rainfall volumes for each storm shown are as follows: 1-hr, 2-yr = 1.0 in; 1-hr; 10-yr = 1.5 in; 24-hr, 2-yr = 2.1 in; 24-hr, 10-yr = 3.2 in."]
[0.7711988091468811, 13.275979042053223, " also evaluated a range of historical analogue storms that derive from the 3 Rivers Wet Weather historical radar-adjusted rainfall data set. The methods used to derive and adjust these storms to represent rainfall volumes from the DDF curves are desc"]
[0.8011578321456909, 13.307701110839844, " people who were trapped when floodwaters rose suddenly to a peak of over 8 feet around their idled cars (Balingit, 2013). Subsequent to this event, flood gates were installed at both ends of lower Washington Boulevard (from Negley Run Boulevard to A"]
[0.8092565536499023, 13.309622764587402, "quently homes might be affected by wet basements or sewer backups in Negley Run. This analysis does not include all homes in the watershed but is instead limited to the homes along the streets noted in the previous section.12 In total, we were able t"]
[0.7595082521438599, 13.268232345581055, "84 6 177 51 433 18\nTotal 2,367 100 Modeled\nHomes\nNOTE: Median rainfall estimates from the Historical rainfall scenario assuming default (dry) soil moisture, applying the synthetic rainfall approach. The sum of modeled homes in the first three columns"]
[0.7757474184036255, 13.301483154296875, "nsemble average (Average Future) to better illustrate the spread across climate models. Damage estimates com- bine all modes of basement flooding described above and range from approximate $450,000\n15 Results mapped by structure are omitted from this"]
[0.7901901006698608, 13.300422668457031, " year\n44 Managing Heavy Rainfall with Green Infrastructure\nFigure 3.13\nExpected Annual Basement Damage for Modeled Houses from a 1- or 24-Hour Event, by Climate Scenario\nExpected annual damage (thousands of 2019 constant $)\n0\n700\n600\n500\n400\n300\n200\n"]
[0.8586162328720093, 13.333279609680176, "how Negley Run results would change with broader improvements to the regional system, including treatment plant expansion of the construction of deep tunnel interceptors as called for in the CWP. Future work could integrate the UA-NR model back into "]
[0.8612211346626282, 13.372577667236328, "ood-modeling capabilities were also limited by data available to inform model development, which constrained our estimates to only a subset of the watershed. A complete inventory and mapping of storm inlets, inlet invert elevations, and associated pi"]
[0.9634101390838623, 13.477545738220215, " additional storage or detention performance associated with the conveyance infra- structure that may subsequently connect local interventions.\nOur methods of preliminary analysis included plan and literature reviews, design-focused participatory wor"]
[0.8737677931785583, 13.400522232055664, "nt Venture) (Stantec / Tetra Tech JV, 2018)\n\u2022 Negley Run Section 219 Environmental Infrastructure Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Design Documentation Report: Draft 35 percent Submittal (hereafter DDR) from May 2019, in partnership with PWSA (prepared by Te"]
[0.914588451385498, 13.437569618225098, "nd longitudinal sections found in Appendix G of CDAR to assess the area, length, and construction methodologies of key features. In addition, CDAR included detailed costing information with quantity takeoffs and unit prices that we used for our subse"]
[0.871283769607544, 13.413901329040527, "y processes (for example, the Homewood Comprehensive Plan [Homewood Community Devel- opment Collaborative, Pittsburgh Department of City Planning and Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh, 2019]). Due to the logistical complexity of land acquis"]
[0.8746910691261292, 13.409256935119629, "ed our strategy formulation. For example, the Meadow Street Microshed Concept Plan is a focused, community-based planning effort focused on a portion of the Larimer and East Liberty neighborhoods (Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and Larimer Consensus Gr"]
[0.8720152974128723, 13.41032886505127, "son and remotely connected participatory workshops at our Oak- land office with NRWTF to assess important consensus concepts, facilitate strategy develop- ment, review preliminary results, and set the agenda for subsequent research efforts. These occ"]
[0.9252446889877319, 13.419517517089844, " area along Paulson Avenue east of Washington Boulevard to the USACE design, which was designated Strategy 4. These areas within the lower Negley Run watershed are dia- grammed in Figure 4.6.\nSilver Lake Retention Basin\nOne of the novel contributions"]
[0.8954866528511047, 13.414408683776855, "s not a dissimilar condition from that at Panther Hollow Lake (see Figure 4.7).\nSLRB or SLRBX would have either a surface conveyance or subsurface piped infrastruc- ture connecting it down Washington Boulevard to the USACE Wetland Basin associated wi"]
[0.9488832354545593, 13.439422607421875, " within the right-of-way improvements.\nStrategies to Manage Stormwater in Negley Run 57\n  2-acre water area\n 10-yr 1-hr Overflow\n72-hour Underdrain @2.8 cfs peak\n2.5-acre Panther Hollow Lake for comparison SOURCE: (R) Image with Creative Commons Attr"]
[0.9847395420074463, 13.404687881469727, "\nOutfall\nRiver\n         Streets\nUnderdrain Underdrain\nUSACE Wetland Basin\nOther impervious\nOverflow\nOverflow\nUnderdrain\nInfiltration + evaporation\n   Silver Lake \u201cRain Barrel\u201d\n   Stormwater overflow Combined drainage GSI underdrain Natural system los"]
[0.9866763949394226, 13.482961654663086, "7A, which includes a version of SLRB and investment in GSI to control 25 percent of impervious cover through the Kelly Street increment, is the Midrange strategy, while Strategy 9C, which represents the highest level of investment considered, is the "]
[1.0217773914337158, 13.518007278442383, "). Though we used the construction costs of individual GSI typologies of bioretention, tree pits, and so on for our own nominal estimates of neighborhood greening and conveyance units, we also bracketed the potential cost range using\nStrategies to Ma"]
[1.0340460538864136, 13.530326843261719, "tage of construction cost by type of GSI, (2) percentage of construction cost by type of anticipated maintenance activity, and (3) cost per impervious acre treated.\nThe first method assumes annual maintenance costs are typically a percentage of con- "]
[0.967986524105072, 13.461835861206055, "t the build- out for this system would take approximately 15 years. We used the USACE CDAR process to guide our anticipated timeline. After a five-year planning effort, CDAR projected that it would take five to six years to complete all concepts unde"]
[1.003956913948059, 13.48762321472168, "3 26.4 36.2 52.5 30.1 41.4 60.3 35.6 49.3 72.1 38.0 52.7 77.2 37.6 52.1 76.3 39.1 54.4 79.7 41.5 57.8 84.8 40.6 56.4 82.8\n58.2 85.5\n61.6 90.6\n7B Kelly-SLRB-50\n7C Kelly-SLRBX-50\n8A Lincoln-SLRB-25\n8B Lincoln-SLRB-50\n8C Lincoln-SLRBX-50\n9A EastHills-SL"]
[0.9323424696922302, 13.428093910217285, "ts were constrained to stay within available computing resources. We modified the UA-NR model to represent each of the 17 strategies described in Chapter Five and ran this model using both annual time series and discrete storms to consider performanc"]
[0.9537439346313477, 13.446880340576172, "rategies, 2003 Typical Year Rainfall\n  Strategy name\nFWOA Channel 1/2 Basins Swale/RSC Paulson Frankstown-SLRB-25 Frankstown-SLRB-50 Kedron-SLRB-25 Kedron-SLRB-50 Kelly-SLRB-25 Kelly-SLRB-50 Kelly-SLRBX-50 Lincoln-SLRB-25 Lincoln-SLRB-50 Lincoln-SLRB"]
[0.9187484383583069, 13.420555114746094, "rtion of CSO reduction in other rainfall scenarios considered. Figure 5.2\nFigure 5.2\nCombined Sewer-Overflow Volume Reduction with Strategies, Recent Historical Rainfall\n  Strategy name\nFWOA Channel 1/2 Basins Swale/RSC Paulson Frankstown-SLRB-25 Fra"]
[0.8656220436096191, 13.365762710571289, "ly average three projected future years (2043, 2045, and 2047). This subset of years was chosen to span the range of CSO volumes observed in the FWOA analysis, with a similar overall average. For more information, see Appendix B.\n                  Gr"]
[0.9815160632133484, 13.448281288146973, "rategies with SLRB and more substantial invest- ments in local GSI, starting with the Midrange strategy (Strategy 7A), show a jump in perfor- mance relative to strategies focused primarily on the USACE CDAR region. Overall, the mod- eled results sugg"]
[0.8228011131286621, 13.356867790222168, "e discrete storm modeling results show that the system represented in the USACE CDAR report could reduce flood depths along the Washington Boulevard corridor during major rainstorms. Figure 5.6 shows an example of flood depth reduction from a 24-hour"]
[0.8407635688781738, 13.349966049194336, "Median 24-hour, 10-year rainfall volume is 3.2 inches from the Cook, McGinnis, and Samaras, 2020, historical DDF estimate. Figure shows change in 1D flood depth in the modeled street channels assuming default (dry) soil moisture conditions and using "]
[0.9337742924690247, 13.424766540527344, " focus on Strategies 1 through 4, representing the extent of the direct capture region identified by PWSA for the USACE CDAR effort. The UA-NR discrete storm modeling showed essentially no additional benefit in terms of street flood mitigation in the"]
[0.9691781401634216, 13.464591026306152, "hapter showed a mixed picture of benefits related to sewer overflows and flooding. CSO reduction benefits are notable and con- sistent across the range of strategies and rainfall scenarios considered and compare favorably to past estimates from PWSA\u2019"]
[0.9131401181221008, 13.42026424407959, " optimized for specific local site conditions.\nAs a result, additional research will be needed to follow up on these results and determine whether specific project designs could provide localized risk reduction. Because the initial high-level finding"]
[0.964697539806366, 13.48188591003418, "nmotorized transportation infrastructure, benefits from the planting of trees (including urban heat island effects, carbon sequestration, and localized air pollution effects), and amenity values accru- ing to property owners as a result of increased "]
[0.9590318202972412, 13.470833778381348, " Chapter Two and Appendix F. The primary driver of these benefits are the esti- mates of (new) cycling and pedestrian behavior induced by proximity to a new amenity\u2014in this case, a multipurpose recreational trail. Figure 6.1 shows single-family house"]
[0.9838166832923889, 13.504728317260742, "n in Table 6.3, tree planting results in reduced air pollution, carbon sequestration, and reduced energy use (urban heat island) as a result of biological processes and canopy shade, especially with respect to \u201cgreen streets.\u201d Typically, these benefi"]
[0.9851299524307251, 13.491044044494629, "\nCumulative Approximate Air Pollution, Carbon, and Heat Island Effects from New Net Tree Plantings by Strategy Increment\n($ Thousands per Year)\n   Increment Strategy Net Total Trees\n1 Channel 1/2 60\n2 Basins 90\n3 Swale/RSC 90\n4 Paulson 140\n5 Franksto"]
[0.9795957803726196, 13.47752571105957, "06\nNOTE: Assumes properties affected are in a\nwith scenario. The 1 percent and 2.5 percent capitalized values are converted to annual values using a 3 percent discount rate. Average home value is assumed to be $134,071. Results are identical for all "]
[0.9616537690162659, 13.464452743530273, "eduction capital cost-effectiveness ($/gal.) Discounted economic benefit (2019$) Discounted life-cycle strategy cost (2019$)\nNet present value (NPV) (2019$)\n        Because the hydrologic results presented in the preceding chapter did not reveal any "]
[0.9816758632659912, 13.470991134643555, " for regionwide CSO mitigation as a proxy for water-quality benefits in Negley Run (cost-avoidance approach; see Chapter Two).\nTo implement this approach, we used the average cost-effectiveness ($/gal.) from the updated ALCOSAN Clean Water Plan. The "]
[0.9768124222755432, 13.474268913269043, "rison Results\nCombined Sewer-Overflow Reduction Cost-Effectiveness\nWe first compare results in terms of the cost-effectiveness of these investments toward the legally mandated overflow reduction goals. Figure 6.3 summarizes the cost-effectiveness of "]
[0.9425981044769287, 13.439915657043457, "ng to lower average annual rainfall and high CDAR capital costs) are still at or below $0.15/gal. This provides notable evidence to support PWSA proceeding with additional design increments for the lower portion of the watershed as part of a CSO comp"]
[0.9761404991149902, 13.475128173828125, "\n8A Lincoln-SLRB-25\n8B Lincoln-SLRB-50\n8C Lincoln-SLRBX-50\n9A EastHills-SLRB-25\n9B EastHills-SLRB-50\n9C EastHills-SLRBX-50\n(100)\n(9)\n11\n37\n40\n40\n37\n40\n37\n39 NPV ($)\n32\n27\n32\n30\n24\n29\n27\n21 51\n(50)\n0\n50\n100\n150\nBenefit and cost (millions of discounted"]
[0.9801183342933655, 13.476336479187012, "could be undervalued. If these\nFigure 6.5\nDiscounted Benefits and Costs by Strategy, 2013 Rainfall and Nominal Assumptions\nCosts ($)\nBenefits ($)\n     (28)\n(30) (21)\n(33) (21) (36) (23) (41) (23)\n(49) (27) (53) (29) (52) (24) (54) (28) (58) (31)\n(56)"]
[0.9832344055175781, 13.476653099060059, "the scenario ensemble. NPV regret starts relatively high at Strategy 1,\n8 More specifically, in each uncertain scenario, the best performing strategy among those compared is assigned a regret value of zero, and regret for each remaining strategy is m"]
[1.0056999921798706, 13.511959075927734, "further investments in local GSI in Homewood. Per Figure 6.3, there might be concern that these additional increments would yield comparatively\n Green Stormwater Infrastructure Economic Benefits and Costs 91\npoor CSO cost-effectiveness, even if their"]
[0.9649792313575745, 13.466936111450195, "effectiveness. Alternately, if average annual rainfall in the near future more closely resembles the 2003\u20122017 Recent Historical (41 inches) or Higher Total Rainfall (43 inches) estimates, the Max Build-Out strategy does not lead to higher than expec"]
[0.9929829239845276, 13.485884666442871, "trategies considered here are generally associated with at least competitive (and, at most, desirable) economic outcomes over a fairly wide range of future environmental conditions (rainfall) and economic estimates (estimates of the benefits and cost"]
[1.00066077709198, 13.481192588806152, "while the uncertainty analysis incorporated variation in the key economic param- eters related to the overall level of annualized benefits as well as environmental conditions, the specific timing of costs and benefits, as well as the discount rate, w"]
[0.9870031476020813, 13.481698989868164, " residents) were not included in the analysis. To the extent that these types of outcomes would be associated with adoption of a strategy, the costs of said strategy would be understated.\n\u2022 Distributional aspects of the benefits and costs over the af"]
[1.0116972923278809, 13.478530883789062, "es for which NPV is negative. Coupled with the fact that the cobenefits are likely undervalued in the analy- sis, these results suggest that the additional services provided by GSI strategies are likely not only economically desirable for an assumed "]
[0.7604061961174011, 13.287656784057617, "nd assuming no additional investments in the combined sewer system. This estimate is in line with but some- what higher than prior past estimates. Our estimates are approximately 14 percent higher (986 MGY) when instead averaging model results from a"]
[0.8587417602539062, 13.351417541503906, "s effort provided some value in considering potential risks from heavy rainfall in terms of street or basement flooding. The relatively low computational cost allowed us to simulate thousands of different events and com- pare across several key dimen"]
[1.015839695930481, 13.498502731323242, "presented in this analysis in a simplified, standardized way using the SWMM LID module in the UA-NR model and is not optimized for specific local site conditions. As a result, additional research will be needed to follow up on these results and deter"]
[0.9352642297744751, 13.422332763671875, "ars to be a robust and low-regret approach across a wide range of cost and rain- fall assumptions. When considering NPV and taking into account a broader range of coben- efits for local residents in Homewood and surrounding neighborhoods, however, st"]
[0.8805745840072632, 13.386552810668945, "e projects could be designed and sited to best address local flooding issues.\nContinue to invest in distributed local GSI projects in Negley Run neighborhoods.\nThe cobenefits analysis presented here shows that GSI could provide notable benefits for r"]
[0.7060561180114746, 13.44741153717041, "101\n102 Managing Heavy Rainfall with Green Infrastructure\ndrainage) modeling for key locations of interest, such as the Washington Boulevard corridor. In addition, coupled modeling building on this work could provide localized flood assessments at th"]
[0.6607151031494141, 13.472308158874512, "tary Authority, ALCOSAN Clean Water Plan, 2019e. As of September 29, 2020:\nh t t p s : // w w w. a l c o s a n . o r g /d o c s /d e f a u l t- s o u r c e /c l e a n - w a t e r- p l a n - d o c u m e n t s /c w p - s e c t i o n - 4 . p d f ? s f v"]
[-0.48266473412513733, 13.269140243530273, " Computer-Assisted Approach to Scenario Discovery,\u201d Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 77, No. 1, January 2010, pp. 34\u201249.\nBureau of Reclamation, \u201cChange in Discount Rate for Water Resources Planning,\u201d Washington, D.C., December 17, 20"]
[0.6345056295394897, 13.455670356750488, "water Governance: The Need for a Paradigm Shift,\u201d Environmental Management, Vol. 57, No. 5, 2016, pp. 1112\u20121124.\nDonat, Markus G., Andrew L. Lowry, Lisa V. Alexander, Paul A. O\u2019Gorman, and Nicola Maher, \u201cMore Extreme Precipitation in the World\u2019s Dry "]
[0.7037449479103088, 13.449381828308105, "ic Contribution to Global Occurrence of Heavy-Precipitation and High-Temperature Extremes,\u201d Nature Climate Change, Vol. 5, No. 6, June 2015, pp. 560\u2012564.\nFord, Ariam, Rebecca Mizikar, Tom Mulholland, Masoud Sayles, Rachel Bowers, and Lydia Kramer, Gr"]
[0.7511420249938965, 13.433676719665527, " An Analysis of National Bicycle and Pedestrian Documentation\u2014Project Data from 2008 to 2010, Portland, Or., 2011.\nIrwin, Nicholas B., H. Allen Klaiber, and Elena G. Irwin, \u201cDo Stormwater Basins Generate Co-Benefits? Evidence from Baltimore County, M"]
[0.6922277212142944, 13.442122459411621, "heory to Practice, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 2019.\nMcGarity, Arthur, Fengwei Hung, Christina Rosan, Benjamin Hobbs, Megan Heckert, and Shandor Szalay, \u201cQuantifying Benefits of Green Stormwater Infrastructure in Philadelphia,\u201d World Environmen"]
[0.7017826437950134, 13.435909271240234, "ata Center: Pittsburgh ASOS, PA US Maximum Temperature,\u201d 2020c. As of July 1, 2020: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datasets/GHCND/stations/GHCND:USW00094823/detail\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNational Climatic Data Center: Pittsburgh ASOS, PA US Minimum Temperature,\u201d 2"]
[0.7631767392158508, 13.428494453430176, "oding on Road Transport: A Depth-Disruption Function,\u201d Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 55, 2017, pp. 67\u201281.\nPrice, Elizabeth, Taylor Holladay, and Lisa Wainger, Cost Analysis of Stormwater and Agricultural Practices fo"]
[0.6768240332603455, 13.448554992675781, "ation of Green Infrastructure in Buffalo: Rain Check 1.0, Buffalo, N.Y., 2018.\nUniversity Center for Social and Urban Research at University of Pittsburgh, \u201cCity of Pittsburgh Neighborhood Profiles Census 2010 Summary File 1 (SF1) Data,\u201d 2011. As of "]
[0.6964978575706482, 13.445237159729004, "of Green Infrastructure,\u201d StormwateReport, December 2, 2015. As of July 1, 2020:\nhttps://stormwater.wef.org/2015/12/real-cost-green-infrastructure/\nWestern Pennsylvania Regional Data Center, \u201cAllegheny County Property Assessments,\u201d web page, undated."]
[0.9598050117492676, 13.447491645812988, "timates of recreational, amenity, and other cobenefits to local residents; compare total benefits to costs; and explore potential trade-offs. Results show that a centralized system of stormwater management in Negley Run could yield cost-effective sew"]
[4.706739902496338, 7.938137531280518, "     CORPORATION\nMARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, LAURA FRAADE-BLANAR, RYAN BEST, J. LUKE IRWIN\nSafe Enough\nApproaches to Assessing Acceptable Safety for Automated Vehicles\n                                                           For more information on this"]
[12.648829460144043, 13.576435089111328, "am\nRAND Social and Economic Well-Being is a division of the RAND Corporation that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. This research was conducted in the Communit"]
[4.752709865570068, 7.697446346282959, "...........................23\n4. Safety as a Process.....................................................................................................................26 Safety Cases as Crosscutting Presentations of Evidence for Acceptably Safe ..."]
[4.73793363571167, 7.713892936706543, "..................................................................................................................83\n iv\nAppendix A. American Life Panel Survey....................................................................................86 Appe"]
[4.770453929901123, 7.7613606452941895, "ble 7.1. Approaches to Assessing AV Safety............................................................................72 Table A.1. Linear Mixed Model Predicting Safety Ratings Using Safety Message Source,\nAge, and Gender ............................"]
[4.730988025665283, 7.693302154541016, "re attention is being paid to processes\u2014the kinds of steps taken by developers and how these steps are implemented\u2014and what they indicate about AV safety. These processes include safety-relevant standards-setting activities, a growing emphasis on saf"]
[4.7520012855529785, 7.7067484855651855, "ht serve as a transportation-system-wide goal as opposed to an AV-specific one. Thresholds can evolve.\n  Approach\nMeasurement Leading measures Roadmanship Lagging measures\nProcess\nTechnical standards Government regulation Safety culture\nThresholds\nPr"]
[4.848763465881348, 7.757955551147461, "f everyday products and experiences and weighs these risks. Communication is also important because, as with other technologies associated with significant risk, AV safety is a political issue and a technical one.\nMapping Agreement Among Stakeholders"]
[4.848738670349121, 7.8325276374816895, "onsortium could help, including by becoming a champion for advancing roadmanship measures.\nDevelopers should forge uniform and transparent approaches to presenting evidence for meeting safety thresholds. There are differences across the sets of circu"]
[4.831796169281006, 7.86122989654541, "ne Lappin, legal scholar Bryant Walker Smith, and a European technologist who preferred to remain anonymous.\nAs part of RAND\u2019s quality assurance process, Liisa Ecola and Jane Lappin provided constructive feedback that helped us sharpen our analysis a"]
[4.749293327331543, 7.729823589324951, "nventional vehicle production), industry analysts, safety and consumer advocacy organizations, government officials (federal, state, and local), safety researchers, and the general public (people expected to ride in or share the road with AVs). This "]
[4.824869155883789, 7.71114444732666, "ow well an AV behaves in traffic.\nAs suggested by its title, Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework describes a framework that shows measurement possible in different settings (simulation, closed courses, and public roads with and wi"]
[4.773941516876221, 7.779264450073242, "ior. As one person mused to the research team before everyday activities were constrained because of the pandemic:\nWhat kinds of risk do we accept as we walk out the door, go down the street, get on a city bus, go into a store\u2014what is the existing am"]
[4.177901744842529, 7.8496551513671875, " adopt new technologies, such as seat belts, side airbags, and crumple zones\u2014sometimes in response to regulatory standards and/or public pressure and sometimes voluntarily.\nFor example, Vision Zero is a global movement aimed at eliminating traffic fa"]
[4.840251922607422, 7.874565124511719, " and could feature fleet ownership. 4\n Perhaps the most important context is the environment (defined by geography, terrain, weather, lighting, traffic, roadway complexity, and more) in which the AV is tested and for which it is designed: the ODD. In"]
[4.795080661773682, 7.74180269241333, "ard provides a taxonomy of automated driving capabilities, ranging from level 0 (no driving automation) to level 5 (fully automated driving with no human needed).\n14 There are more than 250 million registered vehicles in the United States, a fleet wi"]
[4.748108863830566, 7.700284481048584, "urces of evidence for AV safety using the RAND American Life Panel (ALP), a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. The survey provided insight into how the general public weights different evidence types and sources relating to AV s"]
[4.7379584312438965, 7.6893815994262695, "n Table 2.1, we present different ways to categorize AV safety approaches: safety as a measurement, safety as a process, and safety as a threshold.\n Table 2.1. Approaches for Assessing AV Safety\n   Safety as a Measurement (Chapter 3)\nSafety as a Thre"]
[4.736839771270752, 7.6803059577941895, "id and feasible. The former means that the approach must actually reflect safety (rather than, for example, driving function, public relations, or technology development). The latter means that it must be possible to generate evidence to support (or "]
[4.699038982391357, 7.649840354919434, "describing the knowledge that safety measurements can yield.\nHow Measures Show Safety: Lagging and Leading Measures\nOur 2018 report, Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework, articulated two streams of measurement: leading and lagging "]
[4.692897796630859, 7.6331377029418945, "this number\u201d and assess if what happened in the past will continue to happen in the future.\nAnother said:\nOn the lagging side, what you\u2019d like to see is a reduction of injurious and fatal crashes, and that will tell the final story on if it is safe o"]
[4.71444845199585, 7.671430587768555, "o provide the public with critical analysis about how something is safe.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\nThe problem with disengagements: There isn\u2019t enough context around them. You can\u2019t be sure that a disengagement for [company A] is the same as for [company B], or even for"]
[4.712833404541016, 7.669732570648193, "n aspirational leading measure for AV safety.\nThe original articulation of roadmanship focused on safe roadway citizenship. During the research for this project, stakeholder comments deepened the discussion of roadmanship:\nWhen we\u2019re talking about ro"]
[4.715826511383057, 7.636518478393555, "ed to avoid a potentially dangerous situation, resulting in a leading-measure event occurring.\nTable 3.1. Relationship Between Hard Braking and Appropriate ADS Action\n    Danger Present\n    A: appropriate reaction\n   C: false negative (crash)\n   Brak"]
[4.703551769256592, 7.662158489227295, "aspects of roadmanship, nor does any measure cover all possible threats to safety that occur on the roadway. No one measure can be used in isolation; each measure\u2019s contribution is best voiced in harmony. As one interviewee remarked:\nSome of the conv"]
[4.709933280944824, 7.7203497886657715, "envelope (or through some other means) can generate rate-based measures, such as counts per intervention per VMT. It could also contribute to implementing other measures articulated in Table 3.2.32\nAdditionally, roadmanship measures are conceived of "]
[4.71453857421875, 7.709697246551514, "racteristic\n    Measures of Behavior\n     Measures of Time\n    Measures of Safeguard Engagement\n    Measures of Probability\n    Measures of User Perception\n   Example\n  Rapid acceleration or decelerationa\n  Safety critical eventsb (combination of cra"]
[4.684641361236572, 7.642517566680908, " were manually validated and coded by trained data reductionists.\" Johan Engstro\u0308m, Andrew Miller, Wenyan Huang, Susan Soccolich, Sahar Ghanipoor Machiani, Arash Jahangiri, Felix Dreger, and Joost de Winter, Behavior-Based Predictive Safety Analytics"]
[4.710348606109619, 7.67978572845459, "eading measures do play a role, but we need to do more research to find out what is the most correlated with the lagging measures. This is hard to do.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014\nAVs have different behaviors and different failure modes than human drivers.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014\nDo you design "]
[4.708053112030029, 7.656439304351807, "erpinnings hold. It follows that the results of leading and lagging measures should agree\u2014or, as one interviewee put it, \u201cit\u2019s reasonable that fewer fatalities would also mean fewer injuries.\u201d According to another:\nEven though you\u2019re meeting leading-"]
[4.720999717712402, 7.679875373840332, "ntly, Safety II reflects the AV\u2019s ability to adapt and respond to conditions, and Safety II shifts goals from the specific \u201cdon\u2019t crash\u201d to the broader \u201cdrive safely\u201d and from \u201cavoid that something goes wrong\u201d to \u201censure that everything goes right.\u201d3"]
[4.7511115074157715, 7.699677467346191, " after the update, which could result in degraded safety even if the update itself improves AV performance.\nOne option could be a measure for which events occur so frequently that a day\u2019s worth of data would be informative, but such a measure would l"]
[4.779216289520264, 7.724495887756348, "e last year and a half. At this point\u2014it would be great if there were consensus, but, in its absence, we would entertain different methods.\nHowever, this ad hoc approach muddies any effort to understand safety across the industry overall and the safe"]
[4.7658772468566895, 7.672436714172363, "nd other stakeholders point to processes or specific sets of steps that might be used by developers to assess safety. Processes can point to what some engineers call a positive trust balance. As explained in one interview:\nThe positive trust argument"]
[4.728372097015381, 7.672392845153809, "raged or even required by government and by corporate policy. Options to demonstrate AV safety through process have been growing. As discussed in a later section, demonstrating compliance with a process is a way for developers to document the steps t"]
[4.873685359954834, 7.813864231109619, ") who find common cause in establishing parameters for performance and design and for mechanisms that allow interoperability or consistency in training. One interviewee explained the need as follows:\n[As a developer,] I should show what math I used a"]
[4.822084903717041, 7.895175457000732, "ces in preferences for how prescriptive a standard should be\u2014also adds delay.\nSince Measuring Automated Vehicle Safety: Forging a Framework was published,50 the number and variety of AV standards have grown (Appendix C lists notable examples), as hav"]
[4.797860622406006, 7.902494430541992, "y for Automated Driving Systems\u2014Design, Verification and Validation Methods,\u201d ISO/CD TR 4804, undated.\n55 Underwriters Laboratories, \u201cAbout Us,\u201d webpage, undated-a.\n56 Junko Yoshida, \u201cSafe Autonomy: UL 4600 and How It Grew,\u201d EE Times, April 2, 2020; "]
[4.9407267570495605, 7.8849897384643555, " decisionmaking, industry will not know how safe is safe enough, and government will not have a tool to define what safe driving means. . . . This standard defines a technology-neutral formal model, parameterized so that the balance between safety an"]
[4.9257049560546875, 7.919042587280273, "e traffic and enforcement of traffic laws. The local and state levels are where one can find commitments to Vision Zero, focusing on the traffic system and not just individual vehicles (as noted in Chapter 1). At the state level, governments control "]
[4.937119007110596, 7.86474609375, "er if that happens through a sort of evolutionary process.\nEven before the advent of the AVs now being tested, the development of FMVSS has been slow; the timetable built into the U.S. rulemaking process was noted by a variety of stakeholders.69 The "]
[4.770549297332764, 7.732464790344238, "ng a floor for safety. Industry executives asserted that best practice will be at least comparable to that floor. For the public, a minimum expectation can provide assurance. This floor also limits the extent to which government officials need to con"]
[4.75898551940918, 7.7006120681762695, "uently pointed to a developer\u2019s safety culture as an indicator of how it approaches safety-critical processes. Safety culture might be particularly helpful when specific processes break down or become disconnected from measures (see Chapter 3).\nAV de"]
[4.752627849578857, 7.716646194458008, "al standards, which could be bootstrapped by the best practices that AVSC develops.73\nInsights can be gleaned from other domains. For example, the Federal Aviation Administration established the Safety Management System, a set of processes for managi"]
[4.732613563537598, 7.702889442443848, "dge of safety, including how it is handled in a variety of industries, noted that, in transportation industries with comparatively few players (such as aviation and rail), safety culture extended to a willingness to share information about problems.7"]
[4.724786758422852, 7.729162216186523, " These thresholds exist along several dimensions.\n79 These issues are discussed in later sections of this chapter. See \u201cSafety as Achieving a Threshold Based on Human Driving Performance\u201d and \u201cSafety as Achieving a Threshold Based on an Absolute Safe"]
[4.725390911102295, 7.741820812225342, "en they first enter commercial service but also in an ongoing manner. The former has been traditional for human-driven vehicles,83 but the latter is important for AVs given the possibility for ongoing over-the-air updates.84 With AVs, explained one i"]
[4.654385566711426, 7.8799920082092285, "ited by interviewees as a basis for a safety threshold of AVs (for example, making \u201ccomparisons to human drivers is necessary, at least in the short term\u201d; \u201ccomparing to the baseline of a human driver is a good idea\u201d; and an \u201cAV needs to have the sam"]
[4.673057556152344, 8.146629333496094, "han an average driver. Oddly, simple analysis shows that they are right. In terms of any crash, from fatalities to solely property\n87 Fewtrell and Bartram, 2001.\n88 Wishart et al., 2020. This option is somewhat predicated on the assumption that, as o"]
[4.650406360626221, 7.9020676612854, "es were four-vehicle crashes, only 25,808,000 drivers (less than 12 percent of drivers) would have been involved in a crash.\n94 The \u201ctrick\u201d is in comparing mean with median and a population decimal rate with an individual\u2019s whole number.\n95 Insurance"]
[4.6542744636535645, 7.883556365966797, "\u201d\nA few definitions of safe drivers exist. We list these here with quotations from interviewees:\n\u2022 Pick a percentage or numerical value better than average humans: \u201c10, 20, 30 percent,\u201d \u201ca degree or order of magnitude better than humans,\u201d \u201c95 percent"]
[4.7091288566589355, 7.711944580078125, " comparing of methods, instead of just looking at safety. We need to have a common definition and common methods.\nClear, transparent, and universally applied definitions and methods are required, especially for leading roadmanship measures (see Chapt"]
[4.713517665863037, 7.684045314788818, "ar misses and other measures of roadmanship is naturalistic data on human-driven vehicles.101 Naturalistic driving data can provide otherwise-inaccessible insights into human factors specific to driver behavior, driver characteristics, pre-crash driv"]
[4.7186102867126465, 7.67478084564209, "re deeply and inextricably linked to ODDs. Regional differences exist in leading and lagging measures. Comparing on the state level, Mississippi had 23.12 crash fatalities per 100,000 people in 2017; New York had a rate of 5.03. But this rate is not "]
[4.733348846435547, 7.708032608032227, "son (average, safe, or other) could be used. Consequently, because AVs develop in \u201cislands of autonomy\u201d\u2014geographically specific and narrowly defined locales\u2014 they also might be most measurable in these select islands.\nSafety as Achieving a Threshold "]
[4.731628894805908, 7.720552921295166, "est might not be able to show performance to an acceptably high level.\nFinally, validity is questionable. The degree to which passing or failing a driving test reflects overall driving ability is unclear. Although a human-driving test reflects abilit"]
[4.699727535247803, 7.715673923492432, "as it can possibly be could involve evidence that the AV meets all existing best practices, including a variety of technical standards and other best-practice protocols (see Chapter 4). As one interviewee stated, \u201cwith regards to outcome, [I] don\u2019t c"]
[4.549273490905762, 7.768757343292236, "requirement of zero anything is conceptually fraught and might be practically infeasible.110 Accordingly, interviews with people concerned about the interpretation of a zero- death goal featured such comments as:\nThe absolute threshold should be zero"]
[4.577977180480957, 7.771648406982422, " roads are right next to a sidewalk, and you may be going 40 to 45 mph. You assume those pedestrians will not enter the roadway, etc. The parameters for safe driving are making assumptions about these behaviors. For example, when following, you assum"]
[4.607003211975098, 7.7868194580078125, "r words, the new technology or system must include the same risk as the old technology or system.115 The theory is that one cannot get below this level. A hybrid between a threshold rooted in the average human driver and one rooted in the absolute go"]
[4.634430885314941, 7.691163063049316, "ble fatal crash risk is a risk less than 1/20 of the above (or 3 x 10\u20136 person-years). Pegasus, 2019.\n 51\nenough? Several interviewees touched on the politics of the problem, as illustrated by the following quotation:\nIndustry hype and marketing say "]
[4.708963871002197, 7.707729339599609, "erformance,\u201d one of the main challenges of using leading events is that comparable human-driver data are rarely available. Using leading events in concert with absolute safety goals instead of thresholds based on human-driving behavior nullifies this"]
[4.720414161682129, 7.713166236877441, "use it.\nDefinitions, by contrast, might benefit from uniformity: \u201cTo a certain extent, all need to be speaking the same language. And the language is important to not misrepresent to people what the vehicles do.\u201d Because companies will have such dive"]
[4.70983362197876, 7.704578399658203, "on what is doable given the sophistication of available technology, economic pressures, and what the public will accept.a ALARP, especially, tries to elucidate a level of risk between unacceptably high and acceptably low.b The natural corollary is th"]
[4.729643821716309, 7.674396514892578, "nature, somewhere in between the two\n\u2022 understand that some uncertainties must be accepted\n\u2022 expect that resources will go to addressing the highest risks.\nWith this list in mind, phrasing an approach along the same lines as ARARA and ALARP might hav"]
[4.771313190460205, 7.758431434631348, "lished and/or endorsed by\nsafety culture OR\nSafety as achieving a threshold\nSafety as achieving a threshold predicated on human driving\nSafety as achieving a threshold predicated on technology\n\u2192 As safe as a safety culture can confirm OR\nAs safe as a"]
[4.786369800567627, 7.776923656463623, "04.\n125 Paul Slovic, \u201cPerceptions of Risk: Reflections on the Psychometric Paradigm,\u201d in Sheldon Krimsky and Dominic Golding, eds., Social Theories of Risk, New York: Praeger, 1990, p. 121.\n  57\nPsychometric Paradigm of Risk\nThe question of \u201chow safe"]
[4.774631023406982, 7.724207878112793, ".\n128 Baruch Fischhoff, Paul Slovic, Sarah Lichtenstein, Stephen Read, and Barbara Combs, \u201cHow Safe Is Safe Enough? A Psychometric Study of Attitudes Towards Technological Risks and Benefits,\u201d Policy Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1978.\n 58\nwith an activit"]
[4.779771327972412, 7.696612358093262, "ty\u2014will all play large roles in the campaign to communicate to the public about AV safety. Framing messages in positive or negative language independently\n129 For example, see Slovic et al., 2004.\n130 Melissa L. Finucane, Ali Alhakami, Paul Slovic, a"]
[4.787111282348633, 7.740483283996582, "commented on amusement parks: \u201cIf you go to an amusement park and get on a roller coaster, you assume that someone has checked that it is safe enough.\u201d In the case of aviation and amusement parks, it is possible that the business design (e.g., paying"]
[4.8336896896362305, 7.829948425292969, "ce in the promotion of technology acceptance and adoption in areas in which negative outcomes, however rare, have the potential for severe harm. Acceptance of technology can be negatively affected by a negative reputation (of the technology or its pr"]
[4.960770130157471, 7.9334588050842285, "on of compatibility (as users develop a greater understanding of the abilities of the system).\nCommunication from the Automated Technology Itself\nCommunication of the automated capability of vehicles is an important way to address perceptions of risk"]
[4.97208833694458, 7.897459983825684, "without specific training on the appropriate use or capabilities of the product or system. A recent survey found that only about one-half of new car buyers were offered system-specific training for their new vehicles by the dealership.144 In the same"]
[4.801609039306641, 7.624305725097656, "ng conventions for 20 ADAS in five different categories.147\nConvincing the Public\nSources of Communication\u2014ALP Survey\nCommunication about the safety of AVs comes from a multitude of sources with varying public perceptions of trust and credibility. Ty"]
[4.786936283111572, 7.5846099853515625, "ormation is available from AV near-miss rates. This topic is further discussed in Appendix A.\nTo calculate the relative influence of each source, the safety messages and resulting perceived safety ratings were entered into a linear mixed model. Using"]
[4.788897514343262, 7.585434913635254, "attern of similarities and differences between rank order and the regression coefficients from the implicit items (see Table 6.1). On average, participants were aware of which sources they most and least preferred. The implicit and explicit measures "]
[4.808309078216553, 7.619578838348389, "Differing Sources for Messages About AV Safety\n  Order of Preference\nSafety Message Source (measure)\n  Regression Coefficient (implicit)\nRank Order (explicit)\n   AV crash rate\nState or local government position Federal government position\nAV near-mis"]
[4.844122409820557, 7.72114372253418, "promote AV acceptance in light of the constructs and models discussed in this chapter. Early adopters will likely perceive greater benefits and lower risks associated with AVs than will individuals who are less receptive to new technologies. One surv"]
[4.845809459686279, 7.700061798095703, "general public, industry stakeholders must be able to communicate their measure- and process-based safety approaches to government in ways that are clear and consolidated. According to Bryant Walker Smith:\nThe public and even regulators lack the reso"]
[4.716323375701904, 7.729399681091309, " humans as opposed to errors from technology. Though the magnitude varies depending on the particulars of any given study on the topic, the general trend is clear: Individuals will not accept AVs until they are safer than human drivers. This expectat"]
[4.726022720336914, 7.668015003204346, "of rare events, such as crashes.\n158 Silberg, 2017.\n  71\nTable 7.1. Approaches to Assessing AV Safety Approach Takeaways\n  Approach\nMeasurement \u2022 Leading measures\nRoadmanship\nLagging measures\nMeasurement provides established and easily communicated e"]
[4.738348007202148, 7.6789984703063965, "t in company statements. Regardless of the source, AV communication should factor in the difficulty that people have in gauging risk accurately.\nProgress will not come from selecting the best approach\u2014there is no such thing. None of these approaches "]
[4.719588756561279, 7.705161094665527, "practice. It is also, in effect, an individual\u2019s recipe for a safety case (which we discuss later).\nHow Approaches Build on Each Other\nEach of the approaches outlined in Table 7.1 builds on, supports, and contributes to the evidence used in others. I"]
[4.778552055358887, 7.69536018371582, "andards\u2014but it shouldn\u2019t be part of the ultimate measurement of whether AVs are safe or not safe.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014\nThe reality is that, without metrics, where is the oversight to make sure people meet those metrics? Cars are self-certifying to what? A system that"]
[4.698156356811523, 7.641017913818359, "4600) to the recognition that such broad approaches as the Federal Aviation Administration\u2019s Safety Management System, which centers on safety cases, have value in AVs. Although safety cases began as a way of organizing and documenting engineering an"]
[4.691209316253662, 7.643925189971924, "admanship even if that term was not used\u2014the more general term, \u201cleading measures,\u201d effectively refers to roadmanship measures (due partially to a dearth of other options). Measurement uncertainties and the many pointers toward the need for an integr"]
[4.887491226196289, 7.780433654785156, "e issue. That is why communication (discussed in the next section) is central to the question of whether AVs are acceptably safe. Developers and the AV industry depend on either facilitation or removal of barriers by government at different levels, a"]
[4.856664180755615, 7.7639546394348145, " that reality has been a motivation for regulation generally, regulators inevitably lag behind industry when it comes to understanding how the relevant science or technology works, another reality that was mentioned by a wide variety of stakeholders "]
[4.858222961425781, 7.720193386077881, "d for sharing information associated with adverse incidents as case studies.171 In the absence of such sharing, National Transportation Safety Board investigations appear to play that role. Stakeholders continue to differ, as documented in the team\u2019s"]
[4.8488593101501465, 7.767461776733398, "2 NHTSA, \u201cNew Test Tracking Tool,\u201d webpage, undated-a.\n 80\nplatform for data contributed voluntarily by developers and by states and localities that host testing. Stakeholders interviewed for the project struggled with the idea of a third-party revie"]
[4.818389892578125, 7.815152168273926, ". Anderson, Nahom M. Beyene, Pavan Katkar, and Gregory Cyril Baumann, When Autonomous Vehicles Are Hacked, Who Is Liable? Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR- 2654-RC, 2019.\n174 Viscusi, 2006.\n 81\nimproved. What is communicated\u2014and how\u2014will sh"]
[4.833024024963379, 7.777333736419678, "abel Consumer Research,\u201d Federal Register, Vol. 85, No. 23598, April 28, 2020b.\n   Administration\u2019s New Car Assessment Program (NCAP) created the 5-Star Safety Ratings Program to provide\n consumers with information about the crash protection and roll"]
[4.813277721405029, 7.7533135414123535, "e to respond better to new challenges after encountering a difficult situation than it was able to before.180 Associated assessment challenges might dwarf those of today, but meeting\n177 Viscusi, 2006.\n178 A survey by Partners for Automated Vehicle E"]
[4.91082239151001, 7.86049222946167, "evelopers should collaborate with state and local leaders to bring their vehicles into communities around the country. This collaboration could include demonstrations of how AVs operate, things they can do that might improve on human perception and r"]
[12.84904670715332, 13.998120307922363, "as administered online to ALP participants. The raw data will be made available online after an embargo period of one year.\nParticipants\nData were collected from 2,203 participants (ages 23\u201390 years, mean age = 58.42, standard deviation age = 13.87; "]
[4.821913719177246, 7.584532260894775, "pt these as separate groups because these sources of information might not always agree with one another, and we wanted to allow for that information pattern in the structure of the survey (as we will describe). For example, in states where AV testin"]
[4.778487205505371, 7.565234661102295, "b up indicates that the source mostly shows that AVs are safe; one red thumb down indicates that the source mostly shows that AVs are unsafe\udbff\udc4b and two red thumbs down indicates that the source strongly shows that AVs are unsafe.\nIn addition to the imp"]
[4.790518760681152, 7.5893096923828125, "ized coefficient; b = unstandardized coefficient; t = t-value; p = p-value.\n0.25 4.46 0.22 3.99 0.16 2.99 0.16 2.98 0.10 1.84 0.06 1.08 0.05 1.02 0.03 0.55\nAs shown in Table A.1, although safety messages from all sources were positively related to pe"]
[4.792904376983643, 7.584792613983154, "ge was associated with lower perceived safety of AVs, and males rated the perceived safety of AVs higher than females did.\nInterestingly, the rank ordering of preference for message sources differed compared with the ordering provided by the standard"]
[4.7943949699401855, 7.583178520202637, "                                                                     Table A.2. Means and Standard Deviations of Perceived Safety, by Survey Item\n   Safety Message Sources Ratings Number CR NM FVR FG SLG AV ADV FF M SD\nSituation\n                     "]
[4.797173023223877, 7.583162784576416, " state or local government official position. Positive and negative messages from these two general source categories were loosely contrasted in items 5 and 15 (Table A.2). These items were compared in a separate repeated- measure analysis of varianc"]
[4.862015247344971, 7.705855369567871, "they had published that could be cited. Research team members took notes during the otherwise unrecorded conversations, and the multiple sets of notes made the records more complete.\nStakeholder Sample\nStratified expert (purposive) sampling was used,"]
[4.751082897186279, 7.680569171905518, " that enriched the discussion. In broad strokes, the set can be described as including AV technology developers (10\u201313), safety researchers and advocates (4\u2013 8), AV industry and technology analysts (3\u20136), and government entities (7\u20138).\nInterview and "]
[4.748109817504883, 7.7124409675598145, "gs, at one point extending to seven sublevels. Because the interviews were semistructured, the goal of interview coding was to organize the notes into a searchable format rather than for quantitative analysis.\n 187 Dedoose Version 8.3.17, web applica"]
[4.752743244171143, 7.745632171630859, "ign,\u201d in Handbook of Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety in Engineering Design, London: Springer, 2009.\n191 Terje Aven and Vidar Kristensen, \u201cPerspectives on Risk: Review and Discussion of the Basis for Establishing a Unified and Ho"]
[4.774460315704346, 7.80949592590332, "9.\n195 William D. Schulze, \u201cEthics, Economics and the Value of Safety,\u201d in Societal Risk Assessment, Boston, Mass.:\nSpringer, 1980.\n196 Lisa A. Robinson and James K. Hammitt, \u201cBehavioral Economics and Regulatory Analysis,\u201d Risk Analysis: An\nInternati"]
[4.796485900878906, 7.851388454437256, "odel (TAM), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Using a survey approach,\n99\nthey found that each of these models individually explained 71 percent or more of the variability in beh"]
[4.835336208343506, 7.871854782104492, "nsion of the UTAUT model, introducing the additional factors of hedonic motivation, price value, and habit as predictors of behavioral intention and, for the habit factor, technology use.\nPerceptions of AVs\nAmong studies of technology attitudes, surv"]
[4.818974018096924, 7.89293098449707, " May 2018\nUsing an online survey and interviews, the authors compared the likelihood of acceptance and use of self-driving vehicles among individuals who use ride-hailing services (such as Uber and Lyft) with those who do not use such services. The a"]
[4.773174285888672, 7.7558064460754395, " Iss. C, 2019\nResearchers sought to identify age differences in AV acceptability from using a sample of residents of Tianjin, China. They found that younger respondents had more-positive attitudes and acceptance of AV compared with older respondents "]
[4.706396579742432, 7.703701019287109, "o the more stable trait of personality, while safety climate is akin to the more transient state of mood.199 Because of its quantitative nature and focus on measurement, the state of research on safety climate is more developed than that of safety cu"]
[4.745835781097412, 7.83816385269165, "9\nThis article provides a meta-analytic review of predictive capabilities of safety climate measures. Universal safety climate measures have more predictive power for non\u2013injury- or non\u2013accident-related adverse events, although industry-specific safe"]
[4.833540916442871, 7.792099952697754, " a systems failure.\nISO, \u201cRoad Vehicles\u2014Functional Safety\u2014Part 1: Vocabulary,\u201d ISO 26262-1:2011, 2011\nThis standard focuses on the functional safety of electrical and electronic systems, particularly in the case of their malfunction or combination wi"]
[4.890456199645996, 7.888094425201416, "and severity of adverse events. It clarifies regulations for aviation designed to balance risk and the severity of negative outcomes.\nAntonius A. Lambregts, \u201cFlight Envelope Protection for Automatic and Augmented Manual Control,\u201d in Proceedings of th"]
[4.808737754821777, 7.830633163452148, "\u201cConsumer\u2019s Decision-Making and Risk Perceptions Regarding Foods Produced with Biotechnology,\u201d Journal of Consumer Policy, Vol. 21, 1998\nThis study showed that acceptability of genetically modified goods is influenced both by the magnitude and charac"]
[4.747223854064941, 7.933751583099365, "aries/content/assets/cm/content/miscellaneous/adas-nomenclature.pdf\nAmerican National Standards Institute, \u201cProject Initiation Notification System (PINS),\u201d ANSI Standards Action, Vol. 51, No. 27, July 30, 2020. As of September 10, 2020: https://share"]
[4.65672492980957, 7.944106578826904, "nd Gil Tal, \u201cUncovering Early Adopter\u2019s Perceptions and Purchase Intentions of Automated Vehicles: Insights from Early Adopters of Electric Vehicles in California,\u201d Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 60, January 20"]
[4.64797306060791, 8.021729469299316, "orvehiclesafety/teen_drivers/index.html\nChandraratna, Susantha, Nick Stamatiadis, and Arnold Stromberg, \u201cCrash Involvement of Drivers with Multiple Crashes,\u201d Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 38, No. 3, June 2006, pp. 532\u2013541. As of August 30, 202"]
[4.677931308746338, 7.973823547363281, "\u20131427.\nDedoose Version 8.3.17, web application for managing, analyzing, and presenting qualitative and mixed-method research data, Los Angeles, Calif.: SocioCultural Research Consultants, 2020. As of June 23, 2020:\nhttps://app.dedoose.com/App/?Versio"]
[4.677333354949951, 7.931827545166016, "nents/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cSafety Management System (SMS),\u201d webpage, June 21, 2019. As of August 31, 2020: https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/sms/\nFederal Highway Administration, Surrogate Safety Assessment Model and Validation: Final Report, McLean, Va.: U.S. "]
[4.649113655090332, 7.965421199798584, " Safety Science, Vol. 46, 2008, pp. 1047\u20131066.\nHartwich, Franziska, Claudia Witzlack, Matthias Beggiato, and Josef F. Krems, \u201cThe First Impression Counts\u2014A Combined Driving Simulator and Test Track Study on the Development of Trust and Acceptance of "]
[4.671562194824219, 7.9513421058654785, "f Surrogate Safety Indicators for Vulnerable Road Users: A Review of Surrogate Safety Indicators,\u201d Transportation Reviews, Vol. 38, No. 5, 2018.\nJunietz, Philipp Matthias, Microscopic and Macroscopic Risk Metrics for the Safety Validation of Automate"]
[4.674894332885742, 7.985235691070557, "fety of Self-Driving Vehicles,\u201d Reliability Engineering & System Safety, Vol. 185, Iss. C, 2019, pp. 341\u2013347.\nLund, Frederick Hansen, \u201cThe Psychology of Belief: A Study of Its Emotional and Volitional Determinants,\u201d Journal of Abnormal and Social Psy"]
[4.667679309844971, 8.022414207458496, "al Governors Association, 2018. As of August 30, 2020: https://www.nga.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Autonomous-Vehicle-Technology.pdf\nNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration, \u201cNew Test Tracking Tool,\u201d webpage, undated- a. As of August 20, 20"]
[4.648711204528809, 7.978668212890625, "ysical-systems\nNational Research Council, Software for Dependable Systems: Sufficient Evidence? Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2007.\nNational Safety Council, \u201cHappy Anniversary, Road to Zero!\u201d Safety First, blog post, October 23, 2017. A"]
[4.706106662750244, 7.931396007537842, "AND American Life Panel: Technical Description, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1651, 2017. As of September 20, 2020:\nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1651.html\nRae, Andrew J., Acceptable Residual Risk\u2014Principles, Philosophies "]
[4.684657096862793, 7.976053237915039, "Texas Cities,\u201d Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Vol. 62, April 2019, pp. 66\u201377.\nShalev-Schwartz, Shai, Shaked Shammah, and Amnon Shashua, On a Formal Model of Safe and Scalable Self-Driving Cars, arxiv.org, 2017. As o"]
[4.606396675109863, 8.047286033630371, " \u201cFuture of Driving,\u201d webpage, undated. As of August 30, 2020: https://www.tesla.com/autopilot\nThong, James Y. L., and Xin Xu, \u201cConsumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology,\u201d "]
[4.628620147705078, 7.96149206161499, "n.house.gov/imo/media/doc/2020.09.15%20FINAL%20737%20MAX%2 0Report%20for%20Public%20Release.pdf\nVenkatesh, Viswanath, Michael G. Morris, Gordon B. Davis, and Fred D. Davis, \u201cUser Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View,\u201d MIS Quart"]
[4.724419116973877, 7.850259304046631, "https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2654.html 127\nWishart, Jeffrey, Steven Como, Maria Elli, Brendan Russo, Jack Weast, Niraj Altekar, and Emmanuel James, Driving Safety Performance Assessments Metrics for ADS-Equipped Vehicles, SAE Internat"]
[12.699121475219727, 13.815451622009277, "COVID-19 and the Experiences of Populations at Greater Risk\nDescription and Top-Line Summary Data\u2014Wave 1, Summer 2020\nKATHERINE GRACE CARMAN, ANITA CHANDRA, DELIA BUGLIARI, CHRISTOPHER NELSON, CAROLYN MILLER\n Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foun"]
[12.681583404541016, 13.727005004882812, "rts will update these findings.\nResearchers from RAND and RWJF jointly conducted the research reported here; the report is intended for individuals and organizations interested in learning more about public attitudes about a Culture of Health and how"]
[12.885147094726562, 14.1537446975708, "........... 2\nSurvey Length ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Survey Sample Selection ............................................................."]
[12.907090187072754, 14.396623611450195, "................................ 14\nQ4. [w1_wellbeing1-w1_wellbeing6] Below are a number of things people might say they feel. How much of the time in the past week, did you . . .................................................................... 14\n"]
[12.884305000305176, 14.444289207458496, "8 Q12. [w1_covidtest] Have you been tested for coronavirus (COVID-19) (through a nasal swab\nor blood test)? .............................................................................................................................. 19 Q13. [w1_cov"]
[12.88685417175293, 14.445611953735352, "care, do you\nthink it is easier or harder for them to get the care they need than it is for those who live in\nurban areas, or is there not much of a difference? ....................................................................... 24\nQ21. [w1_pocim"]
[12.878256797790527, 14.380948066711426, "pectations: Understanding What Drives Health............................................... 27\nQ29. [w1_drivers1-w1_driver4] Here is a list of some things that may affect people\u2019s health and well-being. Please rate each on a scale from 1 to 5 where 1"]
[12.88741397857666, 14.19929027557373, "...................................................................................................... 31 Respondents by Education Level ....................................................................................................... 31 Respon"]
[12.881644248962402, 14.452545166015625, "................................................................................... 36\nQ13. [w1_covidexp1- w1_covidexp14] Are you experiencing or have you experienced any of the following as a result of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic or the resp"]
[12.884844779968262, 14.447648048400879, "nd unfair treatment of some groups, such as where people get to live or who gets bank loans. This type of racism can be so embedded in the institutions and practices of society that it can still exist even if individuals don\u2019t want to discriminate. ."]
[12.877907752990723, 14.437718391418457, "tions: Trade-Offs and Perspectives.......................................................... 43\nQ31. [w1_liberty] People\u2019s right to move about freely is so important that it\u2019s worth risking a substantial increase in coronavirus (COVID-19) infections "]
[12.703195571899414, 13.829092979431152, "......... 46 Respondents by Urbanicity ................................................................................................................ 46\nReferences....................................................................................."]
[12.847805976867676, 13.986024856567383, " are recruited via probability-based sampling methods. Both provide computers and internet connections for respondents who do not have them at the time of panel recruitment. Both compensate respondents for their participation. Both panels collect dem"]
[12.713955879211426, 13.84443473815918, "sity; Trinity College; the University of Connecticut; the University of Minnesota; and the Urban Institute for their contributions to the survey design process. We also thank the survey participants, who offered their perspectives on health and well-"]
[12.727912902832031, 13.867305755615234, "safety, use of community and policy supports, concerns about equity in COVID-19 response and systemic racism, and health civic engagement, as well as views of the role of government, the role of the private sector, the determinants of health, how the"]
[12.719521522521973, 13.852666854858398, "vey questions, as documented in Table 1.1. The NSHA was fielded in 2015 and 2018 (Carman et al., 2016; Carman et al., 2019) to capture how people in the United States think about, value, and prioritize issues of health, well-being, and health equity."]
[12.716282844543457, 13.851977348327637, " 75% of Californians Support Shelter in Place \u2018as Long as Needed,\u2019\u201d California Health Care Foundation, April 24, 2020. As of October 9, 2020: https://www.chcf.org/blog/covid-19-tracking-poll-75- californians-support-shelter-place-as-long-as-needed/\nP"]
[12.854585647583008, 13.994624137878418, "bability-based sampling methods. Both provide computers and internet connections for respondents who do not already have them. Both panels collect demographic information about respondents separately and provide this information with each data set. R"]
[12.848139762878418, 13.988720893859863, "0 (22%) 350 (35%) 250 (25%) 100 (10%) 80 (8%)\n    NOTES: Percentages are rounded and might not\nsum to 100. Respondents could pick only one race.\n 2 For some groups in the ALP, our target sample size was limited by the total sample who had participate"]
[12.884387969970703, 13.957853317260742, "ix.\n4 It was formerly known as the Knowledge Networks Panel and was administered by Knowledge Networks.\n5 Thirteen respondents were dropped from the sample by Ipsos for leaving more than half of the questions blank or completing the survey in less th"]
[12.869384765625, 13.97060489654541, "urvey represents the first wave of a planned four-wave survey study. We intend to conduct wave 2 in the fall of 2020, wave 3 in the winter of 2021, and wave 4 in the spring of 2021. When future waves are collected, updated versions of this report wil"]
[12.865758895874023, 13.984525680541992, "or proportions near 0 percent or 100 percent and the largest MOE for proportions near 50 percent. Because the overall sample size of our survey is large, 5,164 respondents, the MOE for the full sample ranges from 0.10 percent to 2.33 percent for prop"]
[12.903460502624512, 14.165273666381836, "nt the unweighted demographic characteristics so that readers can see the original survey sample composition before we applied weighting procedures. This can aid users of the survey data, who might apply other weighting approaches in their analyses.\n"]
[12.904183387756348, 14.401564598083496, "\n      None or almost Some of\nAll of the time\nMissing\n      4.3 0.1\n       D. Have a lot of energy\nSample none of the time time\nWave 1 15.9 50.0 SOURCE: Santa Monica Well-Being Survey.\n      None or almost Some of\nAll of the time\nMissing\n      3.5 0."]
[12.859391212463379, 14.464728355407715, "ecify 10.3\nRefused 0.7\nSOURCE: Census Household COVID-19 Pulse Survey, slightly modified on coronavirus term use.\n                    16\nQ8. [w1_leaveui] (If NO to Q7). In the last 7 days, were you receiving pay for the time you were not working?\nSel"]
[12.894372940063477, 14.42810344696045, "-19) (through a nasal swab or blood test)?\nSample Yes No Missing\nWave 1 12.3 87.4 0.3 SOURCE: Modified from COVID Impact Survey.\nQ13. [w1_covidexp1- w1_covidexp14] Are you experiencing or have you experienced any of the following as a result of the c"]
[12.866632461547852, 14.473248481750488, " since coronavirus (COVID-19) started\n1.3\nMy household applied or asked for but has not received assistance from this program since coronavirus (COVID-19) started\n3.9\nNo, my household has not received nor applied for assistance from this program sinc"]
[12.8857421875, 14.451712608337402, "           22\n G. Housing or renter\u2019s assistance programs\nYes, my\nMy household applied or asked for but has not received assistance from this program since coronavirus (COVID-19) started\n1.6\nNo, my household has not received nor applied for assistanc"]
[12.874515533447266, 14.455419540405273, "                       Somewhat Sample Strongly agree agree\nWave 1 30.2 27.3 SOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\nNeither agree nor disagree\n28.4\nSomewhat disagree\n5.1\nStrongly\ndisagree Missing\n8.7 0.4\n              Q22. [w1_pocimpact2] People of colo"]
[12.876178741455078, 14.429847717285156, "Some of the\nMost of the time time Rarely Never Missing\n              Wave 1\nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\n38.1 47.6 10.4 3.6 0.3\n      Views, Mindset, and Expectations: Views of Government Roles\nQ26. [w1_stgovt2] How much trust do you have that"]
[12.856234550476074, 14.403409004211426, "DNA)\nNo effect\nSample 1 2 3 4 5 Missing\n               Very strong effect\n              28\nQ30. [w1_equalaccess] Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is the obligation of the government to ensure that everyone has access to healt"]
[12.845470428466797, 13.992728233337402, " 15.9 SOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\nNeither agree nor disagree\n21.0\nSomewhat disagree\n12.1\nStrongly disagree\nMissing\n              31.8 0.3\n       30\nSurvey Respondent Demographics\nBoth panels collect demographic information about respondents s"]
[12.886574745178223, 14.139102935791016, " last wave. The methods used for this wave were identical to those described in the main text. For the general-population results, we calculated new weights that match the distribution of characteristics in our sample as closely as possible to that o"]
[12.898153305053711, 14.405965805053711, "None or almost\nMost of the time\nMissing\n4.3 .a\nAll of the time\n      48.0 32.0\na The period indicates true 0 (rather than a number that has been rounded down to 0).\nGeneral-population 15.7 wave 1\n      SOURCE: Santa Monica Well-Being Survey.\n E. Feel"]
[12.87625503540039, 14.450410842895508, "The period indicates true 0 (rather than a number that has been rounded down to 0).\nCOVID Impacts: Feelings of Safety\nMore than a year\n37.0\nSample\n1\u20133 months\nMissing\n.a\n        General- population wave 1\n22.8 18.7\n        SOURCE: Developed by RWJF an"]
[12.876192092895508, 14.457459449768066, "whites.\n        Somewhat Sample Strongly agree agree\nGeneral-population 33.1 26.2 wave 1\nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\nNeither agree nor disagree\n30.2\nSomewhat disagree\n5.0\nStrongly disagree\nMissing\n       5.6 0.0\n       Q23. [w1_sysracism] Sys"]
[12.8206148147583, 14.493382453918457, "   General- 40.3 46.6 9.0 4.1 0.1 population\nwave 1\nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\na The period indicates true 0 (rather than a number that has been rounded down to 0).\n      40\nViews, Mindset, and Expectations: Views of Government Roles\nQ26. [w"]
[12.877628326416016, 14.433789253234863, "about their diet, exercise, smoking, etc.\nNo effect\nSample 1 2 3 4 5 Missing\n               Very strong effect\n       General-population 2.7 5.3 13.3 wave 1\nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\nHow they were born (their genetics/DNA)\nNo effect\nSample "]
[12.86336612701416, 14.465485572814941, " disagree\nMissing\n              40.6 0.1\n       Q36. [w1_ racism] Racism is a major public health crisis. Select only one answer.\n       Somewhat Sample Strongly agree agree\nGeneral-population 31.7 18.0 wave 1\nSOURCE: Developed by RWJF and RAND.\nNeit"]
[12.736008644104004, 13.876521110534668, "5.0\nUnknown\n0.2\n    Sample\nGeneral- population wave 1\nSmall to midsize or large city, 50k+\n78.7\nRural or small town, under 50k\n21.1\n     46\nReferences\nCarman, Katherine Grace, Anita Chandra, Carolyn Miller, Matthew D. Trujillo, Douglas Yeung, Sarah W"]
[12.713119506835938, 13.842901229858398, "ated. As of October 9, 2020:\nhttps://www.pewresearch.org/politics/values/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cExplore the Data,\u201d webpage, 2020. As of October 9, 2020: https://www.pewresearch.org/pathways-2020/covid_econopen/total_us_adults/us_adults/\nPlough, Alonzo, and Anita Cha"]
[13.974599838256836, 0.8138951063156128, " Wearable Sensor Technology and Potential Uses Within Law Enforcement\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs to Improve Officer Safety, Health, and Wellness Using Wearable Sensor Technology\nSean E. Goodison, Jeremy D. Barnum, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani W"]
[13.974111557006836, 0.802740216255188, "emented.\n\u2022 A sequenced or phased approach should be devel- oped for taking validated technology to the field for scaled evaluations.\nTechnology and data measurement\n\u2022 Individual baselines should be established to account for differences among individ"]
[13.97435474395752, 0.8196526765823364, "seamlessly integrate with the technology that law enforcement already carries, measures need to be valid and reliable, interpretation of the data needs to be clear, and policies need to be in place for managing and monitoring the data. WST has the po"]
[13.977204322814941, 0.886522114276886, "rm personnel or staffing selections for assignments (e.g., make changes to officers\u2019 duties in response to indicators of prolonged sedentary behavior or chronic stress indicators while on duty) (Arroyo, 2019; Bedford, 2019; Cashion, 2018). Future sce"]
[13.987388610839844, 0.8944807648658752, "cies that are needed to create good policy or best practices for use in law enforcement (Jackson et al., 2020).\nAlthough the sequence of events just described is consis- tent with WST to date and could accurately reflect the future WST trajectory in "]
[13.978062629699707, 0.8547787666320801, "s of the workshop.\nMeasurement\nWSTs, which we refer to as wearables when we describe the commercially available mass-market devices, contain sensors worn on the body to collect biomarkers from the user. For example, wristwatches are a common form of "]
[13.974364280700684, 0.841589093208313, "ed with psychological conditions, such as mental stress. The ability to collect real-time feedback from individual users on a suite of behavioral, physiological, and psychological indicators demon- strates the potential for this emerging technology t"]
[13.973992347717285, 0.814688503742218, "cross platforms, have limited battery life, must be worn for extended periods of time, and are typically much bulkier and less practi- cal for everyday wear (Dunn, Runge, and Snyder, 2018). These devices also require personal calibration to produce m"]
[13.97350025177002, 0.8117828965187073, "mise for WST\napplication in law enforcement and other first responder groups (Shaw et al., 2004). This program used a suite of sensors embedded in clothing fabric, chest harnesses, wrist devices, and wrist devices with chest straps to demonstrate a p"]
[13.961999893188477, 0.804934024810791, "est to law enforcement agencies, technology manufacturers, the research community focused on officer health, and public policy and privacy advocates involved in the collection and use of health data. For a detailed description of the panel selection "]
[13.9732666015625, 0.806212842464447, "ta.\n  There are too many devices to choose from, and there is \u2022 inadequate information about their performance.\nPolicy adaptation\nWST data are sensitive, personal information and need to be \u2022 protected by strong security.a \u2022\nIt is difficult to change"]
[13.973206520080566, 0.8096606135368347, "ured, and what WST metrics are most meaningful and relevant for law enforcement.a\nThere are too many devices to choose from, and there is\ninadequate information about their performance.\nPotential Solution\n\u2022 Evaluate technologies based on technology r"]
[13.972773551940918, 0.8065539598464966, "lighted the goal of securing buy- in through policy protections, along with systematically decid- ing what devices to use. The rest of the needs in this category identify as opportunities (1) the apparent willingness among officers to adopt WST for p"]
[13.972617149353027, 0.8076255321502686, "ield of products. Establishing baselines to account for indi- vidual variability in each officer was seen as a potential solu-\ntion to challenges with individualization. Five of the potential solutions called for evaluations and studies of the techno"]
[13.974082946777344, 0.8049037456512451, "hese efforts.\nThis section provides further context from the workshop discussion on the identified needs, organized by the four need categories developed as a result of responses at the meeting (i.e., policy adoption, policy adaptation, technology an"]
[13.974284172058105, 0.8086110353469849, "this issue: (1) the acceptability of WST as a tool in policing and (2) the willing- ness of officers to wear and use WST. Experts discussed how a growing number of police leaders are beginning to understand the need for agencies to support the mental"]
[13.974020957946777, 0.8109660148620605, "ut also at home to capture an individual\u2019s universe of stressors and what strategies might be effective for mitigating their impact.\nPolice leaders must also find ways to ensure that officers wear and use WSTs. According to the experts, one way to do"]
[13.970460891723633, 0.810321569442749, "elieved that the devices ultimately would be used against them. Agencies will need to take steps to ensure that data collected from wearable sensors are used to inform strategies that support officers\u2019 health and wellness and improve police operation"]
[13.972412109375, 0.8110122084617615, "ST data like any other law enforcement\u2013sensitive data to ensure that they enjoy the same safeguards. Other experts believed that data belong to the users from whom they are collected, allowing users to make decisions about how the data are shared and"]
[13.974934577941895, 0.8258574604988098, "arency to the public. For example, some experts imagined a dashboard displaying average heart rates of officers across time and space. However, other experts cau- tioned that de-identification is difficult, especially as open data become increasingly"]
[13.973380088806152, 0.8324348330497742, "critical incidents through better training, conditioning, and recovery. Experts recommended that agencies help officers by providing guidance on objectively assessing their progress over time in response to different interventions as part of the coac"]
[13.978635787963867, 0.8290061354637146, "ations around WST in the near term, especially as industries begin to approach police leaders to market and sell their devices. Experts believed that it would be helpful to evalu-\nate WSTs using the U.S. Department of Defense\u2019s technology readiness l"]
[13.97454833984375, 0.8242467641830444, "olve a determination of the specific needs for data accuracy, reliability, and processing for each use case. Determining who will use or be assigned WST devices also will help resolve uncertainty about what form factors and data collection, shar- ing"]
[13.973245620727539, 0.8061248660087585, "iform policies, tactical requirements, and data security requirements. The challenge will be to strike a bal- ance between customizing devices to the needs of a particular agency and standardizing devices for use in law enforcement more generally. If"]
[13.972162246704102, 0.8030151128768921, "making but highlighted a strong need to lay the policy groundwork now given the high ceiling of potential for WST. Now is the time to plan for the potential implications of WST, while the technology is still developing\nand personal adoption is increa"]
[14.973299980163574, 2.0618107318878174, "that were not included in the existing list and suggested new ones. Although the process of expert elicitation that we describe in this appendix was designed to gather unbiased, representative results from experts and practitioners in the field, we n"]
[14.837018966674805, 1.82002854347229, "ension, participants were instructed that 1 was a low score and 9 was a high score. Participants were told to score a need\u2019s importance with a 1 if it would have little or no impact on the problem and with a 9 if it would reduce the impact of the pro"]
[14.790306091308594, 1.7547831535339355, "orithm to minimize within-cluster variance when deter- mining the breaks between tiers. The choice of three tiers is arbitrary but was done in part to remain consistent across the set of technology workshops that we have conducted for NIJ. Also, the "]
[14.785191535949707, 1.687970757484436, " A.2. Example of the Delphi Round 3 Voting Form\nQuestion\nIssue: The effectiveness of using the technology to improve officer safety and wellness is uncertain.\nNeed: Develop a sequenced or phased approach to taking validated technology to the field fo"]
[14.782458305358887, 1.68242347240448, "e that there were gaps between these boundaries, so some of the modified expected values could fall in between tiers. See Figure A.3.) As with prior work, we set a higher bar for a need to move up or down two tiers (from Tier 1 to Tier 3, or vice ver"]
[13.973814964294434, 0.8041901588439941, "\n\u2022 17 were related to policy adoption\n\u2022 24 were related to policy adaptation\n\u2022 13 were related to technology and data measurement \u2022 seven were related to technology and data usage.\n Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3\nRound 2\n         Round 3\n        7.5\n Expected "]
[13.97236442565918, 0.8071478009223938, "t for law enforcement.a\nThere has been a shift in how law enforcement takes care \u2022 Provide coaching, mentoring, and evidence-based pro- of its personnel, and greater attention has been paid gramming for officers to help them understand the infor- to "]
[13.972705841064453, 0.8087795376777649, ", bio- metrics, and bioanalytics and how they inform selected outcomes; or do both.\nConduct validation studies of WST devices, and conduct\n23\n          reliability studies as technology changes.\n\u2022 Define a set of best practices for consumer wearable\n"]
[13.972100257873535, 0.8059536218643188, " a policing career, are potentially more aware of health, and might be willing to try new technology.a\nLaws and regulations are outdated when it comes to handling digital data.\nVariation in law enforcement agencies across the country highlights the d"]
[13.992477416992188, 1.0281717777252197, "r data are displayed so that they are meaningful.\n    a This problem or opportunity is associated with needs that fell into different tiers.\n26\nNotes\n1 We define wearability as a qualitative measure of the comfort of a worn device. We define validity"]
[13.994544982910156, 1.014760136604309, " 17, 2020: https://www.ericsson.com/4a2d0e/assets/local/reports-papers/ consumerlab/reports/2016/wearable-technology-and-the-internet-of- things-ericsson-consumerlab-2016.pdf\nEvenson, Kelly R., Michelle M. Goto, and Robert D. Furberg, \u201cSystematic Rev"]
[13.994190216064453, 1.1047003269195557, " of September 22, 2020:\nhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250382.pdf\n27\n28\nInstitute of Medicine and National Research Council, \u201cAppendix E: Technology Readiness Levels in the Department of Defense,\u201d in Technologies to Enable Autonomous Dete"]
[13.99549674987793, 1.0834770202636719, "the Field,\u201d Electronic Frontier Foundation, November 4, 2015.\nMajumder, Sumit, Tapas Mondal, and M. Jamal Deen, \u201cWearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring,\u201d Sensors, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2017.\nMiller, Lindsay, Jessica Toliver, and Police Executive Res"]
[13.995035171508789, 1.067304253578186, " Institute in Environmental Medicine and the Soldier Systems Center, Lexington, Mass.: Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, November 1, 2004. As of July 17, 2020: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a428022.pdf\nShcherbina,"]
[13.919498443603516, 4.179903984069824, " would like to acknowledge the participation and assistance of the members of the workshop on wearable sensor technology and potential uses within law enforcement, who are listed in the report. This effort would not have been possible without their w"]
[13.940507888793945, 4.156471252441406, "venile Justice and a research assistant at the Personality Studies Laboratory and the Regents\u2019 Center for Learning Disorders at the University of Geor- gia. Siara holds an M.S. in criminology.\nShoshana R. Shelton is a senior policy analyst at the RAN"]
[13.87314510345459, 4.381099224090576, "Priority Law Enforcement Issues and Needs, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-2930-NIJ, 2019.\nMentions of products or companies do not represent endorsement by NIJ, the RAND Corporation, or PERF.\n This publication was made possible by Award N"]
[0.24999041855335236, 20.742237091064453, "  THE BENEFITS AND COSTS OF DECARBONIZING COSTA RICA\u2019S ECONOMY\nInforming the implementation\nof Costa Rica\u2019s National Decarbonization Plan under uncertainty\nDavid G. Groves, James Syme, Edmundo Molina-Perez, Carlos Calvo Hernandez (RAND Corporation)\nL"]
[0.2643548846244812, 20.7564754486084, "ocial development means that the same households that face the greatest economic difficulties also suffer the most from environmental crises like the pandemic. Today in Costa Rica and beyond, the priority is to stop the pandemic, alleviate its social"]
[0.23709970712661743, 20.707918167114258, "mong the best internationally. This effort makes it easier for\n iii\niv The Benefits and Costs of Decarbonizing Costa Rica\u2019s Economy\npublic policies to benefit both from academic science and from the knowledge that actors in each sector bring to the t"]
[0.26063597202301025, 20.749128341674805, "e RAND Corporation, the Costa Rica Climate Change Directorate, and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). It was funded by the Inter-American Develop- ment Bank\u2019s (IDB)\u2019s French Climate Fund (RG-T3193) and Sustainable Energy and Climate Change In"]
[0.2378336638212204, 20.726221084594727, "laborated with government ministries providing technical support in the design of policies. For more informa- tion, email eperlab.eie@ucr.ac.cr.\nAbout Costa Rica\u2019s Climate Change Directorate\nThe Climate Change Directorate of Costa Rica is an office o"]
[0.23803752660751343, 20.72638511657715, "......................................................................... 5\nModeling Future GHG Emissions, Benefits, and Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How COVID-19 Might Affe"]
[0.22600403428077698, 20.712127685546875, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nAPPENDIXES\nThe following appendixes are available in a separate volume at www.rand.org/t/RRA633-1:\nA. Modeling Details and Sector Benefit and Cost Factors B. Developing Socioeconomic Scenarios\nC. Transpo"]
[0.21809127926826477, 20.704835891723633, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.9. Levelized Cost of Electricity over Time Without Decarbonization and with the Implementation o"]
[0.20436224341392517, 20.689468383789062, "counted Net Benefits and 2050 GHG Emissions for All 3,003 Futures, ClassifiedbyOutcomeRisk.....................................................................\n4.4. Total GHG Emissions in 2050, by Economic Growth Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[0.20485152304172516, 20.691951751708984, "\n2.5. Buildings Sector National Decarbonization Plan Actions and Model\nImplementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[0.2402128130197525, 20.726337432861328, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.7. Non-Transportation Net Benefits Vulnerabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n. 11 . 11 .12 .12"]
[0.23239107429981232, 20.717443466186523, "missions means that all GHG emissions (not just CO2) do not exceed the natural sequestration from forests.\n  xiii\nxiv The Benefits and Costs of Decarbonizing Costa Rica\u2019s Economy\ning health and environmental conditions through the reduction in use of"]
[0.22254998981952667, 20.70741081237793, "d Lempert, 2007; Lempert, 2019), which guides the evaluation and analysis of thousands of plausible futures to explore the risks and opportunities associated with decarbonization. As part of this process, we developed and used an interactive tool to "]
[0.201277494430542, 20.68377113342285, "quivalent (MtCO2e) today to almost 19 MtCO2e by 2050. Bending this trajectory downward in order to reach net- zero emissions by 2050 will require a substantial transformation in how the economy is pow- ered and how natural resources are used and pres"]
[0.2092190533876419, 20.69392967224121, "ra et al., 2020).\nEfficiency gains in industry, and the economic value of recycled materials and treated wastewater, result in a small net benefit for the industry and waste sectors: $1.3 billion together. Figure S.2 shows modest net costs for the el"]
[0.1767958700656891, 20.659330368041992, "nagement, also can restore many of these lost ecosystem services.\nThere is a large potential to reduce GHG emissions in the freight transport, industry, and waste sectors, and the benefits are of similar scale to the costs. For example, there are sig"]
[0.2050890326499939, 20.690378189086914, "e suggestive of the plausible range of outcomes for each line of action.\nTo understand what the calculated ranges of emissions and net benefits mean to Costa Rica decarbonization efforts, we identify the conditions that lead to high emissions or low "]
[0.17283223569393158, 20.658178329467773, "th of electric private and freight transport\nGrowth of hydrogen heavy freight Growth of share of non-motorized trans- port and public transport use\nDevelopment of new renewables to meet increasing demand\nHousehold energy use\nPercentage of household e"]
[0.21305644512176514, 20.699230194091797, " \u20131.8\n\u20132.5, \u20132.3, \u20132.0\n\u20136.2, \u20136.0, \u20135.6\n\u201321.2, \u201318.8, \u201315.5\nBenefits ($ billion)\n32.2, 42.9, 51.6\n0.0, 0.0, 0.0\n1.4, 1.8, 2.0\n3.3, 4.2, 5.1\n3.0, 3.5, 3.8\n19.3, 25.2, 25.3\n62.6, 77.7, 84.5\nCosts ($ billion)\n6.7, 23.9, 18.9\n1.8, 0.7, 3.5\n1.9, 4.9, 4.8\n"]
[0.24656270444393158, 20.73968505859375, " Rica); Felipe De Leo\u0301n and Andrea Meza Murillo (Ministry of Environment and Energy, Climate Change Directorate); and Valentina Saavedra Go\u0301mez and Adrien Vogt-Schilb (Inter-American Development Bank [IDB]). The IDB team worked under the supervision "]
[0.2217591404914856, 20.706586837768555, "verall goal to stabilize the increase in global temperature at well below 2\u00b0C, and as close to 1.5\u00b0C as possible (United Nations, 2015). This ambitious goal requires reaching net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) by 2050, and drastically reducin"]
[0.22410155832767487, 20.70600700378418, "ensity of industry, agriculture,\nand livestock\n5. collecting, treating, and reusing liquid and solid waste.\nTo facilitate these changes, the NDP lays out a wide-range of policy reforms. Table 1.1 lists some of the specific actions considered in the N"]
[0.22429437935352325, 20.710556030273438, " experts in policy analysis. Over time, this model can be improved to yield more-refined estimates of emissions and of the benefits and costs of decarbonization. Co-constructing data, models, and analytic approaches leads to results that are relevant"]
[0.2346554547548294, 20.720386505126953, "ible futures in which the NDP will be implemented. This means evaluating thousands of different assump- tions about the drivers of emissions and decarbonization, as well as factors that describe how benefits and cost could accrue. We use methods for "]
[0.2198399305343628, 20.705785751342773, "e then estimated how emissions would change under one possible approach for implementing the NDP (called \u201cwith implementation of the National Decarbonization Plan\u201d). Next, we roughly estimated the monetary benefits and costs to provide a high-level a"]
[0.22995804250240326, 20.713485717773438, "y and estimate its benefits and costs. This framework combines previously developed models of transportation and energy sectors (Godi\u0301nez-Zamora et al., 2020) with new aggregated models of other sectors that do not have more detailed models available"]
[0.2355545461177826, 20.711793899536133, "d emissions rates.\nWe use a general equilibrium model of the Costa Rican economy\u2014Plataforma de Mod- elacio\u0301n Econo\u0301mico-Ambiental Integrada (Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling [IEEM])\u2014to derive three scenarios of underlying economic activity "]
[0.2235102504491806, 20.706830978393555, "ng Costa Rica\u2019s Economy\nFigure 2.1\nModeling Schematic for the Costa Rica Integrated Decarbonization Pathways Model\nare a very small fraction of all the climate change reduction benefits that would accrue if all countries reduced emissions per the 1.5"]
[0.26122188568115234, 20.75246238708496, " 9\n   How COVID-19 Might Affect Costa Rica\u2019s Decarbonization Efforts\nThe analysis presented here was designed and developed in large part before the COVID-19 pandemic hit, in February 2019. The socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic and the decarboniz"]
[0.21514791250228882, 20.701894760131836, "eflect uncertainty about future drivers and the achievement of decarbonization actions, we devel- oped a range of estimates for the model factors and created a large set of plausible futures, as described below. These futures should not be assumed to"]
[0.2181493639945984, 20.705198287963867, "ergy savings\n\u2022 improved productivity from reduced congestion\n\u2022 reduced medical costs from accidents\n\u2022 reduced health impacts from pollution\n\u2022 reduced social cost of carbon emissions, which reflect country-specific climate change\nimpacts in Costa Rica"]
[0.2165897935628891, 20.703176498413086, "dix A provides details and numerical values.\nTable 2.2\nTransport Sector Benefits and Costs of Decarbonization Modeled in This Study\n  Benefits of Decarbonization\n\u2022 Operations and maintenance costs savings due to alternative fuel vehicles and reduced "]
[0.21549688279628754, 20.69760513305664, " additional electricity is used. The OSeMOSYS-CR model estimates the required additional renewable energy sources (and associated investment costs), and the GHG emissions savings and fuel cost savings from using these sources instead of existing foss"]
[0.21719962358474731, 20.703432083129883, "ctices\nIncreased use of wood and natural building materials\nModel Implementation\n\u2022 Reduced household energy use\n\u2022 Increased share of electricity use (and corresponding\ndecrease in use of fossil fuels)\nNot included in the study.\n       Table 2.6\nBuild"]
[0.21348035335540771, 20.694196701049805, "an Actions and Model Implementation\n   Decarbonization Plan Actions\nProcess improvement to reduce energy use Electrification of processes\nProcess improvements to reduce emissions\nIncreased efficiency of use and reduction in emissions from industrial "]
[0.2766071557998657, 20.65709114074707, "- tion Plan (Poli\u0301tica Nacional de Saneamiento en Aguas Residuales; PNSAR) calls for many of these same investments due to these potential benefits (AyA, 2016). We estimate the costs of collecting and processing waste for landfill disposal, compostin"]
[0.1962512582540512, 20.675378799438477, "pment. Emissions associated with electricity use are captured in the electricity sector. The GHG emissions for each type of animal is based on per animal emissions rates, which are composed of separate emission factors for enteric fermentation and ma"]
[0.20103229582309723, 20.682315826416016, "all other crops. Costs from the livestock sector are based on aggregate GHG emissions reductions, per academic studies. We consulted representatives from a range of stakeholders from these sectors, who are listed in Appendix D.\nThe forestry sector mo"]
[0.20736125111579895, 20.69369888305664, "lay out exactly as anticipated today, and thus there is uncertainty about how emissions could evolve in the future without decarbonization. Uncertainty about model estimates of future emissions stems from (1) inaccurate or incomplete information abou"]
[0.21365498006343842, 20.69658851623535, "timates were developed prior to the spread of COVID-19. Recent studies suggest, however, that the pandemic-related reductions are likely to be temporary (Forster et al., 2020). As such, any impact on long-term economic activities can be suitably refl"]
[0.19173435866832733, 20.675945281982422, "try\nWaste\nAgriculture, livestock, and forestry\nDriver Uncertainties\n\u2022 Economic growth rate \u2022\nDecarbonization Uncertainties\nN/A\n    \u2022 Demand for transport (linked to economic \u2022\ngrowth) transport\n\u2022 Cost of fuels \u2022 \u2022 Infrastructure costs for electrifica"]
[0.20596958696842194, 20.69012451171875, " emissions, and by how much? What range of net benefits might be achieved? Second, we seek to understand what future conditions could lead Costa Rica\u2019s decar- bonization strategy to not achieve its goals. This information then informs how to implemen"]
[0.2002021223306656, 20.685392379760742, "f 4.9 MtCO2e. The current elec- tricity system is nearly 100 percent renewable and has significant excess capacity. So, while emissions reductions are not directly coming from the electricity sector, the current renew- able capacity of the electricit"]
[0.18579146265983582, 20.671512603759766, "bon Economic benefits\nSavings from electrification and efficiency Opportunity costs\n-Investment costs\nNet benefits\n12.9 10.1\n          7.6\n      3.6 1.7\n2030\ninvestment costs are quickly outweighed by the benefits.2 Opportunity costs include those re"]
[0.19503726065158844, 20.680395126342773, " costs associated with a particular line of action do not need to translate into costs for the economic actors of that sector. The distribution of costs and benefits over con- sumers and firms depends crucially on government policy, which is not cons"]
[0.18436051905155182, 20.667158126831055, "ductions in costs associated with pollution, accidents, and congestion\u2014about $11 billion. Most benefits come from reduced accidents, accomplished through reduction in the numbers of private vehicles used and distance traveled\n   Public and private tr"]
[0.181879460811615, 20.667680740356445, " for under the respective lines of actions.\nImplementing the NDP increases electricity consumption (Figure 3.8). In 2018, electric- ity use was about 31 petajoules (PJ) per year, and it increases to almost 140 PJ per year under baseline assumptions. "]
[0.1960572898387909, 20.681570053100586, "on benefits in the residential sector result primarily from energy cost sav- ings to residential and commercial building energy customers (Figure 3.11). Costs, though dif- ficult to estimate for the commercial sector, are considerably higher for comm"]
[0.19446277618408203, 20.67720603942871, "ing emissions from industrial products\u2014about $0.6 billion\u2014and increasing energy efficiency\u2014about $200 million, under baseline assump- tions. The net benefits under these baseline assumptions are $2 billion.\nFigure 3.12\nEmissions from the Industrial S"]
[0.20026321709156036, 20.68303108215332, "d\u2014about $440 million in aggregate (Dixon, 2012). Similar assessments reveal another $200 million to the regional environment and groundwater benefits from reducing untreated wastewater in communities. There may be additional ecosystem benefits from i"]
[0.20217089354991913, 20.681509017944336, " 2050, but would yield about $25 billion of benefits from increased agricultural and\nlivestock yields and additional forest ecosystem services.\nThe agriculture, livestock, and forestry sector collectively leads to net sequestration in Costa Rica. Agr"]
[0.2028079330921173, 20.679988861083984, "increased agricultural output due to improved management ($4 billion);3 (2) increased ecosystem ser- vice benefits from not removing wet, dry, or mangrove forests ($7.2 billion), and (3) improv- ing forest management ($13.5 billion).4 According to ou"]
[0.21092134714126587, 20.696308135986328, "shown in this chapter are all based on a set of baseline assumptions. There is significant uncertainty around these assumptions, so it is important to understand whether and how these uncertainties could affect the achievement of the NDP emissions ta"]
[0.20359428226947784, 20.688875198364258, " Benefits and Costs of Decarbonizing Costa Rica\u2019s Economy\nFigure 4.1\nProjections of GHG Emissions Without Decarbonization (yellow) and with the Implementation of the National Decarbonization Plan (green) Across 3,003 Plausible Futures\n    National De"]
[0.16613268852233887, 20.650278091430664, "ssions.\n\u2022 Low Net Benefits: We consider two different thresholds, as each can provide important insight. We first set the threshold at zero net benefits and describe which factors drive the small number of cases in which net emissions are negative. T"]
[0.2012605369091034, 20.685657501220703, "050 ($ billions)\nHow Uncertain Is the Success of Costa Rica\u2019s Decarbonization Plan? 43\nseveral specific techniques to sort through the large set of uncertainties and identify what is most important. There are many seemingly obvious reasons why the ND"]
[0.19942672550678253, 20.683456420898438, " and High Growth economic scenarios correspond to long-term average growth of 2 percent, 3.5 percent, and 4 percent growth per year.\n44 The Benefits and Costs of Decarbonizing Costa Rica\u2019s Economy\nTable 4.1\nSector-Specific Median GHG Emissions in 205"]
[0.18884320557117462, 20.672624588012695, "ysis is between 70 and 100 percent.\nHow Uncertain Is the Success of Costa Rica\u2019s Decarbonization Plan? 45\nFigure 4.5\nRange of Uncertain Factors Defining the \u201cLow Adoption of Alternative Fueled Vehicles\u201d Vulnerability\nAdoption rate of electric private"]
[0.1869061440229416, 20.67043685913086, "l Vehicles with High Economic Growth\u201d Vulnerability\nEconomic growth\nLow (2%/yr) Moderate (3.5%/yr)\nCost ratio of alternative versus conventional vehicles\n37% 103%\nFuel efficiency of conventional vehicles\n50% 60%\nHigh (4%/yr)\n285%\n150%\n       Vulnerab"]
[0.1867806613445282, 20.670854568481445, "above 98%\nN/A\nLow adoption of electric trucks: share of electric light freight below 92%\nN/A\n       Uncertainties Relevant to Transportation\nDemand for transport (linked to economic growth)\nTechnological costs\nVehicle efficiencies\nGrowth of electric "]
[0.17009247839450836, 20.652278900146484, " less negative emissions) would occur under futures in which the sequestration rates of wet forests are lower than expected or\nTable 4.3\nIndustry Uncertainties and Definition of Key Emissions Vulnerability\n  Industry Uncertainties\nEconomic growth Ind"]
[0.1877603828907013, 20.672048568725586, "lands), emissions from converting forests to grassland or agricultural land, and sequestration rates from dry, moist, palm, and mangrove forests (primary and secondary forests) and sequestration rates from secondary wet forests. This vulnerability de"]
[0.1841430813074112, 20.66970443725586, "ost of decarbonization. Fifty-two percent of the cases that display these conditions are vul- nerable, and this vulnerability describes 41 percent of the low net benefits cases. It is defined by the following conditions (Figure 4.8):\n\u2022 Low economic g"]
[0.1943921148777008, 20.67966651916504, "res in which demand for light freight transportation is above 10.14 gross tonne kilometers (Gtkm; considering 12.5 percent less demand from baseline conditions).\nTogether, these two scenarios describe the key risks for achieving substantial positive "]
[0.13741445541381836, 20.62104034423828, "i- mates large benefits accruing from preserving and improving the management of primary forest (about $20 billion across all forest types under baseline assumptions). Estimating eco- system services benefits is also highly imprecise. Second, uncerta"]
[0.20193727314472198, 20.688539505004883, "suring sufficient decoupling and emissions reduc- tions with significant net benefits to the economy.\nIn the transport sector, our analysis suggests that Costa Rica needs to pay attention to uncertainties around both the drivers of emissions, costs, "]
[0.18754889070987701, 20.673505783081055, "ansportation.\nFor the other sectors, the NDP may not achieve zero or close to zero net emissions if the industrial and livestock emissions rates are not low enough to compensate for high economic activity. Further, the success of the NDP emissions re"]
[0.20786245167255402, 20.69472885131836, "ied uncertainties. Shaping actions are those that ensure particular unfavorable conditions do not occur in the first place.\nOur analysis of the transport sector further validates the importance of several principles established in the NDP. First, the"]
[0.21818900108337402, 20.705364227294922, "ions reduction targets for each sector, but it should also indicate whether and when such targets should be revised. For example, the transition rate from conventional to alternative fueled vehicles could be connected to the relative cost of alternat"]
[0.24857200682163239, 20.734315872192383, "en Espan\u0303ol\nModel Assumptions and Emissions Results\n11 August 2020\nFor more information, please contact:\nDavid Groves (groves@rand.org)\nFelipe de Leon (felipe@climatrader.com) Adrien Vogt-Schilb (avogtschilb@iadb.org) Jairo Quiros (jairohumberto.quir"]
[0.2405150830745697, 20.724689483642578, "rtin Cicowiez, The Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform, IEEM Platform Technical Guides: IEEM Mathematical Statement, IDB Technical Note No. 01842, Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, 2020.\nBanerjee, Onil, Martin "]
[0.26495039463043213, 20.753541946411133, "tico, 2020, Ana\u0301lisis de costo-beneficio de la descarbonizacio\u0301n del sector transporte y la importancia del TRP, August 2020.\nElectric Power and Energy Research Laboratory, \u201cThe OSeMOSYS\u2013CR Model,\u201d GitHub, 2020. As of October 7, 2020:\nhttps://osemosy"]
[-0.49149322509765625, 13.22741985321045, "e, Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2007, pp. 73\u201385.\nGroves, David G., Edmundo Molina-Perez, Evan Bloom, and Jordan R. Fischbach, \u201cRobust Decision Making (RDM): Application to Water Planning and Climate Policy,\u201d in Vincent A. W. J. Marchau, Warren E. Walker,"]
[0.253113716840744, 20.737939834594727, " Alejandro, Philip Keefer, Allen Blackman, Mati\u0301as Busso, Eduardo Cavallo, Gregory Elacqua, Ana Mari\u0301a Iba\u0301n\u0303ez, Julia\u0301n Messina, Mauricio Moreira, Carlos Scartascini, Norbert Schady, and Toma\u0301s Serebrisky, Emerging from the Pandemic Tunnel with Fast"]
[0.2264755368232727, 20.708560943603516, " Is Increasing or Decreasing? Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2014.\nSaget, Catherine, Adrien Vogt-Schilb, and Trang Luu, Jobs in a Net-Zero Emissions Future in Latin America and the Caribbean, Inter-American Development Bank and International Labour Or"]
[0.209043949842453, 20.693002700805664, "o-emissions public transport. Energy savings in buildings, efficiency gains in industry, and the economic value of recycled materials and treated water complete our estimates.\nRecognizing uncertainty about the future, we evaluate thousands of differe"]
[4.6648268699646, 8.083168983459473, " CORPORATION\nKARLYN D. STANLEY, MICHELLE GRISE\u0301, JAMES M. ANDERSON\nAutonomous Vehicles and the Future of Auto Insurance\n    For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RRA878-1\n  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data i"]
[11.37218189239502, 17.55939292907715, " in law and business, other researchers, and the public. The ICJ is part of the Justice Policy Program within the RAND Social and Economic Well-Being Division. The program focuses on such topics as access to justice, polic- ing, corrections, drug pol"]
[5.344088554382324, 8.14324951171875, "orConsumers................................................................................... FleetInsurancePolicies.............................................................................. PersonalMobilityPolicies.............................."]
[5.277004718780518, 8.120404243469238, "rance Policy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . How Important Is Consumer Acceptance to the Deployment of Autonomous Vehicles?. . . How Might Different Auto Insurance Frameworks Accommodate Technologies for\nAutonomous Vehicles? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[4.92987060546875, 8.044690132141113, "port, we discuss vehicles we\ncall autonomous\u2014those that operate at Level 4 or 5:\n\u2022 At Level 4, or high automation, \u201c[a]n automated driving system (ADS) on the vehicle can itself perform all driving tasks and monitor the driving environment\u2014 essential"]
[5.068629741668701, 8.093957901000977, "assigned to the driver in 94 percent (\u00b12.2%) of the crashes\u201d (NHTSA, 2015, p. 1). In 2016, NHTSA stated that it was working to \u201caddress the human choices that are linked to 94 percent of serious crashes\u201d (NHTSA, 2017). It also stated that it\ncontinue"]
[5.266674041748047, 8.119087219238281, "ing AVs than an analysis that focuses on driver performance would be. To be clear, this is a descriptive prediction of how courts and legal analysts are likely to apply the predominant justifications of tort law to this new technology and not a norma"]
[5.295924186706543, 8.126953125, "ge automobile insurance law to see technology to automate vehicles advance. Currently, insurance is governed by states, and each state sets its own particular requirements and requires rate approval. This makes some sense in the U.S. federal system b"]
[5.338670253753662, 8.14113712310791, "e sig- nificant changes to the existing U.S. automobile insurance system, or is the cur- rent insurance model flexible enough to handle vehicles that incorporate tech- nologies that permit autonomous operation at most or all times? A majority of U.S."]
[5.331835746765137, 8.13637638092041, "i\nxiv Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Auto Insurance\nSeveral experts were proponents of self-insurance by manufacturers. These experts thought that OEMs might purchase insurance companies and have them handle the insurance for their AVs. Accord"]
[5.336151599884033, 8.135988235473633, "ystem of suppliers and, in some cases, make it more difficult to determine which supplier was at fault, insurers anticipated continuing to \u201chandle this like [they] handle suppliers today.\u201d\nIn the future, how might accidents between AVs and convention"]
[5.308818817138672, 8.119315147399902, "king any major overhaul of the existing auto insurance framework. As one Australian expert noted, Australian regulators recognize that what they develop needs to be proportional and scalable over time. Other countries, such as the UK and Japan, are f"]
[5.323005199432373, 8.13184928894043, ".\nWe conclude this report with three recommendations:\n\u2022 Insurers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders should collaborate to develop a framework for collecting and sharing data on AVs. Further research to explore methods for information-sharing betw"]
[5.228789329528809, 8.110823631286621, "merican Trucking Associations, the Association of British Insurers, AXA UK, the Centre for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles, the Consumer Federation of America, Consumer Reports, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, the Insurance Bureau of Canada, IT"]
[5.044182300567627, 8.101480484008789, "ion might be slow, despite the tremendous investments made by OEMs and related companies. Failure to inspire consumer confidence in AV technologies could result in market failure and the loss of the social benefits of these technologies (Anderson, Ka"]
[5.274723052978516, 8.097344398498535, "wever, the introduction of AVs will likely create uncertainty regarding regulation and insurance. The challenge for policymakers is to maximize the benefits associated with AVs while reducing the uncertainty occasioned by their introduction.\nDespite "]
[5.32013463973999, 8.123924255371094, "r automobile insur- ance?\n\u2022 In the future, how might accidents between AVs and conventional vehicles and between AVs and pedestrians be handled?\n\u2022 Will minor accidents and \u201cfender benders\u201d become significantly more costly due to the cost of repairing"]
[5.347529888153076, 8.151962280273438, "ay that allowed for both consistency, based on a set of common questions that all participants were asked to answer, and flexibility, whereby interviews could focus on specific topics based on the particular expertise and perspective of the participa"]
[5.324276924133301, 8.142951011657715, " Canada, and Australia and explain how these models may inform future reforms of the U.S. automobile insurance industry. In Chapter Five, we explore key risks associated with AVs, including software updates, the cost of sensors, cybersecurity, remote"]
[5.259458541870117, 8.132901191711426, "sis is descriptive rather than normative.\n7\n8 Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Auto Insurance\nDeterrence\nA critical justification for the tort system is its role in deterring wrongdoing. Imposing the costs of wrongful actions on the wrongdoer cr"]
[5.265326976776123, 8.133482933044434, " instead of accident in part to emphasize the fact that these incidents are the result of specific decisions and not unavoidable. However, much of the legal literature predates the adoption of this term and uses the term accident. In this report, we "]
[5.253633975982666, 8.12881851196289, "ng party, that party would pay the cheapest cost avoider to take whatever accident reduction methods were cost justified (Coase, 1960). For example, imagine that the most efficient way of reducing manufacturing defects in cars was under the manufactu"]
[5.2555694580078125, 8.1274995803833, " injured party.\nAs was the case with deterrence (and for somewhat similar reasons), we anticipate that the increase of automation will change defendants\u2019 relative moral culpability. It is harder to view the individual driver as morally culpable for a"]
[5.297224044799805, 8.152691841125488, "bly by the fleet operator, the most morally responsible entity may be the manufacturer that designed the vehicle.\nCompensation\nIn this view, tort law exists primarily to compensate the injured. The focus is not so much on deterring misconduct or achi"]
[5.26324462890625, 8.12668514251709, "t an increase in vehi- cle automation will lead to a decrease in individual driver liability and an increase in vehicle manufacturer liability. But Oliver Wendell Holmes famously observed that \u201c[t]he life of the law has not been logic: it has been ex"]
[5.315899848937988, 8.108625411987305, "ficant reasons to anticipate some variation of the existing legal system for some time, for reasons of both claim administration and underwriting.\nThe existing infrastructure for handling crashes is likely to resist change. This is partly due to shee"]
[5.297573089599609, 8.128241539001465, "ary to underwrite efficiently. Even if humans are playing a significant role in the driving function, manufacturers may be able to more easily collect rich data on human driving behavior and the sources of risk than insurers are. Manufacturers, howev"]
[5.280361175537109, 8.119669914245605, " seek subrogation from the manufacturer because automation makes the manufacturer more responsible, as dis- cussed above. In this way, the ultimate liability may be shifted onto the manufacturer despite the continuation of the existing automobile ins"]
[5.308364391326904, 8.128778457641602, "ested at the OEM\u2019s feet.\n 16 Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Auto Insurance\nthese claims. And although one hopes that increased automation will lead to fewer crashes, this transition is likely to be gradual. Insurers have considerable specializ"]
[5.326840400695801, 8.142708778381348, "gated to self-insure up to higher than anticipated retentions, based on the fact that there is no data on which insurers can appropriately price liability policies.\u201d\n16 Thestate-by-stateinsurancesystemdoesposeasignificantburdentonewentrantswantingtoo"]
[5.3151021003723145, 8.135882377624512, "ummarizes U.S. experts\u2019 perceptions of the likelihood of success of future U.S. insurance frameworks. Table 3.2 outlines the experts\u2019 assessments of the\n19\n20 Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Auto Insurance\ncriteria these experts used to assess "]
[15.687666893005371, 16.282535552978516, "id not view the introduction of a national no-fault insurance system for AVs as a realistic possibility. Although national no-fault schemes have been enacted in the context of injuries stemming from both vaccines and nuclear reactors, stakeholders no"]
[15.734960556030273, 16.326435089111328, ". 85-256, as codified at 42 U.S.C. \u00a7 2210).3 The Price\u2013Anderson Act was intended to promote investment in nuclear energy research by imposing statutory constraints on possible catastrophic tort liability in the event of a nuclear accident (Rabin, 199"]
[5.344632625579834, 8.153675079345703, "mehow enacted, the federal bureaucracy was not equipped to administer a complex statutory insurance program. One insurer characterized a national no-fault insurance system as an interesting, but ultimately premature, idea that might make\n4 Under the "]
[5.341921329498291, 8.14890193939209, "ture of Auto Insurance\nsense in a fully autonomous world, noting that \u201cwe are a very long way away from [such a world] today.\u201d\nA State No-Fault Insurance Model for Autonomous Vehicles\nIn the past, state no-fault auto insurance schemes have not lived "]
[5.326478481292725, 8.143701553344727, "ntroduce a no-fault insurance system.\nStakeholders expressed concerns that a state no-fault insurance model would not properly incentivize manufacturers to design and produce safe AVs. It was noted that \u201ccosts make people act better.\u201d According to on"]
[5.313190460205078, 8.11803913116455, "ally quite low. But this is no longer the case in Florida.\n10 See Zuby, undated, pp. 1\u20132 (\u201cSince 1995, IIHS [the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety] has created a rigorous program of crash test ratings that have led to measureable improvements in"]
[5.330094337463379, 8.136285781860352, "better positioned to collect the information necessary to underwrite efficiently. Even if humans are driving, manufacturers may be able to more easily collect rich data on human driving behav- ior and the sources of risk than insurers. Manufacturers,"]
[5.3530073165893555, 8.148345947265625, "hat, under this model, fleet owners should bear responsibility for accidents caused by AVs.13 As we explained in Chapter Two, owners of fleets of AVs may be in\n11 Although many experts predicted that the fleet model would eventually become dominant, "]
[5.374232292175293, 8.135819435119629, " policies yet. They also raised potential ethical issues asso- ciated with personal mobility policies, including that such policies \u201cmake the victim responsible for protecting against [the] negligence\u201d of others\u2014although it could be argued that this "]
[5.32144832611084, 8.134282112121582, "turn, and the pro- fessionals will figure it out,\u201d as one expert told us. Another expert underscored that the existing insurance framework \u201cdoes not need to be blown up and replaced with something new.\u201d Rather, the \u201cexisting structure [of the insuran"]
[5.354447364807129, 8.146008491516113, "us Vehicles in Auto Insurance Claim Scenarios\nWe asked stakeholders about specific types of insurance claim incidents that might occur with AVs and how they would be handled. These incidents were\n\u2022 an AV colliding with a conventional vehicle\n\u2022 an acc"]
[5.347234725952148, 8.14504337310791, "he different business models of AV manufacturers will affect the extent to which subroga- tion remains a common feature of the claims process.15\nA Crash Involving an Autonomous Vehicle and a Pedestrian\nIn response to our questions about how common au"]
[5.350795269012451, 8.148810386657715, "One stakeholder concluded, \u201cThe risks of property damage are the same for AVs and non-AVs.\u201d\nAt the same time, new concerns about property damage are likely to emerge as AVs become more popular. Some stakeholders told us that, in the absence of a huma"]
[5.301974296569824, 8.168591499328613, "UR\nInternational Models for Insuring Autonomous Vehicles\n This chapter provides an overview of recent developments in insurance and the reg- ulation of AVs in the UK, Australia, Canada, and Japan. We selected these coun- tries because compensating th"]
[5.305515766143799, 8.138837814331055, "t]he single insurance policy\u2019s intent is to align the tort process for automated vehicle claims with traditional claims involving conventional vehicles\u201d (IBC, 2018, p. 11). Of particular interest to insurance regulators in the United States is that t"]
[5.349316120147705, 8.144061088562012, "driver which will pay the bulk of the claim\u201d (Butcher and Edmonds, 2018, p. 5). However, unlike in the U.S. insurance structure, in the UK framework, \u201ceven where there is no \u2018fault,\u2019 victims are assured of compensation\u201d (Butcher and Edmonds, 2018, p."]
[5.286036968231201, 8.12106990814209, " However, at Levels 4 and 5, if the vehicle is driving itself at the time and the person in the driver\u2019s seat is not in the fallback position, the person is not responsible for the accident. A UK insurance expert explained,\n[I]n the UK, if you are dr"]
[5.314554214477539, 8.137804985046387, "he insurance industry and the public, NTC will bring the recommendations to the Australian legislature. The focus of NTC\u2019s consultations is changes to MAII to provide for injuries that result from an accident involving an automated vehicle or AV. Eac"]
[5.33418083190918, 8.145730018615723, "compulsory third-party insurance scheme. Australian courts use tests similar to those in the United States in products liability cases.\nAustralia also has the NIIS, which ensures that \u201cpeople who sustain eligible seri- ous or catastrophic, lifetime i"]
[5.335766315460205, 8.143411636352539, "es caused by human error rather than product faults. If MAII schemes were to cover ADS crash inju- ries, significant redesign of MAII schemes may be required to ensure that the cost of ADS crashes is borne by those who can control the risks. These pa"]
[5.315425872802734, 8.138697624206543, "automated technology. The policy \u201cwould ensure that vehicles continue to be prop- erly insured and that people injured in collisions involving automated vehicles are compensated fairly and quickly\u201d (IBC, 2018, p. 11). IBC has noted that, \u201c[u]nlike no"]
[5.359416961669922, 8.164117813110352, "uded, \u201cThese rules are based on years of jurisprudence and how the courts assigned fault in cases.\u201d\nThe insurance expert indicated that, once AV technology was introduced, an injured party would have to prove that the other party caused the accident."]
[5.3220977783203125, 8.14426040649414, " Bill\u201d (IBC, 2018, p. 13). The authors noted that the two other data elements provide relevant information from the vehicle\u2019s dashboard. The Canadian insurance expert we interviewed noted that IBC officials did not think that any of the data elements"]
[5.157770156860352, 8.080394744873047, "o the authors, the expert provided an unofficial but helpful translation of the provisions of the legislation:\nThe \u201cautomatic operation device\u201d is to process the sensor for detecting the operat- ing state and surrounding conditions of the vehicle and"]
[5.322892665863037, 8.131467819213867, "acturer of the AV.\u201d Regard- ing other anticipated changes to the automobile insurance industry, the expert com- mented, \u201cIt is an important duty to modify or introduce a new insurance system, espe- cially for AVs. Insurance could help or become an ob"]
[5.324479103088379, 8.14741325378418, "ance could either help or delay the deployment of AVs, an important point for consideration by regulators and policymakers in the United States.\nTable 4.1 illustrates some of the similarities and differences of the auto insurance frameworks we have d"]
[5.232181072235107, 8.08277416229248, "e of data-sharing between OEMs and insurance companies. Finally, we examined expert perspectives on the importance of consumer acceptance of AVs, in response to our research question.\n 49\n50 Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Auto Insurance\nWill N"]
[5.270242214202881, 8.135993957519531, "uding road markings and signage, and are therefore vital to the operation of the automation. Sensors can be very expensive, costing many thousands of dollars to replace or recalibrate.\nThe expensive nature of AVs\u2019 sensors has important implications f"]
[5.317683219909668, 8.116920471191406, "r technology embedded in them and that, therefore, the overall cost to the industry would probably be about equal to what it is today. For example, one manufacturer interviewee explained that the \u201cdecreased frequency [of collisions] will offset the i"]
[5.320465087890625, 8.11735725402832, "-sophisticated organizations,\u201d such as a fleet operator, which could face a situation in which its fleet is disabled and the operator is required to pay a ransom.\n 54 Autonomous Vehicles and the Future of Auto Insurance\npolicies would increase as net"]
[5.262359142303467, 8.048210144042969, "y negligent in a crash. However, U.S. insurance experts viewed this approach as misguided and unrealistic, noting that it placed too much responsibility on consumers, especially given that \u201cconvenience out- weighs responsibility.\u201d One expert suggeste"]
[5.291641712188721, 8.063338279724121, "clude any information gleaned from a vehicle following any crime where the vehicle can reveal evidence, even the driver\u2019s personal data.\n3 One insurance expert noted in comments to the authors provided April 1, 2020, that the manufacturer could make "]
[5.312755584716797, 8.103093147277832, ". 6). The workshop participant concluded that \u201call stakeholders are thinking about data\u2014and everyone is guarding them\u201d (p. 6).\nAnother workshop participant explained that, \u201cfor the insurance world, data are used to resolve claims\u201d (Anderson, Kalra, S"]
[5.235520839691162, 8.051970481872559, "eport concluded that\nthere was a substantial consensus that information should be shared for the greater good of developing automated vehicles. Respondents willing to share vehicle data expressed an overwhelming desire to help manufacturers and desig"]
[5.1367902755737305, 8.066061973571777, "nitor the status of the vehi- cle and the two-way communication link while the autonomous test vehicle is being operated without a driver;\n(B) A description of how the manufacturer will monitor the communication link; and,\n(C) An explanation of how a"]
[5.308485984802246, 8.122776985168457, " AVs; they are employees of AV manufacturers, or, perhaps, they are independent contrac- tors retained for this specific purpose. If a remote operator is an employee of an AV manufacturer, engaged in work within the scope of employment, the operator "]
[5.020898818969727, 8.09725570678711, "ology can get them from point A to point B, all the resources that have been invested will be wasted. The safe deployment of these vehicles in the public is the best way to show the public that these are safe and reliable ways to get around. This is "]
[5.240799903869629, 8.099666595458984, "n:\nThe level of consumer trust with fully automated self-driving vehicles, or ADS, is currently in a year-over-year decline. In the J.D. Power 2017 U.S. Tech Choice Study,SM consumers displayed more skepticism and a growing level, with more saying th"]
[5.324733734130859, 8.144636154174805, "by manufacturers\n\u2022 fleet insurance policies\n\u2022 adaptation of the existing automobile insurance framework.\nFor illustrative purposes, we compared the five frameworks on the following char- acteristics: (1) the ability to accommodate the cost of new tec"]
[5.305322647094727, 8.09863567352295, "ovid- ers. If manufacturers decide to establish their own auto insurance organization, it is unknown how they might handle these challenges. Consumer acceptance, however, might be enhanced if manufacturers bundled insurance with the sale of AVs, acco"]
[5.335439682006836, 8.146059036254883, "hat the existing insurance framework would be able to adapt to the deployment of AVs (see Table 3.3 in Chapter Three). As one manufacturer interviewee told us, there is \u201cno reason that the current system cannot keep working.\u201d Experts noted the histor"]
[5.33254861831665, 8.13650894165039, "al experts, this would allow OEMs to bundle insurance with the sale of AVs, which might provide the benefit of indicating to consumers that the OEMs considered their vehicles to be safe. One expert thought that bundling of insurance with the price of"]
[5.362079620361328, 8.15672492980957, "future, how might accidents between AVs and conventional vehicles and between AVs and pedestrians be handled? A majority of stakeholders indicated that, for accidents involving AVs and conventional cars, the claims process would not change significan"]
[5.311755180358887, 8.16321849822998, "o victim compensation.1 All of the countries we investigated followed an adaptive approach to incorporating AVs into auto insurance schemes. The experts we consulted indicated that the current framework for auto insurance would be flexible enough to "]
[5.255290985107422, 8.057882308959961, "iven the lack of clarity about AV data-sharing and its importance to the development of AVs, federal regulators are monitoring the issue in the AV industry. If necessary, they could seek to facilitate data-sharing. Meanwhile, U.S. cities and local tr"]
[5.155234336853027, 8.093391418457031, "us international experts following their interviews, as develop- ments occurred in their countries that were relevant to the subject of our study.\nThe United Kingdom\nOn October 16, 2019, the UK Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission jointly publi"]
[5.334590435028076, 8.144136428833008, "ested comments on six options that offered possible avenues for people injured in accidents with AVs to receive compensation. The six options for recovery were originally outlined in the NTC discussion paper published in October 2018 (NTC, 2018) that"]
[5.33425235748291, 8.14418888092041, " caused inju- ries would be complex.\nSuggestions were sought from stakeholders on design elements of the scheme. Option 5: Minimum benchmarks\nThis option creates agreed national benchmarks for the scope and coverage of ADS crash injuries. States and "]
[5.186790943145752, 8.044538497924805, "the short to medium term cover for injuries should be provided by MAII schemes. The approach should be reviewed by MAII schemes when automated vehicles are a statistically sufficient portion of registered vehicles to enable assessment of their safety"]
[5.20393705368042, 8.090378761291504, "g device equipped with the automatic opera- tion device shall be capable of recording the following information.\n\u2013 Time when the operation status of the Automatic operation device\nchanges.\n\u2013 Time when the handover alarm by the automatic operation dev"]
[5.23187780380249, 8.101171493530273, "he provincial insurance regulators, announced that it is studying the current limitations in the insurance laws pertaining to automated vehicles. Studying the current limitations will help the regulators identify future regulatory needs. Currently, C"]
[4.698606014251709, 8.043136596679688, ", 2018. As of July 20, 2020:\nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CF383.html\nAnderson, James M., Nidhi Kalra, Karlyn D. Stanley, Paul Sorensen, Constantine Samaras, and Tobi A. Oluwatola, Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers,"]
[4.741759777069092, 8.045454978942871, "y of Legal Issues Arising from the Deployment of Autonomous and Connected Vehicles,\u201d Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2017, pp. 191\u2013320.\nDreyer, Paul, Therese Jones, Kelly Klima, Jenny Oberholtzer, Aaron Strong, "]
[5.151701927185059, 8.14902400970459, " Canada, Auto Insurance for Automated Vehicles: Preparing for the Future of Mobility, 2018. As of October 1, 2020:\nhttp://www.ibc.ca/on/the-future/automated-vehicles\nInsurance Information Institute, \u201cNo-Fault Insurance Fraud in New York State Is Ramp"]
[4.676882266998291, 8.017065048217773, "n, \u201cAutomated Vehicles for Safety,\u201d undated a. As of February 14, 2020: https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated-vehicles-safety\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cDriver Assistance Technologies,\u201d undated b. As of October 2, 2020: https://www.nhtsa.gov/equipment/dri"]
[4.753281593322754, 8.062336921691895, "cal History of the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Tort Law,\u201d Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3, December 1985, pp. 461\u2013527.\nRabin, Robert L., \u201cSome Thoughts on the Efficacy of a Mass Toxics Administration Compensation Scheme,\u201d Maryland Law"]
[4.735726356506348, 8.106736183166504, "w Commission, Automated Vehicles: Consultation Paper 2 on Passenger Services and Public Transport, Law Commission Consultation Paper 245/Scottish Law Commission Discussion Paper 169, London, October 19, 2019. As of October 1, 2020:\nh t t p s : // w w"]
[5.339585781097412, 8.135150909423828, " Justice,\u201d Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 91, 2003, pp. 695\u2013756.\nZuby, David, Consumer Safety Information Programs at IIHS, Arlington, Va.: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Paper 15-0228, undated. As of November 15, 2020: https://www-esv.nhtsa.d"]
[15.812881469726562, 9.989704132080078, "  CORPORATION\nSARAH B. HUNTER, ADAM SCHERLING\nLos Angeles County Office of Diversion\nand Reentry's Supportive Housing Program\nA Study of Participants\u2019 Housing Stability and New Felony Convictions\nLos Angeles (LA) County is home to the largest jail sy"]
[15.840949058532715, 9.92273235321045, "nclusive.\nTherefore, it is important to understand whether supportive housing is achieving its goals. The LA County program\u2019s goals are to improve housing sta- bility and reduce criminal justice involvement among individuals enrolled into the program"]
[16.017574310302734, 9.988240242004395, "Y are from the Office of Diversion and Reentry (ODR) and represent participants enrolled in ODR\u2019s supportive housing program in LA County between April 2016 and April 2019.\nSTUDY ANALYSIS INDICATES that out of 187 study participants, 169 had stable h"]
[15.986291885375977, 10.015475273132324, "12.5% 22.5% 2.9% 50.5% 58.2% 0.6% 78.1% 39.2%\n2.9%\n     NOTE: Percentages might not sum to 100 because of rounding.\nSix Months\nOf the full group of 187 individuals, 169 people were in a permanent housing situation at six months. One individual had mo"]
[15.78919506072998, 10.235276222229004, "os Angeles County Board of Supervisors, Los Angeles, Calif., July 28, 2015.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cHomeless Initiative Quarterly Report No. 8,\u201d memorandum to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, Los Angeles, Calif., February 8, 2018. As of June 24, 2019: http"]
[13.842987060546875, 4.6580305099487305, "roject leader, Sarah B. Hunter, at Sarah_Hunter@rand.org.\nThe RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout\nthe world safer and more secure, healthier and more pros"]
[7.337005138397217, -4.061929702758789, " SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING\nForensic Familial and\nModerate Stringency\nDNA Searches\nPolicies and Practices in the United States, England, and Wales\nTepring Piquado, Carl F. Matthies, Lucy Strang, James M. Anderson\nPrepared for the National Institu"]
[13.887625694274902, 4.308134078979492, "Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well-Being. The program focuses on such topics as access to justice, policing, corrections, drug policy, and court system reform, as well as other policy concerns pertaining to public safety and criminal"]
[7.331191062927246, -4.056278705596924, ".S. State Laboratory Interviews....................................................................................... 7 Qualitative England and Wales Stakeholder Interviews ...................................................................... 7 3. "]
[7.340793132781982, -4.064147472381592, "Matches............................................................................................................27 Policies and Procedures............................................................................................................."]
[7.337862014770508, -4.056083679199219, "............................................................................................. 46 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................."]
[7.349349021911621, -4.0705180168151855, "esting has been one of the great success stories of law enforcement over the past 30 years. The United States national network of forensic DNA databases has helped law enforcement solve many crimes, often long after the investigative trail has gone c"]
[7.34252405166626, -4.062112808227539, "gency matches suggestive of kinship in\ncertain circumstances.\n viii\nFinally, we conducted qualitative interviews in England and Wales. We conducted semistructured interviews with ten subject matter experts (SMEs) who are academics and practitioners w"]
[7.340841770172119, -4.055586814880371, "ine), while just over a third of responding LDIS laboratories reported no immediate plans to switch from their current evidence profile interpretation method.\nWe were also interested in whether probabilistic genotyping software, CODIS 20 Short Tandem"]
[7.335941314697266, -4.0544514656066895, "pulation, also have the two largest SDIS databanks.3 California has one of the nation\u2019s most proactive DNA sampling regimes, mandating DNA collection from all felony arrestees, regardless of adjudication. DNA database laws in Texas are more restricti"]
[7.350014686584473, -4.070745468139648, "Wales Interviews: History and Context of Familial DNA Testing\nIn England and Wales, the practice of familial DNA searching started without a legislative framework to cover it, and an SME noted that only after the method had been employed on a number "]
[7.343705177307129, -4.065077781677246, "ent policies, both have meaningfully restricted its use to situations where the public safety implications are most acute. The English and Welsh experience provides examples of polities with similar common-law backgrounds successfully but sparingly u"]
[7.3449320793151855, -4.066365718841553, "rate stringency DNA testing practices and policies, conducted interviews with administrators of forensic databases in two states, and conducted interviews with subject matter experts in England and Wales.\nBackground\nLocal, State, and National DNA Tes"]
[7.338663101196289, -4.058386325836182, " or mixtures) from various evidence types (e.g., blood stains, sexual assault kits, \u201ctouch DNA\u201d). As of January 1, 2017, CODIS database searches use 20 core loci (40 alleles) from the evidence and offender samples to determine a match.4 In England an"]
[7.346980094909668, -4.067633628845215, "de polymorphisms (SNPs) to generate DNA profiles from variation in hundreds of known point mutations in the human genome. SNPs are used for ancestry testing, mostly by private laboratories, not by local, state, or national forensic laboratories.\nFami"]
[7.365268707275391, -4.086485862731934, "e the offender DNA databases are disproportionately comprised of people of color,6 and, as a result of this disproportion, increased use of familial DNA testing may disproportionately lead to suspicion of suspects of color. This may, in turn, perpetu"]
[7.322899341583252, -4.045578479766846, "nited States?\n\uf0b7 What is the typical process for familial or moderate stringency searching and partial match reporting in the United States?\n\uf0b7 How often is familial and moderate stringency search practiced in the United States?\n\uf0b7 Can the history and p"]
[7.334257125854492, -4.055272579193115, "n SDIS, is essentially a local DNA database.\n2 United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Laboratories, 2014, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-university Consortium f"]
[7.341793537139893, -4.064516544342041, "eof). We also interviewed SMEs about implementation of the current policy. The topics discussed during the semistructured interviews were\n5 We used a convenience sample of recognized subject matter experts within the National Police Chiefs\u2019 Council. "]
[7.344059467315674, -4.064777851104736, "red on the side\nof caution.4\nCalifornia was the first state to authorize intentional familial searching, and in 2010, the technique led to the identification of the \u201cGrim Sleeper,\u201d a serial killer who murdered several women in south Los Angeles over "]
[7.3486175537109375, -4.069458961486816, "ps it is time for policies to permit familial DNA searching at the national level and for explicit and uniform policies for all SDIS and LDIS laboratories, at least in the most\nserious cases.\nCompared to efforts to expand the scope of DNA databases i"]
[7.35192346572876, -4.069800853729248, "e arisen as to whether it should be applied to less serious offenses. Roman and colleagues investigated the impact of DNA testing on property crimes and found that offenders were five times more likely to be identified and nine times more likely to b"]
[7.368904113769531, -4.088820934295654, "eased just before the change in eligibility went into effect, is not in the DNA database. A report prepared for The Urban Institute estimated a small deterrent effect (2\u20133 percent decrease) for the offenses of robbery and burglary only, but large pro"]
[7.354043483734131, -4.074597358703613, " diminished expectation of privacy as a result of their conviction or arrest. This justification obviously does not apply to offenders\u2019 relatives who may be implicated in familial searches, raising ethical and constitutional concerns over what the se"]
[7.358548641204834, -4.078927040100098, " that this distinction between the accidental discovery of familial matches via moderate stringency searches and deliberate efforts to conduct familial searches is illogical.\nInternational Use of Familial and Moderate Stringency Searches\nForensic DNA"]
[7.309934616088867, -4.028088092803955, "lusions on the effectiveness of the database.34\nSurvey Results\nSDIS Respondent Summary\nWe received responses from nine of the 50 SDIS laboratories. None of the surveys we received were complete. Eight of the ten SDIS surveys returned were filled out "]
[7.3388471603393555, -4.0534491539001465, "010 and 2018 (prorated) for state and national matches. The share of exact matches increased between 2010 and 2018. Both the absolute number and the share of moderate and partial matches decreased in 2018. A lower (and decreasing) rate of return on m"]
[7.339637279510498, -4.058233737945557, " surveyed (and if validation proceeds according to schedule they are now online), while nine responding LDIS laboratories reported no immediate plans to switch from their current evidence profile interpretation method.\n 18\nFigure 3.4. LDIS Laboratori"]
[7.341073989868164, -4.0604658126831055, "ndicated that they also retain forensic profiles, partials, and mixtures ineligible for SDIS and NDIS. The same fraction reported also maintaining elimination/contamination profiles from laboratory and law enforcement personnel; two LDIS labs retain "]
[7.33690881729126, -4.055777072906494, "ene profiles are often partially degraded and/or contain DNA from more than one contributor)\n  22\nFigure 3.9. LDIS Laboratories: Average Number of Forensic SDIS Uploads by Category, 2010 vs. 2018\nOur research team was interested in whether probabilis"]
[7.364754676818848, -4.0801215171813965, "se fortuitous partial matches performed or outsourced Y-STR testing, but only seven of the 16 responding LDIS laboratories that performed outsourced Y-STRs use familial searching (data not shown).\n 24\nFigure 3.11. Number of LDIS Laboratories Using Fo"]
[7.340793609619141, -4.055332183837891, " 995/46,586 = .02;\n(.02 \u2013 .03)/.03 = \u2212.37 or \u221237% change in share of total matches.\nAs a follow-up question, LDIS laboratories were asked to comment on why they could not complete all items in this portion of the survey. Seven of eight responding LDI"]
[7.336883544921875, -4.054800987243652, "ries uploading hundreds of forensic profiles every month, means that California and Texas generate numerous \u201chits\u201d every month (hundreds in the case of California), some portion of which are not exact matches. Thus, these SDIS laboratory administrato"]
[7.341739654541016, -4.0620951652526855, " with the submission of joint written requests from the investigating and prosecuting agencies. The request forms describe the conditions under which the familial search will be conducted and require applicants\u2019 signatures to attest that they underst"]
[7.336400985717773, -4.054501056671143, "st, the DNA technical lead, and three other SDIS laboratory personnel. In California, there are seven people on the FDS committee, including the state CODIS administrator, DNA technical lead, and other SDIS laboratory personnel, but also a Bureau of "]
[7.339261531829834, -4.057745456695557, "secutors understand the significance of the prospective FDS match and the proper ways to go about confirming it. For example, a prospective FDS match is not grounds for conducting a raid on a residence the way an exact database match might be. Texas "]
[7.350519180297852, -4.071146488189697, "work relating to the collection, use, and retention of biometric samples.\nVolume and Purposes of Familial DNA Testing\nAccording to the most recent figures provided by the National DNA Database Strategy Board, a total of 13 familial searches were carr"]
[7.351438522338867, -4.073951244354248, "A Database and meet a number of requirements. First, a regional representative of the National Crime Agency must have seen the request and be willing to provide the resources to support the search. In addition, the law enforcement agency applying wil"]
[7.359290599822998, -4.08120059967041, " hundred years of data on births, deaths, and marriages in England and Wales were gathered and used to produce a bell curve showing the probability of an individual having a child at a particular age, and, based on the predicted age of the offender, "]
[7.350010395050049, -4.071135997772217, "e few investigations rely solely on a list that has not been enhanced through prioritization, there are cases where the genetic similarity between the crime scene sample and a profile in the National DNA Database is so high that investigators do not "]
[7.351461887359619, -4.073126316070557, "ase:\nFor example, if there is a case from the 1980s and we think the person was in his 30s at the time, they are likely to be in their 50s or 60s now. The chances of finding a brother or sister is really quite low because very few people in the datab"]
[7.359694957733154, -4.079230308532715, "usly, the relevant law enforcement agency typically covers the cost of a familial DNA search, although it may seek additional funding from another agency, such as the Home Office, which only rarely provides financial support for such a purpose (Inter"]
[7.352635860443115, -4.07362699508667, "her?\u201d\nSecond, the interviewee expressed the view that the burden of becoming involved in a criminal investigation, even when one is not a suspect, is considerable and must be taken into account. According to Interviewee 1, \u201cAny involvement in a crimi"]
[7.348231315612793, -4.069354057312012, "d Wales are increasingly mixed and identification more complex.\nInterviewee 3 stated that if the process does raise the risk of amplifying racial and geographic biases, it may still be a justifiable course of action; risks must be identified at the e"]
[7.349375247955322, -4.070281505584717, "ll take a scientist who can identify a major profile in these and match it to the [National] DNA Database. I know from an operational point of view, the frustration of getting results we can do nothing with and the frustration of spending a lot of mo"]
[7.355875492095947, -4.07631254196167, " which are kept on file, often on paper, but nobody looks across to make those links. The best we can hope for is speculative searches of the database which can give a list of names, which is often long and difficult to investigate, and it is over to"]
[7.340253829956055, -4.060707092285156, "the state of familial searches and moderate stringency matches. Still, some potentially interesting insights were gleaned from the responses of participating laboratories. Maintaining detailed records on the correlations between evidence type and DNA"]
[7.3487443923950195, -4.068506240844727, "ufficient quality for inclusion in SDIS.8 While we acknowledge that some law enforcement agencies use forensic DNA databases to store or conduct forensic DNA analysis outside of the\n1 \u201cAncestry Surpasses 15 Million Members in Its DNA Network, Powerin"]
[7.361629009246826, -4.082212924957275, "low the example set by Texas and automatically expunge profiles for those who have not been convicted. This would also be in line with the practice in Europe, following the ruling of the European Court of Human Rights,14 which resulted in the removal"]
[7.358172416687012, -4.080379486083984, "have dramatically lowered the cost of achieving a potentially worrisome level of surveillance over mass populations.\nThe use of familial DNA searching raises important privacy and surveillance concerns. Comparing an unknown DNA sample to a database o"]
[7.354844570159912, -4.07639217376709, "o help law enforcement develop leads in investigations that would otherwise go unsolved. However, the acknowledgment of racial disparities and privacy issues in the administration of familial and moderate stringency searches raises concerns about the"]
[7.341528415679932, -4.063183784484863, " implications of those expansions.\nTo date, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming are the only states that have solved cold cases using familial DNA searches. Illinois and Lou"]
[7.340106010437012, -4.061028480529785, " to better appreciate the costs and benefits of this forensic DNA database application. Future research could examine whether such an expansion of the United States DNA databases would be acceptable by society and investigate how many crimes could po"]
[7.355927467346191, -4.076104640960693, "rtable, relatively inexpensive DNA analysis technology may make DNA testing more common. Private-sector DNA laboratories such as Parabon NanoLabs have recently begun using SNPs to identify and investigate leads in cold cases. Already the method has b"]
[7.360907077789307, -4.080898284912109, "omic Approach,\u201d Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 76, 1968, pp. 169\u2013217.\nBhati, A., Quantifying the Specific Deterrent Effects of DNA Databases, Washington, D.C.: Justice Policy Center, The Urban Institute, 2010. As of May 9, 2013: https://www.urban"]
[7.355621337890625, -4.074611186981201, ". As of June 25, 2019: https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory/biometric-analysis/codis\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cFrequently Asked Questions on CODIS and NDIS,\u201d undated. As of June 11, 2019: https://www.fbi.gov/services/laboratory/biometric-analysis/codis/codis-and-ndis"]
[7.356739044189453, -4.077535629272461, " P. Gilld, M. Kaysere, W. R. Mayrf, N. Morlingg, et al., \u201cDNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG): An Update of the Recommendations on the Use of Y-STRs in Forensic Analysis,\u201d International Journal of Legal Medicine, V"]
[7.377029895782471, -4.097189903259277, "gants\u2019 Access to DNA Database Searches to Prove Innocence,\u201d Boston College Law Review, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2019, pp. 709\u2013751.\nMiller, G., \u201cScientists Explain How Familial Testing Nabbed Alleged Serial Killer,\u201d Science Insider, July 12, 2010.\n\u201cMurders Sus"]
[7.348633766174316, -4.067649841308594, "/news/a-not-so-perfect-match/\nScientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods Ad Hoc Committee on Partial Matches, \u201cSWGDAM Recommendations to the FBI Director on the \u2018Interim Plan for the Release of Information in the Event of a Partial Match at NDI"]
[7.353911876678467, -4.067814350128174, " DNA Profiling in Support of Criminal Investigations,\u201d Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2005, pp. 545\u2013558.\n55\n"]
[7.171360492706299, -0.9196847677230835, "          What America\u2019s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2006\u20132016\nGregory Midgette, Steven Davenport, Jonathan P. Caulkins, Beau Kilmer\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR3140\n  Library of Congress Cataloging"]
[7.16873025894165, -0.9179396033287048, "onomic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. This research was conducted in the Social and Behavioral Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well- Being. The program focuses on such topics as risk factors and prevent"]
[7.15283727645874, -0.9333822727203369, ". . . . . . . 41 Estimating Marijuana Users and Use Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Marijuana Expenditures Through 2014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[7.223578929901123, -0.8728376030921936, "ures by User Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.1. Price Per Pure Gram for Each Drug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.2. Average Purity fo"]
[7.231571674346924, -0.8655635118484497, " Expenditure Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.5. Cocaine Expenditures by User Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[7.191924095153809, -0.9027948379516602, "and policies, policymakers need to know what is happening in the markets for these substances: How many people are using them? How much are they using? How much money are they spending? How have these quantities changed over time? This report provide"]
[7.182770729064941, -0.9093548655509949, "in the United States and at the southwest border from 2007 through 2016. Changes in the composition of heroin users, potentially involving increased use among individuals without criminal histories, have increased the uncertainty underlying these est"]
[7.2257843017578125, -0.8718044757843018, "data.\nTable S.1\nChronic Drug Users, 2006\u20132016 (millions)\nDrug\nCocaine\nHeroin\nMarijuana Methamphetamine\nEstimate 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016\nAdjusted 14.2 13.5 14.6 16.2 17.6 17.7 19.2 19.5 22.2 22.1 22.8 Unadjusted 10.5 9.9"]
[7.237302780151367, -0.862869143486023, " Best 384 307 203 160\nLower\u2013 261\u2013 208\u2013 138\u2013 109\u2013 Higher 550 450 297 236\n143 143\n98\u2013 98\u2013 209 209\n153 108\n105\u2013 74\u2013 224 160\n111 108 145\n76\u2013 74\u2013 99\u2013 162 158 213\nHeroin Best 2727303127303342434447\nLower\u2013 13\u2013 14\u2013 15\u2013 15\u2013 14\u2013 15\u2013 16\u2013 19\u2013 16\u2013 18\u2013 18\u2013 Higher "]
[7.191335201263428, -0.9086325764656067, "pe, and a recent wastewater testing report from Australia finds that fentanyl consumption likely doubled outside of capital city jurisdictions from April 2017 to April 2018 (Australian Criminal Intel- ligence Commission, 2018). Although the utility o"]
[7.188594341278076, -0.9046221971511841, ".S. Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) to generate national estimates of the total number of chronic users, total expenditures, and total consumption for four drugs: cocaine (including crack), heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine. This "]
[7.232329368591309, -0.8660870790481567, " issues as the extent to which one can trust arrestees\u2019 self-reports about their spending on illegal drugs and how to extrapolate from arrestees in just a handful of urban areas to the country as a whole, particularly for methamphetamine, whose user "]
[7.253122806549072, -0.8445723652839661, "idered under this definition.1\nTo generate estimates of CDUs, we employ a model combining drug use preva- lence in ADAM with numerous other drug use indicators and building on prior work, including previous efforts to estimate CDUs for ONDCP. The cur"]
[7.251873970031738, -0.8460285067558289, "test positive.\n5. Adjust this total to restrict it to adult male arrest events involving a CDU.\n6. Convert the total of adult male arrest events involving a CDU to the total of\nadult male arrestees who were CDUs (i.e., convert from events to individu"]
[7.256024360656738, -0.8415619730949402, "ult male arrests in each county in the annual UCR \u201cAge, Sex, Race\u201d series. This process gener- ated annual estimates for male arrest events involving an arrestee who is projected to test positive for cocaine, opioids, or methamphetamine.5\nSteps 5\u20138: "]
[7.246288776397705, -0.8510806560516357, "d 2007-13) ab criminally active CDU get arrested according Take arrests per arrestee from F2, assumes to a Poisson distribution. criminally active CDUs who get\nF3 Proportion of adult male\narrested each year\nCalculate for three groups: 4\u201310, 11\u201320, an"]
[7.240356922149658, -0.8567972779273987, "en chronic and less-frequent users. ADAM data indicate daily/near-daily users (21 or more days per month) have strikingly different consumption patterns than those who use weekly or even several times a week. It is the daily/near-daily users in parti"]
[7.228846073150635, -0.8697401285171509, "umber of CDUs, but rather a basic indicator of uncertainty around each year\u2019s estimate.\nResults\nCocaine\nFigure 2.1 presents the best or \u201cpoint\u201d estimates of the number of chronic cocaine users (i.e., those who used on four or more days in the previou"]
[7.230888366699219, -0.8695178031921387, "ms (ICD)-10 code T40.4 \u201cpoisoning by other synthetic narcotics\u201d in the CDC Multiple Cause of Death records. T40.4 includes fentanyl and its analogs. NFLIS = National Forensic Laboratory Information System.\n6 The impact of fentanyl is felt almost enti"]
[7.224104404449463, -0.8742425441741943, "ts were female and 48 per-\nTable 2.3\nChronic Cocaine Users by Frequency (millions)\n    7 Heroin is a semisynthetic opioid. For a simple typology of opioids, see CDC, 2018b.\n14 What America\u2019s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2006\u20132016\nFigure 2.3\nEstimate"]
[7.2264018058776855, -0.8735433220863342, " heroin overdoses and the other measures. It may be that heroin consumption has become increasingly concentrated among a small number of very heavy users who are consuming even more than historical trends would suggest. The differences may be because"]
[7.225497245788574, -0.8735420107841492, "to Figure 2.1, the error band in Figure 2.5 is driven by only one source of uncertainty: the 95-percent confidence interval surrounding the predicted share of adult male arrest events involv- ing a positive drug test for methamphetamine.\nTable 2.5\nCh"]
[7.231896877288818, -0.8662734627723694, "s agreement for 2016. We suggest that the most-defensible position concerning trends in methamphetamine consumption is to acknowledge that the data are insufficient to assume a reduction in users in 2016. Table 2.7 presents the composition of chronic"]
[7.197353363037109, -0.8901863694190979, "nly with inflation.\nAs we will describe further in Chapter Four, prices are not constant over the 2014\u20132016 period. Therefore, our assumption that users\u2019 drug expenditures are flat over 2013\u20132016 requires that the overall market is unit elastic\u2014that,"]
[7.231723308563232, -0.8652402758598328, "trapolate expenditures. In the absence of available data, we retain prior estimates used in the most recent report (Kilmer et al., 2014a), follow the same method using 2011\u20132013 ADAM surveys, then inflate average expenditures using the Consumer Price"]
[7.238088130950928, -0.8587669730186462, "n Expenditures (nominal dollars)\n Year\n2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016\n21 or More Days in Past Month\n1,661 1,684 1,708 1,731 1,754 1,778 1,801 1,825 1,854 1,856 1,880\n11\u201320 Days in Past Month\n    603\n    635\n    666\n    697\n   "]
[7.2206339836120605, -0.8744195103645325, "eport cocaine expenditures by user type from 2006 to 2016. Daily/near-daily users account for a disproportionate share of the reduc- tion in expenditures, decreasing 63 percent over the period versus a 55 percent decrease for the less-frequent user c"]
[7.224818229675293, -0.8715078830718994, "nt) (Figure 3.6 and Table 3.9).\n28 What America\u2019s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2006\u20132016\nFigure 3.3\nHeroin Expenditure Estimates\n    Best Higher Lower\n          Heroin expenditure (billions, 2018 dollars)\n90\n80\n70\n60\n50\n40\n30\n20\n10\n0\n2006 2007\n  200"]
[7.2230072021484375, -0.8745356798171997, "on\n In this chapter, we derive estimates for the pure quantities of cocaine, heroin, and meth- amphetamine consumed. Our approach is a continuation of the method described in the previous edition of this report (Kilmer et al., 2014a) and generally si"]
[7.2101898193359375, -0.8862796425819397, "ding the representativeness of drug enforcement data on the market as a whole. Basing price series for referent purchases on STRIDE makes the strong implicit assumption that prices in the market, which we do not observe, gen- erally are comparable wi"]
[7.222872257232666, -0.8754345178604126, "eroin, methamphet- amine, and cocaine have been reported, we cannot assess the impact of fentanyl on heroin or other drug prices due to data limitations. We discuss this challenge in Chap- ter Six.\nResults\nThis section summarizes consumption in pure "]
[7.2012505531311035, -0.8948580026626587, "ne surveillance data give us serious pause. We can be confident that methamphetamine consumption is increasing, perhaps dramatically, but we cannot make any claim beyond that. As was discussed in Chapter Two, the range depicted by the \u201chigher\u201d and \u201cl"]
[6.919057369232178, -1.13029944896698, "revious versions of this report is no longer the best for estimat- ing consumption and expenditure. We offer a new approach for the latter and do not produce estimates of consumption; however, we offer some ideas for addressing such estimates in Chap"]
[6.867056369781494, -1.1750290393829346, "stently lower according to NSDUH data in comparison with MTF data. As in the previ- ous report (Kilmer et al., 2014a), we assume that the MTF survey can more reliably elicit honest responses from young participants because it is administered in schoo"]
[6.8806538581848145, -1.1629951000213623, "porting. The total number of past-year but not past-month users was fairly stable from 2006 to 2008 but grew steadily through 2016. Trends within other user groups are similar to the infrequent-user trend but more variable; the notable exception is t"]
[6.924770832061768, -1.123801827430725, "nual estimate. Just as we create both an unadjusted and an adjusted series for the numbers of users, we create two estimates for the number of use days (Table 5.2).\nFigure 5.2 shows these totals by year, broken down by user group. There has been a la"]
[6.889819145202637, -1.1569559574127197, " per day, estimated separately for each past-month user group: occasional (1.68), weekly (1.92), more than weekly (1.92), and daily/near-daily users (3.87) (Kilmer et al., 2014b).\n Two longstanding issues with this method have become increasingly wor"]
[6.919849872589111, -1.1289275884628296, "add grams of wax (which can be more than 75 percent THC by weight) to grams of conventional marijuana that are, on average, 20 percent THC by weight, let alone to grams of THC-infused brownies or beverages (which can have a very low THC concentration"]
[6.956176280975342, -1.0971969366073608, "ith implausible reports based on their reported days of marijuana use. Effectively, it uses data from qualified buyers on spending per day of use to impute the spending of respondents whose past-month spending reports were disqualified for being susp"]
[6.9445695877075195, -1.1066290140151978, "idence on the extent of underreporting of spending, so we cannot simply adjust for the underreporting of spending by multiplying by some factor derived from the literature. Instead, we take the trends found with the RASTUD-based model and adjust them"]
[6.939972877502441, -1.1109927892684937, "f use has been stable despite the many changes in mari- juana potency, product variety, and legal status at the state level.\nExtending Marijuana Expenditures Through 2016\nBecause NSDUH did not include the marijuana market module in 2015 or 2016, esti"]
[6.993889331817627, -1.0668718814849854, "for the daily/near-daily user group.\nMarijuana 51\n 52 What America\u2019s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs, 2006\u20132016\nFigure 5.4\nEstimated Marijuana Expenditures\n   Adjusted\n  Unadjusted\n    Marijuana expenditure (billions, 2018 dollars)\n60\n50\n40\n30\n20\n10\n0\n2"]
[6.918796539306641, -1.1314996480941772, ").\nExtrapolating from Washington State\nCaulkins et al. (2019) estimates that Washington state\u2019s 755,000 NSDUH-identified past-month users spent $1.66 billion annually on marijuana over 2015\u20132016.8 Nation-\n8\nUsing consumption estimates from a Washingt"]
[6.913496017456055, -1.1379766464233398, "f products, and increased availability through state and substate policies relaxing restrictions on marijuana access and penalties on possession. Dis- cussions often focus on changes in the motive for consumption (so-called \u201cmedical\u201d marijuana versus"]
[6.905975341796875, -1.1455405950546265, "ions of THC, but there was more of it. Thus, from a grower\u2019s perspec- tive, much of the THC was not being converted into saleable product.\nIn jurisdictions where marijuana businesses are state-legal, it is common to use devices of various sorts to ex"]
[6.9050092697143555, -1.1419113874435425, "ket conditions.\nUsers, Dollars, and Use Days\nBefore proceeding to novel metrics, we note that two traditional measures of market size remain viable: dollar value and number of users. One can add $20 spent on brown- ies to $40 spent on dabs to get $60"]
[6.886453151702881, -1.1571224927902222, "ys per month) are thought to consume two to three times as much per day of use as those using only rarely. Hence, two markets with identical numbers of days of use could differ in esti- mated quantity consumed if a greater proportion of the use days "]
[6.889455795288086, -1.1542222499847412, "d between 1.3 and 1.9 grams per use day, with a best estimate close to 1.6 grams (Kilmer et al., 2013). A similar survey conducted for the Colorado Department of Revenue in 2014 led researchers to conclude that \u201cresults confirm that a preliminary est"]
[6.922269344329834, -1.1296550035476685, "nges in consumption over time in a set of units that is both standardized across years and sensitive to the fact that frequent users tend to use more per day of use.\nTHC\nThe cannabis plant contains scores of cannabinoids, but two (THC and CBD) receiv"]
[7.180571556091309, -0.9166420698165894, " to support THC estimates for the nation or over time. Key data sets, such as STRIDE, never reported marijuana potency the way they reported the purity of cocaine and heroin. Seizure data analyzed by the University of Mississippi did record potency, "]
[7.199809551239014, -0.9018514156341553, " data taken at different times to produce a coherent estimate. That would not be the case for fentanyl post-2013.\nAnother fundamental problem with estimating fentanyl consumption from user surveys is that much of the illicit-market fentanyl appears a"]
[7.19484281539917, -0.9062238931655884, "dulterating. Because heroin users tend to have tolerance to opioids, they may be less likely to die if their heroin is adulterated with fentanyl than if a cocaine user\u2019s cocaine is adulterated with fentanyl.\nYet another challenge is that fentanyl is "]
[7.1943159103393555, -0.9049240350723267, " Then the national estimate of fentanyl consumption is\nTotal fentanyl consumption = \u2211drugs d \u00d7\u2211regions i \u00d7Rdi \u00d7Wdi . This estimate could be improved or extended in the following ways:\n\u2022 summing across types of fentanyls (e.g., folding in carfentanil "]
[7.18350887298584, -0.9182794690132141, "AM program\u2014or some version of it\u2014so we can collect real-time drug market data, including objective (biological) consumption measures for cocaine, heroin, meth- amphetamine, and other drugs. For example, it is possible to detect fentanyl in urine spec"]
[7.0682549476623535, -1.0061134099960327, "z, Lauren Renaud, and Beau Kilmer, \u201cBig Data on a Big New Market: Insights from Washington State\u2019s Legal Marijuana Market,\u201d International Journal of Drug Policy, Vol. 57, July 2018, pp. 86\u201394.\nCaulkins, Jonathan P., Steven Davenport, Anhvinh Doanvo, "]
[7.0519561767578125, -1.0228209495544434, "ry Drug Problems, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2004, pp. 467\u2013540.\nGonyer, Todd E., \u201cFederal Sentencing in a Post-Chapman World: What Is a \u2018Mixture or Substance\u2019 Anyhow?\u201d University of Kansas Law Review, Vol. 46, 1998, pp. 983\u22121011.\nHorowitz, Joel L., \u201cShould the "]
[7.060093879699707, -1.0145810842514038, "ps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR3138.html\nKilmer, Beau, Susan S. Sohler Everingham, Johnathan P. Caulkins, Gregory Midgette, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Peter H. Reuter, Rachel M. Burns, Bing Han, and Russell Lundberg, What America\u2019s Users Spe"]
[7.034780502319336, -1.035224199295044, "Drug Control Policy.\nOregon Liquor Control Commission, 2019 Recreational Marijuana Supply and Demand Legislative Report, Portland, Oreg., January 31, 2019. As of May 20, 2019: https://www.oregon.gov/olcc/marijuana/Documents/Bulletins/2019%20Supply%20"]
[7.106329917907715, -0.9820793867111206, " Prospective Relation of Cannabis Potency, Dosing and Smoking Behaviour with Cannabis Dependence: An Ecological Study,\u201d Addiction, Vol. 109, No. 7, July 2014, pp. 1101\u20131109.\nReferences 75\nSubstance use and drug policy are clearly in the national spot"]
[23.221759796142578, 10.058122634887695, " CORPORATION\nCaseload Standards for\nIndigent Defenders in\nMichigan\nFinal Project Report for the Michigan Indigent Defense Commission\n Nicholas M. Pace, Dulani Woods, Shamena Anwar, Roberto Guevara, Chau Pham, Karin Liu\nFor more information on this pu"]
[23.17041778564453, 9.97400188446045, "al defense attorneys followed, in which the results of the earlier time study were presented to participants as evidence of current time expenditures. Informed by those results, respondents then provided their opinions as to the average amount of tim"]
[23.127090454101562, 9.922895431518555, ".......................3 Approach ...................................................................................................................................................5\nPrior Work in This Area............................................"]
[23.169321060180664, 9.969511032104492, "....48 Survey Design .....................................................................................................................................49 Results ....................................................................................."]
[23.14936637878418, 9.94543170928955, "......................................................................................................................86 Appendix A. Comments from Participants in the Attorney Survey ..............................................88 Appendix B. Commen"]
[23.15536880493164, 9.945775985717773, "pe ................................37 Time Study Participation and Case Distribution: Attorney Location ..........................38 Time Study Case Span ................................................................................................"]
[23.229524612426758, 10.031050682067871, ". Case-Related Duty Hours Calculations........................................................................72 Table 5.2. Recommended Caseload Standards..............................................................................73 Table 5.3. Stat"]
[23.20320701599121, 10.000921249389648, " find him or herself routinely delivering just the minimum effort necessary to avoid ethical sanctions while hoping for a quick plea deal.\nSimilar to previous studies in other states that have also addressed the question of reasonable caseloads, this"]
[23.136838912963867, 9.930344581604004, "lready mentioned. Examples: extraditions, detainers, contempt proceedings.\n  A survey of criminal defense attorneys in the state followed, in which the results of the earlier time study were presented to participants as evidence of current time expen"]
[23.14165687561035, 9.9352445602417, "s involving indigent defense counsel, participation is most likely when the attorney is a high-volume public defender and least likely when the attorney is in private practice. Indeed, the information we collected on 4,816 cases tracked during the re"]
[23.140518188476562, 9.935093879699707, "he time study that had concluded previously, and, with that information as background, respondents would give their recommendations as to the average amount of attorney time required to provide effective assistance of counsel for each case type of in"]
[23.168607711791992, 9.973245620727539, " percent of the estimated 2017 Michigan population. Other regions in the state also have population proportions that are similar to the respondent group (for example, 5.1 percent of Michigan residents live in the Northern Lower Peninsula, 3.0 percent"]
[23.162805557250977, 9.957528114318848, "strative staff, such as clerks, secretaries, or receptionists; investigators; paralegals or legal assistants; interns and externs; research attorneys; interpreters; social workers; mitigation specialists; and any other nonattorney staff members). Ind"]
[23.200590133666992, 9.990102767944336, " and public defenders from every region in Michigan. A one-day, in-person group session with the 29 panelists was held in Lansing on September 13, 2018.\nThough the information we sought to elicit from the expert panel paralleled that of the attorney "]
[23.145902633666992, 9.931736946105957, "about necessary average hours on a paper form we provided. This was done to help the panelists minimize the effects of anchoring bias by first using self-generated anchors (their own assumptions) rather than relying solely on externally provided ones"]
[23.18073272705078, 9.9657564163208, "The median of the expert panel\u2019s responses, rather than the mean, was chosen as the statistic to report the group\u2019s consensus\n4 See Chapter 4.\n xviii\nestimate as to average times. The median has the advantage of not being affected by extreme values t"]
[23.207128524780273, 9.999711036682129, "hours per day. A second involves what might be characterized as absence days, which we have assumed to include two weeks of vacation (ten business days), eight business days of sick leave or other personal leave, and a 12.5-day annual holiday schedul"]
[23.211776733398438, 10.007349967956543, "ons\nOther adult criminal indigent defense trial court\u2013level matter\nDelphi Panel Median Recommended Minimum Hours\nMaximum Caseload Standard\n   120 15 80 23 50 37 40 46 25 74\n8 232\n7 265 3.5 530 3 619\n  It is important to note that these recommended ca"]
[23.23212242126465, 10.028693199157715, "ghts for types A and B would be 200 and 20, respectively (essentially just the average hours for each of the two types), while the relative case weights for the two categories would be 4.0 (200 hours for type A cases divided by the 50-hour average fo"]
[23.20038604736328, 9.9947509765625, "s than full time to handling adult criminal matters? As Table S.4 suggested, attorneys who participated in the survey varied greatly as to the amount of time they typically spent each week representing adult defendants. Let us assume that the solo pr"]
[23.212568283081055, 10.043783187866211, "ing the newspaper.\u201d\n xxiii\nconclusions.8 To the extent that indigent defender caseloads in this state are indeed excessive, such problems cannot be made to disappear simply through the adoption of maximum caseload standards. Far better information ab"]
[23.21294403076172, 10.043378829956055, ".991(2)(b).\n xxiv\nAcknowledgments\nWe would like to express our appreciation to those indigent defense attorneys across Michigan who volunteered to participate in a time study designed to track their case-related activities. We are well aware of the s"]
[23.249897003173828, 10.013396263122559, ") for assistance in determining maximum caseload standards for providers of indigent legal representation to adult defendants in the trial-level courts of the state of Michigan. A \u201cmaximum caseload standard,\u201d typically expressed in terms of the numbe"]
[23.218280792236328, 10.046627044677734, "vered. A more functional set of principles can be found in the MIDC\u2019s first four standards for indigent defense delivery systems, covering such areas as the training and education of indigent defense attorneys, the initial client interview, the use o"]
[23.221210479736328, 10.041129112243652, "f the conference participants formed the basis for the recommended maximum caseload standards subsequently described in this report.\nIt should be emphasized that RAND\u2019s ultimate task in this work was to deliver the final results of the September 2018"]
[23.22111701965332, 10.033586502075195, "d to over the course of a year, assuming that the attorney in question represented only cases of that\n3\none type (calculating recommended maximum caseloads in instances where the attorney handles more than one type of case is accomplished through the"]
[23.220394134521484, 10.035859107971191, "ty when applied to attorneys in a particular region of the state due to unpredictable variations in weather and road conditions in that area or chronic shortages in support staff availability. No single set of caseload standards can account for such "]
[23.22589683532715, 10.045548439025879, " attorney per year: not more than 150; misdemeanors (excluding traffic) per attorney per year: not more than 400; juvenile court cases per attorney per year: not more than 200; Mental Health Act cases per attorney per year: not more than 200; and app"]
[23.243396759033203, 10.071208953857422, "sing out of the work of the NAC court task force, can be found in National Legal Aid and Defender Association, undated.\n21 See, e.g., ABA, 2002 (\u201cNational caseload standards should in no event be exceeded,\u201d citing the numbers in NAC Standard 13.12); "]
[23.18206214904785, 9.97325325012207, "cts usually involved first determining the average amount of hours being spent by indigent defenders on different types of cases using special time studies, fielding a survey in which indigent defenders within the jurisdiction being examined review t"]
[23.23936653137207, 10.03612232208252, "of the NCSC approach has been employed by the ABA\u2019s Standing Committee on Legal Aid and Indigent Defendants (ABA-SCLAID) in a cluster of studies conducted over the past five years. These studies also utilize what might be characterized as a task-base"]
[23.21278190612793, 10.016303062438965, "45 \u201censure the effective representation of counsel,\u201d46 \u201cperform the duty effectively,\u201d47 complete the task \u201cwith reasonable effectiveness,\u201d48 \u201cprovide reasonably effective\n31 RubinBrown and ABA-SCLAID, 2017.\n32 Postlethwaite & Netterville and ABA-SCL"]
[23.188980102539062, 9.981390953063965, "defenders\u201d at start, 23 attorneys in final session\nExpert Decisions or Adjustments\n(1) Time needed to complete each task in a case within each case type; (2) percentage of cases within each case type in which each task should take place\n(1) Time need"]
[23.17881965637207, 9.989287376403809, "ask across all cases\nAverage amount of time that should be spent on cases within each case type\nWhether or not additional time was needed for performing each task within each case type\nExpert Panels\nFocus group: \u201cA select group of seasoned\u201d public de"]
[23.155662536621094, 9.950963020324707, "ns.\nWhen more time spent on a task within a case type was believed to be necessary, (1) revised time needed to complete task; (2) revised percentage of cases within case type in which task should take place\n            Virginia\nNCSC (2010)\nStatewide "]
[23.134721755981445, 9.934075355529785, "load standards setting can be quickly and inexpensively extracted from the provider\u2019s case management system (CMS). The only practical alternative when timekeeping is not routine is to conduct a costly and often disruptive special time study in which"]
[23.125471115112305, 9.931386947631836, "s. But such an approach requires that the individual providing the estimates or adjustments can recall individual events in cases of a particular type with a sufficient degree of accuracy. There is also a greater burden on participants if they are as"]
[23.1274471282959, 9.92180347442627, "task-based approach asks the participant to estimate the average time needed to complete each task (a companion question often included asks the participant to estimate the percentage of cases in which the task should be performed). Task-based studie"]
[23.212646484375, 10.030733108520508, " noted that regardless of whether a second set of experts is utilized, the standards that arise out of this development process are typically characterized as \u201crecommended,\u201d \u201cinterim,\u201d or \u201cprovisional.\u201d It is not until some sort of policymaking body "]
[23.183048248291016, 9.994412422180176, "fender offices (just eight of Michigan\u2019s 83 counties have a public defender).\nNext was the manner in which services for indigent representations are arranged. Michigan has historically been a state where indigent defense is the responsibility of indi"]
[23.131776809692383, 9.930928230285645, " counsel. The JIS CMS does have a field for that purpose, but reportedly many of the Michigan trial courts with this system in place are not utilizing it. Most courts, but not all, send extracts of the information they collect to the Judicial\n55 See,"]
[23.16335105895996, 9.955255508422852, "as the one we were considering) or other quantitative data collection focusing on indigent defenders operating in Michigan trial-level courts had been performed. The 2008 NLADA report (Evaluation of Trial- Level Indigent Defense Systems in Michigan) "]
[23.184654235839844, 9.980003356933594, "aling with large numbers of private law firms. Based on these considerations, we felt that we would maximize the number of participants who consistently kept time throughout the entire study period if the project asked for no more than two months of "]
[23.134923934936523, 9.930523872375488, " those tasks. In addition, we know from our prior work with indigent defense timekeeping that many attorneys routinely submit their time entries based on nothing more than what they recall from memory as to what they did the day or even weeks before."]
[23.134281158447266, 9.928893089294434, "tiate with a prosecutor all within the same hour. A task-based approach certainly has merit, but we felt that it would be most effectively employed when detailed timekeeping had become a routine business practice for indigent defenders and highly rel"]
[23.19712257385254, 10.010770797729492, " before being formally presented with the data collection results. Armed with both their original estimates and with the data collection results they subsequently received, the experts then entered into the consensus phase of the work with as much re"]
[23.189634323120117, 9.98326587677002, "ifications Used in the Standards Development Explanation\n  Case Type\nMurder or manslaughter CSC\nOther class A offenses Other high-severity felonies\nLow-severity felonies and \u201ctwo-year\u201d high court misdemeanors\n\u201cOne-year\u201d misdemeanors (potential senten"]
[23.231847763061523, 10.05864143371582, "defense systems across the state as part of other work the commission was conducting at the time.\n25\nAs indicated previously, a time study of indigent defense attorneys was followed by an attorney survey (additional information about the time study a"]
[23.171527862548828, 9.971831321716309, "ts, no longer practicing law, or no longer receiving mail at those addresses.\nInvitations for the time study went out to 1,979 attorney email addresses. We learned from the fielding of those invitations and subsequent follow-up communications that 44"]
[23.167394638061523, 9.961836814880371, "ly when the attorneys who handle the bulk of the indigent caseload in the county or the court have conflicts, either ethical in nature or in regard to scheduling. Public defenders and contract counsel program attorneys are likely to have a relatively"]
[23.161890029907227, 9.956765174865723, " that we had fewer relatively younger defenders participating than we might have with a different data collection period because these attorneys are more likely to take their families on vacation at this time than older (and possibly more experienced"]
[23.150623321533203, 9.945301055908203, ". As originally designed, defenderData Prime is a very powerful case manager platform for defender organizations, with, for example, extensive capabilities for scheduling upcoming appearances, processing vouchers, note taking, and report production. "]
[23.131196975708008, 9.92531967163086, "ving a reservoir of existing cases in the system would have been a significant time saver for participants, especially during the early weeks of the time study. Unfortunately, there are about 134 separate indigent defense systems in the state, each o"]
[23.115589141845703, 9.907772064208984, "eived through independent\ninvestigation, including public data, treatment, criminal history,\nadoption, and HHS or CPS.\n\u2022 Drafting discovery and independent investigation requests and memos\nof review of information received.\n\u2022 Other active independent"]
[23.166929244995117, 9.965112686157227, "e MIDC\u2019s staff reach out to the known contacts for each of the indigent defense systems in the state to announce the launch of the caseload standards data collection efforts and request that attorneys operating within those systems be encouraged to p"]
[23.160015106201172, 9.954265594482422, " available in public defender offices (and, to some degree, in relatively larger private law firms), and such encouragement signals that management considers participation to be a legitimate part of one\u2019s job. Attorneys working in assigned counsel or"]
[23.141250610351562, 9.931357383728027, "n the next chapter, public defenders report that they handle significantly more indigent defense cases annually than private counsel). We are not aware of any other contemporary effort to track indigent defender time expenditures in multiple location"]
[23.138654708862305, 9.927032470703125, " and time frame of this study, such information was not available to us.\nAnother option would be to utilize imputation methods that closely compare the cases reported on during the time study with the far larger population of indigent defense cases i"]
[23.16744613647461, 9.955667495727539, "state.\nWe used scenario 1 and 2 cases to calculate median days from appointment to disposition for cases that remained open past different time periods. In addition to calculating median days to disposition for all scenario 1 and 2 cases, we calculat"]
[23.101085662841797, 9.88979721069336, "h it was active within the time study data collection period (i.e., the number of days that a participating attorney would be able to enter time information), and (2) \u201ctotal open days,\u201d which was either the actual number of days the case was active o"]
[23.181926727294922, 9.97339153289795, "he world of Michigan indigent defense might be changing and for updating whatever standards are adopted at this time.\nWe then calculated mean and median hours for each of the nine study case types, using a mild form of Winsorization to address outlie"]
[23.155071258544922, 9.945085525512695, "reached an agreement with the office wherein RAND would be provided with an extract of its CMS data conforming to our needs, and, in exchange, the office\u2019s employees would not have to participate in the time study, primarily to avoid asking attorneys"]
[23.154653549194336, 9.944670677185059, " elsewhere (Table 2.9).\nTable 2.8. Estimated Attorney Time Expenditures for Misdemeanor Cases\n   Program\nNorth Carolina public defenders Missouri public defenders Michigan\nMichigan\nBrooklyn Legal Aid Society & Brooklyn Defender Services\nNew York (fiv"]
[23.153690338134766, 9.947193145751953, "ices primarily serves a single location, while the members of the private bar might have cases spread across multiple counties.\nTable 2.10. Percentage of Recorded Case-Related Time Spent, by Activity\n    Activity Type\nClient communication\nDiscovery r"]
[23.155122756958008, 9.950780868530273, "cated in the Upper Peninsula and the Northern Lower Peninsula, and to a random selection of 322 other attorneys in the roster who were not identified as public defenders. The decision to make a special effort to reach out to members of the indigent d"]
[23.136802673339844, 9.931800842285156, "for comparison purposes. The survey concluded with a free-text field that asked the respondent to provide any comments related to caseloads, indigent defense issues in Michigan, or ways in which attorney resources affect the delivery of an adequate a"]
[23.168006896972656, 9.974108695983887, "\u2014Detroit metro Southeast\u2014other Southeast Southwest\nUpper Peninsula\nWestern NOTE: N = 323.\nActivities\n  A 45-hour workweek is common among survey participants, though 10 percent reported that they typically work 60 or more hours each week (Table 3.3)."]
[23.177295684814453, 9.974000930786133, "dants (essentially functioning as \u201cprivate public defenders,\u201d presumably as a result of high volume contracts with local indigent defense systems), and (3) private attorneys for whom indigent defendants take up a relatively smaller part of their time"]
[23.206979751586914, 10.004364967346191, "d retained) Appointed cases (all types)\nRetained cases (all types)\nNon\u2013case-related time\nPD Other\u2013Heavy\nOther\u2013Light\n    70.3 66.1 20.7 70.9 76.3 38.6\n77.9 80.8 50.7 81.1 74.4 35.7 2.3 18.1 54.2 16.6 7.5 10.1\n    NOTE: N = 48 for public defenders, 90 "]
[23.225568771362305, 10.024785041809082, "ght\u201d of an NAC misdemeanor is 0.375 relative to an NAC felony, using a 150-to-400 ratio, the 128 misdemeanors would count as an extra 48 felonies on top of the 179 average felonies for Michigan public defenders). The average counts for the other two "]
[23.20482635498047, 9.998666763305664, "day misdemeanors\nProbation violations\nOther adult criminal indigent defense trial court\u2013level matter\nTotal\nPD Other\u2013Heavy Other\u2013Light All Attorneys\n4 5 2 3 20 10 10 10 20 15 12 15\n100 35 30 40 200 50 44 75\n200 75 50 75 200 200 50 100 150 50 25 61\n10 "]
[23.16464614868164, 9.959388732910156, "eys are much more likely than others to perform their responsibilities without the aid of any support staff whatsoever (administrative staff, such as clerks, secretaries, or receptionists; investigators; paralegals or legal assistants; interns and ex"]
[23.169498443603516, 9.95971965789795, " markedly in its needs, complexities, and challenges.\u201d The recommended average should be \u201cthe average of all cases of that type taken together, including those that are pled out at an early stage with only modest time expenditures, those that require"]
[23.181848526000977, 9.973531723022461, "9.2 65.6 86.4 85.3 78.2\n          NOTE: Depending on the case type category, Ns for all attorneys range from 103 to 170, 22 to defenders, 27 to 53 for Other\u2013Heavy attorneys, and 54 to 93 for Other\u2013Light attorneys.\nAll Attorneys\n44.7 31.9 50.4 42.5 45"]
[15.224623680114746, 1.9236541986465454, "enting a client in one of the study case types), the approach was quite different. We employed the Delphi Method, a feedback consensus method first developed by RAND in the aftermath of World War II as a way to systematically coalesce expert opinions"]
[23.184497833251953, 9.99635124206543, "ttend in person, so we set up a speakerphone for audio participation, and an Adobe Connect web meeting so that the panelist could see what was displayed at the session, and our Delphi tool was hosted on a website that could be accessed from anywhere."]
[23.14435386657715, 10.12411117553711, "-Law, Law Offices of Walton & Scally, PC, Utica (Macomb County)\nMelissa K. Wangler, Attorney-at-Law, The Law Office of Melissa K. Wangler, PLLC, West Branch (Ogemaw County)\nChristopher B. Wickman, Attorney-at-Law, Nichols Law Firm, Lansing (Ingham Co"]
[23.17401885986328, 9.959095001220703, "eir assumptions about the amount of time now spent on average for different case types and their own recommendations about necessary average hours on a paper form we provided. This was done to help the panelists minimize the effects of anchoring bias"]
[23.130077362060547, 9.913261413574219, "by the mean).\nWhen the panelists had responded to all of the questions, we projected a similar graphic and statistical summary of their responses on to a screen in the meeting room. The summaries were\n78 Zipfinger, 2007.\n  66\nupdated periodically as "]
[23.185548782348633, 9.972676277160645, "d deviation of 4.98 (rounded). The CoV is the standard deviation divided by the mean of the original distribution of numbers, or, in other words, 4.98 divided by 11 (0.45, rounded).\n80 See Gracht, 2012, and Kalaian and Kasmin, 2012.\n67\n As indicated "]
[23.17917823791504, 9.97106647491455, "pically required an attorney to fully investigate the behavior of the alleged victim, while the 4th-degree cases often lacked that particularly difficult aspect. There appeared to be general consensus that the CSC category was overbroad, so the follo"]
[23.172182083129883, 9.96318531036377, "es was that such matters, as is true for all CSC cases, require\n81 It should be kept in mind that though the panelists were providing their estimates of average (mean) attorney hours, each value entered into the Delphi application was simply a number"]
[23.201801300048828, 9.994097709655762, "dard that has helped make the 40-hour workweek part of the ideal conception of the American way of life.82 But attorneys are likely to be classified as salaried professionals under FLSA and, as such, would receive no additional compensation for time "]
[23.21526336669922, 10.007904052734375, "days per year\nDuty days per year\nWork hours per day\nTotal duty hours per year\nAverage reported non\u2013case-related percentage of workweek Non\u2013case-related duty hours\nANNUAL CASE-RELATED DUTY HOURS\nCalculating the Recommended Standards\n365.25 A 7 B 52.2 "]
[23.18581771850586, 9.995862007141113, "he input we received from attorneys in all three data collection efforts, we attempted to have the participants step out of their current roles as indigent defenders (if indeed that was what they were primarily doing at the time) and think more broad"]
[23.257902145385742, 10.060699462890625, "n a year. As suggested by the calculations above, the two values\u2014average time needed (often referred to as a case weight) and a maximum annual caseload\u2014are related to each other mathematically by whatever estimate is used for annual case-related duty"]
[23.24831199645996, 10.050111770629883, "seload and to do so with enough time to deliver effective defenses. To calculate the equivalent of an annual maximum caseload in such instances, we divided those absolute case weights into 1,855.8 hours or\n111,348 minutes, depending on how they were "]
[23.24188804626465, 10.044733047485352, "orado Maryland Colorado Texas\nVirginia Washington Texas\nNAC, 1973 Colorado North Carolina New Mexico Colorado Virginia\nCase Type Measure\nEffective Annual Maximum\n    Felony 2\nFelonies,upto10yearsimprisonment Caseweight(28.3hrs.) 66\nStandard 64\n  Felo"]
[23.25656509399414, 10.056563377380371, "n.) 453 Case weight (225 min.) 495 Case weight (217 min.) 513\nCase weight (191 min.) 583 Standard 672 Case weight (147 min.) 757 Case weight (137 min.) 813\n                           Case weight (93 min.)\n1,197\n 78\nJurisdiction\nRhode Island Idaho Mar"]
[23.24955177307129, 10.040621757507324, "20, respectively (essentially just the average hours for each of the two types), while the relative case weights for the two categories would be 4.0 (200 hours for type A cases divided by the 50-hour average for all cases) and 0.4 (20 hours for type "]
[23.212121963500977, 10.000425338745117, "B, C, D) felonies (655.8 \u00f7 40-hour case weight), or three murder or manslaughter cases and\n80\nseven CSC cases ([3 \u00d7 120-hour case weight] + [7 \u00d7 40-hour case weight] = 640 expected hours).\nWhat about a situation where an attorney devotes less than fu"]
[23.259546279907227, 10.005352020263672, "pical\u201d indigent defense case in Michigan.98 Thus, a one-year misdemeanor has a relative\n98 There is some evidence from both the time study and the attorney survey that at least for the participants in these two data collection exercises, 93-day misde"]
[23.216636657714844, 10.008468627929688, "t say with certainty how many are currently handling a number and mix of cases that would exceed the recommended annual maximums. We\n82\nstrongly urge the MIDC, local indigent defense systems across the state, and the Michigan trial courts to work tog"]
[23.204490661621094, 10.003528594970703, "ge is that, based on what we learned in the survey, Michigan attorneys do not always limit their criminal law activities to just the nine categories of cases chosen for the caseload standards development effort. Indeed, with the exception of public d"]
[23.22389793395996, 10.01952075958252, " exceeds the recommended threshold.\nAs is true for any voluntary survey, however, not all participants answered all questions. Some, for example, provided information sufficient to calculate the percentage of all case-related time devoted to indigent"]
[23.24751853942871, 10.049651145935059, "ast double the maximum.\nTable 5.7. Weighted and Proportionally Adjusted Caseloads of Attorney Survey Respondents Percentage of Reporting Attorneys\n      Level\nDoes not exceed standard Up to 24% over standard 25% to 49% over standard 50% to 74% over s"]
[23.207698822021484, 10.028071403503418, "nt defender caseloads, at both the local system level and the individual attorney level, will be needed going forward to make sure that the standards continue to accurately reflect the evolving challenges and the unique local legal cultures facing de"]
[23.094385147094727, 9.881937980651855, "from Participants in the Attorney Survey\nThe comments below were submitted by defenders responding to the attorney survey. The submissions, in alphabetical order, have been lightly edited for clarity and to avoid providing individually identifiable i"]
[23.101226806640625, 9.888480186462402, " in other counties, an appointed attorney is often required to be in more than one place at one time and judges should be understanding about that situation and/or not create such\n         88\n conflicts to begin with (as far as practicable); some jud"]
[23.080162048339844, 9.871285438537598, "lines, and impeachment issues. Furthermore, Westlaw & Lexis allow for running background checks on potential witnesses which allows for the defense attorney to obtain impeachable information in order to do their jobs effectively. Note the prosecutor "]
[23.078838348388672, 9.867037773132324, "rsonal protection orders). It also allows defense counsel access to the other public records and PPOs of potential witnesses or alleged victims\u2014that may undercut their credibility and be used to impeach them (or to engage in additional investigation)"]
[23.1002197265625, 9.887598991394043, "ed to testify to impeach a witness. A defense attorney cannot conduct the investigation and later be a both a witness and defense attorney; the ethics rules don\u2019t allow it.\nPARALEGALS & INTERNS. They could be used to streamline costs if properly trai"]
[23.109844207763672, 9.897357940673828, "ed by time; the time taken should be whatever is necessary to properly and thoroughly defend any client.\n11. Every case is different, of course; e.g., in the CSC 4th case I am handling now, the assistant prosecutor was able to leverage a plea out of "]
[23.082706451416016, 9.870088577270508, "for child support.\n             92\n Our office has anywhere from 25\u201370 interns depending on the term. None of the interns are full-time. Many are not even half time, coming in only 1\u20132 days a week. Our office has one full-time support person. The rem"]
[23.098543167114258, 9.885905265808105, "ttorneys to research and print as well as other attorneys who work and can assist, that would be helpful.\n31. In our office, all felony matters are handled by rotating judges in one central location. As a result, multiple attorneys may have worked on"]
[23.105323791503906, 9.893143653869629, "how many jail visits are compensated make it difficult to represent some clients when they do not comprehend the ramifications or impact to their life. Also the time necessary for forensic evaluations delays the ability to adequately communicate to c"]
[23.07788848876953, 9.86522102355957, "s a day, by the time you add it all up, YOU ARE WORKING. When smart-minded attorneys bill for a retained case, they charge by the hour for wait time.\nWhy are we broke? Hidden reasons. We run up miles on our car shockingly fast, and thus have to repla"]
[23.118282318115234, 9.906477928161621, "rance.\n46. Murder cases require an extensive amount of preparation to appropriately provide effective and zealous counsel representation. At a minimum, counsel should allocate 350 hours to appropriate legal and factual investigation, in addition to p"]
[23.1051082611084, 9.892522811889648, "n sharing statewide for special issues.\n52. Not enough money for investigators, research, or other things that the state get but as defense attorneys we don\u2019t.\n53. Our lack of funding inhibits our access to experts and investigators. Adding arraignme"]
[23.103960037231445, 9.890961647033691, "er form it comes in such as staff, equipment, etc.\n63. The biggest problem is that there is not adequate compensation for attorneys accepting court appointments. The pay should be hourly, at least $150.00 per hour and travel time and research should "]
[23.092941284179688, 9.880516052246094, "her than the public hallway outside the courtroom.\n71. This time study should be modified into two separate categories. 1. Those offices that do not have vertical representation at the time of the study and; 2. those offices that do have vertical rep"]
[23.073862075805664, 9.861723899841309, "ke in simply attempting to keep in touch with their clients. While I recognize that there are finite resources related to all publicly funded projects, including the delivery of indigent defense, the issue in developing caseload projections should re"]
[23.108808517456055, 9.895588874816895, "cket, and I think you guys know about it. You must because the data exists. Why can\u2019t this be talked about publicly?\n78. We are given no resources or money for experts or additional testing. Our time is sucked away sitting in a judge\u2019s courtroom aski"]
[23.139751434326172, 9.928495407104492, "gard to that case type). We have edited the original comments for clarity and dropped some that appear to only have been notes intended for the sole use of the submitter.\nMurder or Manslaughter\n\u2022 I expect a great deal of discovery in these cases, as "]
[23.135149002075195, 9.925567626953125, "t development.\n\u2022 Will always conduct prelim, investigation, lots of discovery, and even if it is \u201cjust a CSC\n4,\u201d there are still lifelong consequences.\n\u2022 Need to deal with experts and tons of story development.\n\u2022 Even within CSC 1, a child vs. adult "]
[23.147581100463867, 9.937797546386719, "ime is meeting with client; typically less is for discovery.\n\u2022 Usually not that complicated.\n\u2022 Less discovery for most cases, easier to negotiate.\n\u2022 Based on talking to client, investigation.\n\u2022 Probably less intense discovery, client will most likely"]
[23.217693328857422, 10.070962905883789, "egal_aid_indigent_defendants/ ls_sclaid_def_train_eight_guidelines.authcheckdam.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Ten Principles of a Public Defense Delivery System, February 2002. As of September 8, 2018:\nhttps://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_aid_"]
[23.208585739135742, 10.110694885253906, "ange, Vol. 79, No. 8, October 2012, pp. 1525\u20131536.\nHall, Daniel J., A Workload Assessment Study for the New Mexico Trial Court Judiciary, New Mexico District Attorneys\u2019 Offices, and the New Mexico Public Defender Department: Final Report, Denver, Col"]
[23.207448959350586, 10.125229835510254, "54zfszmcj4flssj3ni5vgk))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&o bjectName=mcl-780-991\nMichigan State Bar, \u201cThe Eleven Principles of a Public Defense Delivery System,\u201d 2002. As of September 9, 2018:\nhttp://sbmblog.typepad.com/files/11_priniciples2.pdf\n108\nMichig"]
[23.21881675720215, 10.060972213745117, "w, John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Mikhail Zaydman, and Brian A. Jackson, Visions of Law Enforcement Technology in the Period 2024\u20132034: Report of the Law Enforcement Futuring Workshop, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR- 908-NIJ, 2015. As o"]
[13.093390464782715, 0.7429909706115723, "Law Enforcement Efforts to Fight the Opioid Crisis\nConvening Police Leaders, Multidisciplinary Partners,\nand Researchers to Identify Promising Practices and to\nInform a Research Agenda\nSean E. Goodison, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Jeremy D. Barnum, Dulani"]
[13.0999116897583, 0.7433027029037476, "reatment promo- tion opportunities.\n\u2022 Provide same-day, low-barrier access to treatment with a medication-first model of care.\n\u2022 Provide syringe services to reduce associated harms and create treatment intervention opportunities.\n\u2022 Use syndromic surv"]
[13.08466625213623, 0.727842390537262, "aw enforcement officers experience additional physical dangers, mental trauma, and stressors. Needs related to officers\u2019 mental health were seen as pressing, and participants gave high priority to strategies such as providing mental health interventi"]
[13.06406021118164, 0.7197152376174927, "elated over- dose deaths in 2010. The deadliest wave of the epidemic began in 2013, with the introduction of synthetic opioids into the illicit drug supply. Today, synthetic opioids\u2014primarily fentanyl and its analogs\u2014remain the primary driver of drug"]
[13.048844337463379, 0.6921315789222717, "ech given by then\u2013Attorney General Jeff Sessions), the science of addiction and treatment, law enforcement\u2013led efforts to combat opioids, key areas of cooperation among governmental and community stakeholders, law enforcement safety and wellness, and"]
[13.044955253601074, 0.6900023221969604, "riety of recommendations to address opioid use, addiction, and its consequences (White- house.gov, undated; Christie et al., 2017). The report acknowl-\nedges that effective solutions to a crisis of this scope and scale will require significant invest"]
[13.065272331237793, 0.7192116379737854, "ces, the amount of dopamine in the body is naturally regulated by another chemical, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). However, opioids bind to the part of the nerve that reduces GABA release, resulting in a prolonged release\nof dopamine. Opioids are re"]
[13.080904960632324, 0.7556862831115723, " opioid use interferes with the brain\u2019s reward system by impairing an individual\u2019s ability to experience pleasure. This compounds compulsive opioid use as individuals seek to both re-achieve the rewarding effects of drug use and relieve withdrawal sy"]
[13.082351684570312, 0.7207967042922974, "ses to the crisis. The topics of interest were identified based on literature review and discussions among RAND, PERF, and NIJ experts. Each panel included a set of prepared presentations on different facets of the topic, followed by moderated discus"]
[13.068819999694824, 0.7328217625617981, "icers can rapidly administer naloxone, especially in rural jurisdictions where emergency medical services might not be as readily available (Davis et\nal., 2014; Davis et al., 2015). Equipping law enforcement with naloxone can be especially important "]
[13.071577072143555, 0.7439293265342712, "ner et al., 2016). Fewer studies have examined the efficacy of law enforcement serving as an entry point to treatment. One nonrandomized controlled evaluation of a LEAD program in Seattle, Wash- ington, found favorable outcomes with regard to recidiv"]
[13.052104949951172, 0.768174946308136, " Drug Trafficking Areas (HIDTA) program. The goal of the initiative is to address the basic causes of drug use, rooted in positive childhood development and family influ- ences on decisionmaking. Richards noted that West Virginia has been hit especia"]
[13.071049690246582, 0.7312207818031311, "viduals with OUD alive for long enough to eventually get them into treat- ment. As stated by another law enforcement expert, a naloxone deployment functions as a \u201chandshake\u201d with individuals with OUD and helps to build trust and rapport with officers"]
[13.11587905883789, 0.7819850444793701, "m. Attendees argued that it is counterproductive for law enforcement to arrest individuals for possession of MAT drugs, such as buprenorphine, because individuals should not be taken off of MAT pre- or postincar- ceration. One expert explained that, "]
[13.081862449645996, 0.7385598421096802, "nt these programs. For example, the Deaths Avoided with Nalox- one (DAWN) program was developed by the Ohio Department of Health for the purpose of promoting naloxone distribution among law enforcement officers and training those officers in its use "]
[13.084351539611816, 0.7384549379348755, "Matthew Stefanko, Balti- more City Health Department\n\u2022 RxStat\u2014Applying the NYPD\u2019s Data-Driven Crime Fighting Principles of Compstat to Reduce Drug Over- doses and Save Lives, by Chauncey Parker, New York/ New Jersey HIDTA\n\u2022 Overdose Fatality Reviews,"]
[13.08133316040039, 0.7329798936843872, " the belief that overdoses are pre- ventable through comprehensive information sharing, proac- tive responses, and strategic focus on identifiable risk. Using\na multiagency, systematic process to examine the underlying dynamics of overdose cases, it "]
[13.09699821472168, 0.7494959235191345, "enerally agreed, one participant noted that an exclusive focus on a single indicator can mask other important issues that stakeholders should address. As\nan example, this participant explained that naloxone could be considered successful based solely"]
[13.077648162841797, 0.7356542348861694, "However, attendees noted that information sharing can sometimes be limited by the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).\nOverall, experts expressed the need to start thinking about novel ways to attack the problem as a system "]
[13.08437728881836, 0.7086758613586426, " (Pagane et al., 1996; Burgess, Barnhart, and Checkoway, 1996; Herbert et al., 2006;\n 13\nRiediker, 2007). Although dermal transmission from brief\nskin contact is not likely to be a significant risk, according to the National Institute for Occupationa"]
[13.084638595581055, 0.7222808003425598, ", storage, and eventual disposal. Standardized training, policies, equipment, and oversight practices are critical to safely handling these nar- cotics but, in some cases, are still lacking because of the rapid spike in opioid use since 2013. Additio"]
[13.106959342956543, 0.6905982494354248, "appropriate safety and preventative measures are needed. Attendees also commended the brief, easy-to-understand, educational video that was pro- duced by BJA to provide clear and consistent information about officers\u2019 risk of accidental exposure to o"]
[13.109435081481934, 0.6808980107307434, "are on the front lines in terms of assess- ing the shifts in drug use trends and their consequences. These substances are identified through samples submitted by law enforcement from drug seizures or through medicolegal death investigations (Morgan, "]
[13.149995803833008, 0.6045488715171814, "ed National Forensic Science Technology Center, the Phoenix Police Department was able to conduct a validation project for a field-deployable Raman spectrometer, a device that allows\nfor the potential identification of opioids, in addition to other n"]
[13.10883617401123, 0.6582382917404175, " As a result, better information sharing is required to allow laboratories to best assess which drugs are currently in communities and which permutations are caus- ing damage that necessitates greater law enforcement or public health interventions.\nT"]
[13.132649421691895, 0.7624021172523499, "ad show that individuals with OUD prefer to be notified about dangerous substances and will positively adjust drug\nuse behaviors when they are given such information. Both\nlaw enforcement and public health experts stated that they\nare obligated to sh"]
[14.735572814941406, 1.770390272140503, "egies they thought appropriate, split among the action categories in whatever manner they saw fit. The final contents of each card were defined as a \u201cneed,\u201d and each need is composed of both the title describing a strategy for mitigating the opioid c"]
[14.655692100524902, 1.7141928672790527, "ber of votes they received, we find eight top-tier needs, 15 middle- tier needs, and 30 lower-tier needs. Of the eight top-tier needs, one was in the cooperation and data sharing category, and\nthe remaining seven were in the overdose response and tre"]
[13.28752613067627, 0.8766835331916809, "heir effectiveness. Finally, three of the\n13 top-tier needs had more than 20 percent of their votes on the research, replicate, and evaluate results action category. We consider these high-priority needs to be potentially promising strategies, but th"]
[13.123380661010742, 0.7595235109329224, "y Category\n  Category\nOverdose response and treatment promotion\nRelated High-Priority Need\n\u2022 Broaden the use of MAT in the general population and increase accessibility. \u2022 Promote nonenforcement police outreach to connect individuals to treatment. \u2022 "]
[13.129085540771484, 0.7615037560462952, "s for Immediate Implementation\nFour of the top-tier needs from the in-group clustering were identified for which more than half of their votes had been placed in the disseminate and promote broad application action category. These needs are classifie"]
[13.120857238769531, 0.7543255686759949, " and effects.\u2020\nUse data from rapid analysis of seized materials to inform public health and law enforcement interventions.\u2020\n7.4\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100\nPercentage\nNOTE: All of these needs were in the first tier within their groups. Totals mi"]
[13.116809844970703, 0.7496885061264038, "ness among officers about stress and trauma from the crisis. Participants also were concerned that officers who might take advantage of these interventions could experience stigma by other officers or even be penalized by reduced job duties as a resu"]
[13.10318374633789, 0.7427476644515991, " that law enforcement support for the strategy would be criti- cal, because police presence might otherwise counteract the harm-reduction approach. They suggested that more education is needed around the harm-reduction approach generally and that add"]
[13.102706909179688, 0.7416940927505493, "uch an early warning system could be implemented. They noted that being associated with occupational stress or trauma from policing the opioid crisis could carry stigma and result in workplace consequences. Therefore, participation in the system woul"]
[13.118358612060547, 0.750903844833374, "ation innovations). This need was derived from the discussion fol- lowing the first two panels. This was the only top-tier need\nnot mentioned in the previous two sections, because approxi- mately 40 percent of votes were in the disseminate and promot"]
[13.16268539428711, 0.7976329326629639, " MAT use, expand access and funding for it, and foster collaborations that can more-effectively direct indi- viduals with OUD to MAT options.\nThe next common theme among the high-priority needs and throughout the workshop discussion was the need for "]
[14.714646339416504, 1.7034651041030884, "ipants used coins to vote for needs. Figure A.1 shows photos of the voting process and Figure A.2 is a mockup of one of the voting sheets.\nAt the end of the voting, the number of coins was tallied for each category and clustered overall and within ea"]
[13.069499969482422, 0.7376533150672913, "ington, 2014. As of July 23, 2019: https://soc.washington.edu/research/reports/seattles-law-enforcement- assisted-diversion-program-lessons-learned-first-two-years\nBeeson, Jeff, \u201cODMAP: A Digital Tool to Track and Analyze Overdoses,\u201d webpage, May 15,"]
[13.067654609680176, 0.7287430167198181, "er S. Lonczak, and Seema L. Clifasefi, \u201cSeattle\u2019s Law Enforcement Assisted Diversion (LEAD): Program Effects on Recidivism Outcomes,\u201d Evaluation and Program Planning, Vol. 64, 2017, pp. 49\u201356.\nCommunity Oriented Policing Services, \u201cOfficer Safety and"]
[13.070672035217285, 0.7477039098739624, "egn, Michael E. Andrew, and John M. Violanti, \u201cHealth Disparities in Police Officers: Comparisons to the U.S. General Population,\u201d International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, Vol. 13, No. 4, 2011, pp. 211\u2013220.\nHartley, Tara A., Khachatur Sarkis"]
[13.041020393371582, 0.7015560865402222, "umberg, Don Stablein, Geetha Subramaniam, and John Rotrosen, \u201cComparative Effectiveness of Extended-Release Naltrexone Versus Buprenorphine-Naloxone for Opioid Relapse Prevention (X:BOT): A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised Controlled Trial,\u201d The L"]
[13.046659469604492, 0.701076090335846, "cription Opioids, Bethesda, Md., June 2018b. As of July 23, 2019: https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/ prescription-opioids\nNational Institute of Justice, \u201cImproving the Reliability of Drug Tests Done by Officers,\u201d webpage, November 20, "]
[13.064108848571777, 0.7209246158599854, "e of Death, Police, Sheriffs, and Health Agencies Must Step Up Their Response, Washington, D.C., September 2017. As of July 23, 2019: https://www.policeforum.org/assets/opioids2017.pdf\nPolice Executive Research Forum, Building and Sustaining an Offic"]
[13.081374168395996, 0.7358576655387878, "https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-sessions-announces- new-tool-fight-online-drug-trafficking\nU.S. Food and Drug Administration, \u201cInformation About Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT),\u201d webpage, February 14, 2019. As of July 23, 2019: ht"]
[13.917131423950195, 4.180327415466309, "rch, research methodology, program evaluation, police use of technology, and national data-collection efforts. Prior to join- ing PERF, Goodison was a law enforcement analyst and civilian researcher for the Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Police Depar"]
[13.879739761352539, 4.309675216674805, "ring together practitioners and subject-matter experts to highlight promising practices and develop a prioritized research agenda for future law enforcement efforts to combat the opioid crisis. This report and the results it presents should be of int"]
[9.630291938781738, -1.8413255214691162, "Research Report\nUnderstanding the Economic Benefit Associated with Research and Services at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health\nAn Approach and Three Case Studies\nBenjamin M. Miller, David Metz, Troy D. Smith, Jesse Lastunen, Er"]
[-0.41988709568977356, 13.587982177734375, "Resilience and Environmental Policy\nThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Infrastructure Resilience and Environmental Policy program, which performs analyses on urbanization and other stresses. This includes research on infrastructure "]
[9.622285842895508, -1.8301435708999634, "........................................................................4 Limitations.................................................................................................................................................6 Structure of the R"]
[9.689955711364746, -1.8366256952285767, "....................................................................................................29 Approach for Estimating the Economic Benefit of Firefighting Risk Control Measures .......................30 Steps 1 and 2: Identify the Target Pop"]
[9.616466522216797, -1.8312954902648926, "y of Key Findings ......................................................................................................................61 Limitations...................................................................................................."]
[9.619682312011719, -1.8180488348007202, ".................................................................... 40 Table 3.4. Estimated Annualized Benefits of Avoided Fatal and Nonfatal Cancers for\nFirefighters Due to the Adoption of Control Measures over a 60-Year Time Horizon\nUsing Willingn"]
[9.641578674316406, -1.8177067041397095, "arch and in intended users. The first case study examines research to develop, test, and support implementation of engineering control measures to limit exposure to silica among road construction workers and offers an example of NIOSH\u2019s intervention "]
[9.63110637664795, -1.8248697519302368, " value associated with research conducted in partnership with industry and labor to develop, test, and support implementation of engineering controls to limit road construction workers\u2019 exposure to silica dust. Based on the willingness-to-pay and VSL"]
[9.622572898864746, -1.829515814781189, "illion to $11 million in new streams of annual productivity gains per year, and almost $700,000 to more than $16 million in avoided uncompensated wage losses per year.\nThere are limitations to this analysis. First, given limitations in available data"]
[9.684588432312012, -1.876968502998352, "yan and P. Timothy Bushnell, who helped ensure that we had timely access to key documents and stakeholders. We also thank Philip Armour of RAND and John Mendeloff of RAND and the University of Pittsburgh for providing careful reviews of earlier draft"]
[9.607409477233887, -1.8317453861236572, "nding the benefits associated with this or any agency\u2019s research activities. The first is that the benefits of research can occur many years in the future. Also, it is often difficult to determine whether NIOSH made a significant contribution to valu"]
[9.599871635437012, -1.835131049156189, "oth. Throughout, we considered suggestions made by NIOSH and incorporated these into the analysis and report, where deemed appropriate. However, we alone developed the methodology and conducted the analysis, and the terms of the contract for this pro"]
[9.606998443603516, -1.8290692567825317, "tion, we briefly describe these cases.\nCase Study 1: Supporting Development of Silica Controls in Asphalt Pavement Milling\nThis case study focuses on NIOSH research conducted in partnership with industry and labor to develop, test, and support implem"]
[9.644301414489746, -1.8176252841949463, "eletal disorders. The case study examines research that was used to justify an expansion of Ohio\u2019s program and appears to have encouraged other states to adopt the interventions. It provides an illustration of NIOSH conducting intervention research i"]
[9.635282516479492, -1.8237673044204712, "ten lacking for many key parameters of the economic benefit models we estimate. Thus, the case study chapters walk the reader through a transparent set of logical steps, marshaling quantitative estimates where possible, and providing transparent disc"]
[9.632652282714844, -1.8435351848602295, "matic overall evaluation of NIOSH\u2019s research investments. Additionally, we note that the benefits of research should ideally be evaluated in the context of the cost of producing it. We initially set out to include estimates of costs as part of this p"]
[9.625042915344238, -1.8330130577087402, "ries and the effectiveness of these measures in reducing workers\u2019 exposure to silica. Finally, we provide estimates of the economic benefit of the illnesses and deaths likely averted by use of these control measures and consider NIOSH\u2019s potential rol"]
[9.619384765625, -1.834879755973816, " a partnership that included the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA),8 NIOSH assisted the five largest asphalt paving machine manufacturers in developing prototype fume control measures for their hot-mix asphalt pavers and then independently"]
[9.609047889709473, -1.8380577564239502, "pational exposure to respirable crystalline silica, proposing a new PEL of 50 \u03bcg/m3.\n2014 All major asphalt milling machine manufacturers sign letters of commitment to install dust control measures on half-lane or larger drivable milling machines by "]
[9.622798919677734, -1.833147644996643, "ey disease\u201d (OSHA, 2016b, summary). In response to the NPRM, and as a result of the evidence from NIOSH\u2019s field surveys through the partnership, all manufacturers of asphalt pavement milling machines sold in the United States signed letters of commit"]
[9.630436897277832, -1.8110616207122803, "kely that ventilation controls will be installed on the vast majority of cold milling machines several years before 2024.\nApproach for Estimating the Economic Benefit of Silica Control Measures\nHaving described NIOSH activities and documented their l"]
[9.628483772277832, -1.8320817947387695, "ion control measures needed to reduce exposure from cold milling machines. Manufacturers would have had to independently develop these controls.\nWe note that it is likely that awareness of the risks of silica exposure during road milling would have e"]
[9.586280822753906, -1.867798089981079, "very five years, is the most complete official measure of U.S. businesses and the economy.12\nStep 2: Estimate the Number of Affected Workers\nFor this analysis, we start with the entire population of road construction workers using portable or mobile "]
[9.62711238861084, -1.8358588218688965, "ers\nTotal\nAffected Workers\n1,977 4,943 6,921\n    NOTE: The total is not precisely the sum of the two categories because of rounding.\nStep 3: Estimate the Reduction in Exposure\nWe rely on NIOSH research and field testing to estimate baseline exposure "]
[9.609591484069824, -1.8327271938323975, "he reduction in fatal and nonfatal illnesses.\nTable 2.4 summarizes the estimated number of avoided fatal and nonfatal illnesses associated with reducing exposure levels from baseline to postintervention levels, as described in step 3. For example, th"]
[9.587520599365234, -1.8426493406295776, "s according to the gender and age distribution of road construction workers.18 We inflation-adjusted medical costs to 2016 dollars using BLS\u2019s Consumer Price Index for medical care.\nTo calculate average medical costs for the affected population, we t"]
[9.583910942077637, -1.8512189388275146, "tic product (GDP) implicit price deflator.\nTo construct an average total lifetime cost for lung cancer fatalities, we combined medical costs and productivity losses. For each avoided fatality, we estimate total medical costs, productivity losses asso"]
[9.598487854003906, -1.8406060934066772, "s. Our analysis estimates a stream of benefits over time. Benefits will phase in over several decades because health risks depend on cumulative occupational exposure over a 45-year working lifetime based on occupational tenure in road construction. A"]
[9.60948371887207, -1.8125429153442383, " these benefits over 60 years on an annualized basis to estimate the total benefit attributable to NIOSH research activities.27\nSummary of Assumptions Made in Estimating Benefits\nGiven gaps in available data, we made several assumptions in estimating"]
[9.60985279083252, -1.8383359909057617, "hat highway, street, and bridge construction workers using half-lane and larger cold milling machines benefit from significantly reduced exposure to respirable crystalline silica due to the adoption of ventilation control measures. With the WTP and V"]
[9.64633560180664, -1.814222812652588, "ple, tend to be significantly larger than avoided medical costs because they are based on individuals\u2019 WTP for small reductions in the probability of dying, while medical costs include actual costs incurred by individuals and, in some cases, third-pa"]
[9.602042198181152, -1.8248400688171387, "osure levels is roughly proportional to the reduction in estimated benefits. However, given nonlinearities in the cumulative risk models used in the analysis, this effect could be more pronounced if the differences in measurement were greater.\nThird,"]
[9.627676010131836, -1.8124133348464966, "ualized basis for fatal lung cancers.29 We do not have sufficient data to monetize benefits for other fatal and nonfatal diseases on a medical cost basis. These approaches are not directly comparable; rather, policymakers can use them to answer diffe"]
[9.652932167053223, -1.7830756902694702, "the link between cancer risk and firefighting and the ways in which NIOSH\u2019s efforts have built on earlier efforts in this domain. Next, we present estimates of the effectiveness of the control measures developed in response to the original studies an"]
[9.655738830566406, -1.7738100290298462, "r\u201d (TriData Division, 2009, p. vi). However, there was widespread agreement among all parties on the need for more research.\nNIOSH Research and Related Activities\nIn 2010, NIOSH researchers began a multiyear study of career firefighters in Chicago, P"]
[9.65329360961914, -1.7766714096069336, " about how firefighters could better protect themselves and what fire departments and equipment manufacturers could do to reduce firefighters\u2019 risk of contracting cancer. National firefighter associations developed and published guidelines and proced"]
[9.652870178222656, -1.7776646614074707, "ead trade journals and gave presentations and workshops at conferences (Fent, Horn, and DeCrane, 2015; Fent, Horn, Kirk, et al., 2015; Jackson et al., 2014; Fent, Evans, Couch, et al., 2012; International Association of Fire Fighters [IAFF], 2016).38"]
[9.658782958984375, -1.770628809928894, "nts: Firefighter Case Study Year Event or Activity\n2010 NIOSHbeginsthelargeststudyoffirefightersandcancerconductedtodate,includingalmost 30,000 firefighters.\nThe initial NIOSH dermal PAH exposure study for firefighters begins (resulting in a NIOSH re"]
[9.681070327758789, -1.7533968687057495, "in many departments.\nAlthough many fire safety organizations have developed and promoted exposure reduction guidelines to protect their members from an increased risk of cancer, there is currently no precise, quantitative evidence on how widely these"]
[9.657195091247559, -1.773032546043396, "ng and cancer is widely accepted among those in the industry and studies to date have shown an association or correlation between cancer and firefighting, it is difficult to establish direct causation. Nonetheless, for the purposes of analysis, we as"]
[9.684531211853027, -1.7390248775482178, "14, and Fent, Eisenberg, Evans, et al., 2013 as a turning point in efforts to prevent cancer in firefighters. Because the NIOSH study (Daniels, Kubale, et\n42 This information is based on internal conversations with NIOSH experts in the study of cance"]
[9.656435012817383, -1.7717642784118652, "ene wet decontamination by using dish soap (Fent, Alexander, et al., 2017). However, there have been no systematic attempts to estimate the overall effect. Fent, a NIOSH researcher who studies\n43 Specifically, the IAFF\u2019s website notes that the associ"]
[9.65913200378418, -1.7691638469696045, " based on the implementation of the control measures compared with standard practice in the early 2000s. Specifically, we assumed that, in the early 2000s, firefighters did not regularly wear SCBA during overhaul or outside ventilation activities, di"]
[9.649948120117188, -1.7830742597579956, "medical costs and productivity losses of cancer together with the total assumed number of cases reduced to provide monetized estimates of the benefit associated with the NIOSH research. As noted above, we provide estimates for six cancers that were i"]
[9.633087158203125, -1.8066328763961792, "ighters are men (see NFPA, undated). We also adjusted initial-diagnosis costs by a factor of 1.2 and last-year-of-life costs by a factor of 1.5 to account for patterns of care that have been reported to be more aggressive for younger cancer patients,"]
[9.618173599243164, -1.8259574174880981, "\u2019s WTP to avoid an illness. Given insufficient data on age of onset and survival probabilities, this was not feasible. Thus, for nonfatal illnesses avoided,\n48 We derived the productivity loss estimates from the average population estimates in Grosse"]
[9.613210678100586, -1.8256773948669434, "90-percent effectiveness of the exposure reduction recommendations and an 85-percent adoption rate for how widely adopted the control measures are.\nWe made assumptions about job tenure, cancer latency, and the value of future benefits. Our analysis e"]
[9.641645431518555, -1.792867660522461, "ity of 1.44.55 Therefore, for both approaches, we estimated that the value of future benefits would increase by approximately 2 percent annually.\nFinally, to estimate the total benefit attributable to NIOSH research activities, we calculated the net "]
[9.645610809326172, -1.8004833459854126, "fighters in the main estimation, although NIOSH research on preventing cancer among firefighters also likely benefits them. We present estimates for the entire population in a sensitivity test; however, some caveats are noted in the \u201cSensitivity Anal"]
[9.654396057128906, -1.7828004360198975, "Buccal and pharynx cancers Malignant mesothelioma Esophagus cancer\nCancer of the large intestine Kidney cancer\nNOTE: As in the silica case, the results are sensitive to the choice of\nestimate for valuing avoided morbidity cases. The total estimated b"]
[9.641610145568848, -1.8020597696304321, "23\n5 3\n1\n5 6\n3\nSensitivity 3:\n1.2 Million Firefighters Affected\n14,074 17,807 155 209 248\n54 35\n11\n48 64\n34\n          NOTE: Annualized benefits using VSL measures are $1.3\n$3.5 billion for sensitivity 3. We have rounded these numbers, so totals do no"]
[9.727594375610352, -1.8313004970550537, "pter Four. Assessing and Disseminating Impacts of Ohio Safety Intervention Grants\nBenefit payments under workers\u2019 compensation programs totaled $62.3 billion nationally in 2014, with medical benefits and wage loss compensation accounting for roughly "]
[9.780651092529297, -1.8467638492584229, "ant Case Study\nYear Event or Activity\n2012 BWCworkswithNIOSHtoevaluatetheeffectivenessofthegrantprogram.\nNIOSH, along with others, organizes a workshop, \u201cUse of Workers\u2019 Compensation Data for Occupational Safety and Health.\u201d\n2013 BWCquadruplesthesize"]
[9.746465682983398, -1.8378976583480835, "0 percent of the employees in Ohio, not all of those who are employed in Ohio.\n   46\nNIOSH Activities in the Ohio Evaluation Study\nFrom 2009 onward, NIOSH became more heavily involved with BWC, and, in 2010, the two formalized a partnership that incl"]
[9.744378089904785, -1.835278868675232, "e success of funded safety initiatives.57 Grants are available for all policyholders, regardless of premium size.\n57 Interview with an MEM official, 2017.\n 47\nTexas Mutual piloted its own grant program in 2016, awarding around $100,000 of safety gran"]
[9.733384132385254, -1.8315696716308594, "safety grants issued per state insurer, along with the total sum of the awards per year since 2012.\nTable 4.3. Number of Safety Grants per State Since 2012\n      FY\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\nOhio Safety Intervention Grants\n126 491 561 521 47"]
[9.72558307647705, -1.8288953304290771, "nesses, and fatalities. We used these steps to estimate three categories of benefits associated with the safety grant programs: avoided workers\u2019 compensation costs, associated productivity gains, and avoided uncompensated wage losses. We did not acco"]
[9.743589401245117, -1.838104248046875, "d with employees affected by the grants. These are also provided in Table 4.4.\nTable 4.4. Number of Covered Employees, by State and Year\n     State Year\nOhio 2012 Ohio 2013 Ohio 2014 Ohio 2015 Ohio 2016 Missouri 2016 Missouri 2017 Missouri 2018 Texas"]
[9.746794700622559, -1.836030125617981, "ers by 76.2 percent.65 To do this, we used statewide data on the total medical and wage replacement costs, by year, from Baldwin and McLaren, 2016, and McLaren and Baldwin, 2017, in order to capture costs that insurers incur more than 30 months after"]
[9.793268203735352, -1.8325556516647339, "f total costs can be significantly higher than 30-month costs. See Wurzelbacher, Meyers, et al., 2013. 52\n FY 2000 to FY 2009 study period was $35,000.67 In other words, we assumed that average total spending per grant by BWC and the employer is half"]
[9.767958641052246, -1.847260594367981, "ants might also be pursuing workplace safety in other ways.\n67 Average BWC spending per grant is between $25,000 and $27,000. Assuming that average BWC spending was constant and average employer spending was slightly higher than the match requirement"]
[12.002731323242188, 18.367368698120117, "cement rate. First, we used the statutory wage replacement rate for temporary total disability to estimate the amount of uncompensated wages. If the wage replacement rate is 70 percent, we assumed that total lost wages were indemnity payments divided"]
[9.72238540649414, -1.826670527458191, "ey (that BWC provided) of 147 employers that benefited from safety grants between 2009 and 2011 suggest that keeping workers healthy provides significant productivity benefits to employers, improves production quality, and reduces absenteeism. Overal"]
[9.763449668884277, -1.8043017387390137, "kers\u2019 Productivity Gains\nCompensation Costs per Year\nOhio 2012\nOhio 2013\nOhio 2014\nOhio 2015\nOhio 2016\nMissouri 2016 162,930 202,509 26,335 Missouri 2017 193,331 238,246 31,338 Missouri 2018 194,950 238,246 31,687 Texas 2016 19,485 59,562 1,961 Texas"]
[9.693771362304688, -1.8239761590957642, "efit of the NIOSH research was that, from 2013 to 2017, the Ohio program was larger than it otherwise would have been in our counterfactual, in which the Ohio program did not expand until 2018. Another benefit is that the Missouri and Texas programs "]
[9.646041870117188, -1.810279130935669, " be inspired to create similar programs in response to the NIOSH work. More than in the other cases, the impacts of this work are still developing. Nevertheless, we find evidence that, between 2013 and 2017, NIOSH research has been associated with $4"]
[9.643205642700195, -1.8107786178588867, "nificantly larger than medical costs.\nIn interpreting findings from the case studies, we must be mindful of the fact that the two approaches to economic valuation answer different types of policy questions, with averted medical costs and productivity"]
[9.648526191711426, -1.8121392726898193, "ded uncompensated wage losses per year.\nThe reader should exercise care in interpreting differences among the estimated benefits. First, as noted earlier, the results include a mix of avoided medical costs and productive losses and VSL, which address"]
[9.640633583068848, -1.82390558719635, "ting reductions in injuries, illnesses, and deaths to research activities. Where assumptions were necessary, we explained the logic behind them, and, where possible given the project timeline, we conducted sensitivity analyses to clearly show the rea"]
[9.656780242919922, -1.7719523906707764, "orce\u2014firefighters, who engage in fire suppression, outside ventilation, and overhaul, and C/P.72 The sources and patterns of exposure are different for these two groups. There are at least four personnel in the C/P category at a typical fire\u2014includin"]
[9.657434463500977, -1.7699404954910278, "who do not follow HI/HO guidelines) because they do not enter burning structures or get very close to the fire. However, they typically do not wear respiratory protection.\n   68\nTable B.2. Command and Pump Operation Personnel\u2019s Exposure to Carcinogen"]
[9.657382011413574, -1.7704570293426514, "-systemic exposure than the deposition or transfer of contaminants to skin. This is the main reason we estimate less reduction in dermal exposure for firefighters than for C/P personnel when implementing the HI/HO recommendations. Although direct upt"]
[9.658357620239258, -1.7703864574432373, "g to remove an accumulation of deposits from over the years. Flame retardant contamination at stations has been documented, but this is a particularly persistent type of compound. The\n70\nimportance of this exposure is hard to assess, but low-level, l"]
[9.65934944152832, -1.769139289855957, "arcinogen reduction for firefighters, bringing the total to around 35 to\n45 percent. It is difficult to know whether benzene exposure is more toxic than PAH exposure. Also, given all the assumptions made above, a larger CI is prudent. Thus, a 25- to "]
[9.624273300170898, -1.8330527544021606, "lman, Jay Colinet, and Gregory Chekan, In- Depth Field Evaluation: Dust-Control Technology for Asphalt Pavement Milling at South Dakota Highway 79 Resurfacing Project, Border States Paving and Industrial Builders, Contractors, Buffalo Gap, South Dako"]
[9.640213012695312, -1.8229098320007324, "7, 2013. As of December 1, 2017:\nhttp://www.ohiomfg.com/grip-assets/pdf/ 2013-06-07_lb_swc_sb_op-ed_05-30-13_statewide.pdf\nBWC\u2014See Ohio Bureau of Workers\u2019 Compensation.\nCDC\u2014See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\nCDC WONDER\u2014See Centers for Di"]
[9.659771919250488, -1.7696666717529297, "c. As of August 10, 2017:\nhttps://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nas/default.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cConstruction Program,\u201d last updated January 13, 2017a. As of August 10, 2017: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/programs/const/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, National Center for Health Statistics, Health, Uni"]
[9.713457107543945, -1.717054009437561, "iels, R. D., T. L. Kubale, J. H. Yiin, M. M. Dahm, T. R. Hales, D. Baris, S. H. Zahm, J. J. Beaumont, K. M. Waters, and L. E. Pinkerton, \u201cMortality and Cancer Incidence in a Pooled Cohort of US Firefighters from San Francisco, Chicago and Philadelphi"]
[9.659104347229004, -1.76646888256073, "/2010-0156-3196.pdf\nFent, Kenneth W., Judith Eisenberg, John Snawder, Deborah Sammons, Joachim D. Pleil, Matthew A. Stiegel, Charles Mueller, Gavin P. Horn, and James Dalton, \u201cSystemic Exposure to PAHs and Benzene in Firefighters Suppressing Controll"]
[9.637951850891113, -1.7940845489501953, "Health Care Cost Projections for the Medicare Population: Summary of a Workshop, Appendix A: Predicting Medicare Cost Growth, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2010. As of November 30, 2017: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52815/\nFSRI"]
[9.640250205993652, -1.827713131904602, " Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Applied Research and Technology, Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch R"]
[9.65689754486084, -1.7802448272705078, "nes, Hylton J. G., and Gary P. Stein, U.S. Fire Department Profile: 2015, National Fire Protection Association, April 2017. As of September 28, 2017: http://www.nfpa.org/news-and-research/fire-statistics-and-reports/fire-statistics/ the-fire-service/"]
[9.645467758178711, -1.7928359508514404, "7: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol68/index.php\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cSilica,\u201d in International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Monographs on Carcinogenic Risk to Humans, Vol. 68: Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and Para-Aramid Fibrils, Lyon, Franc"]
[9.648016929626465, -1.7881654500961304, "er, \u201cA Reference Lottery Metric for Valuing Health,\u201d Management Science, Vol. 42, No. 8, August 1996, pp. 1118\u20131130.\n\u2019t Mannetje, A., K. Steenland, M. Attfield, P. Boffetta, H. Checkoway, N. DeKlerk, and R.-S. Koskela, \u201cExposure-Response Analysis and"]
[9.630102157592773, -1.8041102886199951, "ce\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and Proximity Fire Fighting, Standard 1851, 2014.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Standard on the Rehabilitation Process for Members During Emergency Operations and Traini"]
[9.720492362976074, -1.7904247045516968, "vember 30, 2017:\nhttps://www.bwc.ohio.gov/employer/forms/publications/nlbwc/ SafeHygPubs1.asp?txtCID=516630970\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cSafety Grants,\u201d undated (b). As of November 30, 2017: https://www.bwc.ohio.gov/employer/programs/safety/EmpGrants.asp\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cSafety In"]
[9.636331558227539, -1.7908471822738647, "d Other Diseases, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA-2010-0034-0469, December 7, 2004. As of December 8, 2017: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D="]
[9.625680923461914, -1.7884539365768433, "alth and Human Services (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) Publication 2013-147, May 2013. As of November 30, 2017:\nhttp://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2013-147/\nValiante, David J., Donald P. Schill, Kenneth D. Rosenman, and Edward Soc"]
[11.209478378295898, 18.16389274597168, "Alysha R. Meyers, Stephen J. Bertke, Michael P. Lampl, David C. Robins, P. Timothy Bushnell, Ibraheem S. Al-Tarawneh, D. Childress, and J. Turnes, \u201cComparison of Cost Valuation Methods for Workers Compensation Data,\u201d in David F. Utterback and Teresa "]
[5.6217427253723145, 11.91184139251709, " JUSTICE, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND ENVIRONMENT\nEstimating the Global Cost of Cyber Risk\nMethodology and Examples\nPaul Dreyer, Therese Jones, Kelly Klima, Jenny Oberholtzer, Aaron Strong, Jonathan William Welburn, Zev Winkelman\nSponsored by the William and"]
[13.798775672912598, 4.507528305053711, "onmaking as it relates to science and technology, and the concurrent effects that science and technology have on policy analysis and policy choices. The program covers such topics as space exploration, information and telecommunication technologies, "]
[5.621338367462158, 11.912338256835938, "............................................................5 From Direct to Systemic Costs..................................................................................................................6 Projecting Future Costs ..................."]
[5.618686199188232, 11.914918899536133, "bal Cost of Cyber Risk Calculator User Manual ...................... 37 Appendix B: Review of Model Assumptions ............................................................................... 41 Appendix C: Module Y2 Sector-Exposure Relationship....."]
[5.612096309661865, 11.91703987121582, "eedance Probability of Costs for Each Event Type............................................. 45\n vi\nTables\nTable S.1. Summary of Case Study Results for Different Models ................................................ ix Table 3.1. Advisen Data Set "]
[5.616164207458496, 11.915679931640625, "e F.2. Sector Variation Elicitation Worksheet....................................................................... 48\n vii\nSummary\nCyber incidents have been increasing in frequency and cost in recent years, with some resulting in hundreds of millio"]
[5.619648456573486, 11.912897109985352, "stemic) of $799 billion to $22.5 trillion (1.1 to 32.4 percent of GDP). The purpose of the tool we have developed is to make transparent the underlying assumptions that go into these calculations of the cost of cyber risk.\n2 Dreyer, 2018.\n  viii\nThes"]
[5.615240573883057, 11.91477108001709, "dam Isles, for reviewing our document and Excel tool.\n x\nAbbreviations\nCGE computable general equilibrium DDoS distributed denial of service GDP gross domestic product\nIP intellectual property\nNIST National Institute of Standards and Technology\nOECD "]
[5.620837211608887, 11.912374496459961, " explored cyber cost data from more than 550 sources, including journal articles, reports, and websites.3 Some of these sources focused on catastrophic loss scenarios in different economic sectors, and some focused on the global costs of cyber crime."]
[5.625509262084961, 11.906180381774902, "t costs in the United States and Canada ($225 and $190 per capita) and the lowest in Brazil and India ($79 and $64 per capita). Costs were also far higher for health care ($380) and financial services ($249) than for media ($119), research ($101), an"]
[5.614606857299805, 11.915596008300781, "ledges the considerable uncertainty in the frequencies and costs of cyber incidents. This methodology (1) identifies the value at risk by country and industry sector; (2) computes direct costs by considering multiple financial exposures for each indu"]
[5.6154656410217285, 11.917465209960938, " this model, we first defined the following four sets:\nCountries: \ud835\udc50 \u2208 \ud835\udc36 Industry sectors: \ud835\udc56 \u2208 \ud835\udc3c Economic exposures: \ud835\udc52 \u2208 \ud835\udc38 Perils: \ud835\udc5d \u2208 \ud835\udc43\nThat is, we constructed a model with a set of countries \ud835\udc36, industry sectors \ud835\udc3c, economic exposures \ud835\udc38, and perils \ud835\udc43."]
[5.614840507507324, 11.916617393493652, "untry Levels\nWe calculated direct costs to output and GDP for each sector \ud835\udc56 in country \ud835\udc50 by relating the sets (c, i, e, and p) to \ud835\udc3a), the GDP of country c.\nFirst, we define \ud835\udc64), as sector \ud835\udc56\u2019s share of GDP in country \ud835\udc50. Thus, \ud835\udc64), \u2217 \ud835\udc3a) is the value adde"]
[5.606919288635254, 11.929543495178223, "t model. When a disruption takes place within a firm, the costs are not necessarily contained within the firm, and there are broader supply-chain impacts that could be realized. Our approach allows for the inclusion of upstream impacts within the sup"]
[5.599081516265869, 11.939743995666504, "e input-output model is its computational tractability arising from the linearity assumption regarding production functions.19 Because the supply chain is embedded within the SAM, it is simply a matter of matrix manipulation to obtain the economic im"]
[5.612775802612305, 11.919379234313965, "ion, $B in systemic costs (upstream) in banking, and so on, regardless of whether the damages were caused by a hurricane, a war, a cyber attack, or something else. Thus, when we use direct costs to inform systemic costs, we only need the direct costs"]
[5.614721298217773, 11.917792320251465, "the direct output costs of cyber attacks on sector i, and \ud835\udc67),? be the entry in the ith row and jth column of (\ud835\udc3c\" \u2212 \ud835\udc34))CD. Systemic output costs in sector i (\ud835\udc60),*) arising from direct costs to output are\n\ud835\udc60),* =\n20 OECD, 2017c.\n21 Lloyd\u2019s, 2015.\n22 Llo"]
[5.614147663116455, 11.91730785369873, "ted values and probability distributions of outputs.\nSets\nCountry (C)\nRecall that we defined c as a particular country within a set of countries, C. Per the Ponemon Institute reports, the countries and regions currently suffering the most cyber attac"]
[5.615838527679443, 11.917074203491211, "sibly be harmed, independent of hazard type. We consider these exposures, not in their direct contribution to GDP, but as an input to production that when damaged by a cyber attack could reduce a firm\u2019s total revenue. Following the work of Jacobs, Bu"]
[5.6145830154418945, 11.892952919006348, "ystemic costs can be renormalized to payments to labor and payments to capital, but the OECD data do not disaggregate these two forms of payment. Because we are not calculating loss of life in the current version, we will not be pursuing the role of "]
[5.64655876159668, 11.853517532348633, " Lockheed Martin.34 The phases of the cyber kill chain include reconnaissance, weaponization, delivery, exploitation, installation, command and control, and actions on objective. Rather than explore actions throughout the kill chain, we focus on unde"]
[5.650386810302734, 11.840582847595215, " Democratic National Committee attack are widely considered acts of cyber warfare, while the U.S. Office of Personnel Management hack is widely considered an example of espionage.\nWe emphasize that this approach removes the need to define the point o"]
[5.61386775970459, 11.917679786682129, " income of utilities and systemic cost in net income of users\nLoss of $81 million in assets\nDirect costs to Dyn\u2019s net income and systemic costs to net income of customers\nNet income losses borne through business interruptions\nUtilities\nPublic\nTechnol"]
[5.593507766723633, 11.900994300842285, "Specifically, research by Jacobs, Bulters, and van Wieren37 investigates financial sheets from approximately 50 Dutch companies and defines a relationship between financial exposures (e) and company revenue as given in Table 3.3.\nTable 3.3. Module Y1"]
[5.614715576171875, 11.918426513671875, " to add transparent rigor to the analysis of potential cyber costs to the economy. While we draw inspiration from the Jacobs, Bulters, and van Wieren38 analysis using income, assets, and IP as inputs, each term is slightly ambiguous. For example, inc"]
[5.614370346069336, 11.921669006347656, "squares regression for each sector. Table 3.4 displays the coefficients, number of observations, and fit for each sector-specific regression, including a regression with all sectors. The regression makes two notable limiting assumptions. First, the r"]
[5.609421730041504, 11.914896965026855, "at R&D has generally weak impacts on revenue, while total assets have the strongest impact. In fact, most intervals on \ud835\udc4c),,t&u include the value 0, implying that R&D (and, therefore, IP) may, in some cases, have no impact. In comparison, \ud835\udc4c),,v*wxy z{"]
[5.615833282470703, 11.914565086364746, "lthough the model allows entering peril-exposure estimates by country and industry sector, due to limitations in available data, we were unable to distinguish the exposure-peril relationship by industry sector. For the examples shown in this document"]
[5.614810466766357, 11.917595863342285, "is to measure potential economic damage rather than predict the level of damage in any given year. That is, we aim to provide a high-level estimate which, while only met in the extremes, provides insight into the total risk to the economy at large pr"]
[5.611052513122559, 11.913705825805664, "ail\nOil, gas, and chemicals*\nUtilities*\nOther\n       NOTE: Some sectors are not included due to insufficient data.\n* Due to an insufficient amount of data on the oil, gas, and chemicals and utilities sectors, bootstrapped values for the \"other\" secto"]
[5.608188629150391, 11.91470718383789, "0.0017,0.0017, 0.80)\nT(0.0023,0.0023, 0.12)\nT(0.00032,0.00032, 0.033)\nT(0.0023,0.0023,0.12)\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nmode, and c is the maximum\n   0.26 0\n T(0.000083,0.000083, 0.0082)\nT(0.0023,0.0023,0.12)\nT(0.00013, 0.00013, 0.068)\nT(0."]
[5.615129470825195, 11.914382934570312, "cost of cyber crime in the Netherlands, build on the strengths of our model to allow for an improved understanding of annual impacts. Others, such as Lloyd\u2019s business blackout, demonstrate how our model may be applied to specific extreme events. Tabl"]
[5.617391586303711, 11.910107612609863, ", we ran the model for the cost of cyber crime in the Netherlands, which has been estimated to be 1.5 percent of the Netherlands GDP.41 We assumed base inputs. We found the following:\n\u2022 Model 1: Dutch Peril and Exposure Estimates. Direct GDP losses a"]
[5.615594387054443, 11.916617393493652, "ution of risk. This can be achieved by adjusting the severity and scale inputs to the desired period where 1 = 100% = loss of all output for one year. For example, if the attack resulted in loss of all output for one month and then a complete recover"]
[5.606488227844238, 11.916419982910156, "ervices. A potential stand-in or shortcut for this data- intensive task is to leverage previous studies on sensitivities by industry to particular inputs, such as information and communication technologies use or energy.\nSensitivity to the Choice of "]
[5.612193584442139, 11.910629272460938, "lic\nTechnology and electronics Telecom\nTransportation\nUtilities\nWholesale and retail Other\nU(0.0023,0.12) T(0.0023,0.0023,0.12) B(0.06, 0.35)\nU(0.00017,0.031)\nU(0.012, 1.97)\nU(0.0017, 0.80)\nU(0.0023,0.12)\nU(0.00032, 0.033)\nU(0.0023,0.12)\n0.26\nU(0.000"]
[5.612375736236572, 11.919447898864746, "sts?\nUsers will likely want to update model assumptions to investigate their research question of choice. The examples provided in the model were built with publicly available data, and there are a number of potential improvements to sets and inter-s"]
[5.613563537597656, 11.91856861114502, "iven that utilities are damaged, there is likely damage both upstream (companies that used to sell parts to the sector of utilities but cannot sell as many because the demand is reduced) and downstream (lights are out and other sectors cannot functio"]
[5.608455657958984, 11.917098045349121, "and Generate Sector-Category Map buttons. These buttons will generate new tables for the user to fill on the Peril-Exposure Template, Sector-Exposure Template, and Sector-Category Map worksheets, removing all data from the sheets while doing so. The "]
[5.6102423667907715, 11.916069030761719, "Data Element Lists sheet is clicked, it updates both worksheets listed above. The intent is that the user would then make copies of these\n38\nworksheets as needed and populate them with point estimates and/or probability distributions for analysis. Th"]
[5.612493991851807, 11.917956352233887, "termediate calculations in the GDP and systemic costs estimation. If the GDP by sector table is selected, a pie chart displaying GDP, direct costs, and systemic costs (in diagonal and horizontal hatching, respectively) for each sector is shown. The c"]
[5.602741241455078, 11.950333595275879, "from specifically including cybersecurity controls, insurance, or other mitigation methods in this model. Accordingly, the model can be updated to include them but does not focus on them. To include controls or insurance, a user could alter the secto"]
[5.613635063171387, 11.9111328125, " 1.00 \u20130.02\n0.05 3.62 0.00\n0.09 1.61 0.13\n0.03 0.54 0.59\n0.03 \u20131.80 0.07\n0.16 \u20130.16 0.88\n  NOTE: Some sectors are not included due to insufficient data.\n9 0.99\n0.11 0.45\n0.24 0.82\n43\nR&D\n  All sectors\nBanking\nBusiness and professional services Consum"]
[5.673153400421143, 11.784188270568848, "ed are omitted.\n48 See Advisen (2017) for more information about the data set. 45\n   Appendix E: Characterizing Attackers and Perils\nThis appendix provides a taxonomy for characterizing attackers and perils. Potential attackers are categorized by the"]
[5.613755702972412, 11.91707992553711, "versary communications in conjunction with electronic warfare, disruption of adversary civilian Incident Command System\u2013 managed systems leading to physical effects\n   46\nAppendix F: Potential Expert Elicitation Format\nWe developed an expert elicitat"]
[5.6247429847717285, 11.90228271484375, "panies for Data Breaches, 2010. Advisen, \u201cCyber Loss Dataset,\u201d 2017. As of January 2, 2018:\nhttps://www.advisenltd.com/data/cyber-loss-data/\nAssociation for Financial Professionals, 2015 AFP Payments Fraud and Control Survey: Report\nof Survey Results"]
[5.634345531463623, 11.883794784545898, "ss-blackout20150708.pdf\nLloyd\u2019s, Counting the Cost: Cyber Exposure Decoded, 2017. As of January 4, 2018: https://www.lloyds.com/news-and-insight/risk-insight/library/technology/countingthecost\nLockheed Martin, \u201cThe Cyber Kill Chain,\u201d 2014. As of Janu"]
[5.633113861083984, 11.894838333129883, "com/content/en/us/enterprise/media/security_response/whitepapers/\nISTR2016_Ransomware_and_Businesses.pdf\nThompson, I., \u201cNotPetya Ransomware Attack Cost Us $300m\u2014Shipping Giant Maersk IT\nCrippled So Badly Firm Relied on WhatsApp,\u201d The Register, August"]
[13.9321928024292, 3.9682114124298096, " JUSTICE, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND ENVIRONMENT\nLaw Enforcement Cyber Center\nFinal Technical Report\nSasha Romanosky, Karlyn D. Stanley, Jirka Taylor, Zev Winkelman\nPrepared for the Bureau of Justice Assistance\nFor more information on this publication, visi"]
[13.857756614685059, 4.363964080810547, "was conducted in the RAND Justice Policy Program, which spans both criminal and civil justice system issues with such topics as public safety, effective policing, police\u2013community relations, drug policy and enforcement, corrections policy, use of tec"]
[13.996590614318848, 3.5190789699554443, ".............................................................................11\n4. LECC\u2019s List of Regional Capabilities Helped Link Crime Units............................................. 15 Development of Regional Capabilities List ................"]
[14.007159233093262, 3.538240432739258, "............................................................... 10 Figure 3.2. LECC \u201cChiefs\u2019 Corner\u201d Page..................................................................................... 13 Figure 4.1. Search Interface of the Directory of Cybercr"]
[14.008153915405273, 3.5435214042663574, ". Link crime units\n4. Prevention education\n5. Technical assistance\n6. Justice Executive Cyber Roundtable\n7. Administrative requirements\nDesign and Build Cyber Center\n1a. Development of the LECC website\n1b. Continuous efforts to improve user experienc"]
[14.008713722229004, 3.5409140586853027, "nce its utility for users. The database grew to contain 1,007 entries, representing, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive resource available for this type of information.\nPrevention Education\nTo enhance cybercrime prevention, the LECC website hos"]
[14.035539627075195, 3.4865407943725586, "thank our peer reviewers, Meagan Cahill at the RAND Corporation and Patrick Mays at the Office of the State\u2019s Attorney for Montgomery County, Maryland.\n ix\nAbbreviations\nBJA Bureau of Justice Assistance\nCCDE Computer Crime and Digital Evidence\nCJTFG "]
[14.006003379821777, 3.5436501502990723, "en the management of the LECC transitioned to the NW3C under a different funding arrangement. Therefore, the last six months of the original grant duration were focused on ensuring a smooth transition of LECC ownership and end-of-grant reporting and "]
[14.003849983215332, 3.5480759143829346, "nt a new website framework. Outsourcing the technical aspects of the website development accelerated the creation of the website, as well as its subsequent updates. Second, the project team encountered issues with the process for modifying the websit"]
[14.00804615020752, 3.52506422996521, " this article helpful?\u201d The response options were initially limited to \u201cyes\u201d and \u201cno,\u201d with accompanying thumbs up or down. Subsequently, those who indicated that information was not helpful were also invited to provide additional information, althou"]
[14.002471923828125, 3.542813301086426, "o made use of information available from Google Analytics regarding what content tends to be viewed by which types of users and how they access it.1 The objective of this activity was to ensure that, given the constantly growing content on the LECC w"]
[14.009291648864746, 3.519688367843628, "ups for a comprehensive redesign of the LECC website landing page. The objective of this effort was to make the landing page more user-friendly and help users better navigate the LECC website and the resources available there. Building on internal di"]
[13.998011589050293, 3.5700478553771973, "en a continuous growth in traffic. Figure 2.1 shows the growth in monthly sessions and page views by domestic users (i.e., traffic coming from the United States2) at the beginning of the last three semiannual reporting periods.3 It shows that between"]
[13.999858856201172, 3.5499789714813232, " where visitors to the LECC website come from. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the majority of visitors came from a relatively small number of large metropolitan areas. These are summarized in Table 3.1, including a breakdown by user type based on an analysi"]
[14.006524085998535, 3.5434112548828125, " frequently visited section of the website, followed by, depending on the month in question, content on cybercrime investigations (under the \u201cinvestigators\u201d tab) or information on digital evidence (under the \u201cofficers\u201d tab). The development of traini"]
[14.003412246704102, 3.548129081726074, " relevant information. To identify content for this section, in 2016, the project team began working with two RSS (Rich Site Summary) aggregators\u2014Google and Primal\u2014to select items that may be of interest to the cybercrime law enforcement community. A"]
[13.998355865478516, 3.5416834354400635, " and functions. The objective of the cyber alerts was to inform law enforcement personnel on issues pertaining to emerging technology and to provide guidance for investigations, where applicable. The first two NW3C cyber alerts uploaded to the LECC w"]
[14.003717422485352, 3.5438358783721924, "organization\u2019s capabilities, particularly those that were not covered by the original search. Users of the website are also offered the opportunity to provide feedback (e.g., if any information displayed is incorrect) and to contribute new content. T"]
[13.998407363891602, 3.5273725986480713, "(see Law Enforcement Cyber Center, undated[g]). The Report Card was intended to help police executives and their information technology departments to build and maintain robust information systems by offering a measure for an agency to evaluate its c"]
[14.108500480651855, 3.3167080879211426, "ance\nThe main effort under this task was the development of an instructional document providing information on the creation of a successful cybercrime unit. The model selected for the study was the Utah Department of Public Safety (DPS), also known a"]
[14.038858413696289, 3.4729104042053223, "king with the FBI, state information-sharing initiatives, and information sharing with the private sector. The information presented in the\n 20\nreport was intended as a resource for other state and local agencies that are in the process of establishi"]
[14.096805572509766, 3.389251947402954, "t\u2019s working sessions. The topics identified during these preparatory calls related to challenges in the investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes. Specifically, the challenges identified were: (1) ability to recognize all levels of digital evidenc"]
[14.025521278381348, 3.503110885620117, "oncerns and challenges for cyber investigation and prosecution that merit further discussion and consideration. These are summarized in Box 7.1.\nBox 7.1. Key Concerns and Challenges Identified at the Justice Executive Cyber Roundtable\n     1. The\u201cgoi"]
[14.020689010620117, 3.516770601272583, "ment of the LECC website, web analytics, ownership of LECC documentation, and regular reporting requirements. The transition was completed successfully during the reference period.\n 24\n9. Conclusions and Recommendations\nWe provide these conclusions a"]
[14.030458450317383, 3.503559112548828, "ment and prosecutors with cybercrime prevention, investigation, and prosecution should continue to broker the exchange of knowledge within and across law enforcement stakeholder groups. The LECC\u2019s\n 25\nexperience with its function as a clearinghouse f"]
[14.048266410827637, 3.5063958168029785, "\nTable A.1. List of LECC Training and Technical Assistances (TTAs)\n      Courts, judges, law\nSt. Louis, enforcement, legislators,\nIACP LEIM conference Investigations May 2017 Missouri Federal, state, local prosecutors\n       Technology Technology Tec"]
[14.020299911499023, 3.5066797733306885, "al justice\n Technology implementation,\nMeeting with Utah State Bureau of crime analysis;\u037e technology January\nInvestigation implementation, cybercrime 2016 Sandy, Utah Local Law enforcement\n Equipment, technology, February Washington,\nTask Team Meetin"]
[14.130794525146484, 3.4898812770843506, "ciation Section on Science and Technology, Alexandria, Virginia\nTerry L. Sult\nChief of Police\nPolice Department, Hampton, Virginia\nRobert Merner\nAssistant Chief of Police\nSeattle Police Department, Seattle, Washington\n 30\nMichael Yu\nSergeant\nMontgome"]
[14.047774314880371, 3.4762160778045654, " Transnational Cyber Investigations: Michael Stawasz, Brendan McHugh, and Anne Beck Tokoph\n\u2022 Panelists provide an overview of current case law and processes\nfor obtaining overseas data, and the impact on state law\nenforcement investigation and prosec"]
[13.994522094726562, 3.5002315044403076, " 27, 2017:\nhttp://www.iacpcybercenter.org/news/lecc-cyber-report-card/\nLaw Enforcement Cyber Center, \u201cStrategic Partnerships,\u201d webpage, undated(g). As of December 27, 2017:\nhttp://www.iacpcybercenter.org/about-the-cyber-center/partners/\nLaw Enforceme"]
[7.965721130371094, -6.981001853942871, "  CORPORATION\nLooking to the Future\nof the Department of\nImmigration and Border\nProtection (DIBP)\nAssessment of the Consolidation of the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service (ACBPS) and the DIBP (2016\u20132017)\n Daniel M. Gerstein, Karen Edwa"]
[7.9714508056640625, -6.968362808227539, " analysis. As such, it does not endeavour to repli- cate the previous effort, but rather commences from that starting point.\nRelevant documents and interviews with senior leaders from across the department, including the ABF, were undertaken. While d"]
[7.947369575500488, -6.956296443939209, "agement areas (ECM), RAND identified shortfalls. In summary, many of the goals of integration and reform remain a work in progress. In these ECM areas, it will require continued progress and leadership attention to meet the goals set out in the origi"]
[7.947596549987793, -6.954009056091309, "......................... 1 Methodology........................................................................................... 2 StudyCaveats........................................................................................... 3\nCHAPTER TWO"]
[15.058467864990234, 5.770709037780762, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIBP Integration and Reform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[7.9404072761535645, -6.956301689147949, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nANNEXES\nA. Interviews Conducted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Interview Questions"]
[7.9489641189575195, -6.959229946136475, "................................... 44\n5.1. Organisation Design Theory as Applied to U.S. Department of Defense...........61\n5.2. Assessment of DHS Progress in Addressing the Strengthening\nDHS Management Functions High-Risk Area, as of March 2016 ..."]
[7.952492713928223, -6.965468883514404, "nce the publication of the previous study.\nThis initial analysis required RAND to take a deeper and longer view of the two organisations as they existed, understand how the combined organisation could incor- porate into a single entity, and assess th"]
[7.9551286697387695, -6.957052707672119, "sisted in developing lasting institutions and building the foundations for the twenty-first-century border management capacity envisioned in the integration plan. Examples are in areas such as resources for internal capability growth through research"]
[7.919821739196777, -6.9367876052856445, "c Findings\nFollow-On Analysis of Key Operational Metrics\nThe integrated DIBP has improved the effectiveness and efficiency of its support for the government of Australia in the customs, immigration, and border protection mission area during the perio"]
[7.969404697418213, -6.950679779052734, "held dual citizenship and were subsequently released. On a positive note, the better use of intelligence was important to rapidly resolving these cases. However, the changing demographics of the detention population and officer training deficiencies "]
[7.951836109161377, -6.956507682800293, "on-ABF and part of the existing workforce reportedly are disenfranchised by the per- ceived lack of opportunity.\nSpecific Findings: Lessons Learned and Looking Toward the Future\nAn institutional predisposition toward POI versus ECM reform enabled the"]
[7.954793453216553, -6.967126846313477, "the department has been laudable in some areas and lacking in others. Continued efforts to mature and, in some cases, build the organisation must continue. While the POI areas have seen important growth, the ECM sides of DIBP have not seen the same o"]
[7.946376323699951, -6.958738327026367, "ble future direction for concentration DIBP efforts.\nThe second phase entailed a follow-up to the original RAND study. Specifically, the follow-up effort built on the first study, which examined performance during the period 14 May 2014 to 14 May 201"]
[7.924163341522217, -6.986825942993164, " from which determinations could be made about the state of working toward the goals and objec- tives of integration and reform. As an example, the DIBP Corporate Plan 2016\u20132017 provided a basis for understanding the department\u2019s broader outcomes, go"]
[7.941556930541992, -6.958948612213135, "on the same data but are assessing two different issues.\nThe RAND team\u2019s assessment was designed to examine how the integrated organ- isation has been performing in the areas of operational effectiveness and efficiency, building capabilities, and cul"]
[7.9446539878845215, -6.961612701416016, "indicators of the effects on culture of DIBP and personnel programs. Capability examines whether programs and processes designed to build organisational capacity have been devel- oped. Action plan for reorganisation looks at the planning done before,"]
[7.948240280151367, -6.960124969482422, "back under a first assistant secre- tary and efforts have once again slowed, particularly in ECM areas where progress has lagged. With the establishment of HA, deputy secretary leadership has again been established through the creation of the Home Af"]
[7.9422688484191895, -6.9585113525390625, "ng to the Future of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection\nTable 2.1\u2014Continued\n Category\nAction Plan for Integration and Reform\nMonitoring Progress\nDescription Assessment\n Specific Findings\nExamination of the reorganisation planning for "]
[7.944162845611572, -6.956762313842773, " are expected later in the reorganisation.\nA total of 168 operational program performance measures were provided by the DIBP for consideration; however, either no data or insufficient data was available for 90 metrics, as the data collection methods "]
[7.933459281921387, -6.978602886199951, "ictoria, 18 August 2017. As of 7 December 2017: http://newsroom.border.gov.au/releases/abf-continues-to -smash-tobacco-syndicates-in-victoria\n5 Interview with senior DIBP regional official on August 24, 2017, in telephone interview, Australia. (19)\n "]
[7.9692511558532715, -6.951757431030273, "ficulties with clarity on delegations and authorities were determined to have an operational impact, introducing ambiguities into roles and obli- gations and unhelpful friction into the operations. An example is in detention and case resolutions, whe"]
[7.973203182220459, -6.958446502685547, "andards and professionalise the workforce.\n6 Telephone conversation with DIBP regional official on August 24, 2017, Australia. (19)\n 12 Looking to the Future of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection\nThe area of L&D, particularly in rela"]
[7.971284866333008, -6.966215133666992, "7.\n8 Interview with senior DIBP official on August 22, 2017, in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory. (16)\n9 Interview with senior DIBP official on August 22, 2017, in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory. (16)\n Follow-On Operational Assessment"]
[7.958179473876953, -6.964100360870361, "h a senior DIBP official on August 25, 2017, in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory. (22)\n11 Interview with senior DIBP official on August 22, 2017, in Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory. (16)\n12 Interview with senior DIBP official on August"]
[7.935092449188232, -6.956358432769775, " prototypes or, at best, as the early stages of incorporation within DIBP. The Transformation Delivery Framework and Blueprint provides the documentation and platforms for tracking and building capacity. These tools had been under development, were e"]
[7.943153381347656, -6.952581405639648, "lligence and investigations.22\n16 A definition of contestability from the Defence website is: \u201cContestability is a decision support function not a decision-making function. Contestability Division will contest programs and projects across the Capabil"]
[7.942744255065918, -6.959148406982422, "press support for further consolidations for ECM areas. Doing so would provide opportunity for greater focus on core operational elements of the mission.\nImplementation of the Integration and Reform Elements\nAction Plan\nIn the initial study, findings"]
[7.927063465118408, -6.937868595123291, "ropriately covered. Examples include international engagement and corporate records management.26 Another example is the development of a contestability function for the DIBP, which, to date, remains a recognised shortfall needing to be corrected.27\n"]
[7.938409805297852, -6.948976993560791, "on and reform to the deputy secretary level was part of this effort to regain momentum.\nDuring the 2016\u20132017 period, the Transformation Delivery Framework and Blue- print was developed, which should provide a tool and forum for monitoring progress. H"]
[7.940934658050537, -6.954724311828613, "d issues with span of control.\nData management and lack of metrics continues to be a source of concern. With the Transformation Delivery Framework and Blueprint now underway, these issues could be mitigated, but progress will need to be monitored clo"]
[7.957714080810547, -6.960213661193848, "in those areas where progress has been the greatest and as lessons to improve upon where progress has been lagging.\nCHAPTER THREE\nFollow-On Operational Assessment: Examination of the Five Key Areas\n Introduction\nFive key areas were identified for fur"]
[7.949885368347168, -6.957153797149658, "laid out as part of the integration.\nSeveral important initiatives were underway at the time of the initial RAND study. Based on a 2016 Integrated Intelligence Capability Review (Classified), 107 intelligence recommendations were identified, with man"]
[7.9566802978515625, -6.964303016662598, "e efforts, a Border Intelligence Fusion Centre (BIFC) was devel- oped in June 2016 to assist with threat identification across the border continuum. The centre includes intelligence gathering and targeting functions, including those previ- ously deli"]
[7.963474750518799, -6.966028213500977, "raining, educating, and developing the experience of the individual officer is accomplished; preparing focused intelligence products with the operational consumer in mind becomes commonplace; and forward- looking intelligence products are prepared. O"]
[8.002376556396484, -7.001597881317139, "ation of the Five Key Areas 25\nattempting to manually analyse and correlate the inputs. Investments would be benefi- cial to support these data-heavy processes and would undoubtedly require specialised hardware, software, and analysts to operate the "]
[7.962455749511719, -6.963200092315674, "ctivities Need for standardised training curricula and career paths\nLack of centralised access to intelligence information\nNo strategic intelligence function in either organisation.\n\u2022 Customs had already started to build the capacity to support a nat"]
[7.979323863983154, -6.975985527038574, "nto transnational crime syndicates.\nThe Joint Organised Crime Group investigations into high-level organised crime syndicates, such as the Jomaa syndicate, represent a major investigation success that was significantly undermined by the involvement o"]
[7.969536781311035, -6.955776691436768, "s and prioritisation are made on a case-by-case basis. This prioritisation then sup- ports the selection of the cases to be investigated. This process is in its early stages and is continuing to be refined. The overarching intent is to have a departm"]
[8.000777244567871, -6.94813346862793, "y focused on correcting this issue was available in October 2017.16\nThe increased capability to conduct external investigations has been further strengthened by the development of human intelligence capabilities feeding investiga- tions and by combin"]
[7.965883255004883, -6.964026927947998, "\n 30 Looking to the Future of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection\nTable 3.2\nInvestigations Assessment\nPre-Integration (Pre-2015)\n\u2022 Recognised shortfalls across several areas, including internal and external investigations\n\u2022 Lacked emp"]
[7.976161479949951, -6.977223873138428, "amination of the Five Key Areas 31\nhigher-risk detention population. This reflects improvements in risk management and staff professionalism that had been lacking in the former organisation.\nAlso noteworthy is the development of documentation for man"]
[7.989582538604736, -6.991201877593994, "contains information on the Child Protection Panel terms of reference and report. As of 12 December 2017: https://www.border.gov.au/about/reports-publications/reviews-inquiries /child-protection-panel-terms-of-reference\n24 Interview with senior DIBP "]
[7.9465179443359375, -6.985574722290039, " (2)\n26 Australian Department of Immigration and Border Protection, Immigration Detention and Community Statistics Summary, 31 May 2017. As of 7 December 2017: http://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents /statistics/immigration-detentio"]
[7.938807964324951, -6.951513290405273, "rations (including for contract staff). Despite improvements, several officials commented on the slow pace of development and adoption of policies, the need to refine roles and responsibilities, and the importance of better managing interactions and "]
[7.975146293640137, -6.974339008331299, "n not paying sufficient attention to detention operations.35\nRegional authorities expressed similar sentiments regarding accountability in the detention space. Handoffs between the DIBP and the ABF were identified as unneces- sarily hindering case re"]
[7.9798970222473145, -6.97792387008667, "rough the detention capability report.\n\u2022 While in early stages, these efforts should improve the department\u2019s operational capacity across the DIBP mission space to include within the detention area.\n\u2022 Progress noted in developing guidance/documentati"]
[7.985312461853027, -6.975131511688232, "consequences of lapses in integrity and anti-corruption were foundational elements of the integration and reform efforts.\nUpdates from 2016\u20132017\nCorruption and integrity issues have been a significant challenge and remain one of the highest prioritie"]
[7.974804878234863, -6.971399307250977, "or leader provided an example of the progress, highlighting a recent trip to Adelaide during which the workforce expressed support for the recent arrest of one of their own, stating they were \u201cpleased that the workforce is clean,\u201d and that there is \u201c"]
[7.97311544418335, -6.971437931060791, " and 2011\u20132012) consistently highlighted the importance of integrity.\n\u2022 The ACBPS Review in June 2013 highlighted the broad need for leadership and workforce reform. Specific language included such areas as \u201cleadership behaviours, responsibilities an"]
[7.977657794952393, -6.943744659423828, "an overview of the findings for the pre-integration, post- integration, and reform periods. The pre-integration and post-integration sections have been taken from the earlier report.\nLearning and Development\nInitial Findings\nIn the initial planning, "]
[7.97955846786499, -6.947074890136719, "ividual highlighted that corporate L&D is ade- quate, but strongly assessed that the ABF College roles must be clarified.\nThe ABF College is responsible and funded for all non-leadership and non-APS core skills\u2013related training for ABF and certain de"]
[7.979964256286621, -6.949270248413086, "ard operations due to a lack of proper training and experience.53 Such skills are part of an individual\u2019s core responsibilities and, therefore, must be mastered, beginning with a firm educational foundation.\nSeveral issues serve to highlight the lack"]
[7.98503303527832, -6.950334548950195, "College.\nIn some cases, the ABF College curriculum was not seen as being focused on the highest-priority areas. One senior ABF interviewee lamented that \u201cuse of force\u201d train- ing needed to be incorporated into the curriculum.58 Another commented that"]
[7.9716572761535645, -6.949699878692627, "mination of the Five Key Areas 43\nRegarding the self-service online training products developed by DIBP corporate, these have been described as \u201cadequate, but not inspiring.\u201d The courses have been described as repetitive and not updated from year to "]
[7.952823162078857, -6.929579734802246, "al official on August 24, 2017, Australia. (20)\n Table 3.5\nLearning and Development Assessment\nPre-Integration (Pre-2015)\n\u2022 Shortfalls had been observed throughout the documents, beginning with the earliest findings dealing with the Alvarez and Rau a"]
[7.974669933319092, -6.948554515838623, "\n\u2022 Individuals characterised as non-ABF and part of the existing workforce reportedly are disenfranchised by the perceived lack of L&D opportunity.\n\u2022 Teaching methods and the use of technology have received significant criticism.\n\u2022 The Administrative"]
[7.950882434844971, -6.958394527435303, "utiny as the rest of the department.\nWhile a broader study effort would be required to fully examine these issues, the perception is there and would benefit from leadership attention.\nThe Pace of Change\nSenior leaders stated that the pace of change h"]
[7.954875469207764, -6.95574951171875, "ogress but also high- light that it has been uneven across the areas.\nFigure 3.1 provides a graphic depiction of the overall assessment of the five areas based on a synthesis of information provided, collected, analysed, and discussed in this report."]
[7.938035011291504, -6.932174205780029, "te, leadership, and APS core skills training materials\n Limited improvement Making progress Goals achieved\n L&D I&C Inv Det Intel\n   48 Looking to the Future of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection\nthrough the DIBP Learning and Develop"]
[7.9483208656311035, -6.954579830169678, "ased on analysis of data and key documents, interviews with senior staff over the course of the two study efforts, and assessments and observations made by the RAND team.\nIn this chapter, only the most substantial lessons are provided with an eye tow"]
[7.959281921386719, -6.962159156799316, "uous assessment and improvement is essential for high- performing organisations.\n\u2013 Even in functions than have been assessed to have largely met the goals of inte-\ngration and reform, a process of continuous improvement must be in place to\nLessons Le"]
[7.92946720123291, -6.934847354888916, "d cor- rectly or were omitted in the delegations.\n\u2013 Over the last year, attention has turned to identifying these issues and correct-\ning the shortfalls. A related issue concerns horizontal alignment across other government departments and agencies w"]
[7.9393486976623535, -6.950655460357666, "des horizontal\nintegration between DIBP elements.\n\u2022 Where successes in integration and reform have been noted, understanding what\ncontributed to those successes and replicating those efforts would be prudent.\n\u2013 For example, understanding what contrib"]
[7.946939945220947, -6.949563503265381, "ween offices could be problematic, as it requires synchronisation and coordination above the FAS level.\nConclusions\nThe lessons learned in this chapter demonstrate the progress made and highlight areas where improvements could be introduced. The degr"]
[7.871652603149414, -6.884164810180664, "uding lessons learned resulting from these transformations: http://www.anao.gov.au/work/performance-audit /management-machinery-government-changes\n 55\n56 Looking to the Future of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection\norganisations have "]
[7.9283061027526855, -6.943373203277588, "nd-to-end capability development function within the Department to maximise the efficient, effective and professional delivery of military capability\n3. Fully implement an enterprise approach to the delivery of corporate and military enabling service"]
[7.928005695343018, -6.9405903816223145, "tained in the First Principles Review of Defence highlights the impor- tant cultural and workforce changes that were planned. Clearly the effort was designed to build capability, with emphasis on enterprise management issues. Regarding the action pla"]
[7.928220748901367, -6.943868160247803, "gned to those commands\n\u2022 to increase attention to strategy formulation and contingency planning\n\u2022 to provide for the more efficient use of defense resources\n\u2022 to improve joint officer management policies\n\u2022 otherwise to enhance the effectiveness of mi"]
[7.930507183074951, -6.944304943084717, "s, Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines) also has a transfor- mation office. These transformation efforts seek to gain effectiveness and efficiency in the operational forces and support activities.\nThe point of recounting these U.S. DoD efforts is to highl"]
[7.897529125213623, -6.906604766845703, "ts?\nWhat are the activities DOD engages in that enable it to make its unique contribution to national security? What are the functions or areas in which the department must build and maintain excellence? Are there functions or tasks that are better s"]
[7.940711498260498, -6.949032783508301, "eak central staff, and failing to deconflict the roles and authorities of the organisations.14\nEven today, tensions exist where roles and authorities are unclear and, in some cases, overlapping. As shortfalls have been identified, efforts to rational"]
[7.931877613067627, -6.940993785858154, " and rally around.\n3. Focus on a key set of principles and priorities at the outset of the transformation. A clear set of principles and priorities serve as a frame- work to help the organisation create a new culture and drive employee behaviors.\n4. "]
[7.937636375427246, -6.947198390960693, "ge. This entails involving all levels of the organisation, from the most senior leaders to the lowest levels of the organisation. It also speaks to the importance of communicating key messages throughout the organisation and gaining buy-in for change"]
[7.950186729431152, -6.954494953155518, " Act of 2004 was the most significant legislation affecting the U.S. intelligence community since the National Security Act of 1947 and created the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) in 2005.19\nThe overarching goal of the reform e"]
[7.950705528259277, -6.953299522399902, "ate elements are not \u201cadequately organised and did not have resources appropriately allocated to fulfill its missions\u201d\n\u2022 Others have indicated that the Intelligence Reform Act has not gone far enough in reforming the IC and that \u201crecalcitrant ele- me"]
[7.950392246246338, -6.954808712005615, "ons and surveillance at the external borders.\u201d23 To achieve this goal, FRONTEX supported security at borders and facilitated legitimate flows of people, goods, and services. Its primary mechanism was to support coordination on border management effor"]
[7.942783355712891, -6.951119899749756, "arding border management, they decided against a more centralised structure with provisions such as the right to intervene. The provision was seen to be an \u201cunrealistic idea that drew objections from frontline states because it was seen as a violatio"]
[7.93283224105835, -6.9410505294799805, "he GAO framework have been introduced, including effectiveness and efficiency and culture and personnel. Indications are that action plans and monitoring progress are being considered, but are seen more as national requirements and far less central t"]
[7.921608924865723, -6.928645133972168, "cript\n28 GOV.UK, Single Departmental Plan 2015 to 2020.\n Lessons Learned from Other Transformation Efforts 71\nIn turning toward the reform of the Home Office, May identified five principles that should guide the reform:\nThe right institutions and str"]
[7.910048961639404, -6.914605617523193, " to reducing its operating costs over the Parliament, while continuing to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its services, including through:\n\u2022 increased use of automated data analytics to better identify risks, allowing resources to be targ"]
[7.925485610961914, -6.931674480438232, "ing with SMEs by 2020\n\u2022 working in partnership with the Cabinet Office to deliver Arms Length Bodies\u2019 transformation plans, and the Infrastructure and Projects Authority on major projects and programs and prioritisation.\nSOURCE: UK Home Office websit"]
[7.944080829620361, -6.959700107574463, "The timelines for change in the integration of the DIBP were overly aggressive and the speed of transition hindered taking a more measured view of the roles, missions, and functions of the elements of the newly formed department.\n\u2022 Excessive personne"]
[7.9462995529174805, -6.957128524780273, "n period and resulted in a loss of momentum. Today, it hinders the DIBP from assessing progress on its path forward for developing the twenty-first-century border management capacity for Australia.\nPersonnel issues continue to serve as unnecessary so"]
[7.947896480560303, -6.9531378746032715, "assets identified to become part of HA, other government and interna- tional stakeholders that currently interface with future HA elements, and interested external parties.\nAnother major concern expressed by senior officials related to the aggressive"]
[7.937358379364014, -6.940792560577393, "applicable national strategies; and the assessment of capability devel- opment requirements and associated resourcing strategies.3\nThe degree to which ECM functions will be brought up to HA-level as shared services has not been fully determined. As s"]
[7.906768321990967, -6.916597843170166, "nlike in the DIBP, where one of the initial goals was to build a single culture, most expressed that a single culture should not be the stated outcome, but rather it would be more important to find ways to embrace the different cultures of the organi"]
[7.926496982574463, -6.924762725830078, "ty.\n\u2022 The development of HA cannot be a \u201cpick-up\u201d game. It will require first-class\nleadership and execution at all levels and important follow-through.\n\u2022 Key documents such as business plans must be developed and disseminated early in the lifecycle "]
[7.940113544464111, -6.9616241455078125, "e totals have gone from approximately 1.2 million to 1.5 million per month, a 20 per cent increase. These increases translate to transactions (that is, additional work to be performed) in support of arrivals and departures. Regarding imports, the val"]
[7.943557262420654, -6.9507527351379395, "blishment will require significant deconfliction between the agencies being integrated. Determining design models\u2014centralised versus decentralised, shared services for key functions, or a more limited hub and spoke for key support functions such as i"]
[7.943605422973633, -6.954036712646484, "land Michael Milford\nPOSITION\nSecretary\nActing Commissioner (ABF)\nActing Deputy Secretary Policy Group (DIBP)\nActing Deputy Secretary Visa and Citizenship Services Group (DIBP)\nDeputy Commissioner Support (ABF)\nDeputy Secretary Intelligence and Capab"]
[7.941299915313721, -6.9588541984558105, "ome Affairs.\nQuestions:\n1. Biographical Information a. Name?\nb. What is/was your position(s) in the government? c. How long have/did you serve?\nd. What are/were your dates of service?\n2. Pre\u00adIntegration (2014\u20132015)\na. How was your organisation functi"]
[7.920169353485107, -6.964807987213135, "ersonnel and goods has increased in recent years. Each of these movements creates an increased workload and requires a decision, verification, and potentially an inspection by DIBP organisations and personnel.\nThe overseas arrivals and departures (Fi"]
[7.912862300872803, -7.003047943115234, "constant (Number of Visa Cancellations), and the other is decreasing (Illegal Worker Warning Notices Issued) (see Table C.1).\nFor the border infractions related to illegal weapons and drugs, the trends are also mixed, with the number of undeclared fi"]
[7.950685501098633, -6.9982452392578125, "ous and inclusive society, and advance Australia\u2019s economic interests through the effective management of the visa and citizenship programs and provision of refugee and humanitarian assistance.\nData associated with this outcome reflects little change"]
[7.950547695159912, -6.97783088684082, "7\n100 Looking to the Future of the Department of Immigration and Border Protection\nTable C.2\nCategories of Border Revenue (AUS Dollars)\n       Category\nDIBP\nTaxation Revenue\n2015\u20132016 2016\u20132017 2017\u20132018\n17,322,357 17,635,995 18,579,332\n17,259,053 17"]
[7.943974494934082, -6.974305629730225, "tizenship Management Deputy Secretary Policy Group\nFinance Division\nMajor Capability\nDigital Transformation and Channels Strategic Policy\nCorporate Services\nTraveller Customs and Industry Policy Integrity Security and Assurance\nPeople Division\nSOURCE"]
[7.9868268966674805, -6.994017124176025, "le C.3 provides detailed overviews of the gain and loss for large organisational elements.1\n1 Large was defined as those organisations larger than 100 staff over the period of analysis.\n Abbreviations\n Australian Border Force ABF Australian Customs a"]
[7.975670337677002, -6.987496852874756, "ust 2017: https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/reviews-and-inquiries/Capability -Review-Action-Plan-Web.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, DIBP Corporate Plan 2015\u20132019, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2015. As of 14 August 2017:\nhttps://w w w.borde"]
[7.977879047393799, -6.982565879821777, ". As of 7 December 2017: http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/reviews/firstprinciples/Docs/FirstPrinciplesReviewB.pdf \u2014\u2014\u2014, L&D Operating Structure, Canberra, undated.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Leadership and APS Core Skills Learning Curriculum 2016\u20132017, Canberra, unda"]
[7.976717948913574, -6.986586093902588, " Report 2013\u20132014, Canberra, 2014. As of 14 August 2017: http://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/annual-reports/DIBP_AR_2013-14 .pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, DIBP Annual Report 2014\u20132015, Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, DIBP Annual Repo"]
[7.9691386222839355, -6.9776611328125, "shboard 20160901, Canberra, 1 September 2016.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Minister\u2019s Portfolio Dashboard 20161006, Canberra, 6 October 2016.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Minister\u2019s Portfolio Dashboard 20161103, Canberra, 3 November 2016.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Minister\u2019s Portfolio Dashboard 20161201, Canberra, 1 D"]
[7.975559234619141, -6.986413478851318, "ww.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs /rp/rp1718/Quick_Guides/HomeAffairs\nComrie, Neil, Inquiry into the Circumstances of the Vivian Alvarez Matter, Canberra: Commonwealth Ombudsman, September 2005. As of"]
[7.977035045623779, -6.988541126251221, " Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1713-AUS, 2016. As of December 22, 2017: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1713.html\nGOV.UK, Single Departmental Plan 2015 to 2020, 19 February 2016. As of 7 December 2017: http://www.gov.uk/government"]
[7.946789264678955, -6.961740016937256, "erra, 9 June 2017.\nU.S. Government Accountability Office, Department of Homeland Security: Important Progress Made, but More Work Remains to Strengthen Acquisition Management Functions, 16 February 2017. As of\n17 January 2018:\nhttps://w w w.gao.gov/p"]
[13.899043083190918, 4.104867935180664, " Addressing Emerging Trends\nto Support the Future of\nCriminal Justice\nFindings of the Criminal Justice Technology Forecasting Group\nJohn S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Andrew Lauland, Brian A. Jackson, Richard Silberglitt\n CORPORATION\nFor more informati"]
[13.854432106018066, 4.252093315124512, "s, foundations, and the private sector.\nThis program is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a division of the RAND Corporation dedicated to improving policy- and decisionmaking in a wide range of policy domains, including civil and"]
[14.182693481445312, 3.1230227947235107, "omplete Notes and Mind Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . online only\nE. Charters for Global/Criminal Justice Technology Forecasting Group Task\nTeams on Key Information Exchanges to External Service Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . online o"]
[14.184761047363281, 3.134967088699341, " 41 42 46\nD.1. Emerging Themes and Constituent Trends from the Criminal Justice TechnologyForecastingGroup....................................................... onlineonly\nTables\nS.1. Themes, Trends, and Ways Ahead from the Criminal Justice Technolo"]
[14.165318489074707, 3.1248059272766113, "sed bail and sentencing support; and tools to identify services needed by those on community supervision. The emergence of situational-awareness displays in improving form factors (e.g., tablets, smartphones) offers opportunities to get needed infor-"]
[14.156880378723145, 3.12333345413208, "ppendix F, available online).\n\u2022 Need to define and dis- seminate the value of fusion centers\n\u2022 Lack of established business processes for operationalizing new technologies\n\u2022 Emergence of analytics and enabling big data\n\u2022 Emergence of \u2022 situational-aw"]
[14.1017427444458, 3.0725719928741455, "rity, privacy, and civil-rights planning and protections into the business cases and processes recommended in Table S.1.\nThere is a need to advance from small information-sharing pilots to field-wide inte- gration of information. Group members discus"]
[14.149711608886719, 3.122300148010254, "lling business cases, a lack of established processes for implementing technologies, a lack of nationwide shar- ing capabilities to get needed information, and problems with ensuring security, privacy, and civil-rights protections. These issues repre"]
[14.169093132019043, 3.122514486312866, "reats, which are most likely to affect criminal-justice practice significantly in the next three to five years. The CJTFG was tasked to (1) identify major, emerg- ing social and technology trends; (2) assess the impacts that these trends could have c"]
[14.174972534179688, 3.136975049972534, "ling the future of information-sharing. Panelists also discussed and rank-ordered technologies and technology issues by how much impact they would likely have on criminal justice in the next three to five years (i.e., 2015 to 2020).\nMeeting 2\u2019s break"]
[14.19244384765625, 3.1099178791046143, "a and Civil Rights, 2015); and the graduated-reentry concept for reducing incarceration rates.\nOur approach to capturing the deliberations was based on the Futures Wheel concept (Glenn, 1972), which captures an initial trend, potential direct (first-"]
[14.1861572265625, 3.1136887073516846, "eing addressed elsewhere\n Response A Response B\n At the end of meeting 3, we had captured 22 trends and associated impacts, potential responses, and relationships among them. Appendix D, available online, provides detailed notes from the meeting; the"]
[14.167509078979492, 3.1200878620147705, " problems and oppor- tunities recognized in the individual trends\n\u2022 nonredundant, in terms of not being addressed through other major initiatives.\nMeeting 4 (2016), a conference call, was a structured review of the analyses described above and the dr"]
[14.162788391113281, 3.1225717067718506, "erging from CJTFG\nEmergence of situational-awareness\ndata streams\ndata and analytics and the challenges Emergence of big of using them\nNeed to advance from small-scale to nationwide information-sharing\nprocess, security, abound but are privacy, and c"]
[14.162614822387695, 3.1062023639678955, "cy, and civil-rights lines, especially for surveillance-related technologies.\nBusiness Cases and Business Processes for Technologies Are Lacking\nThis theme brings together the lack of core business cases for new technologies with the lack of core bus"]
[14.185009002685547, 3.0943961143493652, "sonal data. Civil-rights protections refers to safeguards against technologies being used for discriminatory purposes.\nDiscussion and Findings 7\n 8 Addressing Emerging Trends to Support the Future of Criminal Justice\nSenate, 2012]). Panelists noted t"]
[14.192124366760254, 3.083754062652588, "ices they need (e.g., Casey et al., 2014).\nPanelists noted that a smart integration of technology, data, analytics, and good, community-based practices at a pilot site could provide an example of what good policing could look like. The panel also dis"]
[14.164932250976562, 3.1225578784942627, " physical burden of carrying too many devices and the cognitive burden of being overloaded with too much information, and a lack of in-house information and analytical capabilities needed to share, process, and integrate all of the data needed to pop"]
[14.178681373596191, 3.1442911624908447, "evoted substantial time to cybersecurity in its meetings. On the positive side, the CJTFG heard presentations on increased federal support for cyber, including increased Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) support for states\u2019 cyber investigation an"]
[14.167194366455078, 3.1307969093322754, " the public expects product advertising and television show levels of performance (the so-called CSI effect) resulting from new tech- nologies; expectations are often highly unrealistic.\nThis is one of the most central trends, complicating every surv"]
[14.160309791564941, 3.067214012145996, "nt), combined with a major barrier (have versus have-not agencies).\nThere are needs for information integration to enable new models of criminal jus- tice across the enterprise. To maximize the potential from emerging technologies that pro- vide more"]
[14.123842239379883, 3.1304571628570557, "rs discussed. Panel- ists noted a strong need to develop systems and business models that permit \u201chave\u201d agencies to share information and capabilities with have-not agencies in the same region.\nThere are needs to enable digital-evidence management on"]
[14.109946250915527, 3.1729931831359863, "d terrorism\u2014and these pressures can vary enormously from day to day. In the post-Ferguson and -Baltimore environments, demands to demilita- rize and \u201cbe less violent\u201d appear persistent. Similarly, demands to be more community-centric appear persisten"]
[12.988017082214355, 4.367317199707031, "ders) and desires to make law-enforcement operations transparent. The lack of settled law and case law on surveillance-related technologies is a major barrier here.\nAgencies need to further develop and disseminate less-lethal weapons. As back- ground"]
[14.118237495422363, 3.092803955078125, "ld lack training, often being the best\nreal-world alternative to using deadly force. As a result, panelists agreed that new development, testing, and fielding of less-lethal devices was needed.\nOutside of device development, the CJTFG discussed that "]
[14.164779663085938, 3.1214916706085205, " common policy challenges around emerging surveillance technologies.\nTechnologies to detect firearms and other weapons remotely might be emerging.\nPanelists noted pilot efforts to use millimeter-wave technology to detect weapons from stand- off dista"]
[14.138954162597656, 3.1616573333740234, "value of fusion centers\nLack of established business processes for operationalizing new technologies\nLegend\nMost central trend Central trend Other trend\n  Develop core business cases for key technologies, starting with exchanges to external service p"]
[14.173659324645996, 3.077929735183716, "cycle\n\u2022 integrationandinteroperabilityrequirements\n\u2022 requirements for community and external expert participation\n\u2022 cyber, civil, and privacy rights protections, along with other policy provisions, building\non the IACP Technology Policy Framework (IA"]
[14.188071250915527, 3.085994005203247, " unknown and often not well suited operationally to criminal-justice practice practitioners. As a few exceptions, panelists noted that they knew of agencies learning about technologies from the IACP\u2019s Police Chief magazine and the Police Executive Re"]
[13.867453575134277, 3.0929062366485596, " crime-analysis capability that would use federal databases as data sources. This model would provide incentives for agencies to contribute data to these databases.\nThe group discussed leveraging new, open-source cloud and information integration too"]
[14.206572532653809, 3.0524702072143555, "ness processes.\n Educate the public about how criminal-justice technologies work (or do not work) in the real world.\n   Security, privacy, and civil-rights challenges\nRAND RR1987-1.7\n    Recommendation 3: Integrate security, privacy, and civil- right"]
[14.317320823669434, 3.0151219367980957, "sure appropriate use of new technologies.\nFor (2), panelists noted that it was not possible to create one-size-fits-all technology poli- cies because state and local laws, as well as local operating contexts, are so different. Thus, community involve"]
[14.094218254089355, 3.083909273147583, "n\nThese recommendations and actions, summarized in Figure 1.8, seek to help attain informa- tion integration throughout the criminal-justice community.\nThe need to change the culture of organizations is one that is commonly presented as a major barri"]
[14.124381065368652, 3.1423451900482178, "igh risks to personnel from a person (or people who might be at a location), and specify any enforcement actions needed (i.e., carry out an arrest warrant or notify a community corrections officer)\n\u2022 corrections data, especially on those under commun"]
[14.155889511108398, 3.153836965560913, "l agencies; the major limitation here is that different states and localities have very different laws, policies, and traditions on whether and how such a cloud could be used, probably creating a national storage capability infeasible at this time.\nF"]
[13.010893821716309, 4.343877792358398, "e to major incidents\u2014sometimes at the same time (e.g., stories on the San Bernardino shootings versus a video release of an officer-involved shooting in Chicago).\nGiven the large number of articles and data to date on evaluating various policing stra"]
[14.160765647888184, 3.1222686767578125, " law enforcement and other stakeholders throughout.\nFindings on Addressing New Technologies and New Consequences\nThis final recommendation, summarized in Figure 1.10, addresses the theme of addressing new technologies and new consequences.\nDiscussion"]
[14.16956615447998, 3.0957958698272705, "evelop- ments are related to information processing and analysis, but taking advantage of information- processing advances successfully is greatly hampered by a lack of capability on business cases, implementing processes, and security, privacy, and "]
[14.080395698547363, 3.17561936378479, "gton (N.C.) Police\nDepartment\n\u2022 Phillip Goff, president, Center for Policing Equity, John Jay College of Criminal Justice\n\u2022 Maggie Goodrich, chief information officer, Los Angeles Police Department\n\u2022 John Hollywood, Ph.D., director, Information and G"]
[14.18146800994873, 3.0966148376464844, "esources by overlaying data from warrants, probation/parole, juvenile justice, and social services.\u201d The meeting also saw special presentations on the future of BWC deployment by the LAPD (which hosted the meeting) and on preventing and responding to"]
[14.189014434814453, 3.1111438274383545, "evel consensus on the likely magnitude and breadth of the potential impact on criminal justice. Key dimensions along which impacts could occur included\n\u2022 people: e.g., training, recruiting, retention\n\u2022 process: tactics, strategies, and procedures\n\u2022 o"]
[14.230738639831543, 3.0593647956848145, "3, we identified 22 trends and associated impacts, potential responses, and relationships.\nFigure B.1\nThe Futures Wheel\nTechnical Appendix 35\n  First-order impacts\n Trend or event\n  SOURCE: Zapyon, 2009. Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic licen"]
[14.120451927185059, 3.158134698867798, "tly or indirectly, and thus are most centrally involved in driving impacts on criminal justice.\nResponse A Response B\nRecommendation\nCJTFG action item\n Note describing how trend is being addressed elsewhere\n Analyzing the Trends, Impacts, and Respons"]
[14.190056800842285, 3.122955799102783, "riminal justice\u2013wide information integration\napplications might occur (18) \u2022 Affects the use of BWCs (21)\n\u2022 General lack of awareness of existing material on improving cybersecurity (example of 4)\n\u2022 Demand for cyber protections is an increasing press"]
[14.189865112304688, 3.0960941314697266, "nd Sosic\u030c, 2016). The trends within a cluster are comparably densely related to one another and less densely connected to trends outside the clusters. Each cluster implies an underlying key theme linking them together. The six clusters, and their und"]
[14.177262306213379, 3.1275794506073, " an example.\nGetting to true, field-wide integration\nLack of business cases and processes\n40 Addressing Emerging Trends to Support the Future of Criminal Justice\nIdentifying Which Themes Are Most Central\nThe size of the node for each trend in Figure "]
[14.150080680847168, 3.132457733154297, " of awareness of existing training and reference material on criminal-justice tech- nologies broadly hampered adoption and use of a variety of technologies and made those technologies more vulnerable to attack.\nFigure B.4 summarizes the relationships"]
[14.161432266235352, 3.1211228370666504, "ow trend is elsewhere\n  Lack of core business and use cases and other\ntechnologies\nThese capture a key storyline emerging from CJTFG\nEmergence of situational-awareness\ndata streams\nNeed to advance from small-scale to nationwide information-sharing\npr"]
[14.157302856445312, 3.1176071166992188, "sharing\u201d again, as one example)\n\u2013 have a basis in research evidence, if available\n\u2022 comprehensive, collectively covering all of the themes and most of the constituent trends \u2013 For the few trends not covered, the CJTFG and the RAND team identified way"]
[14.051398277282715, 3.1813619136810303, "nd\nsafeguarding.\nneed for digital-evidence management on a massive scale\n\u2013 Assess whether CJIS (or another federal agency) should establish a federally sponsored\ncloud capability for video and other digital evidence.\nneed to enable fielding of BWCs\n\u2013"]
[13.771819114685059, 3.1972732543945312, ". These include hot-spot policing, geospatial predic- tive policing, and crime linking. If the NIBRS data can be further combined with entity data (i.e., data about offenders, victims, vehicles and locations\u2014e.g., the data uploaded to N-DEx, LInX, or"]
[13.7367582321167, 3.039323329925537, " analysis\n Crime-analysis environment\n    RAND RR1987-C.1\nAnalyses with entity data\n Linking offenders to crimes\n Social-network analysis\n 1 The environment might also permit uploading data in LInX, COPLINK, or other formats yet to be determined.\nCon"]
[13.777731895446777, 3.2171385288238525, "d%20files%208-22-14.ashx\nCenter for Internet Security, \u201cMS-ISAC: Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center,\u201d undated. As of March 29, 2016:\nhttps://msisac.cisecurity.org/\nCity of Chicago, \u201cChicago Data Portal,\u201d undated. As of August 8, 2017"]
[13.68369197845459, 3.317434310913086, "n, Brian A., and Dulani Woods, Criminal Justice Technology Taxonomy Web Tool, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TL-158-NIJ, 2015. As of March 13, 2016:\nh t t p : / / w w w . r a n d . o r g / p u b s / t o o l s / T L 15 8 . h t m l\nJustice Inf"]
[13.739113807678223, 3.3442747592926025, " March 30, 2016:\nhttps://www.openstreetmap.org/about\n\u201cOur Approach to Privacy,\u201d Apple.com, undated. As of March 29, 2016: http://www.apple.com/privacy/approach-to-privacy/\nPeriscope, home page, undated. As of March 29, 2016: https://www.periscope.tv/"]
[16.729650497436523, -1.3172687292099, "sition and Use of License Plate Reader Data from a Commercial Service, DHS/ICE/PIA-039, March 19, 2015. As of January 5, 2017:\nh t t p s : / / w w w . d h s . g o v / s i t e s / d e f a u l t / fi l e s / p u b l i c a t i o n s / p r i v a c y - p "]
[23.88144302368164, 4.543071746826172, " JUSTICE, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND ENVIRONMENT\nIs Climate Restoration an Appropriate Climate Policy Goal?\nRobert J. Lempert, Giacomo Marangoni, Klaus Keller, Jessica Duke\nPrepared for the RAND Frederick S. Pardee Center for Longer Range Global Policy and "]
[-0.42076411843299866, 13.55850887298584, "s been no shortage of past attempts to think globally about the human condition or the long-range future. What has been missing, however, is a means of tying those efforts systematically and analytically to today\u2019s policy decisions. This is the gap t"]
[23.880537033081055, 4.54140567779541, ".......................................... viii Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................... x Abbreviations....................................................."]
[23.88174819946289, 4.5418314933776855, "4.5. Conditions Under Which Pursuing the Restore 2100 Goal Does and\nDoes Not Create a Moral Hazard ...................................................................................... 24\nFigure 4.6. Flow of Funds Between Decarbonization and Carbon "]
[23.8807373046875, 4.540910720825195, "to climate change or by weakening commitment to other ambitious climate goals.\nTherefore, this report considers climate restoration through the lens of risk management. Defined broadly, risk is the effect of uncertainty on objectives. Risk management"]
[23.871875762939453, 4.552441120147705, " such goals with a 2\u00b0C target to reduce the risk of overshoot and developing appropriate long-term financing mechanisms for what might become an expensive public good. In addition, the model dynamics suggest that an ambitious climate restoration goal"]
[23.879913330078125, 4.544162750244141, " start of the Industrial Revolution.\nProponents envision many types of climate restoration, but one of great interest\u2014and the focus of this study\u2014seeks to return GHG concentrations to the preindustrial level of 300 ppm within ome to two generations.1"]
[23.88082504272461, 4.542664051055908, " some imbued with a sense of environmental stewardship, returning the climate to its preindustrial state seems like the moral thing to do.\nOn the other hand, climate restoration presents a monumental task, the pursuit of which is not without the pote"]
[23.88063621520996, 4.543211936950684, "ursuing climate restoration would avoid such moral hazard, that is, provide a net catalytic effect, under conditions in which successful DAC is at least half as likely as successful decarbonization.\nThe analysis also suggests that near-term actions t"]
[23.88092041015625, 4.541757106781006, "more severely from climate change than the rich and those living in other locations\u2014along with the deep uncertainty that surrounds the scientific understanding of the consequences of any particular level of GHGs (e.g., Moss, 1995; Keller et al., 2005"]
[23.880720138549805, 4.541685581207275, "cale and scope of such activity.\nClimate Restoration Technology\nVarious means exist to extract CO2 from the atmosphere. The most straightforward approaches include reforestation (i.e., growing trees) along with improved management of agricultural and"]
[23.87357521057129, 4.5340118408203125, "(Air Miners, undated). 6\n prototype is selling aggregate from captured carbon\u2014reportedly at a profit3\u2014to San Francisco International Airport for terminal renovations, using calcium extracted from waste concrete.4\nDAC has different thermodynamic requi"]
[23.881071090698242, 4.542491436004639, "ication with Brent Constantz, Blue Planet\u2019s chief executive officer.\n4 Other possible calcium sources include brine from desalination plants and wastewater facilities, which produce water with excess cations. Naturally occurring seawater and geologic"]
[23.880027770996094, 4.542261123657227, "resumably) low-probability, high-consequence climate effects.\nthat seems\n safe for a few years may not remain safe for decades. If successful, restoration would offer\n  As noted in Table 2.1\u2019s second row, even if it proves impossible to reach 300 ppm"]
[23.88078498840332, 4.543177127838135, "the majority of the evidence suggests that coupling risk information with a specific plan not only elevates perceived risk but also motivates behavior change (Fischhoff and Davis, 2014). This finding is particularly clear in the public health field ("]
[23.881084442138672, 4.543184757232666, " risk management under deep uncertainty (Lempert et al., 2003; Lempert et al., 2006). The study explored the consequences of pursuing a climate restoration goal over a wide range of plausible futures, including those in which DAC technology do and do"]
[23.87854766845703, 4.539314270019531, "s study, we regard the near-term decision to pursue a particular climate restoration goal as the policy lever. The analysis then explores the potential positive and negative consequences of making such a choice. In particular, we consider as policy l"]
[23.870845794677734, 4.5308332443237305, " 2100\n\u2022 Restore 2100 and 2\u00b0C\n  Metrics (M)\n\u2022 Net present value social welfare\n\u2022 Annual cost of abatement and carbon\ncapture\n\u2022 Damages due to climate change \u2022 Maximum global temperature and\natmospheric concentration\n\u2022 Maximum annual cost of meeting cl"]
[23.86963653564453, 4.530196189880371, "e, GHG concentrations, and damages due to climate change. The model also reports the maximum cost, temperature, and GHG concentration in any given year. The study used these metrics to compare the desirability of alternative pathways and the potentia"]
[23.866455078125, 4.526178359985352, "future work consideration of any potential conflicts between the storage requirements of DAC and carbon capture from fossil plants.\nThe climate sensitivity and GHG abatement cost values shown in Table 3.1 spans a reasonable subset of reported estimat"]
[23.879619598388672, 4.541145324707031, "hich it does seem possible or catalytic.\nConditions Under Which Climate Restoration Is Possible\nThe multiscenario analysis suggests that there are more pathways to the Restore 2100 than the Restore 2050 goal and fewer pathways to Restore 2100 than to"]
[23.876750946044922, 4.537725925445557, " Low Cost Criteria. Details are shown for various dimensions. The view is filtered on Policy, Abatcost, Ccsmarketcap, Ccsmarketcost, Clim Sens, Daccost, Dacspeed and Leak. The Policy filter keeps resto2050 and resto21\nYear\n0\n0an\nd2\ndeg. The Abatcost "]
[23.87736701965332, 4.5374579429626465, "odel the 2 percent GWP threshold as a constraint. Doing so would limit the information we could glean from a large set of runs, since the model would not be able to reach the climate goals in most futures.\n (% Gross World Product) Maximum annual cost"]
[23.879493713378906, 4.539999485015869, " 16% of low-cost cases\nD/C = 88%/73%\nCases common to both:\n\u2022 2% of total cases\n\u2022 16% of low-cost cases\n    Restore 2100 and 2\u00b0C\n    Table 4.2 also provides quantitative measures of the statement that a low-cost pathway \u201cgenerally falls in\u201d a scenario"]
[23.880220413208008, 4.540380954742432, " potential overshoots with little effect on the fraction of low-cost pathways, shown in Table 4.1.\n 21\nConditions Under Which Climate Restoration Is Catalytic\nProponents see climate restoration as catalytic, helping to increase the likelihood of wide"]
[23.881078720092773, 4.541037082672119, "llenge. As noted by Morton (2015) and by Wagner and Weitzman (2015), many advocates focus on two less- challenging combinations: one in which climate change could cause serious damage, but the costs of reducing emissions are small; and the other in w"]
[23.88031578063965, 4.541362762451172, "5. Conditions Under Which Pursuing the Restore 2100 Goal Does and Does Not Create a Moral Hazard\n    Restore goal: Net effect improves outcomes\n  Restore goal: Net effect\nmakes desirable scenarios less likely\n     Probability of Best case DAC\n100% 75"]
[23.879650115966797, 4.540897369384766, "\nFigure 4.6 thus shows the net flow of revenues from GHG mitigation to climate restoration for five pathways to the Restore 2100 goal, with different assumptions regarding abatement costs ($225 and $650/GtCO2) and the half-life of carbon sequestered "]
[23.880422592163086, 4.541680812835693, "ze the deployment of technologies that make it easier\u2014and, in fact, may prove necessary\u2014to achieve less ambitious goals, such as the 2\u00b0C target. In addition, successful climate restoration could reduce risks by significantly shortening the time that "]
[23.880388259887695, 4.541362285614014, "framework to help adjudicate this question, by considering a scenario in which pursuing climate restoration increases the likelihood of successful DAC while decreasing by a similar amount the likelihood of low-cost decarbonization. Applied across a r"]
[23.880502700805664, 4.541094779968262, " Restore 2075 would provide a better balance than 2050 between a not-implausible and sufficiently resonant goal.\nSecond, to avoid the risk of overshoot, a climate restoration goal might best be combined with a temperature target, such as 2\u00b0C. The sim"]
[23.8703556060791, 4.530129432678223, "ed scenarios. However, none of these scenarios are guaranteed. Climate restoration thus calls for a learning process. The best we can do is pursue climate restoration with a passion while embedding it in a process of testing, experimentation, correct"]
[23.86880874633789, 4.528615474700928, "ext (seqdac_maxgrowth, %/yr), starting from year 2025:\nESEQDAC[t] <= (1+seqdac_maxgrowth/100)**tstep * ESEQDAC[t-1].\nAn absolute upper bound of 1 GtC holds in year 2020, which is assumed to be the initial year\nfor DAC to be able to operate at large s"]
[23.868085861206055, 4.528772354125977, "apture, diffusion speed\nHalf-life of sequestered carbon\nMarket for carbon products, marginal cost Market for carbon products, market size\nDICE Parameter\nt2xco2\nPback mcostseqdac0 seqdac_maxgrowth Reshalflife mcoststor_market0 maxestor_market\n    t2xc"]
[-0.6823487281799316, 13.32339859008789, "um, S. Paltsev, S. Rose, P.R. Shukla, M. Tavoni, B. C. C. van der Zwaan, and D.P. van Vuuren, \u201cAssessing Transformation Pathways,\u201d in Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Ei"]
[-0.6954187750816345, 13.318134307861328, "ation: How Much and When?\u201d Climatic Change, Vol. 88, 2008, pp. 267\u2013291.\nKnutti, R., M. A. A. Rugenstein, and G. C. Hegerl, \u201cBeyond Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity,\u201d Nature Geoscience, Vol. 10, No. 10, 2017, p. 727.\nKriegler, E., J. W. Hall, H. Held, "]
[-0.6709891557693481, 13.325234413146973, "8, 2018:\nhttp://www.pnas.org/content/114/7/1518.long\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cScientific and Economic Background on DICE Models,\u201d webpage, October 2017-b. As of March 29, 2018:\nhttps://sites.google.com/site/williamdnordhaus/dice-rice\nNordhaus, W. D., and P. Sztorc, DIC"]
[-0.6968405842781067, 13.313172340393066, "Global Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997.\nWagner, G. and M. L. Weitzman, Climate Shock: The Economic Consequences of a Hotter Planet, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2015.\nWeitzman, M. L., \u201cGHG Targets as Insurance"]
[14.922237396240234, 2.732543468475342, "   CORPORATION\nStrategies to Mitigate the Impact of Electronic Communication and\nElectronic Devices on the Right to a Fair Trial\nJustin C. Dawson, Duren Banks, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Shoshana R. Shelton\nS U M M A R Y \u25a0 The proliferation of electronic"]
[14.967476844787598, 2.7204840183258057, "e of Justice, the Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative convened a panel to identify ways that electronic communication can impact the right to a fair trial and to recommend strategies to protect witnesses from intimidation and jurors from compr"]
[14.935712814331055, 2.687195062637329, "lenging the court also to transform its approach to protecting the right to a fair trial. The right to a trial by an impartial jury is pro- tected by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitu- tion and has been a part of the American justice "]
[14.967639923095703, 2.675161361694336, "use of mobile devices and other new capabilities to do \u201coutside research\u201d during trials and (2) educate jurors on this issue\n\u2022 develop methods to monitor juror and defendant social media activity, given concerns about use of social media to influence"]
[14.846138000488281, 2.7628607749938965, "me by, in part due to the difficulty of identifying and interviewing those witnesses subject to intimidation in response to specific events and/or ongoing, community-based threats. Success-\nful intimidation often occurs beyond the notice of authoriti"]
[14.854336738586426, 2.744853973388672, "threats\u2014\u201c . . . it is possible the continual progression of electronic communication technologies and social media have made witness intimidation a more insidious problem than ever\u201d (panelist). The sometimes public or widely shared nature of social m"]
[14.876093864440918, 2.7509453296661377, " claimed to identify more than 5,000 undercover officers, informants, and wit- nesses before it was shut down in 2007. The site posted names, pictures, statements, and the results of plea bargains where informants provided information that led to the"]
[14.945162773132324, 2.6946396827697754, "ded meaning of such com- munications. This often leads to arguments of free speech, which in turn lead judges to vast differences in interpretation. Court procedures may be emerging to convey the intent of visual communications that rely on text shor"]
[14.956387519836426, 2.723843812942505, "informa- tion, thereby compromising the defendant\u2019s right to a fair trial. As one panelist noted, \u201cThere is always a problem when the legislature is allowed to dictate what can and cannot go on in a courthouse. They are led by fear and often react to"]
[14.946784019470215, 2.7233941555023193, "m all have at least one judicial district that has banned or set limits on the use of electronic devices in the courthouse (National Center for\nState Courts, undated). With electronic device bans in place across the country, the panel recognized that"]
[14.962770462036133, 2.714371681213379, "ensus that judicial educa-\ntion and knowledge are critical to identify and prevent witness intimidation through social media and other ECD. The panel recognized that with education and understanding, the judges themselves could better control the cou"]
[14.941508293151855, 2.7308478355407715, "h which technology evolves.\nStrengthen witness protection/ \u2022 Prohibitively high cost of the witness relocation programs. protection program\n\u2022 Photos of witnesses are extremely easy to locate with modern technology.\n\u2022 Witnesses, despite warnings, cont"]
[14.941277503967285, 2.687883138656616, "w challenges to this old problem, just as it has with witness intimidation. Juror misconduct may take many forms (Morri- son, 2011), including but not limited to searching for additional factual information outside the courtroom and discussion of cou"]
[14.946844100952148, 2.7016539573669434, "in 2014 (Marder, 2014). Together, these data on the prevalence of juror misconduct with ECD illustrate that, while it is hard to quantify definitively, juror misconduct with ECD is a significant problem in the modern court system that war- rants cons"]
[14.960423469543457, 2.707502841949463, "esented. As described earlier, the jury system depends on the impartiality\nof jurors: \u201cImpartial jurors are those who are willing and able\nto consider the evidence presented at trial without preconceived opinions about the defendant\u2019s guilt or innoce"]
[14.95988655090332, 2.706035852432251, " may not understand\nin an attempt to learn more about issues related to the case. The internet provides a means for jurors to instantaneously access unlimited information, conduct their own research, and communicate with people via tweets, blogs, Fac"]
[14.96215534210205, 2.7066023349761963, "he scene. During deliberations, the jury asked\nthe court to define the word \u201cperverse\u201d as it had been used in the case, but the court did not respond. That evening a juror went home after recess and looked up the term, as well as the definition of in"]
[14.956396102905273, 2.7026422023773193, "ions should be an option but should be used only after a juror has been adequately instructed and warned against misconduct. Still others strongly eschewed juror sanctions as generally inappropriate and ineffec- tive in most cases. Most of the paneli"]
[14.956199645996094, 2.7045018672943115, "essary to determine the case and the small details about people or events we all see and incorporate into our decision- making. Efforts to wall jurors off from considering those small details\u2014\u201csmall \u2018e\u2019 evidence\u201d\u2014may, in addition to likely being impr"]
[14.96716022491455, 2.7071104049682617, "re promising practices. Points of panel consensus are summarized in Table 2.\nCONCLUSION\nJudges and attorneys have long encountered and addressed witness tampering, juror misconduct, and other potential viola- tions of the right to a fair and impartia"]
[14.960577011108398, 2.7033092975616455, "promising avenue to limit juror miscon- duct than concrete rules applied the same way in every circum- stance. With regard to witness or juror intimidation, the panel determined electronic device bans in the courtroom provided a temporary solution to"]
[14.918574333190918, 2.706017255783081, "f judges was a key promising approach identified by the panel with regard to preventing witness intimidation and juror misconduct. Here,\na centralized repository that includes information on the latest case law and technological advances would be hel"]
[14.885698318481445, 2.7961621284484863, "unity Oriented Policing Services, 2006.\nDunn, M., Jurors\u2019 and Attorneys\u2019 Use of Social Media During Voir Dire, Trials, and Deliberations, Washington D.C.: Federal Judicial Center, January 2014.\nEgley, A. J., and C. Ritz, Highlights of the 2000 Nation"]
[14.861729621887207, 2.8857462406158447, "tml\nMcKay v. Federspiel, 15-1548, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, May 20, 2016. As of July 20, 2017:\nhttps://w w w.courtlistener.com/opinion/3205597/robert-mckay-v- william-federspiel/?\nMorrison, C. M., \u201cJury 2.0,\u201d Hastings Law Journal, "]
[14.29449462890625, 3.627485513687134, " Association, Winter, 2013, pp. 1\u20138.\nUnited States v. Carmichael, 326 F. Supp. 2d 1303, U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, July 22, 2004.\nUnited States v. Lawson, 677 F.3d 629, 633-34, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit"]
[13.919629096984863, 4.144133567810059, " International. His research focuses on courts and corrections, criminal justice, and international rule of law projects. He has a law degree from Creighton University. He began his career as a trial attorney before becoming a prosecuting attorney wi"]
[13.877696990966797, 4.42173433303833, "l criminal justice agencies at the federal level; private-sector technology providers; and policymakers active in the criminal justice field.\n This publication was made possible by Award Number 2013-MU-CX-K003, awarded by the National Institute of Ju"]
[4.160323143005371, 7.853066921234131, "       THE ROAD TO\nZER0\nA Vision for Achieving Zero Roadway Deaths by 2050\n        Liisa Ecola\n  Steven W. Popper\nRichard Silberglitt\nLaura Fraade-Blanar\n Prepared for\n   CORPORATION\n      For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/"]
[4.27426290512085, 7.993722915649414, "ogram, which focuses primarily on the role of scientific development and technological inno- vation in human behavior, global and regional decisionmaking as it relates to science and technology, and the concurrent effects that science and technology "]
[15.046626091003418, 5.764373779296875, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roads That \u201cForgive\u201d Mistakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Starting Trau"]
[4.173434257507324, 7.853264808654785, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BusinessCommunityandFleetOwners....................................................................\n.. 1 .. 1 .. 3 .. 6 .. 8\n. 13 . 14 . 19 . 21\n23 24 26\n27\n27 . 32 . 41\n42\n. 45 . "]
[4.163197040557861, 7.848045825958252, "portion of Population . . . . . . .\nS.3. Three Approaches Working Together to Reduce Roadway Deaths to Zero .\n1.1. Increases in Deaths by Road User Type, 2011 to 2016. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n1.2. Proportion of Roadway Deaths "]
[4.178780555725098, 7.848927974700928, "sed investment in emergency response, together with enhanced connectivity for faster crash notification, improved injury prediction, better communication with 911 and first responders, and more-effective emergency medical care.\nImprovements in digita"]
[4.175103187561035, 7.855635643005371, "ch the same way that people changed their minds about alcohol-impaired driving in the 1980s and 1990s, drivers in 2050 feel that their communities expect them to comply with speed limits and to not drive distracted. Widespread community road-safety a"]
[4.169279098510742, 7.851115703582764, "y has seen enormous improvements in safety in other areas. As of 2017, no commercial U.S. airline passenger flight has had a fatal crash since 2009, thanks in large part to a collaborative government/industry safety management system. The number of p"]
[4.168491363525391, 7.8543596267700195, "rash type, the percentage of fatalities that are men ranges from 49 percent of car passenger deaths to 99 percent of large truck deaths.\n\u2022 Rural road users are disproportionately affected as well. In 2015, an estimated 19 percent of the U.S. populati"]
[4.223200798034668, 7.836610317230225, "ted States has seen over the past sev- eral decades can be attributed to many factors. One is better vehicle technologies developed by automakers, better in terms of avoiding crashes and protecting those in the vehicle\u2014such tech- nologies save 27,000"]
[4.179279804229736, 7.847411632537842, "ess individual and collective decisions, and a strong safety culture is an essential prerequisite.\nThe Safe System approach is integral to the Vision Zero movement that started in Sweden in the 1990s and began spreading to the United States a decade "]
[4.18367862701416, 7.850407123565674, "ing crashes is the highest priority, improving post-crash response also rep- resents a significant opportunity for saving lives. Twenty percent of trauma deaths could be prevented with optimal trauma care. Improved trauma care will be essential in ad"]
[4.209051132202148, 7.852095603942871, "s promise large advances in safety. ADAS\u2014such as auto- matic emergency braking, adaptive cruise control, and lane-keeping\u2014are already being intro- duced into the fleet. Each year, these technologies are offered on a greater number of new vehicles and"]
[4.172850131988525, 7.845800399780273, "majority of vehicles\nInsurance markets nudge bad drivers to safer vehicles\n             \u201cSafety in all policies\u201d approach spreads\n   TODAY 2025\nNOTE: TZD = Toward Zero Deaths.\nRAND RR2333-S.3\n2030\n2040\n2045\n2050\nTraffic deaths\n2035\nZero\ndeaths\nThese "]
[4.178531646728516, 7.83748197555542, "r with industry and other stakeholders to develop platforms and systems to collect\nand analyze data that will generate the information needed to target safety interventions.\n\u2022 Assess strategies for improving vehicle safety, including partnerships and"]
[4.167944431304932, 7.8418707847595215, "onal trauma triage criteria for crash victims.\n\u2022 Collaborate with government and business on adopting the Safe System approach and\npromoting a strong safety culture.\nSafety researchers and advocates:\n\u2022 Educate policymakers at the local, state, and fe"]
[4.136959075927734, 7.845627784729004, "bout a future with zero road- way deaths. Susan Crotty handled the communications and meeting logistics of the expanding RTZ Coalition. Other NSC staff who participated in the workshops included Kelly Nantel and Julian Hoffman.\nAt the U.S. Department"]
[4.185784339904785, 7.863346099853516, "reviewer, Zachary Doerzaph, director of the Center for Advanced Automotive Research at the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, and internal reviewer, Charlene Rohr, contributed many helpful comments to the final report.\nAbbreviations\n 3HF Three-H"]
[4.16980504989624, 7.858656883239746, "n public roads involving any type of motor vehicle, who died within 30 days of the crash. The National Safety Council and the Centers for Disease Control and Pre- vention (CDC) also publish annual figures but use different definitions that are more i"]
[4.182270526885986, 7.8787522315979, "eaths have increased because of many causes and across demographic groups. Roadway deaths occur among all road users, although some groups are at greater risk than others. About two-thirds of those killed are drivers and passengers in cars and trucks"]
[4.168056488037109, 7.8570780754089355, "or teen drivers are higher than for any other age group per mile driven; teen drivers ages 16 to 19 are almost three times more likely than drivers age 20 and up to be in a fatal crash, and the risks are highest at age 16 and 17 (IIHS, 2017b).\n\u2022 Men "]
[4.1412672996521, 7.863356113433838, "red or distracted. Combined with current vehicle and road\n7 Many crashes are considered to have more than one cause (e.g., a driver was both speeding and driving while intoxi- cated), so the numbers in this paragraph do not necessarily equal 100 perc"]
[4.215824604034424, 7.824280261993408, "y 2050\nvictims who reach the hospital could be prevented if the victims received efficient and effective trauma care from the time of injury to acute care to rehabilitation and beyond (Berwick, Downey, and Cornett, 2016). Reaching a trauma center mor"]
[4.152309894561768, 7.837446689605713, "\u2014not \u201cHow else can traffic crashes be reduced?\u201d but \u201cIs it possible to eliminate roadway deaths altogether?\u201d\nIn 1997, Sweden became the first country in the world to enact a policy called Vision Zero\u2014a formal goal, adopted by the parliament, of reduc"]
[4.203585147857666, 7.858529567718506, "ty planners, traffic engineers, and vehicle designers\u2014responsible for preventing crashes. This approach, often referred to as the Safe System approach, assumes that drivers will still make mistakes but that the road system should be designed in such "]
[4.163687705993652, 7.8465118408203125, "nnectedness of vehicles, infrastructure, and vulnerable road users such as pedestrians, bicyclists, motorcyclists, and highway workers may further reduce serious crashes. As these technological improvements become more and more commonplace, and traff"]
[4.1914544105529785, 7.855625152587891, "dispatchers\n  Data standards adopted\nADAS on majority of vehicles\n Public support for new safety programs increases\n    Insurance markets nudge bad drivers to safer vehicles\n 37,000+ deaths\nWidespread use of automated enforcement\n     \u201cSafety in all "]
[4.1781182289123535, 7.8483123779296875, "to be forgiving so that these mistakes do not lead to fatal outcomes. The Safe System approach also involves commitment to analyze safety problems, identify changes that bring the best return on investment, and implement these improvements throughout"]
[4.282900333404541, 7.893013954162598, "e older\u201422 percent are over 65, as opposed to 15 percent 35 years ago\u2014and almost 20 percent are immigrants (up from about 13 percent in 2014) (Colby and Ortman, 2015).2\nNeither are Americans less mobile, at least overall. In fact, the demand for mobi"]
[4.227844715118408, 7.854537487030029, " like revolutionary technologies. These technologies include but are not limited to the following:\n\u2022 Intelligent speed adaption manages vehicle speed, taking into account the presence of people and other vehicles, the design of the road, the surround"]
[4.354732990264893, 7.868253231048584, "ee the pedestrian until it would have been too late, the car brakes in time. Happily, there isn\u2019t another vehicle directly behind\u2014most cars give you a warning sound when you are following too closely. Joe texts city hall the next day to vent about th"]
[4.899353504180908, 7.943282604217529, "ain benefit has been to reduce highway crashes between passing vehi- cles. Rearview cameras allow drivers to see behind them, avoiding crashes due to hitting something behind the car (tragically, sometimes a small child). Rear parking sensors tell dr"]
[4.872610569000244, 7.96789026260376, "es this flow of information from the outside to inform and engage the vehicle\u2019s safety systems and warn drivers of hazards. V2X connectivity is working in tandem with automated driving systems, sharing information about vehicle speeds and directions "]
[4.826420783996582, 8.157556533813477, "ight otherwise have needed assisted living arrangements or depended on younger family members to drive them around. As self-driving cars improved in their abilities to handle bad weather, they became more common in northern cities (when first introdu"]
[4.83641242980957, 8.179353713989258, "eet of automated vehicles, and both require that, to qualify for these plans, members have to be able to get into and out of the car on their own. They have different and more- expensive plans for seniors who need more assistance. Emily signs Jacquel"]
[4.180727005004883, 7.851086616516113, " lances to make them more crashworthy for both patients and crew members were developed based on specialized crash tests. Ambulance crew members have restraint systems that allow them to perform patient care but survive a crash.\nSo, a key reason for "]
[4.2054290771484375, 7.808305740356445, "nother way cities have made progress is by continuing the work of right-sizing their major streets that was begun in the early 2000s. Cities have converted more streets from two lanes each way without turn lanes to one lane in each direction with tur"]
[4.160068035125732, 7.840736389160156, "g signage designed to break on impact so that cars that collide with it are not seriously damaged. They also use more-consistent traffic control signs and markings so that drivers encounter similar uses regardless of location. Installing rumble strip"]
[4.222559452056885, 7.825549125671387, "g Trauma Care Quickly and More Efficiently\nEven with all the changes in vehicles and roads, crashes still happen\u20142050 saw more than 1 million of them. Crashes are classified broadly into three types: fatal, injury, and property- damage-only (meaning,"]
[4.227325916290283, 7.82366418838501, " with optimal care on scene and prioritized for access to hospitals and selective transpor- tation to trauma centers. While most crashes involve one or two passenger vehicles, standard- ized triage systems have been useful in saving lives in incident"]
[4.2590742111206055, 7.837167739868164, "ene before EMS responders arrive. Telemedicine monitoring can assist those at the scene to assess the patient and use the medical devices dropped off by drone.\nFirst responders can also be on the scene more rapidly. Those arriving in ground vehicles "]
[4.16332483291626, 7.854361534118652, "hemselves. As a result of increased data sharing and changes in insurance regulations, insurance premiums are also highly stratified in terms of vehicle safety technologies, offering discounts to car owners with specific safety packages. Most of this"]
[4.205153942108154, 7.862246513366699, "nts.7 This type of bond brings private or philanthropic money to fund government programs\u2014generally focused on prevention\u2014and investors are repaid only if the program outcomes are achieved. Several roads with embedded sensors to aid safety have been "]
[1.9854950904846191, 8.834253311157227, "itney services. Some of these changes have been led by immigrant groups who came come from countries where driving is less common and brought their habits with them. Assimilation no longer means buying a car.\nFor another, individual dependence on pri"]
[4.172375202178955, 7.847598552703857, "heir car as a tool to get from point A to point B. Attitudes about car ownership and driv- ing are more focused on convenience, comfort, efficiency, and safety rather than on power or speed. People still love cars, but they value different features t"]
[4.171336650848389, 7.845072269439697, "hile it didn\u2019t get the same attention as more high-profile causes of death, the mid-2010s saw something of a crisis in roadway deaths: After years of decline, they were going up. The causes were not necessarily clear: There were more miles being driv"]
[4.158091068267822, 7.822844505310059, "), and City Hall, including its office of operations and the community affairs unit.2 Their mandate was for each department to incorporate safety outcomes into its own policies and share results and ideas with other depart- ments. So they attacked a "]
[4.808891773223877, 7.945185661315918, "trol, but fewer than 5 percent had rear parking sensors, automatic emergency braking (AEB), or adaptive headlights.3 Some technologies were still essentially limited to luxury models. Due to a combination of consumer pressure and the desire to show a"]
[4.842493534088135, 7.924559116363525, "fectly legal in one state and illegal when it crossed the state border.\nIn the late 2010s, a process to allow some exemptions from the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards was developed specifically to spur AV technology while also encouraging\n3 Cu"]
[4.177394390106201, 7.844961166381836, "bottom line, since crashes were the leading cause of workplace deaths. They encouraged businesses with their own fleets to upgrade to safer vehi- cles when replacements were needed, or to sign up with car-sharing services with newer fleets. Some flee"]
[4.163354873657227, 7.824401378631592, " that minimized both the probability and impact of crashes. The main focus was on reducing speed in safety-critical locations, which accomplished two things at once: It reduced the chance of a crash taking place, since higher speeds mean that drivers"]
[4.7651848793029785, 8.274024963378906, "ift, it obviously did not occur overnight. But the ways that experts think about traffic safety were beginning to change dramatically, and this helped to push along some of the broader changes that took place in the ensuing years.\nYears of Rapid Chan"]
[4.754674911499023, 8.174450874328613, ", bike-sharing, and other modes (such as commuter ferries). The mid-sized southern city that pioneered this type of mobility service negotiated to have access to the ride-hailing and bike-sharing data as well, to help with planning efforts. What made"]
[4.157984256744385, 7.860422134399414, "ing. Both public and private organizations had been in the data collection business for years, but often on clunky legacy systems that were incapable of exporting data in formats that would be accessible to other organizations. Thefts of data from la"]
[4.191915988922119, 7.8428192138671875, "des- trian deaths were never the largest category of crash fatalities nationally, their sizable increase in the late 2010s, combined with the fact that they were a substantial share of city crash fatali- ties, meant that serious progress was being ma"]
[4.145949840545654, 7.86649227142334, "ave been proven to be safer than turning left directly.11 Other initiatives that began spreading across states included more consistent crash reporting and data sharing between cities and states.\nMaking these infrastructure changes required additiona"]
[4.602056503295898, 7.891289234161377, "ight of the improved data to better understand problems in design that could be improved upon systemically with retrofits and new design protocols. Those jurisdictions with the resources to do so began to analyze specific crashes in depth, looking fo"]
[4.86435604095459, 7.981306076049805, "nds. When DADSS finally became available for commercial use, auto manufacturers voluntarily agreed to offer it on nearly all models, given their role in its development. Even so, it takes about 25 years for automotive technologies to reach 95 percent"]
[4.937929153442383, 7.955364227294922, "heir market power to exert a certain amount of pressure on AV manufacturers. Around this time, the mobility services themselves also began requiring certain levels of safety in their AV purchases via a set of safety standards that they agreed upon.\nW"]
[4.263148307800293, 7.831707954406738, "swering points in a crash. (Previous luxury vehicles had communications with their own services, which could then turn around and call for help if needed; the change here was in eliminating the middleman.) Seeing the potential for this technology to "]
[4.217567443847656, 7.828237533569336, "es control of the bike\u2014he can\u2019t say what happened, just that it seems to have a mind of its own. It bounces off the newly installed median barrier\u2014a huge blessing, since he might have hit the car coming from the opposite direction\u2014and throws him onto"]
[4.18987512588501, 7.834601402282715, "ntos, who had reviewed the ultrasound and scene photos in advance and had advised her team to expect liver lacerations\u2014 she was right, and the operating suite was already prepared. Between the immediate crash notification, the fast extrication and tr"]
[4.1617350578308105, 7.840339183807373, "ll.\nPart of this was that those elected officials who had been early champions of Vision Zero policies began talking more regularly about their successes, and over time this helped to reset the baseline. Individual car crashes had seldom made the new"]
[4.746586322784424, 7.934169769287109, "peeding was especially difficult, because the crackdowns on speeding in both rural and urban areas had led to something of a backlash. Social media was full of complaints that posted speeds were too low and that AVs (which were programmed to keep to "]
[13.183318138122559, 0.37759238481521606, "but identifying the best common approaches was challenging given the range of constituents and the rapidly changing technologies. Once there was agreement on the protocols, adoption of the technology accelerated remarkably.\nAnother bright spot is the"]
[4.85417366027832, 7.916363716125488, "e a public utility model to support delivery of services in sparsely populated areas. People with disabilities also were avid supporters and\nearly adopters, and the quality of life of many who previously had limited mobility has been enhanced immeasu"]
[4.172993183135986, 7.845454692840576, "king is the availability of funding across departments. After the loosening up of funding provisions in the federal trans- portation authorization bill 30 years ago, those measures have continued to evolve to bring more authority to the states to mak"]
[4.166799068450928, 7.842098236083984, "onversations between stakeholders, facilitating public-private cooperation, and supporting research.\n\u2022 Provide leadership that prioritizes achieving zero roadway fatalities by 2050.\n\u2022 Promote and support best practices that reduce roadway fatalities,"]
[4.170909404754639, 7.837189674377441, "sources.\n\u2022 Incorporate Safe System principles to identify problems, allocate resources and develop\npolicies, and adjust policies as necessary to accommodate important Safe System changes,\nsuch as adjustments in speed limits.\n\u2022 Take advantage of evide"]
[4.181367874145508, 7.847448825836182, "y advocate groups working together can play a key role in education and in develop- ing partnerships to bring together groups that will need to cooperate to make progress.\nThe Road to Zero 47\n48\nThe Road to Zero: A Vision for Achieving Zero Roadway D"]
[4.149970531463623, 7.844796180725098, "Participate with local leaders in supporting the safety initiatives identified in the Toward\nZero Deaths National Strategy and in local Vision Zero efforts.\n\u2022 Incorporate the latest standardized crash reporting protocols and share data as possible\nwi"]
[4.027779579162598, 7.854890823364258, "my versus the desirability of having more effective automatic-\nity in the driving and safety systems of vehicles)\n\u2022 developing scenarios designed to illuminate alternative courses of actions, consequences,\nand bases for policy choices\n\u2022 the desire to"]
[3.9916415214538574, 7.861336708068848, "t Horizon, it too will be unable to retain its full fitness were it not to change as both goals and conditions change.3 But the second process within the 3HF concept is to view the Second Horizon as a zone of conflict that is itself transitory from t"]
[3.9787402153015137, 7.868239879608154, "\u201d in the diagram above). ABP then identifies two types of responses to the potential failure of vulnerable and load- bearing assumptions. First, \u201chedging actions\u201d help ensure against negative consequences when assumptions fail. Second, \u201cshaping actio"]
[4.122979640960693, 7.833856582641602, "ary Workshop: Matching Tools and Actions to Goals\nThe process began at the RTZ Coalition\u2019s December 15, 2016, meeting with about 150 partici- pants. Focus groups led by RTZ Coalition steering group members proposed actions to reduce roadway deaths in"]
[4.101937294006348, 7.836477279663086, " be inte- grated into a set of broader courses of action (COAs) that could then be assessed, modified, and selected among as principal drivers along the road to zero. The results of the two breakout groups were briefed to the full group of attendees,"]
[4.100624084472656, 7.834512233734131, "kshop was again organized around breakout groups. We assigned participants to specific groups to ensure multiple viewpoints in each group. We asked them to consider each of the five COAs listed above, and to focus the discussion on what must change t"]
[4.071786403656006, 7.824699878692627, "sion\nBreak\nIntegrative discussion of breakout group findings\n\u2022 Areas of Consensus\n\u2022 Areas of Disagreement\n\u2022 Most Promising COAs\no Potential impact\no Trade-offs \u2022 Uncertainties\nWorking Lunch\nConcluding Session: Characterizing the Road to Zero Discussi"]
[4.0733537673950195, 7.825073719024658, " situation?\n\u2022 What actions, events, trends might effect a change in these conditions?\nLunch on your own Final breakout sessions\n\u2022 Prepare summary of contrasts to present to Full Group o Technology/policy area\no Societal conditions\no Actions, events, "]
[4.081968784332275, 7.814401149749756, "sign and management, users, and emer- gency medical response and trauma care.\nAdjourn Day 1\n65\n66 The Road to Zero: A Vision for Achieving Zero Roadway Deaths by 2050\n9:00\u20139:15 am 9:15\u201310:30 am\n10:30\u201310:45 am 10:45 am\u2013Noon\nNoon\u20131:00 pm 1:00\u20132:30 pm\n2"]
[4.368789196014404, 7.90186071395874, "an Allison Kennedy Kristin Kingsley Rob Strassburger King Gee\nIan Grossman\nKelly Hardy\nJill Ingrassia Jennifer Ryan Judge Earl Penrod Brandon Buchanan Andrea Eales Bradley Sant Roger Wentz\nMike Cammisa Abigail Potter Marianne Karth Nathan George Erin"]
[4.226413726806641, 7.8648247718811035, "enter for Injury Research KidsAndCars.org\nLyft\nMassachusetts Institute of Technology\nMothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)\nMobileye\nMotor and Equipment Manufacturers Association Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association Motorcycle Safety Foundatio"]
[4.199001789093018, 7.868621349334717, "rauma Systems to Achieve Zero Preventable Deaths After Injury, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2016.\nBlincoe, Lawrence, Ted R. Miller, Eduard Zaloshnja, and Bruce A. Lawrence, The Economic and Societal Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 201"]
[4.404697895050049, 7.95212459564209, "ewar, James A., Assumption Based Planning, Oxford University Press, 2002.\nDisley, Emma, Chris Giacomantonio, Kristy Kruithof, and Megan Sim, The Payment by Results Social Impact Bond Pilot at HMP Peterborough: Final Process Evaluation Report, London:"]
[4.236968517303467, 7.892910003662109, "March 9, 2018: http://www.iihs.org/iihs/topics/t/teenagers/fatalityfacts/teenagers#Population-and-mileage-rates\nJackson, Molly, \u201cVolvo\u2019s 2020 Pledge: No One Will Die in Our Cars,\u201d Christian Science Monitor, January 21, 2016.\nKahane, Charles J., Lives"]
[4.176959991455078, 7.86681604385376, "16 Fatal Motor Vehicle Crashes: Overview, Washington, D.C., DOT HS 812 456, October 2017c. As of October 11, 2017:\nhttps://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812456\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Early Estimate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities for the Firs"]
[4.199443340301514, 7.876548767089844, "14. As of March 9, 2018:\nhttp://www.towardzerodeaths.org/wp-content/uploads/TZD_Strategy_12_1_2014.pdf\nTransport and Infrastructure Senior Officials\u2019 Committee (Australia), National Road Safety Strategy 2011\u2013 2020: Implementation Status Report, Canbe"]
[4.15139627456665, 7.848783016204834, "   THE ROAD TO\nZER0\n EXECUTIVE SUMMARY\n          Liisa Ecola\n  Steven W. Popper\nRichard Silberglitt\nLaura Fraade-Blanar\n Prepared for\n   CORPORATION\n       For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2333z1\nPublished by the RAND "]
[4.187654972076416, 7.866632461547852, "ed above, in addition to local, state, and federal elected officials with responsibility for traffic safety.\nThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Science, Technology, and Policy program, which focuses primarily on the role of scientif"]
[4.168262481689453, 7.874355792999268, "cars now brake automatically, warn drivers about objects\nin their blind spots, park themselves, adjust their speed, and stay in their lanes. While crashes still happen, there are many fewer of them.\nIn 2050, those crashes are less severe, in part bec"]
[4.1608052253723145, 7.851423740386963, "drivers. Some cities and companies that manage a variety of mobility options through a single account\u2014\u201cmobility services\u201d\u2014have made it easy to get around without having to drive, and they have been early adopters of advanced safety technology.\nA wide"]
[4.156576633453369, 7.8513898849487305, "consider- able. In 2010, it was estimated that crashes cost the U.S economy roughly $835 billion, and there were 15,000 crashes per day. Now, 40 years later, police and emergency responders can shift attention to other needs, states and insurance com"]
[4.164251327514648, 7.857594013214111, "n its\ncrash death rates of 50 percent\nor more, using the Safe System\napproach. A number of U.S.\nstates and cities have also embraced this Vision Zero strategy.\nWhile it will take a generation, the success of other countries and some U.S. cities demon"]
[4.19736385345459, 7.8889923095703125, "2016 than in 2011, 1,500 were pedestrians. In 2015, pedestrian deaths accounted for 15 percent of all traffic fatalities, and about three-quarters of pedestrian deaths occurred in urban areas.\n*SOURCES: Older teen/young adult crashes: Centers for Dis"]
[4.153864860534668, 7.842410564422607, "Another factor involves the ways in which roads are designed and constructed to increase road safety. In more-rural areas, these include designs for roadsides that reduce the number of obstacles that cars could strike if they run off the roads, pavem"]
[4.183328151702881, 7.804234981536865, "n Sweden\nin the 1990s and began spreading to the United States a decade later. Vision Zero begins with a commitment to focus on the changes necessary to eliminate roadway deaths rather than being satisfied with incremental progress, and goes on to in"]
[4.140700817108154, 7.7854790687561035, "on is a powerful force for change.\nThe National Safety Council commissioned the RAND Corporation to develop a process for the RTZ Coalition to create an overall vision and strategy to reach zero deaths. The process includ- ed convening three intensiv"]
[4.169826984405518, 7.84592866897583, "h change.\n2. Accelerate Advanced Technology.\nExisting and emerging technologies promise large advances in safety. ADAS\u2014such as auto- matic emergency braking, adaptive cruise con- trol, and lane-keeping\u2014are already being intro- duced into the fleet. E"]
[4.16887903213501, 7.838562488555908, "support for new safety programs increases\n    Insurance markets nudge bad drivers to safer vehicles\n 37,000+ deaths\n           \u201cSafety in all policies\u201d approach spreads\n  Deployment of advanced vehicle technologies expands\n   TODAY 2025\n2030\nTraffic "]
[4.159596920013428, 7.830743312835693, "rural areas.\nExplore opportunities to align safety and research and development funding with state and local needs and improve return on investment.\nPartner with industry and other stakeholders to develop platforms and systems to collect and analyze "]
[4.169052600860596, 7.837011337280273, "Work with local and state governments to prioritize trauma system investments and improve trauma care.\nParticipate in forums about data and emergency communications. Adopt national trauma triage criteria for crash victims.\nCollaborate with government"]
[4.198919296264648, 7.866304874420166, "utomobile Association\nJohn Bozzella and Paul Scullion, Association of Global Automakers, Inc.\nCollin Mooney and Adrienne Gildea, Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance\nJonathan Adkins and Russ Martin, Governors Highway Safety Association\nJeffrey Paniati "]
[14.625563621520996, 2.4602415561676025, "   CORPORATION\nIdentifying Law Enforcement Needs for Access to Digital Evidence in Remote Data Centers\nMichael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, Brian A. Jackson\nLaw enforcement increasingly needs to have access to data residing in remote data centers, an"]
[14.635956764221191, 2.3978140354156494, "pective and improving cooperation.\n\u2022 Highly ranked needs also included better investigator access to information and training on requesting remote digital evidence. Several needs recommended creating databases and portals from which practitioners cou"]
[14.626900672912598, 2.433856964111328, "e in a format that is unreadable without special software, further delaying the investigative process while the officer attempts to find the information needed for the investigation. Several months have passed since the murder.\nIn another example, co"]
[14.637892723083496, 2.4439001083374023, "tions of files on its cloud servers in various places, including in other countries. In this case, it unsuccessfully argued that, because portions of these files resided in other countries, it could not be compelled with a war- rant to produce the re"]
[14.644124984741211, 2.497034788131714, "ategory of data\nunder discussion has a much broader scope than merely cloud services. Remotely held digital evidence, for the purposes of this report, comprises any digital information owned, used, or pertaining to an individual that is stored or mai"]
[14.635013580322266, 2.4360251426696777, "riber; law enforcement; and, in some circumstances, even the provider from having concrete infor- mation on the physical location of stored information.\nThe nature of remote storage has implications for law enforcement investigations that have need o"]
[14.634737968444824, 2.414687156677246, " of critical importance for digital evidence held in remote data centers.\nThe ECPA was enacted in 1986 to address issues related\nto computing technologies that were not covered under the Wiretap Act, and it remains the most relevant statute concern- "]
[14.629524230957031, 2.4099044799804688, "held by an ECS for 180 days or less always require a warrant for access. According to the statute, if a record has been held in storage by an ECS for more than 180 days or if it is held by an RCS, content information may be obtained with a court orde"]
[14.637288093566895, 2.396576166152954, "t Ireland case, with arguments over whether the territorial warrant authority is based on the location of the provider or the location of the data.\n5\n  6\nTable 1. Legal Process Required Under the SCA for Various Records\nContent record with RCS Warran"]
[14.658984184265137, 2.4447529315948486, "ency of data requests and the accom- panying burden for all parties involved. State and local law enforcement increasingly see the need to obtain data and digital evidence held extraterritorially or by transnational companies in their investigations "]
[14.645243644714355, 2.4127719402313232, "eptions for compelled disclosure of electronic records for modern technologies in the SCA are ambiguous and outdated.\nAs mentioned above, the SCA specifies different protec- tions afforded to a record based on a few defined distinc- tions. It defines"]
[14.6179780960083, 2.4363162517547607, "rial action with regard to such data (Daskal, 2015; Woods, 2016).\nIn addition to struggling with new issues of data territo- riality, the law also creates distinctions that were clear at the time of its writing but have since been blurred by new tech"]
[14.649601936340332, 2.5106747150421143, "ct\u2019s identity to the actions taken and the devices used. Data and devices that are distributed over geographic areas will have different time zones associated with them and put their own time stamps on the data in their logs. When the locations are n"]
[14.657510757446289, 2.449237823486328, "pace, it could be challenging to uniquely attribute some data or activity to the suspect in question or prove that their data were not tampered with. Moreover, seizing the physical storage medium on which multiple users\u2014most of whom are not involved "]
[14.638367652893066, 2.388631820678711, "ces local crime investigations into the realm of international affairs, as investigators must use the MLAT process to acquire extrater- ritorial data. In most cases, the MLAT process is cumbersome, placing a significant burden on both law enforcement"]
[14.631494522094727, 2.3955447673797607, " comity insofar as it provides a perceived rationale for extraterritorial application of national laws both within the United States and without.6 In addition to the specter of conflicting international legal obligations on provid- ers, such extrater"]
[14.634902000427246, 2.3960068225860596, " that are difficult to understand or comply with because\nof law enforcement\u2019s inexperience or ignorance of their pro- prietary service architecture. Because of the complicated way providers may use or store data, compliance is likely to involve much "]
[14.626023292541504, 2.4137630462646484, "equests. Nontechnical barriers are also encountered by law enforcement when issuing requests, including\n\u2022 erratic intake of court orders and subpoenas\n\u2022 delayed or unpredictable responses\n\u2022 inaccurate, incomprehensible, or imprecise responses\n\u2022 prohi"]
[14.622851371765137, 2.4003288745880127, "e\u2014may have an inherent tendency toward becom- ing adversarial rather than cooperative. Surveys show that the public is increasingly concerned with how corporations handle\n11\n  12\ntheir data (Microsoft Corporation, 2013; Rainie and Duggan, 2015) and t"]
[14.63330364227295, 2.4028778076171875, " subpoena power, such that it must be limited to a single account or individual per subpoena, with any broader request requiring a court order. Cumulatively, these changes would create uniform standards that eliminate many of the ambiguities, includi"]
[14.631569862365723, 2.387357711791992, "r maintained by a provider. The act also would have included reforms to the MLA process intended to better track and expedite the process, including the creation of a publicly available MLAT request form and an online docketing system for requests. I"]
[14.76852035522461, 2.289996862411499, "he workshop was to bring together a diverse group of experts and practitioners to discuss issues related to digital evidence held in remote data centers for the purpose of identifying both problems and potential solutions. We provide a general descri"]
[14.67562484741211, 2.354139804840088, " the results and priorities gleaned from the pre- workshop questionnaire. For each of the subjects under discus- sion, participants were asked to consider the issue with the objective of identifying any problems, opportunities, or needs in three cate"]
[14.637847900390625, 2.402848482131958, "rrant), insufficient training or access to knowledge or procedure, and the need for better interagency coordination and cooperation. One law enforcement partici- pant also asserted that officers \u201cwant to know the process and will follow it, but they "]
[14.63029956817627, 2.3745784759521484, " such a site could be incentivized to become a platform for information like this.\nThere was also discussion around the idea that the lack of clarity in the law may sometimes lead to an unstated assump- tion that all extant data relevant to an invest"]
[14.636467933654785, 2.385707378387451, "t with requesting evidence and data.\n\u2022 Develop an online repository (i.e., a clearinghouse) for best prac- tices in making digital evidence requests.\n\u2022 Conduct research on model statutes that could improve the proce- dures for serving and responding "]
[14.632832527160645, 2.3931517601013184, "er and easier. Participants expressed a desire for the modernization and standardization of privacy law and procedures and suggested legislative solutions to some of the problems. One participant spoke optimistically about leg- islation like the ICPA"]
[14.64454174041748, 2.399725914001465, "e partici- pant stated that providers often fail to recognize search warrants from other states and try to require that the warrant come from an agency that is local to them.\nAnother participant suggested that some providers may intentionally obfusca"]
[14.624218940734863, 2.4085984230041504, "the participants. One participant later flatly commented, \u201cthere should not be financial incentives for complying with a court order.\u201d Another noted that providers can already seek reim- bursement for compliance, but many do not because of public pre"]
[14.645181655883789, 2.412020444869995, "ovider, especially given the observed lack of sufficient communica-\ntion or coordination. One participant asserted that \u201cthere is\nno way to guarantee the trustworthiness of data preserved and delivered by a service provider.\u201d Another stated the probl"]
[14.662837982177734, 2.3859095573425293, "ge of information that should legiti- mately be provided in response to legal process.\nDevelop a \u201cstandard\u201d for law enforcement requests to industry for user data.\nDevelop a catalog of existing industry practices (as a means of informing investigator"]
[14.641924858093262, 2.383183002471924, "ganizational architecture and the implications for U.S. and foreign jurisdiction.\n20\n Cyber investigations, cybercrime, and crimes primarily involving digital evidence can easily span the globe. Many such crimes cannot be investigated purely with loc"]
[14.64206314086914, 2.3910670280456543, " particularly time consuming and what can be done to increase efficiency. A participant later sug- gested potential options: \u201cIs it review within the U.S. govern- ment? DOJ? [U.S. Department of] State? Or is it the process within the courts? Could yo"]
[14.6531400680542, 2.4108896255493164, "emote government databases. Participants noted that law enforcement consistently lacks access and connectivity to other U.S. federal repositories of digital evidence, including databases for latent fingerprints and facial recognition.\nThe FBI maintai"]
[14.631951332092285, 2.3907470703125, "dard that needs to be met and the process for making the request.\nForeign legal liaisons assigned to the United States on behalf of their countries often appear to be insufficiently informed about the basics of the U.S. legal system.\n\u2022 Ask relevant e"]
[14.622060775756836, 2.362510919570923, " major concern for many of the attendees. It was a backdrop to many of the discus- sions, as a negative outcome that could become a problem if\n12 It should also be noted that data originating from any devices, including IoT devices, in places with a "]
[14.568413734436035, 2.590803384780884, "o help and as very easy to accomplish. Participant com- ments noted that miscommunication or lack of communication\n  Table 5. Needs Related to Technical Issues\nThe methodologies for acquiring evidence are constantly evolving.\nAgencies are under strai"]
[14.6021728515625, 2.4304041862487793, "his, some participants were skeptical about sharing information from providers where pro- prietary data may be involved because providers would likely push back, decreasing the chance of success. Indeed, concerns about resistance from providers in si"]
[14.6467866897583, 2.371889591217041, " identify which data are being retained and the appropriate point of contact to serve legal process.\nThere are a variety of app ecosystems that maintain data, but in these cases, it is much harder to identify the point of contact to serve legal proce"]
[14.629677772521973, 2.3893778324127197, "number of cybercrimes cannot effectively be investigated using local resources (e.g., ransomware attacks).\nThe requests made by law enforcement are often difficult or impossible for data custodians (i.e., providers) to comply with.\nForeign legal liai"]
[14.617081642150879, 2.4063215255737305, "dards for data retention.\nEven when the investigators follow the appropriate processes, they might still have difficulty obtaining the data that they requested and have the authority to obtain.\nIt is difficult to make contact with experienced investi"]
[14.649210929870605, 2.4607789516448975, "it or verify that the evidence provided is, in fact, an accurate extraction of the relevant information in the providers\u2019 systems.\n\u2022 Conduct research and interviews with CJIS and FEDRAMP certifiers to explore their willingness to also examine the pro"]
[14.629474639892578, 2.3845925331115723, " process. Laws made before the rise of the modern global internet present practitio- ners with ambiguity on the appropriate means of serving legal process and uncertainty on the authority to request data. Even when data reside within the United State"]
[14.627789497375488, 2.3924968242645264, "ers with a common picture of what is required in serving and com- plying with legal process. It would clarify the expectations of law enforcement and providers, remove ambiguity about the appropriate process or response, and mitigate investiga- tive "]
[14.92917251586914, 2.14048171043396, " knowl- edgeable individuals identified through existing professional and social networks (e.g., LinkedIn) and by reviewing literature published on the topic. At the time of the invitation, panelists were provided with a brief description of the work"]
[14.850910186767578, 1.8336578607559204, "were converted into a web-based Delphi instrument (using the Qualtrics service).\nUsing the instrument, each panelist was asked to individu- ally score each issue and its associated need using a 1\u20139 scale for the following dimensions: (1) importance o"]
[14.81899356842041, 1.8010681867599487, "ne questions were not presented to the respondents during the in-room session. To address this, a Delphi instrument containing the missing questions was emailed to the par- ticipants after the workshop. Approximately half of them responded, and their"]
[14.593905448913574, 2.625148057937622, "ly, the algorithm that was selected was the \u201cward.D\u201d spherical algorithm from the \u201cstats\u201d library in the R statistical package, version 3.4.1. We prefer it for this purpose to minimize within-cluster variance when determining\nNumber of needs\n   Tier "]
[14.396748542785645, 3.104372978210449, "ence from Cloud Computing Environments,\u201d in Keyun Ruan, ed., Cybercrime and Cloud Forensics: Applications for Investigation Processes, IGI Global, 2013, pp. 156\u2013185.\nDykstra, Josiah, and Alan T. Sherman, \u201cAcquiring Forensic Evidence from Infrastructu"]
[13.97994613647461, 3.873035192489624, "ole J. Johnson, Fostering Innovation in the U.S. Court System: Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs for Improving Court Operations and Outcomes, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1255-NIJ, 2016. As of December 12, 2016: http:"]
[14.606611251831055, 2.5064523220062256, "archives/opa/blog-entry/file/937001/ download\nSearch.org, homepage, undated. As of March 15, 2018: http://www.search.org/\nTaylor, M., J. Haggerty, D. Gresty, and R. Hegarty, \u201cDigital Evidence in Cloud Computing Systems,\u201d Computer Law & Security Revie"]
[14.082061767578125, 3.7126402854919434, "nt-surveillance-of-users.html\nZawoad, Shams, and Ragib Hasan, \u201cDigital Forensics in the Cloud,\u201d Crosstalk, September/October 2013. As of February 21, 2018: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.433.8211&r ep=rep1&type=pdf\n35\nAcknow"]
[13.918517112731934, 4.181097507476807, "ute\u2019s Farming Systems Trial. He began his career as a Coast Guard officer on afloat and ashore assignments in Miami, Fla.; New London, Conn.; and Baltimore, Md.\nBrian Jackson is a senior physical scientist at the RAND Corporation. His research focuse"]
[13.82679557800293, 4.642780780792236, "rporation\nwww.rand.org\nThe RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonparti"]
[11.271842956542969, 17.890817642211914, "  CORPORATION\nMedical Care Provided\nto California\u2019s Injured\nWorkers\nMonitoring System Performance Using Administrative Data\nBarbara O. Wynn, Andrew W. Mulcahy, Hangsheng Liu, Rosalie Malsberger, Edward N. Okeke\nFor more information on this publicatio"]
[11.277655601501465, 17.78584861755371, "mproving policy- and decisionmaking in a wide range of policy domains, including civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resource policy.\nThis report"]
[10.487698554992676, 19.00914192199707, "........................................................................................................................... 15 Results...................................................................................................................."]
[10.351613998413086, 18.964195251464844, "........................................................................................................... 58 Key Findings............................................................................................................................. 5"]
[10.21155834197998, 18.94666862487793, "r ....................................................................................... 71 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 74 Key Findings."]
[10.006399154663086, 18.946456909179688, ".................................................................................. 97\nKey Findings............................................................................................................................. 97 Provider Participation "]
[10.319804191589355, 18.976818084716797, "....................... 117\n9. Summary of Overall Findings and Recommendations for Monitoring System\nPerformance .......................................................................................................................... 118 Recommenda"]
[10.514486312866211, 19.067806243896484, "eriods After Injury, by\nInjury Year ............................................................................................................................ 43 Figure 4.8. Average Per-Claim Total Spending Within 12 Months of Injury .............."]
[10.357487678527832, 19.13472557067871, "ion .......................................................................................................... 65\nFigure 5.4. Percentage of Low Back Injuries Occurring in 2007\u20132012 with Continuous\nOpioid Use for More Than 14 Days Within First 12 Mont"]
[10.141797065734863, 19.035921096801758, ".1. Change in Number of Evaluations Relative to 2007, by Medical-Legal Code ........ 103 Figure 8.2. Average Number of Units per Evaluation, by Medical-Legal Code ........................ 105 Figure 8.3. Percentage of Claims by Injury Year with Medic"]
[10.104280471801758, 18.98528480529785, "Internal Medicine Participation Rate by HRR, Based on Primary\nSpecialty Reported and NPPES Data.................................................................................. 140 Figure C.7. General Surgery Participation Rate by HRR, Based on Prim"]
[10.551939964294434, 19.03961753845215, "djustment Factors for Post-2007 Injuries Relative to Spending for 2007 Injuries............. 25\nTable 3.9. Change in Service Year Spending Explained by Changes in Injury Mix\nHolding All Other Factors Constant ........................................."]
[10.150411605834961, 19.01386070251465, "........ 94 Table 8.1. California WC Medical-Legal Codes ........................................................................ 101 Table 8.2. Medical-Legal Fee Schedule Modifiers....................................................................."]
[10.586067199707031, 18.788976669311523, "................................................................. 127 Table B.1. Diagnosis Codes to Create Injury Condition ............................................................ 129 Table B.2. Service Categories and Criteria..................."]
[10.51121711730957, 19.010244369506836, "rnia WC losses and expenses and three-year moving average of insured market share calculated from first report of injury (FROI) claim counts downloaded from the WCIS website as of January 11, 2017.\n  xiv\nfactors and the actual changes in spending lev"]
[10.53909969329834, 19.0123348236084, "1). A major driver in the spending growth was payments to individuals, which increased 139.2 percent. This expense category includes future medical expense settlement amounts, transportation costs, and\n2 The Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation (DWC) es"]
[10.489053726196289, 19.06767463684082, "vices, and drugs in the first 12 months following injury. Key findings by type of service include the following:\n\u2022 Per-claim spending within 12 months of injury on both inpatient hospital stays and outpatient (hospital and ambulatory surgery center ["]
[10.359443664550781, 19.16811752319336, " California\u2019s WC program. For example, the medical treatment guidelines do not recommend use of imaging within the first 28 days unless there are red flags or imaging is otherwise needed for medical management. With the exception of uncomplicated low"]
[9.913830757141113, 18.972068786621094, "ce payments for similar services, and potential market power of WC medical provider networks (MPNs) as reflected in fee discounting prior to the implementation of a new resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) fee schedule.\nProvider Participation "]
[9.875105857849121, 18.974319458007812, " proportion of the allowed amount that was actually paid prior to implementation of the RBRVS. For this analysis we focused on outpatient nonfacility physician services only. Our estimates are for overall discount rates because data limitations precl"]
[10.405616760253906, 18.913745880126953, "ast\u2014the NPI for the provider furnishing each service and an identifier for each MPN\u2014became mandatory with the implementation of WCIS version 2.0 for medical data effective April 6, 2016. Assuming that\nthe new reporting requirements are enforced, the "]
[10.784153938293457, 18.434125900268555, "nt of Industrial Relations, and by Irina Nemirovsky in her role as the contracting officer\u2019s representative. We would also like to acknowledge the valuable assistance received from current Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation staff, including George Par"]
[10.87742805480957, 18.376893997192383, "erspective\nWorkers\u2019 compensation (WC) provides medical care and indemnity (i.e., wage replacement) benefits to employees with work-related injuries and illness. It is a mandatory \u201cno-fault\u201d system in which benefits are paid by the employer without th"]
[10.619664192199707, 18.956331253051758, " Sengupta,\nReno, and Burton, 2010; Sengupta, Baldwin, and Reno, 2014; Baldwin and McLaren, 2016.\nThe medical spending experience in California is characterized by three periods: (1) steep medical spending increases in the early 2000s, (2) steep decli"]
[10.492877006530762, 18.916271209716797, " to injured workers.4 The data available for this study predate the implementation of the SB 863 provisions beginning in 2013. RAND is performing a separate evaluation of the impact of the SB 863 medical treatment provisions that will draw on post\u2013SB"]
[10.434884071350098, 18.93281364440918, " by conducting in-depth analyses of selected issues affecting system performance. We develop additional measures related to physician participation in the WC medical care system that provide a potential baseline for assessing the impact of implementi"]
[10.741632461547852, 18.97653579711914, "for adjustments between the billed charges and paid amounts.\nEven though the WCIS is the best data available, it has limitations. Not all WC claims are reported into the system, and among reported claims there is further underreporting of medical bil"]
[10.459675788879395, 18.99158477783203, "ceived the payment. For example, payments for physician-dispensed pharmaceuticals, supplies, and equipment are included in the WCIRB physician payments but are not captured in our WCIS physician file; instead, our file includes only drugs that are ph"]
[10.703277587890625, 18.978239059448242, "2010\n2011\n2012\n  SOURCES: RAND Analysis of First Report Claims Counts (WCIRB Summary of Policy Year Statistics, various years); WCIS compensable insured claim counts (DWC, 2016b).\n8 percent higher in 2007, 15 percent higher in 2008, and 3\u20136 percent h"]
[10.532600402832031, 19.000295639038086, "\n63.3\n    Number of Number Year FROI New of\nof Compensable Matched Injury Claims Claims\n2007 710,893 502,478\n2008 658,207 445,992\n2009 577,608 388,826\n2010 571,313 319,795\n2011 551,971 306,900\n2012 534,873 316,199\nTotal\n2007\u2013 3,604,865 2,280,190 2012"]
[10.540127754211426, 19.012744903564453, "\n11\n3. Decomposing Spending Trends Introduction\nWhile the impact of medical spending growth on employers, on insurers, and on the stability of the entire WC system is clear, the drivers of WC medical spending growth are not as well understood. This c"]
[10.575852394104004, 19.02277946472168, "y reflects the mix of services provided. While prices and volumes are amenable to measurement, intensity is more difficult to quantify.1\nFinally, our framework accounts for the injury year composition of medical spending in each calendar year. In any"]
[10.56081485748291, 19.00760269165039, "he duration over which medical expenses are incurred for an injury. In Chapter Four we explore utilization and cost trends that inform the causes for the residual.\nWe considered whether to include changes in injury type (medical only, temporary indem"]
[10.536059379577637, 19.00269317626953, "alifornia WC spending for medical services (Table 3.1) on WCIRB annual reports on California WC losses and expenses that are released in June (WCIRB, 2008\u20132013). We found that the reported medical spending for a given year sometimes changes between t"]
[10.524178504943848, 19.0108642578125, "es in the prices paid for medical care. California WC medical spending data reported in Table 3.1 are in nominal terms; they do not reflect \u201creal\u201d changes in prices over time (which account for price inflation/deflation). The main disadvantage of nom"]
[10.533344268798828, 19.004335403442383, "r inflation factor\nfor pharmaceuticals by equally weighting the annual changes in the producer price index for pharmaceutical and medicine manufacturing and for pharmacies and drug stores.\nPayments to individuals include future medical expense settle"]
[10.558629989624023, 18.995128631591797, " to calculate an overall price index accordingly.\n 17\nThe WCIRB claim counts are for insured claims only and are by policy year rather than injury year. The policy year may overlap calendar years (e.g., the policy may cover injuries occurring on or a"]
[10.580062866210938, 19.018367767333984, "007 levels in subsequent years and overstates the proportion of the spending attributable to inflation because it does not account for the reduction in the number of WC claims in 2008 and later years.\nResidual changes in medical spending. As noted ab"]
[10.533065795898438, 19.033950805664062, "dual in total medical spending, and so the results should be interpreted with caution. In the aggregate, 2012 spending was 30.2 percent higher than 2007 levels, while the expected changes in aggregate spending in each year are negligible relative to "]
[10.524662017822266, 19.030858993530273, "pending for Medical Services\n2008 2009\n4,702 4,535 3 \u201314 280 130\n995 1,247 31 58 138 363\n5,697 5,782 33 44 419 493\n2010 2011 2012\n4,767 4,662 4,855 \u201356 \u2013105 \u2013105 404 348 541\n       a. Actual spending b. Expected change c. Residual change\n4,419\n      "]
[10.563445091247559, 19.010801315307617, " WC Claims\nThis section explores trends in the incidence of new WC claims. Changes in the number of new WC claims during a calendar year are a function of changes in the number of full-time employees and the incidence rate for WC claims. The latter i"]
[10.581271171569824, 19.035236358642578, "ed spending for post-2007 injury years. Before adjustment, the framework assumes that projected spending for post-2007 injuries would be the same as real spending for 2007 injuries at the same maturity level. Using the adjustment factors in Table 3.6"]
[10.56418514251709, 19.03786277770996, "ed fairly stable from 2007 to 2014 (Figure 3.1). The largest category\nof injuries\u2014strains and tears\u2014increased from 29 percent in the 2007 WCIS claims data to\n34 percent in the 2012 data. The shares of other high-volume types of injuries changed less "]
[10.56061840057373, 19.0394287109375, "le 3.9. Change in Service Year Holding All\nSpending Explained by Changes in Injury Mix Other Factors Constant\n            Impact ($millions)\nAdjustment factor applicable to service year spending for injury years 2008 and later\n2008 2009 2010\n2.9 10.1"]
[10.532417297363281, 19.05181884765625, "ding: total\nInjury year 2007 and earlier\nInjury year 2008\u20132012\nTotal spending change relative to 2007\nCost driver contribution: total\nInjury year 2007 and earlier (inflation only)\nInjury year 2008\u20132012 (inflation, claims, injury mix)\nResidual change\n"]
[10.568735122680664, 19.03639030456543, ", our estimates of spending for 2007 injuries in subsequent years will be overstated and will affect our measure of changes in injury mix.\n\u2022 We were unable to reliably identify the type of claim in the WCIS medical data (medical only, temporary indem"]
[10.530162811279297, 19.018461227416992, "he effect of the three cost drivers on medical service spending. For service year 2012, we estimated the following for these claims:\n- Inflation increased spending 8.8 percent relative to 2007 levels.\n- Changes in the number of new WC claims rates fo"]
[10.432751655578613, 18.971399307250977, "es in the type of services and in the volume and mix of services within service categories, and to changes in payment levels for those services. We examine costs and utilization by types of injuries and payers, and in doing so provide a foundation fo"]
[10.504697799682617, 18.972753524780273, "ver, we found that MPN status was not reliably reported in the WCIS data. As a proxy for MPN care, we constructed measures that examined claims by the proportion of care that was provided under contract, but found that the overall proportion of contr"]
[10.44003677368164, 18.976848602294922, "en year that had an inpatient hospitalization) and produces a per-user measure that is conditional on the claimant using the relevant service one or more times.\nClaim Characteristics\nType of injury: Because overall measures across the injury years ar"]
[10.022649765014648, 19.07023811340332, "ofessional codes follow the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code categories. For example, the medicine category (CPT codes 90291-99607) includes a broad array of services, such as different types of nonradiologic diagnostic tests, physical thera"]
[10.441798210144043, 19.092491149902344, "ury, which are substantially lower than the number of total compensable claims (Table 2.4).\n34\nUtilization\nWe found that utilization measured in volume of services per injury during the first 12 months following the date of injury increased over time"]
[10.470236778259277, 19.083362579345703, "0% 2007\n2008 2009\n2010\n2011 2012\nMedicine Surgery\n                                                                                                                            Drugs Laboratory/Pathology Outpatient Facility Services\nEvaluation and manag"]
[10.491266250610352, 18.986473083496094, "k injuries, and 89 percent for all injuries.\n38\nType of Payer\nBetween 70 and 80 percent of claims across injury years are submitted to WCIS for insured claims\u2014the remainder is for claims from the State of California and self-insured public and privat"]
[10.520649909973145, 19.07496452331543, " in regions with large numbers of WC claims\u2014the Los Angeles, Bay Area, Inland Empire, Central Valley, and San Diego regions\u2014can drive the statewide trend. Table 4.3 reports changes in average per-injury utilization in different service categories wit"]
[10.472943305969238, 19.08071517944336, " Central Sierra\nValley Foothills\n \u201313        3\n  21       29\n  35       47\n 104       85\n  17       25\n  21       34\n  \u20132       \u20135\n\u201333 \u20133\nInland Empire\n \u201310\n  23\n  26\n 115\n  16\n  18\n \u201311\n\u201336\nNorth Los State\u2013 Angeles Shasta\n\u201319 \u201324 17 19 20 23 88 59\n8"]
[10.478598594665527, 19.0687255859375, "2.\ninjury, an increase in the number of laboratory services they received, or a change in the mix of services rather than changes in fees.\nWhen we examined laboratory/pathology services by CPT classifications, we found that seven categories of tests "]
[10.483292579650879, 19.073305130004883, " fee schedule beyond the change in the OMFS conversion factor may have contributed to the increase.\nTo the extent surgical services shifted from inpatient to outpatient facility settings, we would expect to see an increase in both utilization and spe"]
[10.48575496673584, 19.082218170166016, "s for surgical services were predominantly for musculoskeletal (58 percent) and spinal (12 percent) procedures. A mix of other types of procedures accounted for the remaining 30 percent of surgical procedures. Spinal procedure volume grew 19 percent "]
[16.82997703552246, 20.239961624145508, "scriptions for NSAIDs during the first 12 months postinjury is higher and\nthe proportion for opioids is lower. Another RAND study found that 26 percent of outpatient prescriptions dispensed to all injured workers in 2013 were for opioids compared to "]
[16.83372688293457, 20.245939254760742, " agents (213 percent), and compound drugs\n(53 percent). For reference, we estimate the inflation increase in drug prices was 11.6 percent (Table 3.4). Increases in both the average number of prescriptions and the average payment per prescription resu"]
[10.523513793945312, 19.07530403137207, "rst 12 Months Postinjury by Type of Injury\n   Type of Injury Category\nLow back pain\nUpper back and neck injuries\nShoulder injuries Knee injuries\nAll injuries\n2007 ($)\n2,472\n2,231 3,288 3,396 1,994\n2008 ($)\n2,609\n2,309 3,407 3,567 2,145\n2009 ($)\n2,988"]
[10.542481422424316, 19.07682228088379, "injury from 2007 to 2012, the magnitude of the change varied across regions from a 21 percent increase in the North State\u2013Shasta region to a 48 percent increase in the Eastern Sierra Foothills region (Figure 4.17). Regions with high claim volume\u2014such"]
[12.404573440551758, 18.14651107788086, "ths   Closed 24-36 mths Closed 36-48 mths   Closed 48-60 mths\n      Work Outcomes\nWe used EDD data to track the proportion of injured workers who were still employed at the first eight calendar quarters after injury. The proportion of workers\u2014injured"]
[10.488883972167969, 19.00505256652832, "he WCIS. Our data file was created in August 2016. While we believe that our WCIS study data are nearly complete, we may be missing some services delivered to workers injured in 2012, and claim counts for the medical data may change. The result would"]
[10.553939819335938, 18.979076385498047, "higher than that for injury year 2007. This suggests an increase in the intensity of the services. Spending for inpatient services may also have been affected by the pass-through payments for spinal hardware.\n- Utilization and spending for laboratory"]
[10.357926368713379, 18.926982879638672, "nical performance using administrative data (Wynn, Timbie, and Sorbero, 2011). The framework anticipates that the clinical measures address an area that affects the health of injured workers or the cost of care and for which performance is known to b"]
[10.341477394104004, 19.133079528808594, ", or neck/upper back\ndiagnosis\nNumerator: Claimants in the denominator condition who did not receive either physical therapy or chiropractor services or injectable analgesic care within 60 days preceding the MRI, or an evaluation & management service"]
[10.33737564086914, 19.146095275878906, " 2008\n2009 2010 2011 2012\nInjury year\n63\nback pain (42 percent versus 19 percent) and increases to a high of 51 percent in 2009 before beginning to decline slightly in subsequent years. The imaging use measure for shoulders is much lower (6 percent i"]
[10.341911315917969, 19.116966247558594, " than for TENS/PENS and nearly all utilization review denials are upheld. The uphold rate for TENS is 91 percent (RAND analysis of independent medical review decisions posted on the DWC website as of February 28, 2017).\n 64\n Percentage of low back pa"]
[10.352399826049805, 18.889848709106445, "rmance on the imaging and opioid measures across the subcategories of claim characteristics are difficult to explain. In addition to measuring system performance, the indicators could be used to drill down to identify any aberrant practice patterns t"]
[10.273541450500488, 19.200767517089844, "eir PCP will remain with that provider. Provider \u201cchurn,\u201d when an injured worker sees multiple PCPs within the first 12 months, could be indicative of worker dissatisfaction with care or difficulty seeing a preferred provider. However, it could also "]
[10.283098220825195, 19.204259872436523, "bset to services with an HCPCS code in the E&M range (99201-99215 and 99241-99245) and a type of service classified as E&M or outpatient facility service, and with a provider primary billing specialty of multispecialty group practice, family medicine"]
[10.283976554870605, 19.20386505126953, "-PCP. In sum, more than four in five injured workers had an initial E&M visit in an ambulatory setting. While the ED is an expected first encounter for some severe or otherwise acute injuries, relatively few injured workers\u2014\n9 percent\u2014had an initial "]
[10.297121047973633, 19.200843811035156, "jury on the right axis. Both measures increase in magnitude from 2011 to 2012, although the relative increases are small\u2014about 3 percentage points in both cases.\n71\nTable 6.1. Days from Injury to First Nonemergency E&M Visit, by Injury Year and Type "]
[10.31011962890625, 19.156484603881836, "encounters in the medical data is critical to the access measure results and interpretation. The high volume of therapy and physician non-E&M visits (such as radiology) that are the first encounters in the WCIS medical data suggest that some initial "]
[10.329924583435059, 18.94206428527832, "significant gaps between injury and initial care\u2014 reflect data reporting issues, the increase in cumulative trauma injuries, or potential access issues. The type of first encounter analysis also suggests that further investigation is needed of the in"]
[10.120463371276855, 18.9670352935791, " proportion of active community physicians in California who treat WC patients. Our analysis mainly focused on the physician specialties that were most frequently reported in the WCIS data. Provider participation rates are one measure of the extent t"]
[10.176382064819336, 19.03252601623535, "their group practice. In 2013, nationally, 139 group practices of 25 or more eligible professionals participated in these programs and reported data.\nThe SK&A office-based physician database (SK&A data) is compiled by SK&A, a health care marketing co"]
[10.127964973449707, 19.013858795166016, " 9/14\nMBC\nYes\nNo\nMultiple\nYes for 90% who responded to survey\nNo No\nYes for 90% who responded to survey\n9/14\nARF\nNo\nYes\nPrimary\nPrimary but may not be current\nNo Yes\nYes 2013\n     Table 7.2. Comparison of Aggregate Physician Counts Using Alternative "]
[10.167658805847168, 19.004837036132812, " least one bill in WCIS. To further refine the universe of active physicians and participating physicians, we merged individual physicians in WCIS with those in NPPES based on NPIs. Less than 2 percent (1.89 percent) of WCIS individual providers did "]
[10.119091033935547, 18.99789810180664, "bust to other approaches. First, because some bills were submitted by providers using a group NPI in WCIS in 2012, we included all the individual providers practicing in these groups and assumed they served WC patients. After standardizing practice l"]
[10.078269004821777, 18.98863983154297, "about one-quarter of physicians participated in WC in 2012. However, participation rates vary significantly across specialties. For example, the participation rate was more than two-thirds for orthopedic surgery, general practice, occupational medici"]
[10.019874572753906, 19.008867263793945, " 47.8 percent, respectively, whereas San Diego and San Mateo had the lowest participation rates, 21.8 percent and\n28.3 percent, respectively. If we assume that all the individual providers in a group that submitted a bill in 2012 served WC patients, "]
[9.656923294067383, 18.990333557128906, "he payments for out-of-network services are often much higher and do not necessarily reflect market rates.\n                            86\nAnalytic Approach\nData\nWe used the 2011 WCIS data (see Chapter Two for a detailed description) to estimate maxim"]
[9.694059371948242, 19.007177352905273, " adjustment factor.\n 87\nfurnished on the same date for the same patient by the same physician. We excluded procedures from the market basket that do not have RVUs (e.g., are priced individually based on the physician\u2019s report) or are not covered by t"]
[9.767753601074219, 18.99199676513672, "fer between RBRVS and commercial insurance; including them in the analysis would distort the average allowed amount.\n 88\nvariation in payment levels across geographic areas. Figure 7.5 shows the commercial to RBRVS payment ratios by locality. There w"]
[9.715163230895996, 18.98665428161621, "ian expenditures. Of note, office visits account for the largest proportion of all\nWC physician expenditures, 40.5 percent. All other services represent less than 7 percent of physician expenditures.\n 90\nFigure 7.7. Commercial/RBRVS Payment Ratio by "]
[9.667257308959961, 19.00335693359375, "tem and computed the total actual payments and total allowed amounts by multiplying the unit allowance by the number of units reported for the line item. We excluded all anesthesia service line items because we were not able to quantify the number of"]
[10.041605949401855, 18.983287811279297, "owed Amount ($)\n89,011,262 43,911,191\n36,804,562\n30,884,344 18,558,117 18,582,933 16,531,729 16,926,208 14,573,607 14,533,493\nPercentage of\nTotal Paid/Allowed\nPhysician Amount Expenditure Ratio\n11.5 0.95 5.7 0.95\n4.6 0.91\n3.9 0.92 2.4 0.94 2.4 0.94 2"]
[10.030387878417969, 18.981950759887695, "ts.\nWhen interpreting physician participation rates, a small universe of potential physicians could make some rates unreliable. In selecting the commonly reported specialties, we required at\n95\nleast 100 physicians in the NPPES for the specialty. But"]
[9.886216163635254, 18.977346420288086, "f the state. FAIR Health data are collected from participating insurers, whose prices may not reflect the average payment of the selected basket of services in California. The payment ratios could be either over- or underestimated.\n96\nFee Discounting"]
[9.933408737182617, 19.001680374145508, "rs likely underestimates participation rates.\nOur results are robust to several sensitivity analyses. The patterns of participation across specialties in the sensitivity analyses are very similar to those in the main analysis, although participation "]
[10.139843940734863, 18.999277114868164, "f SB 863 reform, a new RBRVS fee schedule has been established for provider services. Our analysis could serve as background and a baseline comparison for future studies on the impact of SB 863 on fee discounting. The implementation of SB 863 has als"]
[10.167928695678711, 19.036401748657227, "st medical-legal evaluations during 2007\u20132012 involved at least one work- related issue and may have also involved one or more medical necessity disputes.\nQMEs are licensed allopathic or osteopathic physicians, chiropractors, psychologists, dentists,"]
[10.123339653015137, 19.02869987487793, "se modifiers and their effects. For example, the fee schedule maximum allowable amount for an evaluation performed by an AME is 25 percent higher than the allowable amount when a QME or primary treating physician performs the evaluation. The effect o"]
[10.177732467651367, 19.051626205444336, "orkers who are performing medical-legal services. We found that we were unable to do so using the WCIS data because a substantial proportion of medical-legal services are billed under an organizational identification number rather than the unique NPI"]
[10.144686698913574, 19.03219985961914, " of units billed for ML104 increased from 30.6 to 45.0, which represents an increase of 216 minutes or more than 3.5 hours in the average length of time reported to conduct an examination.\n104\nFigure 8.2. Average Number of Units per Evaluation, by Me"]
[10.148102760314941, 19.02199935913086, "following the date of injury. Providers are most likely to bill for medical- legal services between 12 and 24 months after injury. This pattern has remained relatively constant across injury years. The percentage of claims with medical-legal codes in"]
[10.188065528869629, 19.047191619873047, " multispecialty group practice or legal medicine, or use a general code such as \u201callopathic and osteopathic physician\u201d or \u201cspecialist.\u201d These taxonomies are included in the \u201cother specialty\u201d category in the figures that follow, along with unspecified"]
[10.13818645477295, 19.086746215820312, "eded only by physicians in family medicine and general practice (74 percent increase) and chiropractors (72 percent increase). Orthopedic surgeons and other surgeons bill on average fewer units per medical-legal service, which accounts for their rela"]
[10.116981506347656, 19.059701919555664, "gure 8.9. Average Units per Evaluation by Region, Service Years 2007 and 2012\nFigure 8.10. Average Payment per Medical-Legal Service by Region, Service Years 2007 and 2012\n  113\nOther Services\nIn addition to performing the medical-legal evaluation, p"]
[10.070744514465332, 19.06389808654785, ")\nOther E&M Services\nCentral Nervous System Assessments/Tests\nNeurology and Neuromuscular Procedures\nCardiovascular Monitoring\nPulmonary Diagnostic Testing and Therapies\nLab/Pathology 2.4\nService Category\nModifier\n9.4 0.0 0.6 3.1 5.7 4.9 1.8 1.6 1.2\n"]
[10.17486572265625, 19.052654266357422, "hose reported using the generalist MD/DO code. The latter assumes that the actual distribution of the medical-legal evaluations reported as \u201cgeneral practice\u201d is similar to the distribution of the reported specialties. We created unduplicated counts "]
[10.165124893188477, 19.006183624267578, "were billed based on 15-minute increments and in the average number of units billed per evaluation. In addition, there is a steady increase in the percentage of claims with medical-legal codes within the first 36 months following dates of injury. The"]
[10.452186584472656, 18.924894332885742, "supplementing the WCIS with external data. Because of underreporting on indemnity data, our decomposition of the spending increases was limited by not being able to identify injured workers who received temporary or permanent disability payments.\nOth"]
[10.504366874694824, 18.918926239013672, "g to comply with WCIS data reporting requirements in 2011. Regulations were proposed in 2013 to implement the financial penalties but were not finalized. SB 1160 (Mendoza) amended the penalties in Labor Code section 138.6 that may be assessed against"]
[10.551146507263184, 18.999004364013672, "ation)\n    120\nB. Estimated Impact of Changes in New Claims Using WCIS Counts Compared with Systemwide Estimates Derived from SOII and WCIRB Counts\nA key cost driver in our analyses decomposing spending trends is the change in the incidence of new WC"]
[10.576390266418457, 19.04184913635254, "0.863\n\u2013352.7 0.855\n\u2013354.3 0.8550\n2010 2011 2012\n\u2013540.8 \u2013736.7 \u2013851.6 0.824 0.791 0.781\n\u2013522.1 \u2013654.8 \u2013728.7 0.830 0.814 0.813\n\u2013406.3 \u2013461.3 \u2013507.3 0.8675 0.8691 0.8698\n                                C. Detailed Explanation of Injury Mix Adjustment\nC"]
[10.569388389587402, 19.04718017578125, "r-Lower Extremity StrainTear-Upper Extremity StrainTear-Trunk\nStrainTear-Multiple\nStrainTear-Other 1,175 All Other Claims 336,750 All 2007 Claims 477,060\nSOURCE: DWC (2016b).\n49.1 100.8 136.3\n27.1 1.9 659.3 974.6\n17.4 11.3 38.0 23.9 67.9 46.6 13.1 9."]
[10.56003475189209, 19.041229248046875, " subsequent years that account for changes in injury mix. The adjustment factors at 12 months\u2019 maturity increase from 1.003 in 2008 to 1.010 in 2011 and 2012, indicating that changes in injury mix explain less than a 1 percent impact on spending leve"]
[10.573885917663574, 19.026334762573242, "njury years.\nTo apply the adjustment factors for changes in the incidence of new claims and injury mix, we first stratified service year medical spending by injury year (Table A.6). Each cell in the table shows actual spending in that service year fo"]
[10.621232032775879, 19.02566909790039, "ning some of the residual spending increase. The ultimate (or total) medical losses over the life of a claim are much higher for permanent indemnity claims and temporary disability claims than for medical-only claims. The latter may be closed with mi"]
[10.115042686462402, 19.080310821533203, "of line items reported on laboratory (CPT codes 80047-89398) and radiology (CPT codes 70010-76999) bills since these are often contain \u201crule out\u201d diagnoses. We counted the number of unique diagnosis codes that were identified as one of the four condi"]
[10.012228965759277, 19.12617301940918, "\nMedicine\nMedicine\nMedicine\nMedicine Laboratory/Pathology\nLevel 2 Category\nNA\nCase Management Services\nConsultations\nED Visits\nOffice Visits\nOther\nManipulative Treatment\nNeurology Physical Medicine Other\nNA\nCriteria\nOne of the following: (a) pharmacy"]
[10.132209777832031, 19.069061279296875, "roupings used in the monitoring tables\nTable B.3. Specialty Taxonomy Codes to Create Provider Specialty\n  Provider Specialty\nMultispecialty group practice Single-specialty group practice Anesthesiology\nOrthopedic surgery\nOther surgery\nEmergency medic"]
[10.339523315429688, 19.10349464416504, "ulder injury categories and dropped the age 18\u201350 inclusion terms used in the NCQA measure. The shoulder measure includes only CT and MRI procedures, while the measures for the back injury categories also include X-rays. We defined the index date as "]
[10.265629768371582, 19.107019424438477, " of injury that were billed on the same day as an included diagnosis code in Table B.4, and (2) did not have an excluded diagnosis code at any point during the 24-month period. The denominator is the count of all bills for MRIs identified for this po"]
[10.088099479675293, 18.97347640991211, "A claim had PENS if the bills included CPT codes 64553, 64555, 64560, or\n 64565, or HCPCS codes L8680-L8688. For the\n134\nE0720, E0730,\nAppendix C: Sensitivity Analyses of Provider Participation Rates for WC Patients\nFigure C.1. Physician Participatio"]
[11.179386138916016, 18.17742347717285, "yMeetingPresentationFROI-SROI _Final10182013-1.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, First Reports of Injury and Subsequent Reports of Injury Update, Oakland, Calif.: Department of Industrial Relations, 2016a. As of July 20, 2017: http://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/WCIS/AdvisoryMeetingOc"]
[11.17226505279541, 18.20665168762207, "Data Reporting Requirements: Administrative Penalties, Sacramento, Calif.: California State Legislature, 2011. As of February 28, 2017: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201120120SB826\nSenate Bill 1160 (Mendoza): Wo"]
[11.118898391723633, 18.189645767211914, "g Plan\u20141995: Title 10, California Code of Regulations, Section 2318.6, Effective January 1, 2015.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, [2007\u20132012] Report on California Workers\u2019 Compensation Losses and Expenses, 2008\u20132013. As of July 7, 2017: https://www.wcirb.com/research-and-analy"]
[-0.27469587326049805, 13.569894790649414, " Adapting Land Use and Water Management Plans to a Changing Climate in Miami-Dade and Broward Counties, Florida\nDavid G. Groves, Debra Knopman, Neil Berg, Craig A. Bond, James Syme, Robert J. Lempert\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publicat"]
[-0.42962780594825745, 13.507349014282227, "ic values.\nReaders of this report may also be interested in other RAND work on this and related topics:\n\u2022 Jordan R. Fischbach, Kyle Siler-Evans, Devin Tierney, Michael T. Wilson, Lauren M. Cook, and Linnea Warren May, Robust Stormwater Management in "]
[15.051652908325195, 5.769973278045654, ".................................................................................................... ix Summary........................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments................"]
[-0.08151161670684814, 13.703043937683105, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linkage of Economic Metrics to Hydrologic Model Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[-0.06709036976099014, 13.730802536010742, "..................................................................................73\nAPPENDIXES\nA. Simulating Future Land Use in the Broward Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 B. S"]
[-0.06576467305421829, 13.733901977539062, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.9. Projected Change in Valuation Under the Equal-Value Elevation Method for Broward............................................................................................\n4.10. Projected Valuation Change for B"]
[-0.04432864487171173, 13.743236541748047, " . . . . . .\n5.12. Value of Vulnerable Assets in UMD for Low SLR and Driest Precipitation\nConditions in the Wet Season Under the Elevation Asset Distribution Method,\n2040 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[-0.08887108415365219, 13.719289779663086, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.2. Potential Goals and Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[-0.10228875279426575, 13.7037353515625, "hat underlies Southeast Florida and thereby reduce soil storage capacity. If not well planned and coordinated, land use and transportation decisions at the local and regional levels could exacerbate impacts of a changing climate.\nSoutheast Florida co"]
[-0.06464901566505432, 13.725783348083496, " to a changing climate and increased economic growth, followed by an analysis of alternative approaches to land use that could possibly miti- gate at least some of these vulnerabilities.\nPlanning Goals and Metrics\nDiscussions with officials in Miami-"]
[-0.07316151261329651, 13.726469993591309, "bly\nrunning the model in a \u201cbatch\u201d mode to simulate many plausible futures\n\u2022 modify land cover and land use assumptions for alternative scenarios.\nFigure S.1 summarizes the relationships among the physical and economic elements of an integrated syste"]
[-0.0858205109834671, 13.739473342895508, "nland flood and saltwater intrusion risk in the region.\nOur interest in developing an integrated modeling framework is to use it to gain insight into the vulnerability of South Florida\u2019s built environment to a range of possible future climate conditi"]
[-0.07607778161764145, 13.7291259765625, "nly a few areas currently experiencing average depths to groundwater less than 1 foot, and areas along UMD\u2019s ridge not exhibiting any vulnerability within the time frame of the analysis.1\n\u2022 In the future (i.e., 2040 time frame), changes in precipitat"]
[-0.12232870608568192, 13.683329582214355, "en more extensive interactions with decisionmakers are essential ingredients to any successful long-term planning effort.\nThe approach to analysis demonstrated in this project shows promise and should be con- tinued and refined. Specifically, improve"]
[-0.10299498587846756, 13.726881980895996, "e consequences for Southeast Florida, and adaptive measures will be needed to reduce the most serious of these impacts to manageable levels. With a flat topography, low-lying land, and an extensive coast- line, the region will have an increasingly di"]
[-0.14072637259960175, 13.687793731689453, "ng in a constructive and organized manner to bring available resources to bear on the challenges of SLR and climate change (Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change, 2012). As one example, partner counties and cities in this effort have formally ado"]
[-0.09914345294237137, 13.689942359924316, "nsequences of constraining choices for neighboring jurisdic- tions. In the absence of mathematical simulation tools of suitable spatial and temporal resolution, these potentially large externalities from disjointed decisionmaking need to be quantifie"]
[-0.10417408496141434, 13.691299438476562, "ested in demonstrating an analytical framework that enables cities and counties to better manage these kinds of externalities when making their own development decisions and approving permits for individual projects.\nIntroduction 3\n4 Adapting Land Us"]
[-0.08747081458568573, 13.712974548339844, "is to include economic implications of future flooding using newly developed economic projections of assets. The final analyses were then presented at Miami-Dade County offices in December 2016 and with an updated webinar presentation in May 2017. Ov"]
[-0.39032167196273804, 12.738994598388672, "e on the model(s) that relate their actions to consequences, the prior prob- ability distributions for key parameters to the models, and the importance of various objectives (Lempert, Norling, et al., 2003; Walker, Haasnoot, and Kwakkel, 2013). Tradi"]
[-0.41335585713386536, 12.730378150939941, "olders who have differ- ing expectations about the future nonetheless reach consensus on action. In essence, RDM helps plan for the future without first predicting it. RDM has been applied to water resource management (Groves, Lempert, et al., 2008; "]
[-0.4179929792881012, 12.703344345092773, "e number of cases generated, this step may be done either through case-by-case analysis or through an automated means of identifying the most signifi- cant vulnerabilities. The outcome of the scenario discovery step is generally several scenarios tha"]
[0.01591654308140278, 13.645533561706543, "ld be relevant for this project. We subsequently reworked the XLRM matrix for purposes of further discussion and refinement with our partners. The fol- lowing subsections discuss the XLRM matrix used in this analysis (Table 2.1).\nPlanning Goals and M"]
[-0.08574485778808594, 13.714727401733398, "g/L) are in violation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s drinking water standard (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017). Another common high-salinity threshold used in the region is 1,000 mg/L.\n\u2022 Asset values at risk to inland ground"]
[-0.06665559858083725, 13.706596374511719, " SFWMD (Dessalegne et al. 2016):\n\u2022 5th percentile = driest future (63 percent of current annual rainfall)\n\u2022 25th percentile = dry future (87 percent of current annual rainfall)\n\u2022 50th percentile = average future (109 percent of current annual rainfal"]
[-0.08719804137945175, 13.714239120483398, " outputs from the hydrological models.\nEach aspect of the integrated modeling framework is discussed in greater detail in the following chapters. Simulation results were used to define the climate risk by comparing the geophysical outcomes to project"]
[-0.11214518547058105, 13.688735008239746, "d White (2014) simulated UMD groundwater from a baseline period of 1996\u20132010 compared with a scenario with 30 years of SLR. Hughes, Sifuentes, and White (2016) used the Broward model to exam- ine Broward groundwater changes with SLR out to 2062. Whil"]
[-0.06650808453559875, 13.724884986877441, "nal water management model, such as SFWMD\u2019s Regional Simulation Model (SFWMD, 2005). Finally, alternative economic futures might be considered.\nApproach to Analysis and Decision Support 15\nCHAPTER THREE\nIntegrated Modeling Framework\nWe coupled two US"]
[-0.06374961882829666, 13.692516326904297, " purposes.\n 17\n18\nAdapting Land Use and Water Management Plans to a Changing Climate\n\u2022\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022 \u2022\nThe USGS models produce a range of useful outputs:\nquantification of changes in groundwater pumping and sea level on canal leakage and groundwater infl"]
[-0.052241772413253784, 13.737911224365234, "s an active groundwater component. In total, 50,179 grid cells are actively simulated in each of the model\u2019s 12 vertical layers that represent the surficial aquifer. The model operates on a monthly time step and was calibrated to observed groundwater"]
[-0.0749240443110466, 13.710556983947754, "and expectations) into account. As a consequence, expected damages from future environmental risks would be capitalized into fixed asset values. However, absent additional evidence or assumptions about these responses, we chose a scenario approach to"]
[-0.0627288967370987, 13.737212181091309, "W source code be included for non-Windows operating systems, which would increase model usage on different platforms, particularly for easier compilations on cloud-based servers.\nLessons Learned\nWorking with any hydrological model, such as MODFLOW, i"]
[-0.07953881472349167, 13.72533893585205, "\nPlausible Future Conditions Affecting Southeast Florida\u2019s Built Environment\nThe purpose of developing an integrated modeling framework was to use it to gain insight into the vulnerability of Southeast Florida\u2019s built environment to a range of possib"]
[-0.06531273573637009, 13.741498947143555, "search.\n  23\n24 Adapting Land Use and Water Management Plans to a Changing Climate\nwould allow the saltwater-freshwater interface to move inland because of the reduced hydraulic pressure from the landward side. The reverse would happen under conditio"]
[0.07872913777828217, 13.435233116149902, "ased on downscaling several GCMs (and in some cases, multiple realizations for a single GCM) evaluated using three greenhouse gas emission scenarios, or RCPs, from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (Stocker et al., 2013). Specifically, the ensemble in"]
[-0.07373276352882385, 13.725504875183105, "hese economic futures are essentially alternative levels and spatial distributions of current and future property values at risk from inland flooding and SLR (although additional environmental or other random threats could be modeled). We used the ta"]
[-0.06373391300439835, 13.747673988342285, "raged over the UMD and Broward Model Domains\n30\n25\n20 Monthly rainfall (inches) 15 10\n5\n0\n2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 Year\nRAND RR1932-4.3\n     Driest future\nDry future\nAverage future\nWet future\nWet"]
[-0.05390206724405289, 13.751432418823242, "ludes 87 current land use descriptions. Miami-Dade\u2019s 2030 CDMP (Miami-Dade County, 2017) uses an additional 25 distinct land use descriptions, and 33 Broward\u2019s 2040 Future Land Use Plan (Broward County\n2 In particular, we used the areal interpolation"]
[-0.06063513830304146, 13.73582649230957, "ty. Moreover, rural development is a new category based on projected growth within the Broward categories of rural estates and rural ranches. Figure 4.5 presents the resulting maps of standardized current and future land use across the two counties.\n"]
[-0.05555788800120354, 13.745465278625488, " $10 billion for the small south-central Broward region to more than $100 billion for the large and heavily populated lower UMD region. For all regions, urban assets account for the vast majority of the value.\nFuture Land Use and Distribution of Asse"]
[-0.06274308264255524, 13.734984397888184, "g data from the American Community Survey [U.S. Census Bureau, undated], and current just values). These densities were used to cap development within any particular cell. See Appendix C for details.\nSecond, grid cells available for residential devel"]
[-0.06339789181947708, 13.734748840332031, " units in a spatial manner. The\n7 Recall that current and future land use codes are based on the predominant land use category by area. So, for example, residential development in a cell currently classified as water and some future residential categ"]
[-0.06311243772506714, 13.737879753112793, "ly lower at $4.40 million, or an increase of approxi- mately 17.6 percent. The minimum and maximum cell values were unchanged. Figure 4.9 shows the spatial pattern of the change in value for Broward County. The method distributes population and asset"]
[-0.0646786168217659, 13.731515884399414, "1\nProjected Change in Valuation Under the Equal-Value Elevation Method\n $0M\n$50M\nAventura\nMiami Beach\nValuation change\n RAND RR1932-4.11\nRegion\nNorthwest Broward\nNorth- central Broward\nNortheast Broward\nFar southwest Broward\nSouthwest Broward\nSouth- "]
[-0.06736990809440613, 13.731425285339355, "pulation growth (which was slightly lower, at 10.8 percent, than the 11.4 percent assumed in the other scenarios) and did not fore- cast increased industrial or commercial activity (whose values were assumed to increase at the rate of population grow"]
[-0.0610116608440876, 13.753910064697266, " dry period and the wet period. We then reported the average depth to groundwater for the wet and dry seasons. These metrics serve as proxies for flooding caused by groundwater reaching the ground surface. Smaller depths indicate proximity to the lan"]
[-0.06761185079813004, 13.735860824584961, "hows changes in depths to groundwater in the future during the wet season for the middle SLR scenario and average precipitation conditions for Broward. The red regions on the coast show the impact that SLR will have on changes in depth to groundwater"]
[-0.05968938022851944, 13.746698379516602, "odels. To keep our base case as close to the published USGS results as possible, we maintained the USGS assumptions about future pumping. We were unable to run scenarios with varying pumping rates to explore the differ- ences between the two models w"]
[-0.10576934367418289, 13.757533073425293, "nd by the perspective of a planner, Figure 5.7 enables the user to adjust the threshold. These results show the far southwest and southwest regions of Broward have the largest sensitivity in terms of areas with low depths to groundwa- ter. The variat"]
[-0.07230464369058609, 13.731258392333984, "s are vulnerable, we combined the depth to groundwater with estimates of current assets and projections of future assets in the following sections.\nAsset Values at Risk\nWe next estimated the value of assets that are vulnerable to groundwater flooding"]
[-0.07239516079425812, 13.733829498291016, "t, and southwest Broward all have high numbers of grid points with vulnerable assets between $1 million and $5 million. The highest concentration of high-value vulnerable assets is in the northeast and north-central Broward regions, as seen in the ma"]
[-0.07080778479576111, 13.7315092086792, " precipitation future to 23.\nFigure 5.14 summarizes the vulnerability of asset values across the precipitation and SLR futures for UMD.1 The results are organized so that precipitation and SLR increase from left to right. The horizontal lines cutting"]
[-0.07176773250102997, 13.733524322509766, "nstant at current levels. The yellow bars show the percentage change in vulnerable assets due to changes in asset value between now and the 2040 time frame. For these results as well, depths to groundwater are held constant at current levels. The gra"]
[-0.062015220522880554, 13.737611770629883, "and Water Management Plans to a Changing Climate\nFigure 5.15\nDisaggregated Groundwater Flooding Vulnerability for the Elevation Method\nBroward (TAZ asset method/UMD: Elevation asset method)\nModel SLR\nBroward Low\nPrecipitation\nDriest Dry Avg Wet Wette"]
[-0.07135830074548721, 13.73150634765625, "h SLR. The results for the elevation method (not shown) indicate more-dispersed asset-driven vulnerability for both futures.\n60 Adapting Land Use and Water Management Plans to a Changing Climate\nFigure 5.17\nDrivers of Vulnerability to Groundwater Flo"]
[-0.07134012877941132, 13.733583450317383, "ment Plan\nBroward: Above 5 feet\nMiami-Dade: Above 8 feet (along ridge)\nBroward: Along 2035 long-range transportation projects Miami-Dade: Along SMART plan\nReorient development away from high-vulnerability areas\nFill is used to raise existing developm"]
[-0.07410256564617157, 13.732687950134277, "ach. These coastal areas will also face risks from flooding caused by rising tides, which is not addressed in this research. These areas are strong candidates for Strategies 4 (cut and fill) and 5 (increase pumping and drainage).\nIn UMD, the future v"]
[-0.0637875571846962, 13.728426933288574, "t increases the horizontal water pressure difference between the ocean and groundwater in the Biscayne Aquifer. Increased rainfall on land and infiltration into the aquifer act to freshen groundwater, raise the water table, and push the interface bac"]
[-0.06465037912130356, 13.727930068969727, "levels above 1,000 mg/L. For these two futures, chloride levels in nearly all wells in the Hollywood, Dania, and Dixie well fields exceed safe drinking water standards (e.g., >250 mg/L).\nTo summarize effects across the region, Figure 6.3 depicts the "]
[-0.07091990113258362, 13.729268074035645, "with projected high chloride concentrations, all are projected to have chloride levels below 1 mg/L.\nKey Findings\nSaltwater intrusion is not projected to impact groundwater wells in UMD through the 2040 time frame. However, it has the potential to im"]
[-0.07672366499900818, 13.726221084594727, " on high-value coastal development but also on some inland areas. The analysis further demon- strated the importance of looking at a wide range of possible future conditions to understand the range of possible outcomes within the region.\nAs is always"]
[-0.08811864256858826, 13.720791816711426, "eas of the county, providing an opportunity for adaptation to accompany future development in these areas. Vulnerability to increased groundwater flooding hazards could affect more than $2 billion of future assets; however, $900 million of these asse"]
[-0.06948541104793549, 13.733450889587402, "le assets in the region in futures that are vulnerable to SLR and changing patterns of rainfall. However, because our initial analysis accounts only for private building assets, important drivers of economic risk related to economic activity generate"]
[-0.038120340555906296, 13.764391899108887, "alibrated multipliers (Table A.2) to rep- resent changes in land use over time across the Broward model extent. According to Hughes, Sifuentes, and White (2016), these multipliers generally increase in time, consistent with lower groundwater levels u"]
[-0.06018637865781784, 13.73613166809082, "1 percent different). This finding justified our choice to not explicitly change land use codes in the model; rather, we simply overlaid future land use patterns and future hydrological output (using historical land use codes in the model) in the ana"]
[-0.04863130673766136, 13.719499588012695, "tels\nImproved agricultural\nInsurance company offices\nLeasehold interests (government-owned property leased by a nongovernmental lessee) Light manufacturing\nLumber yards, sawmills, planing mills Military\nMineral processing, phosphate processing, cemen"]
[-0.0643153265118599, 13.7417631149292, "story\nSubsurface rights\nSupermarkets\nTourist attractions, permanent exhibits, other entertainment facilities, fairgrounds (privately owned)\nUtility, gas and electricity, telephone and telegraph, locally assessed railroads, water and sewer service, pi"]
[-0.07093410938978195, 13.73936939239502, "ban low density Urban low density Urban medium density Urban medium density Urban low density Urban medium density Urban medium density Urban low density\n  84 Adapting Land Use and Water Management Plans to a Changing Climate\nTable B.3\u2014Continued\nBrow"]
[-0.1008739024400711, 13.719432830810547, "sidential 6\u201313 DU/AC Medium-density residential 13\u201325 DU/AC\nMedium-high density residential 25\u201360 DU/AC\nOffice or residential\nPersons per Cell\n215\n430 12,888 537 644 1,504 2,792 5,370 537\nValue per Cell (2015 $)\n51,205,048 67,241,768 184,800,000 55,9"]
[-0.39911171793937683, 13.519984245300293, "rporation, MG-679-CTRMP, 2007. As of April 3, 2018:\nhttps://w w w.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG679.html\nDOR\u2014See Florida Department of Revenue.\nEngineer Regulation 1100-2-8162, Incorporating Sea Level Change in Civil Works Programs, Washington D.C.: U.S"]
[-0.31484994292259216, 13.500893592834473, "rg/pubs/research_reports/RR437.html\nGroves, David G., Robert J. Lempert, Debra Knopman, and Sandra H. Berry, Preparing for an Uncertain Future Climate in the Inland Empire: Identifying Robust Water Management Strategies, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Co"]
[-0.5254667401313782, 13.138442993164062, " Robert Lempert, Casey Brown, Adrian Fozzard, Stuart Gill, and Anku Shah, Agreeing on Robust Decisions: New Processes for Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 6906, 2014. As of April 20, "]
[-0.4042070209980011, 13.441679000854492, "Good Decisions Without Predictions: Robust Decision Making for Planning Under Deep Uncertainty,\u201d Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RB-9701, 2013. As of April 3, 2018: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9701.html\nMiami-Dade County, \u201c203"]
[-0.11796680837869644, 13.7349214553833, "theast Florida, Sea Level Rise Work Group, October 2015. As of April 3, 2018:\nh t t p : / / w w w . s o u t h e a s t fl o r i d a c l i m a t e c o m p a c t . o r g / w p - c o n t e n t / u p l o a d s / 2 0 15 / 1 0 / 2 0 15 - C o m p a c t - U n"]
[-0.08788743615150452, 13.721761703491211, "isks. Looking out to the 2040 time frame, the analysis linked two groundwater flow simulation models developed separately for the two counties with a simple economic model of asset values as a function of groundwater levels and the location of the sa"]
[11.444099426269531, 18.054166793823242, " CORPORATION\nEvaluation of the\nReturn-to-Work Fund in\nCalifornia\u2019s Workers\u2019\nCompensation System\nPerformance to Date and Options for Modification\n Michael Dworsky, Denise D. Quigley, Stephanie Rennane, Madeline B. Doyle\nFor more information on this pu"]
[11.372027397155762, 17.56978416442871, "itute for Civil Justice (ICJ) is dedicated to improving the civil justice system by supplying policymakers and the public with rigorous and nonpartisan research. Its studies identify trends in litigation and inform policy choices about liability, com"]
[11.821952819824219, 18.33907699584961, "...... 1\nOrganization of the Report .................................................................................................................. 2 Chapter Two: Background and Overview of Study ..................................................."]
[11.406563758850098, 18.816993713378906, ".......................................................................................... 35 Context Surrounding the RTWSP and the SJDB Voucher Issuance ................................................... 35 Legal Process............................"]
[11.425768852233887, 18.810224533081055, "................................................................................... 57 Take-Up of the RTWSP Among Eligible Workers and Patterns of SJDB Voucher Issuance............... 66 Chapter Seven: Eligible Population and Program Cost Estimates ."]
[11.418951988220215, 18.81818389892578, "........... 30\nFigure 3.4. Time Between RTWSP Application and RTWSP Payment for Approved Applications...................................................................................................................... 31\nFigure 3.5. Trends in SJDB "]
[11.438104629516602, 18.81006622314453, "......................................................................... 69\nTable 7.1. Lower and Upper Bounds for Ultimate RTWSP-Eligible Population per Injury\nYear, with Comparison to Assumptions Made Prior to Program Inception ...................."]
[11.738147735595703, 18.50602912902832, "e Quartile........................................................................................................................... 155\nTable B.15. Characteristics of Permanently Disabled Workers With Versus Without Paid\nSJDB, 2013\u20132014 Injuries .."]
[11.436899185180664, 18.780141830444336, "lity to the Supplemental Job Displacement Benefit (SJDB), a voucher-based VR benefit established in 2004 that replaced California\u2019s traditional VR system. Linking the RTWSP to the SJDB leveraged an existing process for identifying workers without a q"]
[11.424193382263184, 18.79970932006836, "ent among workers who received both PPD benefits and the RTWSP. These findings suggest that the RTWSP is targeted to workers who are less likely to return to work and thus may face disproportionate earnings losses. While this study did not include da"]
[11.423527717590332, 18.810924530029297, ".\nLegal representation is the factor most strongly associated with take-up of the RTWSP among eligible workers. After controlling for a wide range of other factors, eligible workers with legal representation were more than 40 percentage points more l"]
[11.406277656555176, 18.82554817199707, "ization incentivized by the RTWSP\u2019s design would represent a positive unintended consequence of the choice to tie RTWSP eligibility to the SJDB voucher; higher SJDB utilization was factored into cost projections used to develop the program, but the i"]
[11.400546073913574, 18.83265495300293, "te physicians about their reporting responsibilities could also improve workers\u2019 access to the RTW Supplement. Efforts to educate other injured workers\u2019 advocates about the RTWSP could also increase take-up, but we note that a strategy centered on im"]
[11.42619800567627, 18.80447769165039, "ly increase program take-up, it would be prudent to have a contingency plan for financing payments above $120 million in a given year. Further analysis may also help to identify leading indicators for the volume of applications.\nBetter Evidence on Ef"]
[11.553596496582031, 18.67547035217285, "e data is needed to assess the RTW Supplement\u2019s full effects on employment outcomes and on benefit adequacy and equity in the context of the current PPD benefit system, the early results presented here are promising.\nxvii\nxviii\nAcknowledgments\nWe wis"]
[11.754838943481445, 18.305147171020508, "lified medical examiner\nreturn to work\n xxi\nRTWSP Return-to-Work Supplement Program SB Senate Bill\nSJDB Supplemental Job Displacement Benefit SROI Subsequent Report of Injury\nSSDI Social Security Disability Insurance TAG Technical Advisory Group\nTTD "]
[11.569830894470215, 18.637313842773438, "he adequacy of indemnity benefits for workers with PPD as a result of workplace injuries and illnesses. Besides modifying the disability rating process and increasing the maximum weekly benefit, SB 863 took the novel approach of creating an additiona"]
[11.402266502380371, 18.815977096557617, "ornia\u2019s RTWSP as we approach the third anniversary of the program\u2019s inception. RAND researchers conducted a mixed-methods evaluation with two key objectives: (1) to evaluate the design and performance of the RTWSP and (2) to identify practices and po"]
[11.69631290435791, 18.292327880859375, "nd B provide qualitative information on the stakeholder interviews and quantitative data, including data sources, methods, and supplementary results.\n3\n4\nChapter Two: Background and Overview of Study\nThis chapter provides some background information "]
[11.791322708129883, 18.287025451660156, " longer, the first three days are covered retroactively.\n  5\nMost workers who file a workers\u2019 compensation claim do not experience any work absence beyond the three-day waiting period, and thus they receive only medical care. However, three in ten in"]
[11.802475929260254, 18.304655075073242, " temporary disability benefits.\n4 The Workers\u2019 Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California (WCIRB), which develops rates for commercial insurers that serve the California market, reports that PPD benefits were 41 percent of total indemnity pay"]
[11.849658012390137, 18.295581817626953, "w states use a \u201cwage loss\u201d approach to PD benefits today. One serious drawback of the wage loss approach is that tying compensation directly to post-injury earnings creates work disincentives that lead to higher disability duration, driving up system"]
[11.825654029846191, 18.360136032104492, "enefits make it a natural focus for legislative efforts to control system costs: While PPD benefits in California currently account for a smaller proportion of total system costs than is the case in many other states, PPD benefits represent roughly o"]
[11.931904792785645, 18.45830535888672, " disability rating system relied on a complex combination of factors to arrive at a disability rating. The pre-2005 disability rating system was marked by a reliance on functional evaluations that attempted to account for individual-level work restri"]
[11.888325691223145, 18.44025421142578, " rates of lost income fell by 26 percent after the reforms (Seabury et al., 2011). Given past evidence showing that California already had questionable benefit adequacy under the old benefit levels (Peterson et al., 1997), there was concern that the "]
[11.867715835571289, 18.370067596435547, "o Permanent Partial Disability Benefits in Senate Bill 863\nIn September 2012, California adopted SB 863 as an attempt to contain medical costs for injured workers while restoring some of the PPD benefits that had been reduced. The bill made many chan"]
[11.851496696472168, 18.4267520904541, " 2012, about 75 percent of PD workers had earnings above the weekly maximum, while only about 15 percent of PD workers had earnings below the weekly minimum.9\n9 For the vast majority of PD workers with ratings below 70, SB 863 raised the maximum week"]
[11.471612930297852, 18.753406524658203, "on observed earnings losses, providing an extra payment to workers who experienced the worst outcomes after injury. However, it is not possible to design a system that compensates workers based directly on post-injury earnings without introducing som"]
[11.453498840332031, 18.764739990234375, " between the generosity of the RTW Supplement and the affordability of the RTWSP. After modeling various possible combinations of these parameters, it was determined that eligible workers who apply would receive a flat, one-time $5,000 payment (the \u201c"]
[11.428829193115234, 18.792583465576172, "chase services or equipment that promotes functional and VR but that either is not covered by workers\u2019 compensation medical benefits or the SJDB or that has costs above the $6,000 cap on the SJDB.\nIn addition to its primary objective of improving the"]
[11.447366714477539, 18.771717071533203, "he current program design. Other program impacts that are more amenable to study with currently available data are examined later in the report.\nThe parameters of the RTWSP were based on analysis of historical program trends and estimated earnings lo"]
[11.412858009338379, 18.811038970947266, ", apply for, and receive the RTW Supplement?\n\u2022 Does the RTWSP accurately target workers \u201cwhose permanent disability benefits are\ndisproportionately low in comparison to their earnings loss\u201d?\n\u2022 Is the RTWSP vulnerable to fraud and abuse?\n\u2022 Are barrier"]
[11.37848949432373, 18.82435417175293, "ances for these required reports in 2014. To further our understanding of the operation and design of the RTWSP in California, we reviewed information available online about the RTWSP and the SJDB voucher issuance processes and held focused discussio"]
[11.370563507080078, 18.829883575439453, "holders were then guided through a semistructured interview regarding their experiences with the details of workers\u2019 compensation reporting, the SJDB voucher issuance, and the RTW Supplement benefit issuance process, guided by three slides that were "]
[11.428343772888184, 18.830785751342773, " multiple administrative and public use data sets to provide a comprehensive picture of injured workers who have entered the workers\u2019 compensation system since 2011. around the time of the implementation of the RTWSP. These data sources include the W"]
[11.402448654174805, 18.81574249267578, "ouchers in a series of descriptive statistics and then formalized this analysis in a multivariate logistic regression. We also analyzed several factors to identify behavioral responses that might influence participation. These analyses involved compa"]
[11.32308578491211, 18.81072425842285, "h report or form, the recipients, the event(s) requiring completion or submission of each report or form, and relevant timelines.\nMaximum Medical Improvement and the Return to Work & Voucher Report\nWhen an injured worker is determined by their PTP to"]
[11.418939590454102, 18.808263778686523, "hin 20 days\nClaims Administrator\nSign and issue SJDB Voucher\n    Injured Worker + Attorney\n    * Claims administrator: employer\u2019s WC insurance carrier, third-party administrator, or self-insured employer **Information and reports that are shared with"]
[11.396578788757324, 18.817020416259766, " for miscellaneous expense reimbursement. As noted above, the SJDB is nontransferrable and, for injuries occurring after December 1, 2013, cannot be settled.\nApplication Process and Eligibility Criteria\nAs mentioned in Chapter Two, injured workers wh"]
[11.413939476013184, 18.81265640258789, "o obtain the necessary information. Applications with complete information that meet the criteria listed above are passed to one of three approvers for approval processing.\nApproval and Payment Issuance\nWithin 60 days, DIR must review the submitted o"]
[11.406075477600098, 18.82007598876953, "ions for injuries that occurred prior to 2013 (15 percent of ineligible applications). The remaining denials occurred because of other verification issues with the applications.\n26\nApplicants who resubmit an application following a denial typically d"]
[11.420051574707031, 18.814105987548828, "m\nWithin 20 days of employer\u2019s failure to provide qualifying RTW offer; at most 80 days after date when RTW & Voucher Report is submitted to employer\nWithin 12 months of SJDB voucher receipt\n NOTE: DWC = Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation.\n28\nApplicat"]
[11.417793273925781, 18.81981658935547, "seven days of approval. Overall, this means that 90 percent of applicants receive the RTW Supplement within three weeks of application, and 50 percent of applicants receive the RTW Supplement less than two weeks after application. This is well within"]
[11.42467212677002, 18.807979583740234, "demption, we examined those who received an SJDB payment in the WCIS, meaning that the injured worker cashed in their SJDB voucher. We estimated that the average total payment value was approximately $4,600:15 Just over half (52.5 percent) of workers"]
[11.404094696044922, 18.825117111206055, "esponse to the incentives created by the RTWSP or due to other provisions of the law. Figures 3.6 and 3.7 clearly indicate a sharp increase in SJDB utilization and, for a nonrepresentative convenience sample of claims, SJDB voucher issuance for injur"]
[11.40609359741211, 18.781845092773438, "ders perceive the workers\u2019 compensation process to be a \u201cvery litigious process often driven by the applicant\u2019s attorney.\u201d Three stakeholders with direct experience regarding the SJDB issuance process noted that settlement prior to being declared P&S"]
[11.396278381347656, 18.813114166259766, "he California Workers\u2019 Comp System and more to do with the federal ADA\u2014mostly by compliance with FEHA and the ADA.\u201d Three stakeholders also said that employers may issue the SJDB voucher in an effort to terminate an employee (i.e., to get the injured"]
[11.42105770111084, 18.79827880859375, " language that the injured worker is entitled to the supplemental benefit or that an attorney can apply for the benefit on the worker\u2019s behalf. This stakeholder also claimed that settlements occur more often and claims close faster when they are part"]
[11.350093841552734, 18.861604690551758, "stributed to injured workers (two stakeholders).\nEight stakeholders claimed that the RTW program is run \u201cefficiently, with low administrative burden\u201d and \u201cprovides cash\u201d and \u201csome sort of benefit to injured workers.\u201d As one stakeholder said, \u201cthe sta"]
[11.393317222595215, 18.814594268798828, "tionate earnings loss, some still noted problems with the linkage. As one said, the link between the RTW Supplement and the SJDB voucher \u201cstill did not include specific consideration of the lost earnings that are disproportionately compensated by the"]
[11.384797096252441, 18.827255249023438, "dicated that there is value in not permitting the RTW Supplement to be included in settlements, as this reduces transaction costs by limiting the scope for disputes.\nThese interview findings validate our understanding of the rules and regulations tha"]
[11.393305778503418, 18.821020126342773, " complete the RTWSP application if they are unable to do so at home.\nNevertheless, several stakeholders mentioned concerns related to access and lack of awareness about the RTW Supplement. Five stakeholders, including attorneys and claims administrat"]
[11.37086296081543, 18.825435638427734, "rk required of the PTP. In such cases, physicians provide information in the MMI Report but do not fill out or submit the RTW & Voucher Report. As a result, fewer SJDB vouchers are issued to those who would otherwise be eligible.\nOnce they receive do"]
[11.342065811157227, 18.83509063720703, "nistrators for copies of the reports.\nEight stakeholders indicated that \u201cphysicians are not paid to complete and submit the RTW & Voucher Report.\u201d In turn, physician stakeholders claimed that the RTW & Voucher report is \u201ctime-consuming to complete.\u201d "]
[11.383158683776855, 18.82334327697754, " area of the [workers\u2019 compensation] system where there\u2019s money involved, there\u2019s fraud involved and someone\u2019s trying to rip off the system\u201d; and the perceptions that \u201canyone with access to a computer can get the RTW Supplemental benefit.\u201d\nStakeholde"]
[11.373306274414062, 18.846315383911133, "few stakeholders mentioned issues that would contribute to the underissuance of SJDB vouchers. Two stakeholders reported experiences with claims administrators \u201cnot signing the voucher or not providing proof of service\u201d (as referred to above) and cla"]
[11.387114524841309, 18.822986602783203, "formation assistance officer in a district office. The program reduces transaction costs by limiting the scope for disputes and by using the SJDB voucher as a mechanism for targeting, albeit somewhat inconsistently. Two additional strengths associate"]
[11.372132301330566, 18.851816177368164, " Report) and claims administrators failing to sign or issue the SJDB voucher. Some stakeholders also noted that the RTWSP does not distinctly promote return-to-work outcomes and suggested that DIR should rename the program to better align with its ob"]
[11.415488243103027, 18.857465744018555, "ience sample of claims administrators, and several auxiliary datasets from public sources.\nThis wide variety of data sources is necessary to address the broad range of research questions posed in this study. In combination, these data sources allow u"]
[11.766388893127441, 19.02297592163086, "rs\u2019 Compensation Information System\ntarget\ntarget\ntarget\nthe\n The WCIS is a database of workers\u2019 compensation claims maintained by the DWC within DIR. The WCIS covers essentially all workers\u2019 compensation payers in the California system, making it th"]
[11.672231674194336, 18.96674346923828, "sources other than the WCIS are PD ratings, legal representation status, and issuance of SJDB vouchers.\nReliable data on receipt of benefits and other milestones in the history of the claim are necessary to define sensible comparison groups for recip"]
[11.42026138305664, 18.822830200195312, "2017. Each record represents a completed online application that was submitted to the RTWSP.19 In addition to the application date and information about the injury that was reported in the RTWSP application, these data capture whether the application"]
[11.431418418884277, 18.838993072509766, "SJDB voucher. While the WCIS provides information about SJDB utilization (i.e., cases in which individuals redeemed their SJDB vouchers to pay for VR services, education and training, computers, or other services and equipment covered by the SJDB), v"]
[11.477469444274902, 18.864091873168945, " the population of residents in a given zip code who speak English very well and the population of residents speaking other languages, including Spanish, Chinese, Tagalog, Korean, and Vietnamese. We used these variables to identify zip codes with rel"]
[11.41811752319336, 18.816818237304688, " to reach MMI, receive a voucher, and apply for the RTWSP. Our analysis of targeting focuses on differences between workers with and without the RTW Supplement, so we performed comparisons that effectively controlled for the claim maturity (i.e., the"]
[11.37501335144043, 18.856290817260742, "Who is eligible, applies for, and receives the RTWSP? To analyze take-up of the RTWSP and to estimate the size of the RTWSP-eligible population, we had to identify a sample of eligible workers, meaning those in receipt of an SJDB voucher for injuries"]
[11.420289993286133, 18.813812255859375, "on permanently disabled workers with 2013\u20132014 injury dates (the PPD sample described in Chapter Five) to address two broad research questions:\n1. How do RTW Supplement recipients compare to other PPD workers in terms of demographics, job characteris"]
[11.420495986938477, 18.812467575073242, "661 per week in real 2017 dollars, compared with an average wage of $813 per week for other workers with PD. RTWSP claimants are also more likely to live in zip codes where fewer residents speak English well and more likely to live in zip codes with "]
[11.43193244934082, 18.796222686767578, " Supplement recipients are less likely to work in self-insured firms prior to injury, which likely reflects the fact that larger firms (including public-sector employers) are both more likely to self-insure and may be more able to provide accommodati"]
[11.426046371459961, 18.805875778198242, "tal TTD payment received by all other beneficiaries with indemnity payments. Thus, while supplement recipients receive much higher benefit payments than nonrecipients, the difference in total disability duration strongly suggests that these benefit p"]
[11.422646522521973, 18.817913055419922, "live in zip codes with low English-language ability and low internet connection rates, are more likely to work in manufacturing or certain high-turnover industries, and are less likely to work in public administration or education. RTW Supplement rec"]
[11.389724731445312, 18.822925567626953, "fferent points in time relative to receipt of other benefit types. Most workers receive the benefit within one year of ending their TTD benefits and beginning PPD payments, again consistent with overall program guidelines that workers become eligible"]
[11.494482040405273, 18.749412536621094, "losses are maximized, which might seem to suggest that RTWSP recipients\u2019 ratings are too high to be consistent with optimal targeting. In fact, Dworsky et al.\u2019s estimates indicated that workers with ratings above 30 (under the anticipated SB 863 rati"]
[11.41525650024414, 18.828691482543945, "he injury, by about 19 percentage points of what the workers would have earned if uninjured. The comparison reported by Reville et al. (2005) was conducted between workers with the same disability rating (under the pre-2005 PDRS), and so this evidenc"]
[11.42198657989502, 18.82650375366211, "7. No RTWSP applications were submitted by workers in the voucher RTW sample who were issued vouchers in Q2 2013 or Q4 2013, yielding a take-up rate of zero in these quarters.\nWe next estimated a series of multivariate logistic regression models to c"]
[11.423725128173828, 18.826091766357422, "tes for a pooled model that combines data from all participating claims administrators. We also estimated models stratified by claims administrator and did not find evidence that predictors of voucher issuance differed substantially from the overall "]
[11.412187576293945, 18.83229637145996, "tential barriers to participation (e.g., language ability and internet access) were not significant factors in take-up\nCovariate with a Significant Impact on Voucher Issuance or RTWSP Take-Up\nSettled claim\nMMI date reported\nSettled claim and MMI date"]
[11.414128303527832, 18.821535110473633, "re of our convenience sample, additional estimates reported in Appendix B show that similar unadjusted patterns are evident in our convenience sample as well.\nTo sum up, the behavior of workers observed in a convenience sample of SJDB voucher recipie"]
[11.416410446166992, 18.819643020629883, "ration is that the RTWSP has operated during a period of steady economic expansion and falling unemployment rates; the next economic downturn might affect the size of the eligible population through changing return-to-work rates and several other cha"]
[11.430971145629883, 18.816577911376953, "Relations, DIR staff estimated the take-up rate of the RTWSP using data available in house at DIR through the end of February 2017. To proxy for RTWSP eligibility, DIR used the WCIS to identify workers who had redeemed the full $6,000 value of the SJ"]
[11.445669174194336, 18.796791076660156, " take-up rate. In the first three quarters of 2017, the RTWSP received applications from 12,630 unique injured workers. If applications continue at the same rate in the last quarter of the year, this suggests that 16,840 applications would be receive"]
[11.515841484069824, 18.722957611083984, "estone, leading to concerns about right-censoring in the available data. However, the proportion of PPD claims with paid SJDB amounts in the WCIS remains at 5.0 percent for 2014 injuries despite the fact that 2014 claims are more likely to be subject"]
[11.550008773803711, 18.70823097229004, "f PD claims with qualifying return-to-work offers reported to the insurer by 28 months after injury. Between the 2010 and 2014 injury years, this proportion ranged between 16 percent and 21 percent, a rate that would seem to imply that as many as fou"]
[11.476324081420898, 18.772605895996094, "ake a somewhat conservative assumption that those without an MMI date reported would not have received a voucher, we obtain an estimate of 40.6 percent of permanently disabled workers who might potentially be eligible to receive an SJDB voucher, trig"]
[11.51124382019043, 18.738319396972656, "an alternative, we estimate the total number of ultimate indemnity claims in the WCIS by applying WCIRB development factors to the number of indemnity claims observed to date. We then assume that 50 percent of indemnity claims ultimately result in PD"]
[11.53481388092041, 18.715171813964844, "ta on covered employment at self-insured employers would overstate the number of indemnity claims if self-insured employers had lower indemnity claim rates than fully insured employers, which appears to be the case in the WCIS.\n43 Authors\u2019 calculatio"]
[11.43496322631836, 18.803390502929688, "rsed could be up to three times as high, or $292.2 million. We stress that this level assumes that all potentially SJDB- eligible workers are issued a voucher, that the ultimate number of PPD injuries is at the higher\n44 We cannot know that all claim"]
[11.390573501586914, 18.796735763549805, " required DIR to translate crucial workers\u2019 compensation forms and notices into additional languages beyond English and Spanish.\nWithout data on a cohort of injuries that has fully worked its way through the system, we instead provide descriptive evi"]
[11.400635719299316, 18.81694984436035, "ensoring. For example, the maximum time to application for 2016 injuries was set to nine months to allow nine full months under observation for the last injury dates in 2016.\nHowever, Figure 7.3 also makes clear that the time needed to establish the "]
[11.426904678344727, 18.806188583374023, " sustained rapid growth in SJDB payments and the number of PD workers with incurred SJDB, largely reflect SJDB receipt by workers injured before the RTWSP was established. There is no evidence indicating that the\n84\ngrowth of the RTWSP-eligible popul"]
[11.429247856140137, 18.805973052978516, "ch year\u2019s assessment in order to cover the previous calendar year\u2019s RTW Supplement payments.\nIf the RTW Fund can be replenished each year by adjusting the assessment above or below $120 million annually, solvency would not appear to be a conceptually"]
[11.567233085632324, 18.681962966918945, "more stable than the rate of low-severity claims. Research by Boone et al. (2011) shows that the pro-cyclicality of workers\u2019 compensation claim rates is driven less by changes in safety over the business cycle than by the fact that workers with lower"]
[11.591736793518066, 18.67878532409668, " eligibility over the business cycle than changes in covered employment.\n 47 These estimates are percentages of the employment rate for uninjured workers, which is well below 100 percent. Only seven in ten workers in the uninjured control group remai"]
[11.445870399475098, 18.791746139526367, "ease in SJDB voucher issuance observed so far under SB 863 would limit how much further the rate of SJDB voucher issuance could potentially increase as economic conditions change.\nGiven this discussion, we estimate that any cyclicality in the size of"]
[11.41586971282959, 18.817035675048828, "data on incurred PD would be needed to answer this question.\n 89\nand payment volumes so that the department can rapidly identify the emergence of any major changes in program costs.\n90\nChapter Eight: Policy Options to Improve the RTWSP and Related Pr"]
[11.41513729095459, 18.82574462890625, "Chapter Four. We did not find strong evidence that low take-up was associated with indicators of socioeconomic vulnerability, such as low wages, or hypothesized barriers to access, such as language ability, internet access, or distance from DWC field"]
[11.419938087463379, 18.8360652923584, " treated as a \u201cchange in benefit status\u201d\n92\nwarranting mandatory reporting. At present, claims administrators are required to transmit an SROI to WCIS within 15 days of the initial payment of any type of indemnity benefit. However, there is currently"]
[11.420530319213867, 18.830909729003906, "ly, however, then the number of workers who might change address before receiving the RTW Supplement check will tend to increase over time. This is likely a minor concern given DIR\u2019s demonstrated ability to process applications, verify recipients (an"]
[11.400613784790039, 18.83196258544922, "ims administrators on SJDB voucher issuance.\nDIR would also need to think through the program integrity implications of making the RTW Supplement an automatic payment triggered by notification from the claims administrator. The current application pr"]
[11.393087387084961, 18.837690353393555, "to implement automatic payment of the RTW Supplement, we strongly recommend that DIR develop a strategy for monitoring SJDB voucher issuance and verifying that SJDB vouchers are being properly issued to all workers who receive the RTW Supplement. DIR"]
[11.379486083984375, 18.850013732910156, "ders felt that email and other electronic communication methods are underutilized by claims administrators. While we did not find that internet access was associated with take-up of the RTW Supplement by eligible workers, we did not have individual-l"]
[11.414671897888184, 18.819944381713867, " involve raising the value of the supplement (either for all workers or for those more likely to experience disproportionate earnings losses), restricting eligibility to a smaller group of workers without successful return to work, or changing the su"]
[11.478257179260254, 18.75530433654785, " the first several years of a claim are likely to result from temporary disability, and they recommended using data from the fourth full year after injury to measure long-term earnings losses. In contrast, we found that some workers who reached MMI q"]
[11.37498950958252, 18.823266983032227, "DEU disability ratings did not support stakeholder concerns that workers with minimal impairment were likely to receive the RTWSP. However, we were not able to directly examine wage loss or PPD wage replacement rates for workers who received the RTW "]
[11.37491512298584, 18.82777976989746, "iting. The claims administrators and physicians at the TAG meeting supported the idea of a consolidated report.\nAnother issue raised by some stakeholders was that the RTW & Voucher Form was not being completed by physicians because time spent complet"]
[11.45943546295166, 18.7847900390625, "recipients, we estimate that 47 percent of workers who received a voucher for injuries in 2013\u20132014 had redeemed the voucher and received the SJDB by 2017. Voucher redemption rates were higher for lower-wage workers: We estimate a redemption rate of "]
[11.431110382080078, 18.809892654418945, " SJDB use and assessing the effectiveness of the SJDB in enabling return to work.\nChanges in SJDB utilization following SB 863\u2019s enactment cannot be fully attributed to the incentive effects of the RTW Supplement without further analysis. However, wh"]
[11.418635368347168, 18.82033348083496, "several benefits. First, studying how vouchers are used (e.g., for purchasing computer equipment versus retraining) will provide insight into the VR services that workers have determined to be most important in assisting their return to work. This in"]
[11.415121078491211, 18.818754196166992, "hile this current effort is studying trends in post-injury outcomes for broad groups of injured workers, an evaluation of the SJDB could draw upon some of the methodological approaches and utilize similar data to analyze trends for this relatively vu"]
[11.40660285949707, 18.82526206970215, "r. However, our findings suggest that a lack of awareness and/or some confusion about the program, particularly among workers who do not have legal representation, may be preventing many eligible workers from applying. While this option would achieve"]
[11.58973503112793, 18.651912689208984, "provide an evidence base for future changes to the RTW Supplement and, potentially, the SJDB. Whether the SJDB is effective at helping displaced workers with PD find new employment is a question that bears directly on whether the RTW Supplement might"]
[11.776692390441895, 18.40721321105957, "into California\u2019s system that resembles some of the advantages of a wage loss system while avoiding the potential for work disincentives inherent in a pure wage loss approach.\nCalifornia has experimented with such a hybrid approach in the past. For t"]
[11.506967544555664, 18.66736602783203, "the RTWSP would require action by the legislature.\nIn the near term, then, DIR should focus on increasing take-up of the RTWSP and on enabling more accurate monitoring of SJDB voucher issuance. The inherent limits of California\u2019s impairment-based app"]
[11.193069458007812, 18.177879333496094, " 2012. As of June\n 109\n12, 2018: https://www.dir.ca.gov/chswc/Reports/2012/CHSWC_AnnualReport2012.pdf\nCalifornia Department of Industrial Relations, Office of the Director, Return to Work Supplement Program Proposed Regulations Revised Final Statemen"]
[11.26326847076416, 18.176040649414062, "of Social Insurance, Workers\u2019 Compensation: Benefits, Coverage, and\nCosts\u20142014 Data, Washington, D.C., 2016.\nNational Academy of Social Insurance, Workers\u2019 Compensation: Benefits, Coverage, and\nCosts\u20142015 Data, Washington, D.C., 2017.\nNeuhauser, Fran"]
[11.257047653198242, 18.236413955688477, "rgain: Compensation for Work Injuries in the U.S., 1900\u20132016,\u201d Boston, Mass.: Northeastern University, 2017.\nState of California, \u201cSchedule for Rating Permanent Disabilities Under the Provisions of the Labor Code of the State of California,\u201d 2005.\nU."]
[11.378241539001465, 18.839550018310547, "when an injured worker receives the RTW Supplement or appeals the decision). The aim of the interviews was to learn about the RTWSP and the RTW Supplement process from the different vantage points of various stakeholder groups.\nInterview guides were "]
[11.427727699279785, 18.887248992919922, " insurance carriers. Transcripts were reviewed, aligned with the protocol questions, and finalized.\nWe used a variation of content analysis to develop a coding scheme for performing a qualitative description of the themes discussed by the workers\u2019 co"]
[11.365254402160645, 18.832134246826172, "he discussion and asked about any final suggestions on refinement of the RTWSP or other aspects of the workers\u2019 compensation system that affect the RTWSP. When consent was provided to record the interview, transcript documents were created from the a"]
[11.290863037109375, 18.90906524658203, "?\n[Pay attention to any mentions of: affordability or sustainability of the program at the state level (for DIR), injured workers getting an adequate amount from the payment to assist in RTW, equitable disbursement of benefits, transparency or ease o"]
[11.335871696472168, 18.840295791625977, "hort, about right? Are there cases that you can think of for which you think this is not right?\n11. What was the thinking behind the \u201c20-day period\u201d?\na. Are these business days or calendar days?\n12. Are there specific issues that you see from your va"]
[11.37059211730957, 18.833221435546875, "er?\n28. What about the motivations and incentives, in your opinion, of the employers once they have received the copies of the P&S and RTW & Voucher reports?\n29. What about the motivations and incentives, in your opinion, of the injured worker once t"]
[11.365446090698242, 18.836515426635742, "r issued?\n42. Are there any modifications that you suggest?\nWork Offer\nNow, can we turn to discussing the actual offer of work?\n43. What are the official guidelines around what constitutes an \u201coffer of work\u201d? 44. How is the offer of modified or alter"]
[11.380867958068848, 18.831912994384766, "rios within which the injured worker (or the IW representative) could have an offer of work from the at-injury employer and be issued an SJDB voucher?\n62. What about if the IW is working for a different employer? If that is the case, is it then OK fo"]
[11.405922889709473, 18.82286262512207, "What is the main purpose for verifying California residency?\na. Is this only for tax purposes?\nb. Can you receive the benefit if the IW lives out of state?\nc. Can you gain the voucher and or the benefit if you live outside of California?\n81. Once the"]
[11.411920547485352, 18.81346893310547, "n actions that take place after the appeal?\n95. Once it is determined that an IW will receive the RTW Supplemental benefit, how does this fit into the timing of the PPD benefit payment process?\n96. California has a reverse offset plan in place such t"]
[11.573522567749023, 18.88673973083496, "changes have?\nF. Conclusion/Follow-Up\n108. Thinking back about all the things you\u2019ve told us today, are there any areas that we failed to cover or important questions that we should have asked?\n109. If you were going to summarize the most important p"]
[11.481355667114258, 18.84817886352539, "-missing value for the DEU rating. This yielded approximately 81,000 records from the DEU that matched the WCIS.\nVoucher Data\nWe conducted some analyses based on the entire universe of records observed in the WCIS between 2011 and 2017 or some subset"]
[11.539592742919922, 18.860139846801758, "ow English-language prevalence contain 26.7 percent of the population of California, so readers should interpret the low English variable used in our analysis as selecting people who live in areas in roughly the bottom quartile of English-language pr"]
[11.736954689025879, 19.00353240966797, "IS data matched on date of birth, date of injury, or gender, we treated that unique match as the true linkage and discarded other linkages. We also used fuzzy matching between claim administrator claim numbers reported on the SROI and the DEU ratings"]
[11.80193042755127, 19.032878875732422, "with a SROI linkage and the proportion with indemnity benefits reported (including any temporary or permanent benefits or settled amounts for temporary or permanent benefits). Very small claims administrators with fewer than 20 claims per year were e"]
[11.737598419189453, 19.04560661315918, "135\nTable B.1. Comparison of Analysis Sample to Full WCIS FROI\nDemographics and Type of Coverage\n       Main Sample Main Sample Distribution\nFull WCIS Unweighted Weighted (complete records)\nFROI Target\nunweighted\n          40.99 40.70 40.87 40.86 43%"]
[11.79875373840332, 18.412981033325195, "ent factors allow projection of the long-term claim count from the count observed at a given maturity for an accident year.52 Table B.3 provides statewide estimates of the total claims to date and ultimate indemnity claims by year for the 2011\u20132017 i"]
[11.6482572555542, 18.561594009399414, " far more obvious, with paid-to-date claim volumes dropping each year from 2011 to 2016. For an estimate of ultimate PPD claims by year, then, we assume that 50 percent of indemnity claims will eventually result in PPD, an assumption that appears to "]
[11.429855346679688, 18.81136131286621, "011 injuries.\nIdentifying Workers at Risk of Receiving the RTWSP\nTo better understand which workers face a nontrivial probability of RTW Supplement receipt, we examined seven mutually exclusive categories of claims based on benefits, settlements, and"]
[11.415772438049316, 18.815298080444336, " Even so, comparison to PPD recipients enables us to analyze targeting within one of the primary eligibility criteria of the program (PD). Due to the absence of information about qualifying return to work offers or SJDB voucher issuance in the WCIS, "]
[11.412432670593262, 18.823802947998047, "s. Again using data from the claims administrator sample, Figure B.1 shows that RTWSP applications are typically filed soon after an individual receives the SJDB. The majority of applications are filed within the first three months after SJDB voucher"]
[11.423652648925781, 18.833293914794922, "ince this population reflects the combination of employers and industries served by a nonrandom selection of claims administrators. However, a comparison of RTW Supplement recipients to all other claims in this sample shows that the same factors appe"]
[11.421631813049316, 18.833755493164062, " 2,243 1,607\n         144\nAnalysis of RTWSP Take-Up\nOur primary analysis of program take-up used logistic regression to model receipt of the SJDB voucher and workers\u2019 decisions to apply to the RTWSP, if eligible. Because both of these analyses requir"]
[11.42205810546875, 18.830537796020508, "criteria (which\n54 DWC regions included in the model are Los Angeles, Inland Empire, Bay Area, Central Valley, and San Diego. The Rest of State category includes the Central Coast, Eastern Sierra Foothills, North Sacramento Valley, North State\u2013Shasta"]
[11.427762031555176, 18.8250675201416, " similar across claims administrators within each broadly defined market sector. Under this assumption, it should be possible to extrapolate from the logistic regression model estimated on the convenience sample to the full analysis sample. The (weig"]
[11.440156936645508, 18.827558517456055, "f claims administrator at a time: By extrapolating these separate models to the full sample, we impose the assumption that there are no meaningful differences across types of claims administrators in the probability of SJDB voucher issuance after con"]
[11.462309837341309, 18.8013973236084, " and the benefit listed in the row title. Proportions were weighted using inverse probability weights from a sample of claims administrators with timely and complete reporting to the SROI.\n  Table B.10. Take-Up Model of Voucher Issuance Among PD Reci"]
[11.470600128173828, 18.79698371887207, " RTWSP Among Voucher Recipients: Logit Coefficients and Marginal Effects\n0.160\n0.160\n       Low English ability (zip code)\nLow internet connectivity (zip code) Log miles to DWC office (zip code) Legal representation\n(1)\nLogit Coefficients\n0.0520 (0.0"]
[11.601646423339844, 18.66670036315918, "14 Q4 14 Q1 15 Q2 15 Q3 15 Q4 15 Average\nSJDB Any SJDB Exhaustion Paid\n55.3% 49.1% 54.7% 54.3% 70.7% 61.2% 71.2% 64.5% 71.4% 63.3% 75.9% 69.5% 81.3% 73.7% 83.9% 77.5% 85.8% 81.7% 76.4% 70.7% 80.0% 72.0% 71.9% 62.9% 72.9% 66.4%\nSJDB Voucher\n34.2% 33.3"]
[11.602755546569824, 18.660110473632812, " 47.2% 39.1% 47.0%\n         NOTES: WCIS, claims administrator convenience sample, injury years 2013\u20132014. WCIS proportions were weighted using inverse probability weights from a sample of claims administrators with timely and complete reporting to th"]
[11.45209789276123, 18.765291213989258, "   157\nCalifornia\u2019s Return-to-Work Supplement Program (RTWSP) is a new benefit for permanently disabled workers who suffer disproportionately high earnings loss in comparison with their workers\u2019 compensation benefits. The RTWSP provides a one-time $5"]
[13.851240158081055, 4.718869686126709, "  CORPORATION\nLeveraging Research and Philanthropy to Reduce Crime and Violence in the Mississippi Delta\nJessica Saunders, Dionne Barnes-Proby, Samuel Peterson\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2457\nPublished by the RAN"]
[13.846534729003906, 4.38886022567749, "surance regulation. Program research is supported by government agencies, foundations, and the private sector.\nRAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment (JIE) conducts research and analysis in civil and criminal justice, infrastructure developmen"]
[14.121167182922363, 6.0055670738220215, "......................................................................... 13 Funding Decisions ............................................................................................................................ 16 Making Awards ............."]
[14.03043270111084, 5.94474458694458, "......................................................................... 44 Limited Social Programs and Services........................................................................................... 44 Failing Schools .........................."]
[14.086246490478516, 5.990507125854492, "nterventions.................................................................................................................. 90 Adapting, Implementation, and Evaluating................................................................................"]
[14.071128845214844, 5.978660583496094, "olent Crime and Calls for Service by Neighborhood Within the Brickyard Community\nand in Clarksdale, Mississippi, as a Whole........................................................................ 34 3.5. Contributors of Crime ........................"]
[14.099017143249512, 6.002249717712402, "ow to think through the various options for selecting and implementing community-level violence prevention and intervention.\nThe findings of this work are organized by these research questions:\n1. How are foundations funding crime and violence reduct"]
[14.058415412902832, 5.973573207855225, "nd 3.5 homicides per 10,000 residents in Phillips and Coahoma Counties, respectively, while the U.S. average was 0.7 per 10,000 (CDC, 2018). Discussions of crime and violence revealed that these communities experience a great deal of violent and prop"]
[13.997461318969727, 5.982038497924805, "e Table S.1). In general, programs that reduce crime and violence directly rely on strong partnerships and cooperation with law enforcement and other government entities. Approaches that might prevent crime by targeting the risk factors are more dive"]
[16.8654842376709, 7.7594685554504395, " interventions that use a multistep approach to enhance protective factors and reduce risk factors in the family. These approaches have been found to be effective in a variety of settings\nProviding continuing education to incarcerated adults to reduc"]
[16.85284423828125, 7.91287899017334, "tured programs that provide youth with opportunities to connect with supportive adults, develop a sense of belonging, learn positive social norms, and build skills\nAdult or peer mentors are matched with at- risk youth (mentees). Mentors and mentees m"]
[14.209712982177734, 6.128408908843994, "ience literature has identified having local champions as one of the most important components of a successful crime prevention initiative. The strength of a community-coalition approach is its representation of multiple perspectives; increased commu"]
[14.153058052062988, 6.049469470977783, " coordinated effort that must rely heavily on community involvement to succeed.\nAs noted by the foundation representatives, affecting levels of crime and violence is very complex and challenging because crime and violence are so interrelated with oth"]
[14.084514617919922, 5.984278678894043, "swer their four research questions:\n1. How do foundations approach public safety funding?\n2. What are the specific crime problems and their causes in Phillips County and Coahoma\nCounty?\n3. What programs have worked to address those crime problems and"]
[14.042399406433105, 5.9191484451293945, "g under the influence offenses (631 versus 460 per 100,000), while also having more officers per resident (3.7 versus 2.5 per 10,000), a higher overall arrest rate (4,192 versus 3,252 per 100,000), and a higher crime clearance rate (53 percent versus"]
[14.090373992919922, 5.990114688873291, "ilar issues. Through this project, we will be able to explore philanthropic efforts to reduce crime, understand the specific crime challenges and opportunities in the Mississippi Delta region, link them to the extant research literature on effective "]
[14.115805625915527, 6.019651889801025, ", police department\nPolice data from the Clarksdale, Mississippi, police department\nInterviews with community stakeholders, n = 15\nFocus groups with residents, number of groups = 4, number of participants = 51\nInterviews with government officials, n "]
[14.152745246887207, 6.055976390838623, "ndations, which resulted in 15 interviews (36.6-percent response rate). We did not set any criteria for the interviewees. We interviewed seven program officers, five\n4\nstrategic directors/vice presidents of programs, and three executive directors. Fo"]
[14.081881523132324, 5.988983631134033, "researchers have carefully defined the core concepts. After several iterations of initial and selective coding, the theory is revised, and then the researchers identify and flesh out the details of the core concepts and categories. We coded 426 excer"]
[14.078385353088379, 5.987975597381592, "4-AJ-BX-0001, awarded by the Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, but the findings expressed in this section are those of Baldwin and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.\n 6\nResearch Question 2: Characteri"]
[14.062564849853516, 5.993931293487549, "perceived causes of crime, current solutions to crime problems and their effectiveness, and ideas for other ways to reduce crime.\nCommunity Stakeholders\nRecruitment began with an email sent by researchers to select community stakeholders (e.g., faith"]
[14.064425468444824, 5.991090297698975, "ants in Coahoma County and 22 in Phillips County, spread across two focus group sessions in each location (a total of four focus groups). We provided a hot meal, dessert, and beverages at each group. In addition, each participant received a $20 incen"]
[14.166521072387695, 6.099586486816406, "cy (e.g., custodial versus noncustodial sentencing, release programs, gun control, electronic monitoring) or those that address issues that were not described by interviewees and focus group members as top crime concerns (e.g., sex offending, domesti"]
[14.162666320800781, 6.0697102546691895, "g to create a framework for developing a comprehensive public safety strategy. We grounded our approach in the public health and community-based intervention promotion literature and integrated it with our expertise and experience in community-based "]
[14.160953521728516, 6.0644965171813965, "upport crime and violence reduction may end up in conflict with local or national policy. They may question the legitimacy of government programs and whether clients would be as responsive to such programs versus those run by local nonprofits. As one"]
[14.170296669006348, 6.070683002471924, "rd to convince people that this is important and the work is important.\u201d\nSince the number of funders is limited, several interviewees noted that the need for funding outweighs their capacity, making funding decisions difficult. The limited supply of "]
[14.152856826782227, 6.067161560058594, "ved as inefficient, overly political, and lacking a deep understanding of issues and legitimacy for the client base or target population. According to one project officer,\nthere is not enough funding and/or understanding of the segregated nature of c"]
[14.168094635009766, 6.074129104614258, "escribed as being relatively high risk for foundations because they involve program components that can be a hard sell, such as providing monetary incentives to active gang members to not engage in criminal behavior. At least one interviewee noted th"]
[14.16842269897461, 6.070004940032959, "ndations are working to build community capacity and empower locals to guide their crime- and violence- reduction strategies, ranging from focusing on youth and prevention to community violence reduction. This approach was used by small and large fou"]
[14.16639518737793, 6.070184230804443, "g on basic human needs, and there\u2019s no way there\u2019s going to be quick impact; we need to be engaged longer term. No matter how much money; we\u2019re not going to see impact for three to five years; we need to make significant investments.\nWhen describing "]
[14.171187400817871, 6.082603454589844, "ho are impacted by systems and policies.\nFor an eight-month period, we held symposia series with people working in the field to see where a small foundation could have an impact.\nMaking Awards\nIn addition to determining what to fund, foundations also"]
[14.181968688964844, 6.085601329803467, "vide useful examples for making strategic funding decisions (see Table 2.1). One clear example is the Chicago Fund for Safe and Peaceful Communities. This fund is the administrator for the larger Partnership for Safe and Peaceful Communities, which c"]
[14.199912071228027, 6.080156326293945, "0 foundations and individual donors (Partnership for Safe and Peaceful Communities, undated)\nSupporting local leaders to adopt innovative strategies for reducing the misuse and overuse of jail incarceration. Twenty sites were selected for the challen"]
[14.177773475646973, 6.078597545623779, "cusing specifically in targeted communities wasn\u2019t the strategy for us. It\u2019s a capacity issue.\u201d Such coordinating activities were also seen as an effective way to be exposed to the work taking place in a new area.\nType and Length of Awards\nMany funde"]
[14.183467864990234, 6.084685802459717, "ons, nonprofit organizations, and government entities. The significance of the networks cannot be overstated. As one interviewee advised, \u201cnetworking with other funders is really important, and policy makers as well. If I had to do it over again, I w"]
[14.200193405151367, 6.100067138671875, "elationships that are beyond providing funding.\u201d This will take a variety of forms, depending on the setting.\n21\nAdditionally, sustaining relationships means that \u201cit is important to be transparent about abilities and challenges . . . be clear about "]
[14.197123527526855, 6.093205451965332, "ics between staff and board members and how the disconnect between their roles center on questions of impact:\n22\nA lot of foundations struggle with that. We came up with our own theory of philanthropy. Who we are and what\u2019s the change we want to see?"]
[14.197997093200684, 6.08868408203125, "onduct outcome evaluations. Second, it is often challenging to define a timeline for work. Third, many successes are hard to quantify.\nHaving internal and/or financial capacity to conduct impact evaluations distinguishes large foundations from their "]
[14.166780471801758, 6.063046455383301, "tive nationally has been one-sided.\nWhile foundations are engaging in an ongoing struggle to understand, assess, and promote the impact of their funding, interviewees believed the work should continue focusing on long- term impact. This is evidenced "]
[14.130654335021973, 6.030494689941406, "mon understanding of many interviewees that the challenges that criminally involved clients face cut across a variety of spheres, and challenges in one sphere affect their ability to make progress in another. This helps the foundation be more strateg"]
[14.038671493530273, 5.956090450286865, "a region generally referred to as \u201cthe Delta\u201d (although it is not actually near the Mississippi Delta; see Figure 3.1). Both counties have small populations, with the majority of the population residing in their respective largest cities\u2014Clarksdale i"]
[14.0365571975708, 5.9509501457214355, " female\nPercentage age <18 Percentage age 65+\nEducation and economic status\nPercentage high school graduates Percentage of individuals below poverty level Median household income\nSocial\nPercentage with disability (<65)\nCoahoma County\n23,809 \u20138.9% \u201322"]
[14.049857139587402, 5.960062503814697, "t Helena (193.6 versus 149.5 per 10,000; Baldwin, Brown, and Jones, 2016).\nThe CDC also collects mortality data, which list cause of death assigned by the coroners, but which likely undercounts the true homicide rate. Using data from 2012\u20132016, homic"]
[14.047234535217285, 5.961088180541992, "f a variety of reasons including, but not limited to, a difference in the way crimes are committed that influences the ability of the police to close a case, bias in the criminal justice system, or black residents committing crimes at a higher rate. "]
[14.031022071838379, 5.975141525268555, "y criminal justice system agencies due to their declination to participate in this project. Therefore, we relied on information collected and analyzed by Julie Baldwin for her project with the Clarksdale Police Department (Baldwin, Brown, and Jones, "]
[14.057982444763184, 5.967073917388916, "op). Therefore, the analyses were re-run with the exclusion of \u201cescort\u201d and a few other call types deemed inconsequential to recreate maps identifying citizen-generated problem locations. Violent crime data were then overlaid to determine locations t"]
[14.050289154052734, 5.961590766906738, "percent in Coahoma County, 31 percent in Phillips County), followed by gangs (33 percent in Coahoma County, 25 percent in Phillips County). In both counties, robbery and gangs were more of a concern to government officials than community members, and"]
[13.965216636657715, 5.9676055908203125, "h concentration of crime in specific places (e.g., intersections, streets) is common in criminological research (Weisburd, 2015), as a few places often account for a disproportionate amount of crime (e.g., 3 percent of street segments account for ove"]
[14.049476623535156, 5.966693878173828, "vement in violent incidents.\nLike repeat offenders, there also tended to be repeat victims, and there was often a substantial degree of overlap between offenders and victims (Tewksbury and Mustaine, 2000; Thornberry and Krohn, 2003b). There were few "]
[14.043946266174316, 5.961256504058838, "\nComments regarding lack of \u201cthings to do\u201d such as an absence of stores, restaurants, and movie theaters\nComments on the absence or quality of social programs\nMentions of mental health as a contributing factor to crime or describes incident(s) involv"]
[14.03122329711914, 5.962238788604736, "18\u2014I lost my guidance. I never had no type of guidance and you hear about kids raising themselves and that\u2019s what\u2019s going on. I had my mom but I had to teach myself right from wrong.\nAnother respondent discussed the relationship between parenting and"]
[14.045775413513184, 5.959338188171387, "ead of being out there by yourself.\u201d\n42\nFinally, while racial segregation in social settings was frequently mentioned by county representatives, few associated race with crime. Comments about racial tension and crime noted that oppression and repress"]
[14.060843467712402, 5.962937831878662, "overnment system. Less than half of the interviewees in Coahoma County discussed this issue. Across the two counties, interviewees\u2019 comments related to the poor judicial or government system noted that resources for law enforcement are inadequate, wh"]
[14.05461597442627, 5.965311050415039, " in Phillips County) was failing schools, which included comments on the poor education system. Interviewees cited low high school graduation rates and low standardized test scores as evidence of the poor education systems in both counties. In additi"]
[14.115936279296875, 5.927114963531494, "terms of addressing crime and violence.\n46\nPhillips County Government Addressing Crime and Violence\nIn terms of approaches that directly address crime and violence, the government officials reported several different strategies being implemented by t"]
[14.052616119384766, 5.959394454956055, "icers with the necessary experience to conduct investigations. According to several interviewees, the police do not consistently enforce crime, do not always respond to calls for service, and lack professionalism. The lack of proficiency within the p"]
[14.065226554870605, 5.951230049133301, " There were two primary explanations for the lack of experienced officers, the first being a recent change in administration and turnover in the department because of political and disciplinary issues over the past several years (in Helena-West Helen"]
[16.99582290649414, 7.912714004516602, " some cases, reinvolvement) and focus on three factors: (1) education and prosocial activities for youth, (2) parenting skills and family support, and (3) mental health and addiction services.\nIn terms of providing education and prosocial activities "]
[14.091226577758789, 5.955139636993408, " build the workforce and address chronic and multigenerational poverty. However, government officials reported that when residents receive training and build desirable job skills, they often leave to pursue better opportunities elsewhere, so they und"]
[14.088290214538574, 5.966367721557617, "ed of serious reform. This sentiment was fully acknowledged by both police and local government leadership, who have been focusing on making improvements through increasing officer compensation, removing officers who are not performing to standards, "]
[14.062381744384766, 5.983952045440674, "trategies, and programs can be viewed as a catalog of vetted strategies that hold promise to improve community safety in the Mississippi Delta.\nBoth Coahoma County and Phillips County have recognized issues with burglary, gun violence, petty theft, r"]
[14.012676239013672, 5.9406890869140625, " specific objectives, and up to five strategies were described per objective. The research team also offers implementation considerations to provide additional relevant information when considering selecting this type of approach for the Mississippi "]
[13.942550659179688, 5.932373523712158, "duce crime by systematically analyzing the problems of a community, searching for effective solutions to the problems, and evaluating the impact of their efforts.\nProgram Effects\nAssociated with 50% decrease in homicide\nMixed. In Chicago, reductions "]
[14.074519157409668, 5.963347911834717, "mmunity resources to offenders\n\u2022 arresting and prosecuting the violent offenders as an example of enforcement powers,\nefforts to increase police legitimacy in the community, and subsequent community involvement (these are variant features).\nOnly one "]
[14.103324890136719, 5.999335765838623, " within 48 hours to provide crisis intervention, case management, counseling, and any other necessary services to the victims\u2019 families.\n\u2022 Criminal justice review: Monthly meetings by a variety of groups including, but not limited to, local police (c"]
[12.525877952575684, 3.8713948726654053, "implemented in a much wider variety of contexts, with uneven results (Papachristos, 2011).\nThis model is not enforcement-focused; rather, it attempts to change community norms and offer incentives for law-abiding behavior. There are multiple program "]
[12.504273414611816, 3.840121269226074, "entified, but they generally include a four-step process called the \u201cSARA\u201d (scanning, analysis, response, and assessment) model:\n58\n\u2022 Scanning: In the first step, police identify and prioritize crime and disorder programs in a jurisdiction. This is d"]
[12.500582695007324, 3.774048089981079, "ge of effectiveness across the studies. There are no data on what makes some programs better than others.\nTable 4.2. Interventions by Crime Locations Summary Table\n     59\n     Approach\nHot spots policing\nCrime prevention through environmental design"]
[12.516363143920898, 3.6881463527679443, "oad stolen property.\n\u2022 Residents are encouraged to evaluate their property for security weaknesses and address\nany issues they uncover.\n60\n\u2022 Other components can include citizen patrols, educational programs for young people, victim support services,"]
[12.481371879577637, 3.7514123916625977, " negative secondary effects, such as alienating the community.\nThe National Research Council\u2019s Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices concluded that hot-spots policing has the strongest evidence base of any other effective progra"]
[12.551373481750488, 3.807232141494751, "lots, shopping malls, campuses, hospitals, or various other facilities. Installation and street light components vary by setting. Increasing street lighting may include adding new lights, trimming bushes and trees to make lights more visible, and rep"]
[12.514250755310059, 3.877342700958252, "oblems and develop and implement appropriate responses. Some strategies may focus on specific local problems and target specific populations. However, the disorder-policing approach focuses less on target populations and more on the areas or location"]
[16.75754737854004, 7.723364353179932, "\nEstimated Cost\nNo publicly available cost information\nImplementation Considerations Treatments take place while a juvenile is incarcerated\nPrograms are widely used across the United States; established training materials and technical assistance pro"]
[17.155818939208984, 8.641508102416992, "ioral model in that it stresses cognitive reframing through the control of cognitive distortions, automatic thought, and self-instructions. Cognitive treatment centers more on the cognitive part of cognitive-behavioral treatment.\n\u2022 Education treatmen"]
[15.795305252075195, 6.726642608642578, "nt\u2019s life (e.g., school, community) to improve the real-world functioning of youth by changing their natural settings\u2014home, school, and neighborhood\u2014in ways that promote prosocial behavior while decreasing antisocial behavior. Treatment varies by fam"]
[16.74213218688965, 7.703912258148193, "costs $1,248 and yields $24,711 per participant; post-secondary education costs $1,248 and yields $24,711 in benefits per participant; and vocational education costs $1,495 and yields $17,781 in savings per participant.\nAdults: Cognitive Behavioral T"]
[16.865346908569336, 7.950501918792725, "ough curriculum-based individual or group sessions and home visiting; social cohesion through community-focused activities; and youth social development through engaging in community- based enrichment exercises and mentorship (see Table 4.4).\nApproac"]
[16.899736404418945, 7.927506446838379, "mmunities for All Ages (CFAA). However, a qualitative study demonstrated improvements in community engagement and social capital\nTwo studies found that participants had lower levels of teenage pregnancy, course failure, and school suspension than stu"]
[16.826364517211914, 8.02491283416748, "ent training and child skills development activities, followed by a one-hour family session with parents and children. During the family sessions, parents and children practice the skills they have learned in their individual groups, work on conflict"]
[16.854930877685547, 8.028220176696777, "h the child\u2019s second birthday. Visits are conducted by a trained public health registered nurse, and 60-to-90 minute visits occur about every other week. Nurses use instruction and observation and focus on improving pregnancy outcomes, infant health "]
[16.59964942932129, 7.462274074554443, "their communities (MetLife Foundation,\n71\nGenerations United, 2015). Partnerships are critical to intergenerational communities and may include representatives from local government, older adult living communities, school, business, community organiz"]
[16.916181564331055, 7.932023525238037, "esion and connectedness include\n\u2022 Intentional neighboring or communities: These communities attempt to bring together neighbors from multiple generations regularly to develop relationships and provide reciprocal support and asset sharing to address i"]
[16.893089294433594, 7.904541015625, "ment.5\nAdditional promising programs to consider are\n\u2022 Gang Resistance Education and Training: A school-based intervention that aims to prevent violence and criminal activity, teach young people to avoid gang membership, and develop positive relation"]
[16.839683532714844, 7.943504333496094, "ian to monitor progress, as well as provide guidance and support as needed. Mentors are expected to meet with the child for at least three to five hours per week for 12 months or longer.\nBBBS provides mentoring program guidelines about screening, mat"]
[16.34457015991211, 7.550016403198242, "18 months for one program. The other program observed statistically significant reductions in recidivism.\nEstimated Cost\nAverage per capita direct expenditures for Adult Workforce Investment Act program are $2,400\u2013 $2,700. Blueprints estimates cost o"]
[13.862415313720703, 8.994486808776855, "The programs combine academic and technical career curricula centered on a specific theme and offer career development and work-based learning opportunities through partnership with local employers. This model seeks to enhance school engagement and p"]
[13.879728317260742, 9.0027437210083, " necessary for success in postsecondary education, some Career Pathways may include bridge programs. Bridge programs may be the first phase (basic skills training) of the career pathway, as they provide industry-relevant basic education and training "]
[16.025108337402344, 9.741341590881348, "(transitional) to long-term. These programs provide income in exchange for work; reduce the perceived risk or actual cost of hiring or increasing the wages of a worker; and provide work experience to disadvantaged workers. This results in societal be"]
[16.631553649902344, 7.521213531494141, "his category of interventions includes a program that focuses on mobilizing communities to identify and address social development needs (see Table 4.6).\nApproach/ Program Community development\nDescription\nCollective action by communities to use reso"]
[16.942039489746094, 7.897132873535156, "and culture: values and supports history, culture and diversity.\nSpecific community-building activities include gardening, group exercises, community art projects, housing development, leadership training, and supports for low-income residents (e.g.,"]
[16.943395614624023, 7.925387382507324, "ophy is based broadly on the theory of self-concept. It relies on students\u2019 intrinsic motivation for developing and maintaining positive behavioral patterns. The overall program goal of promoting positive action is accomplished by teaching skills foc"]
[16.846237182617188, 7.867339611053467, "ilding activities (Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, undated-b).\n\u2022 Behavior Monitoring and Reinforcement (also known as Achievement Mentoring): This is a two-year intervention for middl"]
[14.227723121643066, 6.130978584289551, "vidence of positive effects on staying in school. In addition, there is some evidence that C&C positively affects student progress in school (Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, undated-c"]
[14.16346263885498, 6.148158073425293, "ches to Community Safety, Project Safe Neighborhood, the Comprehensive Anti-Gang Initiative, as well as the Drug Market Initiative all lauded the multiagency, action-research model for tailoring each project to the local context and a specific crime "]
[14.200226783752441, 6.122493267059326, "s that we recommend be considered when implementing research-based best practices. Throughout these sections, pertinent results from other sections are highlighted.\nBuilding a Coalition/Local Steering Committee\nMany experts, researchers, and federal "]
[14.21375560760498, 6.132482051849365, "revention, as they recognized that a single intervention/program conducted in isolation is unlikely to solve the problem. Therefore, they spent considerable amounts of time building local relationships, collecting information about the problem, and c"]
[14.215136528015137, 6.127389907836914, "ot be considered to be finalized. The work in this report should provide a good starting point for the coalition.\nHowever, this is just the beginning for planning a comprehensive approach to crime and violence prevention. The next steps involve selec"]
[14.23122787475586, 6.149947643280029, " focus on strategies that are outside of the criminal justice system because they do not wish to expose the community to different policing strategies that could potentially exacerbate problems between police and the community. This is where the coal"]
[14.261055946350098, 6.1804423332214355, "proved parent child bonding\n\u2022 Increase in job placement and\nretention\n\u2022 Decrease in exposure to negative peers\n\u2022 Decreased endorsement of\nantisocial behavior\n\u2022 Increase in graduation\n\u2022 Increase in exposure to prosocial peers\n\u2022 Reduced opportunity to "]
[14.199137687683105, 6.118804931640625, "\nThe selection of the actual interventions will be based on a variety of factors, and the coalition should remember that one size does not necessarily fit all. The CDC recommends that coalitions consider the feasibility of each approach or combinatio"]
[14.33021068572998, 6.262772560119629, "ensive plan and associated timeline for implementation and evaluation.\nAdapting, Implementation, and Evaluating\nThe next steps are beyond the scope of this chapter, but, in general terms, they involve how to tailor the approach to a specific context,"]
[14.236676216125488, 6.182061195373535, "nkerhoff et al., 2012; Glasgow et al., 1999; Mertens and Wilson, 2012).\nAdditional Considerations\nRAND has conducted a study on how to ensure success when implementing an evidence- based program into practice and identified ten important components ("]
[14.24543285369873, 6.142680644989014, "ence. Many of the foundations have developed strong partnerships with either research teams or professional trainers to establish their legitimacy when they go in to a new location. These partnerships enable them to demonstrate prior success and prov"]
[14.252531051635742, 6.171364784240723, "lition that represents multiple viewpoints, which often will not align, is challenging, but vital to success. For example, there were conflicting views about how to solve the crime and violence problem in the Mississippi Delta, and some of them are i"]
[16.95586395263672, 7.928643226623535, "liography\nAllen, J. P., and S. Philliber, \u201cWho Benefits Most from a Broadly Targeted Prevention Program? Differential Efficacy Across Populations in the Teen Outreach Program,\u201d Journal of Community Psychology, Vol. 29, No. 6, 2001, pp. 637\u2013655.\nAllen"]
[16.890853881835938, 7.954873085021973, "p://www.blueprintsprograms.com/program-costs/career-academies\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCommunities That Care,\u201d webpage, undated-c. As of May 30, 2018: http://www.blueprintsprograms.com/factsheet/communities-that-care\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNurse-Family Partnership,\u201d webpage, undated-d."]
[16.936967849731445, 7.897586345672607, "mployment Retention and Advancement Project, Washington, D.C.: Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, Report 2012-08, 2012.\nButts, J. A., C. G. Roman, L. Bostwick, and J. R. Porter, \u201cCure Violence: A Public Health Model to Reduce Gun Violence,\u201d"]
[16.93589973449707, 7.958609104156494, "ng Parents\u2019 Positive Behavior Support in Early Childhood,\u201d Child Development, Vol. 79, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1395\u20131414.\nDutta-Gupta, I., Lessons Learned from 40 Years of Subsidized Employment Programs: A Framework, Review of Models, and Recommendations fo"]
[17.040687561035156, 7.938107013702393, " Who Should Receive What Services? And How Much?\u201d University of Maryland School of Public Policy and Atlantic Council, November 2013.\nHeinrich, C. J., P. R. Mueser, K. R. Troske, K.-S. Jeon, and D. C. Kahvecioglu, \u201cDo Public Employment and Training P"]
[16.911880493164062, 7.932309627532959, "d with Effective Treatment,\u201d Journal of Experimental Criminology, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2005, pp. 451\u2013476.\nLewis, K. M., D. L. DuBois, N. Bavarian, A. Acock, N. Silverthorn, J. Day, P. Ji, S. Vuchinich, and B. R. Flay, \u201cEffects of Positive Action on the Emo"]
[16.904518127441406, 7.923264980316162, "utions.gov/PracticeDetails.aspx?ID=57\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCrime SOLUTIONS.gov,\u201d webpage, undated-b. As of May 30, 2018: https://www.crimesolutions.gov/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cProgram Profile: Corrections-Based Adult Basic/Secondary Education,\u201d webpage, undated-c. As of May 30, 201"]
[16.82977294921875, 8.006054878234863, "iveness of Home Visiting Programs on Child Outcomes: A Systematic Review,\u201d BMC Public Health, Vol. 13, No. 1, 2013, p. 17.\nPerkinson, L., K. Freire, and M. Stocking, Using Essential Elements to Select, Adapt, and Evaluate Violence Prevention Approach"]
[16.88323211669922, 7.938847541809082, "rug Markets, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1001-NIJ, 2016c. As of June 11, 2018: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1001.html\nSaunders, J., M. Robbins, and A. J. Ober, \u201cMoving From Efficacy to Effectiveness,\u201d Criminology and Pu"]
[16.972110748291016, 7.912926197052002, "ksbury, R., and E. E. Mustaine, \u201cRoutine Activities and Vandalism: A Theoretical and Empirical Study,\u201d Journal of Crime and Justice, Vol. 23, 2000, pp. 81\u2013110.\nThornberry, T. P., and M. D. Krohn, eds., \u201cComparison of Self-Report and Official Data for"]
[17.07221031188965, 7.9892096519470215, "/www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html\n108\nU.S. Department of Education, \u201cEducation, Health and Human Services, and Labor Release Joint Career Pathways Letter,\u201d webpage, April 12, 2012. As of May 30, 2018: https://www2.ed."]
[13.770425796508789, 5.968323707580566, "ing: A Model for Strengthening Community in Trauma Affected Neighborhoods, San Francisco: Bridge Housing and the Health Equity Institute, 2014.\nWeisburd, D., \u201cThe Law of Crime Concentration and the Criminology of Place,\u201d Criminology, Vol. 53, No. 2, "]
[13.664653778076172, 2.7419064044952393, "   Using Social Media and Social Network Analysis in Law Enforcement\nCreating a Research Agenda, Including Business Cases, Protections, and Technology Needs\nJohn S. Hollywood, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, Sean E. Goodison, Brian A. Jackson\nIn"]
[13.658994674682617, 2.732041120529175, "work analysis; (2) technical develop- ment, starting with assessing current tools and how they might be better tailored to law enforcement; (3) law enforcement\u2013specific training on these types of analysis; and (4) creation of a help desk to help law "]
[13.670049667358398, 2.737123489379883, "and social net- work analysis. Here, the initial recommendations are to develop requirements for training and assess gaps between current com- mercial- and defense-focused training and what is needed for law enforcement training. This implicitly incl"]
[13.63836669921875, 2.7391860485076904, "eraction with social media and use of social media data is therefore important, given the need to police in this technological era. However, social media analysis by law enforcement does raise acute privacy, security, and civil rights needs, because "]
[13.64763069152832, 2.7451114654541016, "nge of examples of the use of social media data and social network analysis for law enforcement purposes:\n\u2022 Solving a gang-related shooting by matching knowledge about feuding gang networks with motor vehicle information. Analysts used social network"]
[13.638482093811035, 2.7591612339019775, "uencers and leaders in social networks (in brief, these influencers/leaders typically have higher numbers of both direct and indirect relationships). Girvan and Newman (2002) provide an example of a method for finding likely sub- groups within larger"]
[13.677962303161621, 2.726010799407959, "iated analytics in law enforcement. Panel members included a range of experts, including practitioners\nof social media and social network analysis in law enforce- ment, developers of social media and social network analysis methods for law enforcemen"]
[13.654361724853516, 2.7174434661865234, "lated to social media data and social network analysis that should be discussed at the workshop. In addition to providing a way for panelists to contribute to shaping the discussion during the meeting, the questionnaire also helped to define a common"]
[14.764707565307617, 1.937848687171936, " or training. In our work, each need consists of\na problem/opportunity statement and a solution statement. There can be multiple solution statements\u2014and hence multiple needs\u2014for the same problem/opportunity, capturing different options or strategies "]
[13.652565956115723, 2.725001096725464, "en pairs of needs if the needs addressed similar issues or proposed the same type of solution. Displaying the network revealed that the needs and their rela- tionships fell into four entirely separate groups. The similarities between the four separat"]
[13.643370628356934, 2.6993157863616943, "ld all\nbe part of emergency \u201ccalls\u201d that would get into public safety access points (PSAPs). Next Generation 911 is in part intended to address this need (National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 2017). Agencies would then have the"]
[13.616185188293457, 2.7351126670837402, "vered in other business cases.\nAs for cases between the extremes above, the discussion focused on how these needed to be worked out at the local level, community by community. This led to panel discussions on the need for transparency and how to enga"]
[13.579801559448242, 2.801405191421509, "ng a range of social services; sanctions typically include increased contacts with law enforcement, increased investigations and prosecutions, and increased sentencing on conviction.\nThe National Network for Safe Communities (2016) pro- vides a gener"]
[13.6091947555542, 2.7275688648223877, "rimes they might commit in the future but have not actually commit- ted. Similarly, analysts need to be able to differentiate between people who are high-risk because they are a high threat to the community versus those who are at high risk of becomi"]
[13.672897338867188, 2.7273240089416504, "sts of persons and other entities of interest. As examples, a 2013 FBI bul- letin presented applications of identifying why two rival gangs suddenly started battling each other; identifying a previously unknown associate of an at-large suspect, which"]
[13.714330673217773, 2.7602477073669434, "y than results leading to increased community engagement.\nProtections for Data Collection\nProtections for data collection relate primarily to document- ing procedures and policies, and having protections, for data searches and collections. At the bas"]
[13.654752731323242, 2.7286088466644287, "cies to prevent conducting more stops based only on casual social connections that have not been confirmed to be genuine criminal connections by subsequent investigation (both manual and machine-assisted). It was noted that \u201cjust because you have 500"]
[13.672588348388672, 2.7212910652160645, " stakeholders to collectively develop model procedures and policies. Specific needs here include developing policies for using commercial social media tools, conducting covert social media research, and conducting undercover social media investiga- t"]
[13.669007301330566, 2.7233409881591797, "whether an older one has been superseded.\nDevelop best practices for transparency with regard to use of social media data.\nConduct a review of the efficacy and acceptability of state and local privacy councils (one example is in Oakland, California)."]
[13.667695999145508, 2.7281315326690674, "ysis Chain\nConduct a forum for the existing software developers and practitioners/users to exchange information on the shortcomings of existing software.\nConduct an independent review of commercial tools and techniques for social network analysis.\nDe"]
[13.71672534942627, 2.7134017944335938, "approaches for overcom- ing them, and a way ahead to conduct the studies, analyses, and educational material development needed to prepare law enforcement\u2013focused materials for social media and social net- work analysis training. As a short-term trai"]
[13.662808418273926, 2.730715751647949, "can be a\nsource of knowledge on how to obtain usable information from specific sources (mobile phone companies, social media companies, etc.).\nHigh-value, high-risk\n16\n SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS: THE INNOVATION AGENDA FOR SOCIAL MEDIA AND SOCIAL NETWOR"]
[14.18394660949707, 2.680286169052124, "urrent (com- mercial- and defense-focused) training and what is needed for law enforcement\u2013focused training. As noted, training on legal implications and protections is a short-term need that can be addressed by developing a model curriculum.\nThe fin"]
[14.757698059082031, 1.8224643468856812, "ot spot analysis. Likelihood of success was bracketed as 1 equaling about a 10 percent chance of success and 9 equaling about a 90 percent chance of success.\nTo combine the two scores, we took an expected value (EV) approach, multiplying the two scor"]
[14.724642753601074, 1.8947056531906128, "e whether there were any \u201clow- hanging fruit\u201d needs, defined as being in Tier 2 but having a very low risk (median likelihood of success score of 8 or higher).\nThere were no such needs in this study.\nThere are 22 priority needs. Figure A.3 shows that"]
[13.664166450500488, 2.7212159633636475, "\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nHelp desk\nfor taking down feeds\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nSOP for covert SM research\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\nBP for\npublic discourse of SM uses\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n0\nBP for\nmulti- stakeholder responses to risks\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n1\n1\n0\nPolicy assessment of privacy"]
[13.691636085510254, 2.7233214378356934, "y, and judicial fairness in handling digital evidence for criminal justice and public access purposes.\nBest practices and policy guidelines are published by\na variety of organizations over the years in multiple versions, but there is no authoritative"]
[13.670513153076172, 2.7155587673187256, "rmation on the efficacy of commercial tools and techniques for social network analysis.\nWhen requesting information from social media organizations or collecting it from devices, the resulting data set is often huge (data overload).\nTable B.4. Priori"]
[13.657625198364258, 2.7146527767181396, "gh social network analysis practitioners to meet the demand.\nConduct research into the gaps between where the profession is now and where it should be.\nTier 2\n Often there are several needs to redact video evidence (e.g., discovery, evidence/exhibits"]
[13.6834716796875, 2.7209901809692383, "able information from specific sources (mobile phone companies, social media companies, etc.).\nTier 3\nCrimes are often \u201creported\u201d by sharing text, photos, or video on social media or directly with law enforcement. In such situations, geolocation or e"]
[13.650726318359375, 2.8577094078063965, "tp://www2.oaklandnet.com/government/o/CityAdministration/d/ PrivacyAdvisoryCommission/index.htm\nColdren, James, and John Markovic, \u201cUtilizing Social Network Analysis to Reduce Violent Crime,\u201d Violence Reduction Network Webinar Series, July 20, 2015.\n"]
[13.906167030334473, 3.760808229446411, "search_reports/RR1462.html\nHollywood, John S., Dulani Woods, Andrew Lauland, Brian A. Jackson, and Richard Silberglitt, Addressing Emerging Trends to Support the Future of Criminal Justice: Findings of the Criminal Justice Technology Forecasting Grou"]
[13.653178215026855, 2.827582597732544, " \u201913), 2013, pp. 1042\u20131049. As of April 9, 2018: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1306.6834.pdf\nPew Research Center, \u201cHow We Analyzed Twitter Social Media Networks with NodeXL,\u201d 2014. As of June 10, 2017: http://www.pewinternet.org/files/2014/02/How-we-analyzed"]
[13.9676513671875, 3.8192760944366455, "ation, in partnership with the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), RTI International, and the University of Denver, is carrying out a research effort to assess and prioritize technology and related needs across the criminal justice community. Thi"]
[13.850833892822266, 4.613625526428223, "lication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice.\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND "]
[17.404216766357422, 8.143465042114258, " CORPORATION\nLos Angeles County\nJuvenile Justice Crime\nPrevention Act\nFiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report Terry Fain, Susan Turner, Nima Shahidinia\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2401\nPublished by the RAND Corporation, Sant"]
[17.447494506835938, 8.17247486114502, "latively mandated evaluation of the county\u2019s JJCPA programs, including analyzing data and reporting findings to the BSCC. This report summarizes the fiscal year 2015\u20132016 findings reported to the BSCC, as well as additional program informa- tion gath"]
[17.392555236816406, 8.128089904785156, "9 Report, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corpora- tion, TR-832-LACPD, September 2010b\n\u2022 Terry Fain, Susan Turner, and Greg Ridgeway, Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2007\u20132008 Report, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corpor"]
[18.054636001586914, 9.381244659423828, "................................................................................................... ix Tables............................................................................................................ xi Summary . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[18.07628631591797, 9.384181022644043, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cost Comparisons for Programs in the Enhanced Services to High-Risk/High-Need Youths\n.. 8 .. 9\n. 11 . 11 . 14\n24 38\n. 63 64 64 68\nInitiative................................................................................"]
[18.05088996887207, 9.324891090393066, "...................................................\nReferences.....................................................................................................\n. 83 . 85 . 89\n90\n. 91 .93\n. 95\n97 111 115 121 123\n125 127\n. .\n. .\nFigures\n 2.1. Outco"]
[18.022663116455078, 9.31049633026123, "n for Middle School Probationers,\nby Cluster, FY 2016\u20132017: Arrest, Incarceration, and Completion of Probation . . . . . . . . .\n2.17. Outcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School Probationers, by Cluster, FY 2016\u20132017: Completio"]
[18.067298889160156, 9.317041397094727, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14\n2.4. Means, Differences in Differences, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Intervals for\nOutcomes for Mental Health. . . . . . "]
[18.06772804260254, 9.294684410095215, "...................................................58\n2.17. Factors Used to Match School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School Probationers and Comparison-Group Youths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[18.05717658996582, 9.34725570678711, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.17. Estimated Mean Net Cost Savings for Initiatives, FY 2016\u20132017, in 2016 Dollars . . . . . .\n4.1. Results from Simple Comparisons in Programs That Used the Previous Year"]
[17.971147537231445, 9.264632225036621, "l\nProbationers, FY 2016\u20132017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 110\nE.1. Outcomes for Multisystemic Therapy, FY 2016\u20132017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........."]
[17.700439453125, 8.48046588897705, "-Need Youths, and Enhanced School- and Community-Based Services. We also present a comparison of juve- nile justice system costs for program youths in the six months before they entered the JJCPA programs and in the six months after entering the prog"]
[17.701486587524414, 8.488327980041504, "f probation, (4) successful completion of restitution, (5) successful completion of community service, and (6) probation violations. Each county can also request that a program measure supplemental outcomes for locally iden- tified service needs (BSC"]
[17.7352352142334, 8.593682289123535, "square test evaluates how likely it is that a difference between two groups is not due to chance alone.\n of Supervisors (BOS) contracts, and expanded programs. These funds totaled $2,926,705, so the total expenditure of JJCPA funds in FY 2016\u20132017 wa"]
[17.74936866760254, 8.718215942382812, "ion rate is not a realistic expectation.6 For all the big six outcomes, the most important metric is whether program participants performed significantly better than comparison-group youths, not the absolute value of any given outcome.\nParticipants I"]
[17.718772888183594, 8.786246299743652, "outh was on probation prior to program entry. This potentially tips the scale in favor of better performance on all probation-related outcomes, except probation violations, after program entry than prior to program entry. Our evaluation of JJCPA prog"]
[17.699079513549805, 9.031871795654297, "ne 30, 2017. To allow a six-month eligibility period for recidivism, however, the number for whom a program reported outcomes uses a reference period of January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2016. The participants for whom a program can report outcom"]
[17.648719787597656, 9.078924179077148, "year, not on trends over time. This approach is consistent with the scope of what the BSCC required in the past and what the BOS expects. From year to year, a particular big six outcome might not always be more positive for program participants, but,"]
[17.675216674804688, 8.97169017791748, "rams that used contempo- raneous comparison groups were small and showed no significant differences between program and comparison-group youths.\n\u2013 SBHS-PROB participants showed more-positive outcomes for four of the big six out-\ncomes.\n\u2013 SBMS-PROB pa"]
[17.787790298461914, 8.996000289916992, "valuate the quality of program implementation.\nOutcomes\nHistorical and Contemporaneous Comparison Groups and Pre\u2013Post Comparisons\nThree of the four programs that used contemporaneous comparison groups (MST, SBMS- PROB, and SNC) were quite small. MST "]
[18.103473663330078, 9.604846000671387, "ent cohort performing at least as well as the previous year\u2019s cohort had. As Table S.3 indicates, the FY 2016\u20132017 cohort equaled or surpassed the FY 2015\u20132016 cohort\u2019s performance for all but one of the 34 outcomes. For the one outcome (arrests in t"]
[18.20903968811035, 9.779230117797852, "sed Services initiative spent $754 per participant. Differences between initiatives in estimated mean cost\nTable S.4\nResults of Difference-in-Differences Analyses for Programs That Used the Previous Year\u2019s Cohorts as Comparison Groups\n Program Arrest"]
[18.23398780822754, 9.821295738220215, "s and Initiatives\nTable S.6 shows the estimated mean baseline and follow-up costs per participant in each JJCPA program in FY 2016\u20132017, based on the budget for each program. As one might expect, mean costs differ noticeably among the three initiativ"]
[18.23910140991211, 9.828104972839355, "rall juvenile justice costs for JJCPA participants were generally higher in the six months after program entry ($19,877) than in the six months prior to program entry ($11,571), primarily because of the cost associated with administering the programs"]
[17.903667449951172, 9.069709777832031, "mp were markedly lower in the six months after participants entered the program, with camp costs averaging $9,681 less in the follow-up period than in the baseline period. The reduction of camp costs in the follow-up period was enough to drive the ov"]
[17.682266235351562, 8.500284194946289, "eported, only 142 (12.7 percent) had supplementary outcome data. We will continue to work with Probation to increase the amount of data available for supplemental outcomes for all JJCPA programs.\nFY 2016\u20132017 was the 16th consecutive year for which p"]
[17.815397262573242, 8.734307289123535, "ool At-Risk Youths SBHS-PROB School-Based Probation Supervision for High School Probationers SBMS-AR School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths SBMS-PROB School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School Probationers SD sc"]
[17.703580856323242, 8.47766399383545, "tion Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nThe BSCC has responsibility for administering the JJCPA program.2 From 2001 through 2016, the legislation required the BSCC to submit annual reports to the California state legis- lature measuring the success of"]
[17.701093673706055, 8.47877311706543, "enile Justice Coordinating Committee identified unspent funds from previous years, which were allocated to one-time uses. These were spent on a New Directions program, Los Angeles County Board of Supervi- sors (BOS) contracts, and expanded programs. "]
[17.804441452026367, 8.538061141967773, "groups already being selected before the beginning of the evalu- ation. If an experimental design cannot be used, researchers often evaluate programs using quasi-experimental designs, in which they choose a comparison group to match the treatment gro"]
[17.790151596069336, 8.652680397033691, "he program (for community programs) or after they are released into the community (for juvenile hall programs). In addition to the big six, the Probation Department, working with BOC (and later with CSA and the BSCC), defined supplemental outcomes sp"]
[17.7469539642334, 8.729750633239746, "ion supervision, and orders to avoid gang activity. To create a comparison group, the RAND team also worked with MST and SNC personnel to identify program \u201cnear misses\u201d appropriately similar to program participants. The near misses used in comparison"]
[17.77116584777832, 8.653072357177734, "00-percent completion-of-probation rate is not a realistic expectation.4 For all the big six outcomes, the most important metric is whether program par- ticipants performed significantly better than comparison-group youths did, not the absolute value"]
[17.75855827331543, 8.640213966369629, " successful. For the school-based probationer programs, we used propensity- score matching to create comparison groups, starting with a large group of routine probation- ers who were not in JJCPA programs and statistically matching their characterist"]
[17.717496871948242, 8.937980651855469, " baseline over the two years.7\nPrograms measure each of the big six outcomes during both baseline and follow-up peri- ods for both the current and previous years.8 If the lower bound of a 95-percent confidence interval (CI) is less than 1 and the upp"]
[17.808551788330078, 8.646760940551758, "de a difference-in- differences analysis for each big six outcome measure. The odds ratio and 95-percent CIs in the tables presenting the results of our difference-in-differences analyses always refer to the interaction term year \u00d7 post.\nLimitations "]
[17.718591690063477, 8.56838321685791, "ation (e.g., Brief Symptom Inventory [BSI] scores) but actually administer the evaluation only once for most participants, at the time of program entry. We report supplemental outcomes only if the youth receives both baseline and follow-up evaluation"]
[17.677282333374023, 8.482230186462402, "tcomes\n\u2022 Appendix C: CBOs that contracted with Probation to provide JJCPA services in FY\n2016 \u20132017\n\u2022 Appendix D: details of outcomes for each program\n\u2022 Appendix E: details of outcomes for each program, by participant gender\n\u2022 Appendix F: details of "]
[17.74561882019043, 8.774417877197266, "t can receive services from more than one initiative and from mul- tiple programs, within or across initiatives, and concurrently or consecutively. The Probation Department counts a given youth as a participant within each program from which he or sh"]
[17.688573837280273, 8.857577323913574, " number for whom a program reported outcomes.\n2 The near misses used in comparison groups for MST were youths who had similar characteristics to those of program participants but who were not accepted into the program, usually because of lack of Medi"]
[17.610050201416016, 8.899042129516602, "s youths with severe mental health issues; few, if any, placement options for crossover populations (e.g., youths in both juvenile justice and foster care systems); and no cost-effective family-based community treatment service. These problems were a"]
[17.495620727539062, 8.868505477905273, "nce for most outcomes in this evaluation requires that each cell of a 2 \u00d7 2 table contain at least five observations. The 2 \u00d7 2 tables use the group (program and comparison) as rows and outcome (yes = 1, no = 0) as columns. Some programs (e.g., very "]
[17.52477264404297, 8.86819839477539, "treatment approach as an essential requirement because of the high incidence of co-occurring disorders among the youths. Integrated systems involve collaboration that crosses multiple public agencies, including juvenile justice and mental health, to "]
[17.538150787353516, 9.037391662597656, "meone\u2019s overall psycho- logical state at a given time, and a lower score in the post period simply indicates fewer (or less severe) overall symptoms. DMH gave Probation only the overall BSI score, which Probation then forwarded to RAND. DMH measured "]
[17.512493133544922, 9.021041870117188, "try (47.77), a statistically significant difference. Number of administrations of the BSI appears to be related to length of stay in the hall. Those who were administered the BSI more than once had significantly longer hall stays (60.9 days) than tho"]
[17.280567169189453, 8.88991928100586, "ealth\n  Mean Percentage\nCurrent Year Previous Year\n    Outcome Baseline\nArrest 49.28\nIncarceration 14.64\nCompletion 0.62 of probation\nCompletion 4.88 of restitution\nCompletion 0.62 of community\nservice\nProbation 8.09 violation\nFollow-Up Baseline\n39.4"]
[17.337120056152344, 8.915450096130371, "MST studies has indicated that the program has small but significant outcomes on delinquency and psychopathology, substance use, family functioning, and peer relationships (van der Stouwe et al., 2014).\nUsing eight years of data from Los Angeles Coun"]
[17.41208839416504, 8.935544967651367, "groups were not statistically significant for any of the big six outcome measures. Although some measures (e.g., completion of community service) showed relatively large differences between groups, smallness of samples prevented the differences from "]
[17.143327713012695, 7.732758522033691, "ivism rates (Sarteschi, Vaughn, and Kim, 2011). A study on clients in Washoe County, Nevada, showed a significant decrease in days in jail and days in psychiatric hospitalization (Frailing, 2010). In a study of four mental health courts in San Franci"]
[17.1638126373291, 7.766063213348389, "y founded to treat adults, the drug court model quickly expanded to include juvenile drug courts. Between 1995 and 2001, more than 140 juvenile drug courts were established (Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2003). These juvenile courts actually had a si"]
[17.518245697021484, 8.975364685058594, " SNC were near misses for SNC eligibility during FY 2014\u2013 2015, FY 2015\u20132016, or FY 2016\u20132017, primarily because the program did not deem those youths\u2019 cases sufficiently serious. The two groups did not differ significantly in age, gender, or race an"]
[17.56068229675293, 9.036092758178711, "as a comparison group, difference-in-differences analysis agreed with a simple com- parison of the two groups, with one exception: Although a simple comparison indicated that the FY 2016\u20132017 had higher rates of completion of community service than t"]
[17.568984985351562, 8.720991134643555, "The DPOs rely on the Los Angeles Risk and Resiliency Checkup (LARRC) to assess criminogenic risk and need factors (S. Turner, Fain, and Sehgal, 2005b; S. Turner and Fain,\n   26 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 201"]
[17.57989501953125, 8.882532119750977, "and church members)\n\u2022 programs that tap girls\u2019 cultural strengths rather than focusing primarily on the indi- vidual girl (e.g., building on Afrocentric perspectives of history and community relation- ships)\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2016\u20132017 Ou"]
[17.565481185913086, 9.062614440917969, "pants consists of GSCOMM participants whose outcomes we reported for the previous year (FY 2015\u20132016), with the goal of them performing at least as well in the current year as in the previous year. The program selected participants who had arrests th"]
[17.403121948242188, 9.114145278930664, "67 of restitution\nCompletion 0.00 of community\nservice\nProbation 0.00 violation\nFollow-Up\n2.21\n0.46 28.89\n32.26 31.03\n11.11\nOdds Ratio\n1.455 0.397 \u2014\n0.370 \u2014\n\u2014\n95% CI\n0.666\u20133.178 0.067\u20132.372 \u2014\n0.047\u20132.948 \u2014\n\u2014\n    NOTE: Because the baseline for the cur"]
[17.280054092407227, 9.09119701385498, "pita.\nThe HRHN program employs a social learning curriculum (SLC) in its home-based service components. It targets services not at the participant alone but at the entire family and other parts of the participant\u2019s environment. It focuses on school a"]
[17.196277618408203, 8.74559497833252, "017 Outcome Measures 31\nemphasis on reducing participant youths\u2019 exposure to delinquent peers. Although MTFC does not prevent out-of-home placement, both biological and foster parents receive parental training. The program trains parents to monitor d"]
[17.32855224609375, 9.109843254089355, "t research on juvenile justice service deliv- ery in the past 15 years has been largely about failures of punitive institutional models (Bennett et al., 2017).\n\u2013 creation of links with community resources and social networks. This element of case man"]
[17.402658462524414, 9.150989532470703, ", as a supplemental outcome, we measured employment during the six months before entry into the community phase of the program and in the six months following entry into the community phase. For the gender-specific, home- based component, we measured"]
[17.54521942138672, 9.12882137298584, "or Outcomes for High Risk/High Need\n  Mean Percentage\n  Current Year\nPrevious Year\n  Outcome Baseline\nArrest 35.98\nIncarceration 12.37\nCompletion 1.33 of probation\nCompletion 8.64 of restitution\nCompletion 1.38 of community\nservice\nProbation 7.00 vio"]
[17.37244415283203, 9.168960571289062, "echniques include exploring the positive and negative consequences of continued use, self-monitoring to recog- nize drug cravings early on and to identify high-risk situations for use, and developing strate- gies for coping with and avoiding high-ris"]
[17.521230697631836, 9.179460525512695, "itive drug tests. We measured these supplemental outcomes during the six months before program entry and in the six months following program entry or at the time of program exit, whichever came first.\n36 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prev"]
[17.569372177124023, 9.104340553283691, "dds Ratio\n0.948 1.847 1.034\n1.569 \u2014\n4.551\n95% CI\n0.517\u20131.738\n0.612\u20135.575 0.058\u201318.494\n0.550\u20134.473 \u2014\n0.874\u201323.704\n    NOTE: Because the baseline for the current year was 0, we could not compute the odds ratio for\ncommunity service. \u201cDiff \u2013 Diff Percen"]
[17.927204132080078, 8.845907211303711, "ods\u2019 schools\n\u2022 rate of overall crime\n\u2022 rateofjuvenilecrime\n\u2022 rate of substance abuse\n\u2022 rate of child abuse and neglect\n\u2022 number of residents living below the poverty level.\nPrograms and services included in this initiative are ACT, HB, IOW, PARKS, SB"]
[18.014158248901367, 8.829489707946777, "and FY 2016\u20132017 Outcome Measures 39\nTable 2.10\nPrograms and Comparison Groups in the Enhanced School- and Community-Based Services Initiative\nProgram Comparison Group\nACT Program participants (pre\u2013post design)\nHB Program participants (pre\u2013post desig"]
[18.03542709350586, 8.825343132019043, "mmon cause of truancy and that school attendance improves when truancy programs hold parents accountable for their children\u2019s school atten- dance and when intensive monitoring and counseling of truant students are provided.\nOJJDP documents several pr"]
[17.985713958740234, 8.846169471740723, "e program.\nOutcomes\nFor outcome measures, we examined 6,762 ACT participants. ACT participants had signif- icantly fewer school absences\u2014a mean of 9.8 days\u2014in the 180 days after program entry than in the 180 days immediately preceding program entry, "]
[17.777973175048828, 8.953502655029297, "ce delinquency and enhance family func- tioning and success by implementing case-management interventions and services that\n\u2022 address criminogenic needs and risk factors, based on a research-based risk and need instrument validated for the Los Angele"]
[17.68265724182129, 9.200748443603516, " baseline to 96.4 percent in the term of program entry, but the difference was not statistically significant. No HB participants were arrested or incarcerated at either baseline or follow-up.14\nBecause all participants in the HB were at-risk youths, "]
[17.677757263183594, 9.203154563903809, "\n\u2022 recognition: distribution of participants\u2019 writing to parents, schools, libraries, government officials, and the general public.\nEvidence Base for the Program\nMany juvenile detainees have reading and writing levels significantly lower than their g"]
[17.696598052978516, 9.147137641906738, "e significantly lower in the follow-up period (0.0033) than in the first 30 days of the program (0.0704). Figure 2.7 shows BSCC-mandated big six out- come results. Table D.9 in Appendix D lists all additional details for all outcomes. Cluster and gen"]
[17.86083984375, 8.68425178527832, " at county and city parks, schools, and CBOs. School-based DPOs refer probationers to the after- school program. The program offers these services at a time of the day when youths, especially probationers, are most likely to be without adult supervis"]
[17.85988426208496, 8.728180885314941, "owson, 2009; Benson et al., 2012). Implicit in this perspective is the recognition that prevention programming must address risk factors at the appropriate develop- mental stage and as early as possible. JJCPA\u2019s PARKS program is based on the aforemen"]
[17.88243865966797, 8.7095365524292, "youths on school campuses, DPOs provide a variety of services, including early probation intervention, for youths exhibiting antisocial behavior or performing poorly in school. The program is goal oriented and strives to reduce delinquency and promot"]
[18.188308715820312, 9.02245807647705, " case-management interventions\n\u2022 address both risk factors and criminogenic needs\n\u2022 employevidenced-basedtreatmentintervention\n\u2022 provide prosocial adult modeling and advocacy\n\u2022 provide postprobation planning with the probationer and family by the sch"]
[18.20989418029785, 9.037952423095703, "ses, we compared 2,525 SBHS-AR and 1,765 comparison-group youths. SBHS-AR participants improved school attendance (percentage of days attended) in the term after entering the program compared with the term immediately before (93.2 percent versus 85.3"]
[18.201391220092773, 9.021934509277344, "ere available only for the four school-based programs and the HB program.\n  Current JJCPA Programs and FY 2016\u20132017 Outcome Measures 51\nFigure 2.9\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for High School At-Risk Youths, by Cluster, FY 2016\u2013201"]
[18.217538833618164, 9.021742820739746, "hts for comparison-group youths so that their characteristics matched those of the program participants. We included only probationers with valid data on all vari- ables in creating weights for the comparison group. Because virtually every school-bas"]
[18.21634292602539, 9.02365493774414, " six outcomes by cluster. Table E.5 in Appendix E shows outcomes by gender. Table F.3 in Appendix F contains more detail on big six outcomes by cluster. In this program, youths from cluster 2 had higher arrest and incarceration rates than youths in o"]
[18.2226619720459, 9.022669792175293, " two SBMS-AR youths were expelled in the term before entering the program, and only one in the term after program entry. In addition, pro- gram participants had significantly lower mean barrier scores (3.7) six months after program entry than at prog"]
[18.180545806884766, 9.038827896118164, "mple comparison of rates, the two cohorts did not differ significantly in arrest rates in the difference-in-differences analysis. We could not compute the odds ratio for incarceration because the follow-up for the FY 2015\u20132016 cohort was 0.\nCurrent J"]
[18.190935134887695, 9.03597354888916, ".27 0.68 0.14 0.00\nDiff \u2013 Diff Percentage\n\u20130.58 \u20130.28\nOdds Ratio\n0.872 \u2014\n95% CI\n0.129\u20135.884 \u2014\n    NOTE: Because there were no incarcerations in the follow-up period for the previous year, we could not compute the odds ratio for incarceration. \u201cDiff \u2013"]
[18.176612854003906, 9.020431518554688, "hree comparison-group youths completed community service and only two SBMS-PROB youths had probation violations. For big six outcomes, see Figure 2.15, with details in Table D.14.\nCluster data were available for all participants in the SBMS-PROB prog"]
[17.895418167114258, 9.172191619873047, "ation Supervision for Middle School Probationers, by Cluster, FY 2016\u20132017: Arrest, Incarceration, and Completion of Probation\nNOTE: A missing bar for a cluster indicates that no one in the cluster had the indicated outcome.\nbarrier scores significan"]
[18.2260799407959, 9.79915714263916, "ngs.\nWe note also that, by definition, at-risk youths are likely to have virtually no preprogram juvenile justice costs. Probationers, by contrast, might have been under supervision prior to program entry and might have also incurred other juvenile j"]
[18.219507217407227, 9.808457374572754, "s that could be used for one-time costs. These were spent on a New Directions program, BOS contracts, and expanded (non-JJCPA) programs. These funds totaled $2,926,705, so the total expenditure of JJCPA funds in FY 2016\u20132017 was $30,718,002.\nEstimate"]
[18.375314712524414, 9.970351219177246, " allow compari- sons for program participants in the six months after entering JJCPA programs versus the prior six months.\nThe people for whom we calculated costs are the same ones we used in reporting out- comes in the previous chapter, except for t"]
[18.37755012512207, 9.976080894470215, " the estimated court cost ($3,255.25) yields a total estimate of $5,616.51 per court appearance in 2016 dollars.\nProbation Costs for Routine Supervision, Camp Stays, and Hall Stays\nThe Probation Department\u2019s Budget Department provided the estimated c"]
[18.284881591796875, 9.901073455810547, "m, we counted the number of arrests, the number of days in camp, the number of court appearances, the number of days in juvenile hall, the number of days in the program, and the number of days of probation supervision. For the school-based programs, "]
[18.325416564941406, 9.979631423950195, " estimated costs that such a phenomenon might skew. A median that differs substantially from its corresponding mean indicates skewness, while a similar mean and median for a given cost estimate indicate that the cost is more evenly distributed among "]
[18.32933235168457, 9.99021053314209, "1.07\nProgram 20.67 0.00\nSupervision 8.37 103.27\nTotal 24,392 8,483\n1,452 0 6,391 0 6,292 5,617 9,392 0\n0 0 864 1,322\n   NOTE: A positive number in a difference column indicates that the cost was lower in the six months after beginning the program tha"]
[18.28953742980957, 9.919949531555176, "25 SNC participants, so high costs for a small number of youths could easily skew the mean cost.\nCost Comparisons for Programs in the Enhanced Services to High-Risk/High- Need Youths Initiative\nFor this initiative, we again estimated the costs of the"]
[18.316482543945312, 9.979702949523926, "entering the program than before entering. All units are days except for arrests, which are measured by the number of arrests, and court, which is measured by the number of appearances. Because of rounding, some data groups do not necessarily sum pre"]
[18.326709747314453, 9.985841751098633, "d by the number of appearances. Because of rounding, some data groups do not necessarily sum precisely.\nTable 3.7\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Youth Substance Abuse Intervention\n    Baseline\nMean, Median, in 2016 in 2016 Dollars Dollars\n989 0"]
[18.32990074157715, 9.990836143493652, " 0 3\nFollow-Up\nDifference, in 2016 Dollars\n   Juvenile Unit Cost,\nJustice in 2016\nCost Dollars Units\nMedian,\nin 2016\nDollars Units\n0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.02\n0 178.48 0 0.07 0\nMean, Median,\nin 2016 in 2016\nDollars Dollars Mean\n3 0 \u20131 0 0 0 2 0 \u20131\n16"]
[18.32943344116211, 9.990152359008789, "0 0\n0 0 0\nDifference, in 2016 Follow-Up Dollars\n   Juvenile Unit Cost,\nJustice in 2016\nCost Dollars Units\nMedian,\nin 2016\nDollars Units\n0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00\n0 179.47 0 0.00 0\nMean, Median,\nin 2016 in 2016\nDollars Dollars Mean\n0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0"]
[18.33004379272461, 9.98820686340332, "rest 2,121.10 Camp 895.04 Court 5,616.51\n0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00\n0.00 0.00\nJuvenile hall\nProgram Supervision Total\n848.18\n19.41 8.37\n   NOTE: A positive number in a difference column indicates that the\nbeginning the program than in the six months before "]
[18.330638885498047, 9.995039939880371, "ision 8.37 0.86\nAttendance Variable 0.02\nTotal 106 0\n45 0 0 0 51 0 3 0\n0.05 0.00 0.03 0.34\n163.06 1.77 7.54\n100 0 \u201355 0 0 0 0 0 176 0 \u2013125 0 290 0 \u2013287 0\n1,256 1,386 \u20131,256 \u20131,386 15 0 \u20138 0 \u2013430 \u2013316 430 316 1,546 1,271 \u20131,440 \u20131,271\n0 0 7 0\n   NOTE:"]
[18.236255645751953, 9.824076652526855, "ffset cost increases in juvenile hall ($81), program administration ($758), and supervision ($565). As a result, total mean costs were lower in the follow-up period ($8,384) than during the baseline period ($9,504).\nEstimated Total Cost of Programs a"]
[18.240741729736328, 9.831599235534668, "ttendance, targets only at-risk youths who have virtually no involvement with the juvenile justice system.\nTen of the JJCPA programs produced average cost savings in arrests, and HB participants had no arrests in either the baseline or follow-up peri"]
[18.234642028808594, 9.82453727722168, " program and the six months after entering). As one might expect, mean costs differ noticeably among the three initiatives. The Enhanced Mental Health Services ini- tiative, whose participants are almost all probationers, showed lower arrest costs, b"]
[18.194236755371094, 9.749841690063477, "3 106 13,280\n3\n  NOTE: A positive number in the \u201cDifference of Means, in 2016 Dollars\u201d column indicates that the mean\nwas lower in the six months after beginning the program than in the six months before beginning. A negative number indicates that th"]
[17.74542808532715, 8.906908988952637, " this document.\nThis report presents outcome measures for 14 programs in the Los Angeles County JJCPA for FY 2016\u20132017. Outcomes are reported for 17,503 program youths and 17,588 comparison- group youths. The county\u2019s 14 programs are grouped into thr"]
[17.602535247802734, 8.988138198852539, "on\nand successful completion of community service. There was no significant difference\nbetween the two groups in the other four big six outcome measures. Thevastmajorityofparticipantsinprogramsthatusedpre\u2013postevaluationswereat-risk youths. These prog"]
[17.568618774414062, 9.009013175964355, "Mental Health Services initiative for whom Probation reported big six outcomes, the results for that program significantly influence the results for the initiative as a whole. Echoing the results for MH participants is the finding that program partic"]
[17.789506912231445, 9.015795707702637, "ant differences between baseline and follow-up measurements.\nThe Enhanced School- and Community-Based Services Initiative\nTaken as a whole, participants in the Enhanced School- and Community-Based Services ini- tiative had significantly more-positive"]
[17.73780632019043, 9.079305648803711, "pants had significantly lower arrest rates and higher rates of completion of probation, restitution, and community service than those of comparison-group youths. Rates of incarceration and violations of probation for the two groups did not differ sig"]
[17.72981071472168, 9.118305206298828, " Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nDifference-in-Differences Analyses\nA difference-in-differences analysis compares the change in the current year\u2019s cohort and the change in the previous year\u2019s cohort\u2014in this case, comparing "]
[17.781484603881836, 9.064237594604492, "cohorts, which, by definition, is considered a positive outcome.\nFrom year to year, a particular big six outcome might not always be more positive for program participants, but, overall, there is a consistent pattern of program participants meet- ing"]
[17.7182559967041, 8.604104042053223, "our programs\u2014HRHN, MST, SBHS-PROB, and SBMS-PROB\u2014had lower total juvenile justice costs in the follow-up period than at baseline.\nSummary and Conclusions 89\n90 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nFut"]
[18.092756271362305, 8.92379379272461, "comparison groups, we identified youths who quali- fied for the program but whom the program did not accept because of program limitations or who were \u201cnear misses\u201d in terms of eligibility. For the two school-based probationer pro- grams (SBHS-PROB a"]
[17.73462677001953, 8.591988563537598, "SCC outcomes is as follows:\n1. successful completion of probation. The Probation Department considers this the most definitive outcome measure. It captures the issues that brought the youth to Pro- bation\u2019s attention (risk, criminogenic needs, and pr"]
[17.465381622314453, 9.224719047546387, "nce abuse treatment Gang intervention Gender-specific services Gender-specific services HRHN employment services\nCluster\n5\n2, 3, 4 2, 4 1, 2, 5 5\n5\n1, 5 3\n3\n1, 2, 3 1, 4 3\n3\n1, 2, 3 3\n2\n3\n4\n4 1,4 3\n1\n3 3, 5\n  95\n96\nLos Angeles County Juvenile Justice"]
[17.507810592651367, 9.501204490661621, "ustice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nTable D.2\nOutcomes for Multisystemic Therapy, FY 2016\u20132017\n   BSCC-\nMandated\nOutcome Number\nArrest 19\nIncarceration 7\nCompletion of 10 probation\nCompletion of 10 restitution\nCompletion 7 of co"]
[17.51019859313965, 9.531246185302734, "nity\nservice\nProbation 5 violation\nBSCC Supplemental Outcome\nSelf-efficacy for girls\nProgram\nPercentage\n2.21\n0.46 28.89\n32.26 31.03\n11.11\nBaseline\nMean\n26.96\nSample Size\n861 861 45\n31 29\n45\nSample Size\n436\nNumber\n18 5 8\n9 6\n5\nComparison\nPercentage\n2."]
[17.52771759033203, 9.55221939086914, "umber\n71 24 117 14\nComparison\nPercentage\n31.00 5.50 10.00\n21.10 10.34\n18.50\nFollow-Up\nMean\n38.71 11.97\nSample Size\n200 200 150\n109 116\n150\nSample Size\n62 117\n        BSCC Supplemental Outcome\nPercentage of positive tests\nPercentage testing positive\nN"]
[17.512378692626953, 9.527146339416504, "SCC-\nMandated\nOutcome Number\nArrest 531\nIncarceration 245\nCompletion of 196 probation\nCompletion of 170 restitution\nCompletion 119 of community\nservice\nProbation 159 violation\nBSCC Supplemental Outcome\nJuvenile hall behavioral violations\u2014 SIRs\nProgra"]
[17.509349822998047, 9.531277656555176, "h score 9.42 Barrier score 7.40\nProgram\nPercentage\n3.80\n0.71\nn.a. n.a.\nn.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.\nn.a. n.a.\n  Sample Size\n2,525\nComparison\nNumber Percentage\n66 3.74\nSample Size\n1,765 1,765\n   2,525\n15 0.85\n   Baseline\nFollow-Up\nMean\n93.24a 4.77a 0.32a\n16.39"]
[17.528507232666016, 9.528088569641113, "ion for Middle School At-Risk Youths, FY 2016\u20132017\n   BSCC- Mandated Outcome\nArrest Incarceration\nCompletion of probation\nCompletion of restitution\nCompletion of community service\nProbation violation\nNumber\n13 3\nProgram\nPercentage\n1.83 0.42 n.a.\nn.a."]
[17.51896858215332, 9.519880294799805, "program or when the youth exited the program, whichever came first.\na Difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05). Statistical testing is not possible if one of the measures is 0.\nAPPENDIX E\nBoard of State and Community Corrections\u2013Mandated Ou"]
[17.72406578063965, 9.402063369750977, "175 23.24 55 7.30 254 33.73\n175 36.61 89 19.31\n46 6.11\nSample Size\n753 753 753\n478 461\n753\n       114 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nTable E.6\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for"]
[17.820335388183594, 9.3076171875, "a.\nservice\nviolation\n  118 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2016\u20132017 Report\n     Cluster 12345\nTable F.3\n32.60\n21.03\nSample Size\nPercentage\nSample Size\nPercentage\nSample Size\nPercentage\nSample Size\nPercentage\nSam"]
[17.586400985717773, 8.497907638549805, " Year 2016\u20132017 Report\nFigure H.1\nLos Angeles County Probation Department Form for Probationers\u2019 Strengths and Risks\nRevised 2/6/07\nProgram Name/Csld No.\nMinor\u2019s First Name:\nMother\u2019s First Name:\nLOS ANGLES COUNTY PROBATION DEPARTMENT\nSTRENGTHS AND RI"]
[17.538606643676758, 8.44227409362793, "oor Relationship Skills\nDeviant\nAlcohol Use\nDrug Use\nLow Self-Esteem\nPrevious Placement (relatives, DCFS, etc.,) Runaway\nAccess to Firearms\nTOTAL CHECKS\nPoor Classroom Behaviors Low Commitment to Education Academic Failures\nTruancies\nConflict w/Schoo"]
[17.120193481445312, 7.963927268981934, "1, updated September 17, 2004. As of February 7, 2017:\nh t t p : // w w w.w s i p p .w a . g o v / R e p o r t s / 0 4 - 0 7- 3 9 01\nBaldwin, Scott A., Sarah Christian, Arjan Berkeljon, and William R. Shadish, \u201cThe Effects of Family Therapies for Ado"]
[17.053850173950195, 7.895316123962402, "uary 5, 2017: http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB1998\nCampbell, Donald T., and Julian T. Stanley, \u201cExperimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research,\u201d Handbook of Research on Teaching, Boston, Mass.:"]
[17.314403533935547, 8.08906364440918, " Recidivism in Juveniles: A Meta-Analysis,\u201d Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 28, No. 3, June 2001, pp. 367\u2013394.\nCounty of Los Angeles, 2016\u201317 Final Budget, Los Angeles, c. 2016. As of July 3, 2018: http://ceo.lacounty.gov/pdf/budget/2016-17/Final"]
[17.337425231933594, 8.087117195129395, "ion, RR-1023-LACPD, 2015. As of February 7, 2017: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1023.html\nFain, Terry, Susan Turner, and Mauri Matsuda, Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report, Santa Monica"]
[17.116239547729492, 7.965823650360107, " Prevention, December 1999. As of February 7, 2017: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS41069\nGreene, Peters and Associates and Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Guiding Principles for Promising Female Programming: An Inventory of Best Practic"]
[17.090103149414062, 7.950800895690918, "Heilbrun, Kirk, David DeMatteo, Ralph Fretz, Jacey Erickson, Douglas Gerardi, and Catherine Halper, \u201cCriminal Recidivism of Female Offenders: The Importance of Structured Community-Based Aftercare,\u201d Corrections Compendium, Vol. 33, No. 2, March\u2013April"]
[17.093935012817383, 7.9308180809021, "atessa, Edward J., and Christopher Lowenkamp, \u201cWhat Works in Reducing Recidivism,\u201d St. Thomas Law Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2006, pp. 521\u2013535. As of June 24, 2018:\nhttps://ir.stthomas.edu/ustlj/vol3/iss3/7/\nReferences 131\n132 Los Angeles County Juvenil"]
[17.111326217651367, 7.878856658935547, " . g o v / A p p / P u b l i c a t i o n s / a b s t r a c t . a s p x ? I D = 15 5 2 8 2\nMitchell, Ojmarrh, David B. Wilson, Amy Eggers, and Doris L. MacKenzie, \u201cDrug Courts\u2019 Effects on Criminal Offending for Juveniles and Adults,\u201d Campbell Systemat"]
[17.094690322875977, 7.936089515686035, "Relapse Prevention: A Volume in Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional, Academic Press, 2007, pp. 293\u2013311.\nReiss, Albert J., Jr, Klaus A. Miczek, and Jeffrey A. Roth, eds., Understanding and Preventing Violence, Vol. 1, Washington, D."]
[17.164703369140625, 7.976395130157471, "an, Patrick H., and Nancy Guerra, What Works in Reducing Adolescent Violence: An Empirical Review of the Field, Boulder, Colo.: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, 1994."]
[17.11428451538086, 7.974483966827393, "Elizabeth Cauffman, and Thomas Grisso, \u201cMental Health Assessments in Juvenile Justice: Report on the Consensus Conference,\u201d Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 42, No. 7, July 2003, pp. 752\u2013761.\nWestermark, Pia Ky"]
[15.702946662902832, 3.9638335704803467, "   CORPORATION\nBuilding a High-Quality Correctional Workforce\nIdentifying Challenges and Needs\nJoe Russo, Dulani Woods, George B. Drake, Brian A. Jackson\nOn behalf of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the RAND Corporation manages the Priority "]
[15.768707275390625, 4.059852123260498, "andards are required to ensure that training curricula are adequate, consistent, relevant, realistic, and delivered in an effective manner.\n\u2022 There is a need for standards to control excessive workloads, which can lead to both staff turnover and inad"]
[15.769486427307129, 4.063689708709717, "or 34 percent of the workforce and change jobs at a rate more than three times that of nonmillen- nials (Adkins, 2016). Turnover is expensive, and it is estimated that millennial turnover alone costs the U.S. economy more than $30 billion annually. T"]
[15.761616706848145, 4.030651092529297, "ool of quality candidates, the realities of corrections work (e.g., work hours, environment, com- pensation), and the strategies required to find candidates who meet the existing and future needs of the organization\n \u2022 selection: standards and proces"]
[15.770264625549316, 4.055256366729736, "arding, retention, and leadership development. The panelists addressed the misconduct theme last. Misconduct is markedly different from the other themes because it is not a distinct stage of the workforce process; rather, it is a behavior that can be"]
[14.855228424072266, 1.8655799627304077, ", project staff used a variant of the Delphi Method (RAND Corporation, undated), an approach in which members of the group provide rankings on the needs individually, then discuss the results as a group, and then have the opportunity to individually "]
[15.768978118896484, 4.025323867797852, "lted in 64 final needs. (See Figure 2 for a breakdown of these needs by theme and Table 1 for the top-tier needs across all themes.)\nWe acknowledge that the needs identified and the priorities assigned to them are\u2014as with any subjective assessment in"]
[15.764724731445312, 4.035194396972656, "pushing decisionmaking authority\n Problem or Opportunity\nAssociated Need\nThe role of corrections staff, particularly in institutions, is generally viewed to be custodial or surveillance-oriented, which limits the sector\u2019s ability to attract new talen"]
[15.769807815551758, 4.044103145599365, "ent.\nThe sector lacks a coherent vision. Because agencies operate in a rapidly shifting environment, they are struggling to keep pace both in general and with respect to their workforces in particular.\nDevelop a national vision and strategy for corre"]
[15.769304275512695, 4.044590950012207, "with the public. The panelists reported that, to begin to change perceptions, the sector must actively communicate with both the media and the public. For many decades, agencies have adopted a \u201cno news is good news\u201d stance with respect to the media. "]
[15.771965026855469, 4.043320655822754, "panelists reported that the perpetuation of these negative stereotypes undermines the sector and its ability to recruit new talent. They therefore identified a need for the development of best practices for such stakeholders as the major professional"]
[15.775893211364746, 4.070980072021484, "ed with work experience or military service (\u201cCor- rectional Officer Education and Training,\u201d 2013). Interestingly, some states have modified educational requirements based, in part, on the labor market. For example, in 1987, the Colorado Department "]
[15.76724910736084, 4.080142974853516, "-based programming and recognize and leverage the potential of corrections officers as key components of the behavioral change process could be more attractive to a wider group of candidates, allowing agen- cies to enforce competency standards. The p"]
[15.77690315246582, 4.072589874267578, "\u2019s family for food stamps (Mitch- ell, 2014). Similarly, new parole officers in New Jersey receive $57,000 annually, whereas their counterparts in Louisiana earn just over $30,000 (New Jersey Civil Service Commission, 2016; Rico, 2017). Compensation "]
[15.768359184265137, 4.071516036987305, " agency, and geographic area and proposed the establishment of a federal minimum wage for correctional occupations that organizations can exceed, as appropriate.\nRetirement benefits are another important aspect of compensation. Historically, relative"]
[15.774930953979492, 4.070441722869873, "ensation. The\nHigh school students with college aspirations (and considering eventual repayment of student loans) could be dissuaded from careers in corrections.\n11\n 12\nFigure 5. Median Base Salaries of the Lowest-Paying U.S. College Majors in 2017\n "]
[15.771591186523438, 4.055501937866211, " employment.\nInfluence of Organized Labor\nOrganized labor can inadvertently impede the sector\u2019s abil- ity to recruit new talent, according to the panelists. Many employees have joined national unions or state associations to negotiate compensation, b"]
[15.776751518249512, 4.0488600730896, "plications that a human-services approach and culture would have on recruitment.\nDevelop best practices for pushing decisionmaking authority down to the lowest level.\nReevaluate or create competency standards for various correctional positions.\nDevel"]
[15.791451454162598, 4.060859203338623, "s stressed that agencies should consider hiring professional recruiters rather than using existing corrections staff, as is common practice. Professional recruiters have the skills and knowledge to perform the task, and they understand how to leverag"]
[15.778544425964355, 4.044780254364014, " to ensure appropriate hiring decisions. The panelists discussed a variety of challenges and identified four needs that would help improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the selection process (Table 5).\nScreening Processes\nEvery organization use"]
[15.773405075073242, 4.069272994995117, "tions, 2017). Although this represents great improvement, the timeline is still longer than for other occupations. Some of the challenges identified are information technology\u2013related because many agencies struggle with outdated systems. Panelists no"]
[15.769405364990234, 4.048459053039551, "n process.\nTraditional selection criteria could unnecessarily eliminate interested candidates from consideration for correctional positions.\nAssociated Need\nConduct research to identify the factors that have predictive value in determining success on"]
[15.775971412658691, 4.060553550720215, " the amount and qual- ity of training that correctional staff receive prior to their first assignment. This is perhaps not surprising, given that each state generally sets its own standards and each agency must operate within its unique resource cons"]
[15.778932571411133, 4.055473327636719, " then quickly exit the field) and benefit the individuals involved.\nThe panelists recognized that training new staff is a signifi- cant expense. For example, the Ohio Department of Reha- bilitation and Corrections has estimated that the cost to train"]
[15.77110767364502, 4.045801162719727, " will face.\nYounger generations typically value self-improvement through relevant training opportunities.\nTraditional training models are inflexible and consume resources unnecessarily.\nHigh turnover rates are a burden to correctional agencies in man"]
[15.75973892211914, 4.036949157714844, "he preparation that more-realistic training could provide. For example, new corrections officers are instructed to\n 1\n 2\n 3\n            (Goldstein, 2017), but are not yet applied in corrections. The panelists recommended assessments of the costs and "]
[15.767427444458008, 4.0618367195129395, "ure of a correctional facility can be as important as know- ing how to do the job itself. The panelists reported that new hires need better preparation for these challenges and called on agencies to examine and improve their organizational cultures w"]
[15.765481948852539, 4.046846866607666, "esources or attention to retaining staff that they do for recruitment. The most-effective recruiting efforts can bring talented individuals to the agency, and many of these\n19\n 20\nstrategies have a role in preventing turnover, but maintaining\na high-"]
[15.764469146728516, 4.042721271514893, ", including self-defense training and situational awareness and personal protection technologies.\nWorkload Implications\nStaff perceptions of workload can also be a stressor that negatively affects job satisfaction and ultimately retention, according "]
[15.769612312316895, 4.068110466003418, "isionmaking has on job stress in corrections. For example, Stohr, Lovrich, and Wilson (1994) found that lack of participa- tion in decisionmaking increased the stress levels of jail staff. Conversely, employee participation in decisionmaking was link"]
[15.761794090270996, 4.042444705963135, "n and, therefore, retention. For example, studies have linked inadequate supervisory support (Maahs and Pratt, 2001) and dissatisfaction with supervisors (Stohr, Self, and Lovrich, 1992) with negative attitudes and turnover intention. Furthermore, co"]
[15.773711204528809, 4.056845664978027, "r intention.\nAssess and validate existing standards for staffing ratios, and examine such strategies as capped caseloads to allow agencies to meet these standards.\nDevelop best practices for \u201cparticipatory councils,\u201d and evaluate the impact that thes"]
[15.77071762084961, 4.048499584197998, "ight be outdated and should be reevaluated. Rather than using a fixed age, \u201cfit-for-duty\u201d assessments might be a better way to determine whether staff can continue to perform the requisite duties. This issue will become increasingly salient as the ge"]
[15.77806568145752, 4.049966335296631, "when they first join the organization. This approach does have risks, however: The panelists recognized that selecting individuals for groom- ing opportunities could create tension in the workplace among those who are not selected. To combat this, st"]
[15.777545928955078, 4.052774429321289, "e panelists identified the need for an assess- ment of the adequacy of training for new supervisors and the\n[Panelists suggested establishing] a national correctional academy that would provide high-quality, standardized management- level training to"]
[15.772560119628906, 4.049890995025635, " that, as officers are promoted\n Table 8. Needs Identified Related to Leadership Development\nTier\nProblem or Opportunity\nCorrectional agencies do not place sufficient emphasis on leadership and management training.\nExisting resources that support lea"]
[15.77837085723877, 4.04788064956665, "emy for management-level training.\nAssess the prevalence of this organizational characteristic, and develop best practices to support continuous readiness activities well before they are needed.\nInvestigate the efficacy of relatively quick and access"]
[15.774565696716309, 4.044035911560059, " practices for ethics and related training, which would prepare staff to protect themselves from criminal and civil liability. Panelists also discussed the wide variation in how agencies respond to incidents of misconduct and identified the need for "]
[15.77037525177002, 4.042086124420166, "hat, if introduced and implemented effectively, could enhance transparency and positively influence staff behavior. Panelists also discussed strategies to improve the detection of misconduct, if only after the fact. They identified the need to develo"]
[15.753226280212402, 4.019723892211914, "er Data\n  Tier\nProblem or Opportunity\nStatistics on the correctional workforce (e.g., salary data, vacancy rates, turnover rates) are stored in separate silos and are difficult to locate and perform comparative analyses on because of the lack of stan"]
[15.77517032623291, 4.044492244720459, "ong with a corresponding change in the competencies sought, would help the sector recruit a broader base of new talent.\nImprove Staff Competencies\nThe corrections sector currently suffers from low levels of professionalism, according to the panelists"]
[15.23990249633789, 3.170057535171509, "- ship development. Finally, the panelists noted that, although resources exist, such as the Correctional Leadership Competen- cies for the 21st Century report (Campbell et al., 2006), there is a need for publishers to review and revise these documen"]
[14.846416473388672, 1.8380380868911743, "hem. Once the group had compiled and refined its list of issues and needs, the issues and needs were converted into a web-based Delphi instrument (using the Qualtrics online survey service).\nEach panelist was asked to use the instrument to individu- "]
[14.782979011535645, 1.7773305177688599, " together, and the median of that product rep- resented the overall priority for that item. Then, the resulting prioritization scores were clustered using a hierarchical clus- tering algorithm. The algorithm was the \u201cward.D\u201d spherical algorithm from "]
[15.712992668151855, 4.127215385437012, "ns-face-acute-staffing- shortage-fueling-violence-1496401200\nBLS\u2014See Bureau of Labor Statistics.\nBonner, Heidi S., North Carolina Department of Public Safety, Division of Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice, Adult Institutional Corrections: Recruit"]
[15.731478691101074, 4.111685752868652, "orrectional Officer Education and Training: Survey Summary,\u201d Corrections Compendium, Vol. 37, No. 3, Fall 2013.\nCullen, Francis T., Bruce G. Link, Nancy T. Wolfe, and James Frank, \u201cThe Social Dimensions of Correctional Officer Stress,\u201d Justice Quarte"]
[15.657678604125977, 4.175339698791504, "s, Richard Silberglitt, George B. Drake, John S. Shaffer, Mikhail Zaydman, and Brian G. Chow, Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-820-NIJ, 2015. As of June 26, 2018: https://www."]
[15.735501289367676, 4.125497341156006, "cent/95762920/\n33\n34\nMaahs, Jeff, and Travis Pratt, \u201cUncovering the Predictors of Correctional Officers\u2019 Attitudes and Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis,\u201d Corrections Management Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2, Spring 2001.\nMassachusetts Public Employee Retirement"]
[15.724400520324707, 4.137561798095703, "tions Management Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2, Spring 2001, pp. 68\u201378.\nSmith, Tom W., and Jaesok Son, \u201cMeasuring Occupational Prestige on the 2012 General Social Survey,\u201d Chicago, Ill.: National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Octob"]
[13.965999603271484, 4.163010597229004, "Content Analysis,\u201d Criminal Justice Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2013.\nWareham, Jennifer, Brad W. Smith, and Eric G. Lambert, \u201cRates and Patterns of Law Enforcement Turnover: A Research Note,\u201d Criminal Justice Policy Review, Vol. 26, No. 4, June 1, 2015,"]
[13.922089576721191, 4.179147720336914, " master\u2019s thesis was an economic analysis of organic and conventional agriculture using the Rodale Institute\u2019s Farming Systems Trial. He began his career as a Coast Guard officer on afloat and ashore assignments in Miami, Florida; New London, Connect"]
[13.855365753173828, 4.612154006958008, "l use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in anoth"]
[10.982681274414062, 17.79991912841797, " CORPORATION\nHow Can Workers\u2019\nCompensation Systems\nPromote Occupational\nSafety and Health?\nStakeholders Views on Policy and Research Priorities\n Michael Dworsky, Nicholas Broten\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2566\n P"]
[11.01567554473877, 17.779489517211914, "he well-being of workers. RAND conducted a literature scan to identify published criticisms of current workers\u2019 compensation systems, focusing on the implications of workers\u2019 compensation for worker safety, health, and economic well-being. After prod"]
[10.97336483001709, 17.79545783996582, "uggest a Two-Pronged Research Agenda for\nImproving Workers\u2019 Compensation Policy ........................................................................ xii Acknowledgments.............................................................................."]
[10.954038619995117, 17.774627685546875, "s.............................. 18 Focus on Compliance Leads to Complexity and Distracts from Other Objectives .............. 19\n v\nData Management and Claim Tracking Problems Within Employers.................................. 19 Occupational Health "]
[10.976990699768066, 17.799739837646484, ". 53 Federal Programs .................................................................................................................. 54\nAppendix C: Compendium of Critical Perspectives on Current Workers\u2019 Compensation\nPolicy ......................"]
[10.976865768432617, 17.797183990478516, "ted policymakers from resolving these challenges.\nThe National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) requested that RAND explore the beliefs and priorities of key workers\u2019 compensation stakeholder groups about system challenges and res"]
[10.97632884979248, 17.809574127197266, "njury prevention than, in our view, some of the published critiques had.\nStakeholders identified promising policy interventions in need of rigorous evaluation and also suggested research on questions of epidemiology and system organization that could"]
[10.975750923156738, 17.816312789916992, "um of critical perspectives that resulted from our literature review is included as Appendix C to this report.\nStakeholders Identified Many Shortcomings of Workers\u2019 Compensation Policy as Important Challenges to Worker Outcomes\nIn general, stakeholde"]
[10.971369743347168, 17.822561264038086, "fficult to monitor. Meanwhile, workers are often unable to navigate current systems without attorney representation, while system complexity can also deter workers from filing claims in the first place. Stakeholders felt that current approaches to di"]
[10.962788581848145, 17.80394744873047, " New Models and Interventions for Health Care Delivery, Injury Prevention, Dispute Resolution, and Disability Prevention\nStakeholders identified examples of promising state-level innovations for injury prevention, return to work and disability preven"]
[10.970009803771973, 17.79597282409668, "practices for relatively narrow but consequential aspects of system administration, such as rules governing claim initiation, attorney fees, and so on, with the relevant expertise often concentrated in interested parties (for example, the insurance i"]
[10.992199897766113, 17.827857971191406, " at several stages of this research. We also wish to thank Philip Armour at RAND and Gregory Warner at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health for their insightful and remarkably thorough work as this study\u2019s quality assurance reviewers. We al"]
[10.969680786132812, 17.79146385192871, "ompensation coverage mirror debates from the origins of the system in the early twentieth century. Nonetheless, several recent governmental and journalistic accounts have focused attention on current points of disagreement and tension in the system t"]
[10.979424476623535, 17.8063907623291, "kers\n\u2022 employers\n\u2022 claims administrators\n\u2022 state agency leaders\n\u2022 occupational health care providers.\nRAND convened separate conference calls with each of these groups between February and April 2018. This report provides a synthesis of these discuss"]
[11.005764961242676, 17.8376407623291, "oyers, particularly because damages sought in a lawsuit could include noneconomic costs related to pain, suffering, and wrongful death.\nThe establishment of workers\u2019 compensation systems represented a compromise, or \u201cgrand bargain,\u201d that provided par"]
[11.01956558227539, 17.865985870361328, "e were driven primarily by variation in state rules regarding which classes of workers could be left out of the workers\u2019 compensation system and the tradition of voluntary coverage in many states. The commission highlighted coverage gaps for low-wage"]
[10.992229461669922, 17.821674346923828, "tinuing review of the statute and recommending changes to it and related policies, (3) informing employees of their rights and responsibilities under the law, (4) informing employers and carriers of their rights and responsibilities under the law, (5"]
[11.00525951385498, 17.835674285888672, "equacy, and Cost Spillovers\n\u2022 Coverage remains less than universal. Observers noted that many of the coverage restrictions identified in the national commission report are still in place, such as exclusions for small employers and agricultural worker"]
[11.001195907592773, 17.83342170715332, "mplexity is a drag on performance. Several observers noted that the administration of workers\u2019 compensation is often too complex, which can lead to confusion, uncertainty, a slow claims process, a focus on compliance rather than outcomes, and dispari"]
[11.009965896606445, 17.84406089782715, "9,634 in Nevada (Groeger, Grabell, and Cotts, 2015).\n\u2022 Disability determination reference guides have limitations. The evidence base for impairment-rating guides is incomplete across editions of the guides, injury types, injury severity, and individu"]
[11.0020751953125, 17.821279525756836, "opt-out clause was ruled unconstitutional by the Oklahoma Supreme Court because it created radically different legal treatment for otherwise similar individuals in the same class of workers (Szymendera, 2017). A more widely adopted and less radical a"]
[10.968936920166016, 17.7983341217041, "o many workers\u2019 compensation policymakers and system observers. However, some stakeholder groups may be more vocal or better coordinated than others. For instance, the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions (IAIABC) h"]
[10.967093467712402, 17.800987243652344, "ng policymaking.\nOverview of Challenges Identified as Major Priorities\nDifferent stakeholder groups raised a wide range of concerns about current workers\u2019 compensation system design and performance. The distribution of concerns across stakeholder gro"]
[10.967605590820312, 17.803508758544922, "actions taken by employers and claims administrators. Claim management processes refers to policies, procedures, and norms within workers\u2019 compensation systems that affect the path from injury to closing a claim. These are affected by decisions acros"]
[10.987981796264648, 17.821216583251953, "have been neglected because the relevant agencies were not represented in our discussions.\nPrevention of Injury and Disability\nWorkers, health care providers, and state agency leaders generally agreed that prevention of injury and prevention of disab"]
[10.980133056640625, 17.82135581970215, "me product with essentially the same production process: one factory has numerous workers\u2019 compensation claims for soft-tissue injuries, while the other typically has no compensable injuries. The union representative viewed this pattern as an illustr"]
[11.00549030303955, 17.840805053710938, "ves based directly on safety records may not even be applicable to the smallest employers. Stakeholders, including both occupational health care providers and worker representatives, identified several examples of successful programs in which workers"]
[10.987069129943848, 17.812641143798828, "nd orientating contract employees but that such efforts were costly and were unlikely to be pursued by smaller host employers.\nCoverage of Conditions: Work-Relatedness and Causation\nParticipants cited many examples where work-related injuries were un"]
[11.003471374511719, 17.82726287841797, " it, \u201c[T]hese big employers . . . really do feel the work-related injuries are the workers\u2019 fault as opposed to unsafe conditions.\u201d Speaking about apportionment, another worker advocate viewed legislative debates as being driven by a desire to \u201cbuild"]
[10.973204612731934, 17.815011978149414, " dispute resolution mechanisms were deleterious not only to system efficiency and cost control but to the health and economic outcomes of workers themselves.\nSome state agency leaders pointed out that litigation and complex disputes are concentrated "]
[10.964439392089844, 17.80909538269043, "re provider. And in general, they don\u2019t have training to deal with this. . . . [T]he worker advocacy part is being done by people who don\u2019t know the system and are discouraged from really working well in the system. The system is so stacked against w"]
[10.962377548217773, 17.809772491455078, "nd the fragmentation of health records between occupational and nonoccupational health care providers harmed patients.\nConfusion about privacy and information sharing may amplify the consequences of care fragmentation between group health and workers"]
[10.978595733642578, 17.82170295715332, "isease management.\nClaims administrators also raised concerns about the extent to which worker health (including comorbidities and poor health behaviors, such as smoking) made injuries more difficult to treat once they occurred. Self-insured firms ha"]
[10.955781936645508, 17.81711769104004, "o remove providers who are bad apples, and an adjudication process that is capable of applying the guidelines with confidence is also necessary. In the absence of such understanding, the claims management process is heavily dependent on an ecosystem "]
[10.97501277923584, 17.811452865600586, "eform\nAs noted by Rick Victor, a system feature that has helped to make workers\u2019 compensation politically viable for over a century is the functioning of the political system to reach effective compromises between the interests of workers and employe"]
[10.965526580810547, 17.808135986328125, "e it unconstructive to even discuss federal standards, let alone a federal role in benefit financing. Some worker advocates, however, did argue that greater federal oversight would be necessary to stop the race to the bottom. One suggestion was for t"]
[11.0072660446167, 17.831106185913086, "esolution\nCost Shifting to Social Programs and X Families\nX X X X X X X X X\n X\nX\nX\n  Removing Barriers to Claiming and System Navigation\nClaims administrators suggested that evidence on best practices for the rules of a workers\u2019 compensation system s"]
[11.02375316619873, 17.84627342224121, "SIG matching funds is an assessment on workers\u2019 compensation premiums (Ohio Bureau of Workers\u2019 Compensation, 2017). A peer-reviewed evaluation of the SIG program by researchers from NIOSH and BWC found that participating employers experienced dramati"]
[11.003544807434082, 17.83390998840332, "s. The target population consists of workers\u2019 compensation claimants with work restrictions that interfere with their regular jobs. The intervention consists of wage subsidies, funding for worksite modification or equipment purchases up to $5,000, or"]
[10.994230270385742, 17.821565628051758, "nover) was cited by one state agency representative as a barrier to socially efficient levels of accommodation. One might observe a similar pattern if these businesses faced high borrowing costs or sharp liquidity constraints. It is also worth noting"]
[10.965328216552734, 17.809659957885742, "t, NIOSH may be uniquely well suited among federal agencies to provide detailed guidance focused on workers\u2019 compensation and occupational health, particularly when it comes to issues of health care delivery and injury prevention.\nIncentives to Impro"]
[10.969147682189941, 17.81096839904785, "vement and occupational health delivery.\nAlternative Models for Occupational Health Care Delivery and Disability Management\nThe COHE system in Washington State is recognized as a national leader in improving the quality of occupational health care an"]
[10.966227531433105, 17.808208465576172, " treatment for symptomatic diseases are largely paid by workers\u2019 compensation, while group screenings are overwhelmingly financed by employers (NYS OHCN, 2017).\nUnfortunately, challenges with funding appear to have constrained NYS OHCN from realizing"]
[10.973189353942871, 17.82357406616211, "overall system.\nOne suggestion from a health care provider, however, was that a promising starting point for efforts to improve coordination between occupational health care and broader health systems is the prevention of chronic pain and transition "]
[10.965409278869629, 17.809900283813477, " some U.S. states, a clearer understanding of the potential consequences for and necessary modifications to workers\u2019 compensation laws will be important for state policymakers. A recent issue brief from the California Workers\u2019 Compensation Institute "]
[10.9686279296875, 17.809741973876953, "tional safety and health, preventing many treating physicians from helping workers engage productively with the workers\u2019 compensation system or coordinating with employers. Nonoccupational physicians may also fail to recognize the contribution of wor"]
[10.9835786819458, 17.81764793395996, "ermine the no-fault character of the workers\u2019 compensation system by shifting the burden of proof to workers.\nA potential role for NIOSH and, perhaps, other federal research sponsors would be the creation of large research data sets combining data on"]
[10.992209434509277, 17.819459915161133, " suggested that the overall effects of these arrangements deserved more careful study.\nCarve-out arrangements, in which employers work with labor unions to integrate occupational and nonoccupational benefits, frequently involve alternative dispute re"]
[11.021500587463379, 17.855154037475586, " not file injury claims) fare under the opt-out arrangements developed in Texas, it will be difficult to judge whether the Texas model provides net social benefits or, as suggested by workers, simply saves money for employers by reducing workers\u2019 acc"]
[10.960806846618652, 17.800579071044922, " and Illinois that clarified the sharing of responsibility between agencies and host employers.6 Worker advocates indicated that right-to-know laws should not be viewed as a panacea, however, and suggested that OSHA or\n6 For additional details, see C"]
[10.95531940460205, 17.8004093170166, "ons that would improve their own systems. Stakeholders generally agreed that policy evaluation, identification of system best practices, and continued investment in the basic science of epidemiology and applied or translational work on prevention cou"]
[10.972748756408691, 17.81105613708496, " spillovers and long- term disability prevention\nCost spillovers and improving medical delivery/integration with occupational health care; payment reforms to incentivize functional improvement\nEmployment of people with disabilities, including stay- a"]
[10.960932731628418, 17.808204650878906, "ers include philanthropic foundations with topic areas related to the social determinants of health or health systems. National research programs (e.g., the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation\u2019s Culture of Health initiative) and regional foundations (e.g."]
[10.969820022583008, 17.810020446777344, "r social-scientific evidence on questions pertaining to epidemiology, system performance, and financing. Many important questions, particularly those related to causation, apportionment, and occupational disease presumptions, will generally require o"]
[10.969453811645508, 17.818424224853516, "em designs from Washington will generalize to Texas becoming as contentious as arguments about whether an education program from urban India will work in rural Brazil.\n43\nEconomic theory, fortunately, provides numerous frameworks for optimal policy d"]
[10.966800689697266, 17.81362533569336, "he inherent tradeoffs and contextual factors that will determine which workers\u2019 compensation policies will be best for workers in their state.\nFinally, we note that the research priorities highlighted in this report were, to some extent, circumscribe"]
[10.985638618469238, 17.818614959716797, "uld also be an occasion for policy analysts to develop more detailed policy proposals. The narrowing coverage of occupational diseases and conditions with complex causation or high latency might create a need for compensation mechanisms to be finance"]
[11.094795227050781, 17.999181747436523, " International Union (SEIU) Alliance for the American Temporary Workforce United Auto Workers\nWashington L&I\nCalifornia Department of Industrial Relations Michigan Workers\u2019 Compensation Agency Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry Oregon Work"]
[11.01440715789795, 17.85028076171875, "es were covered by workers\u2019 compensation, accounting for approximately 97 percent of jobs covered by unemployment insurance and 86 percent of all jobs (McLaren and Baldwin, 2017). Since the inception of workers\u2019 compensation programs in the early twe"]
[11.637714385986328, 18.206560134887695, "e laws regulating these benefits vary considerably across states, but some features are consistent across all workers\u2019 compensation systems: cash payments for lost earnings are tax-free, medical services are provided at no cost to the injured worker,"]
[11.652705192565918, 18.233383178710938, "rk (depending on the state), the worker may be eligible for permanent disability payments. If the injury prevents the claimant from performing any kind of work, he or she will be eligible for permanent total disability (PTD) benefits. If the claimant"]
[11.019100189208984, 17.864389419555664, "andard vary by state. Workers\u2019 compensation also interacts with Medicare as a second payer for work-related health care expenses. Some workers\u2019 compensation settlement agreements include Medicare set-asides, in which a portion of the settlement is al"]
[11.005194664001465, 17.839712142944336, "aining, including general job-search training, such as a skills evaluation, resume building, or career counseling; and coordination between injured workers and other stakeholders, including potential employers and the health care system. Vocational r"]
[10.993863105773926, 17.825716018676758, "on or rating bureau (Utterback, Meyers, and Wurzelbacher, 2014). Experience modification factors are determined by the firm\u2019s historical injury record relative to its industry risk classification. Experience modification rates tend to be driven more "]
[11.003952980041504, 17.832027435302734, " of workers\u2019 compensation coverage is proportional to the product of injury rates and average costs. Firms that self-insure may be protected from some systemwide shocks (such as the insurance underwriting cycle) that may raise average premiums above "]
[11.0022554397583, 17.774757385253906, "ons.\n55\nAppendix C: Compendium of Critical Perspectives on Current Workers\u2019 Compensation Policy\nBackground\nNIOSH has requested support from RAND to develop, with stakeholder input, a characterization of the most important possible ways to improve wor"]
[10.981805801391602, 17.802766799926758, "protection against interruption of income\n3. provision of sufficient medical care and rehabilitation services\n4. encouragement of safety.\nA fifth goal that might be viewed as instrumental to promotion of these four goals was also articulated:\n5. an e"]
[10.988542556762695, 17.814376831054688, "nderstanding the diversity of viewpoints about current system performance.\nOverview of Key Workers\u2019 Compensation Policy Issues\nWorkers\u2019 Compensation Strengths\n\u2022 Workers\u2019 compensation has made a strong contribution to economic growth and has promoted "]
[11.053471565246582, 17.892024993896484, "ers communication between stakeholders during the return-to-work process, has been shown to reduce disability days, labor force exits, total workers\u2019 compensation costs, and entry to SSDI (Stapleton and Christian, 2016, p. 10). Washington state\u2019s Sta"]
[10.996705055236816, 17.836721420288086, "option of current protocol terminology (CPT) coding methodology, consistency in medical billing processes, and adoption of formularies and treatment guidelines (IAIABC, 2016b, p. 6).\n\u2022 Increase use of alternative dispute resolution and mediation mech"]
[11.002248764038086, 17.838964462280273, "ruly evidence-based and can reduce benefit adequacy (Swedlow, 2010, p. 206\u2013207; Spieler, 2016, p. 43).\n\u2022 Loss of fringe benefits and noneconomic losses can be significant but are\ngenerally not compensated (Barth, 2010, p. 19).\n\u2022 Shifting cost burdens"]
[10.99057674407959, 17.837364196777344, "tem; reinstate federal tracking of changes in the workers\u2019 compensation system; establish standards that would trigger federal oversight if states fail to meet standards (DOL, 2016, p. 24).\n\u2022 Develop an online dashboard allowing stakeholders to exami"]
[10.997207641601562, 17.828189849853516, "h source of information to identify the causes of past injuries and develop ways to prevent future cases. In addition to data analysis by the National Council on Compensation Insurance and the Workers Compensation Research Institute, private insurers"]
[11.114519119262695, 17.95650291442871, "ime limits diminish adequacy in less visible ways (DOL, 2016, p. 22; IAIABC, 2016b, p. 3).\n\u2022 Compensation for occupational diseases is often not adequate (Spieler, 2016, p. 99).\n64\nSuggestions for Improvement\nReturn to Work\n\u2022 Strengthen antidiscrimin"]
[10.975441932678223, 17.833911895751953, "oor integration with the medical system strain resources and hurt outcomes.\n\u2022 According to 2014 NASI estimates, medical benefits account for approximately half of workers\u2019 compensation (WC) costs nationally. Despite medical cost increases, the worker"]
[10.990159034729004, 17.827775955200195, "ntives will provide a clear value proposition that aligns quality standards with cost- saving activities.\n\u2022 For claims payors, care systems based on accurately measured outcomes are more inherently logical and easier to protect from manipulation than"]
[10.983104705810547, 17.82182502746582, "ompensation reserves are essentially adequate. Reforms in several states have been enacted. (Lipton and Ayres, 2010, p. 37)\nCoverage is provided to most employees.\nWith the exception of Texas, workers\u2019 compensation insurance coverage is mandatory for"]
[11.005687713623047, 17.819849014282227, "or survivors of those disabled or killed by occupational diseases, the state systems in general are more cognizant of such diseases and prepared to compensate for them. (Barth, 2010, p. 14)\nInsurer-based prevention programs have demonstrated some suc"]
[11.006328582763672, 17.837934494018555, "rs are embracing the biopsychosocial model, understanding return to work and recovery is influenced by more than just a physical injury. Occupational health research informs safety practices, medical treatment, and return to work best practices which"]
[11.310998916625977, 18.009845733642578, "tc.) as more focused on compliance with little or no benefit to employers and employees. (IAIABC, 2016a, p. 2)\nThe state should ensure compliance by all parties; educate all parties; maintain equitable playing field for all. (IAIABC, 2016c, p. 3)\nVar"]
[10.985286712646484, 17.826595306396484, "-percent agreement that system should reduce disputes and be less adversarial (IAIABC, 2016b, p. 1)\nThe state should ensure there is a balanced approach to resolving disputes. (IAIABC, 2016c, p. 3)\nThe state needs to provide a neutral forum for adjud"]
[11.005512237548828, 17.83599853515625, ". Casual inspection of workers\u2019 compensation data reveals that cash benefits tend to be higher in cases in which attorneys are involved, and there is a natural tendency to assume that attorneys are therefore responsible for the higher benefits. Howev"]
[11.035212516784668, 17.854520797729492, "s employee differently, and often there are different definitions within a state for workers\u2019 compensation, unemployment, and taxation purposes. Some felt \u201cemployee\u201d should be defined nationally but others believed it should stay a state-by-state iss"]
[11.049495697021484, 17.847658157348633, " an injury occurring, employees have an incentive to report it as work related, potentially leading to overreporting.\nGiven an injury, the injured or ill person has an incentive to claim the malady is work-related. A work injury requires no out-of-po"]
[11.72048568725586, 18.222579956054688, "led as a result of occupationally-caused injuries or illnesses\u2014who are most likely to turn to other social benefit programs, particularly SSDI. (DOL, 2016, pp. 15\u201316)\nMost persons familiar with workers\u2019 compensation recognize the difficulties associa"]
[11.152244567871094, 17.984525680541992, "er deems the claim to be compensable . . . If the employee\u2019s claim is denied . . . her economic situation is likely to deteriorate far more rapidly than would that of a similarly-situated worker in a comparator country [Canada, Australasia, Europe], "]
[10.983992576599121, 17.837892532348633, "ry\u201d rather than the welfare of injured workers and their families. (Davoli, 2016, p. 2)\nLegislative challenges in some states, including opt-out and coverage restrictions, threaten the viability of the system and adequacy of benefits.\nOpting out of w"]
[11.008088111877441, 17.834497451782227, "ination against people with disabilities. In several states, these funds were closed out except for injuries or claims prior to a specified date . . . The combination of elimination of these funds and the exclusion of conditions with multiple causes "]
[10.98876667022705, 17.820011138916016, "ing or temporary work agencies often are unsure about their rights\u2014to the point that new \u201cright to know\u201d laws for temporary workers have been enacted, and specifically require that a worker be told who the workers\u2019 compensation carrier is, in case th"]
[10.99155044555664, 17.82184600830078, "centives to reduce premiums]. For example, \u201cbehavior-based\u201d incentive programs that reward workers for reporting no injuries or that penalize workers who do report them are commonplace in the US. Although they are typically justified as a means to re"]
[10.981091499328613, 17.815858840942383, "ensive protective measures have been available and well recognized for hundreds, and in some cases thousands, of years. For example, every week one or more workers are killed in trench cave-ins despite the fact that nearly 2,500 years ago Herodotus d"]
[11.050887107849121, 17.890548706054688, " particular, the percent of prime-age men who report that they are ill or disabled has grown from less than two percent in the late 1960s to about three percent in 1983 and to nearly five percent by 2003. Is it possible that workers\u2019 compensation cas"]
[11.118732452392578, 17.9171142578125, "and Return to Work Committee, 2016, p. 16)\nTrust in the workplace is one of the most important predictors of return to work. (IAIABC Disability Management and Return to Work Committee, 2016, pp. 17\u2013 18)\nSome insurers may see a conflict in return to w"]
[11.636677742004395, 18.22089958190918, "igation for dollars? (Steggert, 2010, p. 75)\nAny jurisdiction\u2019s ability to deliver benefits depends on the choice of disability rating system as well as the method of implementation and administration\u2014all of which flow from underlying social policy d"]
[10.964326858520508, 17.829957962036133, "es that develop over time, then these diseases should be removed from the \u201cbargain\u201d and employers should, when appropriate, be liable in tort. (Spieler, 2017, p. 99)\nMedical Management\nRising medical costs and poor integration with the medical system"]
[10.971869468688965, 17.85813331604004, "l payer health care system would change workers\u2019 comp into an indemnity program only . . . needs to be consideration of the consequences of delinking medical benefits and indemnity. (IAIABC, 2016b, p. 2)\nMedical cost-control efforts often use blunt t"]
[10.978519439697266, 17.832761764526367, "me state programs has been undermined by a combination of complex design and/or regulatory scope issues. Additionally, some payors\u2019 have, in my opinion, missed the boat by making \u201cblack-and-white\u201d UR decisions based on strict adherence to guidelines."]
[10.982346534729004, 17.818227767944336, "ts to the changing workplace, workforce, and kind of work. Employers need to make sure their workplaces are safe and have a responsibility to report injuries . . . Employees need to know what their benefits [sic] under workers\u2019 compensation. They hav"]
[11.017071723937988, 17.84418487548828, "s\u2019 compensation plays in supporting economic growth. (IAIABC, 2016a, p. 1)\nThere were many who felt that the grand bargain was an \u201cillusion\u201d and that there is no single bargain. In many ways the grand bargain is really more about the \u201cspirit\u201d of empl"]
[11.178638458251953, 18.11515998840332, "\u20131027. As of July 29, 2018: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajim.22112\n  90\nBLS, \u201cFrequently Asked Questions About Data on Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements,\u201d 2018. As of June 20, 2018: https://www.bls.gov/cps/conting"]
[11.164810180664062, 18.12539291381836, "rs\nCrum, Elizabeth, \u201cWorkers\u2019 Compensation Adjudication and Administration,\u201d in R. A. Victor and L. L. Carrubba, eds., Workers\u2019 Compensation: Where Have We Come? Where Are We Going? Cambridge, Mass.: Workers\u2019 Compensation Research Institute, 2010, pp"]
[11.189631462097168, 18.1328182220459, "99.\nGalizzi, Monica, Roberto Leombruni, Lia Pacelli, and Antonella Bena, \u201cInjured Workers and Their Return to Work: Beyond Individual Disability and Economic Incentives,\u201d Evidence- Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2"]
[11.145587921142578, 18.141830444335938, "ational Conversations, 2016b. As of July 26, 2018: https://www.iaiabc.org/iaiabc/National_Conversations1.asp\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNew Mexico Report,\u201d in IAIABC National Conversations on the Future of Workers\u2019 Compensation, National Conversations, 2016c. As of July "]
[11.14833927154541, 18.140396118164062, ": Where Have We Come? Where Are We Going? Cambridge, Mass.: Workers\u2019 Compensation Research Institute, 2010, pp. 39\u201357.\nMarmot, Michael G., Stephen Stansfeld, Chandra Patel, Fiona North, Jenny Head, Ian White, Eric Brunner, Amanda Feeney, and G. Davey"]
[11.160847663879395, 18.139549255371094, "docs/ssb/v35n10/v35n10p31.pdf\nNeuhauser, Frank, \u201cThe Myth of Workplace Injuries,\u201d Perspectives (IAIABC), April 2016, pp. 16\u201321.\nNew York State Occupational Health Clinics Oversight Committee, \u201cReport to the Governor and Legislature,\u201d 2012. As of July"]
[11.252962112426758, 18.14757537841797, "\ndoi:10.1111/1468-0009.00202.\nSavych, Bogdan, and H. Allan Hunt, \u201cAdequacy of Workers\u2019 Compensation Income Benefits in Michigan,\u201d Cambridge, Mass.: Workers Compensation Research Institute, WC-17-20, 2017. As of July 27, 2018: https://www.wcrinet.org/"]
[11.235407829284668, 18.12547492980957, "cine, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2004b, pp. 338\u2013345. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajim.10356\nSwedlow, Alex, \u201cSocial Policies of Disability Evaluation,\u201d in R. A. Victor and L. L. Carrubba, eds., Workers\u2019 Compensation: Where Have We Come? Where Are We Going? Camb"]
[10.988490104675293, 17.787010192871094, "ety and Health Through Workers\u2019 Compensation Systems,\u201d Perspectives (IAIABC), July 2017, pp. 6\u201310.\n99\nWurzelbacher, Steven J., Stephen J. Bertke, Michael P. Lampl, P. Timothy Bushnell, Alysha R. Meyers, David C. Robins, and Ibraheem S. Al-Tarawneh, \u201c"]
[2.9800684452056885, 16.474515914916992, " The Cost and Affordability\nof Flood Insurance in\nNew York City\nEconomic Impacts of Rising Premiums and Policy Options for One- to Four-Family Homes\nLloyd Dixon, Noreen Clancy, Benjamin M. Miller, Sue Hoegberg, Michael M. Lewis, Bruce Bender, Samara "]
[2.9906363487243652, 16.506223678588867, "l level. Congress instructed the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to develop an affordability framework in light of legislation that directs FEMA to gradually eliminate certain program subsidies and to collect additional program fees. This "]
[2.94793701171875, 16.55008316040039, "xvii Abbreviations.......................................................................................xxix\nCHAPTER ONE Introduction........................................................................................... 1 Purpose of This Study "]
[2.9393985271453857, 16.539836883544922, "lculations ..................................................................35\nv\nvi The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nPremiums Using the 2007 Flood Insurance Rate Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[2.8837740421295166, 16.548757553100586, "perty Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Flood Insurance Premium Increase on Property Tax Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Effect of Flood Insurance Premium Increase on Probability of Defaul"]
[2.8609585762023926, 16.544218063354492, "vey Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 B.DevelopmentoftheProjectGeodatabase......................................"]
[2.7898287773132324, 16.48038101196289, " for Properties in the\nHigh-Risk Zones of the 2007 FIRM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.6. Premium Increases for Properties in the High-Risk Zones\nof the 2007 FIRM . . . . . . . . . . "]
[2.901806592941284, 16.5738468170166, "enario B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......73\n4.18. Flood Insurance Premium in Premium Scenario G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......73\n4.19. PITI Ratio Assuming Premium Scenario G. . . . . . . . . . ."]
[2.882647752761841, 16.552000045776367, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.5. Comparison of Reported and Actual Flood Insurance Coverage . . . . . ..\n2.6. Deductible Amounts for Flood Insurance Policies in Place as of\nJune 2016 (Percentage of Policies"]
[2.882009267807007, 16.56692123413086, " Owner-Occupied\nResidences Only (2016 Dollars). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n5.3. Impact of Flood Insurance Rate Changes on Property\nTax Revenue (2016 Dollars) . . . . . ."]
[3.017437219619751, 16.751373291015625, "\n6.15. Cost of Mitigation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108\n6.16. Design 4: Mitigation Grants and Low-Interest Loans\u2014Program Outcomes with Full Participation"]
[2.94130277633667, 16.505002975463867, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164\nE.4. Comparison of Flood Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165\nE.5. Comparison of Elevation Difference "]
[2.9514129161834717, 16.525175094604492, "urance Reform Act of 2012 and the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014.\n xv\nxvi The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nFigure S.1 Study Area\n  Manhattan\nBrooklyn\nQueens\nBronx\n    Staten Island\nNOTE: Purple areas"]
[2.8365795612335205, 16.504283905029297, "ures, meaning they were built before the first FIRM for New York City was issued in November\n2 The Rockaway Peninsula includes the Rockaway Park and Rockaway Beach communities, which are consid- ered particularly vulnerable to flooding and other nega"]
[2.7446446418762207, 16.488142013549805, "e exam- ined the effect of eliminating the current pre-FIRM rate with the 2007 FIRM in place. We also projected premiums if the PFIRM were adopted. This allowed us to examine the effect of a map reflecting greater flood risk on premiums and to analyz"]
[2.8020570278167725, 16.503311157226562, "idy for certain policyholders.\nxx The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\ntions relative to the BFE\u2014the median premium is only $100 more when pre-FIRM rates are eliminated, as shown in the table.\nOutside the high-risk zones, th"]
[2.8188586235046387, 16.543474197387695, "ercent of the households in the study area; but these potential premium increases would both increase the number of households for whom flood insurance is burden-\nsome and increase the burden on those for whom it is already burdensome. With the PFIRM"]
[2.928326368331909, 16.57630729675293, "00\n      xxii The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nSome study areas, such as the Rockaway Peninsula, could be particularly hard hit by increased default rates.\nTake-up of insurance is likely to increase for homes outside of "]
[3.0486040115356445, 16.78021240234375, "e more modest than in other programs. We have modeled a program in which the household buys a policy with a $10,000 deductible for building losses and a $10,000 deductible for contents coverage,\nTable S.3\nFlood Insurance Affordability Program Designs"]
[2.997727870941162, 16.738338470458984, " measures become considerably more attractive assuming risk- based rates based on the PFIRM. For example, the number of households eligible for a structure elevation program rises from 190 to 5,000 (not shown in table) when the\nxxiv The Cost and Affo"]
[3.0077526569366455, 16.632843017578125, " with the pre- mium subsidy alone. We illustrate that this can indeed be the case, with savings up to hundreds of millions of dollars in certain multiyear scenarios, assuming risk-based rates based on the PFIRM, but only if the low-income households "]
[3.019745349884033, 16.45968246459961, "ecovery helped us understand data collected by the Build It Back program. Jona- than Hayes and Rachel Rosenberg of ideas42 designed an effective final appeal that was mailed out to the property owners who we were attempting to enroll in the study. Ma"]
[2.9703516960144043, 16.50255012512207, "e National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine on behalf of the Fed- eral Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA) in helping us refine the flood insurance affordability program options considered in this report. The workshops were"]
[2.95112681388855, 16.488901138305664, "he flood maps in New York City to reflect increasing flood risk will likely result in higher flood insurance premiums for many households.\nA report by the RAND Corporation developed plausible scenarios for flood insurance premiums for one- to four- f"]
[2.855564832687378, 16.458072662353516, " high risk of flooding according to the Preliminary Flood Insurance Rate Map (PFIRM) that was released in June 2013.2 To collect the data, we selected a stratified random sample of 2,800 of the 48,100 one- to four-family properties in the high- risk "]
[3.0344631671905518, 16.379064559936523, " in the study, the property owner received a free elevation certificate (EC) valued at $800 to $1,000, a $50 gift card, and a fact sheet describing flood risk and the information contained in the EC. Having an EC can help property owners qualify for "]
[2.881364345550537, 16.4816837310791, "r various scenarios. To do this, we worked with Torrent Technologies to determine rates per $100 of coverage for a wide range of structure characteristics.8 These include structure type (e.g., basement, crawlspace), flood zone, elevation relative to "]
[2.9464926719665527, 16.453269958496094, "holds for which flood insurance is burdensome absent the program assessed. The advantages and disadvantages of the alternative approaches are identified and compared.\nChapter Seven provides concluding comments.\nThe main body of the report is followed"]
[2.856233596801758, 16.427656173706055, "nd Silver Beach cooperatives. Breezy Point is on the Rockaway peninsula and Edgewater Park and Silver Beach are in the Bronx.\n3 A and AE zones are areas with a 1 percent or greater annual chance of flooding. AO zones are areas with a 1 percent or gre"]
[2.86368989944458, 16.4449405670166, "d by property owner in the property-owner survey.\na Based on the study sample of 2,800 properties.\nb Based on all 48,100 properties in the study areas. Because all 48,100 properties are represented, confidence intervals are not necessary.\nc Based on "]
[2.8186094760894775, 16.47907829284668, "omes in the study area, 18,700 are in the high-risk zones of the 2007 FIRM (bottom set of rows in Table 2.1).\nAn important indicator of flood risk is the elevation of the structure relative to the Base Flood Elevation (BFE).9 These elevation differen"]
[2.9542429447174072, 16.57078742980957, " ECs for the 240 structures in the study sample with complete ECs that are in the high-risk zones of the 2007 FIRM. Data on 2007 BFE are interpolated from the 2007 FIRM. Data are weighted to reflect the 22,200 one- to four-family properties in the hi"]
[3.105433225631714, 16.78921127319336, "ersons)\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\n40,800\u201344,100\n4,800\u20137,600 10,300\u201314,000 5,100\u20138,000\n7,400\u201310,900 2,800\u20134,900 1,800\u20134,100\n800\u20132,600 600\u20132,200\n\u2014\n11\u201318% 24\u201333% 12\u201319% 17\u201325%\n7\u201312% 4\u201310% 2\u20136% 1\u20135%\naaaa\n13,700\n500 7,100\n The Affordability of Flood Insurance in Ne"]
[3.0872936248779297, 16.778911590576172, " with household size to classify households by income category. It is also combined with various expenses to determine the proportion of income spent on housing costs, which is another potential metric used to determine eligibility for an affordabili"]
[3.0635528564453125, 16.744434356689453, "ome and net worth for households nationwide. It provides a basis for esti- mating how much the number of program beneficiaries would decline if an asset test were imposed on top of an income test.\n11 Note that these percentages do not include renters"]
[2.909118175506592, 16.50678062438965, "ch may overstate the take-up rate to some extent.12 In this study, the policies were matched using both geocoded location and address, which we believe provides a more accurate estimate of the take-up rate.\nThe 2012 take-up rate outside the high-risk"]
[2.9390878677368164, 16.600692749023438, "012\n2016\n    In study areaa\nHigh-risk zones of 2007 FIRM\nOutside high-risk zones of 2007 FIRM\nFor properties with mortgagesb High-risk zones of 2007 FIRM\nOutside high-risk zones of 2007 FIRM\nFor properties without mortgagesb High-risk zones of 2007 F"]
[2.897516965866089, 16.59955596923828, "d not know if they had flood insurance (pen- ultimate column of Table 2.5). For this group, it was much more common not to have flood insurance according to the PMF.\nTable 2.5\nComparison of Reported and Actual Flood Insurance Coverage\n Flood Insuranc"]
[2.872966766357422, 16.58012580871582, " a substantial fraction of one- to four-family structures are\n       1\u201349 50\u201399 100\n101\u2013 150\u2013\n200\u2013 250 149 199 249\nCoverage (in thousand $)\n0 1\u201349\n50\u201399 100\nNOTE: Data are based on properties in the study sample with a flood insurance policy as of Ju"]
[2.7465083599090576, 16.44622230529785, "nts coverage as of June 2016 (N = 885). Affordability of Flood Insurance\nFlood Insurance Premiums\nIn this section, we examine the amount paid for NFIP coverage in the study area. Before doing so, we review the rating methods available to structures i"]
[2.799147367477417, 16.502025604248047, "ns are met within a ten-year period regard- less of change of ownership: (1) two flood insurance claim payments for separate losses, each more than $1,000; (2) three or more flood insurance claim payments for separate losses, regardless of amount; (3"]
[2.8378500938415527, 16.5428466796875, "igher\u2014averaging $1,650. A few policyholders outside the high-risk zones are using elevation-based rates\u2014but these are likely because of errors in the flood zone provided on the PMF given that FIRMs do not provide a BFE outside the high-risk zones.\nHo"]
[3.1191437244415283, 16.82556915283203, "ack to the National Housing Act of 1937. The regulations promulgated pursuant to this act originally offered public housing to families with incomes less than five to six times the rent. This rule was quickly changed to limit maximum rent to 20 perce"]
[3.084209680557251, 16.79825210571289, "that size household (very low income). As can be seen, the PITI ratio exceeds 0.4 for many households, particularly low-income households. Note that the PITI ratio exceeds 0.4 for very few households with incomes\n27 These regulations were established"]
[3.069732427597046, 16.77113151550293, ",000 43% 1,500 16% 3,900 41%\nModerate- and middle-income households (income 80\u2013165% of\nAMI)\n0 to 0.3\n> 0.3 and \u2264 0.4\n> 0.4 (housing burdened)\n11,200 70% 2,700 17% 2,000 12%\nHigher-income households (income > 165% of AMI)\n0 to 0.3\n> 0.3 and \u2264 0.4\n> 0."]
[2.8205370903015137, 16.5043888092041, "00 (out of 42,700 owner-occupied one- to four-family properties).30\n30 If the properties without flood insurance paid the average premium for flood insurance that other properties do (approximately $1,880 in the high-risk zones and $530 outside the h"]
[2.753471851348877, 16.482362747192383, "s us to characterize the effects of changes in the FIRM, ceteris paribus. Although the advantages of pre-FIRM rates may well be largely elimi- nated by the time a revised map is in place, we calculate how much premiums would change under the PFIRM if"]
[2.751694679260254, 16.495193481445312, "The weighting procedure is explained at the end of Appendix A.\nPremiums are generated for the scenarios described in Table 3.1. In all cases, the full premium including all fees is projected. Scenario A characterizes the situation on the eve of Hurri"]
[2.7747230529785156, 16.542150497436523, "ew levels at an 18-percent com-\n3 Eight inches is the 75th percentile of estimates by the New York City Panel on Climate Change on the amount of SLR by sometime in the 2020s (see Horton et al., 2015, p. 41).\n4 It may well be that 8 inches of SLR will"]
[2.8009002208709717, 16.498849868774414, "n the right direction.\nThe deductible assumed reflects the observed deductible chosen by NFIP policy- holders in New York City in 2016 (see Table 2.6).\nFigure 3.1 shows the coverage limits assumed in the premium projections for the one- to four-famil"]
[2.7670552730560303, 16.513240814208984, "of stories Flood zone Elevation difference Location of contents Location of M&E Building coverage Contents coverage\nExample Value\nPre-FIRM\nSingle family\nHas basement\n3 (including basement)\nA\n3 feet below BFE Throughout structure\nIn basement\n$250,000 "]
[2.7786552906036377, 16.474180221557617, "s from the April 2015 rate schedule for a one- to four-family structure in an AE zone, with two or more floors, contents located throughout the structure, and M&E in the basement.\nSomewhat unexpectedly, changes in the NFIP rate schedule between 2012 "]
[2.7755699157714844, 16.488140106201172, "NOTE: Premiums include all fees.\na 22,200 one- to four-family properties.\n$800\n$1,900\n$3,000 $3,900\n$9,100\n$3,500\n$2,800\u2013 4,100\n$800\n$1,900\n$3,100 $4,300\n$10,700\n$4,100\n$3,300\u2013 4,800\n$400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500\n$400 $500 $500 $400 $700 $700\n$400 $7"]
[2.7623817920684814, 16.478221893310547, " elevation- based rates. Policyholders may not be taking advantage of elevation-based rates because of lack of information. Most homeowners may not be aware that they are paying pre-FIRM subsidized rates or that an EC would lower their premiums (an E"]
[2.7510335445404053, 16.486839294433594, " structure considered earlier in this chapter (Table 3.2). The elevation difference was \u20133 feet under the 2007 FIRM and the base premium was $2,500 (Table 3.4). If the PFIRM were adopted, the elevation difference would\nFlood Insurance Premium Scenari"]
[2.7246291637420654, 16.46665382385254, "an it is in the 2007 FIRM (see first column of Figure 3.6). Premiums fall for less than 5 percent of properties, which results in a $400 decline in the average premium.\nFigure 3.4\nDifference Between Structure Elevation and PFIRM BFE in the Study Area"]
[2.7702677249908447, 16.478899002075195, "y 50 percent from $3,000 to $4,500. Now, 5 percent of property owners face annual premiums of $12,000 or more.\n46 The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nWithout grandfathering, pre-FIRM rates are of considerable benefit. It ma"]
[2.7071306705474854, 16.477703094482422, "dfathered rates (see Appendix F for details).\nEliminating pre-FIRM rates when grandfathering is allowed does not make any difference for newly mapped properties (scenario E is the same as scenario D in\n10 The standard X-zone rate is also referred to "]
[2.788590669631958, 16.483699798583984, " in sce- nario H by 7 and 13 percent over scenario G, respectively. These percentage increases are similar to those discussed above for the properties already in the high-risk zones.\nHousing Burden Under Different Premium Scenarios\nPremium increases "]
[2.6756210327148438, 16.456317901611328, "hering and without pre-FIRM rates\nG. Without grandfathering or pre-FIRM rates\nMedian\n$3,000 $3,100\n$3,100 $5,600\nPercentage Change from Scenario B\n\u2014 3%\n3% 7%\nMedian\n$500 $500\n$2,700 $4,200\nPercentage Change from Scenario B\n\u2014 0%\n440% 740%\nPremium for "]
[2.8165860176086426, 16.444429397583008, "mium for the 25,800 newly mapped properties would gradually increase from $500 to $2,700, even with grandfathering.\nThe removal of grandfathering would have considerable consequences for all one- to four-family properties in the study area. For those"]
[2.940729856491089, 16.373939514160156, "nsurance in New York City\nSubarea Risk Profiles\nThis study focuses on one- to four-family properties. Table 4.1 reports the number of one- to four-family properties in each of these subareas and the estimated number that are owner occupied.\nThe locat"]
[2.913529634475708, 16.32932472229004, " in Canarsie have a separate residential unit in the basement (see Figures 4.3 and 4.4).\nBuilding and Typology\nResidential areas in Canarsie consist primarily of one- and two-family attached and semidetached buildings. There is also a concentration o"]
[2.9329323768615723, 16.350051879882812, "er geography than this neighbor profile repre- sents. The smaller geography was originally selected by DCP for its unique building and land use conditions, but then the area was expanded to include a larger neighborhood context (Alan Zaretsky, person"]
[2.9325387477874756, 16.34956932067871, "ring- ing homes, even detached homes, into compliance with current floodplain manage- ment standards would be challenging, as it would mean filling in cellars or basements (NYC Planning, undated[f]). Another constraint with attached homes is that mos"]
[2.929107189178467, 16.344085693359375, "d.\nRAND RR1776-4.9\n Flood Insurance Affordability in Five Vulnerable Subareas 63\nBuilding and Typology\nLow-density residential, mostly one- and two-family residences (see Figure 4.10), char- acterizes the area. More than 90 percent of residences were"]
[2.9305667877197266, 16.347454071044922, " water interacted with electrical equipment. The flooded streets made it difficult for fire trucks and emergency responders to get through and resulted in fires burning unabated. This destroyed 175 homes and businesses (City of New York, 2013).\n Floo"]
[2.920011520385742, 16.33871078491211, "tal inundation on the East Shore. Floodwater traveled as far as one mile inland, causing damage to homes and businesses in its path.\nBuilding and Typology\nMany of the beach bungalows built early in the 19th century have been retrofitted to provide ye"]
[2.9081029891967773, 16.436229705810547, "\nCanarsie again stands out in terms of income and housing burden. An estimated 54 percent of households in owner-occupied one- to four-family homes in Canarsie are low income, very low income, or extremely low income (first column of Table 4.3). More"]
[2.807863235473633, 16.45769500732422, "sing burdened are located in the middle and eastern parts of the peninsula, not the western end, where the Breezy Point cooperative is located.\nPremium Scenarios by Study Subarea\nWe break out premiums by study subarea for two of the premium scenarios"]
[2.804020404815674, 16.455398559570312, "300\u2013 7,600\n$1,100 $4,000\n$5,600 $28,500\n$35,600\n$14,100\n$11,200\u2013 16,900\n$2,800 $4,000\n$4,700 $6,900\n$12,300\n$5,900\n$5,100\u2013 6,700\n$1,100 $3,000\n$4,200 $5,600\n$24,200\n$6,100\n$4,600\u2013 7,600\n premiums on the East Shore. At least 5 percent of property owne"]
[2.789733648300171, 16.41520118713379, "onfidence Percentage Interval\n54% 40\u201368% 25% 13\u201343%\n21% 11\u201335% 39% 29\u201350% 31% 21\u201345% 29% 20\u201339% 33% 28\u201339%\n   NOTE: These values are based\nnot add exactly to total because of rounding to nearest 100. Sample weights are described in Appendix A.\na The "]
[2.8054354190826416, 16.505495071411133, "e west end of the Rockaways is particularly hard hit.\nThe premium increases in scenario G cause a substantial increase in the percent- age of households that are housing burdened in all subareas. The percentage that is housing burdened in Canarsie in"]
[2.81990909576416, 16.538291931152344, "ese higher coverage levels because it is desirable for property owners to have the resources available to recover after a flood (subject to the policy limits offered by the NFIP).\nThis chapter focuses on the implications of shifting from scenario B t"]
[2.8145248889923096, 16.55628204345703, "nded to the nearest $1,000.\n Effects of Flood Insurance Premium Increases on Households and Neighborhoods 79\nTable 5.1\nMarket Value of One- to Four-Family Properties in the Study Area, Owner-Occupied Residences Only\n  Property Value (2016 $)\n$235,000"]
[2.8422060012817383, 16.56311798095703, "nt to consider how long the household will purchase insurance. As presented in Chapter Two and Dixon et al. (2013), we know that homeowners who are not required to purchase flood insurance are less likely to purchase flood insurance. We also know tha"]
[2.798262596130371, 16.56044578552246, "s fully paid because of lax enforcement or other factors, then he or she would be willing to pay a higher price for the home.\n4 A very small number of properties even increase in value after their flood insurance rates decrease.\n Effects of Flood Ins"]
[2.8225040435791016, 16.560302734375, "venue\nSuch large changes in property value have several further implications. One is that declines in property value directly map to declines in property tax revenue. Property tax rates in New York City are quite high, and the base rate for most one-"]
[2.9195804595947266, 16.58702278137207, "ts are somewhat higher in low-income areas, this simply reflects that low-income households have more limited ability to access other sources of funding if their resources become constrained. As such, the ability-to-pay literature has found that once"]
[2.8698196411132812, 16.536331176757812, "ke-up rates for homes without mortgages and homes out- side the current high-risk flood zone are approximately 30 percent. Even absent pre- mium increases, the take-up rate among this latter group is likely to drop over time for two reasons. First, t"]
[2.8185765743255615, 16.555744171142578, "ffective FIRM is likely to increase from approxi- mately 30 percent to 70 percent as the flood zones and premiums move from those in scenario B to those in scenario G. That is, these households will now be subject to the mandatory purchase requiremen"]
[2.8917856216430664, 16.538410186767578, "se by $22 million. We estimate the mortgage default rate will increase by 50 percent to 1.5 percent of homes with mortgages per year. Most of these defaults will be in the high-risk areas of the current FIRM. Some study areas, such as the Rockaway Pe"]
[3.0530903339385986, 16.680801391601562, "rently a member of the CRS, but is investigating whether it would make sense to join.\nThe first step to evaluating CRS eligibility entails a FEMA Community Assistance Visit (CAV); FEMA ini- tiated a CAV in New York City in 2015, and it is currently i"]
[3.069790840148926, 16.7891788482666, "to a flood insurance affordability strategy in this report. That topic warrants further study.\n individuals or businesses presumably have too many assets to justify assistance\nfor flood insurance premiums.\n2. Coverage levels. The outcomes for each de"]
[3.0563807487487793, 16.777132034301758, "ned households estimated in Chapter Two (Table 2.9).\nFlood Insurance Affordability Program Options 89\n 90 The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nTable 6.2\nNumber of One- to Four-Family Households in Owner-Occupied Properties b"]
[3.0596401691436768, 16.741491317749023, "f the risk of increasing flood insurance premiums. Incorporating the gradual\n4 Other New York City housing assistance programs such as the New Housing Opportunities Program, Mixed- Income Program, Taxable 80/20, and Coop Housing Program provide benef"]
[3.0940475463867188, 16.819194793701172, " less than 165 percent of AMI would receive benefits from the program. When flood insurance premiums without the program are equal to those in premium scenario B, households receive $33 million in premium subsidies annually. The average flood insuran"]
[3.0645174980163574, 16.79526710510254, " to $13 million. It then increases as the participation rate rises.\nTable 6.4\nDesign 1: Enrollment and Program Cost Under Different Program Participation Assumptions\nFlood Insurance Affordability Program Options 93\n Participation Rate\n2016 flood insu"]
[3.0606863498687744, 16.782955169677734, "olds in study area that are housing burdened\nWithout the program\nWith the program\nAnnual program cost\nScenario B (2007 FIRM with Pre-FIRM Rates)\n31,700 9,700\n22,000\n23%\n22% $33 million\nPremium Scenario\nScenario E (PFIRM, with Grandfathering and No Pr"]
[3.0820109844207764, 16.80236053466797, "e\n80% premium\n50% of AMI 165% of AMI\n31,700 (28,800\u201334,600)\nMore Broadly Targeted Program\n70% premium\n80% of AMI 165% of AMI\n31,700 (28,800\u201334,600)\n$34 million (27\u201340)\n9,700 $13 million $2,100\n$720 0.87\n0.81\n22,000 $21 million $1,900\n$940 0.22\n0.20\n "]
[3.061075210571289, 16.861652374267578, "00 $62,000\n$93,000 $128,000 (50% of AMI) (80% of AMI) (120% of AMI)(165% of AMI)\nHousehold income\n(Percentage of AMI for a three-person household)\nRAND RR1776-6.4\nhouseholds. Figure 6.4 shows the PITI ratio for three hypothetical households, first wh"]
[3.074583053588867, 16.80451774597168, "hreshold is 0.4 and the program eligibility cutoff is 165 percent of AMI.\na 95-percent confidence intervals in parentheses.\nTable 6.7 reports the costs, enrollment, and impacts of the housing burden\u2013based flood insurance affordability program depicte"]
[3.0715248584747314, 16.79939079284668, "would be without the program (not shown in table).\nTable 6.10 shows the outcomes for a more narrowly targeted program and a more broadly targeted program. In the more narrowly targeted program, the PITI ratio threshold is increased to 0.5 and program"]
[2.934338092803955, 16.64626121520996, "nts coverage. If instead of buying a policy with a $2,000/$2,000 deductible, the property owner bought a policy with a $10,000/$10,000 deductible, the premium would be 20 to 25 percent lower.9 Figure 6.5 shows the benefit structure when there is a lo"]
[3.0300087928771973, 16.75601577758789, "ncial loss.\n Figure 6.5\nSubsidy Structure for Deductible Subsidy\nFlood Insurance Affordability Program Options 103\n Maximum deductible reimbursement\n$16,000\n  RAND RR1776-6.5\n$62,000 (80% of AMI)\n$128,000 (165% of AMI)\nHousehold income\n(% of AMI for "]
[3.066141366958618, 16.796733856201172, "utoff is 165 percent of AMI.\na 95-percent confidence intervals in parentheses.\nTable 6.12\nDesign 3: Enrollment and Program Cost Under Different Program Participation Assumptions\n Participation Rate\n2016 flood insurance take-up rates (36% and 50%)a\n50"]
[3.0228326320648193, 16.749135971069336, "ent of AMI) to finance the mitigation measures.13 To ensure that a mitigation measure pays off over time, we require the present value of the premium reductions to exceed the cost of the mitiga- tion measure. We refer to such mitigation measures as c"]
[3.0266988277435303, 16.75784683227539, "mine the number of properties for which the mitigation measure is fea- sible and whether the household is eligible for the program. For example, basement infill is only feasible for structures with basements, and households are only eligible for a gr"]
[2.967332601547241, 16.70922088623047, "mitigation measure (further discussed in this section).\nWe examine the impacts of structure mitigation under two different premium scenarios: scenarios B and G. Pre-FIRM rates and grandfathering have been removed from scenario G, so scenario G is pre"]
[2.883902072906494, 16.618999481201172, "dations do not depend on the location of M&E, so this mitigation measure is not cost-effective for this type of struc- ture. For structures with basements, lower premiums are available if the M&E is raised out of the basement. For enclosures and craw"]
[3.0172247886657715, 16.75714683532715, " and allowing pre-FIRM rates. As can be seen from the first row of the table, some type of mitigation is feasible, and the household passes the income test (income less than 165 percent of AMI) for a substantial share of the 42,600 owner-occupied pro"]
[3.032139301300049, 16.777225494384766, " loans depends on the distribution of household income for each structure type. For example, it turns out that grants are provided for all 190 structures that are elevated, which means that income of all these households is less than 80 percent of AM"]
[3.052384853363037, 16.79288673400879, "e Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nTable 6.17\nDesign 4: Mitigation Grants and Low-Interest Loans\u2014Program Outcomes with Full Participation Using Premium Scenario G (2015 Rate Schedule with No Grandfathering, No Pre-FIRM Rates"]
[3.0312423706054688, 16.794031143188477, "nd the flood risk indicated by the PFIRM, is $120 million (see last row of Table 6.5) and is reproduced in the first row of Table 6.18. The second row shows the present value of the subsidy when there is no mitigation. The subsidy continues only as l"]
[3.0480995178222656, 16.76875114440918, "higher.\nSummary of Findings\nThis chapter has examined different approaches for providing assistance to households that have difficulty paying flood insurance premiums. Five designs were developed and their performance modeled. Table 6.19 pulls togeth"]
[3.035428285598755, 16.783283233642578, " Program\na Benefit Cost with Full Participation\nmitigation cost; large premium reduction flood risk exceed $600 Benefits of reduced\n$10,500\n$31 million\n0\n190\nStructure elevation\n          Affordable Flood Insurance Beneficiaries Flood Insurance Unaff"]
[2.9877681732177734, 16.726484298706055, "cent of AMI.\nWhile moving to risk-based rates under the PFIRM increases the number of structures for which mitigation is attractive, it also increases the number of households that are housing burdened and the costs of the subsidy-based designs (desi"]
[2.8342177867889404, 16.553752899169922, "d losses. Replacement cost is greater than building coverage for about 45 percent of the structures with flood insurance.\nUsing a definition of housing burden based on the PITI ratio, flood insurance is currently burdensome for approximately 11,000 ("]
[2.824326753616333, 16.54405975341797, "e impacts of shifting from premiums that are based on the 2007 FIRM and current FEMA pricing practices to premiums that are based on the PFIRM and the elimination of grandfathering and pre-FIRM rates. We found that newly mapped properties will see th"]
[3.0076260566711426, 16.717227935791016, " for relatively few structures given the 2007 FIRM and the 2015 NFIP rate schedule.\nThe mitigation measures become considerably more attractive assuming risk- based rates based on the PFIRM. For example, the number of households eligible for a struct"]
[3.024031400680542, 16.43370246887207, "cess that was used to extrapolate from the study sample to all one- to four-family properties in the study area.\nSampling Approach\nSample Frame\nThe sample frame includes 48,089 one- to four-family structures in the high-risk zones of the PFIRM (the s"]
[3.0915255546569824, 16.376096725463867, " first stage, a minimum sample of 200 structures was drawn from each of the six study subareas. The minimum size of 200 structures at the first stage was selected so that, with a 25-percent response rate, a two-sample t-test comparing the mean afford"]
[3.13362717628479, 16.41090202331543, "ing as percentage of income \u2264 25\n> 25.1 and \u2264 35\n> 35\nWater depth in flood that occurs with a 1% annual change (in feet)\n\u22641\n> 1 and \u2264 2 > 2 and \u2264 3\n> 3 and \u2264 4 >4\nCount Percentage of Total\n2,800 100%\n358 13% 267 9% 293 10% 578 21% 435 16% 869 31%\n1,2"]
[3.0714714527130127, 16.413928985595703, "he property owner will be kept strictly confidential and the names of properties owners or the addresses of properties participating in the study will not be shared directly with the city.\nBoth the website and the invitation letters indicated in mult"]
[3.085193157196045, 16.36328887939453, "nable additional phone- based outreach to encourage participation in the study. The list obtained included phone numbers for 78 percent of the properties in the sample set. Calls were made to property owners who had not responded to the initial two i"]
[3.050217628479004, 16.39038848876953, "s that resulted from the extensive recruitment efforts are shown in Table A.3.\nFigure A.3\nFlood Insurance Fact Sheet Provided to Study Participants\nSurvey Methods 133\n RAND RR1776-A.3\n134 The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City"]
[3.0412349700927734, 16.385759353637695, "ricane Sandy (NYC Build It Back, undated[b]).\nAs can be seen from Table A.4, properties in the STAR program, with a flood insurance policy, and in the Build It Back program are all more likely to complete the survey as well as to complete the survey "]
[2.9867942333221436, 16.439817428588867, "1.0005 for weights for properties with completed surveys and 1.0153 for weights for properties with com- pleted surveys and ECs.\nThe design effect for the study (mean of squared weights divided by [mean of weights]2) is 1.45.\n For Study Sample\nMinimu"]
[2.923961639404297, 16.434797286987305, "sehold\n\u2013 B25119e3: median income of renter-occupied household.\n\u2022 FEMA effective FIRM for New York City (2007 FIRM database), with an effec- tive date of September 5, 2007, was downloaded from the FEMA Map Service Center. The database contains informa"]
[2.90873122215271, 16.414331436157227, "the HAG and LAG were assigned to each parcel polygon.\nCalculate Maximum Flood Zone and BFE from Preliminary and 2007 FIRMs for Each Parcel\nEach parcel was assigned the maximum flood zone from the effective FEMA FIRM database and the preliminary FEMA "]
[3.1468558311462402, 16.381206512451172, " to speak English for the popula- tion 5 years and over,\u201d was downloaded at the census-tract level and analyzed. The top three languages besides English were identified per census tract. Then the census tracts with the initial 1,400 study addresses i"]
[3.0665876865386963, 16.4067440032959, " as subsequent mailings and telephone outreach, online questionnaire completion, scheduling the EC surveys, gift card mailings, and overall study progress. These fields were maintained throughout the study as specific study activities (e.g., mailings"]
[3.04435658454895, 16.418954849243164, "ally exported into spread- sheets set up for specific additional activities. This included the creation of phone track- ers for use by outreach teams and trackers for door-to-door canvassers.\nDoor-to-Door Maps\nAs described in Appendix A, study outrea"]
[3.0837013721466064, 16.79714012145996, "Geodatabase 145\n146 The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City\nprogram. The Build It Back database contained BBLs, so a first pass match was made using the BBLs. However, because of the presence of multi-address parcels (e.g., coo"]
[3.1197166442871094, 16.83437156677246, "82,900 $93,250\n$103,600 $111,900 $120,150 $128,500 $136,750\nMiddle (165% of AMI)\n$99,700 $113,950 $128,200 $142,400 $153,850 $165,200 $176,650 $188,000\nUpper Cutoff for Income Category\n   SOURCE: \u201cIncome Limits,\u201d undated.\nNOTE: The New York, New York"]
[3.0350725650787354, 16.73451042175293, "d Program Participation (SIPP), 2008 Panel, Wave 10 (U.S. Census Bureau, undated[c]). Net worth is defined as total assets less total liabilities. Annual wages for each income quintile are calculated by the authors using SIPP 2008 Panel, Wave 10. We "]
[3.04630184173584, 16.744731903076172, "argely driven by the principal and interest components, which we exam- ine as total mortgage expenditure. Table D.1 estimates that just more than one-quarter of households have no mortgage. Households in the high-risk flood zone that have a mortgage "]
[3.0290563106536865, 16.73636817932129, "ts do vary with income, others do not. Households with more income do tend to purchase more expensive houses, and hence tend to spend more on principal, interest, and property taxes. However, other costs associated with homeownership, such as utiliti"]
[3.0424630641937256, 16.750062942504883, "00 43.0% 3,500 8.2% 1,200 2.8% 600 1.4%\nPercentage of household income spent on property taxes\n0% < x \u2264 3% 3% < x \u2264 6% 6% < x \u2264 10% 10% < x\n7,900 18.3% 16,700 38.6% 10,100 23.4%\n8,500 19.6% Percentage of household income spent on utilities\n0% \u2264 x \u2264 5"]
[2.944662094116211, 16.666614532470703, "ble D.2\nFraction of Income Spent on PITI and Utilities by One- to Four-Family Households in Study Area, Owner-Occupied Residences Only\n Number of Percentage of Households Households\n95% Confidence Interval\n   NOTE: These values are based on a\nmay not"]
[2.855846405029297, 16.627107620239258, "ilding coverage\n33% In 2,800 sample, with < $250,000 166 in building coverage and contents\ncoverage\n SOURCE: Coverage amounts are taken from the 2016 NFIP policy database. Mortgage balance is taken from the property owner survey and reflects mortgage"]
[2.784907341003418, 16.465333938598633, "Rate Type and Parameters\nNon-elevation-based rates NFIP rate table\nFlood zone Structure type Occupancy Residency\nElevation-based rates in AE zones NFIP rate table\nFlood zone Structure type Number of floors Elevation difference M&E\nElevation-based rat"]
[2.7239596843719482, 16.48043441772461, " premium) for\nother policies\n1 The NFIP rating schedules always assume that contents are distributed throughout single-family residences.\n2 The base premium for PRPs is specified in the NFIP manual for the combination of building and contents\ncoverag"]
[2.744913101196289, 16.470874786376953, "e used to calculate the premium in scenario D (2015 rate schedule, PFIRM, with grandfathering, and with pre-FIRM rates):\nStep 1: Step 2:\nStep 3: Step 4:\nStep 5:\nAssign PR6 to each structure.\nAssign PR4 to the structure if the structure is a pre-FIRM "]
[2.7126057147979736, 16.46283721923828, " (see boxed cells). The model predicted well on average for all three different rating methods: PRP, non-elevation-rated, and elevation-rated.\nThere was more variation in the difference between the projected premium and the PMF premium for the elevat"]
[2.7471396923065186, 16.4558048248291, "or VE B, C, and X\nTotal\nFlood Insurance Premium Model 165\n     154 0 3 157 0 1 0 1 18 1 114 133 172 2 117 291\n SOURCE: Based on 291 properties in a selected sample with a completed EC and building coverage in 2016.\n4 It could also be the case that pr"]
[2.7321317195892334, 16.454133987426758, "de crawlspace is misclassi-\n7 3 5%\n712% 59% 24% 59% 24% 24%\n  Table E.6\nComparison of Structure Type\nBuilding Type According to EC Completed for Study\nFlood Insurance Premium Model 167\n  Structure Type\nAccording to 2016\nPolicy Master File Basement\nBa"]
[2.73008131980896, 16.48362159729004, " cumulative loss history will receive an annual 25% rate increase until they reach full- risk (elevation-rated) rates. An insurance agent must make that determination.\nAll other buildings will have annual rate increases of no less than 5% and no more"]
[2.754335880279541, 16.468385696411133, "ing.\nIf a post-FIRM policy lapses, it will need to show again that it was built in compliance.\nTable F.2\u2014Continued\nRating Option and Scenario\nConversion\nOn a revised FIRM, property is no longer determined to be in a high-risk flood zone (e.g., its fl"]
[2.972362995147705, 16.668582916259766, "rough several steps to ensure data quality. First, we check to make sure the reported monthly payments, if repeated for 30 years, would pay off the reported mortgage balance. For the small number of households that do not pass this test, as well as o"]
[2.873854637145996, 16.602624893188477, " insurance prices with flood insurance prices from the 2016 NFIP PMF. For households reporting that all insurance pay- ments were included in their mortgage, this value is $0. If other households did not report a value for expenditure on insurance no"]
[2.777722120285034, 16.624616622924805, "chased for 30 years. Under these assumptions, the equation for PV when moving from scenario B to scenario G is\n29 scenario G annual price \u2013 scenario B annual price\nPV = \u2211 t=0\n.\n(1.04 )t where t is time from the present in years.\nEconomic Effects Mode"]
[2.8589134216308594, 16.566442489624023, " the current loan-to-value ratio increases. Gyourko and Tracy (2014) find similar results using more recent FHA insured mortgage data, but we use values from Wong, Fong, and Sze (2004) because they cover a broader range of current loan-to-value (CLTV"]
[2.987328052520752, 16.493894577026367, " income and housing costs were only asked when the property was the primary residence of the owner. An asterisk at the end of a question indicates that the question was mandatory.\n179\n180 The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City"]
[3.008708953857422, 16.435367584228516, "et for Residential Properties, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RTR-468- FEMA, 2007. As of March 15, 2017:\nhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR468.html\nDixon, Lloyd, Noreen Clancy, Bruce Bender, Aaron Kofner, David Manheim, and Laura "]
[3.001288890838623, 16.531208038330078, "ortgage Default,\u201d Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 80, March 2014, pp. 87\u201396.\nHorton, Radley, Christopher Little, Vivien Gornitz, Daniel Bader, and Michael Oppenheimer, \u201cNew York City Panel on Climate Change 2015 Report Chapter 2: Sea Level Rise and "]
[2.9497151374816895, 16.34833335876465, "lient-neighborhoods/canarsie.page\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cEast Shore Neighborhoods,\u201d nyc.gov, undated(b). As of March 22, 2017: http://w w w1.nyc.gov/site/planning/plans/resilient-neighborhoods/east-shore.page\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cGerritsen Beach,\u201d nyc.gov, undated(c). As of March 2"]
[2.999507427215576, 16.654577255249023, "ber 1988. As of April 6, 2017:\nhttps://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oai-04-88-01280.pdf\nU.S Department of Housing and Urban Development, \u201cMortgage Credit Analysis for Mortgage Insurance on One- to Four-Unit Mortgage Loans (4155.1),\u201d hud.gov website, March"]
[2.947136878967285, 16.540571212768555, " might increase premiums and analyzes the potential consequences of those increases on households and communities.\nIt also develops and evaluates several different approaches for assisting households that have difficulty affording flood insurance. Th"]
[4.901724338531494, 13.856234550476074, "  CORPORATION\nInjury and Illness\nSurveillance of U.S.\nAgricultural Workers\nAssessment of Recommendations and Actions Ramya Chari, Amii M. Kress, Jaime Madrigano\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1500\n Published by the R"]
[-0.41307932138442993, 13.587916374206543, "ability, and water resource man- agement and coastal protection. Program research is supported by government agencies, foun- dations, and the private sector. This program is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a division of the RAN"]
[4.882234573364258, 13.831254959106445, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nCHAPTER FOUR\nProject Approach: Criteria Development and Assessment of Actions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Criter"]
[4.847657680511475, 13.801015853881836, " . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\nReferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61\nFi"]
[4.863466262817383, 13.818257331848145, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.4. PolicyScale........................................................................................\n4.5. Timing Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[4.9291605949401855, 13.8839750289917, " . . . . . .\n43\n44 . 45 . 47\n48 . 52\n. 52 .58\nSummary\nAgriculture remains one of America\u2019s oldest and most valued industries, but it is also one of the most hazardous. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Survey of Occupational Injuries "]
[4.885343551635742, 13.839228630065918, "alth and Safety, \u201c2014 Fact Sheet: Childhood Agricultural Injuries in the U.S.,\u201d Marshfield, Wisc., 2014.\n6 NIOSH, \u201cAgriculture, Forestry, and Fishing,\u201d web page, last updated July 11, 2017.\n  ix\nx Injury and Illness Surveillance of U.S. Agricultural"]
[4.874352931976318, 13.828041076660156, "d information on planned allocation of resources within the AgFF Program, for the costs and resources criterion, we presented general estimates and a descriptive assessment of implications. For each action, we calculated average scores across criteri"]
[4.885915756225586, 13.84000015258789, "ity of the Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey by extending the sample to include labor aggregators.\n4.2: Collaborate with the National Agricultural Worker\u2019s Survey to field a supplementary module targeted at children who work as hired farmworkers o"]
[4.892597198486328, 13.846653938293457, "1.1: Develop definitions and taxonomy\n5.2: Evaluate sources of surveillance data\n3.1: Field the National Agricultural Worker\u2019s Survey and hired worker survey\n4.1: Improve validity of the Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey\n8.2: Monitor alternative a"]
[4.930129528045654, 13.884594917297363, "al thanks to our reviewers, John Mendeloff (University of Pittsburgh) and Christopher Nelson (RAND), who provided valuable and insightful comments that strengthened the report.\n xiii\nAbbreviations\nAg Center AgFF BLS CAIS CDC CIPSEA CWCS DOL EPA\nETA F"]
[4.9363908767700195, 13.890785217285156, "f Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII), in 2015, almost 36,000 farmworkers engaged in animal and crop production experienced an injury event (5.8 per 100 full-time workers).5 An estimated 1,900 farmworkers suffered an illness event (31.8 per 10"]
[4.926869869232178, 13.881087303161621, " of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Agricultural Injury and Illness Surveillance\nSome of the agricultural injury, illness, and fatality statistics cited above are the outputs of large and sophisticated data collection eff"]
[4.913882732391357, 13.866069793701172, "nd Surveillance Activities at NIOSH\nThe mission of NIOSH, established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, is \u201cto develop new knowledge in the field of occupational safety and health and to transfer that knowledge into practice.\u201d15 NIOS"]
[4.938769340515137, 13.893717765808105, "Law 101-517, Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appro-\npriations Act, 1991, November 5, 1990.\n18 Bureau of Economic Analysis, \u201cRegional Data: Annual State Personal Income and Employment; Full-Time and"]
[4.894460678100586, 13.850008010864258, " on adult farmers and farmworkers (\u226520 years) on all farms\nPopulation-based injury survey (NASS) focused on adult farmers and farmworkers (\u226520 years old) on minority- operated farms\nPopulation-based injury survey (NASS) focused on nonfatal injuries t"]
[4.920936584472656, 13.87520980834961, "e awareness of farm-related risks to children culminated in NIOSH establish- ing the National Childhood Agricultural Injury Prevention Initiative in 1996.24 Through the initiative, the AgFF Program has supported a wide range of activities to decrease"]
[4.914085388183594, 13.867237091064453, "he National Children\u2019s Center (NCC) for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety.27 Through the Ag Centers, NIOSH has grown regional capacity to address agricultural safety and health issues. As shown in Table 1.1, given the diver- sity of farming op"]
[4.981173038482666, 13.934865951538086, "ula- tions by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) under the Occupa-\n27 NIOSH, \u201cCenters for Agricultural Disease and Injury Research, Education, and Prevention,\u201d web page, last updated October 3, 2017.\n28 National Research Council"]
[4.974509239196777, 13.92791748046875, "included inpatient and emergency department records, pre-hospital care reports, and death certificates. In addition, electronic news sources were reviewed for their potential as a supplemental source of agricultural fatality reporting.\nTitle: Surveil"]
[4.9305620193481445, 13.885249137878418, "atest estimates from the 2015 Farm Labor Survey, about 45 percent of the nation\u2019s farms employ fewer than 11 hired workers (this estimate does not include migrant, seasonal, or unpaid workers).32 In addition, 88 percent of U.S. farms are classified a"]
[4.93237829208374, 13.8867769241333, "nomics, the agricultural industry has also witnessed declines in injuries and illnesses across child and adult worker populations. According to data from the Child Agriculture Injury Survey (CAIS), from 1998 to 2012, the rate of childhood agricultura"]
[4.9319748878479, 13.886922836303711, "ultural workforce and decline in injury and illness rates, led NIOSH to\n37 NCC, \u201c2014 Fact Sheet: Childhood Agricultural Injuries in the U.S.,\u201d Marshfield, Wisc., 2014.\n38 BLS, \u201cIndustry Injury and Illness Data,\u201d web page, last updated May 10, 2017 ("]
[4.898167610168457, 13.852360725402832, "mmendations for improvement: (1) establish strategic goals for improvement in lead- ership, administration, and evaluation; (2) develop a cohesive program that provides national leadership in agricultural, forestry, and fishing safety and health; (3)"]
[4.896796703338623, 13.851329803466797, "of this report is to provide NIOSH with a practical assessment of the feasibility and desirability of carrying out actions to meet surveillance-related recommendations given current AgFF Program resources and priorities. Many actions for meeting reco"]
[4.888383388519287, 13.84274673461914, " This chapter focuses on the identification of recommendations and the development of actions and introduces the final list of actions we considered in the assessment.\nThe 2012 AgFF Program panel review offered numerous points of guidance for activit"]
[4.8991875648498535, 13.85356616973877, "ort\n  Theme\nTheme 1: Define and characterize agricultural worker populations at risk\nTheme 2: Review ongoing or new data sources for injury and illness surveillance among agricultural workers\nTheme 3: Analyze, report, and communicate surveillance fin"]
[4.906836032867432, 13.86241626739502, " in recommendation 5, we added\nPress, 2008; National Occupational Research Agenda Agricultural, Forestry, and Fishing Sector Council, National Agricul- ture, Forestry, and Fishing Agenda: For Occupational Safety and Health Research and Practice in th"]
[4.881719589233398, 13.835782051086426, "sources for use in surveillance), which was not included in the panel report, because of (1) overall need for such an assessment, as evidenced by sources beyond the panel report, and (2) as a complement to action 5.1 (evaluation of the NASS sur- veys"]
[4.880566596984863, 13.834540367126465, "ving specific actions.\n 17\n18 Injury and Illness Surveillance of U.S. Agricultural Workers: Assessment of Recommendations and Actions\nTable 3.1\nActions by Implementation Mechanism\nAction Description\nActions achievable through extramural funding mecha"]
[4.848292827606201, 13.80019474029541, "creased collaboration between funder and awardee, the principal investigator will still ultimately drive the direction of research based on the objectives defined in the original proposal. A potential solution would be to issue a contract. Contracts "]
[4.823596000671387, 13.777432441711426, "ry. In 2014, NIOSH issued a funding opportunity announcement (FOA) under the U01 cooperative agreement mechanism to conduct research related to agricultural injury and dis- ease.2 The FOA noted that any application that focused on occupational safety"]
[4.871485233306885, 13.825079917907715, "sks and time frames needed to either fully complete the action or ensure that implementation results in meaningful impacts. The satisfactory version refers to our estimation of tasks and time frames that may result in lesser (compared with the ideal)"]
[4.875336647033691, 13.829392433166504, "oyment and migration; earnings, benefits, and worksite characteristics; health, safety, and housing; and income and assets, social services, and legal status. NIOSH has worked with DOL since 1999 to add injury modules to the NAWS.6\nBecause of the NAS"]
[4.842654705047607, 13.79586410522461, "n an as-needed basis or on request.\nTable 3.5\nImplementation Plan for Actions Achievable Through Direct NIOSH Action\n  Action\nAction 6.1 Action 6.2\nOverall Mechanism\nDirect action Direct action\nPartnerships\nPossible Resource Capability Partners Partn"]
[4.851620197296143, 13.803953170776367, "the data from the team assessment and the expert input to develop final cost ranges.\n 23\n24 Injury and Illness Surveillance of U.S. Agricultural Workers: Assessment of Recommendations and Actions\nTable 4.1\nSummary of Approaches for Estimating Costs\nA"]
[4.842982769012451, 13.796107292175293, " timeline estimates.\nPartnerships\nThe two scales presented in Tables 4.2 and 4.3 were used to rate actions on the partnership criterion for resource and capability partner scenarios. The scales cover a range of partnership scenarios that incorporate "]
[4.8395490646362305, 13.79280948638916, "ners, and is avail- able in forms that are relevant and usable is critical for the accomplishment of actions and asso- ciated recommendations. The scale in Table 4.3 was used to rate actions on the information availability and accessibility criterion"]
[4.839302062988281, 13.792068481445312, "thin a reasonable time frame (e.g., zero to two years); see Table 4.5.\nEstimates for timelines were developed similarly to cost estimates. For actions achievable through extramural funding mechanisms, we again used similar projects as benchmarks to d"]
[4.8545989990234375, 13.80777359008789, "In 2016, after completion of the research phase of this project, NIOSH developed a framework for prioritizing research through an assessment of burden (what is the magnitude and severity of the problem and the societal costs), need (why is it importa"]
[4.8476152420043945, 13.800661087036133, "e high quality (e.g., collected regularly, have standardized protocols, have large geographic and population coverage, and allow for subgroup inferences) and are useful for many purposes but do not perfectly address the specific action.\nInformation c"]
[4.818747520446777, 13.772424697875977, "ome potential for negative impact that could be mitigated through precautionary steps (e.g., robust training and data safeguards).\nAction would moderately decrease the utility of existing information or create minor barriers to access.\nAction would n"]
[4.89667272567749, 13.851003646850586, "imitations of each associated action using the assessment criteria as a framework (costs and other resources, partnerships, information availability and accessibility, policy, timing, program surveillance goals and priorities, information quality, an"]
[4.866418361663818, 13.8203763961792, "ill vary according to worker characteristics (e.g., age and gender), geographic location of operations, commodity specialization (e.g., fish farm, cereal crops, and type of livestock), and the specific tasks that are performed. Furthermore, the repor"]
[4.848438739776611, 13.801945686340332, " award. We estimated a\nTable 5.1\nAction 1.1\u2019s Implementation Plan\n Action\nAction 1.1\nExtramural Mechanism\nContract\nResource Partner\n\u2014\nCapability Partner\nAg Centers, research organizations\nResources\n$150K\u2013$250K\nTimeline\n5 months for initiation; 1\u20131.5-"]
[4.9345526695251465, 13.889137268066406, "ther than injury and illness esti- mations, it is uncertain how relevant an ideal classification system might be in practice.\n1 National Occupational Research Agenda Agricultural, Forestry, and Fishing Sector Council, National Agriculture, For- estry"]
[4.931432723999023, 13.886139869689941, " States, with most cropland on farms of at least 1,100 acres and many farms five and ten times that size.8 Clearly, the trend in U.S. agricultural production has been to shift away from small farms to very large farms and nonfamily farms. Consequentl"]
[4.874962329864502, 13.828354835510254, "e farmwork- ers\u2019 vulnerability, the panel report recommended focusing on hired farmworkers as a priority for surveillance efforts. Action 3.1 addresses this recommendation.\nAction 3.1. Collaborate with the NAWS to field supplementary modules on occup"]
[4.881979465484619, 13.835688591003418, "an injury module to be added to the NAWS for a three-year period. The prior interagency agreement specified a sample size of 1,500 at a cost of approximately $700,000. We assumed that an increased sample size would be required in future years to gene"]
[4.902869701385498, 13.85679817199707, "yed in any occupation on a farm owned or operated by their parents (or people standing in place of their parents).13 Given their engagement in farm operations and lower experience or skill level, children in agri- culture may face the same hazards af"]
[4.863185882568359, 13.817358016967773, "gricultural Workers: Assessment of Recommendations and Actions\nCapability partners: This action pertains specifically to partnership with USDA on the CAIS. Because NIOSH does not itself administer the survey, USDA retains the capabilities necessary f"]
[4.873251914978027, 13.82702350616455, "echanisms, and data processing techniques. Because the CAIS is based on NASS survey procedures, the col- lected data are considered to be high quality.\nAction impacts: Improved representativeness would increase the utility of CAIS data; however, ther"]
[4.884836196899414, 13.838949203491211, " collected if resources are provided. Overall, data are technically available and acces- sible, but there are resource barriers to actually obtaining the data.\nPolicy: Interagency agreements may require lengthy lead time and coordination to accommoda"]
[4.889821529388428, 13.844565391540527, "ssed for their utility in injury and illness surveillance for agricultural worker populations (e.g., federal agricultural and occupa- tional health surveys, state occupational health surveillance systems, trauma registries, death registries, claims d"]
[4.849825859069824, 13.803659439086914, "ons would be made for improvements and a strategy forward. See Table 5.5.\nResource partners: Potential partners for this action may include institutions that cham- pion certain data sources for broad-based use, such as NIOSH\u2019s CWCS. Workers\u2019 compen- "]
[4.8837432861328125, 13.837064743041992, "r information. The high-end estimate includes the low-end estimate tasks and, in addition to the evaluation, would involve obtaining data from the most-promising sources. This would enable a comparative analysis of injury and illness estimates, and t"]
[4.8989338874816895, 13.853367805480957, "ultural worker safety and health risks\nNIOSH has traditionally used grouped five-year age cohorts for children and youth (e.g., younger than ten, ten to 14, 15 to 19). The 15\u201319-year-old aggregation, however, includes individuals who would not be sub"]
[4.88557767868042, 13.83970832824707, "e needed data, different kinds of analyses could be performed. Therefore, given the uncertainty regarding how this action might\nTable 5.6\nAction 6.1\u2019s Implementation Plan\nOverall\nAction Mechanism Resource Partner Capability Partner Resources Timeline"]
[4.8926568031311035, 13.846484184265137, "tely developed and tar- geted. NIOSH has released demographic data indicating whether children are hired or unpaid (family members).24 According to NIOSH, it would be difficult to release existing data on children who are self-employed, given the sma"]
[4.878942012786865, 13.832733154296875, "ion). Reports that lack details on these con- texts limit the ability to accurately define vulnerable groups and identify potentially hazard- ous work settings. Including these descriptions in reports will enable optimal comparability of surveillance"]
[4.882169246673584, 13.836702346801758, "s action.\nProgram surveillance goals and priorities: NIOSH AgFF Program leadership consid- ered this action to be an important priority.\nInformation quality: The ability to carry out this action depends on the overall qual- ity and completeness of th"]
[4.875057220458984, 13.828937530517578, "develop means for data- sharing and communications).\nCost and resources: Ongoing partnership development will result in uncertain costs, so we do not present fixed estimates. Internal NIOSH resources should be expended to develop a strategy, however,"]
[4.8922295570373535, 13.846527099609375, "ns for human health (zoonosis, water contamination, and other environmental changes). In addition to sug- gesting that NIOSH monitor the impact of these new systems on health and safety, the panel recommended that the NCC monitor developments and dev"]
[4.871383190155029, 13.824786186218262, "n availability and accessibility: Alternative animal production systems are relatively new and evolving rapidly. There are hypotheses\u2014e.g., increased risk of zoonotic dis- eases from so-called free-range livestock\u2014about the potential injuries and ill"]
[4.842685222625732, 13.796157836914062, "ls and priorities, information quality, and action impacts.\nOverall, we found that direct-action and extramural funding mechanisms tended to show higher overall achievability than did actions that depended on partner capabilities for imple- mentation"]
[4.840845584869385, 13.794559478759766, "y\n8.1: Partner for zoonotic disease\nMechanism Cost per Year\na Duration Achievability Feasibility Desirability\n(years) Score\nScore Score\n4.20 3.67\n3.60 4.67\n3.40 4.67\n3.20 4.00\n3.20 3.67\n3.00 3.33\n3.00 3.33\n EXF $150K\n$170K 1\nEXF $175K\n$160K 5\nPART $1"]
[4.821390628814697, 13.77408218383789, "00 (1.1)\n $2,000,000 (4.2, 8.1)\n       Desirability\n5.0\n4.5\n4.0\n3.5\n3.0\n2.5\n2.5 3.0 3.5\n Feasibility\nNOTES: Cost estimates are shown for the satisfactory version of the action. Action 8.1 had the same feasibility and desirability scores as action 4.2"]
[4.8347554206848145, 13.786579132080078, "acts. Action items will need to be evaluated individually to ascertain whether the ideal version would need to be implemented. For instance, to properly evaluate the potential value of exist- ing data sources for injury and illness surveillance (acti"]
[4.859551429748535, 13.812856674194336, "ons based on average desirability score are the following:\n\u2022 3.1: Collaborate with the NAWS to field supplementary modules on occupational health outcomes among hired farmworkers and perform specific analyses on variability of risk.\n\u2022 4.1: Improve th"]
[4.853172779083252, 13.806792259216309, "orkers within these systems.\nEach of these actions would be achieved through a partnership mechanism and, therefore, tended to have lower feasibility scores. In particular, each of these three actions had a low score (2) in the category of informatio"]
[4.893844127655029, 13.848769187927246, "validity of the CAIS PART 4.2: NAWS, child injury survey PART 8.1: Partnerships for zoonotic disease PART\nNOTE: EXF = extramural funding; PART = partnerships.\nEstimated Total Cost\n$150K $250K $350K $350K\n$500K\n$800K ~$1 million\n\u2014\n\u2014 \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n Version\nSati"]
[4.885950565338135, 13.840188980102539, "rred in spite of challenges that the program has faced in instituting a comprehensive agricultural injury and illness surveillance program over the years. These challenges include the diversity of the agricultural industry itself; changing injury and"]
[4.839431285858154, 13.7928466796875, " addition, NIOSH could choose to pursue one or two actions that are considered highly impactful but also high in cost and low in feasibility. Resources would be targeted to building partnerships or gather- ing the resources necessary to enhance the f"]
[4.970031261444092, 13.923462867736816, "Fishing Safety and Health Research (U01),\u201d funding opportunity announcement, April 10, 2014. As of March 10, 2016: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PAR-14-175.html\nDepartment of Labor, Child Labor Requirements in Agricultural Occupations U"]
[4.9312005043029785, 13.885066032409668, " \u201cA Proposed Classification Code for Farm and Agricultural Injuries,\u201d American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 83, No. 5, 1993, pp. 736\u2013738.\nNational Children\u2019s Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, \u201cNational Children\u2019s Center for Rural"]
[4.9318647384643555, 13.885499954223633, "dc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/naws/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAgricultural Safety: National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS); Hired Crop Worker Injury Rate Tables,\u201d web page, last updated May 12, 2017. As of August 30, 2017: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/naw"]
[4.949841022491455, 13.903471946716309, "ewDocumentInfo.do;jsessionid=F154BA78C7C50C021C8CA9 24EDB72FD5?documentID=1063\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, 2007 Census of Agriculture: U.S. Summary and State Reports, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C., 2009. As of March 10, 2016:\nhttp://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2007/Full_"]
[13.807717323303223, 4.736971855163574, "  For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1775-1\n Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9793-4\nPublished by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. \u00a9 Copyrig"]
[18.600383758544922, 12.574357986450195, " Maltreated children fare worse than their peers on many important outcomes within these domains. The effects can persist and have long-term consequences into adulthood, including reduced labor market productivity, increased involvement with the crim"]
[18.573383331298828, 12.602485656738281, "o young adulthood, manifested in numerous ways, including home- lessness, underemployment, criminal conviction, and substance abuse. Overall societal costs associated with child maltreatment may total $80 billion annually (Gelles and Perlman, 2012).\n"]
[18.57581901550293, 12.601140975952148, "ion lead to decreases in mal- treatment and improvements in young adult outcomes but do not affect the experiences of children who enter the system and result in small additional costs. Increases in treatment lead to improvements in system experience"]
[18.544584274291992, 12.634252548217773, "t events\nin the model (e.g., maltreatment, referral to the system, placement in foster home). The baseline model, therefore, is intended to represent the current situation. We then used the model to assess the average effects relative to baseline of "]
[18.58558464050293, 12.592716217041016, "the child welfare system, whether to emphasize in-home options or out-of-home placements.\nWhat Effects Do Individual Policies Have?\nTo understand the effects of individual policies, we estimated how\nthe quantity and quality of preventive services, fa"]
[18.596986770629883, 12.58073616027832, "s in the model, such as the Nurse-Family Partnership, have been shown to have a number of positive benefits for children and families beyond reducing the likelihood of maltreatment (Olds, 2006). These benefits include improved infant and child health"]
[18.596309661865234, 12.582893371582031, "reservation efforts led to changes in the young adult outcomes, with the largest changes when both quantity and quality of the policy were increased. The effects ranged from 0.4 to \u20139.8 percent for substance abuse, from \u20133.6 to \u201311.2 percent for crim"]
[18.60287094116211, 12.574834823608398, "that we considered achieves all these objectives.\nWe estimated the effect of a policy package that combined increases in preventive services and treatment in the form of support for kinship care. The results are summarized as a range for this combine"]
[18.589773178100586, 12.589373588562012, "ystem and their outcomes in young adulthood. Family preservation and kinship care efforts also lead to reductions in the overall cost of the system because they promote placements that are less costly than the other options (foster care or residentia"]
[18.56559944152832, 12.61378002166748, "mber of important improvements, including more-specific informa- tion on pathways through the system; better data on children\u2019s experiences in the system; and information on how the child welfare system interacts with other related systems, such as e"]
[18.578758239746094, 12.594955444335938, "hly engaged and provided invaluable input throughout the entire process. We are particularly grateful for her assistance in identifying and connecting us with experts to provide input into the model.\nSusan Gates, director of RAND\u2019s Office of Research"]
[18.583776473999023, 12.589956283569336, "m et al., 2017) and lifetime substantiated maltreatment at 12.5 percent (Wildeman et al., 2014). Child maltreatment has been linked with child and family characteristics, such as a child\u2019s age, race/ethnicity, gender, and special needs status (Sedlak"]
[18.579235076904297, 12.596457481384277, "protec- tive and negative effects of the child welfare system are intertwined with the effects of the maltreatment itself, making it difficult to sepa- rate them when looking at outcomes (Masten and Wright, 1998).\nOver time, the effects of maltreatme"]
[18.567310333251953, 12.609894752502441, " a mix of state and local funding (DeVooght and Cooper, 2013). This total likely does not include funding for all child maltreat- ment preventive services. The survey that generates these estimates asks about funding for these services provided at th"]
[18.56724739074707, 12.609427452087402, "el that estimates the average effect of implementing the policy in all jurisdictions across the country. To simulate the effect for a particular state or locale, the model assump- tions and data would need to be changed to better reflect the populati"]
[18.57453727722168, 12.604591369628906, "tment and detection component of the model until he or she leaves childhood.\nSystem Pathways\nThe child welfare system pathways component of the model represents the possible pathways through the child welfare system for a child whose suspected maltre"]
[18.573373794555664, 12.60687255859375, "of risk and protective factors ultimately influence how children fare over time. The outcomes are influenced by the circumstances that led to the maltreat- ment itself and, to some extent, the involvement with the child wel- fare system. At the same "]
[18.5703125, 12.608065605163574, "stimate the effect of implementing several different policy, program, or practice changes.\nThese steps are briefly described below and in greater detail in Appendix B, available on the project website (www.rand.org/ child-welfare-model).\nStep 1: Lite"]
[18.57178497314453, 12.607535362243652, "as poverty rate.1\nTo simulate the experiences of these children, we had to determine their chances of experiencing each of the many child welfare events and/or outcomes in our model. We pooled information from admin- istrative data, survey data, agen"]
[18.57147789001465, 12.606226921081543, "thood: underemploy- ment, homeless- ness, criminal conviction,\nand substance abuse.\nand Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) 2013 data set,\nas well as AFCARS reports 18\u201322. We also reference the National Survey\nof Child and Adolescent W"]
[18.572996139526367, 12.605537414550781, "he outcomes model, we estimated the consequences of these childhood experiences on the odds of four kinds of negative life outcomes in early adulthood:4 un-\n3 A typical goal for calibration is to get model outputs that are within the natural variance"]
[18.5732364654541, 12.605246543884277, "n how both risk and protective factors interact and the uncertainties about the causal pathways. However, it allows for an understanding of how child maltreatment and system involvement affect outcomes into young adulthood and beyond.\nStep 7: Simulat"]
[18.58924674987793, 12.587532997131348, "ltreatment (e.g., neglect and physical abuse); the estimates have been adjusted to account for this.\nEfforts to prevent maltreatment will also occur during this period. Collectively, our model estimates that prevention efforts, such as home visiting "]
[18.583694458007812, 12.593576431274414, "is made about whether a child will be kept in the home or placed in out-of-home care.\nLower-risk cases are generally provided in-home services and sup- ports, such as family preservation, parent education, safety planning, and counseling, or are refe"]
[18.58102798461914, 12.590921401977539, " in 2016 dollars. As recommended by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medi- cine (2016), we apply a discount rate of 3 percent to account for future costs.\n6 Homelessness is defined as spending at least one week as an individual wh"]
[18.596107482910156, 12.577106475830078, "eavy drinking, defined as typically consuming five or more drinks three times per week, and drug use, defined as use within the past year of cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, or heroin, but not tobacco, marijuana, or prescription drugs.\n  19\nBelo"]
[18.596046447753906, 12.576750755310059, "pproaches, home vis- iting is the most widely studied. A number of assessments have found associations between prevention approaches and reductions in the risk factors for child maltreatment. However, the evidence for reductions in child maltreatment"]
[18.598651885986328, 12.580713272094727, "e services lower maltreatment by 42%\n A: Increase quantity\n50% increase in preventive services\nSame as baseline (preventive services lower maltreatment by 30%)\n  C: Increase both quantity and quality\n50% increase in preventive services\nPreventive ser"]
[18.593595504760742, 12.586505889892578, " Detection, Percentage Change from Baseline\nScenario A \u20130.2%\nMaltreatment episodes\nReferrals to child welfare\nRAND RR1775x1-4.3\nScenario B \u20130.3%\nScenario C \u20130.6%\n       \u20131.4%\nprovided by other agencies or community-based organizations may not be incl"]
[18.601655960083008, 12.577735900878906, "entive services would reduce lifetime referrals by 0.6 percent relative to baseline.\nSystem Pathway. With fewer overall referrals, fewer children enter and flow through the system (Figure 4.4). In Scenario A, which increases only the quantity of prev"]
[18.60035514831543, 12.578632354736328, "he system. Across all the young adult outcomes, reductions range from 3.4 to 3.6 percent.\n\u20131.6%\n\u20131.5%\n\u20131.6%\n\u20131.6%\n\u20133.5%\n\u20133.4%\n\u20133.6%\n\u20133.6%\n 25\nFamily Preservation Services\nFamily preservation programs are designed to prevent out-of-home placements or "]
[18.634511947631836, 12.545075416564941, "eipt of supports and services for transition to adulthood\n A: Increase quantity\n10% increase in number of in-home placements;\n10% increase in family preservation services\nSame as baseline\n C: Increase both quantity and quality\n10% increase in number "]
[18.56704330444336, 12.611405372619629, "tion services are implemented significantly affects how children fare in terms of subsequent maltreat- ment and detection.\nIn our quantity scenario (A), the average number of maltreatment episodes increased 2 percent. The number of referrals for malt"]
[18.598058700561523, 12.581599235534668, " quantity of family preservation services\n 29\n FIGURE 4.9\nEffects of Family Preservation Scenarios on Costs, Percentage Change from Baseline\n+0.2%\nScenario A\nScenario B\nScenario C\n       \u20139.9%\n\u20139.1%\n\u20136.7%\n\u20136.2%\n\u201313.7%\n\u201312.7%\n   Prevention spending\nCh"]
[18.5953369140625, 12.583840370178223, "s themselves, home visiting, mentoring, counseling, respite care, and legal services (Lin, 2014). How and where services are offered varies significantly (for example, they can be peer to peer, provider-led, school-based, or community-based). Trainin"]
[18.62986946105957, 12.550223350524902, "ys through the system and have\n11 These services cumulatively reduce the risk of underemployment, substance abuse, criminal conviction, and homelessness by 31, 39, 47, and 73 percent, respectively.\n  32\n FIGURE 4.11\nEffects of Kinship Care Scenarios "]
[18.61672019958496, 12.563136100769043, " kinship care in the model (Table 4.4). The first, which focuses on quantity, results in a 50-percent increase in the quantity of funded preventive services and in the number of children placed with kin (Scenario A). The second option focuses on qual"]
[18.60257339477539, 12.579558372497559, "rio C will reduce referrals by 0.6 percent.\nSystem Pathway. Under the combined prevention and kinship care approach, increasing quantity will result in small decreases in investiga- tions (\u20130.3 percent) and substantiations (\u20131.3 percent) and an 8.3-p"]
[18.6253719329834, 12.554132461547852, "D RR1775x1-4.15\n FIGURE 4.16\nEffects of Combined Approach of Prevention and Kinship Scenarios on Outcomes, Percentage Change from Baseline\nScenario A\nHomelessness Underemployment Substance abuse Criminal conviction\nRAND RR1775x1-4.16\nScenario B\nScena"]
[18.601186752319336, 12.576233863830566, "e options that intervene at different points in the system and have been discussed by policymakers. The options work in different ways. Preventive services are designed to prevent child maltreatment from occurring and thus reduce the number of childr"]
[18.597251892089844, 12.58065128326416, "er workforce participation, and less reliance on public assistance.\nIncreasing preventive services requires new expenditures to provide services to more children. The increase is partially offset by reductions in spending on screenings, investigation"]
[18.59676742553711, 12.582005500793457, "system. Rather, for children who require a temporary out-of-home placement, the option seeks to increase the proportion placed with kin and provide services and supports to the kin caregivers to ultimately decrease time in care and increase the child"]
[18.57290267944336, 12.606805801391602, "objectives.\nLimitations\nOur approach has several limitations. The model provides a simplified representation of the child welfare system, which is extremely com- plicated. Building such a model requires many assumptions. In many cases, the available "]
[18.554500579833984, 12.628169059753418, "nt with arguments that AFCARS under- represents children who move between many temporary placements and age out instead of finding a permanent placement. However, it is difficult to say how much of the discrepancy represents real differences in the s"]
[18.567827224731445, 12.609832763671875, "hway through the child welfare system. Moreover, there is very little evidence that can help to disentangle the effects of maltreatment from the effects of system experience on outcomes. To address this problem, we augmented the information we found "]
[18.54493522644043, 12.635724067687988, "implement are made at the state and local levels, so a jurisdiction-specific model is likely more valuable for informing specific policy decisions. Adapting the model to specific jurisdictions would allow a number of import-\nant improvements, includi"]
[18.546892166137695, 12.628369331359863, "s of the child welfare system\nor subpopulations of children or families, this is the first attempt to integrate maltreatment risk, detection, pathways through the system, and consequences in a comprehensive quantitative model that can be used to simu"]
[16.885053634643555, 8.040090560913086, " Department of Health and Human Services, 2013.\nCourtney, M., A. Dworsky, J. Lee, and M. Raap, \u201cMidwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth: Outcomes at Age 23 and 24,\u201d Chicago, Ill.: Chapin Hall at the University of Chicago, 2"]
[16.820768356323242, 8.03641128540039, "y Connection Discretionary Grants, 2009-Funded Grantees Cross-Site Evaluation Report, Arlington, Va., 2013.\nJames Bell Associates, Profiles of the Active Title IV-E Child Welfare Waiver Demonstrations, Arlington, Va., 2016.\nJones Harden, B. J., \u201cSafe"]
[16.817766189575195, 8.033586502075195, "t, Saint Paul, Minn.: Wilder Research, 2012.\nOlds, D. L., \u201cThe Nurse\u2013Family Partnership: An Evidence\u2010Based Preventive Intervention,\u201d Infant Mental Health Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2006, pp. 5\u201325.\nOlds, D. L., J. Eckenrode, C. R. Henderson, Jr., H. Kit"]
[16.793527603149414, 8.05199909210205, "tration on Children, Youth and Families; Children\u2019s Bureau, Child Maltreatment 2014, Washington, D.C., 2016.\nWashington State Institute for Public Policy, Intensive Family Preservation Programs: Program Fidelity Influences Effectiveness\u2014 Revised, Oly"]
[11.344047546386719, 17.71175765991211, " JUSTICE, INFRASTRUCTURE, AND ENVIRONMENT\nAccess to Medical\nTreatment for Injured\nWorkers in California\nYear 1 Annual Report\nAndrew W. Mulcahy, Madeline B. Doyle, Rosalie Malsberger, Kandice A. Kapinos\nFor more information on this publication, visit "]
[11.376241683959961, 17.5784912109375, "ct to peer review and disseminated widely to policymakers, practitioners in law and business, other researchers, and the public.\nICJ is part of RAND Justice Policy within RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a division of the RAND Corporati"]
[10.3382568359375, 18.98421287536621, "............................................9 Overview of Approach ........................................................................................................................9 Data and Study Sample........................................"]
[10.300031661987305, 19.056901931762695, "............................................46\n iv\nAppendix A. Additional Tables.................................................................................................48 Appendix B. Statistical Code Used to Determine Provider and Service Ty"]
[10.293608665466309, 19.202552795410156, "s from Injury to First E&M Visit (in Any Setting), by Injury Year and\nBody Part or Condition......................................................................................................25 Table 5.3. Days from Injury to First Non-ED E&M Visit"]
[10.29849910736084, 19.198204040527344, "........................................48\nTable A.3. Number of Observations for Timeliness to Care\u2014First Non-ED E&M Visit, by Injury Year and Nature of Injury .......................................................................................49\n"]
[10.358271598815918, 18.79827308654785, "rocesses might have affected the decisions of some providers in terms of their interaction with WC patients and the WC system. Although this report is not an evaluation study of the direct impact of these changes, it is important to assess the variou"]
[10.333450317382812, 18.807607650756836, "experience (e.g., receipt of guideline-concordant care, aspects of obtaining an appointment and wait times, referral patterns). Finally, outcome measures reflect whether appropriate care was received and, ultimately, whether health was improved. Ther"]
[10.352097511291504, 18.924015045166016, "ative data offer an important but limited window into access to care for injured workers. These data can be used to calculate a range of measures related to access to care for injured workers, such as the number of providers who treat injured workers"]
[10.329739570617676, 19.00908088684082, "ges in WCIS data completeness. We also note that adjusting for multiple comparisons results in a loss of statistical significance for some of these trends.\n\u2022 We found an increase in the average number of claims per provider from 2010 to 2014 (from 47"]
[10.26375961303711, 19.138134002685547, "ge in physician incentives through the transition to a new resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) fee schedule for practitioner services as part of SB 863 changes, or some other factor. Further research is needed to investigate whether these red"]
[10.2989501953125, 19.186594009399414, "rage number of PCPs seen in the year following injury fell slightly, from 1.24 to 1.21, and was relatively similar across injury types.\nPathways of Care\nWe examined \u201cpathways of care,\u201d defined by the initial visit setting and provider type and up to "]
[10.400997161865234, 18.810579299926758, "r are related to, access to care for injured workers. In future reports, we will explore other measures, including provider-based measures and measures based on the network of providers. RAND is also separately conducting a study on the effect of the"]
[10.639167785644531, 18.578805923461914, "care and indemnity (e.g., wage-replacement) benefits to workers who suffer on-the-job injuries and illnesses. Injured workers are entitled to receive all medical care reasonably required to cure or relieve the effects of their injuries with no deduct"]
[10.418994903564453, 18.823440551757812, "Group, 2015). Although this report is not an evaluation study of the direct impact of any specific policy or other change, it is important to assess the various dimensions of access to care in the evolving policy environment to ensure that injured wo"]
[10.33098316192627, 18.835369110107422, "ating in the WC system and an analysis of MPN listings.\n 2\nOrganization of This Report\nThis report describes the access measures that we implemented in our monitoring analyses. There are three sets of interrelated analyses. The first set focuses on p"]
[10.346205711364746, 18.823572158813477, " Healthcare Quality and Research has devoted significant resources to better measurement (e.g., through the National Quality Measures Clearinghouse). Measures are often differentiated across three key elements: structures, processes, and outcomes (Do"]
[10.379884719848633, 18.874284744262695, "s, there are limits to the extent that outcome and structural measures related to access can be calculated from these data (Berenson, Pronovost, and Krumholz, 2013).\nThere are several congressionally mandated access studies about the California WC sy"]
[10.335992813110352, 19.23421859741211, ", when they saw them, and what kind of treatment or other health care services was provided. This information can be used to construct a map\u2014or a pathway\u2014to illustrate how an injured worker interacted with providers over time and may better reflect t"]
[10.42067813873291, 18.947599411010742, "hom the length of time between each visit was fewer than 31 days.\n7\nFigure 2.1. Pathway Framework\n   8\n3. Data and Methodology Overview of Approach\nThis report includes analyses of WCIS data to examine medical treatment provided from 2010 through 201"]
[10.332780838012695, 18.967851638793945, "entifier (NPI)\u2014during our study. The NPI can yield more-accurate counts of practitioners than TINs because each practitioner is assigned a unique NPI. The NPI field was, however, missing for many providers during our study period; as a result, we do "]
[10.289897918701172, 19.1929988861084, " with one or more of the qualifying visits within 12 months of injury. We define the first visit as\n\u2022 an E&M visit with any provider: This measure is defined as the number of days from injury to the earliest visit date in any setting\n\u2022 a non-ED E&M v"]
[10.419159889221191, 18.99094581604004, "jured workers. We cannot disentangle changes in the number of TINs over time caused by consolidation from decisions to treat or not to treat injured workers.\nThere are more-general limitations to using the WCIS medical data. First, not all WC claims "]
[10.306447982788086, 19.15005111694336, " 2014, only about 1.5 percent of the claims were with out-of-state providers, but this varied from year to year, ranging from 1.5 percent in 2013 and 2014 to 5.8 percent in 2008. For these claims, the median time between the injury date and first E&M"]
[10.235357284545898, 19.052814483642578, "ight increase using American Medical Association data and a slight decrease using Medical Board data (Coffman, Geyn, and Fix, 2017).\n 14\nFigure 4.1. Trend in Number of Providers Serving WCIS Patients\nSOURCE: Analysis of WCIS data from 2010 to 2014.\nN"]
[10.25677490234375, 19.06378936767578, "combined psychiatry and behavioral health into behavioral health because of overlap in specialty. Results reported here are similar when comparing the disaggregated means.\n 16\nTrends in the Number of Claims per Provider\nIn Table 4.2, we present the n"]
[10.262541770935059, 19.066301345825195, "0.35 10.71 11.05 13.02 13.26 146.65 148.07 157.45 166.94 178.06 49.46 53.70* 58.96 67.18 62.88 47.16 49.20 52.41 56.16 58.89\nChange (2014 Minus 2010)\n2.91 31.41 13.41 11.73\n       SOURCE: Analysis of WCIS data from 2010 to 2014.\nNOTES: We excluded pr"]
[10.256340980529785, 19.00535774230957, "70 87.66 535.91 437.81 710.87 981.53 13,85.19 1,452.50 99.21 99.72 365.84 397.10 394.07 416.62 484.39 505.59\n2013 2014\n191.51 214.72 150.09 149.68 188.21 200.33 219.75 216.96 27.02 25.09 160.92 182.60 815.61 865.30 184.60 135.23 149.11 124.58 519.60 "]
[10.278186798095703, 19.075008392333984, "thesiology $22,592*\n2011 2012\n$8,108 $8,331 $23,418 $27,009 $65,776 $62,564 $14,476 $13,508\n$9,868 $10,393 $13,105 $13,083 $50,495 $53,309\n$18,476 $20,593 $36,879 $41,777 $35,213 $33,759\n$5,243 $6,162 $124,165* $128,421\n$20,651 $17,816 $12,270 $8,462"]
[10.344167709350586, 19.11504364013672, "lts that are qualitatively similar to those reported in Table 4.6.\nThis analysis can identify changes over time in the mix of services utilized by injured workers, which may reflect changes in access. However, other changes, such as changes in clinic"]
[10.313970565795898, 19.233577728271484, "s\nE&M\nMedicine Laboratory/pathology Radiology\nSurgery\nOutpatient facility services\nAnesthesia\nDME\nProsthetics/orthotic devices\nOther/unknown\nInpatient hospital stays\nNumber of Injuries (denominator)\n2010\n174.47** 439.99** 503.08** 25.86** 175.59** 18"]
[10.299694061279297, 19.213939666748047, " Observations for Timeliness of Care Analysis, by Injury Year and Body Part or Condition\n             All Injuries\nLow-back pain\nShoulder injuries\nKnee injuries\nUpper-back and neck injuries All other injuries\n2010\n261,747 44,755 19,012 12,110 7,999 1"]
[10.295940399169922, 19.22645378112793, "t wait times increased more for shoulder, knee, and upper-back and neck injuries regardless of setting or provider. In any setting, median wait times for those injuries to have an E&M visit anywhere (even with ED visits excluded) increased from 3 day"]
[10.306474685668945, 19.20633888244629, "n Analysis, by Injury Year and Body Part or Condition\n8\n  76543210\nNorthern Region Southern Region Out of State Unknown 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014\n                         All injuries\nLow-back pain\nShoulder injuries\nKnee injuries\nUpper-back and neck i"]
[10.291557312011719, 19.246152877807617, "r injuries Knee injuries Upper-back and neck injuries\nAll other injuries\n1.21 1.21 SOURCE: Analysis of WCIS data from 2010 to 2014.\n1.24* 1.20* 1.18\n* Means in 2010\u20132013 are statistically significantly different from the 2014 mean in the same injury "]
[10.281383514404297, 19.227231979370117, " stable wait times\u2014two to three days with non-PCPs and three to four days with PCPs\u2014over the period of our study.\nThere was little geographic variation over time, with slightly shorter wait times in the southern regions. Injured workers who lived out"]
[10.266240119934082, 19.245140075683594, "n Table 6.2, we present the median number of days between injury and first visit (branch 1). Overall, there was little change in wait times across the different pathways over time, with most median waits between 0 and 1 days. However, the time from i"]
[10.267900466918945, 19.27902603149414, "did so four to five days later, with either a PCP or HOPD visit or a visit in another setting (pathways 4 and 5). The second follow-up (third branch) for injured workers who were first seen at a PCP visit tended to have the third visit within six to "]
[10.307252883911133, 19.346187591552734, "the most common. Patterns are similar using earlier years of claims data.\nWe also examined row percentages to understand, within a given pathway, which injury was most common (Table 6.7). Not surprisingly, the \u201cother\u201d injury category comprises the ma"]
[10.280226707458496, 19.240554809570312, " the ED are likely to have more encounters overall. However, among those who first saw a PCP for an E&M visit, then a specialist, and who then followed up again with a PCP (pathway 7), 99 percent saw more than one PCP in a year. On average, injured w"]
[10.280821800231934, 19.251249313354492, "ack 23.73\n18.47 23.44 16.59 16.57 8.54\nShoulder Knee\n12.21 5.06 12.25 4.95 9.97 5.34 7.12 4.02 8.24 4.73 3.85 2.42\nUpper\nBack/Neck Other\n4.81 54.18 4.59 59.74 5.90 55.34 2.64 69.63 2.50 67.95 2.32 82.86\n         SOURCE: Analysis of WCIS data from 201"]
[10.273438453674316, 19.23736572265625, "ician\u2019s office or HOPD. This was relatively stable over time.\nThe second visit for care was most often with a specialist or nonspecialist, with a third visit with a PCP. Having the first visit in an ED occurred in only about 10 percent of injuries, w"]
[10.299229621887207, 19.039337158203125, "pists (increased by 554 providers) and other (increased by 670 providers).\nFewer providers does not necessarily mean less access, however, if there was inappropriate care in earlier years. Studying this was beyond the scope of our analysis.\nUtilizati"]
[10.266737937927246, 19.22633934020996, "jury\nImproving or declining access to care among injured workers could result in changes in the observed volume of or payments for services, particularly in the first year after injury.\nFor most service categories, utilization within 12 months of inj"]
[10.386895179748535, 18.966415405273438, "investigation, we do not know whether these are primarily first aid visits, for which no billing was generated, or whether there was underreporting of initial medical visits.\nWe also note that the measures of access to care that we examined are not e"]
[10.334000587463379, 18.97199249267578, " to require that the Doctor\u2019s First Report of Occupational Injury or Illness be filed electronically with DWC. In addition, the Labor Code was revised to require DWC to develop a system for electronic reporting by employers of documents related to ut"]
[10.305305480957031, 19.236059188842773, "94 16,240 9,476 6,259 126,101 193,270\n2014\n43,921 20,305 11,437 7,758 159,450 242,871\nTotal\nSOURCE: Analysis of WCIS data from 2010 to 2014.\n 48\nTable A.3. Number of Observations for Timeliness to Care\u2014First Non-ED E&M Visit, by Injury Year and Natur"]
[10.206859588623047, 19.228422164916992, "11,895\n2,269\n8,593 44,567\n5,438\n3,784 56,178 503 27,668 359 25,888 4,913\n4,062\n10,936\n2,324\n8,665 41,314\n5,588\n3,507 53,514 588 26,375 301 25,471 4,330\n3,891\n11,187\n2,415\n8,434 44,835\n6,085\n3,742 56,393 607 27,274 364 26,274 4,655\n4,471\n7,863\n3,601\n7"]
[10.431324005126953, 18.705490112304688, "an Workforce Data Book, Washington, D.C., November 2011. As of August 21, 2018: https://www.aamc.org/download/263512/data/statedata2011.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCalifornia Physician Workforce Profile,\u201d 2015. As of August 21, 2018: https://www.aamc.org/download/4471"]
[10.385602951049805, 18.73393440246582, "-\n hospital-settings-than-in-other-clinical-locations\n Donabedian, A., \u201cEvaluating the Quality of Medical Care,\u201d The Milbank Memorial Fund\n Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 3, 1966, pp. 166\u2013206.\n Haddad, S., and K. Mohindra, \u201cAccess, Opportunities and Communi"]
[11.048558235168457, 18.210325241088867, ", Workers\u2019 Compensation: Benefits, Coverage, and Costs, Washington, D.C., October 2017. As of August 17, 2018: https://www.nasi.org/sites/default/files/research/NASI_Workers%20Comp%20Report%2020 17_web.pdf\nCare Consumption,\u201d\n2018:\n55\n, May 2015.\n Pet"]
[13.750036239624023, 6.146152973175049, "  CORPORATION\nA Community-Based, Focused-Deterrence Approach to Closing Overt Drug Markets\nA Process and Fidelity Evaluation of Seven Sites Jessica Saunders, Allison J. Ober, Beau Kilmer, Sarah Michal Greathouse\nFor more information on this publicati"]
[13.85051441192627, 4.3741326332092285, "their experiences. It should be of interest to decisionmakers considering new approaches to addressing overt drug markets and those assessing whether this intervention affected crime and other outcomes in these jurisdictions.\nThe RAND Justice Policy "]
[13.736818313598633, 6.261841773986816, "....................... 5 Police Crackdowns ............................................................................................................................... 5 Beyond the Traditional Crackdown............................................"]
[13.741113662719727, 6.277925491333008, "................................................................... 32 Step 1: Crime Mapping and Defining a Narrow Target Area ............................................................ 32 Steps 2\u20133b: Steps Leading to Candidate Identification......"]
[13.73124885559082, 6.27558708190918, "....................................................................... 51 Implementation of Steps After the Call-In ............................................................................................. 51 Step 8: Increasing Enforcement in th"]
[13.732136726379395, 6.232558727264404, "......................................................................................................... 11 Figure 3.1. Geographic Representation of Seven Sites................................................................. 14 Figure 3.2. Implemen"]
[13.72998332977295, 6.261016368865967, "hese efforts.\nBJA originally had planned to support the training of 12 sites across two training cohorts of six sites each; however, there was much less demand for the training than anticipated. The training and technical assistance (TTA) providers e"]
[13.735079765319824, 6.27634334564209, "vations they developed, barriers they encountered, and how well the sites adhered to the BJA model they were exposed to during the training (i.e., fidelity). Process evaluation data collection occurred primarily from March 2011 through April 2012 (so"]
[13.73420238494873, 6.276219367980957, "ed and recruited individuals to fill each of the recommended four core roles on the team. During the planning phase, teams varied in how regularly they met, ranging from weekly to monthly. Barriers in the planning phase included difficulty in transla"]
[13.734652519226074, 6.277620792388916, "e and heal damaged relationships. Sites employed a combination of activities to engage community members in the intervention, including community meetings, meetings with community leaders, community events, developing and administering community surv"]
[13.729240417480469, 6.266789436340332, " continues to communicate with the community personally or through newsletters, meetings, etc., and follow up with the B-listers to ensure that they are not reoffending. Second, on the community side, community members organize and exert their own in"]
[13.733308792114258, 6.272709369659424, "rtment, there were challenges because it was initiated at the managerial level; as a result, team members were hesitant to act because they were unsure of support from police department leadership. The Lake County initiative ultimately failed because"]
[13.727560997009277, 6.268064022064209, "ffice and the Gary Police Department. During and after the transition, the team stalled and was not able to move forward with completing the targeting phase. In New Orleans, scandals within the police department led to a change in leadership. During "]
[13.733414649963379, 6.189464569091797, " and Heather Perez. Also, we would like to acknowledge former team members Robert Davis and Greg Ridgeway, who worked on this piece, and Jim Burgdorf and Russell Lundberg for contributing to the literature review. Additionally, we would like to exten"]
[13.732871055603027, 6.2115159034729, "on with police enforcement activities (Caulkins, 1993). In response to these challenges, another approach to addressing overt drug markets has been to implement a drug market intervention (DMI).\nThe goals of the DMI approach\u2014borrowed from the \u201cpullin"]
[13.721403121948242, 6.266209125518799, "d Wong, 2009). After the call-in, the DMI team facilitates community mobilization and the formation of strong informal social control, such as formation of neighborhood watch groups and other activities that serve to lower tolerance for drug-dealing "]
[13.732858657836914, 6.259293556213379, "o attend the training sessions; sites were not provided with any additional funding for implementation.\nFigure 1.1. Evaluation Logic Model\n Program Elements Short-Term Intermediate Long-Term Inputs Outcomes Impact\n       Preparing for the Interventio"]
[13.74034309387207, 6.160795211791992, "aluation, including the study settings and the methods used. Chapters Four through Eight present the results of RAND\u2019s process evaluation for each of the five phases, and Chapter Nine presents a discussion of our findings and implementation lessons l"]
[13.744221687316895, 6.077961444854736, "at reducing drug crimes and eliminating drug markets, and, if these methods were effective, whether they were worth their cost in terms of community disruption and the damage to policy-community relations\n(Sherman, 1998; Aitken et al., 2002). Some ar"]
[13.758146286010742, 6.1212968826293945, "Furthermore, retailers innovated with new forms of distribution that made cannabis dealing more visible in other areas of the city while market participants engaged in violent struggles for market share.\nKennedy and Wong (2009) note that typically af"]
[13.730871200561523, 6.206780910491943, " punishment and deter crime (McGarrell et al., 2006).\nAnother key insight in the development of new deterrence approaches is that a large portion of crime is committed by a small number of persistent offenders whose habits may be known and potentiall"]
[13.730067253112793, 6.244959354400635, "nnedy, 2009) who are determined not to tolerate overt drug dealing and help prevent it from reoccurring (McGarrell, Corsaro, and Brunson, 2010). To improve the relationship between law enforcement and the community, the DMI involves an effort to exam"]
[13.72844409942627, 6.233581066131592, "ommunity, while the police and prosecution maintain the evidence against the B-listers and obtain unsigned arrest warrants to be used as leverage to encourage the B-listers to stop dealing drugs.\n\u2022 Phase III, which is concurrent with Phase II, involv"]
[13.733529090881348, 6.236104488372803, "age to the B-listers and non-DMI\u2013involved potential replacement dealers. During this time, the police develop a relationship with the community, demonstrating their commitment to improving the quality of life and preventing the overt market from re-e"]
[13.704872131347656, 6.1806254386901855, "ion with law enforcement and internal motivation to comply with the law (Hawdon, Ryan, and Griffin, 2003; Lind and Tyler, 1988; Meares, 2000; Meares, 2008; Tyler, 1990; Tyler, 2004). Police legitimacy has been found to be particularly important in th"]
[13.745259284973145, 6.255417346954346, "f the police.\nWhile building more-positive relationships with the community, the DMI also seeks to increase community capacity to begin to exert informal social control to prevent the market from reemerging. Programmatic elements that promote this in"]
[13.7269287109375, 6.255018711090088, "evaluations of the efforts in Nashville Providence, Rockford, and Winston-Salem, suggest that the effort reduced crime (Corsaro, Brunson, and McGarrell, 2009; Corsaro and McGarrell, 2009; Frabutt et al., 2009; Kennedy and Wong, 2009; McGarrell, Corsa"]
[13.73671817779541, 6.243464469909668, ", pharmaceutical pills, and\nmarijuana\n347,965 Heroin and crack cocaine; some powder cocaine,\nmarijuana, and prescription pills\n96,790 Crack cocaine and marijuana\nDrug Sale Methods in the Target Drug Market\nExport*/Local** Market: Heroin buyers predom"]
[13.738667488098145, 6.268854141235352, "ea in northwest Flint, about one square mile, referred to as Flint\u2019s Second Ward. By and large, the area consists primarily of single-family homes populated by a mix of owners and renters, with a few gas stations and fast-food restaurants. Nine in te"]
[13.736445426940918, 6.193769454956055, "e St. Johns River, the city is a major military and civilian deep-water port. The local economy is based on services such as banking, insurance, health care, logistics and tourism. Of its more than 500 neighborhoods, those with ongoing poverty and hi"]
[13.755236625671387, 6.219691753387451, "scussions among the team members began to delineate the boundaries of a target area for the project using data on drug and violent crime complaints, and began to identify areas where they could get cooperation from neighborhood residents.\nLake County"]
[13.816540718078613, 6.149641513824463, "place.\n 18\nshape and size\u2014and their residents stand in sharp contrast to the otherwise suburban, pastoral surroundings of Damascus, which consists of large, single-family dwellings along wide, tree- lined streets. Of the total 5,010 occupied housing "]
[13.743856430053711, 6.2161760330200195, "ften in darkness, which also aids criminal activity; law-abiding citizens are fearful of walking in the area. In addition to the established drug market, the area is experiencing problems with illegal dumping of tires, copper theft, open and abandone"]
[13.735193252563477, 6.264312267303467, " United States\u2014that is, jurisdictional teams consisting of at least one member of local law enforcement, one prosecutor, someone from the social service sector, and one influential community member\u2014who were interested in implementing a program inspir"]
[13.739755630493164, 6.272555351257324, "four trainings were structured to allow time for the following:\n\u2022 brief overview and update of current site activities\n\u2022 spotlighting of local DMI efforts by the host site\n\u2022 team meetings\n\u2022 meetings of functional or like discipline groups\n4 The BJA T"]
[13.760360717773438, 6.288502216339111, "n because of frequent variability in implementation procedures across sites (Harachi et al., 1999; Dusenbury et al., 2003).\n22\nProcess evaluation contributes to an understanding of the relationship between program elements and program outcomes (Barth"]
[13.749553680419922, 6.285401344299316, "aspects of the program and/or overcame implementation barriers.\nThe RAND team collected data from a number of sources using a variety of methods (e.g., site visits, interviews with all of the team members, and observation of BJA trainings). The team "]
[13.731637954711914, 6.276675701141357, " barriers to implementation. RAND also maintained regular communications with BJA TTA provider staff from MSU on site progress. Because multiple TTA sessions were held over a period of years, RAND also received input from the trainers on implementati"]
[13.73681926727295, 6.272214889526367, "sessment of planning phase fidelity at each site, and describe planning barriers and innovations.\nForming Teams, Assessing Readiness\nDMI teams should consist of at least one member of law enforcement, one prosecutor, one member of a social service ag"]
[13.730201721191406, 6.2768402099609375, "o recruit other team members. In Montgomery County, a city council member suggested the DMI program to the county chief of police. After researching the possibility of adopting the program, the Montgomery County Police Department became enthusiastic "]
[13.73233699798584, 6.2721052169799805, "tings\nWeekly\nBiweekly\nMonthly initially; dropped off\nBiweekly initially; dropped off\nMonthly\nMonthly\nBiweekly\n        Site\nFlint, Mich.\nGuntersville, Ala.\nJacksonville, Fla.\nLake County, Ind.\nMontgomery County, Md.\nNew Orleans, La.\nRoanoke, Va.\nOn Or"]
[13.732090950012207, 6.273576259613037, "osecutor, community service organization, community member) were identified and recruited. As a result, progress in planning for areas outside law enforcement was delayed and the team had difficulty gaining the full support of a social service agency"]
[13.733108520507812, 6.266049385070801, " during the planning phase was the procurement of MOUs with the social service providers. Both Flint and Lake County decided to formalize these relationships and formally outline the responsibilities of the community service providers.\nKey Points on "]
[13.723943710327148, 6.2268171310424805, "ll relied on crime analyses to select a narrowly defined target area. In Flint, for example, the team examined crime data and chose the area within the city that contained the highest number of serious crimes, but did not identify a discrete drug mar"]
[13.731841087341309, 6.269626617431641, "ed from an ongoing narcotics racketeering investigation in the Hoffman Triangle area of the 6th district. From the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) investigation, officers had been working to document drug dealers in the Hoffman "]
[13.732444763183594, 6.274697303771973, "teria for inclusion on the A-list or the B-list were fairly similar across the sites. Most sites agreed that, to be on the B-list, individuals must not have a violent criminal history and no felony or gun charges on their criminal record. There were "]
[13.730855941772461, 6.276139259338379, "s. The Roanoke police reported difficulty in finding informants to participate in drug purchases; the team ended up developing special operations to catch drug buyers and turning them into informants.\n\u2022 Police forces played varying roles in building "]
[13.731334686279297, 6.270584583282471, "ters had gone on to commit more serious offenses and were not eligible for the B-list within a year of the start of the targeting phase.\n** Did not complete the targeting phase.\nFidelity ratings were determined as follows:\n\u2022 high fidelity: used crime"]
[13.746403694152832, 6.289417266845703, " undecided about how to conduct the investigations. The prosecutor\u2019s office wanted to use undercover officers, rather than confidential informants, but the police department argued that its manpower resources were stretched too thin to devote officer"]
[13.757655143737793, 6.289385795593262, "ing the target area, with four teams relying on a formal analysis of local crime data (as prescribed in the training model), one using calls for service, and others taking a more strategic approach, such as targeting the only areas with high crime, o"]
[13.737954139709473, 6.279551982879639, " the intervention, including community meetings, meetings with community leaders, community events, community surveys, and door-to-door contact with residents (see Table 6.1). All but one of the sites that passed the targeting stage conducted at leas"]
[13.728074073791504, 6.2794060707092285, "proximately one year before the call-in. The team held a second community meeting in the month before the call-in. The official Flint website also contained information about the program\u2014which changed names several times over the course\n40\nof a few y"]
[13.739409446716309, 6.276895999908447, "rs and leaders of community organizations. Several smaller meetings with community leaders were subsequently held to garner support for the program, but no further community meetings with residents have been held. Many sites also gave media interview"]
[13.75312614440918, 6.304527759552002, " Activities; Fidelity to the Model\nAssigned a Mentor/Resource Coordinator to B-Listers\n  Flint, Mich. No\nGuntersville, No Ala.\nMontgomery No County, Md.\nRoanoke, Va. Yes\nWorking with the Community Phase Barriers and Innovations\nBarriers. Some sites h"]
[13.734456062316895, 6.2764739990234375, "munities\u2019 perceptions of drugs, crime, and the police changed after the intervention.\nKey Points on Working with the Community\n\u2022 Of the sites that moved toward a call-in, most conducted activities to mobilize the community and engage them in the proc"]
[13.732022285461426, 6.27541446685791, "s chapter, we discuss site preparation for the call-in, including A-lister arrests and prosecutions, notification of candidates, and conducting the call-in. We then provide our assessment of call-in phase fidelity and describe barriers and innovation"]
[13.732515335083008, 6.278010368347168, "able to notify all offenders and/or their families eventually, and when it came time to hold the call-in, most B-listers at each of the sites attended.\nSites used varying approaches for notifying family members (see Appendices E and F for Roanoke\u2019s r"]
[13.732047080993652, 6.275826454162598, "sized that the B-listers had an opportunity to avoid the same fate.\nMessage. The message presented was also generally the same: B-listers were informed that the criminal justice system was aware of their drug-dealing activities and had sufficient evi"]
[13.733686447143555, 6.276812553405762, "te drug and alcohol screenings. The screenings were never enforced, but the team included this requirement in the hope that the threat of potential testing would deter the B-listers from using.\nIn Guntersville and Montgomery County, the B-listers wer"]
[13.731030464172363, 6.2769999504089355, "\n  Sites\nFlint, Mich.\nNumber of Community Members in Attendance\n~95\nPresentation of Evidence\nSeparate from community; a stack of B-lister files at front of room; were not shown evidence unless requested\nPlanned to show videotaped evidence but during "]
[13.734638214111328, 6.2761311531066895, "market from re-emerging. It consists of two main efforts: one from law enforcement and one from the community. On the law enforcement side, the target area receives additional services, manpower, and prioritized calls for service. Law enforcement pre"]
[13.728381156921387, 6.2694830894470215, "eighborhoods, generally for a period of at least three months, which included both additional personnel and attempts to buy drugs. Only Flint was unable to dedicate any additional enforcement efforts in the targeted area, because of budgetary issues."]
[13.73538589477539, 6.281748294830322, "ildren, a basketball camp sponsored by the Guntersville Police Department, and a follow-up resident meeting to update the community on intervention-related information. Finally, the Guntersville Public Library, located at the edge of the target area,"]
[13.7276029586792, 6.276296138763428, "no arrests were made in the yearlong follow-up period. In Montgomery County, there was a complaint made against one of the B-listers, but this individual had not been arrested in the year after the program.\nThree of the four sites did not assign a me"]
[13.731764793395996, 6.274481296539307, "e Flint\u2019s team conducted several community follow-up events, it was unable to secure funding for additional law enforcement or prosecutorial resources in the target area.\n54\nTable 8.1. Increased Enforcement Activities After Call-In; Fidelity to the M"]
[13.717765808105469, 6.289906024932861, "asketball camp, a book\n55\nclub, an after-school party, and a second park clean-up evening). A neighborhood watch that the police community relations group developed is also in the works.\nIn Flint, the team came up with an innovative method for monito"]
[13.728930473327637, 6.27966833114624, "than 100 Section 8 apartments. Team members held several meetings, and many of them focused on problems within the apartment complex, mainly its disrepair. They were able to get the management company to make a large number of physical changes to the"]
[13.730812072753906, 6.2750630378723145, "ms followed training model and should not be taken as judgments how well the teams performed or how effective the intervention and its components were across the sites. Below, we provide a brief summary of site-by-site implementation.\n Table 9.1. Sum"]
[13.725610733032227, 6.2660698890686035, " left for a new job.\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nMany of the obstacles New Orleans encountered focused on not getting enough support and involvement from higher-ranking NOPD officials. Although the initiative began in the police department, it began at a "]
[13.703957557678223, 6.30716609954834, "th the community. Moving forward, team members say they hope to continue to build on their community engagement and collaboration efforts with other community groups. Since the original implementation of the intervention, the Flint team has conducted"]
[13.70642375946045, 6.2767333984375, "d all but two A-listers received tough prison sentences. However, except for meetings held with management of the apartment complex, efforts to engage the community with formal meetings or events did not occur until after the call-in.\nDuring the call"]
[13.723211288452148, 6.259671688079834, "unity hot spot where they made constant patrols and created a relationship with residents. Finally, the Roanoke police began using license plate readers to identify the owners of outside vehicles in the neighborhood; police would then send the owners"]
[13.7273588180542, 6.239701271057129, " a case was related to the intervention, and the A-listers and B-listers who were caught violating the terms of their suspended cases were not sanctioned to the fullest extent, thus eroding program credibility.\nLesson Two: Participants should have a "]
[13.69980525970459, 6.241802215576172, "he authorization to move forward. As a result, the process of putting together candidate cases stalled. While political situations may not be easy to prepare for, teams should be aware of this issue, and if applicable, bring new leadership on board w"]
[13.727577209472656, 6.253055095672607, " (Rogers, 2002; Sales et al., 2006); and that cultivating \u201cchampions\u201d (i.e., well-respected individuals within an organization or community) who can serve as peer consultants and role models also can facilitate implementation and, ultimately, adoptio"]
[13.7091703414917, 6.254637241363525, "but there was still a commitment to putting most of the dealers on the B-list; for Southside the B-list share was 79 percent (22 of 28) and in East Side was 81 percent (26 of 32). The fifth DMI in Washington was an anomaly in High Point, with the B-l"]
[13.719461441040039, 6.2606120109558105, "DMI replications.3\nWith four of the five High Point DMI\u2019s having B-lister rates hovering around 75 percent and three of the four BJA sites with rates closer to 33 percent, variations could affect outcomes. The high rate of A-listers (and arrests) at "]
[20.79698371887207, 8.521832466125488, "onviction: Distribution of crack cocaine\n\u2212 Sentence: ten years; suspend all but 18 months, four years\u2019 supervised probation, stay\naway order\n3. Conviction: conspiracy for distribution of crack cocaine\n\u2212 Sentence: four years; suspend all but nine mont"]
[13.741372108459473, 6.277679443359375, "wing forms, which were used in the process evaluation:\n\u2022 Planning Phase Data Collection form\n\u2022 Targeting Phase Data Collection form\n\u2022 Community Organizing Data Collection Form\n\u2022 Call-In Data Collection Form\n\u2022 Post\u2013Call-In Data Collection Form\n\u2022 DMI M"]
[13.732634544372559, 6.275964260101318, "ght, their criminal histories, and ultimate case dispositions:\n  1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\nCharge         Felony convictions\nCase outcome\nSentence\n                                                  Did the team make an effort to get community members"]
[13.733201026916504, 6.275458812713623, "w many members of the community at large attended the call-in? _____________ Which social service providers were present at the call-in?\n1) 4)\n2) 5)\n3) 6)\nWho spoke at the call-in?\nProsecutor\nPolice\nSocial service providers\nCommunity leaders\nMembers "]
[13.73646068572998, 6.275169849395752, "__\nWas there a procedure established for regular reporting of broken street lights, trash, unkept yards, graffiti to appropriate city agencies?\nNo Yese\u0300For how long after the call-in was this procedure in place? _________________ 81\nDid the team publ"]
[13.769170761108398, 6.282315254211426, "s to implementation:\na. Identify target area using crime mapping.\nb. Engage the community.\nc. Survey police officers.\nd. Identify street drug dealers.\ne. Review street drug incidents.\nf. Conduct the undercover investigation.\n 84\ng. Establish contact "]
[13.753585815429688, 6.292504787445068, " to a meeting on at the located at . You will not be arrested. This is not a trick. You may bring someone with you who is important to you, like a friend or relative. I want you to see the evidence I have of your involvement in criminal activity, and"]
[16.69942855834961, 9.450803756713867, "ing/outdoor activities (Frisbee, basketball, croquet, horseshoes) 5:00\u20135:45 p.m. Dinner\n6:00\u20138:00 p.m. Conflict resolution/effective communication\n8:00\u20138:45 p.m. Mindfulness/journaling\n8:45\u201310:00 p.m. Personal hygiene and leisure time/subject-appropr"]
[13.696429252624512, 6.100155353546143, "nt Research, Vol. 11, 1996, pp. 12\u201335.\nBaumer, Eric P., Janet L. Lauritsen, Richard Rosenfeld, and Richard Wright, \u201cThe Influence of Crack Cocaine on Robbery, Burglary, and Homicide Rates: A Cross-City, Longitudinal Analysis,\u201d Journal of Research in "]
[13.717591285705566, 6.119867324829102, "icy, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2012, pp. 167-199.\nCorsaro, Nicholas, and Edmund F. McGarrell, An Evaluation of the Nashville Drug Market Initiative (DMI) Pulling Levels Strategy, East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, Drug "]
[13.71053695678711, 6.127383232116699, "holas Corsaro, and Edmund F. McGarrell, The High Point Drug Market Initiative: A Process and Impact Assessment, East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, 2010a.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, The High Point Drug Market Initiative: A Process a"]
[13.226439476013184, 5.607792854309082, "l of Criminal Justice and Security, Vol. 12, No. 4, 2010, pp. 397\u2013407.\nMeares, Tracey L., \u201cNorms, Legitimacy, and Law Enforcement,\u201d Oregon Law Review, Vol. 79, 2000, p. 391.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cThe Legitimacy of Police Among Young African-American Men,\u201d Marquette "]
[13.686707496643066, 6.091159820556641, "s it Help Reduce Violence? Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 1998.\nSaunders, Jessica, Russell Lundberg, Anthony Braga, Greg Ridgeway, and Jeremy Miles, \u201cA Synthetic Control Approa"]
[4.652606010437012, 8.085001945495605, " Autonomous Vehicle Technology\nA Guide for Policymakers\nJames M. Anderson, Nidhi Kalra, Karlyn D. Stanley, Paul Sorensen, Constantine Samaras, Oluwatobi A. Oluwatola\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr443-2 "]
[4.5111894607543945, 8.052916526794434, "rs and by the fees earned on client-funded research.\nThe RAND Transportation, Space, and Technology Program\nThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Transporta- tion, Space, and Technology Program, which addresses topics relating to trans"]
[4.976469039916992, 8.122944831848145, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Potential Effects on Traffic Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[15.04949951171875, 5.762645721435547, " . . . . . . . . . . NewYork(S4912).............................................................. Oklahoma (HB 3007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oregon (HB 2428) . ."]
[5.222896575927734, 7.8321852684021, "t-Range Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bluetooth........................................................................ Wi-Fi........................................................................"]
[5.151458740234375, 8.11041259765625, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Conclusion....................................................................... 108\nCHAPTER SEVEN LiabilityImplicationsofAutonomousVehicleTechnology........... 111 Tort Liability f"]
[4.943669319152832, 8.18821907043457, "njuries per Million Vehicle MilesTraveled....................................................... 13\n2.3. U.S. Roadway Fatalities per Billion Vehicle Miles Traveled . . . 14\n2.4. Relationship Between Roadway Speed and Roadway Throughput..............."]
[4.990808010101318, 8.174884796142578, " externalities,\u201d on other people. For example, every addi- tional driver increases congestion for all other drivers and increases the chance that another driver will have an accident. These externalities have been estimated at approximately 13 cents "]
[4.983116149902344, 8.171379089355469, " Level 3 or higher is likely to substantially reduce the cost of congestion, since occupants of vehicles could undertake other activities. These reductions to the costs of congestion will benefit individual AV operators. On the other hand, reductions"]
[4.980277061462402, 8.192537307739258, "ency of crashes is reduced, cars and trucks could be made much lighter. This would increase fuel economy even more.\nAVs might reduce pollution by enabling the use of alternative fuels. If the decrease in frequency of crashes allows lighter vehicles, "]
[5.036023139953613, 8.067155838012695, "V or the public\nSummary xvii\nxviii Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers\nmore generally. Such research would also be helpful in determining the optimal mixture of subsidies and taxes to help align the private and public costs and be"]
[5.089641571044922, 7.957771301269531, "se the environment, AVs use a combination of sensors, including lidar (light detection and ranging), radar, cameras, ultrasonic, and infrared. A suite of sensors in combination can comple- ment one another and make up for any weaknesses in any one ki"]
[5.192117214202881, 7.885538578033447, "enge for a technology widely available to the public.\nSoftware upgrades also could pose challenges, as they might need to be backward-compatible with earlier models of vehicles and sensor systems. Moreover, as more vehicle models offer autonomous dri"]
[5.018138885498047, 7.949269771575928, "hicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers\ndards for communications platforms within automobiles, along with issues pertaining to data security, data ownership, and privacy.\nStandards and Regulations\nGovernment regulations and engineering standards a"]
[5.175839900970459, 8.095191955566406, "turers to use technology for closer monitoring of driver behavior.\nPolicymakers could also take actions to reduce manufacturers\u2019 liability. Congress could explicitly preempt state tort law remedies, an approach that has some precedents. Congress coul"]
[5.005122661590576, 7.997218132019043, "xample, safety regulations and liability rules should be designed with this overarching guiding principle in mind. Similarly, this principle can provide some guidance to judges strug- gling with whether a particular design decision was reasonable in "]
[4.952003479003906, 7.99057674407959, "NHTSA NPRM NRC NTIA\nNTSB OEM RITA SAE U-NII V2I V2V VIN VMT\nGreenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation\nInternational Harmonized Research Activities working group on intelligent transport systems\nInsurance Institute for Hi"]
[5.006628036499023, 8.09306812286377, "Meeting and the Transporta- tion Research Board\u2019s Workshop on Road Vehicle Automation.\nIn the remainder of this chapter, we briefly define different levels of vehicle autonomy, explore why they merit the attention of policymak- ers, and enumerate que"]
[5.019418716430664, 8.048201560974121, "ironmental conditions, and in those conditions to rely heavily on the vehicle to monitor for changes in those conditions requiring transition back to driver control. The driver is expected to be available for occasional control, but with sufficiently"]
[4.98765754699707, 8.07300090789795, "ly, cars might share sensor information with nearby vehicles, which could provide an AV with more information on which to base its decisionmaking. While some have argued that connected vehicle technology will be central to achieving AV operation (KPM"]
[5.068328380584717, 8.021075248718262, "t run, and to fall about twice that in the long run, with a range of \u20131.0 to \u20132.0 (Lee, Klein, and Camus, 1999; Litman, 2012). This implies that as travel costs (time and expenses) reduce by 10 percent, travel is expected to increase: by 7 to 8 perce"]
[5.0483808517456055, 8.074716567993164, " blur the line between vehicle and driver, and DMVs are beginning to test and license AVs. State DOTs maintain and operate highway infrastruc- ture, and thus would be responsible for any investments in intelligent infrastructure or the creation and o"]
[4.9376444816589355, 8.17287540435791, " (e.g., Small and Kazimi, 1995; Delucchi, 2000; Parry, Wells, and Harrington, 2007; Michalek et al.,\n9\n10 Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers\n2011). These externalities include accidents, congestion, noise, air pol- lution, and gr"]
[4.950954914093018, 8.208797454833984, " 2011 (EPA, 2013a), so the social cost of CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles was nearly $41 billion annually.\nSomewhat confusingly, different externalities are estimated in dif- ferent ways. Impacts from air pollution, GHG emissions, and oil impo"]
[4.885488986968994, 8.194668769836426, "will be much higher if it is in a dense city. These estimates are based on data in the United States. The pat- tern of externalities will be different in other countries.\n The Promise and Perils of Autonomous Vehicle Technology 13\nbillions of dollars"]
[4.907172203063965, 8.168183326721191, "0 fatalities with much fewer VMT (BTS, 2013). And, similar to the injuries dis- cussed above, pedestrian casualties were a considerable portion of the total, more than 4,400 in 2011. So, light-duty vehicle operation poses a risk not only for other li"]
[4.94468355178833, 8.155502319335938, "kless\u2014and can increase avoidance of\n2 This is significant as more than 14,000 of the 32,000 roadway deaths in 2011 involved a single vehicle (BTS, 2013). Of course, driver error is still possible from other vehicles on the road that do not have autom"]
[4.97961950302124, 8.16552448272705, "e, are used to pro- vide on-demand paratransit services. The per-trip costs of these ser- vices are often three or more times those of fixed-route transit services (GAO, 2012). Level 4 automation could expand mobility and access at reduced costs. Whi"]
[4.9478983879089355, 8.189697265625, "KPMG and Center for Automotive Research, 2012)\u2014a driverless taxi system that over time replaces traditional taxi service, car-sharing programs, and possibly even transit lines. Driver- less taxis could offer the same on-demand, door-to-door convenien"]
[4.95436954498291, 8.200642585754395, " operating costs add another 21 cents per mile, including about 15 cents for gas, just under 5 cents for maintenance, and just over 1 cent for tires (note that the AAA data do not include the costs associated with tolls and parking, as these vary con"]
[4.992082118988037, 8.165595054626465, "on to the additional per-mile costs asso- ciated with depreciation, insurance, and the like, it is thus possible that reliance on driverless taxis could eliminate the fixed costs of auto\nThe Promise and Perils of Autonomous Vehicle Technology 21\nowne"]
[4.988121509552002, 8.15317440032959, "ral- purpose lanes slow to 15 to 20 mph. At the same time, the express lanes carry roughly double the number of vehicles per lane per hour as the congested general-purpose lanes (Obenberger, 2004).\nThe State Route 91 example illustrates how maintaini"]
[4.9994683265686035, 8.19046401977539, " 2.2.\nBased on the significant percentage of traffic congestion caused by crashes that AVs could help eliminate and the major improvements in throughput capacity they could enable, there is reason for optimism that the combined effects of these facto"]
[4.982280731201172, 8.185796737670898, "e other costs associated with congestion, such as reduced economic efficiency, where AVs could also have a positive impact.\nUnlike many of the other potential benefits of this technology, these benefits are realized by the user of the AV. Indeed, the"]
[4.984155178070068, 8.17286491394043, "his should increase the willingness of households, and possibly some firms, to locate farther away from the urban core. Just as the rise of the automobile in the 20th century led to the emergence of sub- urbs and ultimately exurbs by reducing transpo"]
[4.9877142906188965, 8.161259651184082, "d cars. At the same time, AVs could support even greater dis- persion of low-density development along the outskirts of major met- ropolitan areas given the ability of owners to engage in other activi- ties as vehicles pilot themselves. These effects"]
[4.97470235824585, 8.171086311340332, "e NRC estimated the potential fuel economy improvements to con- ventional vehicles between now and 2050 to be 130 to 250 percent\nThe Promise and Perils of Autonomous Vehicle Technology 29\nFigure 2.5\nAverage Fuel Economy of U.S. Cars and Light Trucks,"]
[4.961237907409668, 8.183378219604492, "hybrid cars, and autonomous cars (omitting light trucks) in Figure 2.6.\nHow Light Can We Make Vehicles If There Are Almost No Accidents? To move a vehicle, power is required to overcome inertia, rolling resistance (or \u201cthe street pushing back\u201d) and a"]
[4.925919055938721, 8.189323425292969, "y: A Guide for Policymakers\nFigure 2.7\nAverage Weight of U.S. Cars and Light Trucks, 1975\u20132012\n5,500\n5,000\nAverage vehicle weight (lb)\n3,500\n3,000\n2,500\n2,000\n1975 1979 1983\nSOURCE: EPA, 2013b.\nRAND RR443-2.7\n   Light truck weight (lb)\nCar weight (lb"]
[4.9621052742004395, 8.19533634185791, "ght reductions currently projected. These are substantial, projected as reductions of 20 to 25 percent by 2030 and of 32 to 50 percent by 2050 (NRC, 2013a). The successful deployment of Level 4 automation could then enable additional incremental weig"]
[4.971912384033203, 8.18161678314209, "e to travel the same range using batteries that are smaller, and thus cheaper. The improved drive cycles and congestion management from Level 2, 3, and 4 AVs would also allow for smaller batteries. This would reduce the overall cost for consumers, an"]
[4.967776775360107, 8.217479705810547, "tion GHG emissions, oil use, and conventional air pollutants (Samaras and Meis- terling, 2008; Michalek et al., 2011). Level 2, 3, and 4 AVs can hasten this transition, with Level 4 AVs also enabling radical redesigns of both electric vehicles and th"]
[4.951650619506836, 8.213367462158203, "T demand from new sources. These include the elderly, the young, those without driver\u2019s licenses, and those who explicitly or implicitly value the time or multi- task opportunities afforded by driverless taxis at high rates. But if Level 4 driverless"]
[4.9843339920043945, 8.16891098022461, "mental goals are met.\nCosts and Disadvantages\nWhile there are reasons to think that AV technology may increase safety and efficiency, and reduce congestion and emissions per mile\n  Annual vehicle-distance traveled (billion miles)\n                    "]
[5.028003215789795, 8.076610565185547, "anies are also important investors in federal, state, and municipal bonds. This entire sector of the economy may well be remade as crashes, and the wealth transfers they occasion, decline in frequency.\nThe eclipse of driving may also have cultural di"]
[5.070858001708984, 8.076266288757324, " testing or even operation of a driverless vehicle; Bryant Walker Smith has argued that existing law probably permits the use of driverless cars (Smith, 2012b). Nor are we aware of any documented problems with the test- ing or use of AVs that the leg"]
[5.111114978790283, 8.09843635559082, "collision occurs between the autonomous vehicle and another vehicle, object or natural person while the vehicle is operating in auton- omous mode. The autonomous technology sensor data must be captured and stored in a read-only format by the mechanis"]
[5.064302921295166, 8.075599670410156, "ions that have been enacted to date.\nNevada (NRS 482.A and NAC 482.A)\n\u2022 Enacted: June 2011, revised July 1, 2013.\n\u2022 Definition of AVs: \u201cAutonomous technology\u201d means technology\nwhich is installed on a motor vehicle and which has the capabil- ity to dr"]
[5.0702290534973145, 8.072720527648926, " queu- ing assistant, unless any such system alone or in combination with other systems enables the vehicle on which the technology is installed to drive without the active control or monitoring by a human operator\u201d (Florida House of Representatives,"]
[5.060787200927734, 8.076189994812012, "age the autono- mous technology; a visual indicator to indicate when the autono- mous technology is engaged; a system to safely alert the operator if an autonomous technology failure is detected while the autono- mous technology is engaged, and when "]
[5.046637058258057, 8.080986976623535, "ve activity on this issue in many other states. These are summarized below:\nArizona (HB 2167)\n\u2022 Introduced: January 2013.\n\u2022 Status:Introduced.\n\u2022 Key features: Defines AVs and autonomous technology (excludes\nindividual driver assist systems) (Arizona "]
[5.008762359619141, 8.075394630432129, "ted technology,\u201d \u201cautomated\nvehicle,\u201d \u201cautomated mode,\u201d and \u201cupfitter\u201d; grants civil liability immunity to manufacturers of automated technology for dam- ages that arise out of any modification made by another person to a motor vehicle or an automate"]
[5.077741622924805, 8.07028579711914, "hnology: A Guide for Policymakers\nlina General Assembly, 2013, \u00a756-12-10-70); directs the DMV to adopt regulation by January 1, 2015 (South Carolina General Assembly, 2013, \u00a756-12-80). Manufacturer is defined as whoever installs autonomous technology"]
[5.055858612060547, 8.062520027160645, "autiously in this area and adopt legislative solutions only in response to clearly identified problems. Further efforts to develop a model stat- ute to promote uniformity in requirements may be useful.2\n1 Bryant Walker Smith has argued that AVs are m"]
[4.938965320587158, 8.05681324005127, "ed by Ernst Dickmanns at Bundeswehr University Munich in Germany developed a vision- guided vehicle that navigated at speeds of 100 kilometers per hour without traffic (Lantos and Ma\u0302arton, 2011). Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity\u2019s NavLab developed a ser"]
[5.060937881469727, 8.085259437561035, "partici- pated in that competition. In the years since, Google has developed and tested a fleet of cars and initiated campaigns to demonstrate the applications of the technology through, for example, videos highlight- ing mobility offered to the blin"]
[5.043541431427002, 7.9791765213012695, "ons\u2014its overall trajectory down the road and immediate decisions such as accelerating and changing directions. These plans are converted into actionable commands to the vehicle\u2019s control system; i.e., steer- ing, throttle, brakes. Many \u201csense-plan-ac"]
[5.073915004730225, 8.003729820251465, "road\nsurfaces, poorly marked roads, and detours\n\u2022 traffic events, such as congestion or crashes.\nIt is in making sense of the world that humans often outperform robots. Human eyes are sophisticated and provide nearly all of the sensory data we use to"]
[5.032509803771973, 7.978407382965088, "ight detection and ranging, or lidar, systems feature prominently in robotic systems, including AVs. Lidar systems determine dis- tances to obstacles by using laser range finders, which emit light beams and calculate the time-of-flight until a reflec"]
[5.089600086212158, 7.94859504699707, "or parking assistance systems and backup warning systems (Ford, 2013). They are also relatively inexpensive, with after-market solutions retailing for as little as $120. Infrared sys- tems are capable of detecting lane markings without the lighting a"]
[5.106137752532959, 7.967034816741943, "bility and provided civilian users the same quality signal as military users (National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing, 2014).\n 64 Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers\nGPS is typically couple"]
[5.094204902648926, 7.986832618713379, "y and respond to traffic lights. \u201cThe idea is to get the best out of camera-only autonomous driving,\u201d noted one of MobilEye\u2019s executives (Markoff, 2013). Similarly, the winner of the 2013 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair, a 19-year-ol"]
[5.104344367980957, 7.93271541595459, "vironmental conditions) can also pose serious performance threats (Hwang et al., 2010). Sensors may fail because of electrical failures, physical damage, or age. It will be critical for AVs to have internal sensing and algorithms that can detect when"]
[5.108132839202881, 7.936029434204102, " and ensuring ultra- reliability of public infrastructure for driverless cars may be prohibi- tively expensive, particularly in a time of growing fiscal uncertainty for transportation agencies. Additionally, to be safe and effective, V2V technologies"]
[5.10968017578125, 7.97475528717041, "to ensure that the driver is sufficiently engaged\u2014for example, a vibrating seat or wheel, or vehicle screens that show the road rather than entertainment. But while a vehicle manufacturer may carefully limit what is displayed on a vehicle\u2019s screen, i"]
[5.165238380432129, 7.947951316833496, " consensus on the legality or ethics of companies\u2019 abilities to collect and extract value from user data.\n 70 Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers\nUniversity, for example, has plans to introduce a driverless shuttle on its campus, "]
[5.154087066650391, 7.948083877563477, "sensor readings to a vehicle\u2019s sensors; e.g., sending false lidar returns to a vehicle that is using three-dimensional mapping to navigate through its environment.9 While this may be more difficult to achieve, it may also be more difficult to detect "]
[5.036303997039795, 8.002389907836914, "ar-term DOT investments. We touch on these issues briefly here, and discuss them further in later chapters.\nPolicymakers could regulate different specific vehicle capabili- ties: highway vs. city driving, fast vs. slow driving, fully autonomous vs. d"]
[5.081875801086426, 7.925369739532471, "ance to road signage and mark- ing standards to make the perception challenge easier. Standardiza- tion across states would also be significantly beneficial; not only for AV owners but also conventional drivers who sometimes struggle to understand co"]
[5.262547969818115, 7.83445405960083, "out that obstruction is sensed by one car using this system, information about it can be nearly instantaneously communicated to every other car using the same system.\nSecond, the federal government has supported the development of Dedicated Short-Ran"]
[5.269950866699219, 7.7875165939331055, "ons Technologies Used by Autonomous Vehicles\nThe following section will provide a brief explanation of different tech- nologies and identify how they are used in AVs. All of these technolo- gies use radio frequency (RF) spectrum.1\nCommercial Wireless"]
[5.381279468536377, 7.763739109039307, " to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new digital signal processing techniques and modula- tions that were developed around 2000. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be ope"]
[5.523118019104004, 7.6761298179626465, "ol systems. For emergency vehicle warnings, DSRC would enable information to relay forward through traffic, which could clear the way for the emergency vehicle and reduce risks to other drivers.\nForward obstacle detection and avoidance\nEmergency vehi"]
[5.273640155792236, 7.830417156219482, "ciety of America, 2013).\nStakeholder Viewpoints on Autonomous Vehicle Communications\nThe Research and Innovative Technology Administration of the U.S. DOT characterized its vision of \u201cconnected cars\u201d as requiring commu- nications in the following way"]
[5.241894245147705, 7.854848861694336, "car: General Motors has announced that it will be integrating an LTE connection into all of its 2014 vehicles, whereas Ford has publicly described GM\u2019s integration of LTE as a \u201cmistake,\u201d because integrating any technology into a car that lasts for 10"]
[5.259864330291748, 7.824103355407715, "mbined approach of sensors, radar, lidar, and DSRC could accelerate deployment of AVs by bringing costs down for mass- market acceptance. Groupe Speciale Mobile, a European-based orga- nization of global mobile-technology providers, confirmed the vie"]
[5.638826847076416, 7.606573104858398, ", to allocate spectrum for use by private, commercial, and state and local government authorities (U.S. Code, 1934). Recently, the FCC\u2019s proposal to release up to 195 GHz of spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band raised concerns about implications of this acti"]
[5.697003364562988, 7.570109844207764, " spectrum available for unlicensed devices across the overall radio spectrum.\u201d Specifically, the FCC is considering changes to its Part 15 rules. Part 302(a) of the Communications Act of 1934 gives the Commission authority \u201ccon- sistent with the publ"]
[5.713221073150635, 7.560072898864746, "not state that the FCC proceeding should include the 5850\u20135925 MHz band, which is the band assigned to DSRC.5 The U-NII NPRM rec- ognizes the precise assignment from Congress, stating, \u201cthe initiation\n5 SEC. 6406. UNLICENSED USE IN THE 5 GHZ BAND.\n(a"]
[5.669734954833984, 7.586380481719971, "850\u20135925 MHz band.\n(c) DEFINITIONS.\u2014In this section:\n(1) 5350\u20135470 MHZ BAND.\u2014The term \u201c5350\u20135470 MHz band\u201d means the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between the frequencies from 5350 megahertz to 5470 megahertz.\n(2) 5850\u20135925 MHZ BAND.\u2014The te"]
[5.621092319488525, 7.617973804473877, "public safety expressed by federal and state agencies and departments that are experts on public safety issues. The FCC also will have to consider the $450 million that the U.S. DOT intelligent transport systems program has invested in researching an"]
[5.534904956817627, 7.668300628662109, "rum in the 5.9 GHz DSRC band. Specifi- cally, the joint comments state that\nthe Alliance and Global are skeptical that, as proposed by the Commission, U-NII devices will be able to share, or operate in close proximity to, the 5.9 GHz DSRC band withou"]
[5.264645576477051, 7.8215203285217285, " will either accelerate or inhibit deployment of DSRC and AVs.\nInternet access is an important aspect of daily life and business, but DSRC can assist in preventing crash deaths on a major scale. While some have expressed concern about the lack of dev"]
[5.223086357116699, 7.877849578857422, "us that building robust security protocols across many different automakers\u2019 vehicles and different communica- tions platforms is likely to be very challenging technically. Similarly, one of the global technology developers who advocated the need for"]
[5.089188575744629, 7.9006805419921875, "ogies. We then reviewed stakeholder concerns and the upcoming decision by the FCC on whether to permit sharing of spectrum currently allocated to DSRC. Stakeholders have described a number of technical and policy issues concerning communications and "]
[4.891149044036865, 7.9420552253723145, "h prescribe an array of safety standards and test procedures, from crash-avoidance components (such as brakes and indicators) to crashworthiness features (such as seat belts and air bags) to post-crash factors (such as the integ- rity of the fuel sys"]
[4.933026313781738, 7.976762294769287, " manufacturers often use these ratings in advertising their cars. More recently, in evaluating cars, NHTSA has noted the presence or absence of crash avoidance systems: electronic stability control, lane departure warning, and forward collision warni"]
[4.879673480987549, 8.054703712463379, "004, p. 390) notes the perspective of policymakers and industry experts at the time:\nThey argued that a system of inflatable pillows could be auto- matically deployed inside a vehicle in the event of a collision that would hold occupants in place eve"]
[4.930686950683594, 8.04477596282959, "een 1990 and July 2008, primarily due to the extreme force that is necessary to meet the performance standard of protecting the unbelted adult male passenger. Houston and Richardson (2000) describe the strong reaction to these losses and a backlash a"]
[5.040315628051758, 8.008390426635742, "NTSB felt that the use of a variety of systems would lead to driver confusion and incorrect interventions and responses to system behavior (NTSB, 2001).\nThere are currently no federal regulations related specifically to AV technologies, though both N"]
[4.838667392730713, 7.930195331573486, "bling elements of future systems\u201d (Shulman and Deering, 2005, p. 3). It includes, for example, the For- ward Collision Warning Requirements Project, which addresses alert function and interface requirements through real and simulated tests with human"]
[4.956481456756592, 7.949657917022705, "ward Collision Warning Systems: Operating Characteris- tics and User Interface Requirements (2003b); ISO, Transport Information and Control Systems: Adaptive Cruise Control Systems: Performance Requirements and Test Procedures (2007b); ISO, Transport"]
[4.9785871505737305, 7.962326526641846, " discussed, driver interaction and involvement is critical to many AV technologies (e.g., warning systems that operate specifically by influencing the driver, and other technologies, such as ACC, that must be activated by the driver and require the d"]
[5.1421074867248535, 8.08493423461914, "peration to certain areas or conditions).7\nConclusion\nMandating the inclusion of AV technologies may not be appropriate until at least the following circumstances are met. First, the technology must be mature enough that manufacturers are confident i"]
[5.238819122314453, 8.11726188659668, " of this technology. Gary Marchant and Rachel Lindor (2012, p. 1334) outlined one such scenario: 1\nThe technology is potentially doomed if there are a significant number of . . . cases, because the liability burden on the manu- facturer may be prohib"]
[5.258235454559326, 8.129154205322266, "this complex issue and its implications would be useful.\n3 Tort is a general term for wrong and is also a term that refers to the general legal field of torts. A negligent tort is a particular category of tort. Other categories include intentional to"]
[5.2199177742004395, 8.115840911865234, "defined as \u201ca personal injury resulting in death, serious impairment of body function or permanent serious disfigurement\u201d (Pennsylvania Statutes, Title 75, \u00a71702).\n7 It has proven somewhat disappointing in practice, with costs remaining higher than e"]
[5.229361534118652, 8.11268138885498, " and (f) extent to which its value to the community is outweighed by its dangerous attributes.\n Liability Implications of Autonomous Vehicle Technology 115\nholders to invest in them. In Europe, for example, insurers have offered a 20-percent discount"]
[5.260381698608398, 8.123435020446777, "less likely to undermine the sense to which the driver retains ultimate responsibility for the vehicle. In contrast, if a car with an engaged autopilot feature crashes into a car in front of it and the driver\u2019s use of the autopilot was proper, it see"]
[5.226358413696289, 8.12973403930664, ", new categories of crashes might arise, and these might pose interesting questions of how the liability system sets incentives to coordinate care among parties. For example, suppose that most cars brake automatically when they sense a pedestrian in "]
[5.244314193725586, 8.123600006103516, "s and automobile-insurance companies. As responsibility for crashes shifts away from the driver, no-fault systems may become more attractive.\nOn the other hand, these technologies pose challenges for manu- facturers and may increase their liability r"]
[5.243662357330322, 8.122903823852539, " large.\nIn contrast, plaintiffs will likely seek to exclude any global cost- benefit analysis that considers the benefits of avoided crashes and try to focus the reasonableness analysis on the specific facts around the crash (for example, was the aut"]
[5.251155853271484, 8.123412132263184, "le to victims in lieu of having to prove neg- ligence. Strict liability is conventionally contrasted with negligence because, in theory, it does not require any showing of negligence,\n15 See Anderson (2007) for discussion of these issues.\n Liability "]
[5.241394996643066, 8.130592346191406, "m to persons other than users or consumers; (2) to the seller of a product expected to be processed or otherwise substantially changed before it reaches the user or consumer; or (3) to the seller of a component part of a product to be assembled.\n 122"]
[5.249642372131348, 8.134856224060059, "duct not reasonably safe.\n Liability Implications of Autonomous Vehicle Technology 123\nstates that a seller is not liable for failing to warn of known risks and risk-avoidance measures that should be obvious.\nStrict product liability is probably the "]
[5.247361183166504, 8.12858772277832, "design: consumer expectations and cost-benefit. The consumer-expectation test was explained by one court as follows (Donegal Mutual Insurance v White Consolidated Industries, 2006):\nA product is defective in design or formulation when it is more dang"]
[5.234403610229492, 8.123826026916504, "event crashes 80 percent of the time. The other 20 percent of the time, how- ever, the technology does not work and the crash occurs as it would have in the absence of the technology. Victims in those crashes may sue the manufacturer and argue that t"]
[5.261740684509277, 8.159347534179688, "for safety. Careful thought and further research may be necessary to determine which costs and benefits should be included in the cost- benefit analysis that accompanies product liability.\nHuman-Computer Interaction\nWe also anticipate litigation arou"]
[5.220579147338867, 8.113380432128906, "for new technologies even when the technology seems clearly defective.\n 128 Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers\nsituation that could require a warning and that the instruction manual that accompanied the car clearly set out the li"]
[5.271973133087158, 8.126373291015625, "lation that is inconsistent with state tort law. So, for example, product manu- facturers may argue that federal safety regulations preempt inconsis- tent state tort law and preclude lawsuits by injured plaintiffs.\nPreemption is a controversial subje"]
[5.293532848358154, 8.088093757629395, "ves that an important function of tort law is corrective justice or civil recourse, one might be skeptical of federal preemption.\nImplied preemption has arisen in the automotive context in litiga- tion over a manufacturer\u2019s failure to install air bag"]
[15.68787670135498, 16.32645034790039, "l companies (U.S. Code, 1990). In 1994, the General Aviation Revitalization Act of 1994 created a statute of repose and immunized makers of small air- craft against liability for planes after 18 years from manufacture even if negligence was shown (U."]
[5.250145435333252, 8.122671127319336, "Warnings and consumer education will play a crucial role in managing manufacturer liability for these sys- tems. Manufacturers are likely to understate system capabilities during advertising, educate owners when purchasing vehicles with these capa-\nL"]
[5.134862422943115, 8.078959465026855, "product, rather than a good that is pur- chased and owned (Smith, 2013b). By doing so, manufacturers may be able to use contract law to limit their liability and better control the way their products are used. Scott (2008) discusses the way this issu"]
[5.057095050811768, 8.105244636535645, "s of dollars and would double or triple the cost of most cars. It seems unlikely that consumer demand would be substantial at such a cost. While most stakeholders we interviewed were confident that substantial price reductions will occur, no one seem"]
[5.00169563293457, 8.145155906677246, " are. For example, the expected reduc- tion in congestion is a benefit to other motorists, but the reduction in the cost of congestion\u2014because the driver can do other things\u2014 is a benefit to the vehicle operator. If there is an increase in conges- ti"]
[5.044782638549805, 7.976517677307129, "expressed concerns that premature regulation on the state level may result in a crazy-quilt of different, and perhaps incompat- ible, requirements. Attempting to meet state regulations could increase costs and make the technology uneconomical.\nNHTSA "]
[5.164288520812988, 7.960845947265625, " AV com- munications platforms will need to be standardized, at least through \u201cbest practices,\u201d so developers can address a single platform design instead of many. According to several stakeholders, the size and type of processor is a developmental c"]
[5.252140522003174, 8.125967025756836, "tors that \u201ccause\u201d a crash can be arbitrary.\nAs vehicles take on more of the driving functions that were histor- ically the responsibility of the driver, there may be a shift in our think- ing about accident responsibility. Rather than immediately att"]
[5.208714962005615, 8.09072494506836, "s cov- ered in the next five sections.\nFederal Statute Limiting Tort\nCongress could pass a statute that limited liability of car manufac- turers (or immunized them completely) for certain categories of AV technology. Such an approach has some precede"]
[5.30014181137085, 8.130522727966309, "s a substantial history with an alternative to con- ventional tort with respect to automobile crashes: no-fault. Currently the law in 12 states, the no-fault system allows crash victims to recover damages from their own auto insurers after a crash in"]
[5.2209649085998535, 8.117300987243652, " manu- facturers would face substantially increased liability costs. However, it would still require legislative intervention.\nGuidance for Policymakers and Conclusion 145\nIncorporation of Appropriate Cost-Benefit Tests in Liability Determinations\nAs"]
[5.056379318237305, 8.038056373596191, "ugh attempt to measure the more important dimension can be made, but that might not always be possible (Sunstein, 1994). Despite its imperfections, we think that focusing on comparing AV technology to vehicles operated by human drivers will provide u"]
[5.0659966468811035, 8.038694381713867, "identified, explore whether the model provides insight regarding how automated road vehi- cle data might be handled. Issues to be explored could include what parties may access personal location information, person- ally identifiable information, veh"]
[5.076333522796631, 8.030062675476074, "ed in\u201d to an unneces- sarily inefficient system (Hathaway, 2001). She offers the QWERTY keyboard as an example of an arguably subpar technology that became locked in as a result of the path-dependence of technological and eco- nomic development. In t"]
[5.2221245765686035, 8.034496307373047, "ensing of AVs?\n\u2022 Whatpolicyrisksorgapsdoyouanticipateconcerninginsurance law in respect to AVs?\n\u2022 What concerns do you have about privacy protection for data obtained and used by AVs?\n\u2022 What are the communications issues you perceive, particularly co"]
[5.203783988952637, 8.07461166381836, "rns extend to everyone, from software makers to infrastructure opera- tors\u2014since it is early in the AV industry\u2019s development, it is a loom- ing issue for all stakeholders. The liability issues appear to be increas- ing from the communications side a"]
[5.2963128089904785, 8.089868545532227, "lleagues noted that insurance should be analyzed from a short-, medium- and long-term perspective as far as being an accelerator or inhibitor. In the short term, insur-\nConclusions from Qualitative Interviews with Stakeholders 155\nance costs go up\u2014it"]
[5.228052616119385, 7.902286052703857, "e issuer of the certificate. It may be the government or a third party. Some people in government have asked the OEM whether there should be a tag on these data like a vehicle identification number (VIN). The OEM executive explained that all data com"]
[5.215954780578613, 7.906050205230713, "cide what data they wish to share and what data they wish to keep private.\nThe automobile association executive we interviewed said data security issues are still unaddressed for AVS. He expressed the need for a credentialing system, and outlined the"]
[5.217721939086914, 7.891719341278076, ", they provide another aspect of critical infrastructure and a potential target for a cyberattack. He said all of an AV\u2019s systems had to be designed to resist possible intrusion by hackers, and cited an example where hackers were able to access a car"]
[5.283135414123535, 7.80103063583374, "ions within the vehicle that would include car owners bringing their own device (like a smartphone), and some services being embedded into the vehicle (e.g., LTE).\nAn OEM executive concurred with this vision of \u201cembedded vs. tethered\u201d vehicle communi"]
[5.284986972808838, 7.805193901062012, "s with Stakeholders 161\ndescribed the need for global harmonization on spectrum and commu- nications issues. He observed that \u201chaving to isolate technology makes it difficult to deploy.\u201d\nAn automobile association executive said his organization had n"]
[5.103476524353027, 7.976031303405762, " the United States is generally \u201crobophobic.\u201d The Europeans are confident in precision engi- neering and this provides confidence in precision-engineered vehicles. These consumer attitudes may have a significant impact on AV deploy- ment to the mass "]
[4.685623645782471, 8.04001235961914, "ul, Minn.: American Law Institute Publishers, 1998.\nAmend, James M., \u201cGM Links with AT&T to Bring 4G LTE Connectivity in 2014,\u201d WardsAuto, February 25, 2013. As of August 23, 2013: http://wardsauto.com/vehicles-amp-technology/ gm-links-att-bring-4g-l"]
[4.687956809997559, 8.024666786193848, "ion, 2002. As of August 19, 2013: http://www.cita-vehicleinspection.org/Portals/cita/autofore_study/ LinkedDocuments/literature/NHTSA%20the%20economic%20impact%20 of%20motor%20vehicle%20crashes%202000%20USA%202002.pdf\nBTS\u2014See Bureau of Transportation"]
[4.6344709396362305, 8.044442176818848, ", Santokh Singh, and Chou-Lin Chen, Sampling Design Used in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey, Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration\u2019s National Center for Statistics and Analysis, DOT HS 810 930, 2008. As of"]
[5.2325873374938965, 7.7950897216796875, "onsolidated Industries, 166 Ohio App. 3d 569, 2006.\nDrews, Frank A., Hina Yazdani, Celeste N. Godfrey, Joel M. Cooper, and David L. Strayer, \u201cText Messaging During Simulated Driving,\u201d Human Factors, Vol. 51, No. 5, 2009, pp. 762\u2013770.\nEPA\u2014See U.S. Env"]
[4.765980243682861, 8.0458345413208, "ww.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=48460\nFlorida Statutes, Fla. Stat. Title XXIII, Ch. 319, S 145. 2012. As of November 24, 2013:\nhttp://w w w.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2012/319.145\nFMVSS\u2014See Federal Motor Vehicle Safety St"]
[4.702850341796875, 8.032463073730469, " 2013. As of August 21, 2013: http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/measure_indiv.aspx?billtype=HB&billnumber=146 1&year=2013\nBibliography 171\n172 Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers\nHawkins, Troy R., Ola Moa Gausen, and Anders Hammer Str"]
[4.753271102905273, 7.945671081542969, " Seah, \u201cA Survey of Fault Detection, Isolation, and Reconfiguration Methods,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2010, pp. 636\u2013653.\nIHRA-ITS\u2014See International Harmonized Research Activities Working Group on Intelligent T"]
[4.70698356628418, 8.036905288696289, "org/uc/item/3q19n51n\nISO\u2014See International Organization for Standardization.\nJames, Robert W., \u201cAbsolute Liability for Ultrahazardous Activites: An Appraisal of the Restatement Doctrine,\u201d California Law Review, Vol. 37, No. 2, 1949,\npp. 269\u2013283\nKalra"]
[4.703669548034668, 8.059544563293457, "2.\nMarkoff, John, \u201cIn Search of a Robot More Like Us,\u201d New York Times, July 11, 2011. As of August 15, 2013:\nhttp://w w w.nytimes.com/2011/07/12/science/12robot.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAt High Speed, on the Road to a Driverless Future,\u201d New York Times, May 27, 20"]
[4.767617702484131, 8.077559471130371, ".gov/About+NHTSA/Press+Releases/2000/U.S.+Transportation+ Secretary+Slater+Announces+Advanced+Air+Bag+Regulation+that+Improv+Benefi ts+and+Reduce+Risks\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Special Crash Investigations: Counts of Frontal Air Bag Related Fatalities and Seriously Inju"]
[4.709036827087402, 7.986867427825928, "bruary 25, 2013.\nNeubauer, Catherine, Gerald Matthews, and Dyani Saxby, \u201cThe Effects of Cell Phone Use and Automation on Driver Performance and Subjective State in Simulated Driving,\u201d Boston: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, Octob"]
[4.689216136932373, 8.036935806274414, "strians and Vehicles in Low Visibility Conditions,\u201d Osaka, Japan, April 27, 2012. As of August 15, 2013: http://panasonic.co.jp/corp/news/official.data/data.dir/en120427-2/en120427-2. html\nParchomovsky, Gideon, and Alex Stein, \u201cTorts and Innovation,\u201d"]
[4.700309753417969, 7.981733798980713, ".: Aldine Pub. Co., 1980.\nSAE\u2014See Society of Automobile Engineers.\nSamaras, Constantine, and Kyle Meisterling, \u201cLife Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles: Implications for Policy,\u201d Environmental Science and Techno"]
[4.698514938354492, 8.049474716186523, "ndard J2400, August 2003b.\nSorensen, Paul, Martin Wachs, Endy M. Daehner, Aaron Kofner, Liisa Ecola, Mark Hanson, Allison Yoh, Thomas Light, and James Griffin, Moving Los Angeles: Short-Term Policy Options for Improving Transportation, Santa Monica, "]
[4.723147869110107, 8.07590103149414, ", Title 15, \u00a76701, Terrorism Risk Insurance Act, 2002.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Title 42, \u00a7329, Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, 2005. \u2014\u2014\u2014, Title 49, Subtitle VI, Motor Vehicle and Driver Programs, 2006.\nU.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 49, \u00a71.95("]
[4.664162635803223, 8.043874740600586, "ct\nUrmson, Chris, Charlie Ragusa, David Ray, Joshua Anhalt, Daniel Bartz, Tugrul Galatali, Alexander Gutierrez, Josh Johnston, Sam Harbaugh, Hiroki \u201cYu\u201d Kato, William Messner, Bryon Smith, Jarrod Snider, Spencer Spiker, Jason Ziglar, William \u201cRed\u201d Wh"]
[4.749820709228516, 8.095044136047363, "Corrective Justice,\u201d Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 91, March 2003, pp. 695\u2013756.\nZmud, Johanna, Liisa Ecola, Peter Phleps, and Irene Feige, The Future of Mobility: Scenarios for the United States in 2030, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-246,"]
[4.598291397094727, 8.555517196655273, "  CORPORATION\nDriving to Safety\nHow Many Miles of Driving Would It Take to Demonstrate Autonomous Vehicle Reliability?\n Nidhi Kalra, Susan M. Paddock\nIn the United States, roughly 32,000 people are killed and more than two million injured in crashes "]
[4.632905006408691, 8.455596923828125, "ity.\n\u2022 Even with these methods, it may not be possible to establish with certainty the safety of autonomous vehicles. Uncertainty will persist.\n\u2022 In parallel to creating new testing methods, it is impera- tive to develop adaptive regulations that are"]
[4.591090679168701, 8.57333755493164, "verifi- cation. Curtain-style air bags, for example, are tested with a combina- tion of component tests to assess inflation time, fill capacity, and other responses in a range of temperature conditions and impact configura- tions, as well as laborato"]
[4.585209846496582, 8.585229873657227, " last class of fully autonomous vehicles. Therefore, we use the total fatality, injury, and crash rates of human drivers in the United States as benchmarks against which to compare autonomous vehicle performance. However, the statistical approaches d"]
[4.587035655975342, 8.583259582519531, "a certain number of failure-free miles and wishes to know the reliability (or, equivalently, the failure rate) that can be claimed at a particular level of confidence. Alternatively, for a given confidence C and reliability R we can solve for n, the "]
[4.585174560546875, 8.587288856506348, "llion miles\n  C = 50%\n1.09\n77\n103\n190\n382\n10\n  1 10 100\nFailure rate (failures per 100 million miles)\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 analysis.\nNOTE: The four colored lines show results for different levels of confidence. The five dashed vertical reference lines in"]
[4.585031032562256, 8.58410358428955, "n to determine the sample size (number of miles) required to estimate the fatality rate of the fleet to within 20% of the assumed rate using a 95% CI. We apply Equation 4 to estimate the number of fatalities we would need to observe before having thi"]
[4.58489990234375, 8.586264610290527, " to estimate the failure rate with a precision of \u03b4 is:\n\u239bz \u239e2\nx=\u239c1\u2212\u03b12\u239f. (Eq.4)\n\u239bz \u239e \u239c 1\u2212\u03b1/2 \u239f.\n\u239dx\u23a0\n\u239c \u03b4 \u239f \u239d\u23a0\nIf the assumed failure rate (prior to data collection) is \u03bb\u2217 (Mathews, 2010), then Equation 5 implies the number of miles that must be driven "]
[4.583346843719482, 8.591291427612305, "n fact they do not\u2014a dangerous proposition for policymakers, technology developers, the insurance industry, and of course consumers.\nTo be able to test the null hypothesis with significance level \u03b1, one can examine the upper confidence bound from Equ"]
[4.5863471031188965, 8.584278106689453, "ver fatality (blue), reported injury (purple), estimated total injury (green), reported crash (red), and estimated total crash (orange) rates. Note that the miles needed to be driven approaches infinity as the difference between the human rate and au"]
[4.585427284240723, 8.584961891174316, "better than the human driver failure rate. The different lines represent perfor- mance relative to the human driver fatality (blue), reported injury (purple), estimated total injury (green), reported crash (red), and estimated total crash (orange) ra"]
[4.587150573730469, 8.579479217529297, "millions)\n         Yet even these results are optimistic. We have intention- ally framed this analysis to calculate the fewest number of miles that would need to be driven to demonstrate statisti-\ncally significant differences between autonomous vehi"]
[4.587273120880127, 8.583585739135742, "ng 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, at an average speed of 25 miles per hour. For example, one can ask, \u201cHow many miles (years) would autono- mous vehicles have to be driven (row 2) to demonstrate with 95% confidence their failure rate to within 20% "]
[4.59154748916626, 8.563220977783203, "re rate is at most...\n275 million miles (12.5 years)\n3.9 million miles (2 months)\n1.6 million miles (1 month)\n(2) to demonstrate with 95% confidence their failure rate to within 20% of the true rate of...\n8.8 billion miles (400 years)\n125 million mil"]
[4.437258243560791, 7.958586692810059, "t.gov/pubs/812013.pdf\nBureau of Transportation Statistics, Motorcycle Rider (Operator) Safety Data, Table 2\u201322, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2014a. As of March 3, 2016: http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/"]
[4.616652011871338, 7.992666721343994, "les: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations,\u201d Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 77, July 2015, pp. 167\u2013181. As of March 3, 2016: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.04.003\nFarmer, Charles M., and Adrian K. Lund, \u201c"]
[4.607731819152832, 7.995954513549805, "ng, New York: Springer, 2008.\nNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Traffic Safety Facts: Crash Stats, Washington, D.C.: National Center for Statistics and Analysis, DOT HS 811 449, March 2011. As of March 3, 2016: http://w w w-nrd.nhtsa.do"]
[4.59531307220459, 8.039772987365723, "ogy policy.\nSusan M. Paddock is a senior statistician at the RAND Corporation and a professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. Her research includes developing innovative statistical methods, with a focus on Bayesian methods, hierarchical (multile"]
[13.799274444580078, 4.670154571533203, "ogram research is supported by government agencies, foundations, and the private sector.\nThis program is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a division of the RAND Corporation dedicated to improving policymaking and decisionmaking "]
[20.4763240814209, 18.006582260131836, " Consumer Attitudes Toward Data Breach Notifications and Loss of Personal Information\nLillian Ablon, Paul Heaton, Diana Catherine Lavery, Sasha Romanosky\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr1187\n Library of C"]
[11.386905670166016, 17.573442459106445, "risk management, and insurance. The institute builds on a long tradition of RAND Corporation research characterized by an inter-\niii\niv Consumer Attitudes Toward Data Breach Notifications\ndisciplinary, empirical approach to public policy issues and r"]
[20.479291915893555, 18.00973129272461, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Can a Federal Breach Disclosure Law Help?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nAPPENDIXES\nA. Survey Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[20.479663848876953, 18.009313583374023, "n\nTechnology, Such as Computers, Email, and Cell Phones?. . . . . 49\nB.2. How Respondents Found Out About Their Last Breach . . . . . . . 51\nB.3. Demographic Tabulation of Survey Respondents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55\nSummary\n Data breaches con"]
[20.47907257080078, 18.009414672851562, "e data gathered and analyzed from this survey come from participant self-report and recall. As such, the data may be incomplete due to limits of memory, underreported due to forgetfulness of past notifications, or overreported due to increased media "]
[20.479299545288086, 18.010292053222656, "opped dealing with the company follow- ing a breach.\nMost respondents (89 percent) continued to conduct business with the breached firm, while only 11 percent stopped conducting business with it. One percent reported increasing the amount of busi- ne"]
[20.4793643951416, 18.009340286254883, "es can review notification methods and data breach laws to speed up notification and prevent further harm with any stolen data.\nMore than one-quarter of respondents remember receiving a data breach notification in the 12 months preceding the survey, "]
[20.479352951049805, 18.009550094604492, ", per- sonal data can appear within days on black markets, enabling crimi- nals to sell financial, health, and identity information (Ablon, Libicki, and Golay, 2014; Ca\u0301rdenas et al., 2009) and causing various forms of identity, tax, and loan fraud ("]
[20.478988647460938, 18.00926399230957, "s, or medical information. Some states (California, for example) do not require a disclosure if data other than these were compro- mised or lost (usernames and passwords, for example) (Hoofnagle and King, 2008).\n2 Some commentators believe that the E"]
[20.477825164794922, 18.007301330566406, "ications, or overreported due to increased media reporting (e.g., hearing about a data breach and misremembering being a part of it). With that caveat, these results can help establish a baseline of information about consumer attitudes toward data lo"]
[20.478748321533203, 18.008676528930664, "ulk of our analy- sis. Our results suggest that most respondents who have lost personal information have had such an experience within the past 12 months. While not a panacea, by focusing only on the most-recent experience, the majority of which has "]
[20.479175567626953, 18.008811950683594, "ernment Accountability Office, 2007). This underreporting effect may exist for a number of reasons: (1) a company may not be aware that it has suffered a data breach;7 (2) even if the company is aware, it is not always required to notify the public;8"]
[20.478862762451172, 18.008840560913086, "(n = 2,038)\n    Age Gender\nFamily income\nRace/ Education Region ethnicity\nOverall\nMale Female\n18\u201334 35\u201349 50\u201364 65+\n$0\u2013$30K $30K\u2013$60K $60K\u2013$100K >$100K\nNortheast Midwest South West\nHigh school or less Some college Bachelor's Postgraduate\nNon-Hispanic"]
[20.479129791259766, 18.0085506439209, "ercent versus 19 percent). This may be explained by the notion that those with greater income engage in more financial and recreational activities with more organizations, resulting in an increased risk of compromise of personal information.3\nRegion:"]
[20.478713989257812, 18.008596420288086, "ify all individuals, rather than spending time to omit some individuals from select states.\nWe postulate that some of these patterns may also be explained by differential access to information and communication technolo- gies: In the past, those in t"]
[20.479434967041016, 18.008750915527344, "ns\nFigure 2.2\nPercentage of Participants Who Recalled Receiving a Breach Notification in the 12 Months Preceding the Survey (n = 2,038)\n  Age Gender\nFamily income\nRace/ Education Region ethnicity\nOverall\nMale Female\n18\u201334 35\u201349 50\u201364 65+\n$0\u2013$30K   9%"]
[20.478986740112305, 18.008560180664062, "quires notifying organizations to offer identity-theft pro- tection and mitigation services to affected individuals (State Legislature\nrestricted to those who had some interaction with the federal government, either as current or former employees or "]
[20.565908432006836, 18.07962417602539, " out (columns). 1, 2, 3, or 4 denotes statistically significant differences from the comfort-level groups (rows), within the ways that participants found out (columns). For example, among those who first learned about the breach from the company dire"]
[20.47928237915039, 18.00885772705078, " or by noticing sus- picious activity, for example). On the other hand, some studies have shown that those with higher levels of education often believe that they are less vulnerable (Wash and Rader, 2015).\n13 See, for example, Google Trends search a"]
[20.477109909057617, 18.007158279418945, "health history, cannot be changed, and chang- ing a Social Security number, or personal information, such as a physi- cal home address and mother\u2019s maiden name, can be slow, complex, and comes at a great cost. From an attacker\u2019s perspective, these la"]
[20.480880737304688, 18.010841369628906, "15) found that less than 10 percent of victims purchase identity-theft protection (4 per- cent) or purchased identity-theft insurance or used a credit monitoring service (6 percent).20 One possible explanation for the low percentages, especially comp"]
[20.479217529296875, 18.00853157043457, "es of Assistance (n = 998)?\n    Overall\nIf credit card information was taken\nIf health information was taken\nIf information other than credit card or health information was taken\nYes No\n60% 30% 61% 31% 80% 12% 58% 30%\nNot Sure\n10% 8% 8% 12%\n  Figure "]
[20.479454040527344, 18.008636474609375, "the company any- more.\u201d\n\u2022 did not seem necessary: \u201cI checked my account and nothing was missing\u201d; \u201cI wasn\u2019t interested.\u201d\n\u2022 seemed like a hassle or too much work: \u201cLaziness\u201d; \u201cBasic Apathy\u201d; \u201cHassle.\u201d\n\u2022 no time, or forgetfulness: \u201cI did not have time "]
[20.48133659362793, 18.010271072387695, "itudes Toward Data Breach Notifications\nprocess of enrollment could be made easier, and clear benefits could be better communicated.\nConsumer Attrition\nA critical corporate and policy issue concerns consumer attrition in the event of a data breach: A"]
[20.480104446411133, 18.00986671447754, " a Ponemon study that found that 20 percent of information technology security practitioners reported that they were unable to deter- mine whether a breach was ever resolved (Ponemon Institute, 2015).\nThat the overwhelming majority of consumers (89 p"]
[20.479694366455078, 18.009618759155273, "nsumer Financial Protection Bureau, 2013). Further, the number of consumers who file police reports or take legal action when they become fraud victims is decreasing, although many consumers claim to install antispyware or firewalls on their computer"]
[20.479537963867188, 18.012006759643555, "\n14% 5% 10%\n>$100K 49%\n      11%\n16% 3%\n14%\n15% 4%\n17%\n17% 4%\n        Gender\nAge\n18\u201334 49%\n35\u201349 50%\n50\u201364 56%\n65+ 46%\nFamily Income\nSurvey Results 31\n          Table 2.4\u2014Continued\nEducation\n11% 17% 22% 42\n17% 2%\n52%\nHigh school or less\n1 17% 30% 25%"]
[20.478954315185547, 18.00881004333496, "ngly, those in the 18\u201334 age category were significantly less likely to be extreme responders than older age groups. Those with graduate degrees were significantly less likely to be extreme responders than those with less than a high school diploma. "]
[20.476926803588867, 18.011211395263672, "umer Satisfaction with Company Response to the Breach\nCompanies can engage in a variety of post-breach activities in an attempt to assuage customers, employees, potential plaintiffs, federal and state regulators, and, in certain cases, Congress. Howe"]
[20.479833602905273, 18.010177612304688, "ld take were donating money to organizations that promote cyber- security and simply apologizing to those affected.\nWhen offered the opportunity to elaborate on their responses, respondents commonly described the following:\n\u2022 provide advice on what I"]
[20.479351043701172, 18.009342193603516, "U.S. Census Bureau, undated).\n 39\n40 Consumer Attitudes Toward Data Breach Notifications\nongoing law enforcement investigations. Thus, the optimal time for consumer notification of a data breach remains unclear.2\nSixty-two percent of respondents acce"]
[20.479604721069336, 18.00951385498047, " actual knowledge.\nWhen examining customer reactions and sentiments following a breach, we found that consumer attrition is only 11 percent, and con- sumers seem to appreciate companies that respond and appear to take responsibility for breaches they"]
[20.47968101501465, 18.009601593017578, "0 customers (Levin, 2015). In May 2015, Representatives Randy Neugebauer and John Carney introduced a bill, the Data Security Act of 2015, that would help standardize breach notifications from financial institutions and retailers. At the same time, m"]
[20.479736328125, 18.010242462158203, "., suspicious behavior on credit card, locked out of accounts, etc.)\n(Opt2) Yes\u2014I was notified by a 3rd party company (e.g., my bank or credit card company told me)\n(Opt3) Yes\u2014I heard media reports about the data loss (Opt4) No\u2014I first learned of thi"]
[20.479736328125, 18.010751724243164, "l, and 5 represents an actions that would greatly improve your satisfaction, please rate the following actions in terms of how much they would affect your satisfaction with a company\u2019s response following a loss/theft of your information.\nApologize to"]
[20.479677200317383, 18.009958267211914, "\n Method of Notification\n Category\nPostgraduate Race/ethnicity\nFrom the Company Directly\n53%\nIdentified Suspicious Activity\n12%\nNotified by Third Party/Bank\n14%\nHeard Media Reports\n36%1,2\n30%3 33% 19%1 29%\n30%3,4 31%3,4 16%+\n3%+\n Non-Hispanic 56%4 10"]
[20.479660034179688, 18.009313583374023, "ast\nMidwest South West\nEducation\nHigh school or less Some college Bachelor\u2019s Postgraduate\nRace/ethnicity\nNon-Hispanic white\nNon-Hispanic black\nHispanic/Latino 326 16% Non-Hispanic other 112 6%\nNOTE: Percentage totals might not sum to 100 due to round"]
[20.479595184326172, 18.009565353393555, "w Forms Improve Consumer Understanding, Aid Comparison Shopping, and Help Prevent Surprises,\u201d fact sheet, November 20, 2013. As of March 6, 2015: http://files.consumerfinance.gov/f/201311_cfpb_factsheet_kbyo_testing.pdf\nGarrison, L., M. Hastak, J. M."]
[20.479843139648438, 18.009519577026367, "gton, D.C.: Pew Research Center, May 20, 2015. As of February 8, 2016:\nh t t p : / / w w w . p e w i n t e r n e t . o r g / 2 0 15 / 0 5 / 2 0 / americans-attitudes-about-privacy-security-and-surveillance/\nMicrosoft Corporate Blogs, \u201c#MSFTCOSO POV: "]
[20.47974967956543, 18.009363174438477, " . l e g i n f o . c a . g o v / p u b / 15 - 1 6 / b i l l / s e n /\ns b _ 0 5 5 1 - 0 6 0 0 / s b _ 5 7 0 _ c f a _ 2 0 15 0 5 2 2 _ 15 1 6 1 2 _ s e n _ fl o o r . h t m l\nShey, Heidi, \u201cMarket Overview: Customer Data Breach Notification and Respon"]
[20.47964096069336, 18.010927200317383, "ers of free credit monitoring; (4) only 11 percent of respondents stopped dealing with the affected company following a breach;\n(5) 32 percent of respondents reported no costs of the breach and any inconvenience it garnered, while, among those report"]
[13.929287910461426, 4.077849864959717, " Fostering\nInnovation\nin the U.S.\nCourt System\nIdentifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs for Improving Court Operations and Outcomes\nBrian A. Jackson, Duren Banks, John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Amanda Royal, Patrick W. Woodson, Nicole J"]
[13.9486722946167, 4.070755481719971, "one product of that effort, completed as a joint effort of the RAND Corpo- ration and RTI International. It presents the results of the Courts Advisory Panel, a group con- vened in fiscal year 2015 as part of the NLECTC Priority Criminal Justice Need"]
[13.941229820251465, 4.074010372161865, "bout this report should be sent to the project leader, Brian A. Jackson at Brian_Jackson@rand.org. For more information about the Justice Policy Program, see www.rand.org/jie/justice-policy or contact the director at justice@rand.org. For more infor-"]
[15.028044700622559, 3.041895866394043, " . . . . .\nMoving Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nCHAPTER THREE\nCourt Technology and"]
[15.059017181396484, 2.8995749950408936, "81 87 . 89 101\nCHAPTER FIVE\nConclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nAn Innovation Agenda Focused on In"]
[15.067521095275879, 2.703718900680542, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n..9 . 10\n. 21 22 . 55 56\n4.3. Percentage of High-Priority (Top-Tier) Needs Related to Each Taxonomy\nCategory and Subcategory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[15.112367630004883, 2.868788480758667, " . . . . . . . ...\n.\n. 48 . .58 . 66 . 68 . .78 . 94\nSummary\n Society relies on the judicial system to play numerous roles. It is the link between law enforce- ment and the corrections system and serves as a check on their power over citizens. Beyond"]
[15.097877502441406, 2.8061254024505615, "rnment broadly defined should do (such as address funding constraints that limit the ability to innovate), and things the public needs to do (such as advocate for changes in law to address current roadblocks to better court performance).\nix\nx Fosteri"]
[15.075180053710938, 2.7442710399627686, " or low-hanging fruit were identified and pulled out.\nThe court innovation agenda is dominated by information and communications needs (orange icons, top left), which made up the majority not just of the high-priority needs (falling on and within the"]
[15.091653823852539, 2.8179662227630615, "es of communication, and social media\nAssociated Need\nHigh High Priority Value\nLow- Hanging Fruit\n Adopt commercial alerting tools, u which are available but not widely\nused.\nDesign systems with backup capabilities and prioritize technology support t"]
[15.085634231567383, 2.838549852371216, "equipped to handle,\nreflecting the different needs of\nMake the investments needed to allow connectivity, and explore new technologies that make it easier to install wireless Internet in older court buildings.\ndifferent types of courtrooms.a\nDevelop t"]
[15.020423889160156, 2.793513298034668, "t a data standard that does not conform to their processes.\nTrain clerks who are entering data u to provide enough detail and\ngranularity to facilitate judges\u2019 tasks\nand activities, including descriptive\nfile names and semantic context information to"]
[15.10042953491211, 2.8415184020996094, "he outset.a\nMake broader use of standards\nfor information-sharing to allow compatibility (criminal justice coordinating councils are a potential model to drive change).\nDevelop analysis tools or entities responsible for assessing the implications of "]
[15.115035057067871, 2.8462207317352295, "public.\nPursue statutory authority or court procedural rule authority for specialists to appear via video presence to increase efficiency of staff usage.a\nCreate governance structures that limit the level of autonomy that elected judges can have; tha"]
[15.042941093444824, 2.6315624713897705, "level category. Full categorization of needs is included in Appendix E. a This need is associated with two categories and is included twice in the table.\nFrom the needs that were rated highly enough for inclusion in our U.S. courts innovation agenda,"]
[15.085288047790527, 2.755610942840576, "mats for digital data used in courts to avoid incompatibility problems. Addi- tional needs that were included in the agenda because they were rated as high value or low-hanging fruit also fell in this theme, including the need to adopt data standards"]
[15.100691795349121, 2.8212387561798096, "nologies, rather than always requiring technology providers to adapt tools to the historical ways that courts have functioned.\n\u2022 Using technology for notification and public communication. Beyond the need for public notification in the context of eme"]
[15.12121295928955, 2.8267288208007812, "ng High-Priority Technology and Other Needs\nable. Judges and others need better tools to quickly parse and understand larger and more- complicated bodies of data related to cases, and to integrate data from multiple criminal justice systems to inform"]
[15.114496231079102, 2.880650758743286, " larger system might have more resources available to acquire new technology, but imple- mentation might be more tractable in a smaller system that has less of an investment in legacy systems or fewer staff to train.\nIt is also important to frankly a"]
[15.084547996520996, 2.849421977996826, "e in identifying and inviting members of the Courts Advisory Panel. Two anonymous peer reviewers from the National Institute of Jus- tice and Geoffrey McGovern of RAND provided comments on the draft manuscript.\nWe would also like to acknowledge the c"]
[15.136208534240723, 2.8603878021240234, "In this effort, we view innovation broadly, including both incremen- tal changes, where agencies improve on current practices, and transformational change, which makes it possible for agencies to pursue their objectives in new ways or make more-radic"]
[15.126431465148926, 2.8934006690979004, "utures in detail, simulations that seek to analyze large numbers of possible futures, expert elicitation methods that attempt to leverage the knowl- edge and intuition of many individuals to build collaborative group estimates, and structured analyti"]
[15.072171211242676, 2.804030656814575, "he results of that questionnaire as a foundation, attend a one-day, in-person workshop at the RAND Corporation\u2019s Washington, D.C.\u2013area office. The workshop featured a structured elicitation process to explore both current and potential near- term pro"]
[8.03172492980957, 0.9760591983795166, "sory panel members and process, additional methodological detail, and the full list of needs from the panel.\nCHAPTER TWO\nThe State of the U.S. Court System Today\nThe court system is one of three main components of the U.S. criminal justice system, wh"]
[8.002419471740723, 0.9509721398353577, "ch report directly up to the superior court, while others report directly to the court of appeals (see Figure 2.1). In an effort to facilitate more-uniform procedures within states, many state court systems are \u201cunified,\u201d allowing a single entity to "]
[15.133833885192871, 2.858799695968628, "isdiction courts rarely conduct trials. Data from state court records, prosecutor\u2019s offices, and the federal judiciary indicate that less than 5 percent of all felony charges are ultimately disposed through a trial (Rosenmerkel, Durose, and Farole, 2"]
[15.092025756835938, 2.9042866230010986, "Justice Statistics, justice expenditures in 2012 totaled more than\nFigure 2.2\nTypical Resolution of Felony Defendants Arraigned in State Courts in the 75 Largest U.S. Counties\nThe State of the U.S. Court System Today 7\n  Dismissed (25%)\n Diversion or"]
[15.083036422729492, 2.856639862060547, "nd people management. The goal was to get a snapshot of issues that were on the minds of practitioners from a range of courts and roles within the court system, and to capture challenges faced in areas as disparate as technology use and human resourc"]
[15.090958595275879, 2.87894868850708, "relieving pressure on court systems that have been dealing with high case burdens for many years, this raises potential questions about equitable access to justice for all populations. The use of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms (e.g., arbit"]
[15.109199523925781, 2.8801798820495605, "stem (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2012). Staffing con- straints and the resulting increase in caseloads has been particularly problematic in individ- ual components of the judicial system, including indigent defense organizations (see Lefstein, 201"]
[17.11896514892578, 7.694105625152588, "em-solving courts that focus on drugs, domestic violence, mental health, veterans, re- entry, teens, prostitution, and the homeless. Other states, such as Wyoming, Mississippi, New Jersey, and North Dakota, have only a drug court (Strickland, Schauff"]
[14.711650848388672, 3.3641164302825928, " and Economic Disparities in Case Processing and Outcomes\nThere is increasing concern in the United States about the fairness of the justice system, espe- cially about the effect that bias\u2014whether knowing or not\u2014in the enforcement of laws, pros- ecut"]
[15.137955665588379, 2.8397655487060547, " The inability to post bail can make it more difficult for individuals to fulfill work, family, and other obligations, which can magnify consequences of incarceration. As described earlier, 97 percent of federal criminal prosecutions are resolved by "]
[15.065201759338379, 2.828197717666626, "vide access to files and resources to assist them.\nCourts and Changing Technology\nTechnology can play a role in helping courts perform their functions, but shifts in technology in both society and the criminal justice system can also create challenge"]
[14.94565200805664, 2.7648515701293945, " technological availability, (2) could threaten the trial process when jurors and others use those technologies to do their own research outside of what is presented in testimony, and (3) when those in the courtroom take photos or video of proceeding"]
[15.083905220031738, 2.9293875694274902, "by the absence of resources to upgrade or replace them (58 percent of respondents).\nThe issues posed by new technology can be particularly challenging when considering the unique court environment and its barriers to adopting and using new technologi"]
[15.105987548828125, 2.856358051300049, "s distinct needs and requirements. The functioning of courts involves judges, court administrators, clerks, attorneys, and case litigants. Each group has its own requirements for access to information, data that must be collected and managed, and act"]
[15.095718383789062, 2.880141019821167, "pellate review of trial proceedings (Lederer, 2000).\nAs cited previously in our panel results, challenges faced by court systems in building and maintaining internal human capital can also complicate innovation efforts. Societal shifts toward Interne"]
[15.112112998962402, 2.8690526485443115, "e of U.S. courts and the potential for innovations to improve performance, the path to realizing the potential of technology and meeting the challenges faced by the U.S. court system starts with the technology and practice environment as it exists to"]
[15.104092597961426, 2.9556612968444824, "omy in this work for application to courts.\nThere are five central categories within the taxonomy:\n\u2022 facility operations and population services\n\u2022 person-worn equipment and weapons/force\n\u2022 information and communications\n\u2022 doctrine, tactics, managemen"]
[15.101605415344238, 2.882845401763916, "pment and training category captures knowledge and resources for\n2 New branches were needed to capture primary record-keeping methods and tools (which would include court reporting technologies) and public information provision and training for crimi"]
[15.093546867370605, 2.9265506267547607, "t records and other documents\nBiometrics and other sensors\n(see also, information collection) attorneyin-fdraestfruectnurde ant\nInformation presentation tools and dashboards\nVoice\n\u2022 \u2022\n\u2022\nJudicial bench information delivery and interfaces\nTablet and mo"]
[15.075563430786133, 2.8908402919769287, "ologtichainl g monitoring)\nSpecialized task technologies\nRestraint technologies\nEducation or information delivery\nDelivering services to population\nHealth care delivery\nSee information collection for biometric and other sensors for information system"]
[15.11138916015625, 2.8702893257141113, "ncial management systems\n\u2022 Court human resource management systems\nTactics and practices\nTechnology-mediated training tools\nComputational tools\nElectronic document management systems Digital evidence management systems Case management systems\nFine an"]
[15.072979927062988, 2.8903496265411377, "d in court facilities, but also the technologies that prosecutors, private attorneys, other criminal justice practitioners, and even members of a jury might have and use during court activities.\nNevertheless, some survey data are available. The Ameri"]
[15.037304878234863, 2.896083354949951, "t from Illinois. As a result, while the data appear to be the best available on tech- nology use in courts across the country, they must be interpreted with caution.\n5 It should be noted that there is a literature describing court practice, technolog"]
[15.082151412963867, 2.8622374534606934, "he mobile devices of the registered parties.\nPrior to the implementation of [the program], domestic violence victims had to travel to multiple locations to obtain a protective order. . . . Having to travel publicly to multiple locations, usually foll"]
[15.100468635559082, 2.877512216567993, "sing from 10 percent to 37 percent) (Poje, 2014; see also discussion in Heerboth, 2013). As discussed in Chapter Two, technology advances within society as a whole are increasing expectations for information technology capability in courts\u2014and that c"]
[15.10109806060791, 2.859429121017456, " and Schneider, 2007), but little data are available on what courts are actually doing.8\nInformation Collection\nIn contrast to other components of the criminal justice system\u2014where collection of new information is central to their roles\u2014courts are ge"]
[15.109480857849121, 2.845187187194824, " then, in the text for each topic, relate the functional areas to the categories in our comprehensive taxonomy.\n10 Security-related infrastructure and facility technologies and practice are discussed later in this chapter.\n Based on NCSC\u2019s review,11 "]
[15.083178520202637, 2.8347485065460205, "rts and court participants\u2014often central in civil proceedings\u2014is the acquisition and analysis of electronic information in case preparation, termed e-discovery.14 It is defined as\n11 NCSC identified a sample of 77 courts of different sizes, geographi"]
[15.106289863586426, 2.8425168991088867, " e-discovery productions found that 73 percent of e-discovery costs were spent on document review. Computer-categorized document review techniques, such as predictive coding, identify at least as many documents of interest as tra- ditional eyes-on re"]
[15.141514778137207, 2.8612265586853027, "it was available, although a much smaller percentage (31 percent) indicated that it was always available in all courtrooms (Wiggins, 2004). More- sophisticated versions of such software can make transcript-in-progress tools available to court partici"]
[15.064553260803223, 2.850386142730713, "paper-based records (Delehandy et al., 2014; Lederer, 2000). Comprehensive recent data on the extent of adoption of digital recording are not available, but in a 2002 survey of federal courtrooms, 18 percent reported being equipped with digital audio"]
[14.86072063446045, 2.944380044937134, "ining data from an individual\u2019s criminal history with other factors\u2014such as antisocial personality patterns, procriminal attitudes, substance abuse, procrime social supports, poor relationships, school/work failure, and lack of prosocial recreational"]
[15.099936485290527, 2.853024959564209, "such management can support judges in making well-informed rulings quickly. It can also allow courts, criminal justice agencies, and community agencies to collaborate, improve services, and solve community problems. In our taxonomy of criminal justic"]
[15.106175422668457, 2.847045421600342, "e\n\u2022 accounting (including front counter, cashier, back office, and general ledger functions)\n\u2022 security\n\u2022 management and statistical reports. (NCSC, 2001a, pp. 2\u20133)\nThe link to accounting functions can also enable caseflow management systems to per- "]
[15.10110855102539, 2.848553419113159, "ions could be ongoing, given the continued use of paper or physical submission of some materials or evidence. The extent of adoption of these technologies is not clear, but in the survey of Ohio courts, 51 percent of the courts had some type of imagi"]
[15.053025245666504, 2.88553524017334, "rovide efficient check-in processes in order to streamline the juror system. These tools also allow for last-minute recorded information pertaining to trials to be delivered to the prospective jurors (NCSC, undated d). According to a 2014 survey, 63 "]
[15.051187515258789, 2.8325607776641846, "on electronically, 13 reported that all information exchanges were electronic (i.e., no information was exchanged via paper). Twenty-four responding courts solely or predominantly used real-time information exchange, 13 solely or predominantly used E"]
[15.09002685546875, 2.8448867797851562, "ed sets of people to trans- mit information. Jury management systems (discussed previously) can be linked to notifica- tion systems to remind jurors of their summons and help ensure juror attendance. Some of these systems make it possible for jurors "]
[15.11518383026123, 2.8588924407958984, " that guides self-represented litigants through a series of questions (Sandman and Rawdon, 2014). Based on the answers provided, the program will prepare personalized court forms that are ready to be served and filed.\n23 For example, Clarke, 2015.\n24"]
[15.10818862915039, 2.884869337081909, "a challenge and an oppor- tunity for court systems. When many independent actors bring their own communications devices to the courtroom, it creates infrastructure demands. At the same time, the proliferation of mobile devices has given courts an opp"]
[16.197389602661133, 2.9651408195495605, "ransport defendants or prisoners from jails, which also decreases risk and saves money. However, doing so has raised concerns about whether telepresence is compatible with fairness of the judicial process and the right of the accused to face their ac"]
[16.19247817993164, 2.9489786624908447, "Court System: Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs\ncase delays to use an interpreter who is physically present, video remote language interpreta- tion is a solid option and \u201cmay be the best alternative for many rarer languages\u201d (Clark"]
[15.185681343078613, 2.8581764698028564, "tation. Data from the ABA survey of attorneys suggest that these cameras are available in many courts but are not widely used (from 2011 to 2014, between 17 and 22 percent of respondents indicated that they are available [Poje, 2014].) \u201cEnhanced whit"]
[15.155487060546875, 2.874643564224243, "tween 12 and 27 percent indicated that there were capabilities for them to connect their own devices to court presentation systems (from projection screens, which were available in more than half of courtrooms, to individual monitors for trial partic"]
[15.107601165771484, 2.848381996154785, " and the knowledge associated with criminal justice functions. And the route for implementing that doctrine or those tactics in the court system is the training that provides the necessary knowledge for court participants.\nIn the literature and in fe"]
[15.14586353302002, 2.8099045753479004, " it was not neces- sary and between one-fourth and one-third indicated that the courtrooms they practiced in did not utilize technology or that courtroom technology was not relevant to their practice, reasons cited among the remainder of respondents "]
[14.042354583740234, 3.0021331310272217, "standards for criminal justice information systems already exist to meet this need (see IJIS Institute, undated; NCSC, 2001b). For instance, the Global Information Sharing Initiative created a standard for data exchange models called the Global Justi"]
[15.09327507019043, 2.877270221710205, "r physical infrastructure used for such applications\u2014 including designs that provide single points of access to enable screening, lighting and other technologies at the perimeter of buildings (e.g., applying crime prevention through environ- mental d"]
[15.09869384765625, 2.8608028888702393, "accounting for paper files.\nPerson-Worn Equipment and Weapons/Force\nIn our taxonomy, the person-worn equipment category covers the equipment and tools (from general use equipment to specialized technology) that criminal justice practitioners use in c"]
[15.068363189697266, 2.8516435623168945, "viduals or offenders from place to place, we have covered those roles and functions in our analysis of the corrections sector and therefore omitted them from this work in the interest of clarity.\nCourt Technology and Practice Today 43\n CHAPTER FOUR\nF"]
[15.092702865600586, 2.8302555084228516, "nvolving language interpretation, jury and jury selection, long-distance court proceedings, public defense systems, and the training and education of judges and court staff.\n\u2022 Such organizations as ABA, the National Association for Court Management, "]
[15.105737686157227, 2.8305108547210693, " address how evidence can come to courts in many different electronic file formats) and (2) steps that could allow courts to take advantage of new opportunities that improvements in technology have made possible. In our work, we therefore define a co"]
[15.177872657775879, 2.786189079284668, "preparation and presentation, conducted primarily by attorneys or litigants to pre- pare for a case and to present evidence pertaining to that case at court hearings and trial. This area also includes judicial functions to rule on motions or evidence"]
[15.087335586547852, 2.7499210834503174, "fy potential innovations that might relate to one or more areas of concern or opportunity. This avoided focusing on a single ideal future for the court system. For example, some of the problems that are recognized today are, at their heart, resource "]
[15.090810775756836, 2.743851900100708, "es efficiently and fairly.\nImprove the competencies of staff through training, education, and readiness. Ensure an independent, impartial, and accountable judiciary.\n    From Courts Today to Courts Tomorrow: Identifying and Prioritizing Innovation Ne"]
[14.853004455566406, 1.9863505363464355, " to vary, each panelist assigned a rating for each need on a scale of 1 to 9, where 1 meant the need would not be valuable and 9 meant that meeting it could result in a 20-percent or greater improvement in performance or efficiency.6\n3 One issue high"]
[14.962937355041504, 2.3969054222106934, "ds identified are practical for existing practice and to identify needs that analysts who are not as intimately familiar with the sector might not. The central challenge in these efforts is that the topics discussed\u2014and, therefore, the needs generate"]
[14.826448440551758, 1.8443880081176758, " approach only implicitly includes considerations of cost. The probability of adoption of a solution or technology (our operational success measure) implicitly includes cost, because more-expensive solutions are less likely to be implemented broadly."]
[15.035606384277344, 2.577930450439453, " of the need was too high, too low, or correct as is. This final round of prioritiza-\n7 Our approach to identifying and presenting the needs in tiers also had the potential to minimize the effect of this truncation.\n8 The process of consolidation and"]
[15.098721504211426, 2.8199307918548584, " technology information to judges and how to recruit and keep information technology staff in court organizations. Needs in this area ranged from the very broad (e.g., the need for training and capability-building for court staff to address the fact "]
[15.109110832214355, 2.7969553470611572, "se associated with specialty courts needing to share data with a wider range of orga- nizations and service providers. Needs in this area also included ways that information- sharing could contribute to resolving important problems in courts today. F"]
[15.090619087219238, 2.8067777156829834, "er tools for evaluating system security.\n\u2022 Notification and communication. Because court proceedings rely on all the required par- ticipants appearing at the same time, when litigants or defendants do not show up, it cre- ates schedule problems and c"]
[15.083869934082031, 2.7070276737213135, "ely under doctrine, tactics, management, and behavioral knowl- edge development and training, with the majority of those needs falling into our management/\nFrom Courts Today to Courts Tomorrow: Identifying and Prioritizing Innovation Needs 55\nFigure "]
[15.080881118774414, 2.695812940597534, "formation provided by the Courts Advisory Panel members (on how valuable a need would be to the court system if met, how technically straightforward it would be to achieve,\nFigure 4.2\nPercentage of Needs Contributing to Each Court Objective\n      Per"]
[15.08527946472168, 2.705862045288086, "rs in one of the needs that bridges categories. Table 4.2 presents the top-tier needs by top-level taxonomy category. The dominance of infor- mation and communication needs in the top-priority list is very different from the category breakdown of the"]
[15.107123374938965, 2.828782081604004, "tems when they go down. Develop, exercise, and implement response plans to address technology failure.a, b\nEnsure that electronic and other court data have robust backups and that courts have sufficient control over the data storage to permit this.c\n"]
[15.078924179077148, 2.837766408920288, "dges, lawyers, and others)\nMinimal or nonexistent wireless Internet and bandwidth in many court buildings\nPoor access to complete information to inform bail decisions\nPoor access to complete information to inform bail decisions\nDue process concerns a"]
[15.06714916229248, 2.8774054050445557, "to support sentencing. The availability and quality of information available to judges for making bail decisions has also been an enduring concern, with discussion in the 1988 Office of Technology Assessment report examining technology\u2019s potential fo"]
[15.103540420532227, 2.8764288425445557, "to aid in locating information later.\nExplore whether features of technology systems provide opportunities to better meet the timeliness goals of the justice system (versus just focusing on existing technology and what\nit can do).\nPursue statutory au"]
[15.126666069030762, 2.7977843284606934, "ween public access and maintaining sufficient court security\nBacklogs in forensic laboratories and the slow processing of evidence delaying justice\nVendor systems that try to simultaneously meet the needs of multiple stakeholders (e.g., judges, couns"]
[15.106083869934082, 2.820251703262329, "h other needs that were not ranked as high priority) highlights a key technology development challenge for courts and a situation where stakeholder concerns and best practices can sometimes pull in multiple directions. The involvement of stakeholders"]
[15.093145370483398, 2.8554928302764893, "tem-level tools to assess the cascading effects of changes in criminal justice policy and practice.\nDuring discussion and the prioritization process, panel members commented on indi- vidual needs, providing additional context and nuance based on thei"]
[15.076526641845703, 2.7815537452697754, "rmation- sharing\n IT systems for managing mission-related data\n External communications\n Fixed location communications (video)\n Information management (including sharing)\n Information delivery (including communications)\n Information technology\u2014 basic"]
[15.067485809326172, 2.891859531402588, "ted to serious barri- ers: \u201cConfrontation Clause objections can prevent this for now\u201d; and \u201cEasy to do technologi- cally, harder to do if there are legal objections.\u201d12 Focusing specifically on remote appearances of crime lab staff, one participant e"]
[14.841181755065918, 2.0633623600006104, "e main prioritization discussed above includes consid- eration of value (and the number of court objectives where that value could be realized), likeli- hood of success, and likelihood of broad adoption of the innovation. Although this calculation pr"]
[15.07581901550293, 2.7871363162994385, " both sides in a dispute that educates pro se litigants. These needs actually scored quite highly on all three measures in our calculations, but because they were relevant to only one or two of the court objectives, their overall expected values were"]
[15.100443840026855, 2.828002691268921, "nd for all sides of disputes. Such calculations would also have implications for time standards for court operations (Steelman, 2010). See also NCSC, undated a.\nc Such role-based and other access- or disclosure-control issues are general issues acros"]
[15.112703323364258, 2.793917179107666, "ations and maintenance costs are captured in acquisition decisions and included in out-year budgets.g\n  NOTE: Needs are grouped by their top-level taxonomy category. Full categorization of needs is included in Appendix E. Needs that were already incl"]
[15.111865997314453, 2.8424811363220215, "ore whether features of technology systems provide opportunities to better meet the timeliness goals of the justice system (versus just focusing on existing technology and what it can do).\nDesign systems that are capable of capturing unstructured but"]
[15.106161117553711, 2.849858283996582, "s. Communication between courts and other criminal justice agencies and community support groups is essential to increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of the court system. Having updated, well-developed standards that are widely implemented wou"]
[15.087940216064453, 2.732452630996704, "s relatively evenly split between the information and communications category and the doctrine, knowledge, and training category, the high-priority needs were dominated by information and communications issues. That dominance is even stronger when\n 7"]
[15.102387428283691, 2.7729368209838867, "e top-tier needs addressed con- cerns about the ability of courts to maintain security and to be prepared for emergencies and other incidents. With respect to security, the need for standards and performance measures for security at different locatio"]
[15.069819450378418, 2.873697280883789, "mation of citizens in court records. Tools for better data protection appeared in both the high-value and low-hanging fruit lists.\nAddressing basic technology shortfalls in today\u2019s courts. Panel members raised a number of concerns about the technolog"]
[15.182755470275879, 2.8014299869537354, "urt. Social media is a tool that so many members of the public use, and they increasingly assume that they should be able to communicate with government this way. However, courts need guidelines and materials to ensure that both they and citizens und"]
[15.132843017578125, 2.8642263412475586, "U.S. Court System\nThis effort, aimed at the national level, sought to frame an innovation agenda for the court system writ large. The value of the result will be driven by application and by how individual agencies or organizations use the identified"]
[15.10107707977295, 2.8351871967315674, "nizations with needs and roles to play in court innovation. This effort has provided a set of high-priority needs that rose to the top of our panel\u2019s deliberations, as well as a broader\u2014and much longer\u2014set of innovation options that represent opportu"]
[14.638527870178223, 3.4930801391601562, "formation Officer Massachusetts Trial Court Boston, Mass.\nDavid K. Byers\nAdministrative Director Arizona Supreme Court Phoenix, Ariz.\nKay Chopard Cohen\nExecutive Director\nNational District Attorneys Association Alexandria, Va.\nThe Honorable Amy Daven"]
[15.098207473754883, 2.778606653213501, "ctitioners National Criminal Justice Association Washington, D.C.\nRobert A. Zastany\nExecutive Director\nAdministrative Office of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit Waukegan, Ill.\nCourts Advisory Panel Members 79\n    APPENDIX B\nCourts Advisory Panel Pre-M"]
[15.0828218460083, 2.7839279174804688, "s unimportant would get a score of 0.\nEach objective can have any number. For example, if you think all these objectives are equally important, all would be scored as 100. If you think they are each of different levels of importance, each score would"]
[15.114988327026367, 2.8400988578796387, "nformation per- taining to a specific case from the courts to or between external entities, such as the prosecutor\u2019s office, defense counsel, law enforcement, pretrial services or other supervi- sory agencies, and the public. Functions here include c"]
[15.131343841552734, 2.8578696250915527, "enting technologies to support [NAME OF FUNC- TIONAL AREA] in your court system (or the court systems with which you are most familiar)? Please indicate whether each obstacle is major, minor, or not an obstacle in your experience. [Check boxes for ea"]
[15.029826164245605, 2.6747303009033203, "vidual level (e.g., ensuring due process and justice for an individual accused of a crime or party to litigation) or at the societal level (e.g., providing access to justice uniformly for all citizens or protecting the public at large by administerin"]
[14.907610893249512, 2.111429214477539, "iving a weight from 100 (if it was equally important to the highest-priority objective) to 0 (if it was viewed as unimportant). These scores were then averaged across all panelists\u2019 responses to produce a set of weights on the objectives. The results"]
[15.07530689239502, 2.608833074569702, "that could be addressed through research or science and technology investment\u2014that is, the specific needs. The panelists also identified which court objectives each need supported (by marking a simple \u201cyes\u201d if the need supported the objective). In al"]
[15.116250038146973, 2.6426796913146973, "ctics, management, and behavioral knowledge development and training\nFacility operations and population services\nObjective\n       Percentage of identified needs\n         Judges\nAttorneys\nWorking group\nCourt administrators\nand the doctrine, tactics, m"]
[15.087085723876953, 2.8417372703552246, " 2).\nDetailed Methodology 93\n94 Fostering Innovation in the U.S. Court System: Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs\nTable D.1\nExample Original and Combined Needs\n  Original\nCombined\n  Problem or Opportunity\nTechnology reliability is a"]
[14.780961990356445, 1.811049222946167, "te storage.\n  Figure D.4\nNumber of Original Needs Consolidated to Produce Combined Needs\n80\n70\nNumber of resulting combined needs\n0\nRAND RR1255-D.4\nPrioritizing Court Needs\nDetailed Methodology 95\n     60\n50 40 30 20 10\n           12345\nNumber of ori"]
[14.789140701293945, 1.7694610357284546, "kthroughs if an effort to meet the need is successful, multiplied by the probability that such efforts will be technically and operationally successful. Put another way, the score for a need is determined by how beneficial it will be in achieving one"]
[14.786741256713867, 1.7820998430252075, "he data points into sets 1, 2, . . . K so that the following measure is minimized:\nmin\u2211K \u2211x\u2212\u03bc2. i=1 xjinseti j i\nHere, \u03bci is the center, or average, of cluster i. This measure, also called the within-cluster sum of squares or cluster cohesion, is one"]
[14.779030799865723, 1.7403638362884521, "ly, it is as difficult as an NP (nondeterministic polynomial time) problem.\nDetailed Methodology 97\n 98 Fostering Innovation in the U.S. Court System: Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs\nFigure D.5\nRanges of Expected Values for Tiere"]
[14.760671615600586, 1.7546663284301758, "the score for a need broke through the top or bottom of its existing tier (e.g., a Tier 3 need\u2019s normalized score increased above the top of the Tier 3 range), its rank was changed to the tier one rank up or down, even if the new score did not fully "]
[15.049571990966797, 2.8522706031799316, "sociated Need\nExamine technologies to help organize and analyze large volumes of more-complicated information. Though some commercial tools\nare available, courts need a\nbetter understanding of how new technology could help manage the effects of digit"]
[15.023810386657715, 2.9990832805633545, "icy decisions, ranging from increases in criminal justice capacity to pushes for efficiencies in the system\nConcerns about the suitability of the risk and needs assessments that help determine sentencing and release from the corrections system\nConcer"]
[15.090868949890137, 2.860069513320923, "y of examples, see Johnson, 2009; Clarke, 2015; and Cabral et al., 2012.\n104 Fostering Innovation in the U.S. Court System: Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs\nTable E.1\u2014Continued\n Category and Subcategory\nInternal data collection: O"]
[15.101408958435059, 2.815995454788208, "ailable for addressing backlogs for processing DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) evidence (NIJ, 2015b). The broader issue of case backlogs was explored in the National Research Council\u2019s review of forensic science in the United States (Committee on Identif"]
[15.105965614318848, 2.8289670944213867, "s for improving appearance rates (Legal Design Lab, 2015).\nk The need for up-to-date source lists is widely recognized; is included in relevant standards, such as those published by ABA (2005); and has been examined in surveys of courts that explore "]
[15.18299388885498, 2.8639075756073, "meliness goals of the justice system (versus just focusing on existing technology and what it can do).\nHigh Value\nLow- Hanging Fruit\n External communications\nu\nn For example, Rule 5.2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure includes such guidelines ("]
[15.096738815307617, 2.835200786590576, ": Video\nProblem or Opportunity\nMaintaining continuity of operations during natural or other events\nDue process concerns about remote appearances in judicial proceedings\nLimited resources for prosecutors and public defenders (e.g., not enough attorney"]
[14.991689682006836, 2.786818742752075, "ird-party information as a result of technology, which is so integrated into the lives of defendants, victims, and police, creating challenges for both prosecutors and defenders\nSpace constraints (physical and virtual) for managing records and eviden"]
[15.099990844726562, 2.833754539489746, "lop centralized standards for 1 authenticating electronic documents. Examples of implementation\nare available, but no practice is universally adopted.\nBuild into record entry systems rules 2 or expert tools that help ensure complete data entry and ap"]
[15.099300384521484, 2.8300929069519043, "d be digitized).\nDefine requirements that some 3 categories of judicial work product\nneed to be confidential, even if they\nare stored in the same system with official public files.a\nIn the absence of redaction, develop better ways to protect some sen"]
[15.102561950683594, 2.8221206665039062, "g this).a\nFull List of Court Needs 111\n Category and Subcategory\nProblem or Opportunity\nConcerns about data quality within the court system as\na result of inconsistency in the way data are entered, limits in clerk knowledge, hiring of individuals wit"]
[15.058985710144043, 2.817781448364258, "been shared appropriately.bb\nPromote a common understanding 2 of what it means to share digital evidence (e.g., footage from\na security camera at a private\nsite). Does it mean offering the opportunity to access evidence (similar to physical evidence "]
[15.109763145446777, 2.837801456451416, "e use of such tools as encryption.a\nDevelop standards for evaluating the 1 security of cloud storage providers to both inform decisions and assuage concerns.\nTake advantage of records becoming 3 electronic and, rather than having to gather and ship r"]
[15.147817611694336, 2.8594911098480225, "a and mobile devices, which enable disclosure of information and cyber harassment\nCourts\u2019 tendency to be reactive to technology changes rather than plan ahead\nLimited resources for prosecutors and public defenders (e.g., not enough attorneys, too hig"]
[15.106807708740234, 2.8344132900238037, "eline, could meet this need.\n116 Fostering Innovation in the U.S. Court System: Identifying High-Priority Technology and Other Needs\nTable E.2\u2014Continued\n Category and Subcategory\nProblem or Opportunity\nVendor systems that do not meet needs\nVendor sys"]
[15.12557601928711, 2.8391964435577393, "or 2 modify business processes that can\nbe adopted across stakeholders (or\nmatch business processes to existing software capabilities), making it\npossible for technologies to function effectively (examples of consensus development and ranking process"]
[15.099949836730957, 2.8233423233032227, "ng, and match processes\nto the goals they are trying to achieve.a\nModify planning and funding processes to ensure that operations and maintenance costs are captured in acquisition decisions and included in out-year budgets.\n2 u\nc Organizational effor"]
[15.067815780639648, 2.813978910446167, "ts who cannot afford\nlawyers or procedures that allow\nvictim advocates to take a more central role in the trial process.a\ne NCSC maintains a compendium of state rules on bulk data sale (NCSC, undated e). In 2005, SEARCH, the National Consortium for J"]
[15.130375862121582, 2.8523623943328857, "esources to better inform 2 judges\u2019 decisions when appointing counsel (and to inform the public\nabout these decisions), including an assessment of the costs and benefits\nof appointing counsel early versus late.\nAdopt business process reengineering 1 "]
[15.11388874053955, 2.8332371711730957, " to decisionmaking.a\nDetermine caseload standards\nto make it possible to perform h assessments across jurisdictions.\n2 u\n3\nUpdate job requirements for court 2 management staff to create a body\nof employees whose technology skills\nare sophisticated en"]
[15.062490463256836, 2.8466238975524902, "erformance measures for effective security\nfor different types of courts and locations within a court to minimize intrusiveness for court participants, staff, and the public.a\nIncrease training and build the capability and expertise to addressj chang"]
[15.113563537597656, 2.8400633335113525, "instructions to ensure that those using the technology (lawyers, court officers, etc.) understand how to usea it, reducing the probability of errors.\n Societal/legal knowledge development and innovation\nDevelop standards and better 2 technological to"]
[15.079485893249512, 2.8926217555999756, "y corrections technologies, such as continuous alcohol monitors and Global a Positioning System monitors.\nPursue statutory authority or 1 court procedural rule authority\nfor specialists to appear via video presence to increase efficiency of\nDevelop i"]
[15.114169120788574, 2.8332338333129883, " or fail\nChallenges keeping information technology staff up to speed on emerging technology\nDevelop more exercises and drills 1 to determine likelihood of success,\nsuch as using red teams, performing testing, and actually operating from backup sites "]
[15.076322555541992, 2.8817150592803955, "ine best practices to address 2 this misbehavior, which could range\nfrom educational efforts to simple prohibition of mobile devices.d\nDesign court infrastructure to be 3 more welcoming and engaging.a\nDevelop standard lists of basic 1 technology that"]
[15.118169784545898, 2.956782579421997, "merican Bar Association, \u201cCourt Funding Best Practices,\u201d web page, undated. As of March 28, 2016: http://www.americanbar.org/groups/committees/ american_judicial_system/task_force_on_the_preservation_of_the_justice_system/Court_Funding_Toolkit/ ABA_T"]
[14.924551010131836, 3.0544848442077637, "Carrie A. Schneider, \u201cEmergency Management in the Courts: Trends After September 11 and Hurricane Katrina,\u201d The Justice System Journal, 2007, pp. 20\u201335.\nBlack, Nicole, \u201cLawyers, Cloud Computing, and Innovation: How Cloud Computing Facilitates Innovat"]
[14.860129356384277, 3.0595483779907227, "er 2004. As of March 28, 2016: http://www.proselex.net/Documents/JMI%20ELECTRONIC%20FILING.pdf\nCCJ/COSCA Joint Committee on Court Security and Emergency Preparedness, CCJ/COSCA Court Security Handbook: Ten Essential Elements for Court Security and Em"]
[14.936196327209473, 3.01183819770813, "ings-in-the-united-states/\nCowan, Bradley M., \u201cChildren in the Courtroom: Essential Strategies for Effective Testimony by Child Victims of Sexual Abuse,\u201d The Army Lawyer, February 2013, pp. 4\u201316.\nCrandall, Nancy, Making a Business Case for Automated "]
[14.885496139526367, 3.070326328277588, "ter for State Courts, 2013.\nFederal Judicial Center, Advisory Committee on Evidence Rules: Meeting and Symposium, Chicago, October 9, 2015. As of March 28, 2016:\nhttp://w w w.uscourts.gov/file/18432/\nFlango, Carol R., Deborah W. Smith, Nora E. Sydow,"]
[14.937043190002441, 3.049276113510132, "09,\npp. 1\u201321.\nHardenbergh, Don, Robert Tobin, Sr., and Chang-Ming Yeh, The Courthouse: A Planning and Design Guide for Court Facilities, Williamsburg, Va.: National Center for State Courts, 1991.\nHeerboth, Cynthia K., \u201cTechnology and Its Effects on t"]
[14.920174598693848, 3.0729780197143555, " 2009, pp. 259\u2013283.\nJoint Technology Committee, Making the Case for Judicial Tools, JTC Resource Bulletin, 2014.\nJudicial Council of California, California Trial Court Facilities Standards 2011, San Francisco, 2011. \u2014\u2014\u2014, Video Remote Technology in Ca"]
[14.938952445983887, 3.0854744911193848, "://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/635\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCourt Technology: For Trial Lawyers the Future Is Now,\u201d Criminal Justice, 2004a, pp. 14\u201321. \u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cIntroduction: What Have We Wrought?\u201d William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3,\n2004b, pp. 637\u20136"]
[14.944392204284668, 3.0623879432678223, "74\u2013179.\nMcMillan, James E., Using Technology to Improve Customer Service: Trends 2007, Williamsburg, Va.: National Center for State Courts, 2007.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Videoconferencing Survey 2010 Results, Williamsburg, Va.: National Center for State Courts, 2010. A"]
[14.95744514465332, 3.0276811122894287, "ies/Courthouse-Design-and-Finance/Resource-Guide.aspx\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCourt Website Design: Courts with Mobile Applications,\u201d web page, undated c. As of March 28, 2016: http://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Media/Court-Websites/State-Links.aspx?cat=Courts%20with%20Mobile"]
[14.8582181930542, 3.128169298171997, "au/law-professionals/wearable-technology-courtroom/\nOffice of the State Attorney, Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Digital Evidence and Document Standards, Palm Beach County, Fla., June 2011. As of March 28, 2016: http://www.sa15.state.fl.us/stateattorney"]
[13.957489013671875, 3.957751989364624, "thod.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cPriority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative,\u201d web page, Santa Monica, Calif., undated b. As of March 28, 2016:\nhttp://www.rand.org/jie/justice-policy/projects/priority-criminal-justice-needs.html\nRandall, Ronald, James A. Woods, and Ro"]
[14.913336753845215, 3.1045749187469482, "inal Justice Record Information, Sacramento, Calif., 2005. As of March 28, 2016: http://www.search.org/files/pdf/RNTFCSCJRI.pdf\nShapiro, Joseph, \u201cAs Court Fees Rise, the Poor Are Paying the Price,\u201d NPR News, 2014. As of March 28, 2016:\nhttp://w w w.n"]
[14.826325416564941, 3.0630226135253906, "ronic Evidence: Electronic Evidence Procedures,\u201d August 1, 2012. As of March 28, 2016: http://www.tnmb.uscourts.gov/documents/EEP_APPs.pdf\nU.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Criminal Justice, New Technologies, and the Constitution, OTA-C"]
[15.104588508605957, 2.8695216178894043, "ocial Media,\u201d American Journal of Trial Advocacy, Vol. 36, 2013, pp. 641\u2013653.\nZorza, Richard, and David Udell, \u201cNew Roles for Non-Lawyers to Increase Access to Justice,\u201d Fordham Urban Law Journal, Vol. 41, No. 4, May 2014, pp. 1259\u20131316.\nSociety reli"]
[2.80971360206604, -1.6619892120361328, "  Jan Osburg, Philip S. Anto\u0301n, Frank Camm, Jeremy M. Eckhause, Jaime L. Hastings, Jakub Hla\u0301vka, James G. Kallimani, Thomas Light,\nChad J. R. Ohlandt, Douglas Shontz, Abbie Tingstad, Jia Xu\n CAPABILITIES, NEEDS, AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR NASA\u2019S AER"]
[2.822597026824951, -1.646848201751709, "nterest to those respon- sible for managing NASA flight research infrastructure and capabilities, aeronautics researchers, and the broader oversight community in the Office of Management and Budget, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and Co"]
[2.822510004043579, -1.6486786603927612, "nts about this report should be sent to the project leader, Jan Osburg (Jan_Osburg@rand.org). For more information about the Science, Tech- nology, and Policy program, see www.rand.org/jie/stp or contact the director at stp@rand.org.\nContents\n Prefac"]
[2.85725474357605, -1.6150695085525513, " . . . . . . .\nCHAPTER FOUR\nManagement Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Approach Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[2.799346446990967, -1.6692261695861816, "... 34\n3.1. NASA Aircraft\u2013Related Cost by Type for FY 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.2. ARMD Total Aircraft Funding Expected for FYs 2016\u20132020 (Not\n. 39\nIncludingLBFD) .........................................."]
[2.8242170810699463, -1.6475529670715332, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n5.2. ACTE Sorties and Flight Hours to Date. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n5.3. Scenario 1 Partnering Alternati"]
[2.80456805229187, -1.6675256490707397, "creases in ARMD budgets that are expected to persist over the foreseeable future, budget levels over the next ten years similarly cannot be predicted precisely.\nTo address this challenge, we developed high-level needs projections for three different "]
[2.8031373023986816, -1.6697006225585938, "ng the portion of the ARMD budget that is spent on flight research\n3. Making the ARMD budget for flight research go further by:\n\u2013 improving the efficiency of NASA\u2019s flight research enterprise\n\u2013 taking different approaches to adjusting flight research"]
[2.805295705795288, -1.6671291589736938, " capa- bilities are available and modernized to facilitate progress. Given the extensive breadth of ARMD\u2019s SIP, an explicit prioritization of capabilities (as later described in MO-04) could inform possible infrastructure investments\u2014as well as manag"]
[2.807887077331543, -1.665181040763855, "ectation of stable funding, rather than having to plan for contingencies. Projects funded with the next $100 million could be designated as \u201ccon- fident\u201d and managers could prepare in similar fashion. On the other hand, projects for which the funds a"]
[2.8066365718841553, -1.6641247272491455, "of poten- tial users. A well-publicized annual survey could be instituted, complemented by less frequent long-term examinations like the Decadal Surveys compiled by the National Academies of Science. Leadership prioritization is key to planning, inte"]
[2.787869453430176, -1.6858575344085693, "versely affect pro- gram budgets and lead to delays\u2014even collateral effects on other programs. Explicitly and effectively balancing such risks across all elements involved in flight research (air- craft, airspace, ranges, ground infrastructure, and w"]
[2.799713134765625, -1.6730170249938965, "o may have concepts that would benefit from small amounts of flight research but who do not have sufficient funding for flight research (e.g., in a similar way that NASA allocates supercomputing time to researchers). For example, many academics use R"]
[2.8022096157073975, -1.6734976768493652, "trate return on investment by articulating benefits, especially in monetary terms, to explain their value (MO\u201015). Whenever possible, NASA should continue to explain potential benefits in both domain and monetary terms. NASA funding ultimately depend"]
[2.815443277359009, -1.6563384532928467, "lka, David \u201cNils\u201d Larson, Brad Flick, Sean McMorrow, Steve Schmidt, Albion H. Bowers, David A. Samuels, Chauncey C. Williams, and J. Brett Swanson. At Ames Research Center, we thank Michael Aftosmis, Roy Williams, Munro Dearing, Huy Tran, and Matthew"]
[2.822831153869629, -1.6485666036605835, "hout the study and for reviewing an earlier version of this report. We are also indebted to William Welser IV, for his constructive review of this report. Tom LaTourrette, Anita Chandra, and Marjory Blumenthal provided greatly appreciated quality ass"]
[2.8244402408599854, -1.647274374961853, "l\nUAS unmanned aircraft systems UHBR ultra-high bypass ratio\nUK United Kingdom\nUSAF U.S. Air Force\nWFF Wallops Flight Facility\nAbbreviations xxi\nCHAPTER ONE\nIntroduction\n Flight research, flight testing, and flight safety analysis are essential compo"]
[2.8124775886535645, -1.6598687171936035, "s the use of flight test is specifically indicated.\n 1\n2 Expanding Flight Research\nRAND Corporation to assess its flight research and flight test needs and related capa- bilities, identifying gaps and management options (MOs) that support evolving AR"]
[2.809199094772339, -1.6627017259597778, "ecisely.\nDespite these limitations, by using a futures-based approach, we were able to identify broader strategic direction, needed capabilities, and MOs.\nAeronautics Research Needs over the Next Ten Years\nThe 2015 ARMD SIP provided the foundation fo"]
[2.810659170150757, -1.6607784032821655, "rior work (e.g., Anton, Gritton, et al., 2004a; Anton, Johnson, et al., 2004b), we examined the conceptual range of needs and capabilities, rather than specific details (e.g., the predicted number of flight hours needed for specific aircraft out to t"]
[2.791444778442383, -1.681384801864624, "We compared the needs with the capabilities as a way to identify any gaps or excess. Given the uncertainties already outlined, this gap analysis was at the level of research domains in the SIP thrust areas mapped against the five areas of flight rese"]
[2.8066530227661133, -1.665715217590332, "ina and Russia, with which close collaboration in aeronautics research is less likely in the foreseeable future.\nThe timing of this study imposed certain limitations as well. At the time of the kick-off meeting, ARMD had not yet published its SIP nor"]
[2.806551218032837, -1.650389552116394, "tion tools. Based on this, we generate a set of three estimates for future needs, representing steady, reduced, and increased demands for flight research.\nSecond, we review flight research capabilities based on existing NASA flight and ground test as"]
[2.8044509887695312, -1.6628587245941162, "ter One), we did include UAS-related flight research needs because they feature prominently in NASA ARMD\u2019s SIP and generally also involve non-UAS capabilities; e.g., manned safety chase planes.\n3.\nSupport to space exploration\u2013related efforts (from mi"]
[2.8142499923706055, -1.6559884548187256, "um UAS to establish proof of concept and mature the underlying technologies. Technologies with the most promise are scaled to larger aircraft (manned or unmanned) and flight tested. In some cases the goal is autonomous medium UAS operating in the Nat"]
[2.807215929031372, -1.6617815494537354, "he develop- ment of next-generation fighters (although such collaborations are outside the scope of the current SIP).\nIn the international arena, Japan and nations within the European Union (EU) have civil aviation research with portfolios similar to"]
[2.821166515350342, -1.6507779359817505, "- tion (Tinoco, 2008), as does pushing past TRL 5 (defined as system and component\n12 Expanding Flight Research\nprototype validation in the expected operating environment). When considering the impact of M&S development on flight research, the primar"]
[2.810263156890869, -1.6592189073562622, " parallelism with heterogeneous, specialized hardware. This may have negative implications for code generality and computation efficiency. On the algorithmic front, the state-of-the-art industrial CFD remains the unsteady RANS (URANS) codes based on "]
[2.794990062713623, -1.6631242036819458, "e.g., motion, lighting). Moreover, faithful representations of vehicle behavior are fundamentally dependent on our ability to accurately characterize aircraft aerodynamics, dynamic response, and control logic across the flight regime, all of which ar"]
[2.8050503730773926, -1.6617943048477173, "ay have implications for flight research. For example, the most-profound advances in aviation efficiency in the last half-century have come from improvements in propulsion, specifically through the development and refine- ment of the high bypass turb"]
[2.8052237033843994, -1.6633620262145996, "ht research, ground testing still provides controlled environments that can be more heavily instrumented but ground testing no longer benefits from industrial scales of efficiency, given the modern role of CFD. As a result, flight research is more co"]
[2.8042502403259277, -1.665395975112915, "fect), the potential futures help explore how these factors might evolve, identify management challenges, and ultimately serve as a backdrop against which to illustrate how the MOs we later develop could help ARMD regardless of what occurs in the fut"]
[2.8059446811676025, -1.6643624305725098, "likely to benefit most directly from such a technology demonstrator face potential questions of environmen- tal compatibility and economic viability. Hence, it may be reasonable to expect that the supersonic thrust has to cope with additional, nontec"]
[2.8101625442504883, -1.6598848104476929, "sed resources for flight research. This future would include full, robust, stable research in all six SIP thrust areas, additional investments in modifi- able testbed aircraft, and initiation of major investments in both subscale and full- scale X-pl"]
[2.8268911838531494, -1.6440300941467285, "ables real-time analysis of flight test data and decisionmaking on envelope expansion and other efforts during a flight\n\u2022 ground-based flight simulation and flight research laboratories to enable risk reduction prior to test flights\n\u2022 maintenance and"]
[2.8098301887512207, -1.6604576110839844, "search Capabilities\nNASA\u2019s fleet of more than 60 aircraft\u2014including the aircraft used for flight research\u2014 is distributed across several NASA centers. NASA research aircraft are used for both aeronautics flight research and airborne science research."]
[2.8196990489959717, -1.6518619060516357, "1H\nKSC\n3\u00d7 UH1H\nSOURCE: Based on NASA, 2015a.\nNOTE: Aircraft of particular relevance to ARMD are highlighted in bold.\nJSC = Johnson Space Center; KSC = Kennedy Space Center; WFF (GSFC) = Wallops Flight Facility (Goddard Space Flight Center).\nRAND RR13"]
[2.816091775894165, -1.6543102264404297, "rthiness, aircraft/cruise missile, and crossover/atmospheric vehicles (aeronautical aspects). Flight test range assets include the Ridley Mission Con- trol Center and Birk Flight Test Facility, supersonic flight corridors, reconnaissance test ranges,"]
[2.816436767578125, -1.6546021699905396, "afe testing environment and for overseeing that test site operation occurs under strict safety standards.\nFlight Research Capabilities of U.S. Industry and Academia\nIndustry and academia focus on T&E and R&D, respectively. Both sectors offer sub- son"]
[2.8431906700134277, -1.6274784803390503, "chinery Facility.\nNASA supports flight research in academia, and some academic researchers use NASA facilities for testing. Although this relationship might extend further to NASA taking advantage of university flight research equipment and pilots, t"]
[2.8324036598205566, -1.6382280588150024, "ve to long-term planning and investing, since they are able to accumulate funding across multiple fiscal years, have more autonomy in setting their own research agendas, and are not prohibited from \u201ccompeting\u201d with commercial enterprises.\nDuring our "]
[2.844914197921753, -1.6267942190170288, " will replace their Lear 25 with a Lear 35, and LaRC is pursuing the acquisition of another HU-25C. JSC\u2019s C-9B is already scheduled for retirement, as is one of their T-38s. On the commercial side, the fate of Boeing\u2019s current EcoDemonstrators is unc"]
[2.815359115600586, -1.6529210805892944, "on 20E (D\u2010CMET) (D\u2010ADLR) G550\n    Boeing:\nDemonstrators 757, 787, Eco\u2010 747 engine 757 engine P&W, GE: Honeywell: testbeds\ntestbeds Calspan:\nG\u2010III, Learjet\n      MQ\u20101** MQ\u20109** RQ\u20104*,**\nC\u201012 C\u2010130\nB\u20102 B\u201052 C\u20105 C\u201017\nKC\u2010135\n        WFF\nB\u2010200\n(N8NA)\n(N439"]
[2.8254554271698, -1.6436878442764282, " Cessna C206 SR\u201022 (N501NA) Columbia Cirrus 300\n(N525NA, HU\u201025C TBD?)\n       GRC\n(N608NA)\n(N601NA)\nT\u201034C\nS\u20103B\n  DHC\u20106\n(N607NA)\nLear 35\nLear 25*\n(N616NA)\n       ARC\nSierra**\n(N707NA)\n       AFRC\nB\u2010200 (N7NA, N801NA) (N870NA) (N149AF)+ Ikhana**\nTG\u201014\n("]
[2.816035270690918, -1.651550054550171, "II\nSOFIA\n         Low Subsonic\n(M<0.3)\nSubsonic\n(0.3<M<0.7)\nTransonic\n(0.7<M<1.2)\n  International\n Industry Partners (Examples)\n Aircraft with Potential Utility for ARMD Flight Research\u2014Ten Years Out\nNASA\nDoD\n Table 2.3\nMaximum Speed\n NASA ARMD Fligh"]
[2.8035788536071777, -1.6693207025527954, "nomy for Aviation\nTransformation\n6\n         Legend: Available now Can acquire or modify during project ramp-up Cannot acquire in advance N/A NOTE: AC=aircraft; ACTE=adaptive conformal trailing edge; cf.=comparable to; GA=General Aviation; GE=General "]
[2.809936761856079, -1.6625303030014038, "h using rotorcraft. One company the research team talked to mentioned some interest in a vertical-lift consortium, but that would also require budgetary stability. Finally, some international flight research organiza- tions such as DLR, JAXA, and NRC"]
[2.7957825660705566, -1.6770941019058228, " in Chapter Four.\nExcess\nWe found no current, strategic excess flight research capabilities that do not map to one or more SIP thrusts.\nSummary of Findings\nARMD has substantial infrastructure supporting flight research in funded areas. While there ar"]
[2.791938543319702, -1.6817389726638794, " are usually significantly cheaper and faster to build than full-size platforms, and enable char- acterization of some\u2014but, due to scaling issues, not all\u2014aerodynamic effects in flight. They also are subject to more-restrictive volume and power const"]
[2.8025717735290527, -1.668223261833191, "on study on the U.S. Antarctic Program concluded that 90 percent of funds went toward logistics costs and only 10 percent toward the science operations that the logistics efforts are supposed to enable (U.S. Antarctic Program Blue Ribbon Panel, 2012)"]
[2.8072190284729004, -1.664326548576355, "         SOURCES: NASA, 2015a, and previous AMD Annual Aircraft Reports.\nRAND RR1361-3.3\nAdditional Factors Affecting ARMD Flight Research 41\nFigure 3.4\nAFRC Aircraft Utilization, June 2009\u2013May 2014\n800\n700\n600\n500 Five-year cumulative flight hours 4"]
[2.8127071857452393, -1.655660629272461, "ith flight research managers at the four NASA centers involved in flight research, the workforce is aging at the same time that employment caps and lags makes hiring replacements difficult, if not impossible. At some centers (but not across NASA), th"]
[2.80281138420105, -1.6695579290390015, " research is needed to raise the TRL of more aeronautics tech- nologies to where they can be incorporated into commercial products (for examples, see Klamper, 2009; Warwick, 2015; NASA, 2015c; NRC, 2012). Related options are thus included, as they ma"]
[2.797196626663208, -1.6756788492202759, "anagement Option\nMO\u201001 Planning integration MO\u201002a Strategic investment MO\u201003a Acquire\u2010at\u2010need\nMO\u201004 Increase budget certainty\nMO\u201005 Increase cooperation\nMO\u201006a Increase partnering\nMO\u201007 Space/military tie\u2010in MO\u201008a Annual needs survey\nMO\u201009 Cross\u2010ce"]
[2.8026764392852783, -1.6689032316207886, "orate into a specific project, researchers should at least create a technology transfer road map showing at what point flight research would play a role in advancing the technology in question toward higher TRLs (and, ultimately, toward transfer to i"]
[2.8018698692321777, -1.6698224544525146, "ubsequent tech-\n1 TRL is measured on a scale from 1 to 9, with TRL 1 (\u201cbasic principles observed\u201d) being the lowest level of readiness and TRL 9 (\u201cactual system flight proven\u201d) being the highest.\n nology transfer, which increases the impact of ARMD r"]
[2.804274797439575, -1.6690831184387207, "ated capabilities. Such cycles of revolving or staggered activity, including associated mothballing and restoration of flight research capabilities, could be synchronized with NASA\u2019s long-term planning, such as the Aero- nautics Roadmap (NASA, 2015g,"]
[2.8039395809173584, -1.6679586172103882, "Another contributor to increasing flight research is ensuring that sufficient infra- structure capabilities are available to facilitate progress, since inadequate equipment and\n2 As suggested above, the magnitude of the costs associated with each of "]
[2.801981210708618, -1.6708630323410034, "ly given the lull in need.\nPotential positive effects: Reducing active aircraft inventory directly decreases cost of ownership, which allows for increased investment in infrastructure improvements.\nPotential negative effects: Reducing active aircraft"]
[2.8257758617401123, -1.6475889682769775, "planning and prioritiza- tion has been accomplished (MO-01, MO-04), then gap and market analysis can be focused on potential opportunities.\nDiscussion: As discussed in the previous section, when utilization is projected to be low for long periods of "]
[2.80564022064209, -1.6664495468139648, "duty in a configuration consistent with a current DoD version than it took for the WB-57.\nThis is true whether the aircraft remains in active use or is mothballed for poten- tial resurrection. If a NASA aircraft effectively becomes obsolete while in "]
[2.804361581802368, -1.6682040691375732, "volves ramp-up cost (both for hardware and for workforce retraining). Thus, the success of this approach depends on the stability of the strategic plans on which deci- sions are based, and on the availability of ramp-up funding when needed.6 Savings "]
[2.8026223182678223, -1.6698824167251587, "ate\u201d for each year, then identify the top 60 percent of projects as \u201chigh confidence,\u201d the next 20 percent as \u201clikely,\u201d and the last 20 percent as \u201cpossible.\u201d\nRough level of effort: Modest. Once longer-range plans and cost estimates exist, then ranki"]
[2.806126356124878, -1.6670866012573242, ". In fact, better communication may be all\nManagement Options 55\n56 Expanding Flight Research\nthat is required. While we heard from some sources at ARMD HQ that such planning certainty exists, some center-based researchers were unaware of this and we"]
[2.808814287185669, -1.6640740633010864, "l as NASA\u2019s Office of General Counsel, approve the final plans and arrangements.\nWho would implement the MO? Project and program managers with center infrastructure managers would handle implementation.\nImplementation steps: Specific steps vary by ca"]
[2.804302215576172, -1.6663153171539307, "s, including through proper planning of any outreach activities and publications, something particularly important in foster- ing long-term partnerships\nManagement Options 57\n58 Expanding Flight Research\n\u2022 making sure research that is brought in is i"]
[2.802751302719116, -1.6703259944915771, "s do not meet criteria for appropriateness; however, collaboration interest can also be an indicator for changing community needs (MO-08).\nEffects on other stakeholders: Cooperative research can facilitate research and may incur financial reimburseme"]
[2.815004825592041, -1.657811164855957, "the high cost of supersonic capabilities. Time to flight can be reduced if\nManagement Options 59\n60 Expanding Flight Research\nthe partner has a needed capability ready to go. The four scenarios explored in Chapter Five offer details specific to partn"]
[2.8036553859710693, -1.6689643859863281, "given that ARMD does not have primary responsibility for these research areas. However, areas such as hypersonics have well- established coordination panels.\nDiscussion: A different strategic approach for pursuing increased budgets is to tie ARMD fli"]
[2.8023781776428223, -1.6700220108032227, "(or a centralized, matrixed organization would, in the case of MO-09).\n7 See, for example, the Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey of Mars (ARES) proposal for a \u201cMars Scout\u201d mission, although it was not funded for implementation (NASA, 2011c)."]
[2.803222179412842, -1.6690502166748047, "e efficiency of available dollars is critical. NASA, like many organizations facing persistent budget shortfalls, has already been working on increasing its efficiencies, but we identified several related MOs for consideration. The options also inclu"]
[2.8073439598083496, -1.661670446395874, "director. This structure sets up a natural tendency for staff to advocate for local capabilities when talking with programs about future research. Some organizations framed this as a friendly competition to provide support to programs.\nA new cross-ce"]
[2.7999982833862305, -1.6730923652648926, "s such as intellectual property decisions and international policies. Such a function could be performed by a new, separate office, but having it integrated with the internal matrixed organization would provide for a convenient \u201cone-stop shop\u201d and fa"]
[2.8146235942840576, -1.6588324308395386, " Initial investigations, however, could be modest, explor- atory research endeavors aimed at developing efficient, practical approaches for aug- menting existing strategic efforts.\nDiscussion: Flight research is subject to interacting execution risks"]
[2.794348955154419, -1.6807376146316528, "hose risks should lead those projects to explicitly develop risk- mitigation plans for how they would handle budgetary instability and the effect of that instability on infrastructure investments needed for their research. For example, those projects"]
[2.7968764305114746, -1.6705154180526733, "1 cannot be implemented by ARMD alone, because it would affect NASA center and NASA HQ assets and roles.\nReducing the number of backup chase aircraft would trade increased schedule risk for cost reductions through reduced infrastructure redundancy. N"]
[2.802029848098755, -1.6662554740905762, ".1 Average 90.8\nSOURCE: Horn, 2014, chart 22\nFY 2013 Fleet Availability (%)\n97.3 99.2 94.7 84.4 90.6 91.8\nNumber of Aircraft in Fleet\n1 1 2 2 3\n\u2014\nLow Fleet Availability Rate (%)\n   97\n   99\n   95\n   66\n   91\n   91\nHigh Fleet Availability Rate (%)\n  1"]
[2.8027336597442627, -1.6665620803833008, "lity of aircraft behaves as though the breakdown rate\u2014or nonavailability rate\u2014for each aircraft is binomially distrib- uted. Table 4.5 shows the resulting relationships between the number of support aircraft that are prepared for a flight test and th"]
[2.796154022216797, -1.676744818687439, "led data for the reliability of each unique tail number in the fleet, could support decisionmaking on potential fleet size reduction options by helping balance cost of ownership against the risk of potential schedule delays. However, the latter can b"]
[2.764465808868408, -1.7110182046890259, "request process, possibly in conjunction with the annual user survey (MO-08) or using SMD\u2019s Science Operations Flight Request System (SOFRS). Establish a selec- tion board (which could reach across NASA through the matrix managed structure, MO-09) an"]
[2.764343738555908, -1.708566427230835, " potentially highly valuable flight research, thus reducing process times (MO-13) and cost to the researcher while increasing benefits relative to cost. Further- more, it would allow researchers to gain experience with and understand the value of fli"]
[2.786101818084717, -1.6872607469558716, "performing flight research at NASA can make their needs known (MO-08).\nIt could also involve designating single points of contact who can help research- ers navigate the required processes and paperwork (for example, the approach used by DLR and the "]
[2.7905638217926025, -1.6834291219711304, "available. Therefore, this option entails improving the storage and archiving of flight research data and derived results, facili- tating U.S. researcher access to that data in order to increase the value that can be extracted from existing flight re"]
[2.79634952545166, -1.6804865598678589, "ral hard drives\u2014that needed to be archived, this would result in storage charges of $2,400 per year.\nPotential positive effects: Improving access can save cost and time needed for finding and accessing relevant flight research data. It can also reduc"]
[2.801126003265381, -1.676354169845581, "ain potential benefits in both domain and monetary terms.\nPerhaps the most direct approach to justifying increased flight research is to describe its relative value as ROI. In addition to explaining the potential benefits in qualitative terms, moneti"]
[2.800245761871338, -1.6771072149276733, "ue) plus the monetary value ($1.8 billion) better informs nonspecialists of the costs and benefits of NASA\u2019s research. These figures can\n11 The Environmental Protection Agency estimates the social cost of carbon dioxide to be about $41.15 per ton of "]
[2.8006458282470703, -1.6727045774459839, " fixed nonrecurring costs of maintaining unique flight research capabilities by spreading them across a larger user base.\nPotential negative effects: Expanding BCA and promoting the results will incur a certain cost, mainly in labor, and credible mon"]
[2.827545404434204, -1.6451082229614258, "uld be unacceptable to the owner). However, leasing is not viable for testbed aircraft (because they usu- ally require major modifications) or supersonic aircraft (because generally they are not commercially available for lease). Thus, while leasing "]
[2.806300640106201, -1.665225625038147, "aintain capabilities that NASA does not have, and collaboration as well as partnering can therefore be a viable option (MO-05 and MO-06). However, full outsourcing to inter- national organizations would require NASA to accept significant risk and int"]
[2.7980473041534424, -1.6754928827285767, "rch.\nThe scenarios represent examples of past projects and those of plausible future work.\n1. ACTE\u2014a conformal trailing edge flap utilizing nonrigid wing flaps mounted to a large business jet\u2013class aircraft\n2. LBFD\u2014supersonic transport technology res"]
[2.789421558380127, -1.6839005947113037, "ning partnering alternatives and other MOs. Alternative arrangements change the overall cost, timeliness, and safety of the scenarios. The alternatives allow for a systematic assessment of alternative capability sources, which can illustrate partneri"]
[2.78544020652771, -1.688572645187378, "echnology and covered some of cost for the testbed aircraft, the first two alter- native scenarios provide contrast to that partnering arrangement. The all-NASA and all- DoD alternatives primarily transfer the cost to one or the other, and the latter"]
[2.7938284873962402, -1.679560661315918, " aircraft\n  Increases by $300,000\nand all costs transferred to DoD\n  No significant change\n  No significant change\n  No significant change\n  No significant change\n  No partnering with DoD\n  No partnering with NASA\n             NOTE: Green=substantial"]
[2.7929484844207764, -1.6803773641586304, "lly the LBFD would be flown in the confines of a test range but, given adequate confidence, could be flown in the NAS. The first alternative has NASA not partnering in order to maximize public benefit of a technology developed for minimizing sonic bo"]
[2.796488046646118, -1.6766107082366943, "ost, time, and other considerations (such as partnering opportunities). The ratings are shown in Table 5.6.\nUltimately, the acquisition cost of a low-boom supersonic demonstrator, expected to be in the millions of dollars, outweighs the costs of supp"]
[2.7853200435638428, -1.687776803970337, "either industry or other government entities and a contrasting simple alternative of going it alone. Table 5.7 shows the alternatives that were considered, with the ratings provided in Table 5.8.\nThe two expanded partnering alternatives have the adva"]
[2.7733068466186523, -1.6998615264892578, "l increased risk of test failures due to multiple safety standards\nNo significant change\n      Significant partnering with industry and academia\nLack of partnering, but more flexibility to release intellectual property\nPartnering with DoD and FAA\n   "]
[2.7877273559570312, -1.6854945421218872, "ake use of partnerships around the world\n  SOURCES: NASA, 2012; Office of the Undersecretary of Defense, 2013.\nNOTES: Amounts converted to FY 2015 dollars. Assumes 15\u201320 sorties. The flight test aircraft is a four\u2010 engine aircraft, for which acquisit"]
[2.771801471710205, -1.70256507396698, "Partnering can transfer costs but not necessarily reduce them. Government part- ners are unlikely to provide flight research capabilities that are more cost-effective or more capable than those maintained by NASA. When costs are transferred to indust"]
[2.7295267581939697, -1.7429370880126953, "1361-5.4\n                   Compatibility Matrix for Management Options\nLegend: Management options are compatible Management options are compatible and have positive synergies\nrisks; MO-11=Adjust number of chase planes; MO-12=Voucher system; MO-13=St"]
[2.8006324768066406, -1.6713651418685913, "name.\nAssessment of Management Options 95\n 96 Expanding Flight Research\nFigure 5.5\nSME Ratings of 15 Management Options, by Relevance\nManagement option\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15\n  5\n4 SME rating (1 = no relevance; 5 = high relevance) 3 2\n1\n"]
[2.801934242248535, -1.6703414916992188, "10; NRC, 2012; Pav- lock, 2013; Merlin, 2013) and from interviews with NASA researchers and managers. We then performed a gap analysis by mapping these need categories against NASA\u2019s existing capabilities.\nWe found that NASA has capabilities in most "]
[2.801935911178589, -1.6688404083251953, "tated every few years. (MO-02, MO-04, MO-15)\n\u2013 Based on the resulting focus areas, consider divestment or reduction in readi- ness of flight research capabilities that are not currently needed. For example, the supersonic aircraft are one category of"]
[2.8032844066619873, -1.6690646409988403, "rts of explor- atory research through a voucher program for internal and external researchers. This will also leverage external research and may foster interest in additional collaboration. (MO-05, MO-12)\nArticulate benefits in monetary terms to faci"]
[2.7879040241241455, -1.6852147579193115, "nontraditional\u201d commercial partners, insights from and access to new markets), whereas universities can offer opportunities to work with researchers who have experience designing experiments, publishing, and exploring new directions in flight researc"]
[2.807582139968872, -1.6641113758087158, "tomated aerial refueling efforts and sense-and-avoid testing. It has a number of aircraft available for research, including four Learjet \u201cin flight simulators\u201d that can be modified with programmable flight systems, as well as a Gulfstream G-3. It als"]
[2.807408571243286, -1.666121482849121, " to a PDR [preliminary design review]) and a test readi- ness review stage, which includes a risk and hazard analysis.\nFinally, we interviewed some flight research organizations outside of the United States that expressed interest in partnering with "]
[2.775214433670044, -1.6989201307296753, " enter into and perform such contracts, leases, cooperative agree- ments, or other transactions as may be necessary in the conduct of its work and on such terms as it may deem appropriate, with any agency or instrumentality of the United States, or w"]
[2.786848306655884, -1.6894880533218384, " may have to be explored further to expand partnering between ARMD and external\u2014particularly commercial\u2014organizations. In infor- mal conversations with members of the research team, several industry representatives voiced concerns about partnering wi"]
[2.8058366775512695, -1.6664108037948608, "tracts providing long-term support of the QinetiQ five-meter pressurized wind tunnel in the UK (QinetiQ, 2013b), and the 25-year Long-Term Partnering Agree- ment between the MOD and QinetiQ Group running from 2003 to 2028. Under the latter agreement,"]
[2.8085134029388428, -1.663455843925476, "e entire matrixed organization. Such shifts in authority, responsibility, and benefits is why the exact structure of the resulting organization would require further analysis and negotiation among the stakeholders to address concerns, statutory and r"]
[2.8083584308624268, -1.6632843017578125, "mpetitor has fixed costs that it must cover in its price to remain in business. More competitors thus means higher total fixed costs that have to be spread out over the customer base, especially in areas such as flight research, where fixed costs are"]
[2.823107957839966, -1.6410542726516724, " an individual link within the greater value chain to improvement of these final products. \u201cImprovement\u201d involves achieving better matches among the attributes of the final products and what their users want in terms of cost, reliability, and other p"]
[2.8073112964630127, -1.6663339138031006, "e in place, efforts to increase competition can actually degrade coordination and induce partners to withhold information and sacrifice long-term mutual gains for short-term opportunistic behavior.\nWithin organizations, efforts to coordinate specific"]
[2.817591667175293, -1.6499831676483154, "ive participation from each center\u2019s operation group rather than having a single local contact that can represent and reach out to other centers\u2019 capabilities. If NASA chose to pursue this MO, then different options for how the matrixed organization "]
[2.8263440132141113, -1.638366937637329, "anagement: Not a Structure, a Frame of Mind,\u201d Harvard Business Review, Vol. 68, No. 4, 1990, pp. 138\u2013145. As of March 12, 2016: https://hbr.org/1990/07/matrix-management-not-a-structure-a-frame-of-mind/ar/1\n113\n114 Expanding Flight Research\nBilstein,"]
[2.829099655151367, -1.6405799388885498, "ment for Army Science and Technology Programs Under Uncertainties, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-979-A, 2011. As of April 15, 2016: http://w w w.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG979.html\nCreech, Gray, \u201cNASA Quiet Sonic Boom Research Effort End"]
[2.8344342708587646, -1.6340522766113281, "puterworld.com/article/2599804/ cloud-computing-nasa-launches-massive-cloud-migration.html\nGawdiak, Yuri, Gregory Carr, Jeremy Eckhause, Robert Hemm, Mark Narkus-Kramer, and Jeffrey Johnson, \u201cJPDO Evaluation of NextGen Operational Benefits,\u201d 11th AIA"]
[2.8239498138427734, -1.6452876329421997, "had J. R. Ohlandt, and Jan Osburg, Pricing Strategies for NASA Wind-Tunnel Facilities, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-999-NASA, 2011. As of August 19, 2015: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR999\nLong, Dou, Jeremy Eckhause, and "]
[2.818631172180176, -1.6520977020263672, "earch,\u201d 2014a. As of January 8, 2016:\nhttp://science.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2014/12/05/ NASA_Plan_for_increasing_access_to_results_of_federally_funded_research.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, NASA\u2019s Socio-Economic Impacts Aligned with the 2014 Strategic Plan, Washingt"]
[2.80812406539917, -1.6640056371688843, "/files/fy_2017_budget_estimates.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cARMD Aircraft Req FY15-20 for AMD May 2015 V5.xlsx,\u201d Excel spreadsheet, provided by ARMD, January 20, 2016b.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program,\u201d updated March 24, 2016c. As of April 26, 2"]
[2.8256313800811768, -1.6457980871200562, "MB\u2014See Office of Management and Budget.\nONERA, 2014 Annual Report, Palaiseau Cedex, France, 2015. As of March 28, 2016: http://w3.onera.fr/rapport-annuel/sites/w3.onera.fr.rapport-annuel/files/documents/ onera-ra2014-va.pdf\nOSTP\u2014See Office of Science"]
[2.8248794078826904, -1.6458178758621216, "r 27, 2006. As of June 6, 2016:\nhttp://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Photo/Quiet_Spike/Large/ED06-0184-23.jpg\nTinoco, Edward N., \u201cValidation and Minimizing CFD Uncertainty for Commercial Aircraft Applications,\u201d 26th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, "]
[2.85141921043396, -1.617346167564392, "6:\nh t t p s : / / w w w . w h i t e h o u s e . g o v / t h e - p r e s s - o ffi c e / 2 0 15 / 0 7 / 2 9 / executive-order-creating-national-strategic-computing-initiative\nWomack, James P., Danie T. Jones, and Daniel Roos, The Machine That Changed"]
[8.784615516662598, 21.676973342895508, " CORPORATION\nDesigning Compensation Programs for Individuals and Households After Man-Made and Natural Disasters in the United States\n Steven Garber\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1005\n  Library of Congress Catalogin"]
[11.384106636047363, 17.5910701751709, "tion and inform policy choices about liability, compensation, regula- tion, risk management, and insurance. The institute builds on a long\niii\niv Designing Compensation Programs for Individuals and Households After Disasters\ntradition of RAND Corpora"]
[8.774816513061523, 21.687381744384766, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indiana State Fair Stage Collapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nCHAPTER FOUR\nPrivate Victim Compensation Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[8.776131629943848, 21.686172485351562, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Victims Have Conflicting and Shared Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How Can Designers Best Help Victims? . . . . . . . "]
[8.774138450622559, 21.68833351135254, " the seven PVCPs were responses to intentional acts\u2014four mass shootings (Aurora, Colorado; Newtown, Connecticut; Tucson, Arizona; and Virginia Tech\u2019s campus) and an act of terrorism (the Boston Marathon bombings). Another responded to an accident (at"]
[8.775157928466797, 21.68726348876953, "P designers can follow some practical sugges- tions to help accomplish their goals fairly, quickly, and efficiently. Such suggestions include the following:\n1. Focus on the well-being of the victims of the disaster and on meeting obligations to funde"]
[8.77673053741455, 21.686010360717773, "s for their contributions to the report. First, I thank the two technical reviewers: Robert L. Rabin (Stanford Law School) and Nicholas M. Pace (RAND). Second, I am grateful for comments from several members of two advisory boards at RAND\u2014 namely, th"]
[8.775190353393555, 21.687334060668945, "ndividuals and households for personal injuries, property damage, and death.\nOne of the most important questions related to this topic asks how such a compensation program should be designed. And designing a VCP requires answering several subquestion"]
[8.775226593017578, 21.687061309814453, ", for example, Faure and Hartlief, 2006; Faure, 2007). There are several ex ante compensa- tion programs in the United States\u2014that is, programs created and designed before the rel- evant injuries occur. Examples of ex ante schedules of compensation i"]
[8.773550987243652, 21.688920974731445, "enses, such as costs of temporary housing. This assistance is not intended to provide compensation for losses by individuals or house- holds (in contrast to public entities, which are often compensated through FEMA for infra- structure damage).\n7 See"]
[8.767255783081055, 21.714189529418945, "sed as a condition for receiving com- pensation from a victim compensation fund (VCF), such compensation may be viewed as a \u201ccollateral\u201d source in tort and thereby reduce dam- ages available from tort actions.\nThe doctrines and processes of the U.S. "]
[8.778928756713867, 21.683822631835938, "vel GVCPs, including one created in\n1 See Table 4.1 in Chapter Four.\n2 While the 9/11 VCF is widely described as unprecedented, publicly funded compensation\npredates the terrorist attacks on September 11 (Landis, 1998). For example, the United States"]
[8.778240203857422, 21.684473037719727, " (Feinberg, 2005, pp. 34\u201337; Feinberg, 2012, p. 63). Moreover, the requirement that compensation received from collateral sources be deducted from compensation amounts available from the fund (so-called \u201coffsets\u201d for collateral sources) became very p"]
[8.782620429992676, 21.68042755126953, "oxic exposures. In relation to the traumatic fatal and nonfatal injuries addressed by the original fund, then, the 9/11 VCF of 2011 raises difficult issues involving injury causation, as well as the potential for compensable injuries becoming manifes"]
[8.781817436218262, 21.681394577026367, "clude tort actions against private parties. VCP design decisions not determined by the legislation were delegated to a panel of three special masters. The state reached settlements with all 179 eligible victims, for a total of roughly $36.5 million i"]
[8.777617454528809, 21.68352699279785, "35,000 for each death claim. For nonfatal injury claims, the amount of compensation depended on numbers of days and nights the victim was hospitalized\u2014specifically, $25,000 for ten or more days and nights of hospitalization, $7,500 for between four a"]
[8.78403377532959, 21.674549102783203, "rograms\n This chapter considers seven PVCPs since 2007, detailing their known design features in a table and then comparing and contrasting those features.\nTable 4.1 provides overviews of seven PVCPs set up in response to man-made disasters since 200"]
[8.782380104064941, 21.68012237548828, "tion at the Kenneth R. Feinberg \u2022 \u2022 Aurora Victim Relief \u2022 \u2022 Special Master:\n12 fatalities, 70 others injured\nmovie theater, Aurora, Colo. Shooting at\nJuly 20, 2012\nother funds established Psychological injuries relinquish tort rights to for individu"]
[8.783809661865234, 21.678815841674805, "ollar value of points to respectively processed\n  About $77 million avail- tion Compensation Fund, Reno Air Racing Associa- \u2022 claiming deadline Octo- (almost 1 year after the Kenneth R. Feinberg established August 2012 able to compensate; Administrat"]
[8.779909133911133, 21.682327270507812, " families of the \u2022 o $40,000 and tuition and fee o $90,000 and tuition and fee o $10,000 or tuition and fee o $10,000 or tuition and fee waiver to those in specific classrooms and not covered \u2022 $6.5 million, distributed the last \u2022 (for mental trauma)"]
[8.777289390563965, 21.684978485107422, "clusion of some types of injury; for exam- ple, Aurora victims who were not hospitalized and Boston Marathon victims with only psychological injuries were ineligible for payments. Moreover, physically injured Boston victims who were not hospital- ize"]
[8.780304908752441, 21.681640625, "As reported in Table 4.1, the Boston Marathon bombing and Aurora shooting PVCPs pro- vided compensation payments within four and five months of these events, respectively, and payments were distributed from the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund less than se"]
[8.775609016418457, 21.686365127563477, "(Dixon and Stern, 2004, pp. 138\u2013140).\nThe existence of multiple sources of compensation can greatly complicate the tasks of VCP designers and impede them from achiev- ing their goals. First, for VCP designers who seek to distribute their funds to pro"]
[8.771309852600098, 21.691570281982422, " administrative costs. Design- ing a VCP when funds are limited is much more challenging than when funds are unlimited. Thus, the discussion that follows focuses on situations with limited funds,1 and it is assumed that available funds do not suffice"]
[8.773819923400879, 21.688583374023438, " as well as what\n2 Of course, PVCP designers are likely to receive such comments even if they do not invite them.\n deadlines they must meet. Designers must also develop forms for claimants to use to apply for compensation. In addition, claiming pro- "]
[8.774772644042969, 21.687620162963867, "ern to VCP designers are appar- ent from what designers and onlookers emphasize\u2014namely, the extent of fairness, speed of compensation, and size of transaction costs. As we will see, there are conflicts or trade-offs in jointly pursuing these outcomes"]
[8.774876594543457, 21.68730926513672, "zontal equity. As will become apparent, conceptualizing and apply- ing notions of fairness leave lots of room for discretion, even for pro- gram designers who choose to focus on these three aspects of fairness.\nSocial Welfare or Tort?\nA helpful persp"]
[8.774924278259277, 21.68707275390625, "rvingness and horizontal equity). Such indicators reflect different interpretations of need\u2014involving dif- ferent levels of complexity\u2014that VCP administrators could measure.\nThe simplest indicator of need listed in the table is a claimant\u2019s total los"]
[8.774728775024414, 21.687673568725586, "ies of injury based on pain and suffering,\nfuture medical expenses, and so on.\n   Horizontal equity\nConcept: Victims in identical or similar circumstances should be treated identically or similarly.\nValue judgment: People in identical or similar situ"]
[8.774317741394043, 21.688365936279297, "ample, most victims of terrorist acts or mass shootings cannot be viewed as knowingly put- ting themselves in harm\u2019s way.\n in harm\u2019s way.7 When determining eligibility and amounts of com- pensation, many VCP designers are likely to conclude that whet"]
[8.773859024047852, 21.688087463378906, "nsurance for personal injury. The simplest plausible indicator\u2014and the first listed for deserv- ingness in Table 6.1\u2014might be whether a victim had any insurance relevant to the losses caused by the disaster. This indicator might be too crude for VCP "]
[8.775519371032715, 21.68712043762207, "rity. In designing and implementing the 9/11 VCF of 2001, special master Feinberg found the horizontal equity principle appealing in theory but unhelpful in practice. In particular, he writes, \u201cI tried to treat similar claims alike. But I soon learne"]
[8.755867958068848, 21.702327728271484, "ategories reflect respected value judgments about what factors make victims more and less alike for the purposes of VCP design. The third listed indicator would refine the second indicator by considering\u2014in addition to days hospitalized\u2014pain and suff"]
[8.773933410644531, 21.688335418701172, "a- tional indicators of fairness are adopted.\nFairness to Nonvictims\nWhile most of the concern about fairness in designing VCPs centers on being fair to victims, VCP designers may also have substantial con- cerns about being fair to nonvictims, such "]
[8.774208068847656, 21.688608169555664, "erjury that all information contained in and submitted with the Eligibility and Compensation Forms is true and accurate. False statements or claims made in connection with this application may result in fines, imprisonment and/or any other remedy ava"]
[8.774068832397461, 21.688499450683594, "ant to limit the transaction costs involved in designing and administering VCPs. These costs include the salaries and wages paid to program designers, administrators, claims proces- sors, and auditors; travel expenses; and costs associated with creat"]
[8.773481369018555, 21.688804626464844, "likely delays processing claims and remitting payments.\nActivities that increase transaction costs may, however, be cru- cial to addressing other policy concerns. For example, requiring more- extensive documentation of eligibility for compensation an"]
[8.773916244506836, 21.688615798950195, "nowledge of the true probability of experi- encing losses of various magnitudes.\n experimental evidence and observed patterns of behavior in real-world settings.19\nFinancial Self-Protection\nAs the uptake and coverage levels of relevant kinds of insur"]
[8.77388858795166, 21.688608169555664, " across disasters in the number and nature of injuries, differences in budgets across VCPs, and extensive uncertainty about such key issues as how much compensation victims have received or will receive from other sources. In short, when it comes to "]
[8.773694038391113, 21.68874168395996, " ments that many would view as very generous. In reflecting on his experience as the administrator of the 9/11 VCF of 2001, the Hokie Spirit Memorial Fund, and the GCCF, Feinberg states that establish- ing a VCP in response to a disaster creates \u201ca s"]
[8.77409553527832, 21.688255310058594, "y, design- ers may have obligations to those who provide a VCP\u2019s funds\u2014namely, taxpayers and donors\u2014and to those who created the VCP and del- egated remaining design decisions (for example, to a special master). How these obligations are best balance"]
[8.774426460266113, 21.68848419189453, "e likely to confront in designing most, if not all, VCPs. But providing specific recommendations about complete designs or key features of high-quality designs seems unrealistic. For instance, the best design decisions\u2014and the appropriateness of part"]
[8.774020195007324, 21.688467025756836, "nd size of transaction costs\u2014with fairly small sacrifices in other outcomes. These suggestions for VCP designers are as follows:\n1. Focus on the well-being of the victims of the disaster and on meeting obligations to funders and upstream VCP creators"]
[8.773594856262207, 21.68897247314453, " cover the administrative costs of the program. Rightly or wrongly, this is money to which victims are likely to feel entitled. For example, try to find businesses that are willing to cover administrative costs separately, and encourage dona- tions o"]
[8.777935981750488, 21.684730529785156, "signers face complex tasks with no correct solutions. The design- ers are often monitored, criticized, second-guessed, and challenged by various stakeholders. The most experienced and prominent designer of U.S. VCPs has cautioned that \u201cno good deed g"]
[8.782814979553223, 21.680299758911133, "013/04/11/nyregion/ foundation-to-distribute-4-million-to-families-affected-by-newtown-massacre. html\nAssociated Press, \u201cNewtown Struggling to Divvy Up Donations for Sandy Hook Shooting Victims,\u201d Insurance Journal, July 2, 2013a. As of January 19, 20"]
[8.783026695251465, 21.67982292175293, "torney\u2019s Office, Victim Services Division, undated. As of May 23, 2016: https://www.ncjtc.org/CONF/Ovcconf/AttMat/ Understanding%20Victim%20Compensation_Burbank_Handout.pdf\nCampbell, Alex, \u201c$13.2M Settlement Stalls in Indian Stage Collapse,\u201d Indianap"]
[8.783188819885254, 21.679664611816406, " pp. 719\u2013768.\nDisis, Jill, \u201cStage Collapse Victim Asks Appeals Court to Throw Out State\u2019s Liability Cap,\u201d Indianapolis Star, December 16, 2014. As of June 10, 2015: h t t p : // w w w.w h a s11. c o m /s t o r y /n e w s / l o c a l / i n d i a n a /"]
[8.783358573913574, 21.679588317871094, "com/articles/97244/ minn-reaches-deals-with-bridge-collapse-victims\nIndiana State Fair Commission, \u201cIndiana State Fair Relief Fund\u2014Final Protocol,\u201d undated. As of May 23, 2016: http://www.thefederation.org/documents/05.Protocol%20%20FINAL-Clean.pdf\nR"]
[8.784713745117188, 21.678699493408203, "h Paper Series, No. 567, 2014.\nMullenix, Linda S., and Kristen B. Stewart, \u201cThe September 11th Victim Compensation Fund: Fund Approaches to Resolving Mass Litigation,\u201d Connecticut Insurance Law Journal, Vol. 9, 2002\u20132003, pp. 121\u2013152.\nNagareda, Richa"]
[8.784102439880371, 21.67919158935547, "tember 6, 2015. As of February 25, 2016: http://www.vcf.gov/pdf/VCFProgramStatistics09092015.pdf\nStafford, Dave, \u201cAG: State Fair Stage Collapse Victim Payments Completed,\u201d Indiana Lawyer, December 20, 2012. As of September 5, 2014: http://www.theindi"]
[8.775777816772461, 21.686994552612305, "ng and Financing Recovery from Natural Disasters in the United States, Philadelphia, Pa., March 2008.\nReferences 69\nMan-made and natural disasters (such as mass shootings, terrorist attacks, flooding, and hurricanes) occur fairly frequently in the Un"]
[9.92647647857666, 2.838069438934326, "  CORPORATION\nSystematic Reviews for\nOccupational Safety and\nHealth Questions\nResources for Evidence Synthesis\nSusanne Hempel, Lea Xenakis, Marjorie Danz\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1463\n Published by the RAND Cor"]
[-0.40978726744651794, 13.599752426147461, "rch on the methodology of evidence synthesis.\nRAND Infrastructure Resilience and Environmental Policy\nThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Infrastructure Resilience and Environmental Policy program, which performs analyses on urbaniza"]
[9.931201934814453, 2.8406355381011963, ".............................................................. 5\n2. Systematic Review Step 1: Define the Question ........................................................................ 6 Scope of the Review.........................................."]
[9.927923202514648, 2.837402820587158, "ware.......................................................................................................... 30 Eligibility Criteria and Inclusion Screening ..........................................................................................."]
[9.924251556396484, 2.832857131958008, "............................................................ 54 Body-of-Evidence Quality Levels......................................................................................................55 Quality-of-Evidence Summary......................."]
[9.92906379699707, 2.8373911380767822, "............................................................... 34 5.1. Study-Level Critical Appraisal Summary Example .............................................................. 43 6.1. Forest Plot Example........................................."]
[9.928668975830078, 2.837772846221924, " a particular challenge, typically exceeding the scope of traditional evidence-based medicine systematic review approaches. Furthermore, systematic reviews that support guidance and recommendation documents need to consider mechanisms to ensure trans"]
[9.928955078125, 2.8377439975738525, "s, and other sources. The chapter outlines the development of search strategies and the use of citation management software. It covers formulating eligibility criteria for the review, outlines the inclusion screening process, and introduces a literat"]
[9.932486534118652, 2.829200506210327, "Table S.1.\nTable S.1. Online Resources\nResource Link Chapter One: \u201cIntroduction and Report Methods\u201d\n    Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions\nGrading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group\n"]
[9.913843154907227, 2.856316328048706, " evidence-based reports\nAbstrackr, software for automated citation processing\nWeka data mining algorithms\nUSPSTF procedure manual\nHLWIKI International\nhttp://www.prisma-statement.org/Extensions/Protocols.aspx http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO http:/"]
[9.928415298461914, 2.829601764678955, "ICF International, Dragon, online tool for systematic reviews to support risk assessments\nGuide to Community Preventive Service, guidance for data extraction\nAHRQ Slide Training Module for data extraction\nNewcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational stud"]
[9.931441307067871, 2.836153745651245, "l for public commenting\nhttp://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence-based- reports/search.html https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/search?conditions%5Bterm %5D=Request+for+information&commit=Go https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/index.cfm/r"]
[9.925779342651367, 2.8335041999816895, "Healthcare Research and Quality CDSR Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews DARE Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\nEPC Evidence-based Practice Center GRADE\nIOM\nNIOSH National Institute for Occupatio"]
[9.91938591003418, 2.8416099548339844, "ber of relevant resources are available, including published guidance from established organizations describing their procedures (Higgins and Green, 2011, and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ], 2014). However, while researchers conduc"]
[9.921547889709473, 2.836000442504883, "e conducted for a variety of purposes, but those supporting recommendation and policy documents have unique requirements. In particular, they need to embrace mechanisms to ensure transparency of the evidence summary as well as the recommendations sup"]
[9.927067756652832, 2.834881544113159, "adj3 evidence).ti. NOT \u201cweight loss\u201d.ti; \u201cbody weight\u201d.ti; \u201cbirth weight\u201d.ti; \u201clow weight\u201d.ti., integrative.ti., \u201chigh-grade\u201d.ti.] The search was performed in MEDLINE (Ovid) and identified 704 citations.\nFurthermore, we elicited input from ten key in"]
[9.929738998413086, 2.8224165439605713, ".\n 4\nObjective\nThe report aims to provide resources for systematic reviews in occupational safety and health. It provides an overview of general steps in systematic reviews with a particular focus on occupational safety and health-relevant topics.\nTh"]
[9.92920970916748, 2.8448188304901123, "ture flow with reasons for exclusion). Hence, the aspects of the recommendations that should be based on a systematic literature search should be determined in advance with resources and utility in mind.\nIdeally, a full systematic review should be co"]
[9.922752380371094, 2.8443751335144043, "the database since March 2015. The entries are also indexed in PubMed Health, a publicly available database maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). Another key resource is the collection of existing systematic reviews registered wi"]
[9.930281639099121, 2.834534168243408, "Review Questions\nAs outlined at the beginning of this chapter, for the systematic review, it is very useful to formulate specific review questions. The review questions will determine the purpose and refine the scope of the systematic review. A key p"]
[9.9480562210083, 2.8345131874084473, "actice for many topic areas. Key informant interviews should reflect the perspectives of those who would make a decision based on the subsequent recommendations as well as those who would be affected by those decisions (AHRQ, 2014). An expert panel s"]
[9.929598808288574, 2.83571720123291, "en limiting the technical expert panel to nine members. To reduce the workload, panel members should be able to restrict their input to areas in which they feel qualified.\nIdentifying stakeholders that may help refine the systematic review question(s"]
[9.929118156433105, 2.843090295791626, "section and the methods of the systematic review:\n\u2022 Rationale\n\u2212 should describe the review in the context of what is already known.\n\u2022 Objectives\n\u2212 should address explicit review questions.\n\u2022 Eligibility criteria\n\u2212 should cover inclusion and exclusion"]
[9.926765441894531, 2.838836669921875, "dards for systematic reviews (Eden et al., 2011).\nWhile the PRISMA statement covers essential elements expected and often required by scientific journals and repositories, published (publicly available) protocols may include additional elements and s"]
[9.924601554870605, 2.841153144836426, "teristic and is not part of the systematic review (e.g., the review does not summarize the research on effects of exposure as such). The mechanism of action linking the exposure to outcomes is shown in the framework\n  13\nto help the reader understand"]
[9.925395011901855, 2.8437435626983643, "ys (Ankley et al., 2010). It may also draw on the International Agency for Research on Cancer framework to assess the strength of the available evidence that an agent could alter the incidence of cancer in humans, which combines exposure data, cancer"]
[9.924527168273926, 2.8489439487457275, "s. Multiple sources may be different electronic databases (e.g., PubMed and PsycINFO) that cover the topic of interest. Other sources may be reference mining (e.g., systematically searching the bibliographic references of pertinent reviews and studie"]
[9.927762985229492, 2.8410189151763916, "methods. The 11 items in the tool were derived by applying a large list of quality items to an empirical sample of reviews and then applying principal-component analysis to identify underlying factors. The items cover an a priori design (question and"]
[9.927223205566406, 2.8408477306365967, "terature published after a certain benchmark study). Considering the different audiences and consumers of the subsequent guidelines document, not all users of the recommendation issued by NIOSH or other agencies may be interested in the full methodol"]
[9.925982475280762, 2.8387069702148438, "them particularly well suited to respond to questions regarding the evidence in a timely manner (Ganann, Ciliska, and Thomas, 2010). Timely products are especially important when developments require that advice is available quickly, for example, for"]
[9.928585052490234, 2.841196060180664, "\nThe criteria for using rapid-review methodology in the given examples included the need to synthesize evidence in a timely manner to inform emergent decisions faced by decisionmakers because of the nature of the review topic, limited resources that "]
[9.928034782409668, 2.8435513973236084, ", and Thomas, 2010, and Tricco et al., 2015) outlined methods that allowed for faster review production. Methods focused on the amount of literature to be reviewed, while other rapid review teams applied strict inclusion criteria to the retrieved sea"]
[9.927918434143066, 2.8432226181030273, "ng.\n\u2212 Apply strict inclusion criteria to the publication type (e.g., peer-reviewed research).\n\u2022 Document and assess included studies of scalability options:\n\u2212 Minimize data extraction (number of variables).\n\u2212 Minimize coding/abstraction (e.g., using "]
[9.927775382995605, 2.8439652919769287, "o establish the baseline risk in the study population, the relative frequency of the outcome cannot be determined. Determining which studies should be eligible for inclusion should be discussed in sufficient detail to ensure that the most-appropriate"]
[9.925868034362793, 2.8439977169036865, "a extraction is prone to errors, or can one reviewer be trusted to do it? How difficult is it to assess the quality of the studies (do two independent reviewers come to the same conclusion)? Is the quality of evidence assessment likely to be controve"]
[9.918318748474121, 2.8656413555145264, "ical literature citations. The continuously expanding NLM platform includes a number of other smaller collections (e.g., PubChem Substance, a database for chemical structure information). Other large databases include the Web of Science, Scopus (broa"]
[9.931122779846191, 2.868630886077881, "published by the Campbell Collaboration. This information would be missed when limiting the search to major electronic databases targeting traditional academic publishing channels. There are other aspects to be considered, but one is the ability to s"]
[9.950601577758789, 2.8800926208496094, "blished data have to be citable and released upon request. Contacting known researchers for additional, unpublished data may also be an option. Response success is limited and depends on several factors.\nCaveats for including unpublished data and gre"]
[9.922585487365723, 2.849632978439331, "ack publications associated with the study.\nA way to quickly locate the most relevant studies is to ask content experts. This can be very useful when setting up the systematic review. The identified articles can be used to validate the search strateg"]
[9.90419864654541, 2.8743250370025635, "his step is useful even if an information specialist executes the search.\nFigure 4.1. Search Venn Diagram\nFor each component, key terms and synonyms (e.g., harm, adverse event, adverse effect, safety risk, side effect) need to be identified. The scop"]
[9.918073654174805, 2.8551504611968994, "ccupational health in 1991. However, this tag has been shown to be insufficient in identifying specific occupational safety and health research such as occupational health intervention studies (Verbeek and Van Dijk, 2006). A key limitation of relying"]
[9.924612998962402, 2.8476672172546387, "state until which date existing literature has been reviewed.\nThe purpose of developing a search strategy is to identify all pertinent citations. Searches can be evaluated by recall and retrieval rates (e.g., how many relevant studies are included in"]
[9.925895690917969, 2.8460233211517334, "tion that will be included in the review. However, technically, these are eligibility criteria. Eligibility criteria define what publications need to report in order to be eligible for inclusion in the review. It needs to be made transparent which st"]
[9.927072525024414, 2.8426589965820312, "can be an intervention or an exposure. The eligible intervention(s) and exposure(s) need to be described in detail. It may be necessary to define eligible interventions/exposures or list components that define the interventions/exposure (e.g., interv"]
[9.92648696899414, 2.8448610305786133, "can make the literature findings more applicable to current working conditions, even when the effective savings in reviewable literature is limited (see discussion in previous section). Ideally, the eligible data timing should be linked to a benchmar"]
[9.928153038024902, 2.8427135944366455, "to ensure that all relevant studies have been\n33\nreviewed, and what is relevant has been determined before the results of the included research studies were known to the reviewers.\nFlow Diagram\nDocumentation of the application of eligibility criteria"]
[9.92806339263916, 2.84572172164917, "n that the extraction process is labor intensive and prone to errors (which requires additional steps to ensure accuracy). Data extraction in systematic reviews is a means to an end; it is not a final product. The data-extraction form and the evidenc"]
[9.919683456420898, 2.8440866470336914, " analysis), differences in extracted detail (e.g., point estimate together with confidence intervals or p values), and differences in extracted information (e.g., when deciding which result is important) to a minimum. A mock-up of an evidence table f"]
[9.929617881774902, 2.8389925956726074, "ias assessment, the results of the assessment may either be reported in a separate table or incorporated, at least in summary format, in the evidence table.\nAs discussed in the previous section of this chapter, there is a trade-off between presenting"]
[9.943249702453613, 2.824092388153076, " the assessment to increase transparency.\nCritical appraisal may focus on the internal and external validity of the study.\nInternal Validity\nInternal validity refers to the conduct, internal logic, and methodological rigor of a research study and ass"]
[9.952767372131348, 2.8622214794158936, "\u2212 Attrition bias addresses systematic differences in the loss of participants (e.g., incomplete follow-up and differential attrition in the study and control groups); drop- offs may be systematically different from study completers. Intention to trea"]
[9.914401054382324, 2.84934401512146, "rventions and the Comparative Effective Rules Methods Guide provide resources for critical appraisal for a broad range of study types.\nExternal Validity\nExternal validity concerns the generalizability of results shown in individual study samples. It "]
[9.927878379821777, 2.8412296772003174, "ome focuses on how closely linked the study outcome is to the outcome of interest (see discussion about intermediate outcomes in the \u201cAnalytic Framework\u201d section in Chapter Three). The assessment of the external validity of the timing may assess the "]
[9.92952823638916, 2.8378045558929443, "s risk of bias criteria to human and nonhuman studies separately. For human studies, these include (1) recruitment strategy,\n(2) blinding, (3) exposure assessment, (4) confounding, (5) incomplete outcome data, (6) selective outcome reporting, (7) con"]
[9.925592422485352, 2.8406150341033936, "rnatively, the critical appraisal assessment can be documented across all included studies. Figure 5.1 is an example showing the proportion of studies with a high risk of bias, unclear risk of bias, or low risk of bias for ten selected risk-of-bias c"]
[9.91450023651123, 2.843268871307373, "ented to increase transparency for the reader of the systematic review.\nData Access\nIncreasingly, scientific journals and government agencies require that the data used in research studies are made accessible to the reader. This requirement also appl"]
[9.917402267456055, 2.83756685256958, "amework for Rating Evidence in Public Health (PRECEPT) suggests grouping evidence first based on four general domains (disease burden/level of contamination, risk factors, diagnostics, and interventions questions) (Harder et al., 2015). Within domain"]
[9.928504943847656, 2.9082770347595215, "sic meta-analytic techniques, and the user will be prompted by a program wizard. It can be used, for example, to compute rates or the mean and standard deviation for two groups across studies to arrive at a summary estimate. It computes a range of ef"]
[9.9266357421875, 2.8480091094970703, "hod to structure data across studies.\nOther Approaches to Summarize Results Across Studies\nOther ways to numerically summarize results across studies include the reporting of the range of study results. Computing the mean or the median of the metric "]
[9.920427322387695, 2.846005916595459, "n particular when sample sizes are small and results are only based on a handful of participants. The table should summarize the results, ideally both in terms of the direction of effect and the size of the effect. The table is organized by outcomes."]
[9.913570404052734, 2.8449878692626953, "tatement can be graded. This section differentiates criteria to evaluate a body of evidence, the starting point for evaluations, and the level of quality of evidence.\n49\nGRADE\n Criteria to Evaluate a Body of Evidence\nA 2002 systematic review of syste"]
[9.916701316833496, 2.8477635383605957, "e varies by exposure dose). In that case, separate evidence statements for the different scenarios may be warranted.\n50\n\u2022 Indirectness\n\u2212 Evidence can be indirect because study participants may differ from those of interest in the review, the interven"]
[9.915260314941406, 2.837181806564331, "idual confounding\n\u2212 This domain considers whether we can be confident that confounding would reduce, rather than explain, the reported effect. Or when no effect was observed, that all plausible residual confounding would suggest a spurious effect.\nOf"]
[9.905906677246094, 2.851489543914795, "ystematic review, and the criteria may need to be adapted according to the evaluated evidence. Apart from adaptations of individual grading criteria, there are also body-of-evidence evaluation adaptations that use different sets of criteria, or addit"]
[9.906720161437988, 2.8506009578704834, "emonstrated effect or would suggest a spurious effect if no effect was observed; and use of theory/logic models, assessment of contexts, reporting of implementation process, and fidelity of implementation. In addition, for observational studies, the "]
[9.897366523742676, 2.861093282699585, "the grading system.\nEvidence Grading Starting-Point Adaptations\nSeveral research and policy areas have opted to revise the trial-centered starting point in body-of- evidence evaluations. Van Staa and colleagues (2008) make a strong case that, when ev"]
[9.909358024597168, 2.8488032817840576, "substantially\ndifferent from the estimate of the effect. \u2022 Very low quality of evidence\n\u2212 We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.\nIn contrast, the AHR"]
[9.911348342895508, 2.8445470333099365, " factor, to arrive at the summary. In the standard GRADE approach, quality of evidence can be downgraded by one (e.g., from high to moderate) or by two (e.g., from high to low), depending on the extent to which the issue affects the confidence in the"]
[9.914660453796387, 2.8325252532958984, "e or in the presence or lack of research in some lines of evidence. An example is in vitro studies indicating the potential for serious adverse effects on humans, while no human-participant study exists that has empirically demonstrated a risk to hum"]
[9.905604362487793, 2.8408517837524414, "works resulted in the formulation of 17 best practices for integrating and evaluating evidence (Rhomberg et al., 2013). Best practices relevant to different lines of evidence include:\n\u2022 Assess all human and nonhuman data relevant to mode of action, t"]
[9.909256935119629, 2.838311195373535, "ine factors should be considered a definitive interpretation of cause and effect, and none were required to be present for cause and effect to be determined. However, he believed that together, they could be used to help decide whether any other inte"]
[9.914679527282715, 2.8288516998291016, " to humans.\n\u2212 Group 3 applies to bodies of evidence where evidence is inadequate in humans and\ninadequate or limited in experimental animals.\n\u2022 Group 4: The agent is probably not carcinogenic to humans.\n\u2212 Group 4 is used for agents for which there is"]
[9.912247657775879, 2.838285207748413, " integrate results across outcomes and lines of evidence. The methodology involves seven steps: (1) formulate the problem and develop protocol, (2) search for and select studies for inclusion, (3) extract data from studies, (4) assess internal validi"]
[9.91923713684082, 2.8370590209960938, "concentrate on the evidence for preventative mechanisms. The appropriate level of differentiation will depend on the scope of the systematic review and the recommendations. The level of differentiation and the level of detail that will be used to ans"]
[9.921220779418945, 2.834841012954712, "vels (e.g., high, moderate, low, insufficient quality of evidence). The approach should be outlined in the systematic review protocol and not be decided after research results have been reviewed. Furthermore, given the subjectivity involved in the pr"]
[9.926826477050781, 2.836775302886963, "tudy eligibility criteria, appraisal and synthesis methods, results, limitations, conclusions, implications, and the PROSPERO registration number.\n\u2022 Introduction\n\u2212 rationale (in the context of what is already known)\n\u2212 objective (using the PICO framew"]
[9.919553756713867, 2.842971086502075, ". Elements such as the flow diagram, evidence table, and summary of findings table are designed to provide a clear overview to summarize the available evidence. A concise synthesis is of particular importance when the systematic review is supporting "]
[9.885754585266113, 2.8668806552886963, "de effects known in clinical intervention research. However, side effects of\n 66\nrecommendations could be social or socioeconomic in nature. For example, recommended safety procedures will be associated with required time and resources and may have c"]
[15.237587928771973, 1.9042327404022217, "it had been omitted from the evidence summaries or was new and critical for decisionmaking, the GRADE approach was to be used to grade the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations, recommendations were to be based on a consensus of the"]
[9.898037910461426, 2.853912115097046, "s are asked to individually rank order or rate their judgment. Summary estimates of the effects of alternatives can be represented as a balance sheet depicting benefits and harms for each strategy and can help illustrate the trade offs (Berg, Atkins,"]
[9.90947437286377, 2.843522310256958, "lance between desirable and undesirable effects, values and preferences, and costs or resource allocation needed (Guyatt et al., 2008). Factors that could weaken the strength of a recommendation in the WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines (Schu\u0308nemann et al.,"]
[9.900491714477539, 2.8514509201049805, "different standards and preferences for presenting conclusions and recommendations and linking the evidence and recommendations. A study surveying occupational exposure limits for metals and other mining-related chemicals identified a number of publi"]
[9.92481803894043, 2.8327744007110596, "posure groups (Schu\u0308nemann et al. 2007a). The exact wording of the recommendations and the implications for the end user have to be critically reviewed. This is particularly important for occupational safety and health applications that do not repres"]
[9.855877876281738, 2.7722830772399902, "commendations. While several guideline documents exist that can generally guide systematic reviews in occupational safety and health research, we identified several unique requirements, such as the integration of different lines of evidence that woul"]
[9.890789985656738, 2.7969894409179688, "onstantly published, the new studies may either confirm the systematic review conclusions or challenge them.\nDetermining whether a systematic review is out of date presents a key challenge for producers of systematic reviews. The AHRQ EPC program use"]
[9.935912132263184, 2.81596302986145, " System to Assess the Need for Updating Systematic Reviews,\u201d Systematic Review, Vol. 2, 2013, p. 104.\nAHRQ\u2014See Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.\nAlli, Benjamin O., Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health And Safety, 2nd ed., Geneva,\nS"]
[9.93234634399414, 2.823545217514038, "t S. Thompson, Steven H. Woolf, Vilma G. Carande-Kulis, Laurie Anderson, Alan R. Hinman, David V. McQueen, Steven M. Teutsch, and Jeffrey R. Harris, \u201cDeveloping an Evidence-Based Guide to Community Preventive Services\u2014Methods,\u201d American Journal of Pr"]
[9.938226699829102, 2.815371036529541, "ovember 12, 1994, pp. 1286\u20131291.\nDyrvig, Anne-Kristine, Kristian Kidholm, Oke Gerke, and Hindrik Vondeling, \u201cChecklists for External Validity: A Systematic Review,\u201d Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice,\nVol. 20, No. 6, December 2014, pp. 857\u201386"]
[9.93122386932373, 2.8215177059173584, " Liberati, and Holger J. Schu\u0308nemann, \u201cGoing from Evidence to Recommendations,\u201d British Medical Journal, Vol. 336, No. 7652, May 2008, pp. 1049\u2013 1051.\nHaber, Lynne T., and Andrew Maier, \u201cScientific Criteria Used for the Development of Occupational Ex"]
[9.936763763427734, 2.8171472549438477, "linical Epidemiology, Vol. 66, No. 9, September 2013, pp. 973\u2013981.\nHempel, Susanne, Melinda Maggard-Gibbons, David K. Nguyen, Aaron J. Dawes, Isomi Miake- Lye, Jessica M. Beroes, Marika J. Booth, Jeremy N. V. Miles, Roberta Shanman, and Paul G. Sheke"]
[9.934432983398438, 2.8157498836517334, "Research Methodology, Vol. 11, 2011, p. 23.\nHorsley, Tanya, Orvie Dingwall, and Margaret Sampson, \u201cChecking Reference Lists to Find Additional Studies for Systematic Reviews,\u201d Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol. 8, August 2011, p. Mr000026."]
[9.962632179260254, 2.7858312129974365, "Sara, Kristin Konnyu, Rob Cushman, Jeremy Grimshaw, and David Moher, \u201cEvidence Summaries: The Evolution of a Rapid Review Approach,\u201d Systematic Reviews, Vol. 1, No. 10, 2012, p. 10.\nKhodyakov, Dmitry, Susanne Hempel, Lisa Rubenstein, Paul Shekelle, R"]
[9.915850639343262, 2.807745933532715, "onal Exposure Limit for Inorganic Borates Using a Weight of Evidence Approach,\u201d Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 68, No. 3, 2014, pp. 424\u2013437.\n82\nMatthews, Edwin J., Naomi L. Kruhlak, R. Daniel Benz, and Joseph F. Contrera, \u201cA Comprehensi"]
[9.898354530334473, 2.7657511234283447, "ce Evaluation of the Human Carcinogenicity of Toluene Diisocyanate,\u201d Critical Reviews in Toxicology, Vol. 43, No. 5, 2013, pp. 391\u2013435.\nRhomberg, Lorenz. R., Lisa A. Bailey, and Julie E. Goodman, \u201cHypothesis-Based Weight of Evidence: A Tool for Evalu"]
[9.931534767150879, 2.8228535652160645, " 7, No. 1, January 2007a, pp. 21\u201331.\nSchu\u0308nemann, Holger J., Suzanne R. Hill, Meetali Kakad, Gunn E. Vist, Richard Bellamy, Lauren Stockman, Torbj\u00f8rn Fosen Wisl\u00f8ff, Chris Del Mar, Frederick Hayden, Timothy M. Uyeki, Jeremy Farrar, Yazdan Yazdanpanah,"]
[9.950552940368652, 2.7998547554016113, "Davidson, \u201cBuilding Better Guidelines with BRIDGE-Wiz: Development and Evaluation of a Software Assistant to Promote Clarity, Transparency, and Implementability,\u201d Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Vol. 19, No. 1, January\u2013Februa"]
[9.946784019470215, 2.805716037750244, "No. 7, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2006.\nVerbeek, J., J. Salmi, I. Pasternack, M. Jauhiainen, I. Laamanen, F. Schaafsma, C. Hulshof, and F. van Dijk, \u201cA Search Strategy for Occupational Health Intervention Studies,\u201d Occupational a"]
[9.935145378112793, 2.8206100463867188, "hrane Database of Systematic Reviews, No. 11, 2011.\nZaza, Stephanie, Linda K. Wright\u2013De Agu\u0308ero, Peter A. Briss, Benedict I. Truman, David P. Hopkins, Michael H. Hennessy, Daniel M. Sosin, Laurie Anderson, Vilma Carande-Kulis, Steven M. Teutsch, and "]
[17.462907791137695, 8.16895866394043, "  CORPORATION\nLos Angeles County\nJuvenile Justice Crime\nPrevention Act\nFiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report Terry Fain, Susan Turner, Mauri Matsuda\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1458\n  Published by the RAND Corporation, San"]
[17.489572525024414, 8.20919132232666, "evaluation of the county\u2019s JJCPA programs, including analyzing data and reporting findings to the BSCC. This report summarizes the fiscal year 2014\u20132015 findings reported to the BSCC, as well as additional program informa- tion gathered by the Los An"]
[17.400815963745117, 8.13104248046875, "Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corpora- tion, TR-498-LACPD, 2007\n\u2022 Susan Turner, Terry Fain, John MacDonald, and Amber Sehgal, with Jitahadi Imara, Felicia Cotton, Davida Davies, and Apryl Harris, Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act:"]
[18.08617401123047, 9.43972396850586, "Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Difference-in-DifferencesAnalyses...................................................................."]
[18.039499282836914, 9.313599586486816, "........................................... EstimatedCostAnalysis....................................................................................... Limitations of This Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[18.022966384887695, 9.339184761047363, "Substance Abuse Intervention, FY 2014\u20132015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.7. Outcomes for Inside-Out Writers, FY 2014\u20132015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.8. Outcomes for Schoo"]
[18.07168197631836, 9.35269832611084, " Participants........................................................................................\nix\nx Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\nS.2. Programs in the Three JJCPA FY 2014\u20132015 Initiative"]
[18.064502716064453, 9.33948040008545, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.9. Means, Differences in Differences, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Intervals for Outcomes for Youth Substance Abuse Intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[18.25893783569336, 9.846796989440918, "Justice Costs for Gender-Specific Community. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.6. Estimated Juvenile Justice Costs for High Risk/High Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.7. Estimated Juvenile Justice"]
[18.056032180786133, 9.321693420410156, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nD.3. Outcomes for Special Needs Court, FY 2014\u20132015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nD.4. Outcomes for Gender-Specific Community, FY 2014\u20132015 . ."]
[17.997236251831055, 9.076678276062012, "d Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk\nYouths, FY 2014\u20132015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121\nE.7. Outcomes for School-Ba"]
[17.67059898376465, 8.470015525817871, "ogram to provide a stable funding source for juvenile programs that have proven effective in curbing crime among at-risk youths2 and young offenders (BSCC, 2016). The legislature asked counties to submit plans to the state for funding to identify pro"]
[17.75298500061035, 8.536105155944824, "zes. For programs that used a pre\u2013post evaluation, we used McNemar\u2019s test to determine significance for arrests and incarcerations. For pre\u2013post comparisons of secondary outcomes, such as risk and strength scores, we used a difference-of- means test "]
[17.697921752929688, 8.552663803100586, "nt, working with BOC (and later with the Corrections Standards Authority and the BSCC), defined supplemental outcomes specific to each program, which it also reports to the BSCC annually.\nSome discussion of the big six is in order. The BSCC does not "]
[17.76983070373535, 8.804899215698242, "initia- tive and from multiple programs, within or across initiatives, and concurrently or consecu- tively. Probation counts a given juvenile as a participant within each program from which he or she receives services and could therefore count that j"]
[17.726896286010742, 8.818687438964844, "\u20132014 SBMS-AR participants Routine probationers\nSummary xvii\n  MH MST SNC\n1,081 FY 2013\u20132014 MH participants 68 MST-identified near misses 40 SNC-identified near misses\n NOTE: We limited near misses for MST and SNC to those with characteristics compa"]
[17.722089767456055, 9.094328880310059, " a positive outcome. Using the previous year\u2019s cohort as a compar- ison group for this year\u2019s program youths was suggested by the BSCC. We do not deter- mine whether a given outcome is \u201cgood\u201d or \u201cbad.\u201d We simply report whether a pre\u2013post comparison s"]
[17.649337768554688, 8.920707702636719, "For the most part, difference-in-differences analyses supported simple comparisons\nbetween groups.\n\u2022 With the exception of SBHS-PROB and SBMS-PROB, programs that used contempo-\nraneous comparison groups were small and showed no significant difference"]
[17.60207176208496, 9.020731925964355, "le. Echoing the results for MH participants, the two groups did not differ significantly on any of the big six outcomes. The difference-in-differences analyses for MH also found no significant differences between the two groups on any of the big six "]
[17.774003982543945, 8.980690002441406, "owing program entry over that of the previous term. School suspensions and expulsions also dropped, although the differences were not always statistically significant. Among participants in the school-based programs, test scores were significantly hi"]
[18.12185287475586, 9.624322891235352, "in-Differences Analyses\nFor seven Los Angeles County JJCPA programs (GSCOMM, HRHN, IOW, MH, SBHS-AR, SBMS-AR, and YSA), the county evaluates outcomes by comparing the current cohort\u2019s results and those of the previous year\u2019s cohort, with the goal of "]
[18.222415924072266, 9.794417381286621, "eas the Enhanced Services to High-Risk/High-Need Youths initiative cost $2,800 per participant served, and the Enhanced School- and Community-Based Services initiative spent $725 per participant. Differences between initiatives in estimated mean cost"]
[18.24154281616211, 9.834391593933105, "were in the MH program.\nAs one might expect, mean overall juvenile justice costs for JJCPA participants were generally higher in the six months after program entry ($11,436) than in the six months prior to program entry ($8,598), primarily because of"]
[18.237815856933594, 9.82521915435791, "an net cost for each juvenile justice cost\u2014i.e., the mean difference between the cost in the six months before entering the program and the six months after entering. As one might expect, mean costs differ noticeably among the three initiatives. The "]
[17.695173263549805, 8.501888275146484, ".\nAnother limitation of this report is that, although we can determine statistical signifi- cance for a given outcome, we have no way to judge the raw numbers as \u201cgood\u201d or \u201cbad.\u201d\nProbation extracted data used to compute outcome measures from its data"]
[17.69552993774414, 8.35064697265625, "n to modify programs based on the integration of evaluation findings and\nSummary xxvii\nxxviii Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\neffective juvenile justice practices. Differences in outcomes between"]
[17.709548950195312, 8.488175392150879, "ne or more JJCPA programs according to an assessment of that juvenile\u2019s need for services.\n1 In earlier years, a few JJCPA programs also targeted youths in juvenile camps but now have only two programs admin- istered within juvenile halls and none in"]
[17.71326446533203, 8.415818214416504, "n youths in reference groups. Program and comparison-group youths did not differ significantly in their rates of completion of probation, completion of restitution, completion of community service, or probation violations (BSCC, 2016).\nJJCPA in the C"]
[17.8344783782959, 8.514971733093262, "l as on a comparison group for each group of program partici- pants, which it uses as a reference for measuring program success.\nThe most preferable research design is experimental, in which researchers randomly assign participants to either a treatm"]
[17.779478073120117, 8.621935844421387, "gns to BOC that used quasi-experimental methods. BOC subsequently approved these designs. Whenever pos- sible, comparison groups included youths with characteristics similar to those of program participants\u2014either routine probationers, probationers i"]
[17.846548080444336, 8.730353355407715, " outcome measures, extracted them from the on-site database, and sent them to RAND for analysis. Appendix A provides additional details on construction of the comparison groups.\nRAND researchers verified the comparability of comparison groups for SBH"]
[17.742095947265625, 8.663618087768555, " groups for MST were youths who had similar characteristics to program partici- pants but who were not accepted into the program, usually because of lack of Medi-Cal coverage needed to cover the cost of program participation or because they were rece"]
[17.73103904724121, 8.668292045593262, "rom the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health (DMH), Probation, the courts, and law enforcement. This report focuses not on the perfor- mance of individual CBOs or individual county agencies in providing services to JJCPA pro- grams but on t"]
[17.70137596130371, 8.98295783996582, "e that the current year\u2019s cohort had a more favorable outcome (i.e., improved more), while an upper bound of the CI less than 1 indicates a less favorable outcome (i.e., improved less).\nIn our discussion of outcomes for all of the programs that use t"]
[17.670503616333008, 8.520222663879395, "ails of outcomes for each program\n\u2022 Appendix E: details of outcomes for each program, by participant gender\n\u2022 Appendix F: details of outcomes for each program, by cluster. Los Angeles County admin-\nisters probation in five areas called clusters, whic"]
[17.748855590820312, 8.812813758850098, " FY 2014\u20132015 and the number of participants who received services in each program. Table 2.2 shows the number of par-\n1 A given youth can participate in more than one JJCPA program, and a single youth can participate in the same program more than on"]
[17.63051414489746, 8.911431312561035, " them for the program in previous years, severe enough after SNC changed its qualifica- tion criteria.\n MH MST SNC\n1,081 FY 2013\u20132014 MH participants 68 MST-identified near misses 40 SNC-identified near misses\nII. Enhanced Services to High-Risk/High-"]
[17.570232391357422, 8.945015907287598, " lists the programs that constitute the Enhanced Mental Health Ser- vices initiative, along with a description of the comparison group for each program.\nTable 2.3\nJJCPA Programs and Comparison Groups in the Enhanced Mental Health Services Initiative\n"]
[17.455135345458984, 8.782955169677734, "very small cell sizes.\n Current JJCPA Programs and FY 2014\u20132015 Outcome Measures 13\nOn entry into juvenile hall, DMH professional staff screen detained minors. The staff employ the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument and a structured interview. "]
[17.550235748291016, 9.021467208862305, "ased on research available at that time. Whenever possible, we have attempted to supplement these older research reports with more-recent research findings. We have not removed the older citations, however, because they form the original evidence bas"]
[17.72662353515625, 9.127058029174805, " from those of the previous cohort, and a difference-in-differences analysis shows that there is not a huge change between baseline and follow-up rates for either cohort. The stated goal of the program is that the current year\u2019s cohort perform at lea"]
[17.307270050048828, 8.89968490600586, "asures.\n 16 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\nTable 2.4\nMeans, Differences in Differences, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Intervals for Outcomes for Mental Health\n    Outcome Baseline\nArrest 45.79\nInc"]
[17.279958724975586, 8.875515937805176, "stently with social-ecological models of behavior and findings from causal modeling studies of delinquency and drug use, MST posits that multiple factors determine youth antiso-\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2014\u20132015 Outcome Measures 17\ncial behavio"]
[17.34629249572754, 8.921382904052734, "between the program and comparison-group youths, especially with such small samples. The two groups had similar gender distributions, with male participants making up 77.9 percent of the MST participants and 77.8 percent of the comparison group. Mean"]
[17.137298583984375, 7.736975193023682, "bation Department and the court\n\u2022 comprehensive mental health screening and evaluation by a multidisciplinary team\n\u2022 an individualized mental health treatment plan\n\u2022 court- and Probation-monitored case-management processes.\nEvidence Base for the Prog"]
[17.161853790283203, 7.765935897827148, "he juvenile drug court model was soon generalized to address concerns other than drug use. The goals of juvenile courts are to do the following:\n\u2022 Provide immediate intervention, treatment, and structure in the lives of juveniles through ongoing, act"]
[17.542993545532227, 9.01893424987793, "\n79.0a 21.0a\n29.0 7.9 63.2 0.0\n Mean age (years) 15.6 Gender (%)\nMale 57.5a\nFemale 42.5a Race and ethnicity (%)\nBlack 20.0 White 15.0 Hispanic 65.0 Other 0.0\nSOURCE: Analysis of data from Probation\u2019s database.\nNOTE: Percentages might not sum to 100 b"]
[17.568544387817383, 9.046980857849121, "e highest need for services. Programs and services in this initiative are the GSCOMM, HRHN, and YSA programs. Table 2.6 lists the programs in this initiative and briefly describes the comparison group for each program.\n Current JJCPA Programs and FY "]
[17.51496124267578, 8.67137336730957, "vices are consistent with the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention\u2019s (OJJDP\u2019s) gender-specific programming and principles of prevention, early intervention, and aftercare services (Greene, Peters, and Associates and Northwest Regiona"]
[17.57383918762207, 8.8629789352417, " practitioners called the Girls Study Group, with the specific purpose of understanding and responding to delin- quency among female juveniles. This group subsequently published findings that both sup- ported and expanded on the earlier OJJDP work on"]
[17.517776489257812, 9.116762161254883, "ichever came first (30.3). Figure 2.4\n26 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\npresents big six outcomes, with details for all outcomes shown in Table D.4 in Appendix D. Cluster and gender data were no"]
[17.304048538208008, 9.077031135559082, "ioral skill training across domains\u2014family, peer, school, and neighborhood) and incor- porates the phase model of Functional Family Therapy (FFT). Additionally, such programs as MST and multidimensional-treatment foster care (MTFC) place a strong emp"]
[17.19968032836914, 8.784050941467285, " with prosocial peers (Henggeler et al., 1998).\n\u2022 FFT: FFT is a family-based prevention and intervention program that has been applied successfully in a variety of contexts to treat a range of these high-risk youths and their families. It was develop"]
[17.300182342529297, 8.962303161621094, "rvices be available not only on weekdays but also in the evenings and on weekends.\n\u2013 a balance of incentives and graduated consequences. Intensive supervision is likely to uncover numerous technical violations and program infractions. The IAP model i"]
[17.396221160888672, 9.127324104309082, "nts\u2019 responsibility and leadership skills, creating opportunities that are age and stage appropriate, and building a sense of self and group.\nThe HRHN employment components are based on many of the design elements in JOB- START and the recommended pr"]
[17.50832748413086, 9.114270210266113, " 2.5\nOutcomes for High Risk/High Need, FY 2014\u20132015\nNOTE: A star indicates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two groups.\nDifference-in-Differences Analyses\nAs with all JJCPA programs that used the previous year\u2019s cohorts a"]
[17.430086135864258, 9.146180152893066, "nt provider has access to inpatient services as needed.\nProgram goals are to reduce crime and antisocial behavior and reduce the number of participants with positive drug tests. YSA providers work collaboratively with school-based DPOs in developing "]
[17.484254837036133, 9.170923233032227, "g family substance use and deviant peer networks. Programs must also employ empirically validated therapies and address co-occurring conditions, such as learning disabilities and other mental health disorders.\nYSA\u2019s approach incorporates many of the "]
[17.591400146484375, 9.126322746276855, "percent CIs is less than 1 and the upper bound is greater than 1, we conclude that the two cohorts did not differ significantly. We could not compute odds ratios for successful completion of probation or successful comple- tion of community service b"]
[17.525014877319336, 9.135909080505371, "ly at baseline in arrest rates, so a difference-in-differences analysis indicated that the change from baseline to follow-up for the FY 2014\u20132015 cohort was significantly greater than for the FY 2013\u20132014 cohort. For the YSA program, FY 2014\u20132015 par"]
[17.95823097229004, 8.87942123413086, "ists the programs in this initiative and briefly describes the comparison group for each program.\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2014\u20132015 Outcome Measures 37\nTable 2.10\nPrograms and Comparison Groups in the Enhanced School- and Community-Based Servic"]
[18.032773971557617, 8.840188026428223, "a difference-of-means test to evaluate statistical significance.\n       38 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\nensure that youths who are at risk of truancy or excessive absences attend school. The p"]
[18.02353286743164, 8.86058235168457, "riate corrective action. The OJJDP bulletin on the Juvenile Accountability Block Grants program (Gramckow and Tompkins, 1999) cites the ACT pro- gram and presents it as one model of an approach and program that holds juvenile offenders accountable fo"]
[17.83464813232422, 8.898994445800781, "y services to probationers and at-risk youths\n\u2022 increase school attendance and performance\n\u2022 reduce crime rates in the housing units.\nThe HB program places DPOs at selected public housing developments to provide day services and supervision for proba"]
[17.715383529663086, 9.123190879821777, "FT and MST, the HB program places emphasis on\n\u2022 identifying factors in the adolescent\u2019s and family\u2019s social networks that are linked with antisocial behavior\n\u2022 developing and reinforcing family strengths\n\u2022 intervening with delinquent peer groups thro"]
[17.707141876220703, 9.191266059875488, "ram. The participants meet weekly, in sessions that professional writers lead, to write and critique their written work with others in the group. The program guides participants both in their writing and in their discussion of their written work, pro"]
[17.701473236083984, 9.188151359558105, "uth during incarceration, may improve their attitudes towards reading, and influences academic and vocational outcomes fol- lowing incarceration\u201d (p. 4).\nComparison Group and Reference Period\nThe comparison group for the current year\u2019s IOW participan"]
[17.881065368652344, 8.749641418457031, ".608 1.809 0.975\u20133.354\n1.226 0.788\u20131.910 1.855 0.819\u20134.203\n1.225 0.899\u20131.669\n      the previous year to the current year. A negative value in\nCounty of Los Angeles Department of Parks and Recreation and City of Los Angeles Depart- ment of Recreation "]
[17.785755157470703, 8.684141159057617, " will become serious. However, reducing risk factors and enhancing protective factors, such as positive social orientation, prosocial bonding, and clear and positive standards of behavior, can delay or pre- vent delinquency (OJJDP, 1995).\nCommunities"]
[17.883684158325195, 8.690764427185059, "ity safety. Participants include probationers and at-risk youths in 85 school service areas whom school-based DPOs accept into the program. These DPOs are assigned and placed on school campuses with a focus on monitoring school attendance, behavior, "]
[18.205598831176758, 9.038359642028809, " the LARRC (Turner, Fain, and Sehgal,\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2014\u20132015 Outcome Measures 47\n2005b; Turner and Fain, 2006). The LARRC is based on the what-works research. Further, school-based DPOs enhance strength-based training, including trai"]
[18.182741165161133, 9.02161979675293, "(p < 0.05).\nFor both SBHS-AR participants and comparison-group youths, we measured big six outcomes during the six months following entry into the program. For supplemental school outcomes\u2014attendance, suspensions, and expulsions\u2014we compared program p"]
[18.200847625732422, 9.033990859985352, "School At-Risk Youths\nSBHS-AR uses program participants from the previous year as a comparison group, so we have included difference-in-differences analyses for this program. For arrest and incarceration outcomes in the SBHS-AR program, Table 2.13 sh"]
[18.194353103637695, 9.014260292053223, "i is the weight for each individual and the sum is across all individuals in the group.\nw2 i\n52\nLos Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\nTable 2.14\nFactors Used to Match School-Based Probation Supervision"]
[18.222028732299805, 9.050169944763184, "x D.\nFigure 2.10\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for High School Probationers, FY 2014\u20132015\nNOTE: A star indicates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two groups.\nAs we noted in Chapter One, Los Angeles Count"]
[18.184532165527344, 9.057638168334961, "ion Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths in FY 2014\u20132015 and Those in FY 2013\u20132014\n Factor\nFY 2014\u20132015\nFY 2013\u20132014\n12.4 60.3\n16.9 2.1 73.9 7.2\n28.6 18.8a 26.0 16.9a\n9.7\n Mean age (years) Male (%)\nRace or ethnicity (%)\n12.5 58.7\nBlack 14.0 W"]
[18.226730346679688, 9.039752960205078, "- Risk Youths, by Cluster, FY 2014\u20132015\n Current JJCPA Programs and FY 2014\u20132015 Outcome Measures 59\nDifference-in-Differences Analyses for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths\nWe include difference-in-differences analy"]
[18.258907318115234, 8.981077194213867, "served feature might\n20 We used the statistical technique of propensity-score weighting to obtain weights for comparison-group youths so that their characteristics matched those of the program participants. We included only probationers with valid da"]
[18.19552993774414, 9.00622844696045, "of restitution. As in the SBHS-PROB program, comparison-group youths had lower rates of probation violations (3.6 percent) than SBMS-PROB participants\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2014\u20132015 Outcome Measures 61\n(13.5 percent). For big six outcomes, s"]
[17.943191528320312, 9.246846199035645, "tal outcomes as well.\nThree of the programs in this initiative\u2014IOW, SBHS-AR, and SBMS-AR\u2014used the previous year\u2019s program participants as comparison groups. In all three programs, difference- in-differences analyses agreed with a simple comparison of"]
[18.249603271484375, 9.79289436340332, "ed within juvenile halls, we measure costs during the six months prior to hall entry and six months following hall exit for the hall stay during which program services were received.\n  65\n66 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: F"]
[18.2911376953125, 9.892918586730957, ",136 SBHS-PROB 2,650 SBMS-AR 1,381 SBMS-PROB 80 All programs 31,483\nBudget ($)\n5,595,654 4,076,285 256,008 1,263,361 6,373,589 919,729 4,410,247 1,043,883 15,647,320 411,187 818,428 188,857 1,693,665 5,425,792 4,888,377 2,094,769 126,245 27,616,833\nP"]
[18.384185791015625, 9.99134635925293, "ed that a sheriff\u2019s department juvenile arrest cost $2,082.72, calculated as 4.5 hours of deputy generalists at $128.18 per hour and 4.5 hours of a deputy\u2019s time at $135.39 per hour for arrest, report writing, and transport; 4.5 hours of a deputy\u2019s t"]
[18.337263107299805, 9.926370620727539, "loyee benefit increases. Additionally, the daily populations of halls and camps have decreased sig- nificantly without commensurate decreases in costs, thereby resulting in increased costs per probationer (Bryant, 2015).\nProgram Cost\nWe calculated th"]
[18.34383201599121, 9.983667373657227, " Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\nWe also assume that program costs in the six months before someone enters a program are 0. This is a deliberately conservative estimate because participants might have actually received other services during that period,"]
[18.337844848632812, 9.99852466583252, "\nArrest 2,114.74\nCamp 677.37\nCourt 3,394.00\nJuvenile 770.76 hall\nUnit\nArrest Day Appear.\nUnits\n0.68 1.95 1.12\nMedian ($)\n0\n0 3,394 0\n0 1,337 6,542\nUnits\n0.52 5.11 1.45\n16.01\n28.44 149.15\nMedian\n($) Mean\n0 345\n0 \u20132,139 3,394 \u20131,103 1,542 \u2013 4,176\n348 \u2013"]
[18.335098266601562, 9.991827964782715, "uced savings ($1,427 per individual). These savings were not enough to offset the very high program costs\u2014 the highest per capita program cost of any Los Angeles County JJCPA program\u2014as well as increased supervision and court costs in the follow-up. "]
[18.334972381591797, 9.991697311401367, "rest 2,114.74 Arrest Camp 677.37 Day\n0.10 221 0 0.00 0 0 0.08 274 0 0.61 474 0\nProgram\nSupervision 7.43 Day 10.18 76 0 Total 1,044 0\n0.05 0.00 0.09 0.70\n43.76 12.62\nCourt\nJuvenile hall\n3,394.00 Appear. 770.76 Day\n26.73 Day\n0.00 0 0\n   NOTE: A positiv"]
[18.359100341796875, 10.024795532226562, "   Juvenile\nJustice Unit Cost Cost ($)\nArrest 2,114.74\nCamp 677.37\nCourt 3,394.00\nJuvenile 770.76 hall\nProgram 42.97 Supervision 7.43 Total\nUnit Units\nArrest 0.54 Day 2.18 Appear. 0.99 Day 3.98\nDay 0.00 Day 106.54\nBaseline\nMedian Mean ($) ($)\n1,152 0"]
[18.341768264770508, 9.992137908935547, "sitive number in a difference column indicates that the cost was lower in the six months after beginning the program than in the six months before beginning. A negative number indicates that the cost was higher after entering the program than before "]
[18.32271957397461, 10.01494312286377, "raged $21,425 in the baseline and $25,375 in the follow-up, a difference of $3,950 per participant.\n    Baseline\nMedian Mean ($) ($)\n1,578 2,115 2,597 0 4,055 3,394\n12,362 771\nProgram 0.52\nSupervision 7.43\nTotal 21,425 8,173\nFollow-Up\nMean ($)\n1,111 "]
[18.330753326416016, 9.99342155456543, "r baseline or follow-up, and costs for all other components were slightly higher in the follow-up than in the baseline period. Mean gain in school attendance ($388 per youth) was not enough to offset all the other costs, resulting in an overall mean "]
[18.357059478759766, 10.03646183013916, "cost was higher after entering the program than before entering. Var. = Variable. Appear. = Appearance.\nwas lower in the six months after\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Costs for JJCPA Participants 83\nEstimated Costs for School-Based Probation Supervisio"]
[18.319211959838867, 9.978931427001953, ".47 1,608 4.17 3,215\nFollow-Up\nMean ($)\n529 0 627 2,049\n1,307 597 \u2013 433 4,719\nDifference ($)\n   Juvenile Unit Cost\nJustice Cost ($) Unit\nArrest 2,114.74 Arrest\nCamp 677.37 Day\nCourt 3,394.00 Appear.\nJuvenile 770.76 Day hall\nProgram 7.51 Day\nSupervisi"]
[18.23480796813965, 9.825448036193848, " the \u201cDifference of Means, in Dollars\u201d column indicates that the mean cost was lower in the six months after beginning the program\n  Mean Estimated Cost per Participant, Participants Served, and Cost Differences, by JJCPA Program, FY 2014\u20132015\nTable "]
[18.236379623413086, 9.82552719116211, "2 \u2013923\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Costs for JJCPA Participants 87\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Cost Savings, by Initiative\nFor each of the three FY 2014\u20132015 initiatives, Table 3.17 shows the estimated mean net cost for each juvenile justice cost\u2014i.e.,"]
[17.864486694335938, 8.966227531433105, " youths, such as IOW and MH, will always have\n88 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\nrelatively high supervision costs, making these programs look worse on these cost comparisons for supervision. Arr"]
[17.61498260498047, 8.985077857971191, "e halls (MH and IOW), we measure outcomes and costs in the six months prior to hall entry and in the six months following release from the hall.\n  89\n90\nLos Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022\n\u2022\n\u2022 "]
[17.583847045898438, 9.081419944763184, "erences except for pre\u2013post improvement in school attendance for MST participants. Primarily because of the smallness of samples, changes in all other supplemental outcomes were not statistically significant.\nNone of the three programs in the Enhance"]
[17.80797576904297, 9.042950630187988, "nificantly different for the two groups. For the programs that used educational measures as supplemen- tal outcomes, school attendance improved significantly in the term following program entry compared with the previous term. School suspensions and "]
[17.749774932861328, 9.111096382141113, "n the GSCOMM, HRHN, and IOW programs had positive results for supplemental outcomes.\nThe three programs that utilized pre\u2013post comparison designs\u2014ACT, HB, and PARKS\u2014 primarily targeted at-risk youths, so the only reportable big six outcomes were arre"]
[17.704450607299805, 9.118853569030762, " \u2014 \u2014\n this table indicates that the FY 2014\u20132015 cohort had a significantly more positive result.\nNOTE: FY 2014\u20132015 in\nA dash indicates no significant difference between the two cohorts. n.a. = not applicable.\nAmong the programs that used the previo"]
[17.766239166259766, 9.05655288696289, "l, there is a consistent pattern of program participants meet- ing program goals.\nSupplemental outcomes also show very similar results from year to year, with almost all follow-up measures significantly more positive than baseline measures. However, "]
[17.787246704101562, 8.617538452148438, "ll costs in the follow-up period than in the baseline period.\nLimitations of This Evaluation\nComparison-Group Youths Versus Program Participants\nAs with any evaluation, our assessment of the JJCPA program in Los Angeles County has some inherent limit"]
[17.70021629333496, 8.501653671264648, "ine and a follow-up evaluation.\nWe also did not have access to how certain scales used for supplemental outcomes (e.g., strength, risk, and barrier scores for the school-based programs, and family functioning for HRHN) were constructed or to the just"]
[17.731895446777344, 8.57176685333252, "lt of two trends: (1) a steady decline in juvenile arrest rates since 2007 (Office of the Attorney General, undated [b]) and (2) the Los\nAngeles County Probation Department\u2019s deliberate strategy of devoting an increasing number of resources to at-ris"]
[18.078699111938477, 8.923500061035156, "signed a gang-avoidance order.\nWe calculate propensity-score weights by performing a logistical regression to predict whether a given youth is in the treatment group or the comparison group. The independent variables are those on which we will match "]
[17.716978073120117, 8.586071014404297, "s result in sustained petitions by the court. Therefore, Probation considers arrest an important indicator with this caveat and qualifier.\n3. violation of probation: As with arrests, violations are a key indicator of recidivism and delinquency. Howev"]
[17.437095642089844, 9.354659080505371, "rvices for Groups\nStar View Children and Family Services Tarzana Treatment Centers\nPrimary Service Offered\nGender-specific services HRHN employment services Substance abuse treatment MST\nSubstance abuse treatment MST\nMST\nSubstance abuse treatment Sub"]
[17.47918128967285, 9.341315269470215, "omparison group consists of youths who qualified for MST in FY 2012\u20132013, FY 2013\u20132014, or\nFY 2014\u20132015 but did not participate in the program and were agreed on by MST staff, Probation Department staff, and RAND staff. The MST team identified these "]
[17.548992156982422, 9.44446086883545, "onths after that or when the youth exited the program, whichever came first.\na Difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05).\n108 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\nTable D.5\nOutcomes for High "]
[17.513879776000977, 9.537348747253418, "cy, FY 2014\u20132015\n     BSCC-Mandated Outcome\nArrest\nIncarceration\nCompletion of probation\nCompletion of restitution\nCompletion of community service\nProbation violation\nBSCC Supplemental Outcome\nSchool absences\nBaseline\nNumber Percentage\n18 0.34a 0 0.0"]
[17.505416870117188, 9.527388572692871, "Size\n0.12a 1,761\n       NOTE: The comparison group consists of all program participants whose outcomes the program reported for the previous fiscal year (FY 2013\u20132014). We measured mandated outcomes during the six months after the youth exited juveni"]
[17.50304412841797, 9.529389381408691, "ntered the program and for the first complete academic period after the youth entered the program. We measured strength and barrier outcomes when the youth entered the program and six months after the youth entered the program or when the youth exite"]
[17.507978439331055, 9.513738632202148, "\n17.79a 598 4.37a 598\n             NOTE: The comparison group consists of all program participants whose outcomes we reported for the previous fiscal year (FY 2013\u20132014). We measured mandated outcomes during the six months after the youth entered the"]
[17.526935577392578, 9.531981468200684, "ipants\n  BSCC-Mandated Outcome\nArrest\nIncarceration\nCompletion of probation\nCompletion of restitution\nCompletion of community service\nProbation violation\nNumber Percentage\n5 33.33 1 6.67 2 16.67 3 42.86 2 20.00\n0 0.00\nSample Size\n15 15 12\n7 10\n12\nNum"]
[17.557262420654297, 9.510260581970215, "the genders of six participants in this program. n.a. = not applicable.\nTable E.7\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School Probationers, FY 2014\u20132015\n   Female Participants\nMale Participants\n  BSCC-Mandated Outcome\nArrest\nInc"]
[17.87639045715332, 9.26412296295166, "omes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School At-Risk Youths, FY 2014\u20132015\n      Cluster\n12345\n          Sample Sample Sample\n% Size % Size % Size %\nArrest\nIncarceration 0.75\nCompletion of n.a. probation\nCompletion of n.a. restitution"]
[17.59071922302246, 8.496323585510254, "TOTAL CHECKED NUMBERS)\nEthnicity:\n  PRE TEST DATE:\nPOST TEST DATE:\n  RISKS\nPoor Social Skills Physical Health Problems Violent\nAnti-Social Behavior\nNo Community Ties Unsafe Neighborhoods Prior Arrest History\nPrior Runaway\nCurrent Abuse\nPast Abuse\nNeg"]
[17.533233642578125, 8.322818756103516, "stem Resourceful\nParent Acknowledges Willingness to Work on Problems\nTOTAL CHECKS\nTOTAL STRENGTHS (SUM TOTAL CHECKED NUMBERS)\nPRE\nPOST\nPRE POST\n             Acknowledgments\n We are grateful to Sarah B. Hunter of the RAND Corporation and to Carly B. D"]
[17.144485473632812, 7.977230548858643, "le Justice and Delinquency Prevention, September 1994. As of March 8, 2016: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS36019\nAmerican Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV, Washington, D.C., 1994.\nAos, Steve, R"]
[17.075395584106445, 7.913035869598389, "3. As of March 8, 2016: http://www.futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/18_02_08.pdf\nCocozza, Joseph J., and Jennie L. Shufelt, Juvenile Mental Health Courts: An Emerging Strategy, Delmar, N.Y.: National Center for Mental Health an"]
[17.295671463012695, 8.018782615661621, "uth Confined to Juvenile Corrections,\u201d Journal of Correctional Education, Vol. 53, No. 4, December 2002, pp. 139\u2013144.\nDryfoos, Joy G., Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Emling, Kelly, chief deput"]
[17.11866569519043, 7.958956718444824, " Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Assistance, April 2000. As of March 8, 2016:\nhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/html/bja/mentalhealth/contents.html\nGramckow, Heike P., and Elena Tompkins, Enhancing Prosecutors\u2019 Ability to Combat and Preven"]
[17.115217208862305, 7.948927402496338, "ms, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, October 1994. As of March 8, 2016:\nhttp://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/lit.pdf\nHuddleston, West, and Douglas B. Marlowe, Painting the Current Picture: A National Report on Drug Courts and Other Pro"]
[17.067049026489258, 7.920400619506836, "arch 8, 2016:\nhttp://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/ index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=1584&issue_id=82008\nMiller, Ted R., Mark A. Cohen, and Brian Wiersema, Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Departmen"]
[17.198427200317383, 8.02337646484375, "cal Year 2014\u20132015 Report\nSexton, Thomas L., and James F. Alexander, \u201cFunctional Family Therapy: A Mature Clinical Model,\u201d in Mike Sexton, Tom Weeks, and Gerald Robbins, eds., Handbook of Family Therapy, New York: Brunner/Routledge, 2003, pp. 323\u2013348"]
[17.25540542602539, 8.053145408630371, "partment, Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2005\u2013 2006 Report, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-498-LACPD, 2007. As of March 8, 2016: http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR498.html\nUnderwood, Lee, "]
[16.770278930664062, 20.191471099853516, "  CORPORATION\nImplementing a Drug Formulary for California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Program\nBarbara O. Wynn, Christine Buttorff, Erika Meza, Erin A. Taylor, Andrew W. Mulcahy\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1560\n Publi"]
[11.422746658325195, 17.583599090576172, "ivate foun- dations. All its reports are subject to peer review and disseminated widely to policymakers, practitioners in law and business, other researchers, and the public.\nICJ is part of RAND Justice Policy within RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and"]
[16.86003303527832, 20.266292572021484, "gs Furnished to Injured Workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Purpose............................................................................................................ 9 DataandMethods............."]
[15.06574821472168, 5.783731460571289, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Legacy Prescriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[16.823352813720703, 20.228723526000977, "13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.3. Trends in Therapeutic Class Share of Payments in WCIS, 2007\u20132013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.4. Trends in Average Payment per Drug Line in WCIS, 2007\u20132013. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[16.94931983947754, 20.347383499145508, "lls (lines) by Preferred Status for Knee, Shoulder,\nand Low-Back Injuries, by Formulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.3. Summary of ACOEM Recommendations for Low-B"]
[16.907217025756836, 20.309398651123047, " later than July 1, 2017. The legislation intended that the formulary further \u201cthe goal of providing appropriate medications expeditiously while minimizing administrative burden and associated costs.\u201d\nA carefully structured formulary can reinforce th"]
[16.926158905029297, 20.326210021972656, "e utilization and spending; (2) use of substitut-\nix\nx Implementing a Drug Formulary for California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Program\nable generics instead of brand-name drugs, except when there is a clinical rationale for prescrib- ing the brand; (3) "]
[16.95309829711914, 20.35177230834961, " process. Instead, the formulary policies were developed by US Script, a pharmacy benefit management company, and approved by Workforce Safety and Insurance\u2019s Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. The Delaware formulary is derived from Delaware\u2019s Medi"]
[16.959518432617188, 20.357131958007812, "veral reasons, the ODG formulary would be easier to implement. It is already in use in several WC programs and incorporates PR recommendations. The formulary drug listing uses a simple yes-or-no structure to indicate whether PR is required for most d"]
[17.002368927001953, 20.398035049438477, "umes that PR rules would be based on specified criteria and that condition-specific PR rules would be established when needed.\nRequires developing PR requirements based on specific criteria and clinical review\nand integrating the different guidelines"]
[16.97983169555664, 20.376981735229492, " with PR recommendations, any conflicts between applicable ODG and ACOEM recommendations for individual drugs would need to be resolved so that it is clear which guideline has precedence.4 However, the ongoing administrative burden is likely to be le"]
[16.93495750427246, 20.334320068359375, " formulary structure and ground rules, it will be important to establish, through rulemaking, ancillary policies governing how the formulary will be imple- mented and integrated with the medical necessity dispute-resolution process and the OMFS. Tabl"]
[16.922887802124023, 20.32204818725586, " simultaneously with changes in the formulary without rulemaking.\nTable S.2\nSummary of Major Policy Development Steps\nSummary xv\n  Step\nEstablish ancillary formulary policies\nMake conforming changes to UR and independent medical review (IMR) rules\nMa"]
[16.900653839111328, 20.303077697753906, "t from input from other Department of Industrial Relations staff, including Ray Meister and Melissa Hicks at Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation and Amy Coombe in the Office of the Director.\nWe also appreciate the support that we received from individu"]
[16.894489288330078, 20.298784255981445, "rather than its generic name). Brand-name drugs are often single-source drugs following their initial Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval because of patent protection and FDA-granted regulatory exclusivity. Later, generic versions of some bra"]
[16.911380767822266, 20.314970016479492, "tion that processes and pays drug claims, administers drug benefits and formularies, negotiates with drug manufacturers on price, and provides other services to payers.\nThis is group of preferred pharmacies for a payer (insurer or self- insured emplo"]
[16.89035987854004, 20.29738426208496, "eral mechanisms, including purchasing WC insurance from commercial insurance companies or from the California State Compensation Insurance Fund (a public nonprofit carrier) or by setting up a self-insured employer fund. DWC, within the Department of "]
[16.894569396972656, 20.29582977294922, "ly unnecessary drug therapies, raising additional concerns about the administrative burden imposed by current prescribing practices on the UR/IMR medical necessity dispute- resolution process (RAND Corporation analysis of 2014 IMR decisions).\nIn resp"]
[16.92160415649414, 20.322093963623047, "e process a physician uses to seek approval for a proposed drug therapy before prescribing and dispens- ing it. We use PR throughout this report to describe the comparable policies in other states, although, in other contexts, preauthorization and pr"]
[16.90827178955078, 20.310123443603516, "y net- work. The drug formulary and standards adopted by the administrative director are applicable to drugs provided by a network pharmacy under contract with a payer (or a pharmaceutical benefits manager [PBM] under contract with the payer).\nThe fo"]
[16.936756134033203, 20.336183547973633, "g formulary. The third report will describe a monitoring framework for tracking the actual impacts of implementing the drug formulary.\nGuiding Assumptions\nSeveral assumptions about how DWC will design and implement the drug formulary under- pin our m"]
[16.9375, 20.336652755737305, "y over developing a new formulary that is specific to the California WC program. However, because the MTUS draws on multiple sources for its treatment guide- lines, some modifications may be required for consistency with the MTUS. Moreover, the polic"]
[16.918487548828125, 20.3189640045166, "n at a DWC public hearing held February 17, 2016, to discuss formulary design and implementation issues. The criteria reflect the Labor Code requirements for the formulary and operational require- ments for successfully implementing a formulary consi"]
[16.924556732177734, 20.324874877929688, "cluded in the formulary?\n\u2022 When should PR be required? What criteria should be used to classify drugs as requir-\ning PR? Should the classification apply across the board to the drug or differentiate by\ncondition?\n\u2022 Should there be a first-fill policy"]
[16.90057373046875, 20.303207397460938, "s include the types of drugs and care settings the formu- lary addresses, utilization management tools (PR, point-of-sale processing, retrospective review), the medical necessity dispute-resolution process, first-fill policies following an injury, an"]
[16.860013961791992, 20.262388229370117, " drugs account for a small share of prescription drug volume and payments in California WC. We merged these data to the TRUVEN Health Analytics RED BOOK database by NDC to assign NDCs to therapeutic classes and to flag NDCs as \u201cbrand\u201d or \u201cgeneric,\u201d o"]
[16.871129989624023, 20.27073097229004, " laxatives.\nRAND RR1560-2.1\n2 The Workers\u2019 Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California collects and reports medical expenditures by insur- ers (Workers\u2019 Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau, 2016). We converted the bureau\u2019s estimate of pharmac"]
[16.872732162475586, 20.271272659301758, "antiulcerants, e.g., omeprazole.\nRAND RR1560-2.2\n12 Implementing a Drug Formulary for California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Program\nFigure 2.3\nTrends in Therapeutic Class Share of Payments in WCIS, 2007\u20132013\n30\n25\n20\n15\n10\n5\n0\n2011 2012 2013\n2009 2010\n2"]
[16.88817596435547, 20.290266036987305, " Book\u201d lists generic drugs that the FDA has assigned an \u201cA\u201d substitutable designation, which signifies that the reference drug and generic are substitutable (FDA, 2016a).3\nOver time, price competition often drives generic prices down significantly be"]
[16.8886775970459, 20.29279899597168, "Code \u00a74073 allows a pharmacist to substitute another drug product with the same active chemical ingredients of the same strength, quantity, and dosage form and of the same generic drug name.\n4 The rules governing in-office dispensing are found in \u00a741"]
[16.871536254882812, 20.297895431518555, "(55 percent) of tramadol billed lines are medical rather than pharmacy lines.\n6 Prior WCRI and the California Workers\u2019 Compensation Institute work suggests that unit prices for physician-dispensed\ndrugs are higher than unit prices for pharmacy-dispen"]
[16.90048599243164, 20.305044174194336, "al., 2012; Tao et al., 2015; White et al., 2012). The experience in Florida following its prohibition of physician dispensing of Schedule II and Schedule III opioids suggests that there may be overprescrib- ing of physician-dispensed opioid drugs. Af"]
[16.90045166015625, 20.305326461791992, "rnia\u2019s Business and Professions Code \u00a74052(a)(1) limits physi- cian dispensing of compounded drugs to a 72-hour supply. The most commonly prescribed compounded drugs for WC patients are topical analgesic creams and lotions.\nIn 2012, AB 378 (Solorio) "]
[16.854352951049805, 20.270187377929688, "rview of Outpatient Drugs Furnished to Injured Workers 19\nA recent WCRI report highlights a new concern with physician dispensing. The report indicates that the OMFS is now being undermined by physician dispensing of \u201cspecialty\u201d drugs (FDA-approved d"]
[16.86601448059082, 20.283681869506836, "name:\n\u2022 For simple prescriptions, the Medi-Cal price is the applicable unit price times the number of units plus a dispensing fee of $7.25 for patients who are not in a nursing home. Most unit prices are based on 83 percent of the average wholesale p"]
[16.88051986694336, 20.29421043395996, "cription drug.\nThe Medi-Cal fee schedule is limited to covered drugs provided by drug manufacturers that participate in the federal Medicaid drug rebate program; as a result, not all drugs provided to WC patients appear in the Medi-Cal fee schedule.1"]
[16.886899948120117, 20.29346466064453, "ate only in the federal rebate program.\n 22 Implementing a Drug Formulary for California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Program\nFigure 2.13\nShare of Outpatient Drug Lines and Payments Without Medi-Cal Prices, 2013\n Percentage of drug lines Percentage of dru"]
[16.871387481689453, 20.27672004699707, "hen and hydrocodone bitartrate\nSildenafil citrate\nTadalafil\nMenthol\nHydroxytryptophan/magnesium/melatonin/ pyridoxine/tryptophan\nDocusate sodium Hyaluronate sodium\nChondroitin sulfate/dimethyl sulfone/ glucosamine sulfate\nModafinil\nDocusate sodium an"]
[16.91450309753418, 20.315570831298828, "to the PBM. Although the details vary, payer contracts with PBMs often require the PBM to assume the cost for a drug that is dispensed before the compensability determination if the claim is subsequently denied or if UR deter- mines the drug to be me"]
[16.90566062927246, 20.308250427246094, "assume liability and pay a network pharmacy for the drug. If the employer limits its cov- erage to pharmacy network providers, a nonnetwork pharmacy may file a lien to recover its charge for the prescription.\nClaims Administrator or PBM\nThe roles the"]
[16.880887985229492, 20.286989212036133, "shed to injured workers from 2007 to 2013 are matters of concern:\n\u2022 We found a 43-percent increase in the average number of drug line items per WC claim and a 100-percent increase in average drug payments per injured worker from 2007 to 2013.\n\u2022 While"]
[16.931777954101562, 20.331212997436523, " each criterion. When information was not publicly available, we did attempt to contact the formulary developers for more information on particular policies. Evaluation of the quality of the treatment guidelines and drug recommendations was beyond th"]
[16.914142608642578, 20.312997817993164, "incorporate methods for dealing with legacy claims,1 particularly for drugs being removed from a formulary.\nThe fifth criterion specifies the resulting formulary be easily accessible to the end users, such as patients, physicians, pharmacists, and pa"]
[16.949504852294922, 20.34825325012207, "t evaluates evidence-based recommendations of the Medicare Contract Drug Advisory Committee and negotiates prices with manufacturers.\nType of Drug Listing\nCategorizes drugs as preferred (no PR), PR required, or noncovered.\nLists drugs by condition, d"]
[16.940744400024414, 20.339462280273438, "on State\u2019s P&T committee then makes recommendations for inclusion on the formu- lary. The P&T committee considers the drug without regard to its cost. However, drug costs are a factor for the final decisions on which drugs will be listed in the Washi"]
[16.96653175354004, 20.36321449279785, "tioner prescribes a nonpreferred drug.\nAmerican College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine\nACOEM develops treatment guidelines for specific WC conditions. Drug recommendations are developed as part of the treatment guidelines, using several k"]
[16.9465274810791, 20.344497680664062, "delines in June 2016 amid con- cerns from the National Guideline Clearinghouse that it was unable to verify that each ODG treatment guideline topic met new criteria for systematic evidence review. WLDI has issued an updated statement of methodology t"]
[16.93364906311035, 20.3323974609375, "ed to cover benzodiaze- pines, hypnotics, and antipsychotics. Changes in the formulary are based on recommendations from a P&T committee. The rules state that the P&T committee will base its evaluations and recommendations on \u201ccurrent medical literat"]
[16.936019897460938, 20.335111618041992, "e dispensing applies.\nMedi-Cal\nThe Medi-Cal contract drug list is the formulary for California\u2019s fee-for-service Medicaid beneficiaries. The listed drugs do not require PR (Maiuro, Coronado, and Edwards, 2009). Medi-Cal uses the list to leverage sign"]
[16.931631088256836, 20.330780029296875, "to develop the L&I formulary drugs, including opioids, in a process that is not transparent, and the public cannot formally comment on these changes before they are adopted.\nComparison of Existing Drug Formularies 33\n34 Implementing a Drug Formulary "]
[16.965471267700195, 20.362627029418945, "rporates evidence medical condition.\nreviewed literature, editorial committee for Incorporates peer- ranking system and decisionmaking. evaluated with\nevidence-based\nReliance on\ncriteria\nACOEM clinical guidelines but has not updated them to include r"]
[16.967283248901367, 20.364667892456055, "all mean quality score for ODG was 3.50 compared to 4.75 for ACOEM, based on publicly available infor- mation about the development methods (Nuckols et al., 2014).3 Because the same guideline development process applies to all clinical topics, the as"]
[16.963645935058594, 20.3610782623291, " back and shoulders. As a result, the ACOEM formu- lary should be more closely aligned with the MTUS than with the other formularies. However, the MTUS ACOEM-based guidelines predate the versions of the treatment guidelines from which the ACOEM formu"]
[16.949989318847656, 20.34833526611328, "nput. A PBM helps translate the recom- mendations into the formulary by including, for example, notes to prescribers or reviewers on particular drug ingredients.\nODG documents do not outline a role for a PBM in developing their formulary drug recomme"]
[16.949106216430664, 20.34742546081543, "require that the P&T committee review the formulary annually and publish changes through a rulemaking process that makes the updating process more cumbersome than those of other formularies (BWC, 2014).\nMedi-Cal does not have a regularly scheduled up"]
[16.96320152282715, 20.362058639526367, "is publicly available and is organized by drug name. The Ohio for- mulary specifies the covered form, whether PR is required, and any limitations on dosage strengths or duration. By adding the drug limitations to the drug listing, the Ohio formulary "]
[16.947818756103516, 20.34630012512207, "Chapter Four by examining by the differences in the drug list- ings and PR recommendations.\n\u2022 Transparency in the decisionmaking process. We found that some parts of the processes for all the formularies are transparent to the public or users of the "]
[16.936264038085938, 20.33417320251465, "edient, such as acetaminophen, underlies a variety of different drug products. For example, acetaminophen comes in a variety of strengths (the amount of the active ingredient), forms (tablet, capsule, syrup), and generic store brands or name brands ("]
[16.953388214111328, 20.349063873291016, " compensable injury as \u201cdenied\u201d (or, essentially, not covered). An exception may be requested through PR if a non\u2013 work-related condition directly slows the patient\u2019s recovery from the work-related condition.\nACOEM lists whether the active ingredient"]
[16.93904685974121, 20.337093353271484, ", without further elaboration on whether all forms of this active ingredient are included in the listing. Washington L&I\u2019s preferred drug listing includes oral forms only, broadly defined to include oral, solid, and liquid formulations. In contrast, "]
[16.952022552490234, 20.347074508666992, "d Medi-Cal use First Databank; ACOEM and Ohio BWC use Medispan; and ODG develops its own classifications based on how the drugs are used for WC purposes. For the analyses in this chapter, we used the high-volume active ingredients for the prescrip- t"]
[16.940044403076172, 20.336589813232422, "a- tions of OTC drug ingredients, such as capsaicin, menthol, and methyl salicylate (a pain-relief ointment or lotion). The combination may not be addressed in the formulary, but the individ- ual ingredients may be. For example, both ACOEM and ODG ad"]
[16.949846267700195, 20.347049713134766, "y includes drugs that are adminis- tered in a care setting.\n46 Implementing a Drug Formulary for California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Program\nDifferences in Preferred Drugs\nWe next examine whether differences in preferred drugs (which we define as drug"]
[16.93826675415039, 20.33591079711914, " drug is recommended but unclear on whether the drug is a first- or second- line therapy; whether the drug is not recommended; and finally, whether the drug has no recommendation. These recommendations can vary by the specific\n2 The ODG makes some pr"]
[16.942914962768555, 20.339670181274414, "ugs are being dispensed. Analyzing by volume gives an idea of the actual number of PR requests that would be filed under each formulary if it were implemented in California without additional modifications.\nWe assigned the NDCs reported in the WCIS f"]
[16.966249465942383, 20.36337661743164, "lary\n76 21\n3\n100 0\n4 94\n2\n0 100\n97 2\n<1\n0 100\n0\n0 100\n0\n100* 0*\n0\n2 90\n7\nOmeprazole 6\n3 71\n26\n98 0\n2\n0 98\n10002\n96 0\n4\n100 0\n0\n1 96\n10003\n0\n2 94\n4\n0 97\n3\n2 95\n100* 0* 3\n0\n73 26\n<1\n100 0\n0\n100 0\n<1\n100* *\n0\n42 50\n8\n2\nDiclofenac sodium\n0 0\n100\n0 100\n0\n"]
[16.968931198120117, 20.365833282470703, "nes) Requiring\n   (% of lines)\nNot in\nNot Requiring Requiring\n   Not\nNot in\nRequiring Requiring\nNot in\n  Table 4.2\u2014Continued\n% of Knee, Shoulder, and Low- Back Lines in WCIS\nAcetaminophen/oxycodone\nAcetaminophen\nhydrochloride\nphosphate\n50 Implementin"]
[16.98430824279785, 20.381349563598633, " prescribed drug is not consistent with the treatment guidelines. This approach puts the onus on the prescribing physician to know the specifics of the treatment guidelines; in contrast, any variations in the drug recommendations across conditions in"]
[16.947002410888672, 20.344789505004883, "Drug\nRecommendation Total No\nRecommended Total Not\nYes No* No*\nYes\n2\n0\n32 0 1\nEtodolac (Lodine)\nYes\n2\n0\n32 0 1\nFamotidine, ibuprofen (Duexis)\nFenoprofen calcium (Nalfon)\nYes\n2\n0\n31 0 1\nYes*\n2\n1\n32 0 1\nYes\n2\n0\n32 1 0\nIndomethacin (Indocin\u00ae)\nYes\n2\n0\n32"]
[16.94601821899414, 20.343433380126953, "emented with other high-volume or high- expenditure drugs used in the California WC program. If the default policy is that a drug is nonpreferred and thus requires PR if it is not on the listing, the focus should be on whether there are other first-l"]
[16.93440055847168, 20.333045959472656, " topic was further informed by our interviews with state officials and California stakeholders, presentations at the DWC public hearing, and available literature on specific topics. The topics we cover in this chapter include the following:\n\u2022 whether"]
[16.921611785888672, 20.321895599365234, "er the formulary should apply in outpatient care settings, such as a doctor\u2019s office or clinic. Typically, drugs are administered to the patient in care settings, while drugs are dispensed by a pharmacy or a physician to be taken by or administered t"]
[16.904647827148438, 20.305906295776367, "body of a patient . . . by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or other means.\u201d Section 4024 defines dispense as furnish- ing drugs on prescription from a physician or nonphysician practitioner or a physician or nonphysician practitioner acting within "]
[16.923328399658203, 20.3209285736084, "ity to develop IDDS-specific rules regarding the frequency and circumstances for which PR is required for refills. If no changes in the PR rules are considered appropriate, there is no reason to specifi- cally address IDDS in the formulary rules.\nDru"]
[16.942874908447266, 20.342588424682617, "ition.\n    laries to therapeutic classes that are commonly prescribed for WC conditions and provide an exceptions process to obtain noncovered drugs.\nBecause treatment guidelines address only drug therapies considered for common WC conditions, the fo"]
[16.92529296875, 20.325111389160156, "he injured worker\u2019s permanent ability to regain maximum function.\u201d The UR decision must be made within 72 hours. An expedited appeal for IMR requires submission of medical documentation with 24 hours and a decision within three days of receipt of the"]
[16.941312789916992, 20.33953857421875, "rization. Chapter Three discusses the available information on the processes and criteria used to establish drug-specific PR policies for the drug formularies.\nRegardless of the formulary structure that DWC adopts, the policies of states adopt- ing t"]
[16.926387786865234, 20.325977325439453, "the ODG\nformulary.\nPR is required for\n\u2022 drugs with an \u201cN\u201d status on the ODG Drug Formulary\n\u2022 any compounded drug containing an ingredient with \u201cN\u201d status\n\u2022 any investigational or experimental drug\n\u2022 intrathecal drug regimens and refills involving cha"]
[16.92735481262207, 20.326744079589844, "tions. This could be accomplished by requiring PR for off-label drug usage that is not addressed by the MTUS. The MTUS Medical Evidence Search Sequence would then be used to deter- mine whether off-label usage that is not addressed by the treatment g"]
[16.924163818359375, 20.324045181274414, "forcement is more likely to occur through PBMs under contract with the payer. Other than Tennessee, we did not find state policies pertaining to point-of-sale enforcement. This is not surprising; arrange- ments between the various entities involved i"]
[16.92559051513672, 20.32552146911621, "ect to retrospective review for medical necessity under the state\u2019s process applicable to other medical services. A physician who prescribes services that exceed, are not recommended, or are not addressed by the treatment guidelines is required to pr"]
[16.93697166442871, 20.338537216186523, "ocess. The medical director\u2019s determi- nation is effective until a final IMR determination is issued. In Texas, the volume of medical interlocutory orders during initial implementation was small. For California, a separate appeal\n64 Implementing a Dr"]
[16.950546264648438, 20.349809646606445, "he conditions listed in the notice of injury. No more than one drug per therapeutic class is permitted, and no compounded drugs are eligible for the first-fill policy. PR is required for formulary drugs that are not on the first-fill drug listing. Th"]
[16.90329360961914, 20.310272216796875, "ensed for outpatient use.\nIn addition to Ohio and Washington, several nonformulary states (Montana, New York, Rhode Island, and West Virginia) do not cover physician-dispensed drugs through their prac- tice acts or specifically for their WC programs "]
[16.969226837158203, 20.36970329284668, "ispensed unless the prescriber includes \u201cdispensed as written\u201d or similar language on a prescription for a brand-name prod- uct, Oklahoma and Texas require that the prescriber maintain documentation in the injured worker\u2019s medical record (see Table 5"]
[16.945594787597656, 20.34412956237793, "as a documented systemic reaction consistent with a medication allergy and has tried generic drugs.\nTherapeutic Interchange\nTherapeutic interchange occurs when prescribers authorize patients to receive a drug similar to the drug initially prescribed."]
[16.91105842590332, 20.31221580505371, "exclusion from the new formulary. Therefore, states implementing a WC formulary have established a transition process for \u201clegacy\u201d claims (claims with dates of injury occurring before the new formulary implementation). The transition process allows t"]
[16.940465927124023, 20.33892250061035, "ions affected by a formulary.\n10 Instead of providing for a transition policy, Oklahoma\u2019s formulary is effective only for injuries occurring on or after Feb- ruary 1, 2014. The effect is to provide injured workers with two standards of care, dependin"]
[16.9451847076416, 20.3436279296875, "d provide a process for considering cost- saving opportunities through therapeutic interchange.\nUpdating Process\nCalifornia\u2019s process for updating its drug formulary will depend on how the formulary is structured and the reliance that is placed on ex"]
[16.941495895385742, 20.34054946899414, "ed changes. The final update is posted on BWC\u2019s website. Since the formulary was adopted in 2011, it has been updated eight times.\nUpdates to the Washington State and L&I formularies are handled differently, but nei- ther involves rulemaking. For the"]
[16.940574645996094, 20.33938217163086, "t of BWC\u2019s pharmacy program director. The rules also charge the P&T committee with reviewing the professional performance of pharmacies and BWC\u2019s PBM. BWC is proposing to add review of provider prescribing patterns and practices to the P&T committee\u2019"]
[16.93693733215332, 20.335777282714844, "al beneficiaries. While technically not a P&T committee, the MCDAC is charged with providing scientific and medical analysis and recommendations to the Department of Health Care Services regarding the addition or deletion of any drug from the contrac"]
[16.905813217163086, 20.305452346801758, "f- interest policies for state Medicaid programs, based on four high-level criteria: (1) whether the policy was available to the public, (2) the requirements for disclosure, (3) the policies associated with recusal associated with conflict of interes"]
[16.966907501220703, 20.36492347717285, "nterest with the sponsor and manufacturers. OIG issued five recommendations encouraging CMS to strengthen oversight of the P&T com- mittees.3 In February 2015, CMS issued a final rule incorporating some of OIG\u2019s recommen- dations into regulation. CMS"]
[16.965843200683594, 20.363903045654297, " this topic. 1\nEstablishing a single, integrated formulary that is consistent with the MTUS requires one of two approaches: (1) Adopt both the formulary and guidelines of either ACOEM or ODG, or (2) develop a California-specific WC formulary (which w"]
[16.97051429748535, 20.368005752563477, "adjustors could concentrate on the portions that have been updated, but if a new guideline is implemented, they would need to become familiar with an entirely new guideline. An updated guideline is also likely to require less-extensive changes in bil"]
[16.97319793701172, 20.369932174682617, "nt. Some clinical topics have not been updated since 2011, but revisions are in progress.\nUpdated MTUS Guidelines and Formulary\nDepends on updating decisions. Revised ACOEM-based guidelines and 2016 versions of ODG guidelines for chronic pain and DWC"]
[17.002206802368164, 20.39962387084961, "ngredients that are addressed in the treatment guidelines, (2) estab- lishing PR requirements for formulary drugs based on the relevant MTUS treatment guide- lines, (3) organizing a formulary drug listing by active ingredient, and (4) operationalizin"]
[16.996841430664062, 20.393024444580078, "nditures (exclusive of bulk ingredients used in compounding). Taken together, they account for 83 percent of total drug expenditures.\nOperationalize Steps for Three Formulary Alternatives\nIn this section, we discuss major activities that would be nee"]
[17.003341674804688, 20.400562286376953, "rmulary\u2019s implementation so that the P&T commit- tee will not be in place to consider the initial drug recommendations. Our analyses in Chapter Four suggest that the initial criteria could be relatively straightforward to apply, i.e., drug ther- apie"]
[16.992753982543945, 20.390106201171875, "t different PR requirements. Some differences seem minor and could probably be eliminated (e.g., drug has no recommendation for a condition or the recommendation does not specify first-line therapy when the drug is recommended as a first-line therapy"]
[17.000391006469727, 20.397008895874023, "rtunity for public comment on the process and results. After the formulary is imple- mented, the P&T committee could review and recommend any changes in the PR require- ments as part of its update process.\nAppendix B compares ODG and RAND-derived ACO"]
[16.970096588134766, 20.367652893066406, "etermine what drug alternatives might be available under the MTUS for drug ingredients with similar therapeutic purposes. They are also needed if any PR requirements are listed at the therapeutic class level rather than at the drug ingredient level. "]
[17.012081146240234, 20.40991973876953, "ived under a first-fill policy.\nLink Online Formulary Listing to Treatment Guidelines\nLinking the formulary back to treatment guidelines in an easy way to facilitate the use of the guidelines among prescribers. ODG has an online drug formulary listin"]
[16.976064682006836, 20.3668270111084, "tant to establish, through rulemaking, policies governing how the formulary will be implemented and integrated with the medical necessity dispute-resolution process and the OMFS. Table 7.3 summarizes the implementation policies that will need to be a"]
[16.93515968322754, 20.333433151245117, "defini- tion works only if the rules specify that PR is required for any drug not included in the for- mulary drug listing or not addressed by the MTUS. For the latter, the rule should emphasize that the prescriber should describe why the drug is med"]
[16.93009376525879, 20.328458786010742, "ubstantially higher prices than their OTC counterparts with similar drug ingredients (Healthesystems, 2013). Intrathecal drugs are usually compounded sterile solutions but should be mentioned separately because there may be occasions when a single dr"]
[16.92279815673828, 20.324352264404297, "injury to which the policy applies, the drugs that may be prescribed and dispensed under the policy, any limits on the duration of the initial prescription, and any other conditions on cov- erage under a first-fill policy. The policies that other sta"]
[16.907838821411133, 20.312143325805664, "ork contracts to the formulary but also to specify that \u201csuch contracts may not limit the availability of medications otherwise pre- scribed pursuant to the formulary based on whether the pharmacy services are provided within or outside a medical pro"]
[16.92841911315918, 20.32887077331543, "substances prescribed beyond the initial supply must be filled by a pharmacy (Nevada Legislature, 2015). A policy that restricts physician-dispensing to certain drugs is likely to be more straightforward to implement than a rule that provides for phy"]
[16.934537887573242, 20.334421157836914, "vidence-based.\u201d Policy decisions in implementing this policy include the following:\n\u2022 Whether the policy applies any time a generic drug is available or only when there are multiple sources for the generic drug. For example, the Medicaid FUL is trigg"]
[16.961130142211914, 20.35979461669922, "se require PR. We do not recommend either policy because of the complexities of implementing them across the board. However, a general policy supporting prescribing of OTC drugs when medi- cally appropriate and less costly could lend support to payer"]
[16.94797134399414, 20.346384048461914, "dations and review of OMFS allowances and average daily dosages, the administrative director could limit recommended drugs to the less costly alternatives among the drugs with similar thera- peutic effects. Because California is a multipayer state an"]
[16.9462947845459, 20.3447208404541, "y or modifying the PR recommendation. This issue is discussed in greater detail later, under \u201cMedical Evidence Search Sequence.\u201d\nTransparency and public input into the updating process should be facilitated through the rules adopted for the P&T commi"]
[16.92496109008789, 20.324892044067383, "a\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Program\nof medically appropriate drugs. Timely updates in the underlying treatment guidelines should avert this situation. Outdated guidelines are less likely to occur with ODG-based guidelines, which are updated on a flow b"]
[16.913816452026367, 20.31513214111328, " or pharmacy\u2014is liable for the cost of the prescription.\n3. A drug bill is presented after the prescription is dispensed, and no retrospective review occurs (i.e., the prescription passes bill-processing screens), or retrospective review deter- mines"]
[16.926965713500977, 20.326440811157227, "uld include updated information on the patient\u2019s condition(s) (diagnoses).\n\u2022 The section of the form dealing with plan of treatment would separate drug therapies from other therapies.\n\u2022 The section on drug therapies includes checkboxes to indicate wh"]
[16.923410415649414, 20.32371711730957, "s for drug therapies may address any concerns that the medical appropriateness of drug thera- pies may be determined using outdated medical information. For the WC formulary, more- recent medical evidence could potentially affect two different polici"]
[16.924118041992188, 20.323413848876953, "gs, and nonlisted drugs. In this situation, if a retrospective review concludes that the drug is not medically appropriate, the payer should not be liable for the cost of the pre- scription. In the second situation, a drug that otherwise does not req"]
[16.87146759033203, 20.291141510009766, " This could involve, for example, eliminating the dispensing fee for physician-dispensed drugs and capping the allowance for a brand-name drug at the price for the generic equivalent. The rules for pricing drugs that do not have Medi-Cal prices shoul"]
[16.95915985107422, 20.3481388092041, " a lien to recover payment that has been denied because the dispenser is not in the payer\u2019s MPN or pharmacy network if there is a dispute over the propriety of treating outside the MPN or pharmacy network.\n Preliminary Implementation Plan 97\n   Compa"]
[16.896764755249023, 20.294971466064453, "there is a UR decision to modify If the prescriber did not submit an RFA, the designated entity medication does not pass the PBM\u2019s prepayment screens. or deny the medication.\nto initiate the UR process.\n   Retrospective review\nprocess\n98 Implementing"]
[16.9269962310791, 20.32613182067871, "hat passes its prepayment screens for consistency with the guidelines and advises the pharmacy of its findings. If modifications are appropriate, the arrangements between the claims administrator or PBM and the pharmacy will determine which entity is"]
[16.977313995361328, 20.3734188079834, " manu- facturer, product, and form of the active ingredient. While drugs are often prescribed at the active ingredient and dosage level, drugs are priced and paid at the NDC level. Our assump- tions create differences from how the formularies are ope"]
[16.957168579101562, 20.354970932006836, "f a first-line therapy is not effective, the recommendations cannot be equated to the ODG \u201cYes\u201d or \u201cNo\u201d requirements for PR.\nFor purposes of comparing the PR requirements across conditions in ACOEM, we estab- lished the following rules, which are for"]
[16.958681106567383, 20.35247039794922, "o so, we calculated the percentage of recommendations for which PR applied across all the drug\u2019s recommendations for a given condition. We did this calculation by condition because a given active ingredient could have different PR criteria for anothe"]
[16.943117141723633, 20.340333938598633, "ions only, all the NDCs were marked as nonpreferred. Other active ingredients had\nDetailed Methods and Results for Chapter Four 103\n104 Implementing a Drug Formulary for California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Program\ndosage, step therapy, or quantity lim"]
[16.95810890197754, 20.354219436645508, "d in compounding and drugs with deactivated NDCs were excluded from the numerator and denominator for the\ncalculation of the percent of WCIS payments mentioned in each formulary for each active ingredient.\nODG Ohio Medi-Cal\nACOEM\nWCIS Washington\n99.6"]
[16.960777282714844, 20.35835075378418, "of drug recommendations were chosen because they form the basis for the majority of MTUS guidelines currently in use in California.\nTable B.1 compares, for ACOEM and ODG, the active ingredients accounting for more than 1 percent of paid bills in WCIS"]
[16.969850540161133, 20.366918563842773, "s for chronic pain treatments not covered in the body part chapters for\nindividuals with chronic pain.\nIf DWC decides to retain the current guideline structure, the actual PR requirements\nwould depend on how the ACOEM-based drug recommendations are o"]
[16.991239547729492, 20.388111114501953, "\nCelecoxib\n112 Implementing a Drug Formulary for California\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Program\n  Precedence? That Guideline ODG and In Pref. or In Pref. or Guideline with Pref. or Not in ACOEM Not aabab b In Both ODG ACOEM ACOEM ODG Not\nPercentage of Li"]
[16.942554473876953, 20.33993148803711, "mitriptyline\nhydrochloride\nDepends on NP chronic pain\nd\n0 \u2014\n0 1 NP\n1\nBenzodiazepines\n(anxiolytic)\nAnxiolytic,\nsedatives,\nhypnotics\nLorazepam\nSOURCE: RAND analysis of ACOEM and ODG drug recommendations, as well as pharmacy claims from WCIS.\nExample Fo"]
[16.827280044555664, 20.251018524169922, "nsation Information System (WCIS),\u201d website, 2016a. As of August 4, 2016: http://www.dir.ca.gov/dwc/WCIS.htm\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cWorkers\u2019 Compensation Information System (WCIS): First Reports of Injury (FROI) and Subsequent Reports of Injury (SROI) Data and Report"]
[16.89248275756836, 20.293397903442383, "nmental Medicine\u2019s Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines, Second Edition,\u201d Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 50, No. 3, 2008, pp. 282\u2013295.\nHealthesystems, \u201cTopical Analgesics: Expensive and Avoidable,\u201d RxInformer, Fall 2013"]
[16.870433807373047, 20.277177810668945, "d drug substitution\u2014Exceptions\u2014Notice\u2014Limited restrictions, Olympia: Washington State Legislature, 2009.\nSwedlow, Alex, and Eileen Auen, \u201cCurrent Trends in Compound Drug Utilization in the California Workers\u2019 Compensation System,\u201d research note, Oakl"]
[16.924596786499023, 20.329124450683594, " and the FDA: Questions and Answers,\u201d webpage, 2015. As of July 27, 2016: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/PharmacyCompounding/ ucm339764.htm\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cOrange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evalu"]
[16.91376304626465, 20.312612533569336, "orker\u2019s Compensation Claim Cost in the State of Michigan,\u201d Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 54, No. 8, August 2012, pp. 948\u2013953.\nWiffen, Philip J., Sheena Derry, R. Andrew Moore, Dominic Aldington, Peter Cole, Andrew S. C.\nRic"]
[7.963046073913574, -6.976016044616699, "  CORPORATION\nAssessment of the Consolidation of the Australian Customs and Border Protection Service (ACBPS) with the Department of Immigration and Border Protection (DIBP)\n Daniel M. Gerstein, Karen Edwards, Dulani Woods, Julie Newell, Jennifer D. "]
[7.978428840637207, -6.994621276855469, "eas in particu- lar: (1) intelligence, (2) investigations, (3) detention, (4) integrity and corruption, and (5) learning and development. Performance as measured through the documents and interviews highlighted systemic shortfalls that contributed to"]
[7.936811447143555, -6.948625564575195, "...................................... 5 Examination of Five Key Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Conclusions........................."]
[7.956079483032227, -6.972258567810059, "essels Carrying Goods\norPassengers.............................................................................\nE.4. IMAs and Non-IMAs (Onshore and Offshore). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nE.5. DIBP Expenses "]
[7.965378761291504, -6.9753265380859375, "nnounced the integration of the Austra- lian Customs and Border Protection Service (ACBPS) and the Department of Immi- gration and Border Protection (DIBP) into a single government department, including the formation of the Australian Border Force (A"]
[7.959635257720947, -6.9558916091918945, " to 2005\ndocumented the shortfalls and provided insights and recommendations for\nimproving the respective organisations.\n\u2013 Shortfalls were observed across each of the five areas that were examined in\ndepth (i.e., intelligence, investigations, detenti"]
[7.942550182342529, -6.956235885620117, "al noteworthy programs were included almost immediately to send a strong\nsignal to the workforce and the public concerning the changes under way.\n\u2013 Examples of changes include transitioning to a single uniform for the Austra- lian Border Force; stand"]
[7.959573745727539, -6.9588141441345215, "he analy- sis: (1) intelligence, (2) investigations, (3) detention, (4) integrity and corruption, and (5) learning and development. Some of the more-noteworthy shortfalls across the five areas have been consolidated in Table S.1.\nSpecific Findings: O"]
[7.953942775726318, -6.97032356262207, " 2010; for Immigration, the requirement for all officers to acquire a minimum of baseline security clear- ance through the Australian Government Security Vetting Agency was not uni- versally enforced\n\u2022 There was no standardised training and developme"]
[7.947084426879883, -6.953763484954834, "ing conditions\n\u2022 Little direct quantitative evidence of capability-building, yet important qualitative evidence (e.g., common human resources and financial systems, ABF College development)\n\u2022 Strong preexecution plan developed, but shortfalls noted i"]
[7.947180271148682, -6.959482192993164, "leave government altogether. In terms of workforce acceptance of the integration, a consistent characterisation in the senior- leader interviews was that 30 percent of staff were appreciative of the change, 50 per- cent remained on the fence, and 20 "]
[7.9526519775390625, -6.960803031921387, "chieve their goals largely rests on the ability of the leadership to keep up the momentum, bring the workforce along, develop a unified DIBP culture, and ensure that the capacities that have been built are able to survive.\nAcknowledgements\n This work"]
[7.945615768432617, -6.961330890655518, "e in the integrated organisation to harness the strengths of both former agen- cies? What had been done to mitigate the weaknesses of the two former organisations?\n1 The DIBP has undergone a number of name changes since 2001. From 2001 to 2006, it wa"]
[7.941399097442627, -6.968917369842529, ", the development of an evaluation plan (in coordination with the DIBP), an analysis of the existing data concerning the inte- gration progress to date, and an overall assessment of the performance of the DIBP. Formal deliverables were provided in ac"]
[7.947962760925293, -6.9695587158203125, "ndividually, indicating that reform was both necessary and inevi- table. So while the integration was a vehicle for achieving change and gaining opera- tional effectiveness, a transformation of the two organisations regardless of integration would ha"]
[7.956084251403809, -6.972821235656738, "her Immigration nor Customs had the professionalisation required of a modern border-management organisation. The need for transformation of the mission space had been well documented over almost a decade.\n\u2022 With implementation of the integration form"]
[7.960616588592529, -6.968513011932373, " procedures for border-management, professionalisation, and talent-management efforts.\n\u2022 The one-year time frame for completing the integration was assessed to be overly ambitious by several of those interviewed. The challenges of integrating two org"]
[7.9601898193359375, -6.964251518249512, "sations. Difficulties were made more profound by the lack of a centralised data-storage capacity.\nOther common themes from the interviews were the lack of a professional intel- ligence workforce and the differences in cultures with regard to the view"]
[7.9580979347229, -6.96316385269165, "stems.\n\u2022 Customs conducted a number of classified Strategic Intelligence Assessments.\n\u2022 Concerning the differences in cultures between the organisations, one inter- viewee noted that Immigration was a facilitative, social-policy organisation and not "]
[7.941946029663086, -6.94731330871582, "ed interdiction,\u201d which includes the use of technology in targeting.5 This report details the importance of technological enhancements to keep pace with the growing opera- tional tempo and increasing sophistication of the potential violators.\nCareer-"]
[7.9544782638549805, -6.95969820022583, ". The broad nature of the review encompasses the full range of intelligence functions, including additional calls for information-sharing and employing technology to more effectively and efficiently manage customs, immigration, and border issues. For"]
[7.954941749572754, -6.960181713104248, "plement changes to develop an intelligence function. These early efforts translated into an ability to target suspect shipments at the operational level.\nBecause Customs had developed a more robust intelligence function, when the organisations were c"]
[7.9192962646484375, -7.002645492553711, "er-map- ping, training, learning, and education programs\n\u2013 the systems-related investment in devel- opment of a future single intelligence data storage system\n\u2013 the hiring of intelligence professionals to build capacity\nThe Case for Change 13\n      H"]
[7.975198268890381, -6.974647045135498, "The OSA was combined with the mandatory baseline minimum clearance level. In Immigration, the requirement for all officers to acquire a minimum of baseline security clearance through the Australian Government Security Vetting Agency (AGSVA) was not e"]
[7.981997013092041, -6.978391170501709, "ich cost AUD 700 million, was identified as a wasted opportunity to reform several areas, including investigations. Had the program been successful, it would have connected several disparate systems throughout Immigration.\nFindings After Integration\n"]
[8.00124740600586, -6.967260837554932, " was developed after the integration addresses the need for DIBP officials to have a clear understanding of their powers and demonstrate this competency in several key areas, including investigations.15 Finally, a May 2016 document\u2014Making Children Sa"]
[7.993508815765381, -6.9864678382873535, "ternal and external investigations\n\u2022 Lacked emphasis on proper procedures\nfor conducting the range of investigations required of a customs, immigration, and \u2022 border organisation\n\u2022 Recommended that training programs for compliance and investigations "]
[7.968878269195557, -6.969997882843018, " on the organisation, and, following behind the Palmer Report, it sent a shockwave through the portfolio that lasted for many years.\nFor example, the report noted the need for a \u201ccompulsory checklist [to] be com- pleted to record the actioning of a r"]
[7.971803665161133, -6.98008394241333, ", a 2011 report, the DIAC\u2019s Strategic Plan 2011\u201312, continued to highlight concerns with \u201cadministering immigration detention.\u201d21 In 2014, an inter- nal audit titled the Review of Onshore Detention Facilities Maintenance and Asset Man- agement identi"]
[8.002233505249023, -7.0048041343688965, "l 2015.\nThe Case for Change 19\n 20 Assessment of the Consolidation of the ACBPS with the DIBP\nFindings After Integration\nEfforts to reform the detention area are well documented in the February 2016 Deten- tion Remediation Report (Classified) develop"]
[7.996249675750732, -6.9985671043396, " Canberra, March 2016.\n put in place a capability in the immigration detention network to address potential child abuse.\nEfforts are also under way to ensure that the roles and authorities of officers within the detention system are understood. This "]
[7.985866546630859, -6.986700057983398, "ystemic issues in its dealings with people at the border and in the detention network, many of the same systemic issues were identified in later reports, including the Moss Review and the\nThe Case for Change 21\n22 Assessment of the Consolidation of t"]
[7.970977306365967, -6.971639633178711, "f corrup- tion risks in that organisation was extremely low and largely limited to overseas opera- tions. This resulted in blindness and a less-than-robust response to the risks of corrup- tion in immigration decisionmaking.\n 29 DIBP, MIR Summary\u2014Nau"]
[7.985731601715088, -6.991846561431885, "sing was centralised in the AGSVA. At this time, the requirement for all individuals to obtain a minimum baseline clear- ance was continued, albeit via the AGSVA, with the additional \u201cfit and proper person\u201d checks continuing to be undertaken by Custo"]
[7.990469932556152, -6.989994525909424, "egic Plan to Build Stronger Migration and Visa Services, Can- berra, 2010; DIAC, Strategic Plan 2011\u201312, Canberra, 1 July 2011.\n31 See Australian Public Service Commission, \u201cSecurity,\u201d in Foundations of Government, Canberra, 23 May 2012.\n32 Australia"]
[7.975667476654053, -6.961574077606201, "rt (Interim Report), Canberra, February 2013.\n34 Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity, Operation Heritage (Final Report)\u2014A Joint Investiga- tion of Alleged Corrupt Conduct Among Officers of the Australian Customs and Border Protection "]
[7.972816467285156, -6.970624923706055, "on issues were plaguing both organ- isations. Although some reforms were put in place prior to integration, in the post- integration phase and carrying through into the more comprehensive reform period, a\n36 Australian government, Customs Reform Boar"]
[7.966033458709717, -6.967928409576416, "part of the integration-reform professionalisation:\n\u2022 Implement better record and case management of sensitive matters by utilising Custom\u2019s upgraded IT system capability.\n\u2022 Implement a collection-management strategy in association with the Intellige"]
[7.977819919586182, -6.974694728851318, "rous areas.\nIn addition to the DIBP Leadership Framework, the leader-development road map was established in May 2016. One element of this road map is highlighting the various points in an officer\u2019s career where integrity training and development wil"]
[7.990535259246826, -6.982967376708984, " recommendations after the investigation of corruption allegations through the Operation Heritage and Myrrh reports. Although a reform programme to address the integrity issues began in 2013, they will continue and be challenging, even in the integra"]
[7.973815441131592, -6.961394309997559, "y developed drug and alcohol policy in May 2015 has been implemented\n\u2022 A leader-development road map was devel- oped in May 2016\n\u2022 Online ethics and conduct training was developed\n\u2022 Integrity conversations were incorporated into workforce education\nT"]
[7.972012996673584, -6.950530052185059, " work- force issues.\nOther important development shortfalls were in areas previously discussed, such as integrity and anticorruption and general professionalisation. Of note, the two organ- isations had very different cultures, which could complicate"]
[8.007491111755371, -6.98825740814209, "public confidence. The roots of this change can be seen in several of the documents that highlighted shortfalls in training and education, as well as deci- sionmaking skills.\nAlso highlighted were requirements for different types of training, learnin"]
[7.982999324798584, -6.918815612792969, "tioned from being highly focused on specialty areas to including greater emphasis on general law-enforcement issues, individual development and profession- alisation, and broader roles and responsibilities. This was also seen in the interviews that w"]
[7.945470333099365, -6.926000595092773, "k package. Both the visibility this topic is getting and the ongoing efforts bode well for long-term success. However, it remains too early to assess whether these programmes will ultimately be successful.\nEstablishment of a board to monitor this are"]
[7.95982027053833, -6.941864490509033, " demonstrated the need for change within Australia\u2019s border management. The five areas examined\u2014(1) intelligence, (2) investiga- tions, (3) detention, (4) integrity and corruption, and (5) learning and development\u2014 provided ample evidence of shortfal"]
[7.947054386138916, -6.968676567077637, "ntegration began (and the resulting reinvigoration of the effort several months later) should serve as a warning of the potential for the effort to stall if leadership engagement does not continue.\nThe Case for Change 37\nCHAPTER THREE\nAssessing Opera"]
[7.942705154418945, -6.95904541015625, "rocess designed to build organisational capacity\nExamination of the reorganisation planning for pre- and post-execution\nCapabilities for monitoring the progress of the reorganisation\nAssessment\n\u2022 No observed loss in effectiveness across opera- tional"]
[7.941220760345459, -6.962314128875732, "filling the goals of the integration. However, a noted shortfall is the nearly exclusive focus on operational metrics at the expense of strategic and reorganisation metrics and the omission of some key DIBP mission elements, such as cybersecurity and"]
[7.950240135192871, -6.96189022064209, "\u2013\u20132\n\u201363003\n311\u20131\n2\u2013 1 \u2013 1 14 14 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 8413\u2013 22\u2013\u2013\u2013\n0\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 2\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 2 31020\n130 64 29 15 22\n  Outcome 1: Protect Australia\u2019s sovereignty, security, and safety by\nmanaging its border, including managing the stay and departure of all noncitizens.\n Progra"]
[7.942646503448486, -6.959280490875244, "gramming, requirement-generation, and bud- geting functions of the department; although in the early stages, these efforts should improve the department\u2019s operational capacity across the DIBP mission space. Com- bining management functions was design"]
[7.941033363342285, -6.9623637199401855, "portant to sustaining momentum for the reorganisation, as will elevating the responsibility for reorganisation to the deputy secretary level.\nHowever, several important shortfalls in the new metrics have been identified. First, they do not consider t"]
[7.929855823516846, -6.981790065765381, "ltural and personnel integration, and capability-building (including in planning, programming,\nrequirement-generation, and budgeting functions), even after such a short period.\nIn looking to the future, the most-critical elements for progress in the "]
[7.952068328857422, -6.975295066833496, "and lack of consistent leadership engagement.\n\u2013 The use of a system approach to completing the integration and subsequent reform will be important to ensuring that the comprehensive reform envi- sioned is achieved. This is especially important given "]
[7.944952011108398, -6.9565348625183105, "ation and Citizenship Policy Division (DIBP)\nFirst Assistant Secretary International Division (DIBP)\nFirst Assistant Secretary Traveller Customs and Industry Policy Division (DIBP)\nA/g Deputy Commissioner Operations (ABF)\nAssistant Commissioner Strat"]
[7.949128150939941, -6.966546535491943, "ing a professional customs, immigration, and border organisation?\nb. Other assessments concerning the reorganisation?\nc. Anything else you would like to add?\nANNEX D\nAssessment Plan: Operational Effectiveness\n Organisational Analysis\nUsing an objecti"]
[8.00234603881836, -7.035689830780029, "n this annex corresponds to the five assessment categories in the GAO report: operational effectiveness and efficiency, capability, cultural and person- nel, action plan, and monitoring progress. This annex includes additional information and assessm"]
[7.913397312164307, -7.010645866394043, "nd crews refused immigration clearance\nNumber of detections of undeclared firearms\nNumber of visa cancellations\n2014, Quarter 4\n65 557.94\n1,482 306 4,283\n2015, Quarter 1\n384 4,033.33\n585\n805 12,806\n2015, Quarter 2\n123 1,053.23\n964\n495 16,687\n2015, Qu"]
[7.938369274139404, -6.993155002593994, "\u20132012\n2012\u20132013\n16,460\n2012\n60,900\n2013\u20132014\n14,940\n2013\n62,700\n2014\u20132015\n13,750\n2014\n62,100\n2015\u20132016 (estimate)\n14,467\n2015\n62,000\n  Overstayers 19,570\nSOURCE: Data provided by the DIBP.\nTable E.3\nEstimate of Unlawful Citizens\nOutcome 1 2010\n19,540"]
[7.94317626953125, -6.976470947265625, "hich include such areas as improving the department\u2019s processes, budgets (and revenues), material expenditures (and modernisation of equipment), personnel, and training.\nThe development of the 2016 Strategy Handbook demonstrates a commitment to build"]
[7.949365139007568, -6.975815773010254, " 20 15 10\n5 0\nSOURCE: Financial data provided by the DIBP.\nRAND RR1713-E.6\n    Revenues (AUD, billions)\n      2009\u2013 2010\u2013 2011\u2013 2012\u2013 2013\u2013 2014\u2013 2015\u2013 2016\u2013 2017\u2013 2018\u2013 2019\u2013 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020\nFiscal year\n ACBPS "]
[7.952089309692383, -6.976905345916748, "lt from savings from eliminating the IT management organisation organic to Customs. The increased capacity would result from increased information-sharing and eliminating an unnecessary IT seam between the former two departments\u2019 IT sections.\nThe dev"]
[7.943799018859863, -6.957843780517578, "a- bility were identified. The categories included border force, future traveller, trusted trader, case management, data intelligence, mail modernisation, and infrastructure. They encompassed a broad range of activities, from development and fielding"]
[7.944088459014893, -6.958078384399414, "s. This too became an important signal to the organisation and helped to build a unified culture even at these lower tactical levels. Such teams can also have benefits in operational effective- ness and efficiency.\nAlthough many early efforts to buil"]
[7.942136287689209, -6.961528301239014, " agency.\u2019\u201d8 The commission\u2019s recommenda- tion was based on two anticipated outcomes, \u201cthe potential to generate significant savings and provide the \u2018optimal structure\u2019 to pursue a more effective approach to border protection through \u2018a series of inte"]
[7.9420647621154785, -6.9605712890625, "assess- ing whether the high-level objectives that served as the rationale for the reorgan- isation, as well as the reorganisation action plan\u2019s objectives, were achieved. This shortfall was recognised, and metrics have been developed for many of the"]
[7.942054748535156, -6.9606194496154785, "- sion support, and ultimately resource allocation.\nAdditionally, given the implementation issues discovered shortly after integration was initiated on 1 July 2015, the DIBP has instituted the Integration Action Tracker, specifically to monitor integ"]
[7.941996097564697, -6.960735321044922, "regards.\n\u2013 Operational versus reorganisation focus: In the long term, such an operation-\nally focused list might be appropriate; however, given the expressed desire to\nmonitor the progress of the reorganisation, it is likely not adequate.\n\u2013 Operation"]
[7.9649457931518555, -6.9817585945129395, "izenship\nDIBP Department of Immigration and Border Protection GAO U.S. Government Accountability Office\nIMA illegal maritime arrival\nIT information technology\nOSA Organisational Suitability Assessment\nPSM Public Service Medal\n75\nReferences\n Assistant"]
[7.974912643432617, -6.98720121383667, "icy Institute, 30 Janaury 2009. As of 29 August 2016: https://www.aspi.org.au/publications/a-safer-australia-meeting-the-challenges-of-homeland-security- by-anthony-bergin/Policy_Analysis36.pdf\nBoston Consulting Group, Reform and Integration: Measure"]
[8.008395195007324, -7.0222578048706055, "ist, Canberra, 2016.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Vocational Competency Profile: Investigations Compliance and Regulation, Border Force, Canberra, 2016.\nDepartment of Immigration and Citizenship, The DIAC Strategic Plan 2010\u201311: A Strategic Plan to Build Stronger Migration "]
[7.982206344604492, -7.006419658660889, "ess the degree to which the new organisation has been able to mitigate weaknesses and reinforce strengths.\nThe integration of the DIBP reflects an important inflection point in the history of customs, immigration, and border-management activities wit"]
[13.605956077575684, 1.836471676826477, "  Using Future Broadband Communications Technologies to Strengthen Law Enforcement\nJohn S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Andrew Lauland, Sean E. Goodison, Thomas J. Wilson, and Brian A. Jackson\n Forthcoming broadband communications technologies could prov"]
[13.82861042022705, 2.4560916423797607, ". This will require\na governance model that can make these decisions and get the message out to the individual departments. Need to develop an equivalent of a certificate authority for authentication for public safety communications.\n2\nlaw enforcemen"]
[13.589224815368652, 1.8311790227890015, "ommu- nications, today the focus is on electronic data, ranging from life-critical information about persons and locations of interest to vehicle tracking data. Tomorrow, communications net- works will have to handle ever-growing amounts of data from"]
[13.640024185180664, 1.9014606475830078, "ng beyond \u201cnext shift/next purchase\u201d communications issues and helping shape law enforcement communications in the 2020s. The key objective of the work- shop is to inform key science and technology (S&T) develop- ment and deployment efforts, with the"]
[13.621030807495117, 1.8470908403396606, " and health data.\n\u2212 Near-real-time video feeds from deployable closed-\ncircuit TV (CCTV) systems. The studies called for a relatively small number of deployed cameras in support of specific operations, not a general video surveillance network.\n\u2212 Exch"]
[13.546627044677734, 1.7726480960845947, "take more than a minute in total.\n\u2022 Live transmission of a \u201csmall\u201d number of high-definition video feeds simultaneously.\nAn Initial Set of Emerging Technologies\nTo provide the workshop with a set of initial ideas for technolo- gies to discuss, NIJ an"]
[13.566946983337402, 1.7852623462677002, "thered UAS that can act as a local area relay, with the tether providing persistent power that can keep the UAS in the air for long periods of time.\n\u2022 Improvements to satellite communications. Minoli (2015) provides a recent survey.\n\u2022 Improvements an"]
[13.787640571594238, 1.974303126335144, "ons across the network. Includes identity credentials, access manage- ment, other security measures, and network management functions.\n\u2022 Operational considerations\u2014cutting across the techni- cal layers, these are operational challenges for efficient "]
[14.67021656036377, 1.9917136430740356, "x B (available at www.rand.org/t/RR1462). In brief, needs were prioritized based on their expected value, which combines assessments of how much value a solution to each need might be to law enforcement, how technically feasible developing a solution"]
[13.729393005371094, 1.9154644012451172, "For each need, we show the problem to be solved (\u201cProblem\u201d) and the call for a spe- cific solution (\u201cNeed).\u201d Note that some operational problems are addressed by multiple specific needs, meaning that some problem descriptions are repeated multiple ti"]
[13.602295875549316, 1.8290597200393677, "nd for what purposes? What apps/ functionalities do we want to put on officers\u2019 devices?\nProblem: Scale of data being collected/ exchanged expected to increase dramatically.\nNeed to provide agencies with guidance on how to acquire, manage, and use mi"]
[13.677424430847168, 1.9239341020584106, "Need better ways to do user authentication\u2014make it easy for individual users, such that, for example, if a public safety officer leaves their device behind it is locked, but also accessible by individuals from other agencies.\nNeed to solve the federa"]
[13.630069732666016, 1.8654893636703491, "ilter and prioritize core types of data coming into PSAPs and operations centers and provide useful products to the field. Need to explore leveraging analytics from the carriers to identify incidents of high interest. Would involve creating archives "]
[13.618631362915039, 1.8342461585998535, "apacity issues occur not only during incidents that are universally viewed as special circum- stances or emergencies (e.g., Boston Marathon bombing) but also during times that would traditionally be considered nor- mal daily operations (e.g., high-vo"]
[13.601073265075684, 1.8295583724975586, "vice and wireless Internet access points that the devices have been manually configured to access.\nNetwork management in this future environment will cease to be about managing specific sets of equipment (or bandwidth usage permitted under a specific"]
[13.564126014709473, 1.7902379035949707, " best support law enforcement requirements. Common types\nof services (push-to-talk voice over Internet, maps, etc.); data flows responders need on a day-to-day basis; and their sources, qualities, and attributes need to be identified. There was also\n"]
[13.660063743591309, 1.8900034427642822, "Flood. Data storage and archiving will be a huge technical, legal, and policy issue. Participants noted that there is a sense that all of the footage being generated from new body cameras \u201cprobably has to go into evidentiary archive\u201d and that the vol"]
[13.579569816589355, 1.8142271041870117, "sed this area of research on grounds that it was unlikely that small law enforcement\u2013focused projects would improve on huge com- mercial investments in antenna development.\nA Larger Debate: Commercial vs. Customized Devices. While not R&D needs per s"]
[13.598074913024902, 1.8278220891952515, " meet changing user needs.\nHigh-level Network Management Issues. Participants noted that while long-range forecasting of demand is important, and there may be some relevant cases to study today, demand will always come down to a management issue. One"]
[13.632078170776367, 1.8677055835723877, "or the area under it for the officer; another participant noted there are urban applications for this technology as well. Additional communications may be needed due to congestion, etc.\nSecurity. How security will work in the new network environment "]
[13.924365043640137, 2.282824754714966, "enforcement community to manage it\u2014for example, every person driving by a crash sending a picture to the PSAP. Needs in response covered both technical R&D and development and training of new information-centric roles.\nFor the field, there was a top-"]
[13.776371002197266, 2.098618984222412, "voices of bystanders (currently a manual process). The time needed to process video for FOIA requests is substantial, even prohibitive. A participant noted that it is estimated that one agency (Dallas) needs 17 labor hours to release a short clip req"]
[13.58863639831543, 1.8093996047973633, "eeds, providing a S&T roadmap for broadband-related development for law enforcement.\nDeveloping the core architecture for the future hybrid network. The central recommendation is to develop a core set of operational concepts and architectures that wi"]
[13.618950843811035, 1.8461800813674927, "even different waveforms (e.g., short-distance 802.11x vs. 4G vs. 5G), much of the architectural effort needs to address how such hopping will work.\nThe next core attribute of the future network is security. Much of the architectural efforts will nee"]
[13.627870559692383, 1.847711443901062, ".\nAs noted in the table of needs, specific assessments called for include antennas (improving range, effective throughput, and human factors/shape); devices capable of service-hopping, including picking which available service would provide best perf"]
[13.649456977844238, 1.8664109706878662, "nt networks\nNeed to examine the use of UASs as relays\nNeed to assess smart software agents for the field\nNeed to assess smart software agents for the operations center\nNeed to redact video feeds automatically\nNeed to develop emerging operations cente"]
[13.520465850830078, 1.740148901939392, "se, Vanu Inc.\nMilind Buddhikot, Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs\nJack Burbank, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Jeremy Carter, Indiana University\u2014Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Stanley Causey, Department of Justice, Drug Enforcemen"]
[13.519776344299316, 1.739639401435852, "istration-q-page\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201c700 MHz Public Safety Spectrum,\u201d 2016. As of August 9, 2016: https://www.fcc.gov/general/700-mhz-public-safety-spectrum-0\nFirst Responder Network Authority, \u201cFirstNet Industry Day,\u201d presen- tation to the FirstNet Industry Day, "]
[13.566417694091797, 1.9109102487564087, "ance Drone Can Stay Aloft Forever,\u201d Digital Trends, November 10, 2015. As of November 24, 2015: http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/ eyes-in-air-perpetual-flight-surveillance-drone-never-lands/\nPerkins, Charles E., Ad Hoc Networking, Addison-Wesle"]
[13.89205551147461, 4.237871170043945, "ructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resource policy.\nQuestions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, John S. Hollywood (John_Hollywood@rand.org). For "]
[13.881131172180176, 4.570268154144287, "\u2019s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R\u00ae is a registered trademark.\n CORPORATION\nRR-1462-NIJ\n"]
[2.6983351707458496, 12.701898574829102, " Scenario Development\nfor the 2015 Quadrennial\nEnergy Review\nAssessing Stresses, Opportunities, and Resilience in the Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Systems for Oil, and Refined-Oil Products, Electricity, and Natural Gas\nKeith Crane, Debra K"]
[2.705976724624634, 12.698302268981934, " for examining future opportunities, vulnerabilities, and risks for the next 15 years to the U.S. energy transmission, storage, and distribution (TS&D) systems under a range of uncertain factors. This work is in support of the 2015 Quadrennial Energy"]
[-0.4341451823711395, 13.596662521362305, " the project leader, Nicholas Burger (Nicholas_Burger@rand.org). For more information about RAND Infrastructure Resilience and Environmental Policy, see www.rand.org/jie/irep or contact the director at irep@rand.org.\nContents\n Preface................"]
[15.04309368133545, 5.7593913078308105, "and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KeyUncertainties................................."]
[2.7212166786193848, 12.687210083007812, "............................ NaturalGas.....................................................................................................\nAPPENDIXES\nA. Models Used to Generate Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[2.725294828414917, 12.68758773803711, "omparison of Transmission Capacity Between the Low Wind Cost and Low Solar\n. . .\n. . . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...\nCostScenarios,2030.............................................................................\n3.9. Comparison of Total Transmissi"]
[2.7161617279052734, 12.693607330322266, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.1. Scenarios Generated from Regional Energy Deployment System Model Runs. . . . . . . . . . .\n3.2. Base-CaseOutputs............................................."]
[2.7104332447052, 12.7025146484375, "R, we conducted all analyses of scenarios with models that others developed. In Appendix A, we provide details on the models.\nWe assume that the Reference scenario for each of the TS&D systems was the Refer- ence case from the 2014 Annual Energy Outl"]
[2.7169926166534424, 12.684113502502441, "nt or a short-term refinery closure from a hurricane. We did not draw on system models to estimate performance in response to short-duration shocks, but we do discuss the implications of these shocks in qualitative terms in the context of resilience "]
[2.7278025150299072, 12.692237854003906, "f disruptive events. Even in the event of substantial damage to the system, such as an earthquake in southern Cali- fornia or terrorist attack that would severely damage refineries and import terminals in that region, supplies would flow relatively s"]
[2.727311611175537, 12.686781883239746, "ment of nuclear plants.\nKey Findings\n\u2022 The ReEDS model represents the bulk and feeder transmission system and thus has some limitations on its ability to estimate whole-system transmission needs. However, in approximate terms, the United States by 20"]
[2.734294891357422, 12.696166038513184, "hours, although some areas do experience out- ages of one or more days; at the national scale, the effects tend to be small. Utilities and public service commissions balance the costs of measures to reduce outages against the expected value of reduct"]
[2.7169599533081055, 12.690935134887695, "4 Tcf. To collect, transport, and distribute this increased natural gas production, the U.S. TS&D system will have to be expanded.\nThe extent of pipeline capacity expansion will depend on the amount of gas produced, its location, and the locations wh"]
[2.7199666500091553, 12.684415817260742, "ail, causing substantial congestion on rail systems in those regions. To reduce this congestion, additional pipelines will be needed to move oil out of these basins, connecting them more fully to the midcontinent system. Under a scenario of continued"]
[2.7261173725128174, 12.694791793823242, "nd prepar- ing the document.\nxvii\nAbbreviations\n AEO2014 2014 Annual Energy Outlook AFV alternative-fuel vehicle\nBcfd billions of cubic feet per day CNG compressed natural gas\nCO2 carbon dioxide\nCSP concentrating solar power\nDPV distributed photovolt"]
[-0.40659254789352417, 12.712794303894043, "d that revealed long-term vulnerabilities and opportunities within each TS&D system through 2030 by drawing on several existing simulation models of the U.S. energy system. Finally, we consider, in qualitative terms, the resilience of TS&D systems un"]
[-0.4002395272254944, 12.708431243896484, "lities\n2. Case generation\n       1 RAND Corporation, undated (b), lists numerous references that describe RDM in more detail. See also Lempert, Popper, and Bankes, 2003.\n2 Scenario-discovery processes identify clusters of cases in the n-dimensional u"]
[2.717404365539551, 12.694583892822266, " system models to identify key vulnerabilities and opportunities associated with each system as reflected in the perfor- mance metrics. The base case for each of the TS&D systems was the Reference case from the 2014 Annual Energy Outlook (AEO2014) (U"]
[2.7207565307617188, 12.695799827575684, "actors to identify key vulnerabili- ties and opportunities, selecting combinations by hand (versus a machine-generated scenario- discovery algorithm) based on the magnitude of effects associated with the particular uncer- tain factors. Because we had"]
[2.7214083671569824, 12.679618835449219, "5\n1990 2000 2010\nYear\n2020 2030\n6 Scenario Development for the 2015 Quadrennial Energy Review\nline, as has reductions in per capita vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) stemming from the aging population and less interest in driving by teenagers and people i"]
[2.7172272205352783, 12.688188552856445, "fined on the Gulf Coast was imported; 49 percent of these imports were heavy sour, and another 38 percent medium or light sour. Because of the ban on exports of crude oil, producers of light crude have had to offer their product at a discount to the "]
[2.717249631881714, 12.688429832458496, "ducts 7\n  Washington\nOregon\nMontana\nWyoming\nColorado\nNew Mexico\nNorth Dakota\nSouth Dakota\nNebraska Kansas\nPADD 1A: New England\nMaine\n   PADD 1B:\nCentral Vermont\n  PADD 5: West Coast, Alaska, and Hawaii\nCalifornia\nG\nAlaska\nIdaho\nUtah\nArizona\nHawaii\nMi"]
[2.720327377319336, 12.68844985961914, "ws:\n\u2022 crude-oil production: Great uncertainty exists regarding the extent and longevity of the current shale-oil boom. The Reference case suggests that production will peak before 2020 and fall back below 2014 levels by 2030. By contrast, the AEO2014"]
[2.722477674484253, 12.690189361572266, "umption case (RAND, described below).\nThe Reference production, Reference consumption, and High Resource cases are from AEO2014, where they are well documented. The trajectories of output under these two cases are shown in Figure 2.1. However, we con"]
[2.721683979034424, 12.68371868133545, "g between PADDs 2 and 3. The distribution of consumption by PADD in 2030 is shown in Figure 2.4 for both the Reference case and the RAND Low Consumption case. By 2030, overall consumption in the RAND Low Consump- tion case is 20 percent lower than in"]
[2.7160348892211914, 12.680085182189941, "Canadian crude could be shut in prior to 2030.\nFigure 2.5\nMajor Crude Rail Routes from Petroleum Administration for Defense District 2 West to the East Coast, Gulf Coast, and West Coast\n PADD 5\nPADD 4\nPADD 3\nPADD 2\nPADD 1\n 1 100 500 1,200\nThousand ba"]
[2.7178401947021484, 12.684221267700195, ", Canadian heavy-oil production would have to grow steadily and be available to U.S. refiners. However, when U.S. production exceeds 12 MMb/d, EPSA finds, the U.S. market becomes so saturated with light crude oil and condensates that refiners prefer "]
[2.721299409866333, 12.68327808380127, "t in scenario 2.\nIn scenario 5, using the RAND Low Consumption case, demand drops by 20 percent from current levels, reaching about 14.4 MMb/d in 2030. Were such a scenario to play out, the movement of refined-oil products would have to shift to comp"]
[2.721406936645508, 12.684243202209473, "ee times the cost of shipping by pipeline. These numbers are consistent with those of other analysts, who estimate that the cost of shipping by rail is $5 to $10 per barrel more than by pipeline (Davies, 2013; Frittelli et al., 2014).\nPipelines are e"]
[2.6949586868286133, 12.655324935913086, "According to IHS, projected investment by railroad to transport crude oil, natural gas liquids, and liquid petroleum gas between 2014 and 2025 would run $9.3 billion for crude oil and $6.7 billion to $7.5 billion for natural gas liquids and liquid pe"]
[2.719456911087036, 12.683876037597656, "e disruptions tend to be transient. In recent periods, the U.S. economy has become more resilient in the face of global oil price shocks than it was during the time of the 1973 oil embargo because Americans use gasoline and diesel more efficiently. T"]
[2.7212154865264893, 12.684847831726074, "sel slowed relief and repair efforts (Center on Global Energy Policy, 2014; City of New York, 2013, pp. 136\u2013142).\nDuring Sandy, the Jones Act (formally, the Merchant Marine Act of 1920, Pub. L. 66-261) was waived, which facilitated barge delivery of "]
[2.718463897705078, 12.681661605834961, " and other refined products consumed west of the Rockies, would be off-line until the refineries could be repaired or, in the worst case, rebuilt (Ortiz, Samaras, and Molina-Perez, 2013). Replacing this supply would present major challenges, particul"]
[2.726487398147583, 12.68796443939209, "y here to stay because of the flexibility that rail provides.\n\u2022 Competing analyses of GHG emissions associated with rail versus pipeline come up with different results.\n\u2022 Spillage is generally lower when transporting oil by rail than by pipeline, but"]
[2.723806381225586, 12.690389633178711, "   2023\n                                                2024\n                                                   2025\n                                                      2026\n                                                         2027\n            "]
[2.723708152770996, 12.689140319824219, "ctric power demand grows could put stress on the TS&D system in some places where the location of generating capacity will have shifted.\nIn a future in which the U.S. government seeks to substantially reduce emissions of GHGs, on the order of 40 perc"]
[2.7232797145843506, 12.687919616699219, "3.1 and described in the following section. We further note that the selection of these scenarios does not imply their likelihood but rather reflects our informed judgment about the likely factors that could lead to higher-stress cases over the next "]
[2.7260501384735107, 12.691471099853516, "ses through 2050 as well.\n ity of renewable energy resources within each region. These regions are then aggregated into balancing areas, areas that are or might be connected by transmission lines to balance demand with available supplies of renewable"]
[2.7295992374420166, 12.690053939819336, " how NEMS handles them. ReEDS represents wind and solar resources with more granularity than NEMS does, which changes how much and where things get deployed. ReEDS represents transmission and transmission constraints, which changes where and how much"]
[2.7276244163513184, 12.687533378601074, "ices, given in 2010 dollars per million British thermal units\nNuclear retirements\nWind costs, given in dollars per kilowatt\nBased on\nAEO2014 Reference case; hydro power capital costs are from Hall et al., 2003\nAEO2014 Reference case; alternatives fro"]
[2.7267489433288574, 12.68728256225586, "velopment for the 2015 Quadrennial Energy Review\nLow Electricity Demand Scenario\nThe QER\u2019s Low Electricity Demand scenario departs from the base case in its assumption of lower demand in 2030 and 2050 than in 2010. Overall, the assumptions in this sc"]
[2.725414276123047, 12.686461448669434, " percent below 2005 levels to be achieved by 2030. For the other scenarios, we assume that current policy with respect to GHG emissions remains in place. For those cases with GHG caps, we used a reduced-demand profile to mimic the price-responsivenes"]
[2.723512649536133, 12.686798095703125, "on system (in 2010, 82.2 million MW-miles out of a total system of 200 million MW-miles (U.S. Department of Energy, 2015c, Chapter 3, p. 52). The figures and percentages cited in this section are based on the 82.2 million MW-miles figure with some co"]
[2.7249045372009277, 12.685745239257812, "n costs, this figure suggests total annual expenditures on transmission might range between $3 billion and $7 billion annually.13 In 2010, the United States installed approx- imately $10 billion of new capacity, with annual costs ranging from $3 bill"]
[2.7205066680908203, 12.687131881713867, "at Lakes, Southeast, Central, and Texas. For four out of those six regions (all but the Southeast and Cen- tral), the primary driver of the transmission expansion is the 40-percent cap on GHG emis- sions, the corresponding decline in electricity gene"]
[2.7269296646118164, 12.684800148010254, "shows relatively modest changes in intraregional capacity, suggesting futures in which renew- able costs fall and capacity increases are unlikely to necessitate substantially more construction of new transmission than has taken place in recent years."]
[2.7269699573516846, 12.68289566040039, "s Without Substantial Cost Increases\nThe ReEDS model analyses suggest that a future U.S. electricity system could see widely dif- ferent levels of GHG emissions depending on what transpires with technology, energy prices, and policies. Most scenarios"]
[2.7290754318237305, 12.684558868408203, "Figure C.5 in Appendix C) time horizons, the high- est average price is found in the Greenhouse-Gas Emission Cap + Nuclear Retirement + High Natural Gas Prices scenario. In 2030, the highest electricity price is $0.108 per kilowatt-hour (6 percent hi"]
[2.725574493408203, 12.687823295593262, "Reduced Demand Low Greenhouse-Gas Emission High Renewable-Energy Penetration Retirements + High Natural Gas Prices Greenhouse-Gas Emission Cap + High Nuclear Energy Penetration + Reduced Demand Greenhouse-Gas Emission Cap + High Renewable-\nScenario\nS"]
[2.7248873710632324, 12.690299034118652, "sources (i.e., wind and solar) and even in the case when storage costs were low. Only scenarios that include GHG caps lead to substantial additional storage capacity. The Greenhouse-Gas Emission Cap + High Nuclear Retirements + High Natural Gas Price"]
[2.747767686843872, 12.69357681274414, "se-Gas Emission Cap + High Nuclear Energy Penetration + Reduced Demand Greenhouse-Gas Emission Cap + High Renewable-\n       Storage capacity, in gigawatts\nSOURCE: ReEDS model runs.\nRAND RR1286-3.14\nScenario\n                Government plays an importa"]
[2.744694232940674, 12.694540977478027, " whether a targeted cyberattack on the entire U.S. grid could lead to the same outcome. In its after- action report, NERC noted the continued need to improve and increase information-sharing and coordination, consider scenarios of simultaneous attack"]
[2.726853609085083, 12.687570571899414, " Green- house-Gas Emission Cap + High Renewable-Energy Penetration + Reduced Demand scenario, and the lowest expansion occurs in the High Renewable-Energy Penetra- tion + Reduced Demand scenario. Even with lower demand than in the base case, the GHG "]
[2.7265028953552246, 12.68720531463623, "  2007\n      2009\n      2011\n      2013\n43\nYear\n44 Scenario Development for the 2015 Quadrennial Energy Review\nused, large-scale transmission pipelines or conversion of existing pipelines (i.e., to reverse flow direction) could be required as well.\nK"]
[2.725771188735962, 12.686771392822266, "n 2030, ReEDS assumes 76 GW of retirements and does not reach 104 GW in the base case until 2040.\nWe assume substantial growth in LNG export capacity in the Gulf region consistent with strong international demand and conducive U.S. policy. In compari"]
[2.723531484603882, 12.687267303466797, "t approximately $1.8 million per mile to construct (Ortiz, Samaras, and Molina-Perez, 2013, p. 14) or $33.5 billion in 2010 dollars. Under the High U.S. Demand scenario, reversing flows of existing pipelines would result in fewer miles of new pipelin"]
[2.7118093967437744, 12.686128616333008, "\nNational Natural Gas Pipeline Capacity Utilization Rates, 2015 to 2030\n         100\n          90\n          80\n          70\n          60\n          50\n          40\n          30\n          20\n          10\n           0\n2015201620172018201920202021\n2022\n2"]
[2.719538688659668, 12.683215141296387, "umes of oil are being transported by rail, causing substantial congestion on rail systems, especially in the Upper Midwest. To reduce this congestion, additional pipelines will be needed to move oil out of these basins, connecting them more fully to "]
[2.7233974933624268, 12.687883377075195, "ssions balance the costs of measures to reduce outages against the expected value of reductions in outages.\nLong-duration outages over large geographic areas are much less frequent than local out- ages, but, when they do occur, they have serious impa"]
[2.725966215133667, 12.689103126525879, "well-level production data, rig activity, type curves,\nand gallons per 1,000 cubic feet\u2013based NGL production breakouts to calculate internal rate of return and breakeven costs for wells across the United States. Granular assessment of initial product"]
[2.7139065265655518, 12.683769226074219, ". The World Gas Model subdivides the world into major regions connected by actual and proposed marine shipping routes and pipelines. Competition with oil and\ncoal is modeled in each consuming region, producing results that indicate what infrastructur"]
[2.721327543258667, 12.686552047729492, " rail and shipping to LNG. The working life of loco- motives and ships is much longer than road vehicles, so this would be accomplished primarily by converting or choosing to replace existing stock. As with buses, rail and shipping account for a smal"]
[2.743248224258423, 12.687517166137695, "he 2015 Quadrennial Energy Review\nFigure C.5\nComparison of Average Electricity Prices Across All Scenarios, 2050\n0.120 0.115 0.110 0.105 0.100 0.095 0.090\n    Price, in dollars per kilowatt-hour\n                  RAND RR1286-C.5\nBase case\nLow Demand "]
[2.7149176597595215, 12.68421745300293, "Chang, Judy, Johannes Pfeifenberg, and Michael Hagerty, Trends and Benefits of Transmission Investments: Identifying and Analyzing Value, presentation to Canadian Electricity Association Transmission Council, Ottawa, Canada, September 26, 2013. As of"]
[2.7310266494750977, 12.687599182128906, "1, 2014: http://www.enbridge.com/~/media/www/Site%20Documents/Delivering%20Energy/Projects/Sandpiper/ ENB2013-Sandpiper-L19.pdf\nEPA\u2014See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.\nFarber-DeAnda, Mindi, Biofuels and Emerging Technologies Team, Office of Pet"]
[2.8077714443206787, 12.742401123046875, "tal Laboratory, June 2003. As of May 28, 2015:\nhttp://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/pdfs/doewater-00662.pdf\nHamilton, James D., Historical Oil Shocks, Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 16790, February 2011. As of Sept"]
[2.746157646179199, 12.698229789733887, "ml\nMontalbano, Ben, Summary of Findings and Assumptions for QER Modeling, Washington, D.C.: Energy Policy Research Foundation, September 18, 2014.\nNarayanan, Anu, and M. Granger Morgan, \u201cSustaining Critical Social Services During Extended Regional Po"]
[2.723897933959961, 12.684741973876953, "Water Makeup of Spent Fuel Pools,\u201d Federal Register, Vol. 77, No. 243, December 18, 2012, pp. 74788\u201374798. As of February 19, 2015:\nhttp://w w w.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-12-18/html/2012-30452.htm\nOrtiz, David S., Constantine Samaras, and Edmundo Mol"]
[2.7308976650238037, 12.686065673828125, ", 2015:\nhttp://w w w.eenews.net/stories/1060008119\nSteffy, Loren, \u201cWaiting on a (Crude) Train: The Cost of Exports?\u201d Forbes, May 15, 2014. As of September 22, 2015:\nhttp://www.forbes.com/sites/lorensteffy/2014/05/15/waiting-on-a-crude-train-the-cost-"]
[2.7287604808807373, 12.690583229064941, "nenergy/detail.cfm?id=4890\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, New York/New Jersey Intra Harbor Petroleum Supplies Following Hurricane Sandy: Summary of Impacts Through November 13, 2012, Washington, D.C., November 21, 2012. As of September 22, 2015: http://www.eia.gov/special/dis"]
[2.685063123703003, 12.704590797424316, "also considered the resilience that these systems have to short-term shocks and disruptions. This analysis was requested to support the 2015 Quadrennial Energy Review (QER). The QER, which, in its first volume, focuses on energy TS&D systems, is a fe"]
[11.790335655212402, 18.30084228515625, " CORPORATION\nBenefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disabled Workers in California\nTrends Through the Great Recession and Effects of Recent Reforms\n Michael Dworsky, Seth A. Seabury, Frank W. Neuhauser, Ujwal Kharel, Roald Euller\nFor more infor"]
[11.775604248046875, 18.253931045532227, "ty ratings under the schedule.\u201d\nThis study, which was sponsored by CHSWC in order to meet the statutory requirement, is intended to describe trends in the economic consequences of permanently disabling injuries in the period (2005\u20132012) between imple"]
[15.064886093139648, 5.774727821350098, "ent to the project leader, Michael Dworsky, an associate economist at RAND (mdworsky@rand.org). For more information about the RAND Institute for Civil Justice, see www.rand.org/icj or contact the director at icjdirector@rand.org.\nContents\n Preface ."]
[12.081093788146973, 18.239818572998047, " . . . . . . . . . .\nCHAPTER THREE\nMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measuring Losses from Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.007929801940918, 18.482969284057617, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50\nCHAPTER FIVE\nWage Replacement and Benefit Adequacy Under S.B. 899 and S.B. 863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Ratings Data from the Disability Evaluation Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.067821502685547, 18.365053176879883, " Key Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Role of Economic Conditions in Assessing Benefit Adequacy . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.033893585205078, 18.499906539916992, "ge Replacement Rates for Permanently Disabled Workers . . . . . .xxii\nS.5. Relationship Between Proportional Earnings Loss and Simulated Final Ratings\nUnder S.B. 863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.055696487426758, 18.485353469848633, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49\n5.1. Average Final Ratings by Quarter of Injury and Rating Type, DEU Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . 59\n5.2. Weekly Maximum Wage Under S.B. 863 Relative to Inflation\nand Wage Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.100752830505371, 18.463258743286133, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n6.9. Proportional Earnings Loss by Impairment S.B. 863 Final Ratings Before Apportionment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[12.13725757598877, 18.42161750793457, "and Return to Work over First Three\nPost-Injury Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii\nS.2. Earnings, Employment, and Return to Wor"]
[12.03307819366455, 18.519309997558594, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79\n6.3. Early Effects of S.B. 863 on DEU Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[12.118243217468262, 18.316442489624023, "ty of WCIS Earnings Loss Estimates to Threshold for\nEarnings Outliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146\nB.11. Firm Size Distribution of"]
[11.921660423278809, 18.401968002319336, " to present those findings.\nThe benefit increases enacted under S.B. 863 may be viewed in part as a policy response to reductions in impairment ratings and benefits that followed implementation of a major reform package enacted in 2004 as S.B. 899. T"]
[11.94638729095459, 18.373071670532227, "l to affect different groups very differently and had the potential to interact in complex ways, the ultimate influence of S.B. 863 on the gener- osity and fairness of benefits is impossible to predict without detailed analysis.\nThis report follows p"]
[11.911925315856934, 18.32537841796875, " how these reforms would have changed the ade- quacy of benefits for workers injured over the period leading up to the law\u2019s enactment. Finally,\nbecause S.B. 863 changed benefits in part by modifying the disability rating system, we also evaluate the"]
[11.904714584350586, 18.32343864440918, "effect on overall wage replacement rates, the fact that the benefit was targeted to the lowest-earning and most at-risk workers\u2014those who do not return to work after an injury\u2014led to an overall increase in the progressivity of benefits. However, more"]
[12.488398551940918, 18.317123413085938, "tential earnings by matching injured workers to uninjured \u201ccontrol\u201d workers who worked at the same firm and had very similar earnings prior to the injury. The earnings of these control workers in the time period following the injury serve as a natura"]
[12.419408798217773, 18.220056533813477, "arnings losses caused by the injury.\nThe first row of Table S.1 reports relative earnings at one, two, and three years post-injury for the average permanently disabled worker in WCIS with an injury date between 2005 and 2012. Relative earnings in the"]
[12.40561294555664, 18.16120719909668, "faster than injured worker employment rather than by an increase in employment among injured workers who remained out of work after two years.\nA third outcome measure that we examine is employment at the at-injury employer, defined by receipt of any "]
[12.298981666564941, 18.12964630126953, "nds, we aggregated injured workers into three cohorts based on the date of injury: pre-recession (2005\u20132007), recession (2008\u20132009), and post-recession (2010\u20132012). Relative outcomes for these three cohorts of workers are reported in Table S.2 at tim"]
[12.101546287536621, 18.20366668701172, "revalence in the PPD population changes with economic conditions. Such factors include pre-injury wages, age at injury, and the duration of temporary disability.\nEven though compositional changes in the PPD population played an important role in earn"]
[12.102265357971191, 18.513607025146484, "2 injury years, the average statutory benefits (inflated to constant 2014 dollars) for a case with representation\nFigure S.3\nStatutory Benefits by Rating Type and Injury Date, Constant-Maturity DEU Ratings\nStatutory benefits, S.B. 899 (2014$)\n30,000 "]
[12.014568328857422, 18.492307662963867, "nts estimated trends in statutory wage replacement rates under S.B. 899 and S.B. 863. The lowest (red) line shows the average after-tax replacement rates by injury quar- ter under S.B. 899. While the average rating and average benefits were increasin"]
[12.031455993652344, 18.50342559814453, "wage replacement rates by 21.4 percentage points, from 58.8 percent to 80.2 percent. Because earnings losses were so much greater after the recession than before the recession, however, we estimate that the after-tax wage replacement rate would have "]
[12.053790092468262, 18.52197265625, "ause S.B. 863 does not modify the AMA Guides\u2019 underlying rating process, it is not surprising that changes in vertical equity are limited.\nWe may also expect S.B. 863 to affect horizontal equity to the extent that increases in final ratings and benef"]
[12.031322479248047, 18.524192810058594, "l equity of the rating and benefit system.\nSummary xxv\n    Hand or finger Knee\nCarpal tunnel syndrome\nLow back pain Digestive system Shoulder Psychiatric\n          0 20 40 60 80 100\nAfter-tax wage replacement rate (%)\nxxvi Benefits and Earnings Losse"]
[11.999883651733398, 18.45436668395996, "ng experience the same after-tax proportional earnings losses, then the statutory wage replacement rate will be higher for the worker with the lower pre-injury wage. Because increases in the weekly maximum wage affect only the benefits of workers wit"]
[11.816157341003418, 18.345848083496094, "IS and transfer it securely to RAND, and Cheryl Swope and Debra Lofing of the Employment Devel- opment Department were always responsive and helpful in helping us extract wage data from EDD. Glenn Shor and John Gordon patiently addressed many questio"]
[11.889561653137207, 18.379169464111328, "ve imposed a considerable burden on disabled work- ers. These concerns may have been colored by evidence that PPD benefits in earlier periods had been of questionable adequacy (Peterson et al., 1998).\nIn response to these controversies, California en"]
[11.999584197998047, 18.25661849975586, "pproach in this case. However, in our analysis, we must deal with the fact that in 2008 the United States experienced the biggest economic slowdown since the Great Depression. The so- called Great Recession had a significant and lasting negative impa"]
[11.65127944946289, 18.17137336730957, "ations. The appendixes contain information on methods and supplemental results.\nIntroduction 3\nCHAPTER TWO\nPolicy Background\nThis chapter provides some general background on the goals of workers\u2019 compensation poli- cies and defines some criteria that"]
[11.97776985168457, 18.438533782958984, " of benefits is typically measured through the replacement rate of lost income. For temporary disability benefits, the standard for adequacy is generally held to be a replace- ment rate of two-thirds of lost pre-tax income or 80 percent of after-tax "]
[11.021337509155273, 17.84933853149414, " the actual cost of the benefits as well as the cost of administering and delivering them. The administrative costs of workers\u2019 compensation\n2 Berkowitz and Burton, Jr. (1987) distinguished delivery system efficiency (i.e., administrative efficiency)"]
[11.631987571716309, 18.243696212768555, "shing to self-insure must obtain certification from the DIR, and to do so they must be able to demonstrate sufficient financial resources. Another option for employers that are too small to meet the self-insured requirements is to combine efforts wit"]
[11.8222074508667, 18.34357452392578, "to benefit levels over the years, including S.B. 863.\nIn California, the weekly benefit cap for TTD benefits was fixed at $490 per week from 1996 to 2002, when it was raised in several steps for injuries occurring on or after January 1, 2004, by A.B."]
[11.945327758789062, 18.461837768554688, "his new requirement:\nA physician shall make an apportionment determination by finding what approximate per- centage of the permanent disability was caused by the direct result of injury arising out of and occurring in the course of employment and wha"]
[11.83945369720459, 18.357202529907227, "ous incentives to bring injured work- ers back to work and better targeting of benefits, implementation problems limited its effec- tiveness. One of the chief limitations had to do with the timing. In order to be eligible for the bump down, an employ"]
[11.95812702178955, 18.238494873046875, "sial types of add-on impairments (e.g., sexual dysfunction, psychological disorders, and sleep disorders), and various adjustments to administrative aspects of the system (such as the timing of PD advances). The reform also created a return to work p"]
[12.13547134399414, 18.080392837524414, "gered in part by the financial crisis, as economies that suffer recessions triggered by financial crises histori- cally take five to ten years after the financial crisis to reach the pre-recession level of output\nFigure 2.1\n2005\u20132014 Unemployment Rat"]
[12.174102783203125, 18.200685501098633, "imated indemnity claims per 1,000 workers. RAND RR1299-2.2\n  23.0\n  19.1\n16.5\n15.4 15.1 14.5 14.2 15.2\n15.0 15.5\n16.1\n16.3\n                          Claims per 1,000 workers\n2003 2004 2005\n2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011\n2012 2013 2014\nYear\ndifferences"]
[12.348121643066406, 18.25008201599121, ". The dashed line represents the \u201cpotential\u201d earnings a worker would have in the absence of an injury. Potential earnings increase over time, representing the increased earnings associated with increasing experience in the labor market or increasing "]
[11.77417278289795, 18.993772506713867, "n 2001. Information at the individual claim level is transferred from claims administrators to DIR using the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) formats devel- oped by the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. In 2001"]
[11.932400703430176, 18.481409072875977, "n the WCIS as a noisy measure of impairment severity but never take it at face value to calculate statutory benefits or identify PPD beneficiaries.\nFurthermore, like most administrative systems, data elements that are not critical to admin- istration"]
[12.010404586791992, 18.541128158569336, "set the value of the SJDB to a constant $6,000 regardless of disability ratings for injuries in 2013 or later years, so the permanent disability rating no longer afects access to vocational rehabilitation (Labor Code Sec. 4658.7). Earnings loss estim"]
[12.0412015914917, 18.54646110534668, " construct an analytic dataset capturing each step in the disability rating process.\nEach impairment evaluated by the evaluating physician is identified by an impairment number, which is listed in the PDRS and corresponds to the chapter and section i"]
[12.04844856262207, 18.56714630126953, "al situations that required decisions on how to determine the final disability rating.\n\u2022 A doctor can submit an updated evaluation on a claim where the impairment has evolved. In this case we chose the latest report, chronologically.\n\u2022 A second repor"]
[12.115384101867676, 18.580917358398438, "xamine trends for recently injured workers using the DEU. The majority of the lag between injury and DEU evaluation is likely driven by the duration to maximum medical improvement (and is inherent in the disability process, since permanent impairment"]
[12.134800910949707, 18.5443172454834, "data in the WCIS, but the DEU provides sufficient detail to make these calculations fairly straightforward. We treat the DEU as our primary source on ratings and statutory benefits, and we work with the DEU exclusively in our analysis of the equity e"]
[12.386178016662598, 18.339174270629883, "ll the wages for an individual by quarter and over time, we applied the Soundex phonetic filing system to the first and last name and applied a series of tests for the consistency of names across earnings records and over time. In order to qualify fo"]
[12.52523422241211, 18.301692962646484, " prior to the quarter of injury, where tenure is measured using three levels: less than or equal to one year on the job, one to two years, or more than two years. If more than five comparison workers met the matching criteria, we selected the five wo"]
[12.50921630859375, 18.31209373474121, "mployer\n Percentage Matching at Least 1 Control\nWCIS DEU\n23.2 19.3 62.0 54.1 81.6 73.3 92.7 86.1 97.4 92.0 98.8 94.3 99.4 94.8 88.9 78.1\nNOTES: The table reports the fraction of workers with at\ncontrol by employer size. The denominator used to calcul"]
[12.462499618530273, 18.240034103393555, "njury. A much larger decline is apparent beginning immediately after the quarter of injury. By this time, all injured workers in our sample have already become disabled, but many have already returned to work.\nFollowing the sharp drop in the first po"]
[12.531325340270996, 18.30095100402832, "n of injured and control worker wages over the period prior to the match window (eight to five quarters relative to the quarter of injury) is more informative because we did not use any information about wages in this earlier period to define the con"]
[12.434993743896484, 18.21659278869629, "-injury quarter. This pattern is similar to findings in previous RAND wage loss studies of injured workers, as well as research suggesting that decreased employment is the predominant channel through which poor health reduces labor earnings, rather t"]
[12.40989875793457, 18.186742782592773, "quarters after the injury.\nRAND RR1299-3.5\nEmployment at the at-injury firm, in contrast, continues to decline relative to control workers after the second post-injury year. Given the difering patterns of relative overall employment, relative at-inju"]
[12.450881004333496, 18.217567443847656, "th and eighth post-injury quarters are indicated by vertical lines on Figure 3.4. The second row of Table 3.2, which reports relative employment for the average injured worker in the WCIS, indicates that injured workers are 73 percent as likely as co"]
[12.37494945526123, 18.14063835144043, "ions have been highlighted by other researchers (Butler, Johnson, and Baldwin, 1995; Boden and Galizzi, 2003).\nThe fact that relative employment recovers slightly over time suggests that at least some injured workers who separate from the at-injury e"]
[12.240363121032715, 18.160686492919922, "o work at the at-injury employer) are reasonably predictive of longer- term earnings losses.\nTo evaluate the potential for bias due to our focus on a short follow-up period, we exam- ined long-term earnings profiles for workers injured in 2008 or ear"]
[12.050718307495117, 18.2399959564209, "tion of S.B. 899 (at the start of 2005) and implementation of S.B. 863 (at the end of 2012). Measurement of trends in labor market outcomes prior to S.B. 863 is important for several reasons. First, changes in the economic impact of injury can induce"]
[12.441805839538574, 18.2125301361084, "is weighted equally, we calculate average post-injury control worker outcomes for all injured workers in each quarter of injury. We then estimate aggregate earnings loss as the ratio of these two averages in each quarter of injury. Figure 4.1 plots a"]
[12.41407585144043, 18.105510711669922, "elative earnings of permanently disabled workers beginning with those workers injured in 2008, which coincides closely with the timing of the Great Recession. Relative earnings appear to stabilize and recover slightly in 2009, but remain substantiall"]
[12.385725021362305, 18.12505340576172, "al NBER dates of Great Recession shaded gray.\nRAND RR1299-4.3\nFigure 4.4\nRelative Post-Injury Employment, At-Injury Employer by Quarter of Injury\n    NOTES: Relative at-injury employment defined as ratio of injured worker employment at the at-injury "]
[12.286919593811035, 18.145090103149414, "industries experienced worse post- injury outcomes during the recession, and that recovery to pre-recession levels of post-injury earnings has been incomplete or nonexistent in most industries. This is true of heavily cycli- cal industries such as co"]
[12.348793983459473, 18.037328720092773, " are also conceivable:\n\u2022 The composition of the injured worker population may have changed on observable dimensions, including demographics, wages, industry mix, or disability duration.\n\u2022 The composition of the injured worker population may have chan"]
[12.338907241821289, 18.152507781982422, "ry Year 2008\u20132009\n42 44.6\nInjury Year 2010\u20132012\n43 45.0\n16\u201320 1111 21\u201325 5555 26\u201330 8888\n31\u201335\n36\u201340\n41\u201345\n46\u201350\n51\u201355\n56\u201360\n61\u201365 5556 66\u201370 1122\nNOTE: WCIS injured workers receiving PPD benefits 2005\u20132012.\nworkers injured in 2010\u20132012 are 1.1 years"]
[12.351872444152832, 18.078641891479492, "or More\nAll Cases\n$46,083 (36,137)\n$40,448 (31,769)\n5.92 (2.98)\n$42,423 (36,167)\n2.31 (16.57)\n11.32 (9.59)\n24 25 25 26\n14 11 9 7 60\nInjury Year 2005\u20132007\n$47,751 (36,174)\n$39,823 (30,227)\n5.74 (3.08)\n$45,013 (36,713)\n3.95 (16.20)\n12.27 (9.97)\n23 23 2"]
[12.36452579498291, 18.147254943847656, "two years or higher at the time of injury. Workers injured during and after the recession have higher pre-injury job tenure: the fraction with two years or more of tenure at the at-injury firm increases from 58 percent in 2005\u20132007 to 60 percent in 2"]
[12.427602767944336, 18.15965461730957, "-injury employers over the period 2005\u20132012. The growth rate of employment over the year preceding an injury fell from 4.0 percent per year in 2005\u20132007 to slightly negative (\u20130.9 percent) in 2008\u20132009 before rebounding to 2.8 percent in 2010\u20132012. T"]
[12.227770805358887, 18.1251220703125, "c human capi- tal, the turnover rate is likely to contain additional information about how firm-specific human capital is valued by the employer and thus may predict differences in earnings losses among workers with the same job tenure at different e"]
[12.413978576660156, 18.184080123901367, "ngs losses.\nEffect of Worker, Employer, and Injury Characteristics on Post-Injury Earnings\nHow did these changes in the composition of the injured worker population affect injured worker outcomes? To evaluate the contribution of these compositional c"]
[12.456232070922852, 18.213603973388672, "ed worker outcomes. For instance, control workers at a firm where employment falls by more\n12 See Appendix Tables B.5\u2013B.7 for parameter estimates.\n13 Adjusted relative earnings in Figures 4.6\u20134.7 are constructed using recycled predictions from separa"]
[12.415709495544434, 18.043546676635742, "nnual earnings ($1,000)\n Figure 4.7\nCase-Mix-Adjusted Relative Post-Injury Earnings by Age at Injury\n80\nRelative earnings, two years post-injury (%)\n60\n50\n  70\nOutcomes for Disabled Workers Through the Great Recession 47\n 20 30 40 50 60 70\nAge at inj"]
[12.374670028686523, 18.10338020324707, ". Earnings losses defined as difference between average yearly earnings for injured workers. Proportional earnings losses defined as earnings losses divided by average yearly earnings for control workers.\nRAND RR1299-4.8\nRelationship Between Trends a"]
[12.450922966003418, 18.17515754699707, "rter in 2004. Rescaling the employment/population ratio in this way is necessary to allow comparisons across different-sized industries. As before, we include fixed effects for the sectors so that permanent differences in outcomes across industries d"]
[12.397212028503418, 18.116783142089844, "jury severity, measured here as temporary disability duration, explains roughly half of the explained variation in earnings losses, and the body part of injury is the second most important factor in the second year. Since these are our best proxies f"]
[12.432478904724121, 18.122600555419922, "ignificant at the 0.1-percent level.\nby case characteristics, the majority is driven by differences in injury severity, economic status, age, and job characteristics. Even though the Great Recession was associated with dra- matic shifts in average wa"]
[12.40536117553711, 18.13391876220703, "ary division of injury dates into injuries occurring during and after the Great Recession (2008\u20132012) and injuries occurring before the Great Recession (2005\u20132007).19\nThe results in Table 4.6 quantify the contribution of compositional changes to the "]
[12.02992057800293, 18.253507614135742, "ble B.10 for detailed estimates.\n Outcomes for Disabled Workers Through the Great Recession 53\ncontributed to lower pre-injury earnings (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015). However, analysis of data reporting hours worked together with work injury occ"]
[12.090890884399414, 18.556901931762695, "fects of these reforms on wage replacement. In addition to analyzing benefit adequacy, we document the spread of alternative rating procedures allowed under a series of WCAB rulings beginning in 2009 and estimate the potential influence of these alte"]
[12.129112243652344, 18.60028076171875, "ses rated at the DEU. The first column (labeled \u201cAll Available Ratings\u201d) reports averages for ratings performed at the DEU by May 2015 of cases with injury dates between 2005 and 2012 and complete data on final ratings and rating type. The remaining "]
[12.16549015045166, 18.647497177124023, "lved in using a constant\u00ad maturity sample. Restricting attention to a constant\u00admaturity sample that allows measurement of trends through the end of 2012 excludes over one\u00adthird of the ratings performed at the DEU on injuries between 2005 and 2012. Th"]
[12.136890411376953, 18.60519790649414, " for all available injuries occurring from 2005 to 2012 is over two years (817 days).\nIf the duration between an injury and a case\u2019s first rating at the DEU were random, restriction to a constant\u00admaturity sample of cases would not limit our ability t"]
[12.117913246154785, 18.605281829833984, "e might expect ratings to trend upward over time as knowledge about the rating system diffuses among doctors and attorneys, even if factors explicitly accounted for in the rating process are held constant.\nFigure 5.1 presents average trends in final "]
[11.907844543457031, 18.378433227539062, " $435. We see that the real value of the maximum PPD benefit for workers with earnings above the weekly maximum declined by 12 percent in real terms between 2006 and 2012.\nFigure 5.2 also illustrates the distinction between price inflation and wage i"]
[12.131756782531738, 18.567249298095703, " average ben\u00ad efits for a case with representation rated at the DEU within 851 days of injury increased from $22,990 to $30,135, a cumulative 31\u00adpercent increase over seven years. However, benefits for cases without representation were essentially fl"]
[12.17556381225586, 18.688962936401367, "several years after the date of injury for the most severe cases to reach the DEU. However, it is necessary to use the DEU to simulate the effect of S.B. 863 on final ratings and statutory\n4 We view this estimate as somewhat tentative because the dec"]
[12.103464126586914, 18.60051155090332, ", not the injury date. Alternative ratings quickly became important in represented cases. Applicant and defense lawyers frequently submitted detailed letters to evaluating physicians arguing for and against broadening the rating criteria in individua"]
[11.999582290649414, 18.496196746826172, "ially stepped completely outside the AMA Guides. These ratings are not thought to be frequent, in part because they require extensive expert testimony. And these ratings are almost never visible in the DEU data. In addition, the influence of the Ogil"]
[11.99280071258545, 18.416181564331055, "arnings. Alternatively stated, benefits are adequate if the replacement rate\u2014the PPD benefits divided by the earnings losses experienced by injured workers\u2014is at least 66 2/3 percent. The replacement rate of 66 2/3 percent (or two\u00adthirds) of lost wag"]
[12.026285171508789, 18.499998092651367, " time, and are likely to understate lifetime earnings losses for many workers because earnings losses may persist well beyond five years. This is particularly true for the most severe injuries.\nAnticipated Effects of S.B. 863 on Benefit Adequacy\nS.B."]
[12.041609764099121, 18.504377365112305, "or Permanently Disabled Workers in California\nTo address these questions, we analyze three provisions (changes to the minimum and maximum benefits, changes to the FEC, and elimination of specific add\u00adon impairments) of S.B. 863 separately by simulati"]
[12.034557342529297, 18.43838119506836, "e as of extraction of WCIS data in September 2014. Averaged over the entire 2005\u20132012 time period, paid benefits are just 52 percent of statutory benefits. This low\n9 LC 4660 (a) was changed, removing the reference to future earning capacity that tri"]
[12.061261177062988, 18.466318130493164, "eplace\u00ad ment rates fell during the Great Recession and then declined further during the post\u00adrecession period, from 64.3 percent for injuries occurring in 2005\u20132007 to 57.1 percent for injuries occurring in 2008\u20132009 and to 52.4 percent for injuries "]
[12.035073280334473, 18.48544692993164, "ions estimated using matched WCIS-DEU sample. See Appendix C for details. Dashed horizontal line indicates 80-percent target wage replacement rate.\nRAND RR1299-5.5\nWage Replacement and Benefit Adequacy Under S.B. 899 and S.B. 863 69\nlated using S.B. "]
[12.031625747680664, 18.521400451660156, "ts. Alternative methods lead to a lower baseline (2005\u20132007) level of statutory after\u00adtax wage replacement under S.B. 899. The constant\u00admaturity DEU sample, which uses data on earnings losses and benefits for the same individuals, yields esti\u00ad mated "]
[12.087984085083008, 18.6230411529541, "estimates of the effect of Almaraz/Guzman using data from all DEU ratings under the AMA Guides performed between January 1 and May 13, 2016. This effort required key assistance from the DWC and especially the DEU to correctly identify how these ratin"]
[12.037537574768066, 18.546728134155273, "0% 47\n   72 Benefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disabled Workers in California\nTable 5.6\nEstimated Effect of Almaraz-Type Ratings on PD Indemnity (cases with alternative ratings only, DEU ratings data, 2005\u20132015)\n    AMA Guides Ratings Almar"]
[12.008495330810547, 18.477649688720703, "r the typical worker. An alternative approach that is less likely to capture losses due to temporary total disability is to calculate earnings losses over the second through fifth post\u00ad injury years and scale up the result by 25 percent to approximat"]
[12.015218734741211, 18.491443634033203, " on disability ratings conducted under S.B. 899 and under S.B. 863 to address the following questions:\n\u2022 WhatinfluenceswouldweexpectS.B.863tohaveontheequityofPDratingsandbenefits?\n\u2022 Has S.B. 863 affected the initial ratings performed under the new ra"]
[12.08643627166748, 18.552352905273438, "ll have a more limited effect on adequacy because it is fixed at a fairly modest amount independently of the worker\u2019s earnings, but this design feature should make it more valuable to lower-wage workers, while the fact that the return to work benefit"]
[12.127922058105469, 18.612409591674805, "Without Life Pension\nIncluding Life Pension**\nAverage Number of Rated Impairments Number of Rated Impairments (%)\n0 1 2 3 4 5 6\n83,350 2,496 44 1 12.9 35.0\nDays Average\n0.09 0.04 81.68 41.95 13.88 24.00\n2.89 13.26 1.02 8.09 0.24 5.00 0.21 7.93\n650 11"]
[12.103373527526855, 18.684640884399414, "ngs above 45. Table 6.2 presents further detail on the composition of the DEU caseload by body system and presence of add-on impairments. For reporting purposes and for the analysis of horizontal equity presented later in this chapter, we classify ca"]
[12.111763000488281, 18.612991333007812, "e infrequent, sleep and psychiatric add-ons had been increasing steadily over the 2005\u20132012 period. The pain add-on, in contrast, appears on 16.4 percent of all cases. The second through fourth columns show that the eliminated add- ons were used almo"]
[12.083200454711914, 18.582168579101562, "t there was a statistically signifi- cant increase of 7.8 percentage points in the share of Consult ratings following implementa- tion of S.B. 863, since we have seen that Consult ratings tend to be more severe cases and have\nEffects of S.B. 863 on D"]
[12.103461265563965, 18.583208084106445, "ation of our sample at such a low point of the maturity distribution. As depicted in Figure 6.1, less than a quarter of cases from a typi- cal injury cohort reach the DEU within 486 days of injury. As depicted in Figure 6.2 and\n2 We cannot offer a de"]
[12.047568321228027, 18.510486602783203, ", we abstract from time trends and pool together all ratings performed to date under S.B. 899. Our analysis of equity should therefore be interpreted as capturing outcomes for an average injury within a group being measured occurring between 2005 and"]
[12.05200481414795, 18.516693115234375, "\n0 20 40 60\nFinal rating before apportionment\nNOTES: 2005\u20132012 DEU cases grouped by final rating. Ratings at or above 70-percent WPI excluded for legibility. Figure depicts quadratic line of best fit. Cases with zero ratings before apportionment excl"]
[12.047313690185547, 18.502866744995117, " simulated using data on ratings performed under the S.B. 899 rating system. Ratings below 70 omitted to preserve legibility.\nRAND RR1299-6.3\ntional earnings losses, which reflects favorably on the vertical equity of the PD rating system under S.B. 8"]
[12.031845092773438, 18.50358009338379, "adratic curve of best fit is included to highlight the nonlinear relationship between earnings losses and benefits under S.B. 899. As a benchmark, the dashed line through the origin indicates the level of benefits corresponding to an 80-percent after"]
[12.035892486572266, 18.51613426208496, "nsions of the rating and benefit process. The graphical evidence in Figure 6.5 indicates that S.B. 863 will induce a different relationship between earnings losses and benefits than the relationship that prevailed under S.B. 899. To provide a clearer"]
[12.047603607177734, 18.522668838500977, ". 899 rating schedule for the lowest-rated cases. As a percentage of the level of statutory benefits that would result from applying the S.B. 863 weekly maximum to S.B. 899 final ratings, the additional increase in benefits due to the changes in the "]
[12.033004760742188, 18.48785400390625, "roportionately high earn- ings losses. As such, we might have expected it to make a larger contribution to the vertical equity of the PD benefit system. To be clear, return to work fund eligibility is strongly related to impairment ratings and earnin"]
[12.031790733337402, 18.50734519958496, "le effect on lower-wage workers. However, S.B. 863 also increased the weekly minimum wage, which will increase benefits for workers with wages below the new minimum. In addition to the weekly minimum and maximum, it is possible that the composition o"]
[12.033313751220703, 18.485761642456055, "rth quartile. The fact that the after-tax wage replacement rate was higher in the second quartile than in the lowest quartile appears to be driven by the differentially severe relative earnings losses among the lowest-quartile workers. Figure 6.7 sho"]
[12.034311294555664, 18.49890899658203, "he return to work benefit, we do not believe that our measure of return to work fund eligibility overstates or understates eligibility in a way that is correlated with the worker\u2019s pre-injury wage.11 The feature of the return to work benefit that lim"]
[12.058133125305176, 18.496231079101562, "portionment\n6.0\n8.4 7.1\n15.2 17.9 11.0 26.0\nS.B. 863 Final Rating Before Apportionment\n7.6\n10.1 8.0\n16.7 18.9 11.3 26.1\nRelative Earnings, Second Post-Injury Year (%)\n95.1\n89.2 86.0\n72.9 64.8 81.6 46.2\n              Figure 6.8 depicts the horizontal "]
[12.060357093811035, 18.525569915771484, "atings Before Apportionment\n   Hand or finger (1)\nKnee (2)\nCarpal tunnel syndrome (4)\nLow back pain (5) Digestive system (6) Shoulder (7) Psychiatric (8)\n                               Proportional earnings loss (%)\n80\n70\n60\n50\n40\n30\n20\n10\n0\n0\u20134 5\u20139\n"]
[12.061566352844238, 18.540740966796875, "pal tunnel syndrome (4)\nLow back pain (5) Digestive system (6) Shoulder (7) Psychiatric (8)\n                             Proportional earnings loss (%)\n80\n70\n60\n50\n40\n30\n20\n10\n0\n0\u20134 5\u20139\n10\u201314 15\u201319\n20\u201324 25\u201329\n30\u2013100\nFinal rating before apportionment"]
[12.03652286529541, 18.490928649902344, "reater inequities across the impairments. We applied this test to several subpopulations and found that the difference in horizontal equity between S.B. 863 and S.B. 899 is not statistically significant.14\nTo sum up, the visible differences in horizo"]
[12.024535179138184, 18.474327087402344, "r- ments of the digestive system (which were shown above to have disproportionately high earn- ings losses at low ratings) have above-average replacement rates overall. This apparent contra- diction is readily explained by the fact that these cases h"]
[11.953797340393066, 18.318918228149414, "ent to which earnings of disabled workers recover from the Great Recession.\n\u2022 Both changes in ratings and increases in the maximum weekly wage led to substantial increases in benefit adequacy, while the return to work benefit had a more modest effect"]
[12.12286376953125, 18.258296966552734, " when economic conditions are poor because they fear employer retribution and don\u2019t want to lose their job. Ultimately, our data do not allow us to identify the cause of compositional changes, but this is an important issue for future research to ide"]
[11.891325950622559, 18.364164352416992, "ntified in this report. Policymakers considering how benefit design could be made more responsive to the business cycle should, however, think carefully about the financing of any such benefits, as policies that would necessitate premium increases wh"]
[11.88974666595459, 18.36554718017578, " are. However, indexation of PPD benefits is not particularly common in the United States. We examined the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Analysis of Workers\u2019 Compensation Laws to learn how other states handle index- ation of the PPD benefit maximum. As of"]
[11.882171630859375, 18.477319717407227, "th the findings of Seabury and Scherer (2013).\n Adjusting Benefits for Age and Occupation\nAnother way to target PPD benefits more accurately would be to modify the formula to con- vert impairment ratings to disability ratings according to differences"]
[12.048624038696289, 18.542423248291016, "clusions and Policy Recommendations 101\n  14 110 C 10\n7 $6,090\n14 310\nF\n14 14 $13,412\n 102 Benefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disabled Workers in California\nestablish a consistent, objective- and empirically based system for incorporating t"]
[11.989567756652832, 18.51874542236328, " earnings losses. Despite those challenges and because AMA Guides are widely used in other jurisdictions, it would be important and relatively straightforward to evaluate, on claims with both AMA and alternative Almaraz rat- ings, which of the two ty"]
[12.368941307067871, 18.461193084716797, " ering the entire 1995\u20132014 period. The wage files are very large and these wage pulls took a considerable amount of time. Wages were pulled by merging to the EDD wage data using SSN, dropping workers who matched to no wage records in any quarter. Th"]
[12.555989265441895, 18.32818031311035, "nsistencies, while narrower windows would be more generous. After experimenting with several diferent window sizes, we selected the period plus/ minus eight wage quarters surrounding the quarter of injury. Workers with inconsistent names within this "]
[12.566222190856934, 18.337312698364258, "an distance that corrects for the variance and covariance of each element of the vector used for matching.1 To understand how this distance measure is con- structed and how it ranks the potential control workers, define vectors y!I and y!U containing"]
[12.560551643371582, 18.3456974029541, "cs are reported as percentages of average earnings for all injured workers in the relevant sample over the time period for which the imbalance statistics are calculated.\nTable A.1 shows that the quality of the match for both samples is high. The aver"]
[12.538267135620117, 18.334571838378906, ": Table reports average difference between earnings for the best control and earnings for remaining controls over four years surrounding the injury date. Sample size is 338,736, as groups of control workers that contain only one control worker cannot"]
[12.557779312133789, 18.32962989807129, "4\u20133\u20132\u20131 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011121314151617181920\nQuarters after quarter of injury\nMethods and Supplemental Results for Chapter Three 111\nwe did not use any data on the level of wages from this time period to choose the matched con- trols, we view th"]
[12.429352760314941, 18.167142868041992, "if- fers from the definition presented in Chapter Three, where we defined relative earnings at the individual level. In Chapter Four, however, we averaged earnings over control and injured workers separately and then took the ratio of the averages. A"]
[12.391806602478027, 18.080318450927734, "igure B.1\nTrends in Deciles of Individual-Level Relative Earnings\n Relative earnings in second post-injury year (%)\n150\n140\n130\n120\n110\n100\n 90\n 80\n 70\n 60\n 50\n 40\n 30\n 20\n 10\n0\n2005 2006\n90\n80 70 60\n50\n40\n30 20 10\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\nQuart"]
[12.465038299560547, 18.216123580932617, "tal Results for Chapter Four 115\nMethodology for Case-Mix Adjustment of Time Profile of Relative Earnings\nTo assess the efect of covariates on injured worker outcomes, our primary regression specifica- tion for the efect of injury on labor market out"]
[12.276232719421387, 18.1501407623291, "y.\n 116 Benefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disabled Workers in California\nTable B.1\nDefinition of Implied TTD Duration Control Variables and Average Durations and Paid-to-Date Amounts by Decile of Implied Duration\n       Minimum TTD Duratio"]
[12.228804588317871, 18.089126586914062, "age TTD duration that initially raised our concerns about right-truncation is apparent among cases with low and high implied duration alike and begins in 2010. The decline in the average dura- tion closely mirrors the decline in the median, and chang"]
[12.417929649353027, 18.181926727294922, "ercent) than for the sample used to estimate the overall time profile of relative earnings (73.7 percent), but match the overall averages very closely in later years.\nThe higher rate of missing industry codes in earlier years raises the possibility o"]
[12.4298677444458, 18.124080657958984, "ontains an industry code field as well. Unfortunately, industry reporting on the FROI is missing for 59 percent of 2005 injuries and 40 percent of 2006 injuries that would otherwise be usable in our regression sample, and so we do not use it in our a"]
[12.549575805664062, 18.0432071685791, "clusions that we draw from our decomposition results.\nRegression Estimates for Association Between Worker Characteristics and Post-Injury Outcomes\nTable B.4 shows parameter estimates for the coefficients on age and gender. Because we are not explicit"]
[12.736393928527832, 17.81178092956543, "14\n\u22120.0668***\n\u22120.0564*** \u22120.0816***\n1,356*** 1,500***\n1,123***\nAge 26\u201330\n0.0517] [0.0180\u2013\n0.0460] [0.0109\u2013\n0.0421] [0.00445\u2013\n[\u22120.101\u2013 \u22120.0583]\n0.0634] [0.0301\u2013\n0.0572] [0.0226\u2013\n0.0430] [0.00575\u2013\n[\u22120.104\u2013 \u22120.0612]\n[\u22120.116\u2013\n\u22120.0759]\n   Annual Earnings:"]
[12.726128578186035, 17.81958770751953, "197*** \u22120.247***\n\u22120.0941***\n\u2212260.5 \u22124,386*** \u22128,543***\n[\u22120.217\u2013 [\u22120.268\u2013 \u22120.177] \u22120.225]\n\u22120.0097 [\u22120.113\u2013 \u22120.0751]\n\u2212290.4 \u2212345.2 \u2212426.1\n[\u2212829 .7\u2013 [\u22125,063\u2013 [\u22129,378\u2013\n308.6] \u22123,709] \u22127,707]\n\u22120.0104 \u22120.0109\n    Table B.4\u2014Continued\nAge 41\u201345 1,084*** 1,37"]
[12.71080493927002, 17.847461700439453, "(0.00422)\n    Table B.4\u2014Continued\nPre-Injury Job Tenure excluded group: 1\u20132Q\n[963.0\u2013\n1,826]\n3,424***\nPre-injury job tenure 8Q+\nAnnual Earnings: Difference from Control Workers\nThird Post-Injury Year\nPost-Injury Year Second\nFirst Post-Injury Year\nVari"]
[12.576589584350586, 18.00136375427246, "Decile of total disability duration excluded group: No paid TTD\n\u2212677.1***\n(174.7)\n\u2212334.8]\n[\u22121,019\u2013\nTTD Duration Decile 2\n124 Benefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disabled Workers in California\n   Twelfth Quarter Post-Injury Quarter Post-Injur"]
[12.736615180969238, 17.79975700378418, "5\u2014Continued\n0.0300\n0.0329*\n0.0323 0.0437**\n0.0371* 0.00740\n1,125\n1,553\n\u22120.150***\n\u22120.114*** \u22120.144***\n0.117] [\u22120.184\u2013\u2212\n(0.0173)\n(0.0172)\n(0.0187) (0.0165)\n(0.0164) (0.0174)\n(1,463)\n\u22124,990*** (1,325)\n(0.0291)\n(0.0315) (0.0283)\n(0.0281) (0.0302)\n(1,756)"]
[12.733588218688965, 17.799270629882812, "t-Injury\nQuarter Post-Injury Eighth\nEighth Twelfth Fourth Quarter Quarter Quarter Post-Injury Post-Injury Post-Injury\nQuarter Post-Injury Fourth\nThird Post-Injury Year\nPost-Injury Year Second\nFirst Post-Injury Variables Year\n0.0629] [\u22120.0792\u2013\n0.0769]"]
[12.734753608703613, 17.796646118164062, "] 0.104]\n[\u22120.133\u2013 0.107]\n[\u221213,346\u2013 [\u221213,130\u2013\n3,477] 8,594]\n[\u22121,904\u2013\n9,276]\n0.0446*** 0.0436***\n0.0565***\n1,571** 1,557**\n\u22120.0903\n\u22120.0232\n\u22120.0319\n\u22120.0977\n0.00551\n\u22120.0137\n\u22121,848 \u22126,658\n\u2212209.4\n\u22120.0457\n\u22120.0397\n0.0239\n\u22120.122** \u22120.0839 (0.0606) (0.0959)\n0."]
[12.746162414550781, 17.786348342895508, "0557\u2013\n0.102] [0.0548\u2013\n0.116] [0.0730\u2013\n[2,488\u2013 5,194]\n[2,690\u2013 5,121]\n[3,726\u2013\n5,629]\n0.0717***\n0.0707***\n0.0936***\n0.0598***\n0.0639***\n0.0908***\n2,693***\n3,293***\n4,761***\nFROI Injury Part of Body Code\n35:Hand\n0.0934] [0.0499\u2013\n0.0928] [0.0485\u2013\n0.162***"]
[12.749256134033203, 17.785436630249023, ".0228)\n(0.0191)\n0.0397] [\u22120.0365\u2013\n(0.0158)\n(0.0159)\n(0.0157)\n(0.0168) (0.0178)\n(0.0157)\n0.0421] [\u22120.0198\u2013\n0.0390] [\u22120.0232\u2013\n0.0435] [\u22120.0180\u2013\n[\u22120.0401\u2013 [\u22120.0491\u2013 0.0258] 0.0207]\n0.0189]\n[\u22120.0428\u2013\n[\u2212133.1\u2013 [\u2212949.3\u2013 [\u22122,118\u2013\n2,531] 2,574] 1,730]\n0.104]"]
[12.747049331665039, 17.783170700073242, " Part of Body Code 2,123***\n50:Multiple Lower Extremities\n0.0712] [0.0158\u2013\n0.0660] [0.00995\u2013\n[0.00509\u2013 [0.0440\u2013 0.0688] 0.0990]\n0.0555] [\u22120.00423\u2013\n0.0931]\n[0.0382\u2013\n[355.7\u2013 [226.3\u2013\n3,405] 3,633]\n[945.8\u2013\n3,300]\n0.0181 (0.0315)\n0.0522*\n(0.0166)\n(0.0163)"]
[12.72555923461914, 17.818187713623047, "0.0245\u2013\n0.103] [0.0462\u2013\n0.0614] [\u22120.00414\u2013\n[0.0292\u2013 [0.0176\u2013 0.0864] 0.0789]\n[\u2212128.9\u2013 3,477]\n(695.5) (841.0) [325.6\u2013 [817.2\u2013 3,052] 4,114]\n0.123] [0.0537\u2013\n0.110] [0.0410\u2013\n0.117] [0.0498\u2013\n0.110] [0.0333\u2013\n0.126] [0.0862\u2013\n0.134] [0.0932\u2013\n[0.106\u2013 0.147]\n"]
[12.76203441619873, 17.76667022705078, "68)\n(0.0270) (0.0298)\n(1,384) (0.0272)\n(1,183)\n(953.0)\nFROI Injury Part of Body Code 2,280**\n62:Buttocks\n(0.0143)\n(0.0145)\n(0.0144)\n(0.0156) (0.0168)\n(833.9) (0.0144)\n(744.6)\n0.115***\n(0.0228)\n0.0157\n0.00621\n0.0298**\n0.00129\n\u22120.00784\n482.4 0.0293**\n1"]
[12.723618507385254, 17.797122955322266, ".150***\n\u22120.181***\n\u22120.178***\n\u22120.134***\n\u22120.161***\n\u22120.146***\n\u22120.0846** \u22120.0585\n\u22120.123***\n[\u22120.202\u2013 \u22120.0670]\n[\u22120.229\u2013 \u22120.0930]\n[\u22120.214\u2013 \u22120.0778]\n\u22120.00829] 0.0227] [\u22120.161\u2013 [\u22120.140\u2013\n[\u22120.200\u2013 \u22120.0468]\ninjured workers relative to controls. Regression models "]
[12.738971710205078, 17.79758071899414, "399\u2013 0.0952] 0.0775]\n0.0588***\n0.0678***\n0.0943***\n0.0277***\n0.0610*** 0.0417***\n(0.00973)\n(0.00920)\n(0.00908)\n(0.0103)\n(0.00880) (0.00937)\n0.0779] [0.0398\u2013\n0.0858] [0.0497\u2013\n0.112] [0.0765\u2013\n0.0479] [0.00746\u2013\n[0.0437\u2013 [0.0233\u2013 0.0782] 0.0600]\n0.120***"]
[12.751633644104004, 17.797096252441406, "222\u2013\n[\u22120.0164\u2013 \u22120.000827]\n924.3] [\u221288.03\u2013\n531.0]\n[\u2212358.5\u2013\n\u221247.31]\n[\u2212754.6\u2013\n0.0630***\n0.0560***\n0.0447***\n\u22120.00611\n\u22120.00130\n0.0137***\n0.0369***\n0.0265] (0.00453) 0.0176*** [0.00872\u2013\n\u22122.18e\u201305\n0.0143] [\u22120.0143\u2013\n\u22120.0111** (0.00471)\n[\u22120.0203\u2013 \u22120.00185]\n0"]
[12.737946510314941, 17.7944278717041, "0.00736)\n(0.00762)\n(0.00872)\n   \u22120.0115** (0.00552) (0.00397) (0.00563) [\u22120.0547\u2013 [\u22120.0223\u2013 \u22120.0392] \u22120.000704] (0.00375) \u22120.0261] (0.00525) [\u22120.0407\u2013 \u22120.00719 [\u22120.0175\u2013 (0.00528) 0.00310] \u2212444.2] \u22124,658*** \u22123,150*** \u22122,626*** \u22120.0551*** \u22120.0365*** ("]
[12.724653244018555, 17.818166732788086, "0535***\n\u22120.0749*** \u22120.0947***\n\u22124,127*** \u22120.0679***\n\u22123,650***\n\u22123,252***\nFirm annual growth rate\n(10% to 30%)\n[\u22120.0682\u2013 \u22120.0396]\n[\u22120.0636\u2013 \u22120.0343]\n\u22120.0275***\n\u22120.0225***\n\u22120.0181***\n0.00427\n   [\u22120.0867\u2013 \u22120.0553]\n[\u22120.0723\u2013 \u22120.0425]\n(411.2) \u22122,565] [\u22124,17"]
[12.452837944030762, 18.187164306640625, "\u2013\nFirm separation rate quartile 4\n(14.1%+)\n(0.00402) (0.00439)\n[0.0351\u2013 [0.0470\u2013 0.0508] 0.0642]\n0.0166] [0.00187\u2013\n2,139]\n[1,182\u2013\n    (222.9) 377.2] \u221259.65 [\u2212496.5\u2013\n1,661***\n1,134***\n(244.2)\n(214.2)\n(173.4)\n\u2212121.0]\n[\u2212800.7\u2013\n327,610\n0.181\nObservations"]
[12.474320411682129, 18.1429500579834, "her firms in the same industry, while EP state may capture labor demand in diferent industries.\nTable B.7 reports the regression coefficients for EPstate and %\u0394t\u221204EPindustry in regres- sions for earnings and employment outcomes at one, two, and thre"]
[12.450214385986328, 18.170724868774414, "8.0]\n0.000499**\n0.000163\n\u22121.503\n\u221245.02*** \u221215.91*\nemployment/population ratio\n% change from 2004 in\nat-injury industry\n\u221230.09]\n327,520\n[\u221259.95\u2013\nObservations\n0.000564\n0.00378***\n0.00593***\n154.5***\n230.4***\n271.4***\nStatewide employment/\npopulation ra"]
[12.4804048538208, 18.184072494506836, "ngs associated with the Great Recession as well as the slow recovery.\nWhile it is impossible to test the assumption that time-varying factors other than eco- nomic conditions caused the decline in relative earnings observed between 2005 and 2012, we "]
[12.534177780151367, 18.2435245513916, "ings were very simi- lar to those obtained from our preferred (diferenced) model and are not reported here.\nSpecification for Proportional Losses Neither our preferred specification nor the alterna- tive model is well suited to estimating relative ea"]
[12.559865951538086, 18.243244171142578, "tive values.8 For example, to calculate the regression-adjusted time trends in Figure 4.4 we constructed the fitted values\ny\u02c6I(q)= f(EI,pre-injury,\u03b2\u02c6E)+XD\u03b2\u02c6D+XI\u03b2\u02c6I +XF\u03b2\u02c6F +\u03bc i i jq q\ny\u02c6C(q)= f(EI,pre-injury,\u03b3\u02c6E)+XD\u03b3\u02c6D+XI\u03b3\u02c6I +XF\u03b3\u02c6F +\u03bd i i jq q\nWe then"]
[12.42992115020752, 18.141551971435547, "ses because we are interested in predictions near the sample average. In practice, our predicted probabilities were all reasonable and well-behaved.\ny\u02c6 C ( q )\n 144 Benefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disabled Workers in California\nTable B.8"]
[12.40383529663086, 18.123470306396484, " the start of the recession (2008\u20132012) to pre-recession (2005\u20132007) outcomes. Table B.8 reports similar calculations that omit the recession years from the sample, comparing 2010\u2013 2012 to 2005\u20132007. The estimated contribution of compositional efects"]
[12.456218719482422, 18.321313858032227, "ically identical under these alternative outlier screens. While $400,000 annualized earnings is still a high wage (particularly relative to the population of workers\u2019 compensation claimants), the stability of our estimates makes us confident that our"]
[12.432050704956055, 18.248985290527344, "kers injured at the same-size firm with similar wages in the same quarter, match failure is uncor- related with earnings loss, this method delivers estimates that are representative of the popula-\n9 See Bhattacharya et al. (2010) for a discussion of "]
[12.373454093933105, 18.234113693237305, "y in education and health care. Nearly all employees in the public administration sector are employed by \u201cfirms\u201d (defined by the state tax ID number used to remit UI payroll taxes) in the largest size category. Excluding workers with at-injury employ"]
[12.197271347045898, 18.383724212646484, "re B.2 displays this time profile. Relative earnings are slightly lower than in our main estimates, reflecting larger earnings losses at the smallest firms (which are substantially upweighted in this calculation). However, the overall shape of the ti"]
[12.134049415588379, 18.550397872924805, "DIX C\nMethods and Supplemental Results for Chapter Five\nEstimation of Statutory Benefits for WCIS\nDue to several limitations of the information on PPD ratings and benefits available in the WCIS, our analysis of trends in statutory benefits combines d"]
[12.08873462677002, 18.40012550354004, "nts on all claims or restricting attention to closed claims thus represents a dilemma in which either approach may lead to biased estimates of trends in benefit levels due to right-censoring.\n 151\n152 Benefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disa"]
[12.149629592895508, 18.138803482055664, "timated TTD duration\n\u2022 body part of injury codes reported on the FROI\n\u2022 pre-injuryannualearnings\n\u2022 age in years interacted with gender\n\u2022 claim status (closed versus open) interacted with residence in Southern California.\n1 We used three-digit zip cod"]
[12.153154373168945, 18.383073806762695, "(elsewhere in California) higher than open cases in the same region, reflecting the fact that more severe cases remain open longer. While this regression model explains only 14 percent of the variation in statutory benefits, we do not need to have hi"]
[12.143884658813477, 18.609024047851562, " capture two of the most important influences on ratings: injury date and time between the injury and the DEU rating. Besides the strong relationship between time to rating and case severity that led to the right-censoring problems discussed in Chapt"]
[12.182365417480469, 18.497892379760742, "2015). To produce the estimates presented in Chapter Five, we use a weighted average of B\u02c6(Xisct ) for represented and unrepresented cases where the weight assigned to represented cases is fixed at 74 percent in all quarters of injury.\nTable C.2\nIn-S"]
[12.133869171142578, 18.51416015625, "d capture information about trends in the broader population and thus serve as a useful check on the robustness of our results.\nFigure C.1 depicts trends in wage replacement for the WCIS with benefit imputed from the DEU without stratifying on repres"]
[12.130417823791504, 18.576580047607422, "299-C.2\n  Number of cases\n1,000\n1,500 2,000\nDays to first DEU rating\n2,500\nMethods and Supplemental Results for Chapter Five 157\nrating is strongly related to the severity of the case. Figure C.3 illustrates this pattern by plot- ting the average fin"]
[12.106754302978516, 18.569625854492188, "tings) and statutory benefits. In light of these differences, we begin our examina- tion of the DEU by presenting trends in relative earnings stratified on representation status in Figure C.4.5 Earnings losses for Summary and Formal ratings (which ov"]
[12.062910079956055, 18.568592071533203, "ented. Weights used to correct for failure to match.\n          Summary and Formal Ratings\nS.B. 899 Benefits\nS.B. 863 Maximum Applied to S.B. 899 Ratings S.B. 863 Benefits and Ratings\nS.B. 863 + Return to Work Fund\nConsult Ratings\nS.B. 899 Benefits\nS."]
[12.240453720092773, 18.361785888671875, " the WCIS. More notably, the negative impact of the Great Recession is far more muted: while relative earnings in the unweighted DEU dip sharply during the recession, the decline in relative earnings between the pre-recession and post-recession perio"]
[12.14068603515625, 18.536489486694336, "08 Q3/08\nQ1/09 Q3/09\nSummary, < = 899 days Consult, < = 1,613 days Summary, < = 1,613 days Consult, 900\u20131,613 days Consult, < = 899 days\n162 Benefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disabled Workers in California\nWe compared earnings losses and b"]
[12.151040077209473, 18.526020050048828, "ail (%)\nTransport/warehousing (%)\nWholesale (%)\nUnweighted number of cases with matched controls\nWCIS DEU\n44.4 46.1\n42 40 $46,083 $50,086\n5 4 6 5 3 3 7 7 5 10 8 9\n13 11 16 16 13 19 13 9\n5 5\n6 5 345,282 88,668\n  NOTES: WCIS wage loss sample consists o"]
[12.144661903381348, 18.527999877929688, "esults for Chapter Six\nMeasurement of Return to Work Benefit Eligibility in the DEU\nAs implemented by DWC, the return to work benefit is available to workers meeting the eligibility criteria for the Supplemental Job Displacement Benefit, namely that "]
[12.324859619140625, 18.30646514892578, "NOTE: Workers classified as eligible for the RTW benefit if they are not employed at the at-injury employer at the time of their first DEU rating or for four subsequent quarters.\nRAND RR1299-D.1\nfrom injuries in 2008 and earlier years to estimate the"]
[12.402472496032715, 18.25023651123047, "1 $26,618\nYear 4 (Controls)\n$39,501 $37,478 $35,418 $34,368 $33,687 $35,652 $36,179\nYear 5 (Loss) (%)\n7.2 11.1 18.9 25.3 33.8 53.6 24.6\nYear 5 (Injured)\n$35,362 $32,054 $27,040 $23,868 $20,229 $13,747 $25,469\nYear 5 (Controls)\n$38,412 $36,561 $34,333"]
[12.41943645477295, 18.267850875854492, ".7 25.4 31.5 56.3 10.8\nRatio of Five-Year Losses to Second- Year Losses\n9.03 11.16 5.23\n4.34 5.55 3.32 6.70\nNumber of Cases\n2247 1068 495 196 100 25 4131\nNumber of Cases\n2247 1068 495 196 100 25 4131\nRatio of Five-Year Losses to Second- Year Losses ("]
[12.42081356048584, 18.223186492919922, "3,493 $32,454 $24,252\n9.9 13.6 13.3 19.2 29.3\n Insufficient Data $33,919 $34,374\n$31,917\n$31,329\n1216\n170 Benefits and Earnings Losses for Permanently Disabled Workers in California\nTable D.2\u2014Continued\nFinal Rating\nBefore Year 1 Apportionment (Contro"]
[12.435702323913574, 18.272598266601562, "4,623 10 \u201314 $27,895 15 \u201319 $31,745 20\u201329 $20,351 30\u2013100 $20,755 All Ratings $28,225\nControl Worker Annual Earnings\nFinal Rating\nBefore Year 1 Apportionment (Controls)\n0\u20134 $38,132 5\u20139 $49,272 10\u201314 $40,606 15 \u201319 $ 47,10 4 20\u201329 $33,298 30\u2013100 $42,39"]
[12.25342845916748, 18.33074951171875, ",138 $20,039 $16,705 $15,215 $9,848 $14,690\nNumber of Cases\n2079 2450 1866 1404\n767\n221 8787\nNumber of Cases\n2079 2450 1866 1404\n767\n221 8787\nRatio of Five-Year Losses to Second- Year Losses (%)\n5.53 4.88 4.54 4.49 4.57 4.82 4.70\nNumber of Cases\n34 1"]
[12.101644515991211, 18.457664489746094, "e instrument is uncorrelated with noise in the explanatory variable of interest (Hausman, 2001). Impairment ratings satisfy this condition unless idio- syncratic variation in an injured worker\u2019s impairment rating is correlated with the labor market o"]
[11.831899642944336, 18.366392135620117, " evidence that S.B. 863 led to a statistically significant change in horizontal equity.\nAbbreviations\n AMA American Medical Association\nAME agreed medical evaluator\nBLS Bureau of Labor Statistics\nCHSWC California Commission on Health and Safety and W"]
[11.662269592285156, 18.130701065063477, "Men Injured at Work,\u201d Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 38, No. 3, 2003, pp. 722\u2013757.\nBoone, J., and J. C. van Ours, \u201cAre Recessions Good for Workplace Safety?\u201d Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2006, pp. 1069\u20131093.\nBoone, J., J. C. van Our"]
[11.3277006149292, 18.139318466186523, ",\u201d Political Analysis, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2007, pp. 199\u2013236.\nHoynes, Hilary, Douglas L. Miller, and Jessamyn Schaller, \u201cAmerican Economic Association Who Suffers During Recessions?\u201d The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2012, pp. 27\u201347.\n"]
[11.55715560913086, 18.178577423095703, "njuries at Work: The Effects on Earnings and Employment, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 2001. As of May 3, 2016: http://www.rand.org/pubs/drafts/DRU2554.html\nReville, Robert, Robert Schoeni, and Craig W. Martin, Trends in Earnings Loss from "]
[11.893930435180664, 18.356569290161133, "state workers\u2019 compensation system, which were enacted in 2012 as part of Senate Bill (S.B.) 863. These reforms included several changes to permanent partial disability (PPD) benefits. To monitor the success of S.B. 863, the California Commission on "]
[22.324951171875, 3.34865665435791, "  CORPORATION\nAssessment of the State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training (SLATT) Program\nLois M. Davis, Todd C. Helmus, Priscillia Hunt, Leslie Adrienne Payne, Salar Jahedi, Flavia Tsang\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/R"]
[13.847756385803223, 4.354115009307861, "ith such topics as public safety, effective policing, police-community relations, drug policy and enforcement, corrections policy, use of technology in law enforcement, tort reform, catastrophe and mass-injury compensation, court resourcing, and insu"]
[22.328271865844727, 3.3409154415130615, "............................................................................................ 25\n3. Planning Process for SLATT Workshops................................................................................. 27 Introduction ................."]
[22.318336486816406, 3.354189872741699, "ndix C. Cost and Benefit Model Statistics ........................................................................... 95\nLists of Figures and Tables ....................................................................................................."]
[22.318994522094727, 3.3514933586120605, " Workshop Participants to capture feedback from recent training participants; and (5) conducting a cost and benefit analysis using data from a choice experiment included in the survey that asked SLATT training participants to trade off and indicate h"]
[22.321853637695312, 3.351752519607544, "crimes and criminally suspicious activity constituted the fourth-largest source of initial clues (Strom, Hollywood, and Pope, 2016).\nLocal and state law enforcement appreciate strategic concerns about jihadi and domestic terrorism threats to the Unit"]
[22.329387664794922, 3.3374950885772705, " participants reported that the information provided on the domestic and international terrorist threats was useful, with the investigative/intelligence workshop participants tending to rate higher the utility of this information than the train-the-t"]
[22.32697868347168, 3.3434243202209473, "the-trainer participants visited the SLATT website more frequently than investigative/intelligence workshop participants. Fifty-two percent of investigative/intelligence workshop participants visited the SLATT website one or two times in the three mo"]
[22.325437545776367, 3.339552164077759, "lanners also commented that SLATT training further supported their overall preparedness goals for terrorism and supported other training they did in this area, noting that the no-cost aspect was very important to agencies\u2019 being able to have personne"]
[22.32583236694336, 3.3352668285369873, " they value different features of the training is based on a discrete choice experiment (a technique for quantifying the perceived benefits in terms of \u201cwillingness to pay\u201d) included in the survey to understand how participants valued different aspec"]
[22.327423095703125, 3.3440446853637695, "ty is CT and who are actively engaged in this area. Given this, our focus here is on some suggestions for improving BJA\u2019s SLATT Program that are centered on the key findings above. Table S.1 briefly lists suggestions by topic area. Additional context"]
[22.327558517456055, 3.342848777770996, "and reach of the website to understand how it can be more effectively tied into trainings.\n\u2022 Assess the administrative costs associated with maintaining and regularly updating the website.\n xii\nSuggestions for Further Assessing the SLATT Program\nIn t"]
[22.327049255371094, 3.346712350845337, "mation from the survey of workshop participants to get some initial insights on the costs of SLATT training to law enforcement. We did not formally assess the costs to planners and host agencies of the trainings; future assessments might wish to quan"]
[22.31504249572754, 3.357020854949951, "lysis of 176 thwarted terrorist plots against American targets between 1987 and 2010 that included overseas plots. Similar to Strom et al. (2010), Dahl (2011) concluded that plots were most often foiled through conventional law enforcement activities"]
[22.313474655151367, 3.358376979827881, "r actually served as their state\u2019s leader for terrorism-related intelligence gathering, analysis, and dissemination. More than 50 percent of state agencies reported a similar amount of involvement in homeland security planning and coordination at the"]
[22.320951461791992, 3.3501229286193848, " on-site training (e.g., investigative/intelligence workshops, specialized workshops that cover a range of topics, instruction at law enforcement meetings, stand-alone sessions at conferences)\n\u2022 train-the-trainer workshops aimed at law enforcement tr"]
[22.322887420654297, 3.350179433822632, "oma City, Oklahoma, in 1995, the U.S. Attorney General asked BJA to develop a CT training program for law enforcement in the United States. The SLATT Program was developed in conjunction with the FBI and was designed to provide instruction to enable "]
[22.32624626159668, 3.3459272384643555, "view with the SLATT Program director, May 5, 2015.\n6 Sovereign citizens are anti-government extremists who believe that, even though they physically reside in the United States, they are separate or \u201csovereign\u201d from the United States. They believe th"]
[22.332189559936523, 3.3459713459014893, " by the host agencies.\nSLATT training addresses the areas of detection, investigation, and interdiction. Table 1.1 illustrates the type of topics SLATT training includes under each category.7\n7 In addition, BJA requires that all SLATT training and te"]
[22.300912857055664, 3.3722400665283203, "urces to \u201cfollow the money trail.\u201d\nViolent Criminal Extremism in the Prison System: Explores how law enforcement can incorporate the intelligence potential from correctional departments into criminal cases, including those that involve terrorism.\nRad"]
[22.329235076904297, 3.3494338989257812, "nformation during the course. These various actors also may help coordinate the SLATT training event.\n7\nTable 1.2. Overview of the Different Types of SLATT Workshops\n      Investigative/ intelligence workshops\nDescription\nTypically a two-and-a-half-d"]
[22.325355529785156, 3.3466246128082275, "ate groups\n     Train-the- trainer workshops\n   Specialized workshops\n   NOTES: Descriptions of the sample training agendas are based on the Marriottsville, Maryland, March 5\u20137, 2014, investigative intelligence workshop; Hot Springs, Arkansas, June 1"]
[22.32605743408203, 3.3464481830596924, "Lastly, law enforcement personnel and other SLATT trainees gain access to the SLATT website when they register for their course (SLATT homepage, 2016). In addition to the course materials provided at the training, the site (as noted above) offers an "]
[22.32703399658203, 3.3455138206481934, "r.\n8 FLETC\u2019s strategic plan (DHS, 2007) indicates that a goal is to continue to revise and develop training programs for export delivery to state, local, tribal, and campus law enforcement agencies with emerging programs, including anti-terrorism int"]
[22.32715606689453, 3.344377040863037, "o describe what the threat picture looks like and what types of threats law enforcement are most focused on.\nApproach\nWe used a mixed-methods approach to assess the SLATT Program. We attended SLATT workshops conducted in 2013, 2014, and the spring of"]
[22.333072662353516, 3.3384697437286377, " on train-the-trainer workshops, because they were not offered in the initial years of data collection. The extent to which the 2014\u20132015 train- the-trainer workshops were not representative of those previously conducted by the SLATT Program might li"]
[22.327667236328125, 3.342526435852051, " was cost-prohibitive and outside the scope of this study. To the extent that we are missing the perspective of these nonparticipating law enforcement agencies, this is a potential study limitation.\nIn assessing SLATT costs, our original plan was to "]
[22.312755584716797, 3.360722780227661, "features, and Appendix C provides the cost and benefit model statistics.\n14\n2. Terrorism Threat\nAn initial question that arises in assessing BJA\u2019s SLATT Program is the continued utility of providing anti-terrorism training to state and local law enfo"]
[19.463531494140625, 15.064156532287598, " Our use of the term jihadi threat elsewhere in this report refers to the threat from Muslim extremism.\n12 This definition of domestic terrorists is derived from Bjelopera (2013). It is derived from a number of different\nU.S. government sources that "]
[19.43051528930664, 15.087676048278809, "in the United States or conducted any attacks \u201cin the West since the bombings on London\u2019s transportation system in 2005.\u201d They note that, while the group\u2019s ideology has inspired adherents to kill 21 people in the United States, \u201ca mass-casualty terro"]
[19.484989166259766, 15.055377006530762, "number of those indicted/killed have waxed and waned between 2001 and 2016, the data show a clear and significant uptick in jihadi activity since 2014. These attacks can largely be attributed to the rise of IS and its inspiration for U.S. extremists."]
[19.866168975830078, 14.853099822998047, "orist acts draw on ideologies whose nonviolent expression are protected by the U.S. Constitution\u2019s First Amendment. While a number of groups may have extremist ideologies and while criminal or terrorist acts may draw on such ideologies, these groups "]
[19.683258056640625, 14.948479652404785, "stitutions have kept such lists (Bjelopera, 2013), some of which we drew on for this analysis.\n 19\nFinally, there are animal rights and environmental extremists, both of which commit criminal acts in support of their causes. Typically, animal rights "]
[22.310935974121094, 3.362165689468384, "self-disclosed by publicizing actions\n\u2022 26 (7.3 percent) suspicious activity report (SAR).\nPerceptions of Law Enforcement About the Terrorist Threat and Their Need for Training\nNext, we seek to characterize the terrorism threat as perceived by law en"]
[22.32402992248535, 3.3492166996002197, "r like-minded extremist groups.\u201d\n22\nFigure 2.5. Law Enforcement\u2019s Perception of National and Local Terrorism Threat\n50\n45\n40 al-Qa'ida Local Threat 35\n30\nal-Qa'ida National Percent of Respondents 25     Threat\n20\nOther VE Local Threat 15\n10\nOther VE "]
[22.322946548461914, 3.350308656692505, "kshop was to \u201cfigure out how to follow the money.\u201d Several interviewees commented on recent suspicious activities. One participant noted that there were several terrorism-like incidents in and around their local community, including a \u201cright- wing in"]
[22.319501876831055, 3.350242853164673, "event, in contrast, noted a mix of factors that prompted them to host this investigative/intelligence workshop. They noted that St. Louis has a number of high-profile targets, including such Fortune 500 companies as the\n24\nBoeing Company,21 Monsanto "]
[22.319005966186523, 3.353412628173828, "016,\u201d no date). This, combined with other forms of intelligence, helps limit the terrorism death toll. While the FBI has played a\n21 Boeing Defense, Space & Security\u2019s headquarters is in St. Louis and represents one of the largest manufacturers in th"]
[22.32477378845215, 3.34739351272583, "llowing topics: (a) what aspects of planning the individual was involved in or had responsibility for, (b) other stakeholders involved in the planning process, (c) how the focus of the workshop was determined, (d) how the training was marketed to law"]
[22.32465171813965, 3.3487660884857178, "rkshop had a strong focus on terror finance investigations. The Arkansas USAO was investigating possible financial crimes by local foreign nationals who were sending large bulks of cash overseas. When the USAO representative contacted SLATT Program s"]
[22.32638168334961, 3.345930576324463, "train-the-trainer workshop that had been well received. The Pennsylvania USAO representative then contacted the local RISS center, and together they reached out to the SLATT Program to initiate a request for training. In the case of the Franklin, Mas"]
[22.327043533325195, 3.3460910320281982, "ty.\u201d This interviewee further noted that, more recently, in considering how to balance the number of requests it receives, the SLATT Program is considering how to prioritize trainings based on operational necessity, with input from the FBI.\nTo develo"]
[22.326833724975586, 3.344470977783203, "east 100 attendees\n\u2212 handling the conference logistics (e.g., meeting space, food, audio-visual equipment)\n\u2212 costs associated with the venue, marketing, and conference logistics\n\u2212 arranging for continuing education credits for the SLATT training if a"]
[22.326522827148438, 3.3452465534210205, "end: \u201cState, local, and tribal law enforcement officers responsible for investigating and/or monitoring terrorist and criminal extremist groups or individuals will want to attend this workshop. Participants should possess basic investigative skills o"]
[22.3280029296875, 3.3442068099975586, "ng issues they have seen: \u201cWhat you gave me was enlightening. How can I take the information I know to the next step?\u201d\nAlso, several interviewees noted that the train-the-trainer workshops could benefit from more time spent on teaching participants o"]
[22.327106475830078, 3.344719648361206, "alance: (1) having SLATT training needs driven from the bottom up, with localities and regions determining what their terrorism-related training needs are and what topics would be particularly germane to state and local law enforcement, or (2) having"]
[22.327484130859375, 3.343442440032959, "es also expressed concern that DOJ might cancel the SLATT Program, noting that doing so would signal less priority being placed on terrorism preparedness and training and would represent a loss of an important resource for state and local law enforce"]
[22.33402442932129, 3.335730791091919, "e, and four instructors and IIR staff).\n28 At these two workshops, we conducted interviews with 17 participants, one instructor, and one planner. 35\n  trainings provided us with the background information and insights about these workshops that was u"]
[22.33361053466797, 3.3358209133148193, "ype of Training\nTrain-the-trainer workshop\nTrain-the-trainer workshop\nTrain-the-trainer workshop\nInvestigative/ intelligence workshop\nInvestigative/ intelligence workshop\nLocation\nMobile, AL Franklin, MA Camp Hill, PA Countryside, IL\nSt. Louis, MO\nDa"]
[22.336383819580078, 3.335477828979492, "ndents\nWho participates in SLATT investigative/intelligence and train-the-trainer workshops? Table 4.2 indicates that 59 percent of survey respondents represented city and county jurisdictions. In addition, 25 percent of train-the-trainer participant"]
[22.33188819885254, 3.340986728668213, " 86 percent of training\nlaw enforcement for eight years or\ntended to be more experienced law enforcement personnel than those who had participated in the investigative/intelligence workshops. Specifically, 94 percent of train-the-trainer workshop par"]
[22.34450340270996, 3.3263847827911377, "g for their departments.\n 41\nTable 4.5. Number of SLATT Training Events or Workshops Participants Had Attended During the Past Five Years\n    Trainings Attended\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5+\nTotal (n)\nOverall\n68.29% 20.33% 5.69% 0.81% 4.88% 123\nInvestigative/Intelligen"]
[22.333759307861328, 3.33805513381958, "ing in this area. Those who participated in the investigative/intelligence workshops were somewhat more likely than the train-the-trainer workshop participants to be interested in learning about financial criminal activity.\n 43\n    Goal(s)\n(mark all "]
[22.33254623413086, 3.3392539024353027, "he training provided would lead participants to change their approach to or how they investigate terrorist threats. Overall, 65 percent of workshop participants felt that the information provided during the SLATT training would change their approach "]
[22.333545684814453, 3.3402397632598877, "ith 44 percent of investigative/intelligence workshop participants) (Figure 4.7).\nFigure 4.7. Participants\u2019 Assessment of Whether the SLATT Workshops Provided Opportunities to Network with the Law Enforcement Community\nWith respect to networking oppo"]
[22.334428787231445, 3.344501256942749, "agues\nShared specific content (e.g., briefings, SLATT newsletters) from the SLATT website with colleagues\nGave a class or briefing to others in their agency or department\nOther\nDid not share the information learned\nTotal (n)\nOverall\nInvestigative/ In"]
[22.3313045501709, 3.3410651683807373, "Review SLATT publications\nContact SLATT expert Other\nTotal (n)\nOverall\n26.19%\n59.52% 41.27% 29.37%\n36.51%\n16.67% 29.37%\n0.79% 1.59% 126\nInvestigative/Intelligence\n46.15%\n48.08% 23.08% 15.38%\n30.77%\n13.49% 21.15%\n1.92% 1.92% \u2014\nTrain-the-Trainer\n13.24%"]
[22.332304000854492, 3.3404672145843506, " statement, suggesting that, although the workshop participants may rate the information provided on domestic terrorist threats as being useful, it was not sufficient to necessarily change their approach to or how they investigate domestic terrorist "]
[22.32936668395996, 3.3397510051727295, "choice experiment that asked SLATT training participants to trade off and value the different aspects of the training they had received. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part consists of the survey that measures direct and indirect c"]
[22.32501983642578, 3.3357365131378174, "as. Two key questions remain, however: (1) How much time and money is spent by local and state police to attend a SLATT training? (2) How much do officers value key features of SLATT Programs? Knowing this would help decisionmakers design programs in"]
[22.32600212097168, 3.3356192111968994, "his study are relevant only to SLATT training programs; they are not transferable to other training programs. However, the approach used in this study could be used to answer these questions for trainings more generally or another training program mo"]
[22.321870803833008, 3.3309831619262695, "nt for an item, many respondents chose not to answer, and we assume that nonresponse to a line item (e.g., food/drink, hotel, travel) indicates a zero cost. We also allowed for an \u201cOther Cost\u201d option. For this option, several respondents indicated \u201cv"]
[22.31894302368164, 3.329824924468994, "ed the types of examples offered. The purpose of this attribute is not to measure the impact of domestic terrorism; rather, it is to examine officers\u2019 preferences about materials taught in the class.\nConcerning duration of training, interviewees indi"]
[22.31612205505371, 3.3327038288116455, "ly biased responses. Specifically, we used the Pearson correlation coefficient between the ranked variables (Spearman correlation coefficient) to test for correlation, and we fail to reject the hypothesis that there is no association between variable"]
[22.311689376831055, 3.3217058181762695, "odel specifications to include the type of training attended (train- the-trainer, specialized training) in order to test whether different groups of respondents placed different valuations on any of the attributes.\n3. We tested alternative model spec"]
[22.315492630004883, 3.3242146968841553, "allows for the collection of several responses from each individual, which substantially reduces the cost of data collection. However, the collection of multiple responses from the same individual means that a respondent\u2019s basic, underlying preferenc"]
[22.314878463745117, 3.3266024589538574, "in parentheses. a Spent away from normal duties, including travel time.\n 63\nBenefits of SLATT: How Much Did Officers Value Key Features of the Trainings?\nWe used a conditional logit model40 to estimate the value that officers placed on each core comp"]
[22.318323135375977, 3.327052593231201, "* p-value < 0.01. No asterisk means not statistically significant.\nThe result that the \u201coptimal\u201d number of days for a SLATT training program is three days generally holds if we examine the investigative/intelligence group and the train-the-trainer gr"]
[22.322860717773438, 3.3323864936828613, "cal examples and a program without local examples.\nAn important feature of this type of analysis is the ability to compare features of the program. For example, suppose a SLATT training program is one day and has only domestic topics. Those residing "]
[22.32501220703125, 3.334152936935425, "ndents indicate that the negative impacts of a program over 100 miles away could be offset by a three-day program with international topics (compared with a one-day program with domestic topics only).\nThird, this study found that there were potential"]
[22.309133529663086, 3.3616204261779785, "play an important role in detecting and preventing terrorist attacks. Strom et al. (2010) estimated that 80 percent of foiled terrorist plots in the United States were discovered because of observations by state and local law enforcement or by the ge"]
[22.327924728393555, 3.3436689376831055, "s what steps the United States and its partners can take to develop community-oriented approaches to CVE from a range of groups and individuals, including domestic terrorists and homegrown violent extremists in the United States, as well as terrorist"]
[22.329965591430664, 3.342297077178955, "es introducing\n70\nand updating law enforcement on the different topics covered and facilitating networking among law enforcement and other experts in the region. Most of the participants who responded to the survey indicated that they had attended on"]
[22.347469329833984, 3.3572404384613037, "ad learned. Nearly two-thirds of train-the-trainer workshop participants indicated that they planned to use the information learned during the SLATT workshop and materials provided to design their own courses. They also were more likely to travel far"]
[22.329378128051758, 3.343815565109253, "other law enforcement agencies\u2019 priorities, SLATT helps ensure that this type of training is reaching state and local law enforcement by providing it at no cost to participants. The planners also commented that SLATT training further supported their "]
[22.325807571411133, 3.33310604095459, "eported that their shift was not covered. While our survey allowed us to capture such direct costs, it did not allow us to\n41 The costs to planners were not explored in our assessment; however, future analyses may want to quantify these costs.\n42 Bec"]
[22.32969856262207, 3.3379385471343994, "rticipants, a three-day training was most valued, followed by a two-day training, suggesting that the optimal number of days for a SLATT workshop is three days. This result generally held even when we examined the investigative/ intelligence group an"]
[22.32939910888672, 3.345487594604492, "ning to many who may not get this type of training otherwise. Overall, the planners we interviewed had a favorable impression of SLATT trainings. They noted that the no-cost aspect and the quality of trainings SLATT provided were instrumental in thei"]
[22.330251693725586, 3.3400046825408936, " of those who participate in the investigative/intelligence workshops. A key question we were unable to answer was the degree to which the train-the-trainer workshop participants actually develop courses and trainings for their agencies and, ultimate"]
[22.331783294677734, 3.345773935317993, " with one another. Workshop participants also could be asked to submit questions they might have for federal representatives in advance of the workshop.\nImprove Networking Opportunities\nLaw enforcement personnel who participated in the investigative/"]
[22.333724975585938, 3.3440709114074707, "their own courses.\nThis suggests the SLATT website is seen as an important resource by law enforcement trainers. In a sense, the website can be thought of as an opportunity to create a community of interest among law enforcement in this area. It woul"]
[22.327678680419922, 3.342815637588501, "investigative/intelligence workshops and participants in train-the-trainer workshops, other comparisons of interest might include federal law enforcement compared with state and local law enforcement or law enforcement from major metropolitan areas w"]
[22.329011917114258, 3.340944290161133, "rent groups?\n79\nOne of the challenges in evaluating the effectiveness of BJA\u2019s SLATT Program is that it is broad in its reach; however, when we look at exposure to SLATT trainings, the majority of survey respondents indicated that they had participat"]
[22.32834243774414, 3.343547821044922, "e on different aspects of CT would be worthwhile.\nIn terms of costs, our early interviews highlighted that the costs of SLATT training to law enforcement agencies were modest, including the direct costs of sending several officers to training and bac"]
[22.329248428344727, 3.342272996902466, ". Joint Terrorism Task Force/Fusion Cell\nd. Federal\ne. Military\nf. College campus\ng. Other (briefly describe) ____________________________________________\n 2. Please select the response that best describes your current position? (choose one answer) a"]
[22.33048439025879, 3.3392281532287598, "ter terrorism investigative skills\ng. To enhance my investigative skills, other than terrorism-related h. To learn more about investigating financial criminal activity\ni. Other ____________________________________\n8. How did you hear about the SLATT "]
[22.330286026000977, 3.338625431060791, " in the workshop.\u201d (choose one answer)\na. Disagree\nb. Disagree somewhat\nc. Neither agree or disagree d. Agree somewhat\ne. Agree\n14. Are you planning to use the material you learned in the SLATT Train-the-Trainer workshop to teach colleagues who were "]
[22.325824737548828, 3.3350532054901123, "al future courses. Specifically, we would like to understand your preferences for course topics, length, location, and registration cost. We will ask you to compare six pairs of options. Please indicate your preferred option in each of the pairs.\nIf "]
[22.325029373168945, 3.345900058746338, " SLATT instructors have. When describing its recruiting protocol, the IIR program director commented,\nWe leverage the personal relationships we have built, use word of mouth, and make use of personal references. . . . I\u2019m working to identify the next"]
[22.330514907836914, 3.345200777053833, "upports on-site training events by providing registrants access to a range of materials prior to a training event. One must register and request approval before being granted access to the site. Before registering, visitors must specify if they merel"]
[22.312124252319336, 3.3247475624084473, "ariable: Participant\u2019s Choice\nRegistration fee (omitted: $0) $100\n$200\nCourse length (omitted: 1 day) 2 days\n3 days\n4 days\nCourse content (omitted: domestic only) Domestic + local\nDomestic + local + international\nDistance to training (omitted: <25 mi"]
[22.373397827148438, 3.314174175262451, " Domestic Terrorist Threat\nInformation Provided ............................................................................................................ 45 Figure 4.4. Participants\u2019 Assessment of Usefulness of International Terrorist Threat\nInfor"]
[22.36870002746582, 3.366692066192627, "\nTable 4.9. Whether Participants Contacted Other Workshop Participants or SLATT\nLecturers Following the Training Received ......................................................................... 51\nTable 4.10. Whether Participants Shared the Informa"]
[22.28745460510254, 3.391918897628784, " Be Afraid, Be a Little Afraid: The Threat of Terrorism from Western Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq, Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, Brookings Policy Paper No. 34, November 2014.\nCarter, David, Steve Chermak, Jeremy Carter, and Jack Drew"]
[22.295089721679688, 3.382615804672241, "n, Policing Terrorism, New York: Manhattan Institute, 2006.\nKirk, Ashley, \u201cHow Many Foreign Fighters Are Fighting for ISIL?\u201d The Telegraph, March 24, 2016. As of September 16, 2016: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/03/29/iraq-and-syria-how-many-f"]
[22.3011417388916, 3.36772084236145, ", Washington, D.C., 2010.\nRasmussen, Nicholas J., testimony before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, \u201cCurrent Terrorist Threat to the United States,\u201d February 12, 2015. As of September 14, 2016: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/"]
[22.308195114135742, 3.3644189834594727, "e 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review, Washington, D.C., 2014. As of September 14, 2016: http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/qhsr/2014-QHSR.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cDHS State and Local Law Enforcement Resource Catalog,\u201d 2016. As of September 1"]
[14.747173309326172, 3.98777174949646, "   THE JUSTICE INNOVATION CENTER\nIdentifying the Needs and Challenges of Criminal Justice Agencies in Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Areas\n   Jessica Saunders, Meagan Cahill, Andrew R. Morral, Kristin J. Leuschner, Gregory Midgette, John S. Hollywo"]
[13.845455169677734, 4.34759521484375, "which spans both criminal and civil justice systems issues with such topics as public safety, effective polic- ing, police\u2013community relations, drug policy and enforcement, corrections policy, use of technology in law enforcement, tort reform, catast"]
[14.814003944396973, 3.9566824436187744, " . . . . . . . . . 19 SemistructuredInterviews.................................................................................... 20 AdvisoryPanel.................................................................................................. 27\nC"]
[14.805865287780762, 3.883040189743042, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Conclusion.......................................................................................................70\nCHAPTER FIVE\nThe Justice Innovation Center Ad"]
[14.857275009155273, 3.8855223655700684, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n5.1. Needs, by Issue Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[14.784719467163086, 3.9971017837524414, " . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n. ..2 . . 76 . . 76\nxxii . . 10 . . 16 . . 17 . . 21 . 22 . 24 . 24 . 27\n. . 32 . . 75 . . 89\nix\n. .\n97\n99 119 120 122 125\nSummary\n Technology is important to improving the effectiveness, efficiency, and safety of the crimi"]
[14.822729110717773, 3.967709541320801, "Tribal, and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\ndefine a tribal agency as a local law enforcement agency independently operated by one or a confederation of the 566 federally recognized tribes.\nJIC\u2019s initial efforts were spent gathering information on t"]
[14.79423713684082, 3.957775592803955, "es nationwide, the most-recent evidence suggests that crime (e.g., violent crime, driving under the influence) disproportionately affects tribal areas (Perry, 2004).\nLittle Existing Research on the Technology Needs of SRTB Agencies\nThe literature rev"]
[14.83203411102295, 3.956052303314209, "tatives from SRTB agencies, including personnel from law enforcement, courts, and institutional and community corrections (the latter being probation and parole agencies). Our interviews included representatives from 29 border agencies and 25 intervi"]
[14.858095169067383, 3.9159224033355713, "y projects requiring large capital investments.\nSocial Service Provision Challenges\nRespondents noted a variety of technology-related challenges that affect service provision, especially related to mental health and substance-use treatment; these iss"]
[14.85504150390625, 3.9191317558288574, " provided evidence of insufficient IT capacity among personnel.\nSome of the technological deficits noted among SRTB law enforcement agencies included a lack of laptop computers and cameras in patrol cars, license-plate readers, and radios. Among corr"]
[14.89670181274414, 3.824857711791992, " renovations to be suitable for technology upgrades. Some courts, particularly tribal courts, faced challenges with the structural adequacy of their buildings. Other facilities were so antiquated that some technology acquisition would make sense only"]
[14.840141296386719, 3.958238363265991, "n particular, two laws play a significant role in determining differences across tribal agencies, their authorities, resources, and operational requirements. Before the enactment of Public Law 83-280 in 1953, sovereign tribal nations and the federal "]
[14.776870727539062, 3.94531512260437, "f guidance and educational materials, development of training, development and dis- semination of new business practices, and development and dissemination of model policies or even legislation.\nThe JIC advisory panel convened on December 7\u20138, 2015, "]
[14.318066596984863, 2.9524548053741455, "rns emerged. Law enforcement and institutional corrections needs focused heavily on operations; court needs focused heavily on IT issues; and community corrections needs focused heavily on resourcing issues.\nAll breakout groups had some top-ranking n"]
[14.938380241394043, 3.6836185455322266, "veral top-ranked needs applied to improving the security and resiliency of SRTB courts through such means as continuity-of-operations planning tools, emergency response training, and evaluations of courthouses\u2019 abilities to respond to emergencies.\nIm"]
[15.217172622680664, 3.4638545513153076, "be modified so agencies could hire part-time employees to administer grants.\nCommunity Corrections Themes\nRefocusing on Rehabilitation and Positive Behavioral Change\nParticipants emphasized a broad-based need for community corrections to transition t"]
[14.792867660522461, 3.933093309402466, "rement and Management of Information-Technology Systems\nThe expert panel identified a need for remote training for IT, developing technology mentor- ship and TA funding, and developing a low-cost way to improve internal IT management capabilities.\nUs"]
[14.801911354064941, 3.9387662410736084, "y and technological need assessment.\n\u2022 Some issues are especially challenging for certain sectors, such as the court\u2019s lack of mental health and substance-use programs, and border agencies\u2019 need to address drug and human trafficking.\n\u2022 There is littl"]
[14.764323234558105, 3.998687267303467, "ssing technology solutions in specific, real-world SRTB contexts, helping to build the knowledge base on technology effectiveness in the SRTB context. Also, it will help build up a set of tools and resources (e.g., website, searchable database) that "]
[14.737213134765625, 3.93380069732666, "o provide such perceptive reviews.\nWe would also like to thank all the people who took time to participate in the interviews and advisory panel. Their insights were invaluable.\nxxv\nAbbreviations\n ABA American Bar Association\nACA American Correctional"]
[14.757458686828613, 4.006956100463867, "ections.\nJIC\u2019s work supports NIJ\u2019s investments in justice system technologies and informs the wider communities of technology providers and adopters. JIC also provides NIJ with guidance on which technologies can be cost-effectively employed in SRTB s"]
[14.777135848999023, 3.9965524673461914, "). A rural county is one classified as code 6, 7, 8, or 9 on the rural\u2013urban classification scale.\nRAND RR1479-1.1\n1 The U.S. Census Bureau defines urbanized areas as having 50,000 or more people and rural areas as encompassing all population, housin"]
[14.817086219787598, 3.9763338565826416, " and agricul- tural crime, and domestic violence are inversely related to agency size. Despite these generali- ties, there is considerable variation across small-town and rural agencies.\nCourts\nSmall and rural courts face unique issues as well. The s"]
[14.876317024230957, 3.916811466217041, "and those in border areas. Rodriguez\u2019s analysis of court processes in Arizona found that Native Americans were \u201cless likely to be referred for informal processing, more likely to be detained, and more likely to have a petition filed than Whites,\u201d all"]
[14.900609970092773, 3.956088066101074, "mmunity services. And small jails typically offer fewer services, such as on-site medical personnel, work opportunities, education programs, and counseling and rehabilitative programming, than urban jails do. High turnover and inmates with greater ne"]
[14.819759368896484, 3.9842774868011475, "portant to note that this body of work is more than a decade old and might not reflect current trends.\nIntroduction 5\n6 The Justice Innovation Center for Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\nTribal Agencies\nLaw Enforcement\nResea"]
[14.829553604125977, 4.012750148773193, "ng state\u2013tribal court forums, joint-jurisdic- tion courts, and written collaborative agreements between state and tribal authorities (Arnold, Reckess, and Wolf, 2012).\nIn addition, culturally specific programs have emerged in state courts; these incl"]
[14.814645767211914, 3.9655017852783203, " \u201cfailed to provide safe and secure detention facilities throughout Indian Country\u201d (U.S. Department of Interior, 2004, p. 3). The majority of serious incidents, including fatalities, attempted suicides, and escapes, not only threatened safety and se"]
[14.785429000854492, 3.894014596939087, "n and information-sharing with federal authorities might also be required because of the nature of the issues with which local criminal justice agencies deal in these areas.\nTechnology in the SRTB Context\nA substantial literature exists on the use of"]
[14.770576477050781, 3.9885177612304688, "e many possible criminal justice technologies and applications. However, it is equally important to understand the unique needs of the SRTB justice systems, which are often very different from those in larger or more urban environments.\nSelecting cle"]
[14.771868705749512, 3.9926483631134033, "e current report.\nIntroduction 9\n10 The Justice Innovation Center for Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\nResearch Goal 1: Identify Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Needs\nTo identify the unique operational needs of the SRTB jus"]
[14.761323928833008, 3.988368511199951, "ent needs among relevant agencies, informed the JIC advisory panel discussions on needs and potential technology solutions, and helped JIC researchers identify potential sites and participants for future technology pilots. Chapter Two describes the m"]
[14.758443832397461, 4.000101566314697, "stakeholders to identify and rank technology needs. We held these discus- sions during an advisory meeting in December 2015, for which more than 40 people, including practitioners and researchers representing all agency and sector types, convened in "]
[14.765305519104004, 3.991588830947876, "resources and best practices provided by a centralized clear- inghouse, which will be particularly relevant once results from the technology pilots are final- ized. The bottom-up approach focuses on facilitating communication between local agencies a"]
[14.79809856414795, 4.0021185874938965, "mpirical literature, how these agencies differ from larger urban agencies.\nOur focus is on law enforcement agencies and sheriff\u2019s departments, district and county courts (of limited or general jurisdiction), local jails, and probation agencies. We ex"]
[14.79279899597168, 4.0075364112854, "Law enforcement agency located in a border county\nCourt located in a border county\nJail or other state- or locally run detention facility located in a border county\nProbation or parole agency located in a border county\n  Of the 17,985 agencies in the"]
[14.763900756835938, 4.049276351928711, "ll in terms of the probation population served\u2014e.g., a small county pools resources with a neighboring larger county or a network of small counties as part of a larger group\u2014so we chose not to filter candidates based on a potentially misidentified de"]
[14.780805587768555, 4.01024866104126, "orcement agency as one located in a county characterized as having (1) a census-defined rural population, (2) a census-defined urban population under 2,500, or (3) a census-defined urban population of between 2,500 and 19,999 in an area not adjacent "]
[14.708996772766113, 4.028525352478027, " identify literature, we undertook two main efforts: A RAND librarian conducted a search for relevant literature in several available databases, and researchers on the JIC team conducted searches using Google Scholar. We included literature in peer-r"]
[14.774443626403809, 4.001781463623047, "r this report includes the references cited.\nMethodology 19\n20 The Justice Innovation Center for Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\nSemistructured Interviews\nResearch into the needs of SRTB agencies and effective solutions to "]
[14.764798164367676, 4.06186056137085, "opment for each of the 12 specific communities of practice.\nWe sent letters via email inviting police chiefs, sheriffs, court administrators, and correc- tions officials to participate in the interviews, along with letters of support from NIJ and the"]
[14.77564811706543, 4.0480170249938965, " \u2014 California 1 Colorado 1 Connecticut \u2014 Delaware \u2014 Florida 1 Georgia 1\n1 7 1 \u2014 4 1 4 1\n\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\n5 12 \u2014 1 5 10 \u2014 4 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 1 \u2014 1\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana 1 1 \u2014 \u2014 2 Iowa 23\u2014\u20143\nKansas \u2014 Kentucky \u2014 Louisiana 1\n2 \u2014 \u2014 2\n1 \u2014 \u2014 1 \u2014 1 \u2014 1 \u2014 \u2014 2"]
[14.781593322753906, 4.022060394287109, "0.2 \u2014 \u2014 0.3 \u2014 \u2014 5.6 259 3.5 0.4 \u2014 \u2014\n  SOURCES: Number of law enforcement agencies by sector: Reaves, 2011. Number of tribal courts: NAICJA, undated. Number of tribal community corrections services: Perry, 2005.\nNOTE: \u2014 = not applicable because no com"]
[14.786288261413574, 4.013435363769531, "county, and nearly one in seven was located in a border area. Conversely, more than 95 percent of rural agencies, 85 percent of tribal agencies, and nearly 75 percent of border agencies are small. One in four tribal agencies is located in a rural are"]
[14.780498504638672, 4.006907939910889, "of completing eight to ten interviews with tribal court representatives.\nThe 35 interviews included 15 court administrators; 14 clerks; six court managers, direc- tors, or supervisors; two judges; one attorney; one training court assistant; and two s"]
[14.774469375610352, 3.9903476238250732, ", although we did interview one representa- tive from a rural agency that also supervised a tribal population. We interviewed 36 commu- nity corrections representatives in total, each of whom was the chief probation or parole officer or the probation"]
[14.798827171325684, 4.004274845123291, "ice agencies in SRTB communities account for nearly 90 percent of all agencies nationwide, but relatively little research is conducted in these settings for a variety of rea- sons. In this section, we describe the general challenges in these underres"]
[14.78487777709961, 3.9832098484039307, "ng and oversight of transient populations during adjudication and community corrections are also difficult, especially among immigrant populations. The need to collaborate with fed- eral agencies performing border patrol activities related to drugs, "]
[14.761676788330078, 3.9915528297424316, "g devices)\n\u2022 information-management tools, such as RMSs, used for everything from evidence to court case files\n\u2022 analytic tools to leverage available data in investigation and decisionmaking\n\u2022 communication tools used within facilities, with specific"]
[14.796144485473633, 3.98811411857605, "rom $45,700 to $75,100 (Reaves, 2015). Studies indicate that the work routines of police officers in small and rural agencies are often similar to those of officers in large agencies, with most officers engaged in similar tasks during their shifts, s"]
[14.767182350158691, 4.030539512634277, " small and rural agencies, 60 percent of border agencies, and 55 percent of tribal agencies use the technology. Surveillance technologies (e.g., fixed cameras) are the next most\u2013 commonly used video technology, found in more than 60 percent of non-SR"]
[14.820381164550781, 3.9866156578063965, "ce data in 2015.\nMore than 90 percent of all non-SRTB agencies have websites, and more than 80 per- cent use social media. Further, nearly three-quarters of non-SRTB law enforcement agencies report information to the public on their websites, and mor"]
[14.813689231872559, 3.99288272857666, "s in non\u2013Pub. L. 83-280 states. According to Goldberg and Champagne, 2007, pp. vi\u2013vii,\nstate or county police serving Public Law 280 reservations are rated by Public Law 280 res- ervation residents as less available, slower in response time, less pro"]
[14.851842880249023, 3.928765296936035, "in some cases, fund these services with gaming revenues, taxes, or DOJ grants, although the short-term funding that grants provide makes reliance on them for core operations difficult or impractical.\nThere is little research on the operational needs "]
[14.82902717590332, 3.9723098278045654, " on policing the U.S. borders with Mexico and Canada; however, the bulk of research in this area has focused on federal enforcement rather than local police. Some issues, such as immigration, particularly of undocumented immigrants, as well as human "]
[14.825161933898926, 3.9472737312316895, "., 2015).\nAnother major challenge that SRTB courts face is ensuring equal access to justice. Recruitment and retention of attorneys who provide indigent defense and other legal services in rural areas is a considerable challenge. For example, in rura"]
[14.78136920928955, 3.960965633392334, " between state and federal authorities (Arnold, Reckless, and Wolf, 2011; Arnold, Reckess, and Wolf, 2012). Several strategies have been utilized to improve communi- cation, including tribal and state court forums; joint-jurisdiction courts; and writ"]
[14.861604690551758, 3.8951587677001953, "l, Tribal, and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\nof law enforcement agencies and courts, many of the information and communications needs focused on improving \u201cfragmented\u201d systems of information-sharing among siloed agencies and improved data extracti"]
[14.792465209960938, 3.9560375213623047, "oyment training. Kellar, 2001, also identifies the three most-pressing needs of jail administrators: medical service provisions, budget restraints, and employee training. More than a decade later, in Jackson et al., 2015, the authors\u2019 identification "]
[14.777602195739746, 3.990046262741089, "y (90 per- cent) of criminal justice agencies in the United States fit at least one of our SRTB criteria, research into the needs of these agencies and effective solutions to meet those needs is sorely lacking (NIJ, 2004). To address this gap in unde"]
[14.871283531188965, 3.9102320671081543, "s mentioned challenges associated with geographic isolation and challenging topography. Specific challenges for courts and corrections facilities included difficulty in getting jurors and defendants to courthouses on trial dates because of long trave"]
[14.870352745056152, 3.912675142288208, "jority of border and rural interviewees expressed at least some concerns about lengthy response times when their officers need backup.\nSome agencies also indicated that, because of their expansive geographic jurisdiction, they did not receive radio a"]
[14.874258995056152, 3.904017210006714, "es to outlying satellite offices. Respondents suggested the use of technology to overcome barriers to serving rural clients, including Internet clearinghouses and videoconferencing. For example, in Wyoming, the ABA is funding the implementation of Sk"]
[14.861749649047852, 3.903412103652954, "lients and getting clients to services posed significant challenges. This was especially so in states where community corrections are handled at the state level and supervision districts contain multiple counties. One agency struggling with this issu"]
[14.871764183044434, 3.9050257205963135, "nce 9/11, we began building capabilities, across the nation, but specifically at the border, [we built] things like preventive radiological nuclear detection, rapid-response teams, reverse 911 systems, emergency mass communication capabilities. As th"]
[14.874510765075684, 3.9028618335723877, " that are 50 sworn or less. They will all go to larger agencies.\nCourts\nSRTB courts also reported challenges associated with budget constraints and instability. Some respondents pointed to broad socioeconomic causes for funding deficits, such as the "]
[14.87652587890625, 3.9299066066741943, "ficient. As mentioned earlier, 638 facilities receive base funding from the BIA. They also receive a portion of their overall budgets from their governing tribal bodies. One tribe in particular informed us that the portion of funding that its facilit"]
[14.902956008911133, 3.9059202671051025, "erviews 47\n48 The Justice Innovation Center for Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\n(e.g., problem-solving courts) because larger, well-resourced establishments are typically neces- sary to justify the investment for such speci"]
[14.882926940917969, 3.8795127868652344, " in telemedicine and remote treatment services but noted large start-up costs, financial and otherwise, that can hinder implementation. Many facilities lack the physical space and funding to purchase the equip- ment required to run that type of progr"]
[14.844107627868652, 3.9260048866271973, "th getting clients into treatment as \u201cmultifaceted\u201d: \u201c[We] are doing a great job of identifying people at arrest who have significant issues, but one of the big- gest challenges is having easy access to necessary services.\u201d\nOther agencies reported an"]
[14.833732604980469, 3.9581358432769775, "issue that arises.\nRecruiting officers was particularly difficult for SRTB agencies because many applicants are not qualified for the position: \u201cOne of the biggest challenges we are facing . . . is the pool of candidates [who] meet the qualifications"]
[14.836973190307617, 3.959289073944092, "roles. Unlike larger departments with specialized units, officers in SRTB agencies must be more self-reliant and must often serve as generalists. Describing this point, one officer stated, \u201cWe don\u2019t specialize. I don\u2019t have a guy who [handles] sex of"]
[14.83382797241211, 3.9785280227661133, "f stressed that his agency lacked Spanish speakers. Another police chief noted that one- third of the local population in his area are not English speakers. An interviewee from a tribal law enforcement agency explained that, because of financial cons"]
[14.930232048034668, 3.9419960975646973, "hoed trends in that state, which are relevant to access to justice in rural areas throughout the country. The ABA\u2019s work in Wyo- ming, mentioned above, is another example of efforts to address access to justice in rural areas.\nInstitutional Correctio"]
[14.909075736999512, 3.8283700942993164, "hey could hire or the amount of overtime officers could incur. Interviewees frequently reported this as a driver for technology acquisition\u2014to increase efficiency and allow small staff levels to provide sufficient client supervision and support.\nGett"]
[14.88082504272461, 3.892988443374634, "n our police cars. As a result, we are unable to implement community policing projects or CompStat projects. Officers have to take notes in the field and then come back to the station to create that report on a computer. It really isn\u2019t cost-effectiv"]
[14.865289688110352, 3.878847599029541, "long with other agencies in its area, in the process of procuring a joint RMS, addressed the same issue.\nOne police chief based near the U.S.\u2013Mexico border felt that, although border agencies\u2019 technological capabilities had improved substantially in "]
[14.896378517150879, 3.789944648742676, "gencies lack suffi- cient bandwidth to run systems, including RMSs, video visitation, telemedicine, and remote arraignment. These problems lead to increased transportation and contracting costs, as well\nAgency Interviews 55\n56 The Justice Innovation "]
[14.934091567993164, 3.7912769317626953, "ers into smaller categories.\u201d Redundancy and complexity were also common complaints. For example, using one prominent RMS requires users to \u201ctype in the same inmate information on six different screens.\u201d Another interviewee reported that, with his ag"]
[14.889695167541504, 3.806903600692749, "re enough to allow officers to access files while in the field.\nMany agencies reported limited Wi-Fi access for officers while in the field or could not afford a data plan for all officers\u2019 cell phones or remote devices: \u201cWe don\u2019t have the money to d"]
[14.841423034667969, 3.932302474975586, "able to access the data they needed to do their jobs well impeded their ability to carry out their duties.\nLaw Enforcement\nAs discussed above, many SRTB law enforcement agencies identified communication in the field as a primary challenge for their d"]
[14.880444526672363, 3.8870863914489746, "s lack the scale necessary to afford flexible software license agreements, often asking multiple staff members to share a single computer\u2019s license.\nSome courts, owing to their small number of full-time staff, cannot support any opera- tions outside "]
[14.86229419708252, 3.9013803005218506, "Innovation Center for Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\nOne court referred to the inefficiencies that traditional dispute-resolution procedures bring about. Compared with innovative practices that online competitors (e.g., Le"]
[14.881728172302246, 3.9029247760772705, " and detained here for a state offense . . . once [that defen- dant is] done with probation, they would be deported. But that is another law enforcement entity that does that. We only take care of the defendant until they get placed in probation and "]
[14.707823753356934, 3.666677713394165, ", often we don\u2019t know exactly what we\u2019re looking for, so when we get it, we\u2019re disappointed. I think that a lot of our smaller agencies have many different vendors. . . . Well, they are not actually going to work together. So we spent a lot of money "]
[14.86085033416748, 3.816704750061035, "al time with these agencies. This creates extra work and risk for us. That is one of those problems that is just waiting for an incident to happen like 9/11 to illustrate how two uniformed individuals couldn\u2019t exchange critical information sponta- ne"]
[14.520386695861816, 3.371206283569336, "ry county in the state can choose its own CMS. Others reported significant frustra- tions with state systems that kept counties in individual silos, preventing an easy flow of infor- mation between different state offices: \u201c[Other agencies] generally"]
[14.852473258972168, 3.932297706604004, "k, including an electronic docket that would allow better notification of hearing dates and times, minimizing officer wait time in court. They also noted electronic filing of paperwork and electronic sig- natures as areas of need. One interviewee rep"]
[14.838044166564941, 3.964036703109741, "014).\nThree tribal police chiefs cited high rates of poverty, substance use, and violence in their respective communities as a challenge. Although this issue is not specific to tribal agencies and indeed some small and rural interviewees reported it "]
[14.86854362487793, 3.8815789222717285, "cated in border regions expressed an increased need for contraband- and drug-detection technology, but modern technology solutions, such as the full-body scanners that the Transportation Security Administration employs at airports, are too expensive "]
[15.030380249023438, 3.7244510650634766, "at need to be protected against for the tech systems.\u201d Many of these facilities also lack adequate security. As noted earlier, some courts, especially those in small or rural areas, lack basic technological infrastructure, such as broadband Internet "]
[14.900261878967285, 3.8057291507720947, "ould be several years into the future: \u201cEverything right now hinges on whether we build a new facility or not.\u201d Others reported having to implement technology piecemeal, over time, in order to be able to afford it, such as updating wiring one year an"]
[14.917932510375977, 3.820789098739624, "o further resistance. For example, one respondent noted,\nThe problem with videoconferencing historically is that it\u2019s not always done well. If not done well, then it\u2019s a bad experience. Judges have low tolerance for bad experiences with technologies "]
[14.866423606872559, 3.8620684146881104, "nts. Others were in the process of piloting smartphones, and still others either did not feel that they were necessary\nor did not have interest from staff or the budget to support an upgrade to smartphones: \u201cIt\u2019s difficult to get older staff to move "]
[14.88369083404541, 3.9850592613220215, "ed to governance and tribal sovereignty. For instance, one tribal police chief explained that there was no existing tribal domestic abuse law his agency could enforce. Instead, prosecutable cases were handled as sexual assaults or batteries. One chie"]
[14.841588973999023, 3.9578332901000977, " a reservation, is in a Pub. L. 83-280 state, meaning that the state has jurisdiction over criminal prohibitory issues but not enforcement of orders. Law enforcement in this tribe is virtually nonexistent. Another clerk noted that, because her reserv"]
[14.80086898803711, 3.9591352939605713, ".\nAgencies reported facing greater obstacles in IT management, including antiquated CMSs and JMSs, and less technology across SRTB law enforcement agencies than their urban counterpart agencies. Management and analysis software problems caused by poo"]
[14.765918731689453, 3.990007162094116, "nces, JIC has highlighted key issues that SRTB agencies face, as reported in the previous chapter. We now address the extremely important question of what might be done to address those issues. JIC\u2019s advisory panel, made up of experts and practitione"]
[14.770638465881348, 3.953810930252075, "articipants to prioritize\u2014or rank order\u2014each need identified in the discussion groups by\n 73\n74 The Justice Innovation Center for Small, Rural, Tribal, and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\nimportance for their specific agency type. Participants also "]
[14.784126281738281, 3.909778356552124, ", geography, and resourcing. Approximately one-third of all needs focused on IT and one-third on operations. The remaining third was split between funding and geographic issues. Within each agency type, however, different patterns emerged (see Figure"]
[14.780729293823242, 3.961787700653076, "est cut across all the breakout groups\u2019 discussions.\nThe first is that the majority of issues and needs discussed were not SRTB-specific; they apply to larger agencies as well. The results were broadly consistent with needs identified\n76 The Justice "]
[14.254975318908691, 2.807361364364624, "o the meeting and during the sessions.\nLaw Enforcement Themes\nImproving Relationships with the Community\nThe general need to improve relationships and build trust with the community was a very strong theme in the panelists\u2019 discussions. The top-rated"]
[14.837886810302734, 3.8768601417541504, "conditions; note that this idea was somewhat contro- versial with panel members.\nImproving Resourcing\nParticipants recommended assisting agencies in building grant-development capabilities, both in general and specifically through TA centers that wou"]
[15.0779447555542, 3.6741137504577637, "ll be shared and how, especially with the public, in developing new CMSs.\nImproving Technology Training\nThere was one top-rated need to increase the use of online training courses for court staff, leveraging existing examples (Utah was identified as "]
[15.268275260925293, 3.6230945587158203, " their operations and on the criminal justice system in general.\nDeveloping Corrections Personnel\nThe need to improve the capabilities of both agencies and individuals (as well as individ- ual retention) was another top theme from the institutional c"]
[15.20643138885498, 3.399937391281128, " who could provide \u201crole-modeling behavior\u201d in their communities. From a technical perspective, partici- pants asked that performance information from monitoring technologies (e.g., GPS tracking, substance-use tests) be used to provide positive reinf"]
[14.797407150268555, 3.593069314956665, "ing for officer\u2013client visits and the other on videoconferencing for mental health and other service providers\u2019 sessions. There are also requirements for verified security and privacy. Note that participants emphasized that initial meetings with clie"]
[14.815511703491211, 3.8748974800109863, "ntrol and network security.\nAssisting Agencies with the Procurement and Management of Information-Technology Systems\nAll groups had needs to assist agencies with procuring and running IT systems. Law enforce- ment and courts both had top-rated needs "]
[14.761096954345703, 4.000344753265381, "t the same time, small agencies and those in rural, tribal, and border settings are less likely to use technologies considered standard in urban areas.\nJIC\u2019s work and the findings presented in this volume are designed to contribute to an understandin"]
[14.789082527160645, 3.972522258758545, "en done on tribal agencies or those located in border areas. The JIC literature review also found limited evidence for the effective- ness or utility of technology; few rigorous evaluations of technology have been conducted with SRTB agencies. The li"]
[14.779768943786621, 3.973818778991699, " to each community of practice and each sector, but there was also significant overlap in some of the most-pressing\nchallenges of which practitioners spoke in the interviews. These challenges often compromised the agencies\u2019 abilities to provide acces"]
[14.82862377166748, 3.94783353805542, "address mental health concerns among the people they serve, whether that involves training law enforcement or corrections officers to address people in crisis or better reaching people in small and rural areas with needed mental health services via v"]
[14.803230285644531, 3.928689479827881, "at examine the effectiveness or utility of technology in general, and very few rigorous evaluations of technology have been conducted with SRTB agencies. SRTB agencies need better guidance on how to select clear and defensible technology priorities.\n"]
[14.798569679260254, 3.96116304397583, "ach that emphasizes reha-\nbilitation and positive behavioral change, improving information-sharing, addressing geographic\ndispersion, and addressing funding shortfalls.\n\u2022 Key needs across agencies included better information-sharing, assistance with "]
[14.751699447631836, 4.00755500793457, "ighlight JIC work and will be regularly updated with information relevant to SRTB audiences. JIC researchers will continue to attend, present, and network at various conferences of relevance to SRTB criminal justice agencies. Through these conference"]
[14.758505821228027, 4.003142356872559, "y are you interested in them? Who makes the purchasing decisions and how far out do you plan your technology acquisitions?\n4. Where do you learn about technology? Is there particular information about technolo- gies that you want, but aren\u2019t getting?"]
[14.753707885742188, 3.990241765975952, " audio after taking notes. All information will remain completely confidential and will be aggregated when reported. We will never refer to you or your specific agency without your written approval to do so.\nWe look forward to speaking with you on [d"]
[14.67980670928955, 4.014414310455322, "not designed for or never reach small, rural, tribal, and border (SRTB) justice systems.\nSRTB justice systems account for three quarters of all criminal justice agencies nationwide. However, because they are so widespread and have relatively few empl"]
[15.078367233276367, 3.203176736831665, "w Orleans, LA | Cambridge, UK | Brussels, BE | Canberra, AU\nCP-811\nAPPENDIX B\nInterview Coding Framework\n Table B.1\nInterview Coding Framework\nSuperordinate\nPerson-worn, training, and weapons and force\nVehicles\nTechnology needs and purchases\nBasic\nWe"]
[14.797262191772461, 3.945016622543335, "program manager Assistant chief\nCourt administrator\nJail administrator\nOrganization\nMadison County Community Corrections (Tennessee)\nSmall, Rural, Tribal, and Border Regional Center Blaine County Sheriff\u2019s Office (Montana)\nCass County (Nebraska)\nDist"]
[14.78478717803955, 3.968822479248047, "early 150 agencies, attended dozens of conferences, and conducted a literature review to identify major challenges facing small, rural, tribal and border (SRTB) agencies. In this meeting, we would like you to identify ways to help address these needs"]
[14.79709243774414, 3.9758851528167725, " Break Out Group Issues and Technology Solutions\nGroup Discussion of Cross-Sector Issues and Technologies\nElectronic Panelist Assessment of Solutions\nDiscussion of special topics for the JIC:\n\u2022 Ongoing panel survey of SRTB practitioners\n\u2022 What would "]
[14.885259628295898, 3.8824667930603027, "fficulties in adopting new technologies.\no Agencies suffer from a general shortfall in IT personnel capable of acquiring, installing, and maintaining core systems.\no Technologies developed for larger departments are not always applicable to smaller a"]
[14.891230583190918, 3.841054677963257, "meras, have put further pressure on budgets.\n\u2022 Technology funding.\no Funding to acquire or maintain key equipment, including radio communications\nsystems and other key pieces of technology identified under \u2018\u2018Infrastructure\u2019\u2019 above,\nis extremely limit"]
[14.912233352661133, 3.84768009185791, "nglish speaking clients.\no Telephonic translation services may be inappropriate for longer proceedings.\nAgency Operations Challenges\n\u2022 Process innovation.\no Dispute resolution procedures are inefficient compared to innovative practices used\nby online"]
[14.894829750061035, 3.9023473262786865, "different judges handling the same case, reducing continuity.\no Small courthouses can mean the court shuts down if a single person is sick, at least until someone else can be found to fill in for them (but that person may be an hour or more away at a"]
[14.994331359863281, 3.878969192504883, "kes it difficult to create institutional knowledge about IT systems and\ndecisions.\no In some states, retaining staff is difficult because being a correctional officer is no\nlonger considered a stepping stone to becoming a law enforcement officer. In "]
[14.897711753845215, 3.9032020568847656, " among different agencies regarding active clients reduce the ability of officers to determine client risk level.\n\u2022 Infrastructure challenges.\no Some rural and border agencies struggle to support basic technologies,\nconsidered standard in larger or u"]
[14.885736465454102, 3.8996963500976562, "n.\no Inagencieswherehomevisitsarerequired------especiallyamongthosewithhigher-\nrisk caseloads------ getting to clients and getting clients to services poses significant\nchallenges.\no Conducting home visits or employment checks and traveling to local "]
[14.8926420211792, 3.8069517612457275, "loyment checks and traveling to local courts across large districts reduces the caseload that each staff member can carry, increasing staff needs.\nIn agencies that require home visits\u2014especially among those with higher-risk caseloads\u2014 getting to clie"]
[14.847607612609863, 3.88855242729187, "th the FCC to ensure consistency and provision of needed radio spectrum to SRTB agencies.\nGovernments with inadequate broadband services should develop improved broadband capabilities even if they must be shared across multiple local and state agenci"]
[14.89592170715332, 3.825566291809082, "ers\u2019 ability to determine client risk level.\nSome rural and border agencies struggle to support basic technologies that are considered standard in larger or urban agencies.\nOfficers sometimes have limited access to mobile devices because of cost and "]
[15.169696807861328, 3.775461196899414, "ute how-to videos in the courthouse and on YouTube explaining procedures.\nProvide online training resources for court staff, such as what Utah has developed (short videos and tests).\nProvide scholarships for court staff to attend trainings.\nDevelop o"]
[14.862946510314941, 3.906944513320923, " and Border Criminal Justice Agencies\nTable E.3\u2014Continued\n  Agency Type\nCommunity corrections\nIssue\nMany agencies must rely on local law enforcement to conduct tests using their portable breath testers, which are relatively accurate but prohibitively"]
[14.893009185791016, 3.828815460205078, "encies cannot buy in bulk, procurement costs can be higher per piece of equipment than for larger agencies.\nSmall courts lack the resources to invest in sophisticated technologies.\nMany courts lack basic security measures (e.g., security staff, barri"]
[14.830400466918945, 3.965763807296753, "verify that the data collected are useful.\n    Bibliography\n ABA\u2014See American Bar Association. AJA\u2014See American Jail Association.\nAmerican Bar Association, Standing Committee on Pro Bono and Public Service, and the Center for Pro Bono, Rural Pro Bono"]
[14.773919105529785, 3.961353302001953, "Justice Agencies\nBureau of Indian Affairs, Division of Law Enforcement, \u201cOperations,\u201d last updated March 8, 2013. As of August 22, 2016:\nhttp://bia.gov/WhoWeAre/BIA/OJS/DOLE/\nBureau of Justice Statistics, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department o"]
[14.769278526306152, 3.9782907962799072, "rew F., A. Clinton MacKinney, Timothy D. McBride, Keith J. Mueller, Rebecca T. Slifkin, and Mary K. Wakefield, Choosing Rural Definitions: Implications for Health Policy, Rural Policy Research Institute Health Panel, Issue Brief 2, March 2007. As of "]
[14.091402053833008, 3.6363089084625244, ".pdf\nGardner, Jerry, \u201cImproving the Relationship Between Indian Nations, the Federal Government, and State Governments,\u201d Tribal Court Clearinghouse: A Project of the Tribal Law and Policy Institute, undated. As of August 26, 2016:\nhttp://www.tribal-i"]
[13.835105895996094, 3.3920154571533203, "a, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-928-NIJ, 2015. As of August 22, 2016:\nhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR928.html\nHomeland Security Studies and Analysis Institute, Project Responder 3: Toward the First Responder of the Future, Washington, D."]
[13.952910423278809, 3.189826250076294, " Technology Needs Assessment: Future Technologies to Address the Operational Needs of Law Enforcement, Washington, D.C.: Police Executive Research Forum, January 16, 2009. As of August 22, 2016: http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Free_Online_Docu"]
[14.765458106994629, 3.975182056427002, "e Lindsey, R. Brian Colgan, and David J. Melton, \u201cAddressing Responsivity Issues with Criminal Justice\u2013Involved Native Americans,\u201d Federal Probation, Vol. 78, No. 2, September 2014, pp. 24\u201331. As of August 22, 2016:\nhttp://w w w.uscourts.gov/file/330"]
[14.719294548034668, 3.9244837760925293, "c.org/~/media/Files/PDF/Jury/Tribal%20Courts%20Project%20Review.ashx\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Reengineering Rural Justice in Minnesota\u2019s Eighth Judicial District: A Case Study\u2014Improving Efficiencies, Reducing Costs, and Enhancing Operations in Rural Courts: Final Report"]
[14.688443183898926, 3.9246175289154053, "Officers,\u201d Law Enforcement Technology, Vol. 41, August 25, 2014. As of August 22, 2016:\nhttp://w w w.officer.com/article/11535791/law-enforcement-in-alaska\nPerry, Steven W., American Indians and Crime, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Of"]
[14.707598686218262, 3.972205400466919, "Local Police Departments, 2013: Personnel, Policies, and Practices, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 248677, May 2015. As of August 22, 2016:\nhttp://w w w.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/lpd13ppp.pdf\nRodriguez, "]
[14.851036071777344, 4.028782844543457, "9003.pdf\nStephan, James J., Census of Jails, 1999, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 18633, August 2001. As of August 24, 2016:\nhttp://w w w.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cj99.pdf\nSt"]
[14.728004455566406, 3.9670357704162598, " Vol. 6, No. 5, 2005, pp. 419\u2013434.\nWeisheit, Ralph A., David N. Falcone, and L. Edward Wells, Rural Crime and Rural Policing, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, NCJ 150223, Septemb"]
[13.813143730163574, 4.278473377227783, " and Community Safety.\nThis report summarizes JIC\u2019s research goals and efforts, including a literature review, in-depth interviews with nearly 150 practitioners and topical experts, and focused discussions with an advisory panel of expert-practitione"]
[9.174909591674805, 1.64321768283844, "  CORPORATION\nU.S. Consumer Preferences\nfor Telephone and Internet\nServices\nEvidence from the RAND American Life Panel\nCraig A. Bond, Howard J. Shatz\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1382\n Published by the RAND Corpora"]
[9.174381256103516, 1.6433699131011963, "g the preferences of consumers, this report examines the joint revealed and stated preferences of American consumers toward four major categories of services: landline telephone\u2014i.e., fixed voice service; mobile telephone\u2014i.e., mobile voice service; "]
[9.17088508605957, 1.6417022943496704, "................. iii Figures and Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Summary............."]
[9.170584678649902, 1.641167163848877, "ive Importance of Telecommunications Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29\nCHAPTER FIVE Conclusion......................................................................."]
[9.168196678161621, 1.6407725811004639, "..............................................\n4.3. Multinomial Logit and Mixed Logit Best-Worst Scaling Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.4. Latent-Class Logit Best-Worst Scaling Estimation Results . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[9.170347213745117, 1.6409597396850586, "hese questions were part of larger pilot study using the RAND American Life Panel, which provides an Internet-based sample of the population of the United States. Unlike much of the data on telecommunications use previously appearing in the literatur"]
[9.16972541809082, 1.6402084827423096, "landline telephone service. The remaining class, approximately 20 percent of the population, views landline telephone as the most important service (with mobile voice service second). Nevertheless, this group (which tends to be older, is less likely "]
[9.186944961547852, 1.6427451372146606, "nications technol- ogy. Prior to the mass adoption of mobile and Internet communication technologies, real-time voice communication over the telephone was transmitted via copper pair wiring and circuit switching. The introduction and widespread adopt"]
[9.172087669372559, 1.6405338048934937, "ct to federal oversight and regulated as utilities by state public utility commissions and the Federal Communications Commis- sion (FCC). With the development of new substitute technologies that blur the lines between\n 1\n2 U.S. Consumer Preferences f"]
[9.169983863830566, 1.6408472061157227, "d over the Internet for\n 1\nFCC 15-97, August 6, 2015c.\nFCC, Report and Order, Order on Reconsideration, and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, Washington, D.C.,\n2 Although we focus on the three questions designed by the research team, the full su"]
[9.17198371887207, 1.6418890953063965, "local telephone service (including incumbent\n3 For more information on the ALP, see RAND Labor and Population, \u201cRAND American Life Panel,\u201d 2016. An expanded discussion of the ALP is provided in the next chapter.\n4 See Chapter Two for specific questio"]
[9.169414520263672, 1.639404296875, "p, and Internet subscriptions, including dial-up and fixed and mobile broadband Internet. Data for Internet subscriptions are at the \u201cpopulation in households\u201d level, meaning that they are a count of persons living in households with a par- ticular s"]
[9.169023513793945, 1.6397556066513062, "of such methods in the telecommunications context is a discrete-choice experiment to estimate the willingness to pay for mobile telephone services.12 Another uses a choice experiment to estimate the value of attributes related to broadband Internet.1"]
[9.171589851379395, 1.6419130563735962, "erican individuals age 18 and older from several sources of participants over 11 recruitment methods. Surveys are generally distributed through the Internet, access to which in some cases (depending on recruitment method) is provided to panel members"]
[9.169764518737793, 1.640979528427124, "ze the importance of the following services in your life? Please rank from 1 = highest priority to 4 = lowest priority.\n\u2022 Landline telephone calling at your home\n\u2022 Mobile wireless telephone calling that you can use away from your home\n\u2022 Mobile wirele"]
[9.171378135681152, 1.6430314779281616, "ble\nAge\nGender (=1 if female)\nIncome class\nHighest education class\nMarried (=1 if yes)\nForeign-born (=1 if yes)\nRace\nWhite/Caucasian (=1 if yes)\nBlack/African American (=1 if yes)\nAmerican Indian or Alaskan Native (=1 if yes)\nNumber of Observations\n5"]
[9.208125114440918, 1.6758127212524414, "estions provide information about the services actually consumed by American households in the summer of 2015. Because these services are, for the most part, purchased in the marketplace, this information provides a snapshot of consumers\u2019 choices giv"]
[9.183728218078613, 1.6566932201385498, "so more likely to be unmarried and to have been born outside of the United States. Those who self- identified as belonging to the Black/African American or Other race categories are also more likely to participate in the programs. Regionally, partici"]
[9.172091484069824, 1.6436011791229248, "ignificant differences between participants and nonparticipants at the 5 percent level. These results do not include respondents who marked \u201cDon\u2019t know or don\u2019t remember.\u201d Standard errors are in parentheses. Household income classes are defined as 1 "]
[9.165146827697754, 1.6444950103759766, " \u20130.45** (0.22)\n\u20130.87*** (0.30)\n\u20134.72 (0.47)\n\u2013964.37\nMarginal Effects\n\u20130.07** (0.03)\n\u2013 0.03*** (0.01)\n\u20130.03** (0.01)\n\u2013 0.07*** (0.02)\n\u20130.09*** (0.03)\n\u20130.05*** (0.02)\n\u20130.04* (0.02)\n\u20130.03** (0.01)\n\u20130.05*** (0.02)\n   NOTES: These results are weighted. S"]
[9.180379867553711, 1.6552221775054932, " results above are for the entire (weighted) sample. However, the Lifeline program is means-tested, with eligibility determined by the federal poverty level, which depends on household size (and, in the case of Alaska and Hawaii, geography). To limit"]
[9.171172142028809, 1.6422003507614136, "2,500\u2013$14,999 $15,000\u2013$19,999 $20,000\u2013$24,999\nHighest education class Master\u2019s degree\nRace (white/Caucasian = baseline) Other (=1 if yes)\nEmployed (=1 if yes)\nGeography (New England = baseline) East North Central\nWest North Central South Atlantic\n1.2"]
[9.17039680480957, 1.6405996084213257, ") of households reporting mobile telephone service. Approximately three-quarters of households have fixed Internet services, and 58 percent report mobile Internet service. Approximately half of households still use landline telephone (fixed voice) se"]
[9.17204475402832, 1.6422538757324219, "usive.\n22 U.S. Consumer Preferences for Telephone and Internet Services\ncustomers, while an equal 48 percent have both mobile and landline service.9 The remaining 4 percent are landline-only customers. Based on raw percentages within the class of tel"]
[9.177708625793457, 1.648995041847229, "ving along the East Coast are more likely to maintain a landline than those in the West (including the West North Central, West South Central, and Pacific regions). The technological and behavioral mechanisms that are driving these results (e.g., exp"]
[9.170540809631348, 1.6407324075698853, " statistically significant at the 10 percent level. These results do not include respondents who marked \u201cDon\u2019t know or don\u2019t remember.\u201d Standard errors are in parentheses. Income and education categories were entered as dummy variables with the basel"]
[9.170328140258789, 1.6403619050979614, "rrent situation, how would you prioritize the importance of the following services in your life? Please rank from 1 = highest priority to 4 = lowest priority.\n\u2022 Landline telephone calling at your home\n 25\n26 U.S. Consumer Preferences for Telephone an"]
[9.170721054077148, 1.6419473886489868, "spondents who rank a particular service as first in importance consuming that service; that is, the revealed preference information should correlate with the stated preference data. Table 4.2 provides the weighted proportion of the subsample consumin"]
[9.16969108581543, 1.6408724784851074, "these respondents, 95 percent have a mobile telephone, 74 percent have fixed Internet, 63 percent have mobile Internet, and 37 percent have a landline telephone (shown in the MT Ranked First column). Bold indicates that the service ranked first in im"]
[9.167045593261719, 1.6408475637435913, "d as follows for respondents who have ranked the services from 1 to 4:\n\u2022 Choice Occasion 1: We interpret the rankings such that the most important service is assumed to be ranked first, and the least important service is assumed to be ranked fourth.\n"]
[9.167403221130371, 1.6415739059448242, "e\n0.00*** (0.00)\n0.83*** (0.03)\n0.10*** (0.02)\n\u2014 \u2014 \u2014\n  SOURCE: Authors\u2019 calculations from the ALP.\nNOTES: *** = statistically significant at the 1 percent level. Standard errors are in parentheses. The baseline service is mobile Internet, with a resi"]
[9.168097496032715, 1.6419357061386108, "on- siderably, while the shares for the other three services go down. This implies that at the means of the parameter distributions, the probability of choosing mobile telephone as most important is higher than implied by the multinomial logit model."]
[9.166879653930664, 1.6407283544540405, "an Informa- tion Criterion, across models with increasing numbers of classes. In our application, both of these information criteria were minimized at four classes.\nConditional on the number of classes chosen by the researcher, the latent-class logit"]
[9.16844654083252, 1.641135334968567, "00)\n0.95*** (0.04)\n0.02 (0.02) 0.02 (0.02)\n0.41*** (0.05) \u20136,911.12\n38,430 2,745\nClass 2\n0.00 (0.00)\n0.18*** (0.05)\n0.59*** (0.09)\n0.23*** (0.04)\n0.14*** (0.03)\nClass 3\n0.12*** (0.02)\n0.51*** (0.06)\n0.21*** (0.03)\n0.17 (0.03)\n0.25*** (0.06)\nClass 4\n0"]
[9.16910457611084, 1.640769124031067, "ass membership can be used to assign sample respondents to a class based on the highest predicted probability. We then computed the weighted sample sociodemographic statistics (such as age and gender) conditional on this class assignment to gain insi"]
[9.170619010925293, 1.6417243480682373, "jected at the less than 1 percent level of significance using the unweighted sample. Similarly, pairwise comparisons between each class reject the null of equivalence at less than 1 percent. Readers are reminded that the large number of pairwise comp"]
[9.169255256652832, 1.6409955024719238, "t service and having distinct preferences among the other three services. Class 2 prioritizes fixed Internet service as most important. Class 3 views mobile telephone service as most important but does not have distinct preferences among the remainin"]
[9.16907787322998, 1.6407198905944824, "ors\u2019 calculations from the ALP.\nNOTES: The 95 percent confidence interval of the share estimate is indicated by error bars. Class 1 is characterized by a very high probability of choosing mobile telephone as the most important service, with distinct "]
[9.171906471252441, 1.6418358087539673, "e is some evidence that this subpopulation may include the more vulnerable members of society. In other words, while the average consumer may prefer new services and capabilities, this is not universal.\nA fuller understanding of the preferences and v"]
[9.171892166137695, 1.6431041955947876, "t\n0.00 (0.01) \u20130.06 (0.17)\n4.07*** (0.54)\n3.62*** (0.58)\n4.24*** (0.55)\n4.09*** (0.54)\n3.82*** (0.56)\n2.92*** (0.53)\n2.88*** (0.53)\n2.21*** (0.57)\n1.82*** (0.58)\n2.10*** (0.55)\n1.45** (0.71)\n0.76 (0.61) \u2014\n\u20131.00 (0.86)\nTable A.1\u2014continued\nUnrestricted"]
[9.172929763793945, 1.6444615125656128, "<$5,000\n$5,000\u2013$7,499 $7,500\u2013$9,999 $10,000 \u2013$12,499 $12,500\u2013$14,999 $15,000\u2013$19,999 $20,000\u2013$24,999 $25,000\u2013$29,999 $30,000\u2013$34,999 $35,000\u2013$39,999 $40,000\u2013$49,999 $50,000\u2013$59,999\nHighest education class (high school graduate with diploma or the equ"]
[9.172933578491211, 1.643565058708191, "\u2013$14,999 $15,000\u2013$19,999 $20,000\u2013$24,999 $25,000\u2013$29,999 $30,000\u2013$34,999 $35,000\u2013$39,999 $40,000\u2013$49,999 $50,000\u2013$59,999 $60,000\u2013$74,999 $75,000\u2013$99,999 $100,000\u2013$124,999\nUnrestricted Coefficient\n0.06*** (0.00)\n0.23*** (0.08)\n\u2013 0.59* (0.32) \u2013 0.62* ("]
[9.167622566223145, 1.6407722234725952, " \u201cstrength of preference\u201d measures over a number of objects on a common measurement scale.1 Based on random utility theory, the method uses responses indicating the \u201cbest\u201d (highest- utility) and \u201cworst\u201d (lowest-utility) object from an experimentally "]
[9.167501449584961, 1.6408182382583618, "model is\nPr(\"yes\"|x,\u03b2)= f (x\u2032\u03b2),\nwhere x is a vector of exogenous explanatory variables, b is a vector of coefficients to be estimated via maximum likelihood, f (.) is the logistic function ez/(1 + ez), and x \u0301b = b1 x1 + b2 x2 + . . . + bK xK , with"]
[9.169414520263672, 1.6408690214157104, "s typically estimated through simulated maximum likelihood.\nIn this report, Chapter Four presents the results of the best-worst preference exercise using a mixed logit model specification with coefficients specified as normally distributed.\nLatent-Cl"]
[9.169708251953125, 1.6406710147857666, ", \u201cLifeline Support for Affordable Communications,\u201d last updated August 17, 2016. As of September 30, 2016: https://www.fcc.gov/guides/lifeline-and-link-affordable-telephone-service-income-eligible-consumers\nGentzkow, M., \u201cValuing New Goods in a Mode"]
[5.8565473556518555, 11.154633522033691, " A FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLORING CYBERSECURITY POLICY OPTIONS\n CORPORATION\nIgor Mikolic-Torreira | Ryan Henry | Don Snyder | Sina Beaghley Stacie L. Pettyjohn | Sarah Harting | Emma Westerman\nDavid A. Shlapak | Megan Bishop | Jenny Oberholtzer\nLauren Skrab"]
[5.8563151359558105, 11.157011985778809, "e play and insights from the participants subsequently informed the frame- work for the cyber ecosystem. This framework, when fully developed,\niii\niv A Framework for Exploring Cybersecurity Policy Options\nwill support debate and decisionmaking on fut"]
[5.857378005981445, 11.153053283691406, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15\nCHAPTER THREE\n360\u00b0 Discovery Game Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Scenarios............................................................"]
[5.861633777618408, 11.149198532104492, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79\nReferences.........................................................................83\nFigures and Tables\n Figures\nS.1. Four Groups of Cybersecurity Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[5.858651161193848, 11.152154922485352, "comes of the two day-long, scenario- based games revealed that, when it comes to cyber issues, stakeholders contend or compete with each other to achieve different and some- times opposing goals, acting much like an ecosystem. As we analyzed the resu"]
[5.858677864074707, 11.15129280090332, "rs from a lack of real demand. Although users want it, they are generally not yet willing to pay for it\u2014so security is not a priority in the marketplace\u2014or to make the additional effort to practice cyber hygiene. While this insight derived from the f"]
[5.859390735626221, 11.151037216186523, "ses, and government entities.\nScenario 2: The Erosion of Digital Trust\nIn this future scenario, trust in the digital operation of financial sys- tems, the marketplace, and commercial transactions has degraded as a result of massive data breaches that"]
[5.855947494506836, 11.154725074768066, "security measures to support the health and prosperity of the IoT over the long term. In contrast, Silicon Valley participants had some concerns about government-driven solutions, especially that government solutions would be suboptimal, would be out"]
[5.856720924377441, 11.158101081848145, "from individual IoT devices to large systems and services). Participants recognized the long history of information-sharing efforts both by the U.S. govern- ment and across the private sector, but they emphasized the need to provide information to us"]
[5.861771583557129, 11.147239685058594, "y\u2014that these goals could be achieved, yet none proposed viable solutions. All three topics deserve further research and study.\nParticipants shared many ideas and proposals that raised questions amenable to further analysis. It is worth studying how t"]
[5.874873638153076, 11.133914947509766, "rman, for his support and encouragement and, especially, for facilitating connections with others across the cyber community.\nRichard Danzig and Justice Mariano-Florentino (\u201cTino\u201d) Cue\u0301llar officiated the Washington, D.C., and Silicon Valley games, r"]
[5.858011245727539, 11.155576705932617, "ia\u2019s Silicon Valley with participants from government agencies, the technology sector, advocacy organiza- tions, and academic institutions. The objective of these games was to explore opportunities for improving cybersecurity, assess the implica- tio"]
[5.856034755706787, 11.155725479125977, "nd convenient. For all these benefits, there is a trade- off: With so much valuable data moving through servers and rapidly evolving capabilities to access and exploit them, extremists, criminals, hostile groups, and competing nation-states are findi"]
[5.822668552398682, 11.190763473510742, "n able to resolve these ambiguities and address cybersecurity in a holistic way precisely because perspectives, stakeholders, and equities are stovepiped into competing communities of interest. This lack of integration is a direct result of the absen"]
[5.857770919799805, 11.153367042541504, "trust unseen security safeguards to protect private and privileged data.\nThe goal of this project was to develop a framework for cyberse- curity that considers the roles of government, industry, advocacy orga- nizations, academic institutions, and co"]
[5.853714942932129, 11.15831470489502, " ing to technology disruptions and generating innovation-friendly incentives\n\u2022 the weakness (or even outright lack) of a market force favoring security\n\u2022 the importance of adaptively aligning market forces, based on stakeholders, their equities, and "]
[5.857728004455566, 11.154450416564941, "We identified four general groups of actors representing key stake- holders in the cybersecurity ecosystem: users, developers, exploiters, and securers (see Figure 2.1).\nUsers are the consumers of cyber capabilities. Their equities include harnessing"]
[5.859678745269775, 11.150806427001953, "ent situation. For example, a search engine company may collect and store massive amounts of user information in a secure manner (such as by using end-to-end encryption, isolated key codes, certificates, or passwords) to enhance end users\u2019 search res"]
[5.859792709350586, 11.152488708496094, "be denied access. The user very rarely has any flexibility to choose terms or conditions. For further examination of problems common to privacy policies and EULAs, see Luger and Rodden (2013) and Hartzog (2013).\n Figure 2.2\nCybersecurity Framework Eq"]
[5.856807231903076, 11.154976844787598, "f- ficient. In the scenarios presented in the games, there was insufficient demand on the part of users for security. Although users clearly wanted security, they wanted increased capability more. They were unwilling to pay for security in the form o"]
[5.8621907234191895, 11.147674560546875, "re and breakout session tasks.\n5 See Chapter 6 of the National Research Council\u2019s Computers at Risk: Safe Computing in the Information Age (1991) for an early discussion of how market forces fail to reward security.\n 16 A Framework for Exploring Cybe"]
[5.85919713973999, 11.15242862701416, "tries.\nRather than offering top-down solutions, it appears that govern- ments are best suited to provide or align incentives for improved cyber- security. A potent incentive available to governments is facilitating multistakeholder processes to addre"]
[5.858470439910889, 11.151020050048828, "on and collaboration among those who otherwise would not\n19\n20 A Framework for Exploring Cybersecurity Policy Options\ninteract. A 360\u00b0 Discovery Game can also explore a specific problem that may be too poorly defined or understood to be probed in oth"]
[5.8572821617126465, 11.153175354003906, "tarian regimes can be traced, harassed, and threatened.\nA key element of this scenario is how malicious actors could use the IoT to cause both virtual and physical harm. This scenario places players in a world in which malicious exploitation of the I"]
[5.860229015350342, 11.150452613830566, "e state systems for drivers\u2019 licenses and birth records. In the scenario, this has resulted in a kind of authentication spiral. When companies cannot trust that purchasers are who they claim to be, the company will require more information. By 2021, "]
[5.857882022857666, 11.153338432312012, "ve research on the tactics, motivations, and goals of hackers and other malicious actors, as well as the effects and potential evolution of attacks. For more on the former, see Ablon, Libicki, and Golay (2014); Ablon (2015); Libicki, Ablon, and Webb "]
[5.8568644523620605, 11.153826713562012, "ing to two of the perspectives. The three themes reflect three macro-level approaches that can be used to deal with cybersecu- rity challenges:\n\u2022 Deter and defend against malicious activities. For our pur- poses, we separated deter and defend into tw"]
[5.851253986358643, 11.161759376525879, "impediments.\nEach team was designed to be multidisciplinary and included participants from each of the ten categories of ecosystem stakeholders. Thus, each team had participants with significant executive, legislative, legal, economic, technology, po"]
[5.858505725860596, 11.15289306640625, "tivities\nDenial of\nbenefits\nI\nm\nm\np\np\no\nos\nsi\ni\nt\nt\ni\ni\no\non\nn\n       o\nof\nfc\nco\no\ns\nst\nts\ns\n                      Economic vitality\nTechnological innovation\n        I\nI\nI\nn\nn\nnt\nt\nt\ne\ne\ne\ng\ng\ngr\nr\nrated\n  p\nective e\np\np\ne\ne\ne\ne\nr\nr\nr\ns\ns\ns\np\np\nCultu"]
[5.85790491104126, 11.152565956115723, "ns\nfor policy development, partnerships, and investment to navigate this complex ecosystem.\nCHAPTER FOUR\nWashington Beltway Game\n RAND held its first cybersecurity exercise in its Washington, D.C., office on August 30, 2015. In this exercise, the two"]
[5.835014820098877, 11.175731658935547, "ply through its increase in possible secure connections. Several participants suggested expanding the federal Managed Trusted Internet Protocol Service (MTIPS) and EINSTEIN intrusion detection system.2 A simple solu- tion suggested by two separate te"]
[5.857314109802246, 11.1529541015625, "and sup- pression systems.) This led to questions about who would be liable in the event of a device failure, how to insure those devices or their users, and whether the current liability structure creates the right incentives for the market to rewar"]
[5.856715679168701, 11.156695365905762, "users seek from IoT devices (and cyber systems more generally) prioritizes performance, capability, and cost over secu- rity. Although users want cybersecurity, they are not yet willing to pay for it by prioritizing security in the marketplace or by "]
[5.8629584312438965, 11.146936416625977, "ip code, phone number, mother\u2019s maiden name, favorite pet, and even biometrics. Agencies at the state and national levels have different standards and procedures for securing user infor- mation. When acquiring identity documents, originators rarely e"]
[5.860546588897705, 11.150198936462402, "y declaring one\u2019s iden- tity, whereas authentication involves verifying that the claim is accu- rate. Correctly making this distinction suggests the need for a different mechanism for verifying the age of a person entering a bar than for confirming w"]
[5.858260154724121, 11.15262222290039, "dress this problem.\nThemes and Conclusions from the Washington Beltway Game\nBoth scenarios presented conflicts between maintaining rule of law and civil liberties during a national security crisis that taxes the limits of the U.S. government. The exe"]
[5.858210563659668, 11.152438163757324, "r of the device? Or is the user liable for whatever risks come with accept-\ning the license agreement and deciding to use the device? While the answers to these questions will create incentives or disincentives to improving cybersecurity, it was not "]
[5.859137058258057, 11.151533126831055, "hown in Figure 5.1. A composite list of the organizations that sent representa- tives to the two games can be found in the appendix.\nThe game\u2019s location adjacent to Silicon Valley attracted partici- pants from think tanks and universities in that reg"]
[5.871415615081787, 11.12897777557373, "Options\nindividuals or organizations) to increase security, safety, and data\nsharing.\n\u2022 Regulatorypressures.Regulatorymechanismsshouldincentiv-\nize good practices without stifling progress.\nPlayers described the benefits of increased data sharing of "]
[5.857975959777832, 11.152212142944336, "ces that could cause physical harm and death (e.g., autonomous cars) and for those that cannot. They did not believe in a one-size-fits-all approach; rather, they concluded that rules and regulations should vary based on the poten- tial damage an aff"]
[5.859112739562988, 11.15104866027832, "d government requirements for meeting or reporting that information to consumers.\nMany groups discussed education as a necessary tool to raise consumers\u2019 and users\u2019 awareness of cybersecurity issues and the consequences of poor security decisions, as"]
[5.858838081359863, 11.150784492492676, "security Policy Options\ncan be punished and future adversaries can be deterred. Participants acknowledged that this becomes complicated when state sponsors are involved. Players suggested international agreements, such as mutual legal assistance trea"]
[5.85992956161499, 11.150808334350586, " commerce resumes.) They asked whether rollback mechanisms should be embedded within the cyber infrastructure itself.\nFinally, the players questioned how users would establish new dig- ital identities during or after a financial crisis. Any such proc"]
[5.858121871948242, 11.154513359069824, "h those of the federal government.\n\u2022 There will be costs associated with any changes, and it is unclear who should carry the financial burden. Users do not routinely choose to pay more money for more secure capabilities, which is one reason that ther"]
[5.862063884735107, 11.148483276367188, "a means for generating profit.\nThroughout the games, the players\u2019 own perspectives influenced which topics were raised and in what context. When discussion turned to ideas for government regulations, oversight, or enforcement, the Washington particip"]
[5.859226226806641, 11.151156425476074, "e of government in IoT over- sight during both games, and the players identified the following as the key government roles:\n\u2022 Develop cybersecurity standards, including standards for digital identification mechanisms or credentials.\n\u2022 Implement a use"]
[5.858837604522705, 11.151646614074707, "ata and conduct forensics that would be accepted by law enforcement as evidence for possible prosecution of the guilty parties. In contrast, Silicon Valley participants saw the government\u2019s role as promulgating, requiring, or even enforcing standards"]
[5.859338760375977, 11.151204109191895, "ighlighted the potentially powerful role that market forces can play in security\u2014and the large role that consumer choice could play in driving those market forces\u2014 neither group could see that happening without major actions by gov-\n2 This could be a"]
[5.858922481536865, 11.150833129882812, "hose that treat customer information as a means of generating profit. This perspective never came up in the Washington game, but in Silicon Valley it was considered one of the fundamental drivers of IoT insecu- rity. Silicon Valley participants ident"]
[5.864168643951416, 11.146644592285156, "nts strongly emphasized the need for better law enforcement, primarily through public-private partnerships and privatizing or deputizing industry to protect security functions. In the Silicon Valley game, better law enforcement was not seen as an eff"]
[5.860465049743652, 11.149643898010254, "a result of the breach. For this reason, they pushed for government regulations as a way to level the playing field between these two parties.\nThe principal difference between the two games was that the Washington participants saw privacy concerns as"]
[5.860345840454102, 11.14986801147461, "idea was to catch attackers rather than just protect the victims. The participants saw a role for government here but did not explore the potential privacy barriers.\nSilicon Valley participants empha-\nsized the need for an ability to \u201croll over\u201d\ncred"]
[5.860252380371094, 11.149689674377441, "h user whose data is held. Such a bill could include requirements that institutions delete, de-identify, or otherwise aggregate \u201cold\u201d data. While the players did not arrive at a definition of personal data, they generally considered relatively broad "]
[5.859036445617676, 11.151851654052734, "xt of the games. In fact, one of the most valuable outputs of a well-designed 360\u00b0 game is identifying interesting questions for fur- ther analysis. This chapter takes the ideas generated by the games and highlights issues that are most deserving of "]
[5.859452247619629, 11.151171684265137, "eral authorities, as well as international questions. Governments need suf- ficient clarity on jurisdictional questions to enable effective enforce- ment of acceptable cyber behaviors, liability, and accountability. Devel- oping appropriate jurisdict"]
[5.859221935272217, 11.150853157043457, "could extend rights and protections to individual users in cyberspace. Research is needed to define options for a user bill of rights. Cost-benefit analyses for individuals, producers, and govern- ment would also clarify the effects of such a policy "]
[5.864654541015625, 11.14453411102295, "easy-to- compare format a product\u2019s security, data-sharing and privacy protec- tions, and other relevant information for consumers. The first research task would be to determine whether such labeling would improve cybersecurity enough to justify the "]
[5.866048812866211, 11.143942832946777, "lic-private coalition could develop rules for EULAs specifying the\n5 For existing research on these topics, see, for example, Edelman (2011) and Listokin (2015).\n6 EULAs often contain extremely complicated terms, and users frequently click through wi"]
[5.8595967292785645, 11.151551246643066, "mes would also serve to both test the fundamental premises of our cybersecurity framework and provide additional insights on both the consistency and relative strengths of the various relationships essential to the framework we presented in Chapter T"]
[5.86121129989624, 11.147787094116211, "m- plifies their complex relationships to the essential elements (shown in Figure 2.3 in Chapter Two). In this way, the framework captures at the macro level the behaviors and relationships we observed in the cyber- security games. The key observatio"]
[5.85345983505249, 11.17164134979248, "Area Urban Areas Security Initiative\nBlueseed\nBMNT Partners\nBoing Boing\nBrookings Institution\nBugcrowd\nCalifornia Information Security Office\nCarnegie Endowment for International Peace\nCenter for Democracy and Technology\nCenter for Strategic and Inte"]
[5.852839469909668, 11.169296264648438, "ta: Hackers\u2019 Bazaar, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-610-JNI, 2014. As of July 26, 2016: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR610.html\nAustralian Government, Australia\u2019s Cyber Security Strategy, Canberra, 2016. As of July 26, 2016:\n"]
[5.853026866912842, 11.168347358703613, "., David Senty, and Julia Pollack, Hackers Wanted: An Examination of the Cybersecurity Labor Market, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-430, 2014. As of July 26, 2016: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR430.html\nListokin, Siona Robin"]
[5.860023021697998, 11.151876449584961, "s security challenges. Satisfactory solutions will require building partnerships among public and private organizations, establishing mechanisms and incentives to foster routine information sharing and collective defense, and educating\nusers about th"]
[-0.9970031976699829, 13.225855827331543, " Urban Responses to Climate Change\nFramework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators\nDebra Knopman, Robert J. Lempert\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1144\n  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicat"]
[-0.46980345249176025, 13.421244621276855, "l K. Mehta, Ben Wright, and Grantley Pyke, Developing Robust Strategies for Climate Change and Other Risks: A Water Utility Framework, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-977-WRF, 2014 (http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR977.html)\n\u2022 D"]
[15.053682327270508, 5.77545166015625, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Summary.............................................................................................. ix Acknowledgment"]
[-1.0573058128356934, 13.194210052490234, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n.. 5 .. 6 .. 9\n. 11 . 11 . 15\n27\n27 . 33 34 44 46 . 53 . 55\n. 57\nv\nvi Urban Responses to Climate Change: Framework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators\nSteps Toward Applying the Framework . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[-1.0671535730361938, 13.189262390136719, "1\n3.4. Example of Logic Model For Tier 1 Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nB.1. Comparison of Conceptual Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[-1.0498911142349243, 13.206135749816895, " . . . . . . . . . .\nC.1. Summary of Systems of Indicators Reviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nC.2. Levels of Achievement in National Indicator 188 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[-1.0454095602035522, 13.201224327087402, "oping indicators for successful urban action has proven par- ticularly challenging because climate change is intertwined with such a wide range of a city\u2019s activities; because today\u2019s actions may have important longer-term conse- quences; because sig"]
[-1.0403133630752563, 13.20960807800293, "itude and adapting to the unavoidable impacts of cli- mate change will ultimately involve some level of transformation. Transformation gen- erally requires significant changes by many different actors within a complex system whose future behavior is "]
[-1.0366716384887695, 13.186260223388672, "ng and change.\nRAND RR1144-S.1\nthe broader social and political context, including, for instance, trust in government, the authority of science, and the degree of civic involvement.\nClimate risk management strategies that rest on actions in Tier 1 ar"]
[-1.0520418882369995, 13.18942928314209, "le S.1\nProposed Categories of Indicators\nIndicator Categories Key Attributes\nState of the Urban Region (Based on Causal Models)\n     Well-being and risk to well-being Capacity to implement the plan Capacity to adapt and transform\nQuality of the Plann"]
[-1.066033959388733, 13.185835838317871, "y unfold and a capacity to successfully adjust policies that reduce GHG emissions as challenges and opportunities arise in the future. An urban region\u2019s capacity to adapt is limited by many fundamental attributes of the system, including its institut"]
[-1.0485241413116455, 13.194847106933594, "ese decisions are driven by economic development goals but are also contingent on the cur- rent and projected tax base of the region, as well as external factors, including the rate of sea level rise and risk of damage from major coastal storms and f"]
[-1.0274229049682617, 13.18736743927002, "anning\nExamples of Classes of Indicators\n\u2022 Regional economic development \u2022 Flood risk\n\u2022 Water quality\n\u2022 Ecosystem protection\n\u2022 Financial solvency of public utilities\n\u2022 Equity of benefits and costs\n\u2022 Financing/funding available\n\u2022 Incentives and their "]
[-1.0381921529769897, 13.17010498046875, "he interplay of science and social issues within their areas by virtue of being part of the affected communities.\nMeasuring Effectiveness of Processes and Outcomes\nIn our proposed system of indicators, indicators of well-being represent the top-level"]
[-1.0088598728179932, 13.213269233703613, "and implementation. This measurement system will be useful for evaluation of the studies and will also enable iterative learning within the decision support processes.\nAcknowledgments\n The authors wish to thank Craig Howard, Director of Community and"]
[-1.0438276529312134, 13.21474838256836, " increasing resilience to the threats of rising sea level, coastal storms, extreme pre- cipitation events, flooding, or persistent drought (Georgetown Climate Center, 2016).\nWhile urban areas are incurring the consequences of climate change, they als"]
[-1.0035566091537476, 13.25911808013916, "te change. First, there is a mismatch between established levels and structures of governance and the multiple sectors and geographic scales most appropriate to addressing climate-related challenges. As an example, south- east Florida\u2019s vulnerabiliti"]
[-1.0423290729522705, 13.194829940795898, "hallenging analyses to conduct, even for sophisticated public agen- cies in large cities, when constituent interests are often in conflict with one another and pressing near-term demands subordinate longer-term needs. Compounding the challenge, analy"]
[-1.0480115413665771, 13.194315910339355, "ny purposes (cities, development agencies, national plans) and include both process and outcome-based indicators. Some, but not all, of these sys- tems of indicators are embedded in decision support frameworks, but most view adaptation as a linear pr"]
[-1.044431447982788, 13.202887535095215, "ccounting of how near-term actions might influence such changes.\nOverall, the proposed decision-centric approach to indicators aims to improve communications and engagement with stakeholders and enhance the ability of public agencies and other organi"]
[-1.0573488473892212, 13.192405700683594, "stal and hydrologic system?\nCase 3: Shifting Land Use and Transportation to Reduce Emissions\nImagine a sprawling metropolitan region committed to significant reductions in GHG, much of which emanate from its transportation sector, land use patterns, "]
[-1.0569674968719482, 13.191994667053223, "t is quantified against a standard.\u201d The standard could be in terms of dollars, tons of emissions, acres, or other similar units (Viggh, 2015, p. 73). A metric is \u201ca calculated or composite measure or quantitative indicator based upon two or more ind"]
[-1.0565927028656006, 13.211535453796387, "ard. The standard could be in terms of dollars, tons of emissions, acres, or other similar units (Viggh, 2015, p. 73).\nCalculated or composite measures or quantitative indicators based upon two or more indicators or measures (Viggh, 2015, p. 73)\nObse"]
[-1.04677152633667, 13.213784217834473, "inue. Bours et al. (2013) suggests instead that responses may need to be transformative and encompass \u201cthe ability to adjust to potentially radical changes in context, not just withstand shocks\u201d (Bours et al., p. 60). Transformational responses apply"]
[-1.0149835348129272, 13.251701354980469, "where\nthe central aim is to maintain the essence and integrity of a system or process at a given scale\u201d (Park et al., 2012). Transformational adaptation refers to \u201c[a]daptation that changes the fundamental attributes of a system in response to climat"]
[-1.049996256828308, 13.210243225097656, "ns have been proposed for climate change adaptation and mitigation policies. We review such frameworks in Appen- dix B. In this chapter, we describe a generalized form of risk governance as a particu- larly useful and broad-gauged approach toward dev"]
[-1.0611658096313477, 13.178383827209473, " jurisdictions seeking to enhance the well-being, opportunities, and quality of life of their residents in the face of climate change and other important stressors. The risk management framework emphasizes a decision-centric view with multiple actors"]
[-1.0500389337539673, 13.202638626098633, " to ameliorate the resulting risks. Third, risk governance takes an expansive view of the context in which groups of individuals come to recognize risks and to identify and take actions in response.\nThis context includes the totality of actors, rules"]
[-1.0504512786865234, 13.20279312133789, "ment\nCommunication\nCharacterization and Evaluation\nAppraisal\n  SOURCE: IRGC, 2006.\nRAND RR1144-2.1\nOverall, risk governance encompasses the way in which societies make collec- tive decisions about technologies and activities that have uncertain conse"]
[-1.0201219320297241, 13.176539421081543, "work for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators\ntechnical data alone are insufficient for good decisionmaking (Renn, 2008; Jones et al., 2014). In particular, in the rich decision contexts of urban risk governance, signifi- cant tensions often exis"]
[-0.41822105646133423, 12.746847152709961, "ers, and too intertwined with diverging values. In addition, people often bring to discussions of risk manage- ment interlocking clusters of values, policy preferences, and expectations about the future. People will tend to prefer policy actions cons"]
[-0.4188241958618164, 12.730223655700684, "ill work well or poorly. The RDM process, represented in Figure 2.3, shares features with risk governance through its feedback processes and distinctions between processes of understanding and decisionmaking. The process begins with an interactive, p"]
[-0.45649152994155884, 12.770357131958008, "it their objectives, options, and problem framing influenced by this quantita- tive information (NRC, 2009). When used with MCDA, the RDM process aims to facilitate deliberation among diverse stakeholders by embedding systematic quantita-\nRisk Govern"]
[-0.5033495426177979, 12.785117149353027, "ation models and data that analysts can then use to evaluate proposed adaptation plan(s) over many plausible paths into the future. Different combinations of the uncertainties define these paths. The simulation runs generate a large database of simul"]
[-0.6411194801330566, 12.996620178222656, "t years have seen a growing interest in formalizing the concepts, methods, and tools for developing and evaluating adaptive decision strategies. Such strategies, which are designed to evolve over time in response to new information, are ideally those"]
[-0.48815321922302246, 12.908966064453125, "tion of an intended future state which necessarily implies a set of future decisions\u201d (Legey and Kazay, 2001, p. 71). Walker et al. (2001, p. 284) similarly defines adaptive policies as comprising \u201csequen- tial combinations of policy options. Some op"]
[-0.24610865116119385, 12.529309272766113, "plies that provide about half of the region\u2019s water. The agency\u2019s 2010 Integrated Resource Plan Update (IRP) describes a preferred mix of alternative water supplies designed to meet the agency\u2019s goals through 2035, including reliability, cost, and en"]
[-1.032148003578186, 13.202193260192871, "es take the viewpoint of a single global decisionmaker that can choose GHG\nDemand\nHigh growth\n24 Urban Responses to Climate Change: Framework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators\nemission reduction paths (Stern, 2007). Alternatively, climate "]
[-1.0315616130828857, 13.194907188415527, "xes might fall in Tier 3. From an adaptation and resilience perspective, a city\u2019s efforts to adapt to a drier climate by incentivizing drought-tolerant landscaping would fall in Tier 1. Facilitating the use of wastewater recycling by revising state h"]
[-0.8632296919822693, 13.020674705505371, "ate Change: Framework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators\n(Step 3) of an RDM decision support process, shown in Figure 2.4, can identify the range of conditions that can be managed and the risks that can be reduced by actions within each of "]
[-1.0378873348236084, 13.186346054077148, "ble change; and the near-, interme- diate-, and longer-term outcomes of the change and transformation processes. In the next chapter, we present a structure for these indicators to support the risk governance framework and then consider which existin"]
[-1.0580511093139648, 13.208636283874512, "Framework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators\nplace, and sector does make a difference, making it difficult to develop meaningful indica- tors that apply equally well in different contexts and across regions and sectors (Bours et al., 2013)."]
[-1.0664266347885132, 13.201766967773438, " helps organizations move beyond a narrow focus on financial performance to a broader consideration of multiple objectives, such as their environmental and social impacts. Scorecards aim to align an organization\u2019s full set of strategic goals with the"]
[-1.0819194316864014, 13.184792518615723, "n treated as a gold standard in the general monitoring and evaluation literature, [outcome-based indicators] have not been widely used in an adaptation context, reflecting the difficulty of attributing reduced impact specifically to adap- tation, whe"]
[-1.030208945274353, 13.17902660369873, "utional\norganization; stakeholder\nappropriate use of deci-\ning, technology develop-\ninvolvement; climate\nment, and adaptation\n\u2022 With regard to adapta-\nchange information;\nresearch\nof key governance\nreadiness: presence\nfactors essential\nand successful"]
[-1.0548133850097656, 13.194100379943848, "mework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators\nindicators (related to reducing negative effects of climate change) from process-based indicators (related to outputs that may lay a groundwork for eventual achievement of outcomes). Our proposed in"]
[-1.0623817443847656, 13.204386711120605, " of Existing Indicator Systems\nMeasuring adaptation and mitigation progress concerns a variety of institutions and organizations. Governments, NGOs, and academics have developed many frameworks aimed at measuring climate-relevant policies at differen"]
[-1.0449318885803223, 13.194294929504395, "wed do not make this trade-off between simplicity and richness explicit. Most do not discuss such complexities at all. Preston articulates these concerns with regard to adaptation:\nAdaptation plans frequently mention the need to mainstream adaptation"]
[-1.023534893989563, 13.168676376342773, "l\n2. Case generation\nTier 3\nTier 2\nTier 1\nIndicators to Support Climate Risk Governance and Decisionmaking 35\nindicator categories related to the former in green boxes and those related to the latter in blue. Figure 3.1 is identical to Figure 2.5 but"]
[-0.7360530495643616, 13.044425010681152, "ng not only future climate, but also how an urban area may evolve.\nSecond, to be useful as part of a decision support process that aims to inform the design of urban climate risk management plans, future risk estimates require estimat- ing how today\u2019"]
[-1.0605417490005493, 13.201842308044434, "ality and flooding in each district of a city under various climate scenarios. In such models, the investments are policy inputs. The resulting projections of pollution loadings and flood depths, when combined with projections of the geographic distr"]
[-1.0245064496994019, 13.173396110534668, "t and transform involves judgments about how current conditions and actions may affect future capabilities and, in general, requires some type of model. But quantitative, phenomenological models may not often exist for such purposes. In such cases, e"]
[-1.0340807437896729, 13.188094139099121, "ents and the Metropolitan Transpor- tation Commission [MTC], 2013). This MPO argues that various changes in state law and in the state\u2019s constitution would improve its ability to reduce GHG emissions regionally and produce a better-connected and more"]
[-1.0235663652420044, 13.14245891571045, "fined to actions possible within Tier 1. Vulnerability maps, such as the one shown in Figure 2.4 and described in Box 2.1, might be used to display the results of such analysis. We could then identify the range of futures over which the region and it"]
[-1.0407936573028564, 13.181916236877441, "adjusted their performance to produce the social optimum. Helm and Sprinz measure the performance of the existing gover- nance regime in relative terms, in which its actual performance lies between these two extremes. Risk management analysis simulat"]
[-1.0347447395324707, 13.182696342468262, "ernational Development\u2019s (DfID\u2019s) TAMD Track 1 indicators in Table A.6 also focus on how well climate and other relevant information have been factored into plans. The ability to evolve over time in response to new information will likely be importan"]
[-1.0408124923706055, 13.181992530822754, "Governance and Decisionmaking 43\n     Attributes of context in which plans are developed and implemented\n4. Iterative review and continuous learning\n5. Multistakeholder deliberation\n6. Diversity of approaches\n7. Decentralized decisionmaking\nRegularly"]
[-1.0465375185012817, 13.183015823364258, "d Transform\nQuality of Planning Process\nQuality of Plan\nRAND Proposed Indicators\n   Health and Well-Being\nEconomy and Society\nUrban System and Services\nLeadership and Strategy\nSOURCE: Arup,\nMinimal human vulnerability\nLivelihoods and employment\nSafeg"]
[-1.0506441593170166, 13.188672065734863, "on the current and projected tax base of the region, as well as external factors, including the rate of sea-level rise and risk of damage from major coastal storms and flooding.\nThe urban area described as Case 2 in Chapter One includes several count"]
[-1.0759941339492798, 13.19992446899414, " perceived prob-\nlems and challenges \u2022 Cost-effectiveness\nApproaches to Data-Gathering\n\u2022 Environmental monitoring and socioeconomic data for current conditions\n\u2022 Projections of future risk from risk assessment simulations\n\u2022 Economic assessment of inc"]
[-1.0301451683044434, 13.215458869934082, "s seeking to improve various infrastructure systems to reduce flood risk, maintain reliable fresh water supplies, restore aquatic and wetlands ecosys- tems, and sustain economic development. As listed in Table 3.8, appropriate well-being indicators m"]
[-1.0423539876937866, 13.180157661437988, "nications and outreach, definition of roles and responsibili- ties, monitoring, evaluation, and review. In the literature on barriers to adaptation, for instance, the Ford and King (2013) framework for adaptation readiness could also prove useful her"]
[-1.03533935546875, 13.171222686767578, "rs and managers)\n\u2022 Measures that track progress on implementation (yes or no)\n\u2022 Procedures for formal evaluation by third-party evalua- tors (yes or no)\n\u2022 Percentage of support by voters as expressed in ballot initiatives, referenda, or public opinio"]
[-1.037839412689209, 13.17599105834961, "limate Risk Governance and Decisionmaking 51\nan organization. Such an assessment could also survey the community for their views on creating such an organization, evaluate the incentives on various communities that might cause them to view such an or"]
[-1.0409462451934814, 13.179439544677734, "gy.\nIn our example, the quality of the planning process would depend on the extent to which all of the relevant stakeholders had an opportunity to engage with the process and the extent to which they found it legitimate, credible, and salient. Evalua"]
[-1.0604454278945923, 13.194828033447266, "sea-level rise could affect groundwater levels and flooding in an urban coastal region. Another example could be a transportation demand model that helps regional planning authorities relate changes in land use and economic transformation in a region"]
[-1.0622920989990234, 13.19752311706543, "tion with analysis\n\u2022 Identify problem/goal\n\u2022 Scope options\n\u2022 Analyses\n\u2022 Implementation\n\u2022 Relevant stakeholders correctly identified and engaged (e.g., water managers, planners, engineers, natural resource managers at County Planning Office; environme"]
[-1.0422567129135132, 13.197629928588867, " extend from public awareness to community resilience checklists. In a few places, major problem- focused infrastructure planning is under way to deal with coastal planning or aging storm water systems. California, with its statutory limits on GHG em"]
[-1.0550296306610107, 13.19773006439209, "cipatory planning and objective analysis to support deliberations. Further, indicators are essential as part of decision support to accurately capture progress toward the desired outcome of risk reduction, as well as the indicators to capture capacit"]
[-1.0279295444488525, 13.196306228637695, "RA) to cut across its multiple state government departments with responsibilities in coastal Louisiana (CPRA, 2015). CPRA also was intended to address the needs of the entire coastal region, not just New Orleans, Port Charles, and other urban areas a"]
[-1.0470733642578125, 13.169058799743652, "he future consequences of current actions using some combination of simulation models and qualitative judgments, such esti- mates are unavoidably and often irreducibly uncertain.1 For this reason, it also proves necessary to complement indicators foc"]
[-0.9558232426643372, 13.237727165222168, "unched three such field studies in the Pittsburgh region, south- east Florida, and the Bay Area megaregion of northern California. The engagement with each area is following a \u201cdeliberation with analysis\u201d process. In each, RAND is working with a regi"]
[-1.0923627614974976, 13.173151016235352, "heir own.\nSimulation and visualization tools are critical elements of the deliberative process. Each study is using simulation models drawn from existing models in the region and customized for their specific context. RAND\u2019s previous analytic facilit"]
[-1.038913607597351, 13.219010353088379, "aptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts. It refers to changes in processes, practices, and structures to moderate poten- tial damages or"]
[-1.0997103452682495, 13.220502853393555, "e key factors, concepts, or variables\u2014and the presumed rela- tionships among them\u201d (p. 18).\n\u2013 A logical framework is a \u201c[m]anagement tool used to improve the design of interventions, most often at the project level. It involves identifying strategic "]
[-1.0692285299301147, 13.196435928344727, "d, and all can see and agree on the size involved\u201d (Viggh et al., 2015, p. 73).\n\u2022 Metric\n\u2013 \u201cA calculated or composite measure or quantitative indicator based upon two\nor more indicators or measures. Indicators help put a variable in relation to one o"]
[-1.9234956502914429, 14.139835357666016, "bsorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events\u201d (National Research Council, 2012, p. 1).\n\u2013 \u201cResilience is the capacity of a social-ecological system to absorb or withstand perturbations and other stressors such that the system rem"]
[-1.0782122611999512, 13.226924896240234, "es of other parts of the system. Within the decision-actor view, one can focus on single actors or on the independently made choices of several actors. These attributes\u2014system versus decision-actor and single or multiactor\u2014prove important for underst"]
[-1.1130601167678833, 13.25761604309082, "ring vulnerability. Of particular relevance, there exist indicators of social vulnerability that aim to iden- tify the combinations of characteristics\u2014such as income, ethnic diversity, social cohe- sion, and age\u2014most closely correlated with adverse e"]
[-1.0674887895584106, 13.212258338928223, "nd managing as the basis for its diagnostic process. This under- standing, planning, and managing process is consistent with an iterative process of risk management. Recognizing that the adaptation process does not take place in isolation, the Moser "]
[-1.0671188831329346, 13.221291542053223, "tors, revealing the varying levels of readiness across the key factors. This framework serves several purposes, as it can be applied to identify areas that could be improved to\nFigure B.3\nMoser and Ekstrom Barriers to Adaptation\n Temporal\nContemporar"]
[-1.9853605031967163, 14.153509140014648, " and grow from a dis- ruptive experience\u201d (Rodin, 2014, p. 3).\nThe modern concept of resilience builds on insights from three fields: engineer- ing, ecology, and systems thinking. In engineering, structures must be designed to weather disruptive even"]
[-2.0006353855133057, 14.112003326416016, " change dra- matically with the seasons. The populations of predators and prey might exhibit large swings. Ecologists use the term resilience to mean the property of an ecosystem that, while normally undergoing large changes, is nonetheless able to a"]
[-1.9041883945465088, 14.065508842468262, "overnance across four broad categories of resilience, 12 performance indica- tors of city resilience, and seven qualities of resilient systems. Da Silva and Morera\u2019s seven qualities of resilient systems \u2014reflective, robust, redundant, flexible, resou"]
[-1.042841911315918, 13.200194358825684, "ocess, the particular definition of resil- ience most suitable for this city, stakeholders, and the public at large becomes a subject of deliberation among the broad group of decisionmakers managing the city\u2019s risks.\n78 Urban Responses to Climate Cha"]
[-1.0771483182907104, 13.223065376281738, "or of dynamic systems with appropriately designed monitoring and feedback mechanisms. An automobile\u2019s cruise control system provides a classic example. The car\u2019s controller monitors the vehicle\u2019s instantaneous speed and adjusts the throttle to mainta"]
[-1.0594650506973267, 13.204696655273438, "isting Climate Adaptation Indicator Systems\n We examine indicators that have been developed for measuring adaptation in cities or that have the potential to inform such measurement. We do so, however, with an eye on general applicability to the full "]
[-1.088987946510315, 13.183862686157227, "egionally, or nationally. As such, these indicators hold promise for evaluating cities\u2019 adaptation planning processes in different sectors or agencies and in the city as a whole. Planning processes for mitigation include many similar elements.\nFinall"]
[-1.0690535306930542, 13.200167655944824, "ate impacts are local and it is impossible to have a generic outcome indicator at the moment which is applicable to all areas (Local and Regional Partnership Board, 2010, p. 5).\nAs such, it \u201cmeasures progress on assessing and managing climate risks a"]
[-1.0530080795288086, 13.192201614379883, "ing system to code the data and evidence in the plans, shown in Table C.4. Thus, a plan can receive a maximum of 32 points in each of the three AAA areas, for a total maximum score of 96.\nTable C.3\nOutcome Criteria for Evaluating Adaptation Plans in "]
[-1.0647565126419067, 13.210555076599121, "determinants of vulnerability (e.g., population growth), and vulnerability and risk assessments.\nLong-term vision of how the community will adapt to climate impacts, including the statement of quantifiable objectives and resource targets in regard to"]
[-1.0719374418258667, 13.204544067382812, "ces\u201d (IIED, 2013, p. 4). The resulting Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD) Framework is both process- and outcome-based:\nTAMD is a \u201ctwin-track\u201d framework that evaluates the extent and quality of cli- mate risk management (CRM) proces"]
[-1.0692498683929443, 13.201990127563477, "2\n\u2022 Budgeting and finance (for integration and\nadaptation)\u2014Indicator 3\n\u2022 Institutional knowledge (of CC, adaptation,\nand integration)\u2014Indicator 4\n\u2022 Use of climate information (to inform plan-\nning)\u2014Indicator 5\n\u2022 Planning under uncertainty (using appr"]
[-1.065606951713562, 13.231271743774414, "extensive, limited, or lacking) and depth of coverage (detailed, generic, limited but with references to comprehensive studies, or lacking). Based on these criteria, they divide countries into three categories of progress: (1) early to advanced stage"]
[-1.91714346408844, 14.068615913391113, "l shocks, terrorism, pandemics, and slow-moving chronic stresses.\nThe framework recognizes several general qualities of resilient cities, summarized in Table C.9, which it applies to four areas of urban resilience: health and well-being, economy and "]
[-1.081157922744751, 13.207895278930664, "forcement of planning regulations.\n8. Continuity of critical services. Indicated by diverse provision and active management, maintenance of ecosystems and infrastructure, and contingency planning.\n9. Reliable communications and mobility. Indicated by"]
[-1.0718944072723389, 13.213652610778809, "urban resilience\u2014an outcome of climate change adaptation.\nNone of the frameworks has been widely used in practice for a number of dif- ferent reasons. The UK National Indicator has been discontinued for political rea- sons, while the frameworks devel"]
[-0.9482746720314026, 13.280820846557617, " distributors, to produce climate change adaptation reports. The reports are used to assess how climate change impacts the organization\u2019s functions and how the organization proposes to adapt to climate change. Cranfield University developed a framewo"]
[-1.0558785200119019, 13.202831268310547, "ating adaptation planning processes and applies these criteria to national and international guidance documents (Table C.14). How- ever, the criteria do not include specific indicators, indicators, or thresholds that would help assess whether a parti"]
[-1.031983733177185, 13.230093955993652, "l., 2010, p. 21; Crown Copyright, Open Government License v3.0.\nthe United Kingdom Climate Impacts Programme Framework for Climate Adapta- tion, the United Nations Development Program Global Environment Fund\u2019s Adapta- tion Policy Framework, and the W"]
[-1.0524133443832397, 13.203744888305664, "llocate inputs and resources), and (4) implementation and evaluation (to realize the outcomes). Preston et al. then reviewed 20 guidance documents for adaptation planning to identify the 19 process-based evaluation criteria shown in Table C.15. A sco"]
[-1.063778281211853, 13.211766242980957, " adaptation planning and policy implementation. As such, this stage effectively represents an assessment of adaptive capacity. However, to further discriminate between different components of adaptive capacity, this\nstage was conceptualized\nas assess"]
[-1.0344291925430298, 13.217778205871582, "climate, vulnerability or resilience to those changes and the relative importance of climate and nonclimate risks\nTransparency about the assumptions made to establish those impacts and risks and the uncertainties involved in their estimation\nIdentifi"]
[-1.0671294927597046, 13.204071998596191, " However, they extensively discuss issues concerning risk governance: the need for integrating climate change adaptation planning into more complex institutional, organizational, and governance contexts and the use of evalua- tions of the planning pr"]
[-1.0748194456100464, 13.206932067871094, "ent and Cooperation (SDC)\n Level\nOutput 2.2\nActivity 2.2.1\nActivity 2.2.2\nMeans of\nDescription Indicator Verification Assumptions\nCommunity aware of localized climate change information and have access to advisory services\n  Activity 2.2.3\nActivity 2"]
[-1.0636298656463623, 13.206265449523926, " practices/ watershed management\nArea of afforestation (m2/ ha)\nImpact of flood (no.\nof people affected, inundation depth, duration, value of flood damage)\nNo. and type of DRR instruments (e.g., insurance instruments) promoted\nEarly warning system in"]
[-1.0647717714309692, 13.201367378234863, "ive, local, participatory data into quantitative targets in this way\u201d (Bours et al., 2013, pp. 60\u201361). They further note that while many evaluation frameworks press for process-based indi- cators, more recent frameworks focus on outcome indicators ra"]
[-1.044222116470337, 13.217789649963379, "and energy use in commercial and residential buildings, trans- portation, industry, and waste management. Mitigation actions intended to reduce concentrations of GHG in the atmosphere may either reduce sources or enhance sinks.\nMore recently, growing"]
[-1.0458016395568848, 13.21356201171875, "rnative conceptual frame- works for thinking about adaptation processes and a system of forward-looking indica- tors in support of adaptive planning and decisionmaking. Looking through the lens of a risk governance conceptual framework, we summarize "]
[-1.0488399267196655, 13.23367691040039, "GHG emissions through integrated land use and transportation planning. However, there is no requirement that cities and counties adjust local land use plans to reflect these regional plans, nor is state fund- ing contingent on these plans. Instead, t"]
[-1.0142732858657837, 13.239483833312988, " 2014).\nAs summarized in Table D.1, national and transnational governance networks have helped support local climate change responses (Bulkeley, 2010, p. 234). One such national network is the U.S. Conference of Mayors, which developed a U.S. Confer-"]
[-1.0077475309371948, 13.250853538513184, "ip Group\nGeorgetown Climate Center (2015)\nCenter for Climate and Energy Solutions (2015)\nParent Organization\nU.S. Conference of Mayors\nInternational Council for Local Environmental Initiatives\u2014Local Governments for Sustainability\nRockefeller Foundati"]
[-1.0436923503875732, 13.219805717468262, "ry, were motivating factors. Tang et al. (2010) conducted a study analyzing adapta-\n112 Urban Responses to Climate Change: Framework for Decisionmaking and Supporting Indicators\ntion action plans that were adopted by local governments in the United S"]
[-1.0413683652877808, 13.230303764343262, "er understand the progress being made globally toward climate change adapta- tion. The survey inquired about the members\u2019 activities related to \u201c(1) experience of changing weather and precipitation patterns; (2) risk and vulnerability assessment;\nOve"]
[-1.0490413904190063, 13.220333099365234, "Wallis et al.\u2019s 2011 framework.\nConversely, since mitigation-planning efforts have been under way in many cities for a decade or more, mitigation actions have produced measurable reductions in GHG emissions in several areas. As a complement to Carmin"]
[-1.0433849096298218, 13.228363037109375, "eral studies indicate that local governments are engag- ing in partnerships to help design and implement climate change responses (Carmin et al., 2012; Wallis et al., 2011; Aylett, 2014). In Carmin et al.\u2019s 2012 survey, U.S. respon- dents cited partn"]
[-1.01884126663208, 13.27652359008789, "izens with bachelor\u2019s degrees or higher were positively correlated with milestone completion in mayoral cities. In cities with managers, metropolitan fragmentation, defined as \u201cthe number of general purpose municipal governments and counties existing"]
[-1.026080846786499, 13.238666534423828, "ate and local governments (HUD, 2014a). This competition was developed in response to demand from state, local, and tribal leaders for assis- tance in helping make their communities safer, more secure, and more resilient against future disasters (HUD"]
[-0.8062906265258789, 13.315221786499023, "fective Response to Climate Change, 2010.\nArctic Council, \u201cGlossary of Terms,\u201d Arctic Resilience Interim Report 2013, Stockholm, Sweden: Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2013.\nArgyris, C., and D. Scho\u0308n, Organizational"]
[-0.7528874278068542, 13.330214500427246, "erability, Risk and Societal Responses: The MOVE Framework,\u201d Natural Hazards, Vol. 67, No. 2, 2013, pp. 193\u2013211.\nBloom, Evan, Changing Midstream: Providing Decision Support for Adaptive Strategies Using Robust Decision Making: Applications in the Col"]
[-0.7698860168457031, 13.313395500183105, "ts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, Vol. 1, 2007, pp. 33\u2013171.\nCenter for Climate and Energy So"]
[-0.7455394864082336, 13.31607437133789, "vironment, Food and Rural Affairs, Adaptation Reporting Power: Received Reports, London: UK Government, 2012. As of October 16, 2016: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adaptation-reporting-power-received-reports\nDepartment for International "]
[-0.681708812713623, 13.315146446228027, "tation by Federal Agencies, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-841-DHS, 2014. As of October 16, 2016:\nhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR841.html\nFischbach, Jordan R., Robert J. Lempert, Edmundo Molina-Perez, Abdul Ahad Tariq, Meliss"]
[-0.7351350784301758, 13.309606552124023, ". Klein, \u201cClimate Change Vulnerability Assessments: An Evolution of Conceptual Thinking,\u201d Climatic Change, Vol. 75, No. 3, 2006, pp. 301\u2013329.\nGagnon-Lebrun, Fre\u0301de\u0301ric, and Shardul Agrawala, \u201cImplementing Adaptation in Developed Countries: An Analysi"]
[-0.7165414094924927, 13.31163215637207, "Deeply Uncertain World,\u201d Global Environmental Change, Vol. 23, No. 2, 2013, pp. 485\u2013498.\nHallegatte, S., A. Shah, R. Lempert, C. Brown, and S. Gill, Investment Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty: Application to Climate Change, Washington, D.C.: W"]
[-0.7136620879173279, 13.310565948486328, "mental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, \u201cAnnex III: Glossary,\u201d in Climate Change 2013:\nThe Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to th"]
[-0.7347159385681152, 13.31810188293457, ". Vardavas, \u201cThe Effect of Near-Term Policy Choices on Long-Term Greenhouse Gas Transformation Pathways,\u201d Global Environment Change, Vol. 34, September 2015, pp. 147\u2013158.\nJabareen, Y. R., \u201cBuilding a Conceptual Framework: Philosophy, Definitions, and"]
[-0.7493578791618347, 13.300915718078613, "ffice, 2015.\nLeclerc, Liza, Background Document and Workshop Report: Measuring Progress on Adaptation in Canada, Natural Resources Canada, 2012.\nLegey, L. F. L., and H. F. Kazay, \u201cFuzzy Robustness Analysis,\u201d EUSLFAT Conference, 2001, pp. 71\u201374. As of"]
[-0.7666797041893005, 13.311588287353516, " A., Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, Inc., 2013.\nMcCray, L. E., K. A. Oye, and A. C. Petersen, \u201cPlanned Adaptation in Risk Regulation: An Initial Survey of U.S. Environmental, Health, an"]
[-0.7102496027946472, 13.318928718566895, " 26, 2015:\nhttps://www.nccarf.edu.au/content/adaptation\nNational Implementation Research Network, \u201cImplementation Defined,\u201d 2016. As of June 26, 2016: http://nirn.fpg.unc.edu/learn-implementation/implementation-defined\nNational Research Council, Info"]
[-0.7132985591888428, 13.295689582824707, " 2012, pp. 115\u2013126.\nParker, A. M., S. Srinivasan, R. J. Lempert, and S. Berry, \u201cEvaluating Simulation-Derived Scenarios for Effective Decision Support,\u201d Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 91, 2015,\npp. 64\u201377.\nPelling, M., C. High, J. D"]
[-0.7383654713630676, 13.320237159729004, "amin, \u201cAssessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change,\u201d in M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, and C. E. Hanson, eds., Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability\u2014Contribution of Working "]
[-0.7401071190834045, 13.315770149230957, "tern Review, Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.\nSussman, Fran, Nisha Krishnan, Kathryn Maher, Rawlings Miller, Charlotte Mack, Paul Stewart, and Bill Perkins, \u201cClimate Change Adaptation Cost in the US: What Do We Know?\u201d Cl"]
[-0.7547417283058167, 13.312579154968262, "mework Convention on Climate Change, 20th Conference of the Parties, Paris Agreement, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) as Communicated by the Parties, 2015. As of October 17, 2016: http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submissio"]
[-0.9789209365844727, 13.223167419433594, "ber 26, 2015: https://www.weadapt.org/knowledge-base/climate-adaptation-training/ module-iterative-risk-management\nWheeler, Stephen M., \u201cState and Municipal Climate Change Plans: The First Generation,\u201d Journal of the American Planning Association, Vo"]
[13.93143081665039, 4.0435099601745605, " Fostering Innovation in Community\nand Institutional Corrections\nIdentifying High-Priority Technology and\nOther Needs for the U.S. Corrections Sector\n       Brian A. Jackson, Joe Russo, John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Richard Silberglitt, George B. "]
[13.938409805297852, 4.1547322273254395, "d is intended to support innovation in criminal justice.\nThis report is one product of that effort, completed as a joint effort of the RAND Corpo- ration and the University of Denver. It presents the results of the Corrections Advisory Panel, a group"]
[15.071503639221191, 5.7863054275512695, "........................ iii Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[15.081445693969727, 5.753293514251709, " . . . . . The Corrections Workforce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[15.20638656616211, 3.41518497467041, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Identifying the Building Blocks of the Innovation Agenda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nPrevious Efforts to Identify Corrections Needs . . . . . . ."]
[15.145334243774414, 3.5619606971740723, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nE. Full List of Institutional Corrections Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[15.275569915771484, 3.481245279312134, "otential Additional Low-Hanging Fruit Needs in Community Corrections . . . . . . . . . . .. 59\n5.3. Top-Tier Needs for Institutional Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 61\n5.4. "]
[15.59237003326416, 4.242222309112549, "lved are staggering. The United States has among the highest incar- ceration rate in the world, with nearly one out of every 100 adults in prison or jail (Glaze and Herberman, 2013). The corresponding rate for community supervision is even higher, wi"]
[15.195496559143066, 3.4564454555511475, "ails reported being sexually assaulted by a member of their facility\u2019s staff (Beck et al., 2013, p. 6).1\n\u2022 Pooroutcomesonkeycorrectionsmeasuresofeffectiveness,notablyoffenderrecidivism.Broad measures of recidivism across the country paint a troubling"]
[15.177912712097168, 3.344409227371216, "dership, practitioners, and specialists; policy and legal innovation; and training technologies.\nFigure S.1 shows these main categories and the first level of subcategories within the\ntaxonomy. (The full taxonomies for both community and institutiona"]
[15.060527801513672, 3.2534115314483643, "ity Needs\n  Officer/practitioner knowledge development and training\nmediated training tools\nGround\nInformation collection\nDoctrine, tactics, management, and behavioral knowledge development and training\nVehicles\ncommunications Information and\nand wea"]
[15.2266845703125, 3.4032363891601562, "anomalies in case management, such as signs of risk- score manipulation and anomalous churn.\nDevelop simple risk models using easily observed indicators known to be correlated with recidivism that corrections officers can use in the field to assess o"]
[15.2323579788208, 3.410399913787842, "ppropriate to use in which settings, and warn agencies against using risk instruments that were not developed for the intended purpose, are out of date, or were never validated.\nAssign increased and more-targeted resources to address changes in the p"]
[15.2347993850708, 3.4268798828125, "s to access records that can help guide supervision and service delivery. The current state was described as fragmented, with much data not being routinely tracked, problems transferring data from agency to agency, and basic information system limita"]
[15.34674072265625, 3.541020393371582, "iltering for the corrections environment to address security and other concerns. For this need, solutions are\nSummary xvii\nxviii Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections: Identifying High-Priority Needs\nTable S.2\nTop-Tier Needs"]
[15.389062881469727, 3.585073471069336, "tterns (e.g., in medical cases, complaints, or inmate grievances)\nContraband coming into facilities by employees\nContraband coming into facilities at fence lines\nContraband coming into facilities\nthrough logistics systems\nContraband coming into facil"]
[15.289477348327637, 3.516638994216919, "lop comprehensive video-based training (updated regularly) to train staff on needs, medication, and other requirements to manage inmate mental health issues.\nDevelop policies and practices to identify early the requirements for inmates\u2019 education, he"]
[15.242093086242676, 3.432664394378662, "ealth needs (similar to needs identified in community corrections) and prac- tices to better manage inmates across multifacility systems. Unlike community corrections, the institutional corrections working group highlighted several broader societal o"]
[15.265340805053711, 3.401034116744995, " highest-priority training needs.\n\u2022 Both groups identified a need for speech-to-speech and text-to-speech translation tools for supervision.\n\u2022 A top-tier need in institutional corrections focused on monitoring social media; a similar need was identif"]
[15.241312026977539, 3.425136089324951, "tools\nDeception detection\nInformation- sharing\nContraband detection\nSocial media monitoring\nSurveillance and analysis tools\nPreparedness tools and activities\nStaff training\nAutomated translation\nAlternatives to incarceration\nNOTE: Horizontal placemen"]
[15.313851356506348, 3.5513839721679688, " Collaborative Innovation for U.S. Corrections\nThe corrections sector, encompassing both the institutions charged with separating offenders from society as they serve their sentences and the organizations supervising parolees and proba- tioners as th"]
[15.197936058044434, 3.383389472961426, "shot in time and is intended to be a jumping-off point for more and greater interaction with the corrections community as a part of the larger national goal of improving performance of the U.S. criminal justice enterprise.\nThough assembling needs int"]
[15.186274528503418, 3.419548273086548, "d to contribute to the thinking of all the organizations and entities active in the corrections innovation system. Improving corrections performance will come out of the sum of their efforts, whether operating independently or in concert. The agenda "]
[15.213444709777832, 3.4262659549713135, "Center NIEM National Information Exchange Model\nNIJ National Institute of Justice\nNIMS National Incident Management System\nPREA Prison Rape Elimination Act\nRFID radio-frequency identification\nTWG Technology Working Group\nUAV unmanned aerial vehicle\nx"]
[15.213674545288086, 3.400686740875244, "aluation efforts that measure performance, identify problems, and discover emerging challenges or opportunities.\n 1\n2 Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections: Identifying High-Priority Needs\nThis need for innovation has been r"]
[15.188276290893555, 3.404609203338623, "cies may elect to tackle the same problem using different combinations. For example, a multiagency information-sharing problem might be approached as a technology issue requiring new information technology systems, as an organi- zational policy and p"]
[15.206460952758789, 3.384657859802246, "ologies and commercialize prototype products of others\u2019 research into a form that can be broadly disseminated and adopted\n\u2022 practitioner and other organizations, which define and disseminate practices and develop standards that help disparate organiz"]
[15.20158576965332, 3.377117395401001, "ation agenda is needed, given the range of organizations and entities involved in promoting change in this sector, and it provides a way for different entities\u2014researchers, large technology firms, small businesses active in related markets, trainers,"]
[15.191994667053223, 3.331880569458008, "nities in the correc- tions sector. Our goal to provide information to such a broad range of organizations means that the innovation agenda, as the name implies, is only a starting point and does not include everything necessary to fully inform their"]
[15.388280868530273, 3.693735122680664, "tial for mobile devices to play a role in supervising released offenders).\nIntroduction 5\n 6 Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections: Identifying High-Priority Needs\nchallenges for corrections going forward. Appendixes to the "]
[15.54226303100586, 3.992185592651367, "evitably reshape the nature of corrections. The most notable shift occurred in the 1970s, when the strong emphasis on rehabilitation that existed for several decades was dis- placed in favor of a crime-control model. Combined with concerns about cont"]
[15.620327949523926, 4.273577690124512, "6,937,600 adults in the United States were under some form of correctional supervision. Of that number, an estimated 4,781,300 were supervised in the community serving a probation or parole sentence. Another 2,228,400 were estimated to be incarcerate"]
[15.606865882873535, 4.263050556182861, "hird of the systems had populations exceeding 100 percent of their reported capacity, and space in systems that were not technically overcrowded was scarce (Figure 2.2). Mean- while, increasing populations in community corrections have led to increas"]
[15.60203742980957, 4.5880022048950195, " States have become the primary mental health institutions in the nation\u201d (Adams and Ferrandino, 2008, p. 913).\nIt is estimated that 1 million people with mental illness enter or reenter the criminal jus- tice system every year (Morrissey, Meyer, and"]
[15.569877624511719, 4.324902534484863, "its for dying inmates (ASCA, 2013b; Reimer, 2008).\nThe operational and budgetary implications associated with this trend are significant, including fueling the rising cost of prison health care. Not surprisingly, older prisoners are responsible for a"]
[15.577310562133789, 4.252312660217285, "sexual or physical abuse and are more likely to have been addicted to drugs and to have a mental illness (Morash, Bynum, and Koons, 1998). Different management approaches and gender-specific programming are essential to achieving desired outcomes wit"]
[15.574289321899414, 4.334260940551758, " reporting systems, the data for the 45 reporting correctional systems indicated that the largest expense categories are: custody/security costs (41.7%), inmate healthcare costs (14.2%), and administration costs (7.2%). Other categories were institut"]
[15.49045181274414, 4.257388114929199, "ity and Institutional Corrections: Identifying High-Priority Needs\nAmerican juveniles in the system for similar offenses (Iguchi et al., 2005, p. 51). For example, \u201cBridges and Steen [1998] found that probation officers\u2019 recommendations to courts wer"]
[15.583688735961914, 4.181884765625, "d treatment and programing.\nCorrections Agency Size and Capability Diversity\nBecause of differences in size, location, population served, and other characteristics, there is great diversity among corrections agencies. However, unlike in the law enfor"]
[15.658512115478516, 4.159801959991455, "ele (2007) carried out a survey of probation and parole agencies via dissemination through the American Probation and Parole Association membership lists and\nFigure 2.3\nDistribution of Facility Size for State and Federal Institutional Corrections, 20"]
[15.743894577026367, 4.075058937072754, "5). These directorial transitions can be driven by changes in political leadership, making some turnover an unavoidable effect of the democratic process. Attracting and keeping talented individuals is difficult, due to low wages in the sector, stress"]
[15.564745903015137, 6.286741256713867, "hough there are often differences in how jurisdictions and agencies measure their recidivism rate,19 broad measures of recidivism across the country paint a troubling picture.\nFor example, Durose, Cooper, and Snyder (2014) tracked more than 400,000 s"]
[15.357635498046875, 3.5441672801971436, "responding to public records requests) can stress older paper-based systems or information technology infrastructure that is on the cutting edge of obsolescence (e.g., issue highlighted in ASCA, 2013b) and provide a driver to innovate.\nSome novel tec"]
[15.42103385925293, 3.6591925621032715, "s have increased as crime rates have fallen over the past decades, and there is uncertainty regarding the link between the two, emphasizing the need to reexamine the role and methods of corrections. This rate dis- parity also warrants asking fundamen"]
[15.35521125793457, 3.53250789642334, "rison construction and design. The transition moved many prison functions from being personnel-intensive to technology-enabled. From a period when corrections insti- tutions were relatively basic facilities, the technology surveys in the 1980s and 19"]
[15.199966430664062, 3.3643639087677, "o help deliver that training cost-effectively. Innovation could be driven by using alternative technologies to perform specific tasks better or easier, such as replacing old-school keys and locks with increasingly sophisticated biometric and other ac"]
[15.201048851013184, 3.3661322593688965, "e Corrections Advisory Panel.3\nFigure 3.2 provides a sample section of the complete taxonomy (populated with institu- tional corrections technologies), showing both the scope of the taxonomy and detail for one of the simpler portions. The full taxono"]
[15.1536865234375, 3.2908966541290283, "hicles\ncommunications Information and\nand weapons/force Person-worn equipment\nFacility operations and\npopulation services\nSocietal/legal knowledge development\nAircraft\nmanagement Information (including sharing)\nWeapons and\nforce\nSpecialist/technologi"]
[15.26347541809082, 3.4125869274139404, "Cellular telephone managed access systems\nHealth care delivery\nInmate worker management\n  Proximity card/ RFID access systems Wristbands Cards\nAccess control technologies Inmate identification\nOrganizational logistics\nMobile incident command post veh"]
[15.272082328796387, 3.4477431774139404, "nd training\nProduct delivery\nDelivering services to population\nHealth care delivery Telemedicine Aexutteormnalted defibrillators Electronic health records systems Infectious disease\nApparel\nInmate recreation equipment (portable)\nFood service\nSuicide "]
[15.264633178710938, 3.456913471221924, "em\naccess control\nAuthentication, access management\nWatercraft\nInmate worker management\nGas masks\nSelf contained breathing apparatus Evacuation/\nescape hoods Respiratory protection\nPersonnel clothing, protection or augmentation\nInfrastructure\nPublic "]
[15.350998878479004, 3.542393207550049, " reduce costs. Such technologies include: Bio[metric]- Identification Technologies (Administration/Security), Drug and Alcohol Community Monitoring (Security), and Inmate/Staff Radio-frequency Identification (RFID) Monitor- ing (Security). (Stone and"]
[15.333879470825195, 3.5258073806762695, "ideo cameras with motion detectors are also used to assess alarms.\nTowers are common to older institutions and beneficial for providing excellent views of the perimeter in multiple directions. Towers are expensive to staff, however, so many agencies "]
[15.38640022277832, 3.5817787647247314, "es and strategies that reduce cost and increase efficiency of resource use. Many jurisdictions have set energy and water use reduction objectives and are implementing initiatives with great success (Feldbaum et al., 2011). Some low-tech approaches in"]
[15.367191314697266, 3.5671072006225586, "ples include web filtering and moderated communications.\nOrganizational Logistics and Population Services\nExtending the analogy of corrections facilities as small cities, managing internal logistics and the services delivered to the citizens of those"]
[15.305874824523926, 3.495389461517334, "ases of sudden cardiac arrest (National Commission on Correctional Healthcare, 1998).\nInmate health needs also shape logistical and service choices. For example, some products to prevent inmate suicide and self-harm are widely available, including sm"]
[15.256132125854492, 3.493037462234497, "ers, and during inmate transports. Community corrections officers, depending on their agency regulations and their peace-officer status, may carry firearms in the course of their duties. Generally speaking, parole officers are more likely to be autho"]
[15.293537139892578, 3.481955051422119, "ghout the corrections sector, information and communications have been central areas for innovation in the past decades, with technology and practices to collect (e.g., sensors, labo- ratory tests, and data systems), analyze, manage, and deliver info"]
[15.309487342834473, 3.4360601902008057, "for a check-in (Klein, 2011). Emerging trends include Internet-based reporting and interviews via video teleconfer- encing, which can be particularly useful in supervising offenders in remote and rural parts of the country (Zastany, 2013).\nOne of the"]
[15.337407112121582, 3.5124528408050537, "ns: Identifying High-Priority Needs\nand saliva. Prescreening methods have also emerged as a way to identify offenders who may be impaired and should therefore be targeted for urinalysis. The primary methods in use today include pupillometry (measurin"]
[15.388592720031738, 3.5874338150024414, "ASCA, 2013a). When agencies recover contraband cell phones, they employ forensics tools for investigative purposes (Fox and Fox, 2011). Inmate communications on approved systems are also routinely monitored, with telephone systems generally having bu"]
[15.074433326721191, 3.470108985900879, "ance, several agencies have sought to adapt the New York City Police Department\u2019s CompStat model for the corrections environment (Jannetta, 2006). CompStat uses routine tracking of key agency performance sta- tistics (e.g., in the case of police depa"]
[14.340818405151367, 3.181370735168457, "ic factors (such as recent drug tests and missed appointments) into a more continuous assessment process (Goldkamp et al., 2009)\nInformation Management (Including Sharing)\nOffender management systems are critical to operating a corrections agency and"]
[14.306371688842773, 3.2274677753448486, "fic information-sharing modules focus on areas such as criminal intelligence and investigations, officer safety, and gang activity. Plans are under way\n6 According to the most recent performance data that could be located for N-DEx to assess the exte"]
[15.486580848693848, 3.640425205230713, "aska Judicial Branch, 2014).\nFor institutional corrections, using video technology to connect staff and inmates with external resources offers many advantages and is also particularly useful in rural areas. Video visitation is gaining traction in pri"]
[15.394318580627441, 3.5963094234466553, "sion of transient offenders in urban settings (Mirk, 2010).\nInstitutional corrections agencies use a wide variety of vehicles and associated technolo- gies. Many agencies operate a fleet of specially constructed, secure inmate transportation buses an"]
[15.61220932006836, 3.9126577377319336, "including use of relevant assessment tools and such techniques as motivational interview- ing, positive reinforcement, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (White, 2004). Treatment and supervision resources should be prioritized according to risk, with h"]
[15.694859504699707, 3.9027011394500732, "ical and psychological screening, help assess potential candidates and eliminate those unfit for the job. A growing trend is to use interactive, video-based testing in the hiring process (ASCA, 2013c). Such tests put the candidate in realistic correc"]
[15.222352981567383, 3.416200637817383, "ER FOUR\nFrom Corrections Today to Corrections Tomorrow: Identifying Needs in Community and Institutional Corrections\nIn considering the potential to improve corrections performance through innovations in tech- nology, policy, practice, or training, t"]
[15.132957458496094, 3.3792786598205566, "4. Protect the public\n5. Save money and/or time\n6. Improve correctional\ncompetencies\n7. Improve officer/ offender health\n8. Reduce officer/ offender casual-\nties and injuries\nDefinition\nReduce recidivism by providing the \u2022 services necessary to succe"]
[15.209134101867676, 3.4309792518615723, "fying Needs in Corrections 41\nroles efficiently (Objective 5),1 to maintain the effectiveness and skills of their workforce (Objective 6), and to protect the health (Objective 7) and safety (Objective 8) of both correc- tions officers and the offende"]
[15.213258743286133, 3.4381935596466064, "ement, cor- rections, and courts.\n3 Because this effort to develop an innovation agenda for corrections is part of a larger effort covering the entire criminal justice community, we seek to maintain consistency in the measures used for each sector (l"]
[15.220918655395508, 3.4264233112335205, "n of best practices in Massachusetts and else- where, work to create a continuous innovation norm for all components of the criminal justice system, and provide technical assistance in the areas of problem analysis and crime analysis and other areas "]
[15.1676664352417, 3.353300094604492, "operations).7 Because members of these TWGs also participated as members of the Corrections Advisory Panel, the needs and priorities described in this report reflect the majority of those developed in the most recent TWGs.\nGenerating Corrections Need"]
[15.207782745361328, 3.3553993701934814, "heir own agencies and their specific experi- ence and expertise.\nThough building a broadly representative and diverse group of experts seeks to reduce the effect of such biases (Appendix A), it can also help to use structured methods to ensure a syst"]
[15.286140441894531, 3.527721881866455, "s were relatively modest, however, the taxonomy presented is substantially equivalent to the one used.\n From Corrections Today to Corrections Tomorrow: Identifying Needs in Corrections 45\nbetween and among agencies. In addition, the panel noted probl"]
[15.294489860534668, 3.5075278282165527, "ding on how it was implemented in a facility, a case where private-sector business models could adversely affect prisoners and families if they have to pay to access the service.\n\u2022 For institutional corrections, contraband coming into facilities rema"]
[15.204513549804688, 3.3285024166107178, "ed as contributing to each corrections objective, for both working groups. Single needs could\u2014and often did\u2014contribute to more than one objective (e.g., saving money while also protecting the public). As a result, percentages across the graph add to "]
[15.218765258789062, 3.3897647857666016, "operations and population services, as well as person-worn and weapons/force technologies (e.g., protective equipment). Within both communities, however, there is strong representa- tion of information and communications needs, with emphasis on infor"]
[15.170052528381348, 3.3431243896484375, "Acquisition and technology decisionmaking\n  Doctrine, tactics, management, and behavioral knowledge development and training\nManagement/ leadership knowledge development and training\n Officer/practitioner knowledge development and training\n Other\n Do"]
[15.19602108001709, 3.4441440105438232, "at will always be challenges\u2014even as the details of the challenges shift over time. The drug monitoring tech- nologies identified in 1995 were not focused on the same set of drugs that are of concern now, but the challenge of drugs either as contraba"]
[14.873525619506836, 1.9863072633743286, " is equally important. For\n1 The web reference (RAND Corporation, undated) includes the formative RAND papers on the method and more recent applications of the technique to a range of policy problems.\n2 A more detailed description of the prioritizati"]
[14.866284370422363, 1.9877417087554932, "(10 percent chance of being broadly adopted and used) to 9 (90 percent chance).\nThese three scales sought to capture the key components needed to calculate the expected value of a possible innovation\u2014how valuable it would be multiplied by the probabi"]
[14.966357231140137, 2.004291534423828, "tarting point for such tasks as building business case estimates or constructing research and investment portfolios where costs must be considered explicitly.\nRather than simply taking the average of a group of experts\u2019 rankings, the Delphi method se"]
[15.185174942016602, 3.302333116531372, "ublic\nFacilitate positive behavioral change\nImprove correctional competencies\nHold offenders accountable\nReduce officer/ offender casualties and injuries\nSave money and/ or time\nProtect rights of victims/ restitution\nImprove officer/ offender health\n"]
[14.809928894042969, 1.8376786708831787, "r some participants, the probability of adopting individual solutions for some needs was viewed as very easy, while the constraints that existed in other agencies (e.g., existing information technology infrastructure or standard approaches to tasks o"]
[15.215832710266113, 3.240314245223999, "ly. To identify top-tier needs based on both of these measures, we plotted each need\u2019s scores on each measure and identified natural breakpoints in the distributions (graphs are included in Appendix C).\n9 Appendix C describes these calculations and r"]
[14.992818832397461, 3.311234474182129, "d data system interoperability. The goal is to allow access to informa- tion in national, state, and local databases across agencies and provide easy access to that data by practitioners. Discussion of these topics during the working group focused on"]
[15.217645645141602, 3.3988966941833496, "ators of ongoing cooperation with terms of supervision.\nDevelop guidance to help evaluate numbers of cases versus actual workloads, specifically to include better methods to assess how much time should be spent on a specific case.\nDevelop affordable,"]
[15.232870101928711, 3.4616305828094482, "r research on which sanctions should be applied to which type of violation and need.\nDevelop or gather research on which type of sanction is most likely to produce a positive behavioral change in response to which type of violation and need.\nDevelop "]
[15.232139587402344, 3.373971700668335, "o achieve and likely to be adopted. As a result, these needs could be candidates for limited investment or for near-term focus (Table 5.2).\nThe nature of potential low-hanging fruit is that the expected benefits of meeting the needs vary widely. Two "]
[15.280625343322754, 3.453160047531128, " it risks insufficiently highlighting needs that might be very valuable in niches of corrections practice. As a result, we have included in Appendix D a table of the top needs for each corrections objective\u2014that is, the highest median expected value "]
[15.324662208557129, 3.5132625102996826, "lted in a slightly greater number of top-tier needs than community corrections because of where the breakpoint fell in the distribution of rankings (Appendix C) and because of the spread of rankings, which brought additional needs into the top tier b"]
[15.308283805847168, 3.5167739391326904, "s environment.\nDevelop cost-effective unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology suitable for perimeter monitoring.\nDevelop higher throughput and cheaper scanning technologies to scan incoming logistical shipments to facilities.\nDevelop a single overal"]
[15.302754402160645, 3.5260770320892334, "mployees coming into facilities.\nUniversally adopt Incident Command System (ICS) and National Incident Management System (NIMS) for all agencies.\nHold a greater number of interagency exercises to build relationships among agencies and bolster prepare"]
[15.30474853515625, 3.496061086654663, "stem goals, even if they provide revenue to agencies\nAssociated Need\nImplement a recycling program to reduce facility waste stream.\nDevelop new and more-effective less-than-lethal technologies to reduce the level of force necessary.\nDevelop tools to "]
[15.322381973266602, 3.502215623855591, " to require sufficient contract terms that include service and maintenance.\nMake changes in procurement policy and practice\nto structure contracts and require compliance with technology standards to prevent proprietary lock-in.\nDevelop succession pla"]
[15.28455638885498, 3.481125593185425, "., 2012), and practices to better manage inmates across multifacility systems. Unlike community corrections, the institutional corrections working group highlighted several broader societal or legal practices. They included developing legal alternati"]
[15.246912956237793, 3.4397377967834473, " reflected the differences between the two areas\u2014notably, the focus on information-sharing in the commu- nity corrections group (versus information collection and analysis for institutional corrections) and the focus on contraband in the institutiona"]
[15.304399490356445, 3.504915952682495, "much lower.\n\u2022 Though there were top-tier needs related to alternatives to incarceration, both groups had other lower-priority needs related to this topic, including the desire to manage certain prisoner groups, including the elderly, in nonsecure set"]
[15.243924140930176, 3.4459924697875977, "ility of corrections organizations and staff, meeting the needs of victims, and main- taining the health and safety of their staff, offenders, and the public.\nAn Innovation Agenda for the Entire Corrections Sector\nMeeting all of these goals requires "]
[15.225519180297852, 3.4588685035705566, "nologies, especially management information sys- tems, more often than they identified areas in need of any initial technological innovation. Many of the comments seemed to reflect a desire to adopt available technologies, such as improved identifica"]
[15.227060317993164, 3.4137380123138428, "hold offenders accountable for their behavior but also to encourage better behavior.\n\u2022 Validate tools. For community corrections in particular, there was a clear call for assis- tance in demonstrating that tools actually do what they say they do. Ris"]
[15.075787544250488, 3.409355878829956, "xtrapolate from the present and anticipate the future, there are obvious caveats to keep in mind. To make it possible to draw on the expertise of the practitioner community, we chose to use an expert panel and elicitation process to generate the need"]
[15.185944557189941, 3.3354482650756836, "el\u2014even one guided by a methodology designed to systematically consider the full range of problems, issues, and oppor- tunities in an area\u2014will always be shaped by the individuals involved, creating a measure of subjectivity in the process. Furthermo"]
[15.170148849487305, 3.3095006942749023, "hwhile to take a step back and take a wider view. Because the goal of this effort was to identify needs that might be addressed with definable improvements in technology, policy, or practice, our examination occurred at a rela- tively detailed level."]
[15.076476097106934, 3.6404106616973877, "ons Advisory Panel\n    Olympia Salem\nOREGON\nNEVADA\nCALIFORNIA\nLos Angeles Santa Ana\nRAND RR820-A.1\nMONTANA\nHelena\nWYOMING\nCOLORADO\nNEW MEXICO\nNORTH DAKOTA\nSOUTH DAKOTA\nNEBRASKA\nKANSAS\nMAINE\nWASHINGTON\n    MINNESOTA\nSt. Paul\nWilliston\n    IDAHO\nSalt L"]
[15.167791366577148, 3.3899648189544678, "o, Fla.\nTom Williams\nAssociate Director\nCourt Services & Supervision Agency Washington, D.C.\nRobert Zastany Jr.\nPrincipal Probation Officer 19th Judicial Circuit Waukegan, Ill.\n    APPENDIX B\nCorrections Advisory Panel Agenda\n This appendix presents "]
[14.899724960327148, 1.982397198677063, "sts prioritized the eight corrections objectives using a technique known as swing weights (Von Winterfeldt and Edwards, 1986). This technique asks raters to consider each objective in succession, comparing the importance of each objective with the im"]
[14.787328720092773, 1.813874363899231, " low (1\u20133)\u2014and then make a second judgment on whether they thought it fell in the middle or on an extreme of the category (e.g., for a need that was in the 7\u20139 range, deciding it was a 7).\nWe then mathematically combined the benefit and probability o"]
[14.789573669433594, 1.8161709308624268, "ng expected values this way assumes linearity in the ranking scales. For example, it assumes that, from our top value of 9, associated with 20 percent improvement in performance for the objective, raters divided the scale below 9 linearly down to no "]
[14.736353874206543, 1.8233273029327393, " needs rated with medians representing combinations of 7 and 9, 8 and 8, 8 and 9, and 9 and 9. Needs that were already captured by the Tier 1 and Tier 1* needs were removed from the list of potential low-hanging fruit.\n2 The median is the score that "]
[15.282950401306152, 3.4732284545898438, "e 3 transitional housing and supervision for offenders.\nDevelop educational materials based 2 on prior research to help offenders\nprioritize their financial obligations, to\ninclude prioritizing between restitution,\nchild support, treatment costs, liv"]
[15.199460983276367, 3.3615798950195312, "on a specific case.\nDevelop tools or components of 1* case management systems that can dynamically update risk assessments and automatically validate or update risk assessment models. The tool should also identify anomalies in case management,\nsuch a"]
[15.267098426818848, 3.44057559967041, "\nDevelop quick, fast background checks 2 on candidates for employment in\ncorrections agencies that can identify\nand remove high-risk persons.\nDevelop simple risk models using 1* easily observed indicators known to\nbe correlated with recidivism that\nc"]
[15.248462677001953, 3.431269645690918, "t models. The tool should also identify anomalies in case management,\nsuch as signs of risk-score manipulation and anomalous churn.a\nDevelop tools that monitor officers\u2019 2 activities and track performance, using\ninputs like GPS tracking devices.\nDeve"]
[15.2346830368042, 3.3873679637908936, "cial expressions, remote biometrics sensors, and P200 (brain waves).\nResearch (in a controlled experiment 2 with analysis of return on investment) whether phone or web conference\nreporting by offenders is as effective\nas in-person sessions, and what "]
[15.08494758605957, 3.3276517391204834, "e, time-sensitive 3 portal to manage information about high-profile cases.\nDevelop a search tool to provide quick 3 access to relevant data in response to\npublic records requests.\nCreate gateways or centers that can 1 translate and exchange correctio"]
[15.219975471496582, 3.4115664958953857, "n report compliance and track progress, validated by location services and facial recognition. Also develop companion apps for probation and parole officers to manage offenders. Such apps should integrate with records management systems to capture da"]
[15.258355140686035, 3.428595781326294, "ios, handcuffs, flashlights, computers, GPS and radio frequency trackers, and off-the-shelf and FBI-compliant records management systems.\nDevelop guidebooks and training materials on how to plan for and recover from a natural disaster from the commun"]
[15.250669479370117, 3.456366539001465, "lop a guidebook of best practices 2 on the effects of officer stress and\nmethods to reduce it, based on prior\nresearch on stress and fatigue for law enforcement.\nDevelop a concept for and test a mobile 2 mental health team to provide services\nin remo"]
[15.273873329162598, 3.452742099761963, "ion of Chiefs of Police Social Media Center and Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency social media efforts.\nProduce a guidebook on best practices 2 on positive incentives to reward positive behavior.\nTable D.5\u2014Continued\nCompeting financial d"]
[15.2517728805542, 3.442335605621338, "lations yet not moving the\nsaved money to community corrections\nto supervise the released prisoners.\n94 Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections: Identifying High-Priority Needs\nTable D.5\u2014Continued\n  Category and Subcategory\nPr"]
[15.266742706298828, 3.4193406105041504, "rs\ncarrying out roles knowledge for Policies and\nOfficer/practitioner development and\nknowledge\ntraining\ntracking systems that include long-term reliability Perform assessments of GPS and radio frequency and maintainability.\nfunctionality of tracking"]
[15.260696411132812, 3.4104390144348145, "l disaster from historic issues with victims not wanting to talk to provide for victim needs. Work on overcoming the community corrections perspective. Develop a guidebook on best practices to\nand model types and can provide dynamic, near- real-time "]
[15.205105781555176, 3.421717405319214, "r corrections\npractices Tactics and\nOfficer/practitioner development and knowledge\ntraining\nbehavioral knowledge\nDoctrine, tactics,\nmanagement, and\ndevelopment and\ntraining\nCreate gateways or centers that can translate and exchange corrections data b"]
[15.311660766601562, 3.515252113342285, " and remove high-risk persons.\nDifficulties recruiting, hiring, training, and retaining corrections staff\nanalytical Individual methods\nInformation analysis\nCreate gateways or centers that can translate and exchange corrections data between and among"]
[15.3126859664917, 3.5277652740478516, "ement.\nCumulative stress effects due to long-term assignments\nresources policy Organizational and practices and human\ndiagnosed with mental illnesses or exhibiting corrections officers to work with offenders Develop training programs for community sy"]
[15.264835357666016, 3.4600882530212402, "ited knowledge and training provided to officers on safety topics\npractices Tactics and\nOfficer/practitioner development and knowledge training\nbehavioral knowledge Doctrine, tactics, management, and communications development and Information and\ntra"]
[15.366109848022461, 3.555903196334839, "le and practical in the institutional corrections environment.\nDevelop alternatives that reduce staffing 2 requirements for monitoring and\ncontrolling inmate use of technology.\nDevelop contracts and procurement 3 practices that require the ability to"]
[15.299473762512207, 3.4889919757843018, "tinued\nFull List of Institutional Corrections Needs 103\n  Category and Subcategory\nProblem or Opportunity\nHigh cost of implementing managed access to cellular phones, which helps reduce contraband phones\nRanking Associated Need Tier\nEvaluate approach"]
[15.29918098449707, 3.498547315597534, "ding to unwillingness to wear\nWearable conductive-energy clothing (which administers a shock when wearer is touched\nby another person) as a potential opportunity for staff protection\nDevelop lower-cost puncture-resistant 3 gloves.\nDevelop cooler and "]
[15.304116249084473, 3.5050389766693115, "om transferring inmates outside of a facility to receive specialized medical care\nHigh cost of available tools for data analysis\nCurrent video analytics insufficient to monitor inmate behavioral problems\nDifficulties calculating sentences, given vary"]
[15.339408874511719, 3.5248637199401855, "ably dressed people in poor lighting conditions.\nDevelop analysis and scheduling tools for 3 seat management on buses to improve transport logistics efficiency.\n Individual analytical methods\nDevelop tools to identify the right periods for individual"]
[15.307452201843262, 3.5128438472747803, "ities at fence lines\nContraband coming into facilities at fence lines\nContraband coming into facilities through logistics systems\nAssociated Need\nImprove methods to identify individuals working in high-stress positions (e.g., mental health units) tha"]
[15.328598022460938, 3.5449881553649902, "osts of RFID tracking 2\nindividuals within facilities\nDifficulty managing gang presence within facilities\nContraband coming into facilities at fence lines\ntechnologies where deployment is practical in the corrections environment.\nDevelop information "]
[15.308328628540039, 3.503995656967163, " Homeland Security) to increase their robustness and reduce their costs for corrections environments.\n Adapt existing technology to better address challenges of the institutional environment, including the presence of many comparably dressed people i"]
[15.195427894592285, 3.4519474506378174, " a standards-based, readily 3 available, low-cost system architecture\nto provide a starting point for agencies\nto link their data sets internally and with other agencies\u2019 systems.\nReplace pieces of older systems 2 to become compatible with new\ntechno"]
[15.301801681518555, 3.496027946472168, "ed Need\nLow- Hanging\nRanking Fruit Tier Candidate?\n        112 Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections: Identifying High-Priority Needs\nTable E.5\nDoctrine, Tactics, Management, and Behavioral Knowledge Development and Training"]
[15.325852394104004, 3.5131683349609375, "ts and procurement 3 practices that require the ability to use third-party material on systems designed\nto deliver educational and other content\nto inmates.\nIdentify suppliers and explore contract 3 opportunities for upgrading to more- energy-efficie"]
[15.330327987670898, 3.532459020614624, "facilities.\nProvide risk management training for 2 leadership and supervisors to educate\nthem on the rules for these issues and\nprovide tools to assess requests.\nShare lessons learned about established 2 and useful performance measures across\nthe com"]
[15.301548957824707, 3.510239362716675, "Develop guidelines and best practices 2 for inmate classification to help with\nhousing and other service decisions for\nLGBTI inmates (with an emphasis on\nPREA compliance).\nExplore peer-facilitated suicide watch 2 models where inmates supervise each\no"]
[15.332137107849121, 3.4820921421051025, "ased 2 training to reduce training costs and\nallow training at facilities rather than requiring staff to be pulled from their\nroles.\nDevelop low-cost alternatives to being 2 at a gun range to train on firearms and nonlethal weapons, such as appropria"]
[15.325549125671387, 3.5096468925476074, "inmate keyword analysis and other pattern recognition. telephone calls, enabling rapid (and accurate)\nthe labor intensity of monitoring telephone conversations due to a small percentage of inmate Inability to listen to more than\nmonitoring: Fixed Sur"]
[15.312921524047852, 3.500699996948242, " within in medical cases, complaints, or inmate grievances)\nOrganizational Internal data performance management collection:\nInformation\ncollection\ncommunications\nInformation and\nstaff to keep notes) that enables positive behavioral management at lowe"]
[15.17907428741455, 3.3753128051757812, "mate access to technology, for communication within the content, gaming of systems creating internal security (e.g., access to unauthorized facility)\nenvironment\ncontrol\nInternal\nFacility operations and\npopulation services\n               Associated N"]
[15.33115291595459, 3.5352323055267334, "on training for large numbers of staff\nmediated training Technology- tools\nbehavioral knowledge\nDoctrine, tactics,\nmanagement, and\ndevelopment and\ntraining\n120 Fostering Innovation in Community and Institutional Corrections: Identifying High-Priority"]
[15.316862106323242, 3.505425214767456, "gement, and\ndevelopment and\ntraining\nHigh-pressure work environment, leading to staff mental health resources to address inmate issues, including suicide Lack of training and staff mental health issues\nAssociated Need\nProblem or Opportunity\nSubcatego"]
[15.568793296813965, 4.578437328338623, " K., and J. Ferrandino, \u201cManaging Mentally Ill Inmates in Prisons,\u201d Criminal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 35, No. 8, 2008, pp. 913\u2013927.\nAmerican Civil Liberties Union, At America\u2019s Expense: The Mass Incarceration of the Elderly, New York, 2012. America"]
[15.433788299560547, 4.260678291320801, "r, and C. Krebs, Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011\u201312, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 241399, May 2013.\nBowers, J., and P. H. Robinson, \u201cPerceptions of Fairness and Justice: The Shared Aims and O"]
[15.414667129516602, 4.241959571838379, "isoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.\nClear, T. R., G. F. Cole, M. D. Reisig, and C. Petrosino, American Corrections in Brief, Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2012."]
[15.398163795471191, 4.205047607421875, "gainst Traditional Drug Screening\nInstruments,\u201d Federal Probation, Vol. 75, No. 3, 2011.\nFederal Bureau of Investigation, \u201cExhibit 300: Capital Asset Summary, FBI Law Enforcement National Data Exchange Program (NDEx),\u201d July 2013. As of August 28, 201"]
[15.41523265838623, 4.242156505584717, "March 2009.\nGoldstein, M., \u201cHealth Information Privacy in the Correctional Environment,\u201d George Washington University, April 2012.\nHarries, K., \u201cUsing Geographic Analysis in Probation and Parole,\u201d NIJ Journal, No. 249, 2003, pp. 32\u201333. Hayes, L., \u201cCh"]
[15.54011058807373, 4.393677234649658, "g, Aurora, Colo., March 2012, pp. 14\u201316.\nJames, D. J., and L. E. Glaze, Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates, Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 213600, September 2006.\nJannetta, J., \u201cCOMPSTAT for Corrections,\u201d UC Irvine"]
[15.446918487548828, 4.194249153137207, "e United States: State and Federal Perceptions of Benefits and Barriers,\u201d Telemedicine Journal and e-Health, Vol. 10, Supp. 2, 2004.\nLatessa, E. J., R. W. Oldendick, L. F. Travis, S. Noonan, and B. E. McDermott, Impact of Technology on Adult Correcti"]
[15.391854286193848, 4.232221603393555, "uary 2012. Massachusetts Governor\u2019s Commission on Criminal Justice Innovation, Final Report, 2004.\nMatthies, C., Advancing the Quality of Cost-Benefit Analysis for Justice Programs, Washington, D.C.: Vera Institute of Justice, 2014.\nMauer, M., \u201cAddre"]
[15.414484024047852, 4.18890905380249, " Rise in Life Sentences in America, Washington, D.C.: The Sentencing Project, 2013. As of October 22, 2014: http://sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/inc_Life%20Goes%20On%202013.pdf\nNewcome, A., and A. Mullen, \u201cDrone Carrying Drugs and Phones Cra"]
[15.486160278320312, 4.225817680358887, "ust 18, 2013. As of October 24, 2014:\nhttp://w w w.usatoday.com/stor y/news/nation/2013/08/17/tabletsforinmates/2651727/\nRAND Corporation, \u201cDelphi Method,\u201d undated. As of July 17, 2014: http://www.rand.org/topics/delphi-method.html\nReimer, G., \u201cThe G"]
[15.422713279724121, 4.186068058013916, "S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, November 2009.\nSt. John, P., \u201cGPS Monitoring Alerts Overwhelm Probation Officers,\u201d Los Angeles Times, February 15, 2014. Stephan, J. J., Census of State and Federal Corr"]
[15.492379188537598, 4.381209850311279, "l Sheriffs\u2019 Association, 2010. As of October 22, 2014: http://www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf\nTorrey, E. F., M. T. Zdanowicz, A. D. Kennard, H. R. Lamb, D. F. Eslinger, M. C. Biasotti, and D. A. Ful"]
[15.362092971801758, 4.143154144287109, "minal Justice and Behavior, Vol. 38, No. 4, April 2011, pp. 386\u2013405.\nWorley, R. M., and V. B. Worley, \u201cGuards Gone Wild: A Self-Report Study of Correctional Officer Misconduct and the Effect of Institutional Deviance on \u2018Care\u2019 Within the Texas Prison"]
[1.517340064048767, 9.116575241088867, " CORPORATION\nCosts of Selected Policies to Address Air Pollution in China\n Keith Crane, Zhimin Mao\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr861\n Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. \u00a9 Copyright 2015 RAND Cor"]
[13.756892204284668, 4.802349090576172, " provided by the RAND Center for Asia Pacific Policy and the RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment Advisory Board.\nThe mission of the Center for Asia Pacific Policy is to improve policy by providing decisionmakers and the public with rigorous"]
[1.5175811052322388, 9.114965438842773, "..................................................................................viii Approximate Costs of Improving Air Quality ......................................................................................... ix Acknowledgments............"]
[1.520525336265564, 9.153204917907715, "rage Mean Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide in China\u2019s Largest Cities ............... 6 Figure 2.2: Average Mean Concentrations of Nitrogen Oxides in China\u2019s Largest Cities ............ 6 Figure 2.3: China\u2019s Emissions of TSP and Sulfur Dioxide (1991\u20132"]
[1.5278247594833374, 9.117701530456543, " where pollutant concentrations do not exceed levels that harm human health, more aggressive implementation of such policies will be necessary. However, these policies have costs. The purpose of this report is to assess the potential costs of adoptin"]
[1.5432581901550293, 9.121210098266602, " generating electricity. China has plans to expand hydroelectric power capacity from 249 gigawatts (GW) to 325 GW, which could generate 0.264 trillion KWh, equivalent to 5.3 percentage points of coal-fired power in 2012. Wind could generate\n0.996 tri"]
[1.5285238027572632, 9.140938758850098, "costs that air pollution imposes on the country.\nAs shown in Table S.1, these measures would not be costless. We estimate that, if implemented, recurring annual costs of these policies could run from $32 billion to $52 billion for replacing coal with"]
[1.5372542142868042, 9.12099838256836, "ns of 2012 $)\n32 52\n24 78 82 184\n215 235\n75\n140 160\n          Average price of LNG in East Asia in 2012 Peak price of LNG in East Asia 2012 Replacing coal-fired electricity with other fuels Hydro\nWind\nNuclear\nTotal\nGross total\nLow end (assumes lower "]
[1.5357637405395508, 9.194281578063965, " governments\u2014federal, provincial, and municipal\u2014have made considerable efforts in this field, and air quality has improved by some measures, it remains a serious problem: Concentrations of pollutants exceed standards recommended by the World Health O"]
[1.5150922536849976, 9.18755054473877, "ollution of air, water, and land. The costs of this pollution are large, approaching 10 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) per year over the past decade. This ratio is several times higher than in developed Asian market economies such Korea and "]
[1.5133693218231201, 9.168599128723145, " in the Value of Life, 1940\u20131980,\u201d Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2004, pp. 159\u2013180.\n5 For a discussion of the implications of urbanization on the costs of pollution, see Ying Zhou, Jonathan I. Levy, John S. Evans, and James K. Hamm"]
[1.514237403869629, 9.125210762023926, " trends in air quality as measured by concentrations of sulfur dioxide and Figure 2.2 shows trends in air nitrogen oxides in China\u2019s four largest cities: Beijing, Chongqing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. Average annual concentrations of sulfur dioxide and"]
[1.5274994373321533, 9.159148216247559, "esponsible for these emissions is coal, which accounts not only for most of China\u2019s emissions of sulfur dioxide but also TSP. Between 1990 and 2010, China\u2019s consumption of coal tripled.10 Despite this substantial increase, emissions of\n8 Y. Chen, G. "]
[1.5260101556777954, 9.191770553588867, "e, emitting substantial quantities of TSP.\n 11 Bag houses are fabric filters that retain particles from waste gas when they pass through the fabric. The filter operates cyclically between filtering and cleaning. During the cleaning stage, the accumul"]
[1.5359529256820679, 9.130901336669922, "ry of Environmental Protection of the People\u2019s Republic of China, China Vehicle Emission Control Annual Report, National Environmental Management of New Production Vehicles, 2014, Part III.\n 9\nFigure 2.5: Sources of Motor Vehicle Emissions According "]
[1.5180363655090332, 9.119277000427246, "rating pollution-control equipment so that emissions can be reduced to levels consistent with WHO air\n18 Calculated from information from Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, and Li, 2013.\n19 Environmental Protection Agency, \u201cThe Hidden Hazards of Backyard B"]
[1.5227700471878052, 9.114863395690918, "s, not propane, but in East Asia the cost per BTU of the two fuels is similar.) To calculate these figures, we assumed that the energy content of a standard metric ton of coal is 27.8 million British thermal units (BTUs) and the energy\n20 EIA, China,"]
[1.5288530588150024, 9.101831436157227, "ts have installed pollution-control equipment to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide.25 This equipment has contributed to China\u2019s reported declines in these emissions (Figure 2.3). Because of the greater efficiency of its new supercritical and ultra-s"]
[1.4889628887176514, 9.105376243591309, ", 2014.\n 14\nconsumption in the power sector from 1,824 million metric tons annually to 929 million tons, or 49 percent. If the worst-performing coal-fired power plants were retired first, such a policy could reduce China\u2019s total emissions of particul"]
[1.5261204242706299, 9.134049415588379, "rently generated by coal. If hydro power were to provide an additional 0.264 trillion KWh and wind an additional 0.894 trillion KWh, that would mean that additional nuclear power plants would have to supply 0.658 trillion KWh, or 15.2 percent of Chin"]
[1.5689505338668823, 9.118112564086914, "mers Bought Over 20 Million Vehicles in 2013 as Foreign Automakers Jockey for Market Share,\u201d International Business Times, January 7, 2014.\n0.264 0.894 0.758 1.918\n31 890 769\n     16\ncontrol technologies used by international manufacturers and there "]
[1.5172778367996216, 9.088213920593262, "in China\u2019s air quality; measures to halt the burning of coal and refuse by residential and commercial users in urban areas would be especially helpful.\nAdopting these measures would make a substantial dent in the volume of coal consumed in China. Rep"]
[1.53119695186615, 9.1234712600708, "                                                   Replacing Coal with Renewable and Nuclear Fuels to Generate Electricity\nDrivers of the cost of electricity differ greatly depending on the source. For example, the cost of wind power is driven by the"]
[1.5526025295257568, 9.125146865844727, "ellow-tagged\u201d vehicles by these prices yields a total cost to China from $21 billion to\n$42 billion for scrapping these vehicles immediately, if the national government were to adopt Dongguan\u2019s program for the entire country (Table 4.2). Note that in"]
[1.5198100805282593, 9.150930404663086, "winter months.\nThe cost of this policy would primarily fall on urban residents, and, to a lesser extent, retail and other commercial establishments. However, these are precisely the individuals who suffer most from this air pollution. As in other cou"]
[1.5412640571594238, 9.185437202453613, "uyu, Avraham Ebenstein, Michael Greenstone, and Hongbin Li, Evidence on the Impact of Sustained Exposure to Air Pollution on Life Expectancy from China\u2019s Huai River Policy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, May 28, 2013. As of November "]
[1.5584133863449097, 9.171229362487793, "onmental Protection of the People\u2019s Republic of China, China Emission Control Annual Report, Part III, National Environmental Management of New Production Vehicles, 2013.\nMinistry of Environmental Protection, China Vehicle Emission Control Annual Rep"]
[1.5279492139816284, 9.186110496520996, "e Council, the People\u2019s Republic of China, China 2030: Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative High-Income Society, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2012\nWorld Health Organization, WHO Air Quality Guidelines For Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen D"]
[3.3669939041137695, 12.758997917175293, " The Adoption of New Smart-Grid Technologies\nIncentives, Outcomes, and Opportunities Christopher Guo, Craig A. Bond, Anu Narayanan\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr717\n  Published by the RAND Corporation, "]
[13.793481826782227, 4.692193031311035, "ng as it relates to small businesses and entrepreneurship in a wide range of settings, including health care and civil justice.\nThe intended audience for this report includes electricity industry professionals, consum- ers of electricity, researchers"]
[3.366062879562378, 12.758861541748047, "ures........................................................................................................... ix Summary........................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments....."]
[3.363051176071167, 12.75401782989502, " . . . . . 12 Potential Benefits to Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Potential Benefits to All Market Participants"]
[3.365879774093628, 12.757932662963867, ".....\nCHAPTER FOUR\nThe Smart Grid in Practice: Some Empirical Evidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Response of Consumers to Alternative Pricing Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[3.367574453353882, 12.757919311523438, "TER SIX\nUsing Public Policy to Encourage Smart-Grid Technology Adoption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Levers to Incentivize Smart-Grid Investment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[3.368425130844116, 12.760248184204102, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53\nContents vii\nFigures\n 1.1. Subgrids of the North American Electric System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2\n1.2. The Electric Power Delivery Syst"]
[3.3709781169891357, 12.760663032531738, "anding the habits and needs of the electricity consumer. If concerns about privacy can be assuaged and utilities can overcome the technical hurdles associated with the organization of vast amounts of data, then utilities may be able not only to optim"]
[3.365238904953003, 12.755852699279785, "grid modernization. We identify the key sources of theoretical potential benefits and analyze the potential benefits and costs of entrepreneurial opportunities related to the smart grid, with a focus on data analytics and the commodification of infor"]
[3.3670058250427246, 12.760498046875, "e adoption of smart-grid tech- nologies based on the principle of maximizing net benefits to the system (versus just cost minimization of the investment).\n\u2022 Regulators should develop efficient pricing regimes for distributed generation, reflecting th"]
[3.354579448699951, 12.756448745727539, "tandard\nRTO regional transmission organization\nRTP real-time pricing\nSGIG Smart Grid Investment Grant TOU time of use\nCHAPTER ONE\nIntroduction\nThe legacy power grid of the United States was developed in order to provide almost-universal electric serv"]
[3.3262293338775635, 12.754043579101562, "s, Outcomes, and Opportunities\nFigure 1.1\nSubgrids of the North American Electric System\nWestern Interconnection\nEastern Interconnection\n      Texas Interconnection\nSOURCE: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), undated.\nRAND RR717-1.1\nThe Supply of Electr"]
[3.3618364334106445, 12.7570219039917, "ring trains and electric vehicles. Figure 1.3 provides a representative snapshot of electricity use within a home.\nConsumers of electricity do not demand a constant, predictable level of electricity. Driv- ing factors of electricity demand include we"]
[3.3630688190460205, 12.755085945129395, "sumers, consumers ultimately bear all of the costs of investment, but they benefit through the savings in operational costs that are generated\n(assuming that these savings are passed through as well). This type of regulatory structure in the electric"]
[3.3644347190856934, 12.757675170898438, "nd is variable and unpredictable, utilities face demand risk. Demand risk is uncertainty about whether the electricity for which contracts exist will be sufficient to meet load demands. Supply in the system is determined through a dispatching system "]
[3.363346576690674, 12.756138801574707, " that the consumer faces, which consists of generation, trans- mission, and distribution components. Prices also vary according to the type of consumer and the nature of business operations. They are highest for residential and commercial consumers b"]
[3.371213674545288, 12.758015632629395, "ers at a local level.\nUsing Technology to Overcome Problems: The Smart Grid\nDevelopments in monitoring, communication, and other technologies (such as smart meters and supporting infrastructure) provide the means for suppliers to learn about the over"]
[3.364452600479126, 12.756156921386719, "e information in item 4.\nThese categories of systems are not necessarily independent of one another, but rather\nrequire interdependence. Figure 1.4 provides an illustrative example of how the smart grid works and how various components interact with "]
[3.3685970306396484, 12.760467529296875, "ch report addresses the following research questions:\n\u2022 What potential benefits could the smart grid have for utilities and consumers of electricity?\n\u2022 What entrepreneurial opportunities are likely to present themselves in the context of the\nsmart-gr"]
[3.3643875122070312, 12.757718086242676, "to shape the direction of smart-grid growth.\nCHAPTER TWO\nA Review of the Potential Benefits of the Smart Grid\nAccording to GAO, full deployment of the smart grid would have some potential benefits (GAO, 2011). These are generally independent dimensio"]
[3.3525984287261963, 12.75787353515625, "ewable-energy port- folios, these technologies will enable the larger grid to more cost-effectively integrate renewable sources. However, the introduction of new IRES producers with low marginal costs of gen- eration can also negatively affect incumb"]
[3.365441083908081, 12.757290840148926, "the grid; and rapidly fix them, thus reducing outage times and search costs. EPRI (2011) states that, with smart-grid technologies, \u201cutilities can provide more reliable energy, particularly during challenging emer- gency conditions, while managing th"]
[3.365933895111084, 12.758438110351562, "process is straightforward; various technologies serve to decrease operating costs or increase power quality. For example, the increased potential for monitoring and controlling system health that the smart grid affords can automate the process of id"]
[3.3639683723449707, 12.757560729980469, "hese appli-\nFigure 2.1\nSample Dispatch Curve for Electricity Supply\n       300\n       250\n       200\n       150\n       100\n50\n0\n0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140\nSystem capacity available to meet demand (GW)\nSOURCE: EIA, 2012b.\nNOTE: GW = gigawatt. \u201cThe vari"]
[3.365769147872925, 12.757987022399902, " Morgan, 2012).\nTotal Potential Benefits of the Smart Grid\nIn economic terms, EPRI estimated that the potential benefits of a fully deployed smart grid are in the range of $1.3 trillion to $2 trillion, compared with total costs between $338 bil- lion"]
[3.365689277648926, 12.757698059082031, "t is neither to verify the estimates of the benefits and costs nor to argue in favor of acceleration or deceleration of adoption of those technologies. Rather, we seek to understand the underlying environment that might contrib- ute to perverse adopt"]
[3.3979008197784424, 12.78671932220459, "work specification. ZigBee utilizes low-powered, low-cost radio chips to transmit small amounts of encrypted data short distances. In a ZigBee network, each smart\n1 This is due to environmental factors, such as geographic terrain, potential for radio"]
[3.375866651535034, 12.765619277954102, "al appliances are then connected using a communication protocol to create a home-area sensing network. Although this is the most straightforward and potentially the most accurate method, hardware solutions suffer from some glaring flaws that may ulti"]
[3.4020917415618896, 12.786160469055176, "tes of usage and usage directions.\nThe number of appliances that can be identified determines the level of disaggregation detail. The level of detail depends on the type of sensing hardware installed, the pattern- matching algorithms employed, the co"]
[3.381293535232544, 12.769514083862305, "saggregation over the observation period. Then the algorithms are given raw aggregate data for a different time period but for the same house. Currently, software prediction for this type of problem is accurate approximately 90 percent of the time (\u201c"]
[3.381049394607544, 12.771468162536621, "s take to conserve electricity. The procedure for traditional energy audits, meant to inform consumers of their specific usage and find conser- vation measures, is very manual. A professional technician will visit the home, examine the insulation, in"]
[3.3796463012695312, 12.768098831176758, " the possibility of establishing causality. Before, results from programs that target\n22 The Adoption of New Smart-Grid Technologies: Incentives, Outcomes, and Opportunities\nspecific appliance usages (e.g., heating, cooling, and lights) would be lost"]
[3.376760482788086, 12.765726089477539, "ld- ings. The data might uncover that consumers might use appliances and buildings differently from the intended design. For example, for health and comfort reasons, building occupants often leave windows open to get fresh air even while the heat is "]
[3.377596855163574, 12.765984535217285, "rs via text alerts when nonoptimal behavior is detected or when the energy supply is constrained. It would rely on observing household behavior\u2014i.e., intelligently learning the patterns of the household. It would then offer personalized recommendatio"]
[3.3764002323150635, 12.765128135681152, "t as a single male between 25 and 30 years old. Such data would be especially useful for marketing companies and advertisers and could provide an additional source of revenue for the utility.\nHousehold activity data inferred from disaggregated electr"]
[3.366732120513916, 12.759199142456055, "vely small down payment on the hundreds of bil- lions of dollars the electric power industry will need to fully modernize the electric grid over the next several decades\u201d (DOE, 2013, p. iv).\nThe necessity of SGIG in spurring significant smart-grid de"]
[3.3593204021453857, 12.760016441345215, "nsumer to track the current status of hourly, daily, or monthly consump- tion and anticipate additional electricity demands before the end of the billing cycle.\nNevertheless, in order for benefits of dynamic pricing to materialize in practice, con- s"]
[3.3588640689849854, 12.761971473693848, "variation in consumer attributes. A point of difference from simulation analysis results is a common pilot-study finding that higher peak prices reduce peak demand with no offsetting shift in consumption to off-peak times. Joskow (2012) notes that th"]
[3.3629379272460938, 12.759307861328125, " customers in northern California to show that some customers with consumption patterns weighted unfavorably toward peak times actually may see higher bills with real-time rather than time-invariant rates. However, results from large industrial cus- "]
[3.36110782623291, 12.759366035461426, "ional rates, which had also coincided with unseasonably hot temperatures (Smith, 2010). This episode revealed a lack of customer awareness of basic rate structures and price changes and a need for better customer education about smart-meter technolog"]
[3.367521047592163, 12.757729530334473, "ercentage reductions of near 30 percent (EnerNOC, 2013). Information about electricity consumption was available to the consumer only on a 15-minute delay and in a form that was not particularly desirable, which apparently led to some disappointment "]
[3.363245964050293, 12.753868103027344, "cost- effectiveness analysis of modernization plans.\nOn December 23, 2013, DPU presented a \u201cstraw proposal\u201d based largely on the final report (DPU, 2013). In that proposal, DPU proposed to require a ten-year grid-modernization plan from each utility,"]
[3.3652825355529785, 12.757676124572754, "tilities may not prioritize the same technologies as regulators do, and some smart-grid investments have been characterized by cost overruns and a lack of recoverability by utilities. In the next chapter, we turn to a more theoretical discussion of t"]
[3.365668773651123, 12.757731437683105, "ologies will deliver. Customers face similar decisions when making purchases of \u201csmart\u201d\n1 As opposed to technology adoption that is either paid for (or at least subsidized) by such programs as SGIG.\n2 Total quantities of retail sales (in megawatt-hou"]
[3.371129274368286, 12.756416320800781, "traditional cost-plus regulation, the pass-through of operating-cost savings and investment expenditures is complete (assuming no disallowances by the regulator), while timings of rate cases (and perhaps allowable rates of return on capital) differ a"]
[3.365816116333008, 12.756990432739258, "he tendency to adopt the least-cost technology (as opposed to technologies that maximize net benefits) provides a disincentive to invest in smart-grid technologies.5\nThe timing of rate cases can also affect the incentives for smart-grid investments. "]
[3.3634185791015625, 12.755337715148926, " a profit margin means that the utility itself cannot earn additional long-run profits. This pricing scheme thus protects electricity consumers from monopoly pricing but also creates disincen- tives for smart-grid investment on both the producer and "]
[3.365638494491577, 12.758146286010742, "ure (Berg and Tschirhart, 1988; Malkin and Centolella, undated).\nWe now turn to several specific barriers associated with smart-grid technologies and dynamic pricing.\n6 In the recent Northeast Utilities/DPU case, the utility stated in a letter to the"]
[3.369417190551758, 12.760610580444336, "fear of stranded assets if and when standards are finalized.11 Needing to retrofit assets because of changed standards and requirements can result in prohibitively high costs that are typically not factored into analysis of the benefits and costs of "]
[3.365558385848999, 12.757772445678711, "f-Use Pricing and Transaction Costs\nThe introduction of time-varying prices has the potential to increase the overall efficiency of the electricity market. From the consumer standpoint, however, overall system efficiency is not necessarily the goal. "]
[3.3657643795013428, 12.758098602294922, ", 2011), but the lumpy nature and prices of these long-lived capital goods suggest that responses may be relatively slow, thus decreasing the elasticity of demand in the shorter run.\nThe movement toward RTP could also increase electric-bill volatilit"]
[3.374746084213257, 12.764165878295898, "ally useful information comes risks that (1) activities within the home may be predicted from the data and (2) unauthorized private or public users of the data may gain access through either legal (market) or illegal means (NIST, 2010; Murrill, Liu, "]
[3.3728678226470947, 12.76284408569336, "to effectively disaggregate data from a house without an appliance inventory, machine-learning techniques should be applied to probabilistic classification of devices. Such a classification would rely on the context and timing of device usage to prov"]
[3.3624229431152344, 12.754350662231445, "costs of system upgrades under current regulatory policy, which creates political economy disincentives to smart-grid development through likely higher electric bills in the short run. An additional dynamic related to distrib- uted generation can exa"]
[3.371284246444702, 12.756049156188965, "ze investment and help overcome the barriers discussed in Chapter Five. After all, innovation cannot happen with- out adoption (Garber et al., 2011). We also discuss several broad principles, which could be adopted to avoid mistakes in smart-grid dev"]
[3.362746000289917, 12.754836082458496, "ceive them as profitable, it may be necessary to increase the allowable rate of return on capital to incentivize smart-grid investments. Risks of doing so are the increasing probability that excessive rents could be generated for the utility, with hi"]
[3.3649251461029053, 12.755936622619629, "end up reducing the overall costs of supply (Lowry, Makos, and Johnson, 2011). Rather than being\nUsing Public Policy to Encourage Smart-Grid Technology Adoption 45\nbased on actual cost savings, these must be calculated on the basis of a counterfactua"]
[3.365363597869873, 12.756333351135254, ", investments related to the smart grid, as currently envisioned, are not designed to replace depreciated legacy capital but rather to create a joint electricity and communication system that provides for (and, in some cases, is necessary for) future"]
[3.364936590194702, 12.755826950073242, "shwashers, hot tubs, and clothes dryers. This would serve to encourage energy conservation in a targeted manner, focusing on nonessential appliance usage. In addition, certain programs, such as the California Alternative Rates for Energy program, off"]
[3.365351915359497, 12.75652027130127, "ntly limit investment and risk-taking\u2014both necessary ingredients of innovation. As the vision for the smart grid continues to be refined through a deepened understanding of the available technologies and collected data, so too should the framework of"]
[3.369673252105713, 12.759235382080078, "licy changes are associated with trade-offs.\nRequire Transparency in Data Collection and Usage\nNumerous technological and logistical barriers exist in dealing with data issues that arise from the information layer of the smart grid, but perhaps the m"]
[3.366762161254883, 12.757450103759766, "entifies the potential barriers of smart-grid technology adoption, as well as identifying policy levers, recommenda- tions, and entrepreneurial opportunities related to grid modernization. Potential benefits of a fully functional smart grid come from"]
[3.3615801334381104, 12.75544261932373, "y not be compatible with other system components or will be made obsolete in the future. Adopting a technology that proves incom-\n 49\n50 The Adoption of New Smart-Grid Technologies: Incentives, Outcomes, and Opportunities\npatible or of little use or "]
[3.3647985458374023, 12.75680923461914, "l approach may not be appropriate across all distribution systems.\n\u2022 The development and adoption of technological standards at the federal level can help reduce investment uncertainty and facilitate the development of technologies in auxiliary marke"]
[3.3684587478637695, 12.761148452758789, "repreneurial activity. Evalu- ation of the distributional effects of smart-grid incentive structures should be a key feature of future research. This deals with how the benefits and costs from smart-grid rollout should be allocated among incumbent fi"]
[3.3832836151123047, 12.774418830871582, "rnal, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2007a, pp. 111\u2013130.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cWealth Transfers Among Large Customers from Implementing Real-Time Retail Electricity Pricing,\u201d Energy Journal, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2007b, pp. 131\u2013149.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cTo What Electricity Price Do Consumers Respond? "]
[3.365553140640259, 12.759490013122559, ". 34, No. 1, 2013, pp. 1\u201331.\nCrew, Michael A., and Paul R. Kleindorfer, \u201cRegulatory Economics: Twenty Years of Progress?\u201d Journal of Regulatory Economics, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2002, pp. 5\u201322.\nDaintree Networks, \u201cApplying Mesh Networking to Wireles"]
[3.3465445041656494, 12.738415718078613, "nomic Review, Vol. 100, No. 3, June 2010, pp. 837\u2013869.\nFroehlich, Jon, Eric Larson, Sidhant Gupta, Gabe Cohn, Matthew Reynolds, and Shwetak Patel, \u201cDisaggregated End-Use Energy Sensing for the Smart Grid,\u201d IEEE Pervasive Computing, Vol. 10, No. 1, Ja"]
[3.3352673053741455, 12.755511283874512, "13. As of February 26, 2014:\nhttp://finance-commerce.com/2013/04/the-lessons-of-smart-grid-test-in-boulder\nHenn, Steve, \u201cIf There\u2019s Privacy in the Digital Age, It Has a New Definition,\u201d All Tech Considered, March 3, 2014. As of October 29, 2014:\nhttp"]
[3.3690202236175537, 12.755858421325684, " 1: Economic Principles, New York: Wiley, 1970.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, The Economics of Regulation: Principles and Institutions, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. \u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cTelecommunications, Competitiveness, and Economic Development: What Makes Us\nCompetitive?\u201d Public "]
[3.366395950317383, 12.7582426071167, "bersecurity, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, R42338, February 3, 2012. As of February 25, 2014:\nhttp://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42338.pdf\nNarayanan, Anu, and M. Granger Morgan, \u201cSustaining Critical Social Services During Extended R"]
[3.3627185821533203, 12.75822639465332, ".html\nReiss, Peter C., and Matthew W. White, \u201cHousehold Electricity Demand, Revisited,\u201d Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 72, No. 3, 2005, pp. 853\u2013883.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cWhat Changes Energy Consumption? Prices and Public Pressures,\u201d RAND Journal of Economics, Vol"]
[3.3715789318084717, 12.757107734680176, "t Reduction, Competition, and Industry Performance,\u201d Econometrica, Vol. 52, No. 1, January 1984, pp. 101\u2013121.\nSteiner, Peter O., \u201cPeak Loads and Efficient Pricing,\u201d Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 71, No. 4, November 1957, pp. 585\u2013610.\nTexas Off"]
[3.3307502269744873, 12.755285263061523, "teristics and Costs in the Buildings Sector,\u201d August 7, 2013a. As of February 28, 2014:\nhttp://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/distribgen/system/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Electric Power Annual 2012, December 2013b. As of February 26, 2014: http://www.eia.gov/electricity/an"]
[3.3583638668060303, 12.760119438171387, " M., and K. Roth, \u201cNon-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring (NIALM): Review and Outlook,\u201d IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 1, February 2011, pp. 76\u201384.\n"]
[13.935070991516113, 3.957551956176758, "     High-Priority Information Technology Needs for Law Enforcement\nJohn S. Hollywood, John E. Boon, Jr., Richard Silberglitt, Brian G. Chow, Brian A. Jackson\nA project of the RAND Corporation, the Police Executive Research Forum, RTI International, "]
[13.999861717224121, 3.1993043422698975, "se technology portfolios.\nTo help NIJ accomplish its mission, the RAND Corporation Information and Geospa- tial Technologies Center, which is part of NIJ\u2019s National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center system, has been conducting strateg"]
[14.1259183883667, 2.685661554336548, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ 1 Prior Work on Identifying Technology Needs for Law Enforcement. . . . . . . . . . "]
[14.147951126098633, 2.711897134780884, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nCoverageofTechnologyAreas............................................................................. Coverage of Law Enforcement Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[14.154046058654785, 2.6469175815582275, "mation Technology Science and Technology Efforts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nAPPendIx\nInformation Technology Capability deman"]
[14.087752342224121, 2.8719522953033447, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.3. Top Needs for Each Law Enforcement Objective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.1. Summary of Themes in Law Enforcement Needs . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[14.157526969909668, 2.7202353477478027, "tivities and studies:\n\u2022 developing a formal characterization (technically, a taxonomy) of criminal justice technologies\n\u2022 in conjunction with its expert Law Enforcement Advisory Panel (LEAP), developing a set of objectives for law enforcement that te"]
[14.15708065032959, 2.7728352546691895, "s report include both general ones cov- ering common themes and prioritized lists of specific needs. In line with the dedicated technology areas of the center, this report focuses on IT-related needs for law enforce- ment. These needs and themes are "]
[14.063485145568848, 2.7321057319641113, "o will do what, for whom, and when, along with dissemination metrics, to assist practitioners in learning about and using key technologies and associated methods. Key parts of the strategy will include the development and maintenance of the \u201creposito"]
[13.970437049865723, 2.82106614112854, "efforts involved in information-sharing, with limited coordination between them.\n\u2022 Finally, it is particularly difficult for new agencies seeking interoperability and developers seeking to provide it to learn about using all the available tools and r"]
[14.144083023071289, 2.7165772914886475, "nt roles. The different roles\u2014and corresponding types of displays\u2014would include agency command (discussions have taken place on replacements or major improvements to COMPSTAT, for example), field-level operations, and departmental planners and schedu"]
[13.883950233459473, 3.192704677581787, "with whom the center staff have worked over the course the center\u2019s activities. These include agency representatives we interviewed directly, developers of NIJ-funded prod- ucts who let us know about their work, subject matter experts and practitione"]
[14.082809448242188, 3.0345206260681152, "me section, to conduct programs that \u201cimprove the safety and effectiveness of law enforcement technology and improve access to such tech- nology by Federal, State, and local law enforcement agencies.\u201d To carry out this mission, NIJ is assigned duties"]
[14.07944393157959, 2.8376705646514893, "y needs of law enforcement practitioners, the current and projected future state of the art of relevant technolo- gies, current efforts within the community and by vendors and other agencies, and consistent and proven strategic planning approaches an"]
[14.132441520690918, 2.7646243572235107, "elevant. These studies are listed below. Although the center\nIntroduction to the NLECTC Information and Geospatial Technology Center\u2019s Strategic Planning activities 3\ndid not copy needs from these prior studies into its technology database, these are"]
[14.146058082580566, 2.6810121536254883, "ng IT Needs for Law Enforcement\nOur framework includes two core elements: a taxonomy for categorizing what the need is and a set of objectives for categorizing what the need would do to further law enforcement. The use of these two elements allows us"]
[14.168639183044434, 2.687987804412842, " two steps. The first was a review of prior research on law enforcement objectives, captured and summarized by Davis (2012) and focus- ing on Moore and Braga\u2019s (2003) measurement system for police performance. The center then worked with its Law Enfo"]
[14.173175811767578, 2.69353985786438, " to Assist Live Training\nManagement/Knowledge Development and Training\nSocietal/Legal Knowledge\nDevelopment and Training\nDevelopment and Training\nDevelopment and Training\nDevelopment and Training\nTechnology-Mediated Teaching\nManagement/Leadership Kno"]
[14.099518775939941, 2.7953150272369385, "egic Planning Activities for NIJ\nFigure 1.2 presents the studies and activities involved in the center\u2019s strategic planning sup- port to NIJ. These are described in more detail in the following chapter. The general approach is to analyze technology \u201c"]
[14.151588439941406, 2.7029433250427246, "iews with 25 agencies on IT needs\n\u2022 Potential payoffs of LE investments in IT\n\u2022 LPRs (Gierlack et al., 2014)\n\u2022 Predictive policing\n\u2022 Identify desired capabilities\n\u2022 Review of 600+ fielded tools\n\u2022 Review of 60+ NIJ grants\n\u2022 Identify gaps in supply\n   "]
[14.209370613098145, 2.607351779937744, "s on the interview notes, identifying needs and themes that occurred frequently across the interviewees. Specific needs emerging from this study are documented in the next chapter. All needs identified were named in some form by at least 40 percent o"]
[14.242622375488281, 2.5940701961517334, ", including acquisition, consulting, and training,\noperating, and maintenance costs; this was used as an indicator of how widespread the successful solution for this need will be implemented by law enforcement agencies of all sizes; a lower cost woul"]
[14.370622634887695, 2.469196081161499, " understand the process and thus where the needs and priorities came from6\n\u2022 comparatively easy to execute during a multiday workshop.\nThe implementation of the methodology during the LEAP is described below.\nThe LEAP had two phases. The first phase "]
[14.18780517578125, 2.6671979427337646, "roup 2, crime analysis and investigation. This group covered functions, including COMPSTAT, situational awareness maps and displays (crime maps and other geospatial information), predictive policing, link analysis, field investigative activities, for"]
[14.226162910461426, 2.6659739017486572, " in crimes\n 12. Reductions in disorder\n 13. Reductions in fear of crime\n 14. Improved emergency outcomes\n 2. Hold offenders accountable\n  21. Increases in clearance rates\n 22. Increases in conviction rates\n 23. Reductions in recidivism\n 3. Ensure hea"]
[14.291214942932129, 2.616164207458496, "ent competencies\u201d (i.e., support improved effectiveness in general) and \u201creduce costs.\u201d\nOther changes were largely administrative, responding to panelists\u2019 suggestions for clearer language to describe the objectives.\nThe online LEAP included a modifi"]
[14.301274299621582, 2.6394474506378174, "crime and disorder\nSolve more cases\nImprove the health of law enforcement personnel\nReduce casualties in the line of duty\nImprove the public's trust of law enforcement\nReduce costs\nImprove law enforcement competencies\nRespond to incidents and events "]
[14.758289337158203, 1.8974522352218628, " systems. Minimum scores (1) implied very high technical risk, typically needing entirely new technologies that might not be available or even physically possible.\n8 Although we did not insist on strict adherence to it, the advice to panelists on how"]
[14.784172058105469, 1.7878068685531616, "l- ist got immediate feedback in that they saw their ratings compared with the average ratings to date, along with a popup box that showed the comments for that need to date. The panelists could then rerate the needs if they wished.11\nPrioritizing ne"]
[14.719707489013672, 1.847569227218628, "iddle rank (50 percent of scores are higher, 50 percent of scores are lower) in the data. Medians were chosen because they are robust\u2014they provide reasonable estimates of the center of the data even given outliers or atypical distributions of the dat"]
[14.346288681030273, 2.420217752456665, "tiple sources (e.g., rank-order votes from different people, different search engines\u2019 scores). Borda count methods have been around for centuries, first being popularized by the French scientist Jean-Charles de Borda in 1770. For a general treatment"]
[12.732647895812988, 3.3055362701416016, "ents advice to those considering developing, acquiring, or using a predictive analytics system.\nTechnology needs emerging from the study include providing tools that are affordable and easy to use; creating tools that provide additional situational a"]
[13.857993125915527, 2.9608449935913086, "sessing federal- and association-sponsored efforts to improve both systems interoper-\nability and affordability, both to date and planned for the future\n\u2022 identifying remaining barriers to interoperability and affordability as discussed in confer-\nen"]
[14.106420516967773, 2.768479347229004, " crime reduction and crime-solving methods are being used by law enforcement agencies, and when new investments in both new systems and new practices are being made.\nExamining the Market and Market Gaps for Technology: Supply and Demand Analysis\nThe "]
[14.190335273742676, 2.6218695640563965, " key sessions related to \u2013 the impact of postrecession budget cuts\n\u2013 growing challenges to sensor/surveillance technologies and methods (notably auto-\nmated LPR systems) over civil and privacy rights issues\n\u2013 growing challenges to mass stop-and-frisk"]
[14.215925216674805, 2.5888912677764893, "nd analysis (see the appendix)\nIaCP/LEIM IT Summit\u2014 2013\nLaw enforcement conference themes\nPredictive policing study (Perry et al., 2013a)\nLPR study (Gierlack et al., 2014)\nGeospatial software tool study (Wong, Sorensen, and Hollywood, 2014)\nIT inves"]
[14.785425186157227, 1.7991423606872559, "tegic Planning activities 23\nies had small numbers of participants (at most two dozen), for individual needs we focus on which tier a need is in and, secondarily, in which ranking bin. The findings of this report focus on themes drawn from fairly lar"]
[14.225048065185547, 2.5370187759399414, "ty that a need assigned to bin 1 has a greater real-world priority than a need assigned to bin 9\u2014or a difference of eight bins\u2014is 1.2 percent.\n\u2022 The probability that a need ranked seven bins lower than another need has a greater real-world priority i"]
[14.198984146118164, 2.547929286956787, "entation\n\u2022 Weapons and Force.\nWithin technology-area tables, needs are sorted first by technology class (again, coming from the technology taxonomy) and then by priority, with higher-ranked needs presented first. That said, we emphasize that there is"]
[14.169755935668945, 2.630409002304077, "ife for the practitioner, difficult personnel decisions for the managers, and customer service for citizens\nTechnology Taxonomy Division\nFacility Operations Technologies\nInformation analysis\nTechnology Taxonomy Category\nOrganizational Logistics\nCompu"]
[14.120138168334961, 2.6513681411743164, "in an agency\nNeed a better way to screen prospective recruits and eliminate those who are unlikely to make it through the police academy\nTechnology Taxonomy Division\nInformation analysis\nInformation analysis\nInformation analysis\nInformation analysis\n"]
[14.186335563659668, 2.6598103046417236, "ion (Including Surveillance)\nInformation Collection (Including Surveillance)\nInformation Collection (Including Surveillance)\nInformation Collection (Including Surveillance)\nInformation Collection (Including Surveillance)\nTechnology Taxonomy Category\n"]
[14.170069694519043, 2.6398844718933105, "ance)\nTechnology Taxonomy Category\nInternal Data Collection\nInternal Data Collection\nSurveillance\nSurveillance\nSurveillance\nSurveillance\nSurveillance\nSurveillance\nSurveillance\nSource\nLEaP Tactical\nLEaP Operational\nConference Themes\nLEaP Operational\nL"]
[14.161489486694336, 2.616126537322998, " Study\nLEaP Tactical\nGeospatial TWG\nTechnology Summit\nGeospatial TWG\nLEaP Tactical\nInformation-Led Policing TWG\nPriority\n   5\n5\n5\n4\n4\n3\n3\n 9\n 8\n   Table 2.1\u2014Continued\nNeed\nPublic information channels to warn the public away from areas\nVictim notifica"]
[14.14932632446289, 2.6523072719573975, "Priority\nInformation Technology Needs for Law Enforcement 31\n    8\n4\n4\n4\n 3\n 2\n 1\n 9\n 32 High-Priority Information Technology Needs for Law Enforcement\nTable 2.1\u2014Continued\nNeed\nGeospatial capability survey\nGreater R&D investment in common operational"]
[14.203513145446777, 2.7411532402038574, "Geographic alert tool\nSocial media for criminal justice\nImproved bandwidth\nInformation overload study\nRapid data offloads from car/officer cameras\nNeed Description\nNeed a notification system\nto keep officers apprised\nof the activities of current pris"]
[13.96534252166748, 2.914881944656372, "S/CaD\nand other key criminal justice data standards\nGreater R&D investment in IT standards\nStandardized definitions (for criminal justice performance measures and information exchange)\nNeed Description\nNeed to improve mobility and convergence\nNeed an"]
[14.03634262084961, 3.0064697265625, "state and local criminal jus- tice communities are using and assess the operational effectiveness of those systems\nNeed to improve the inter- operability of NIJ-funded software tools, possibly by creating a common database to store data to be used by"]
[14.126870155334473, 2.7511918544769287, "g to technology in general\nNeed Description\nNeed to align strategic requirements with available technical capabilities\nNeed to address critical budget cuts driven by the recession; technology seen as both a potential help and a cost to be cut\nNeed gr"]
[14.172439575195312, 2.7274169921875, "pertise; examples might include biographies in an OJP-sponsored database or a site analogous to LinkedIn to provide peer-reviewed capabilities\nNeed guide on what pre- dictive policing is, what works, and what does not in predictive policing, to inclu"]
[14.133150100708008, 2.7350409030914307, "ioners on change management\nNeed R&E on practices to reduce crime from repeat offenders, especially methods that do not require continual rearrest and incarceration\nNeed to effectively and efficiently retain the corpo- rate knowledge of long-time emp"]
[14.125255584716797, 2.677682399749756, "ts and complaints; training could involve hands- on simulations of ambiguous situations or other web-based training tools\nNeed to develop model policies and laws to preempt online \u201cgang-banging\u201d activity, including recruitment and violent threats (e."]
[14.09740924835205, 2.7691001892089844, "management of technology resources\nNeed R&E on practices to reduce crimes that occur frequently, such as domestic violence, false alarms, cell phone theft, and metal theft\nNeed training on social media, including what can be gathered (with/without a "]
[14.079814910888672, 2.762199878692627, "em- ination of NIJ-funded software tools, to include specifying tool repositories and requiring creation and execution of dissemination plans\nNeed to improve NIJ\npolicy and involvement in software tool development, to include requiring delivery of a "]
[14.153548240661621, 2.66788387298584, "encies\nNeed improvements to unified command training, to include awareness and use of NIMS; these should consider new technologies (exercises, simulators,\nand gaining), as well as support agency-specific customization\nNeed a simulation-based manageme"]
[14.234627723693848, 2.5555508136749268, "verage of Technology Areas\nFigure 2.1 shows the number of needs by taxonomy division (top level). Not surprisingly, a majority of needs fall under the technical \u201cinformation\u201d divisions. However, a large proportion of needs actually fall under the non"]
[14.190792083740234, 2.644986629486084, "rating for each need as well as the specific bin rating for that objective. As shown, all spe- cific bin ratings had top values (9) except for Solve More Cases.\nFigure 2.2\nNumber of Needs, by Technology Category\nInformation Technology Needs for Law E"]
[14.131232261657715, 2.682831287384033, "ot currently being used as crime indicators or for analysis (need a survey on the use of these data).\nTool to overcome issues with current quality of life for the practitioner, difficult personnel decisions for the managers, and customer service for "]
[14.051201820373535, 1.993267297744751, "ic evidence collection\nDispatchable/ deployable CCTV systems\nLight wearable cameras\nDeployable, wearable tracking systems (GPS)\nModels, resources, and examples for health programs\nLight wearable cameras\nDeployable, wearable tracking systems (GPS)\nPub"]
[14.192108154296875, 2.6821227073669434, " Law Enforcement Competencies\nRespond to Incidents and Events More Effectively\nOverall Rating\nObjective Rating\n Title\nMake social media easy for police departments to use\nStandard policies, procedures, and assessments for video surveillance\nRepositor"]
[14.144322395324707, 2.729248046875, "nforcement personnel\nReduce casualties in the line of duty\nImprove the public's trust of law enforcement\nReduce costs\nImprove law enforcement competencies\nRespond to incidents and events more effectively\nRAND RR737-2.3\nInformation Technology Needs fo"]
[14.149788856506348, 2.7250826358795166, " needs would have left an underrepresentation of needs from these groups. We have included these near\u2013Tier 1 needs in the crosscutting theme analysis, as well.\n  51\n52 High-Priority Information Technology Needs for Law Enforcement\nTable 3.1\nSummary o"]
[14.091886520385742, 2.7382731437683105, "NLECTC\u2019s portal), NIJ\u2019s web site (NIJ.gov), and the National Criminal Justice Reference Service portal (NCJRS.gov). However, this theme\u2014along with other needs that call\nfor technologies or information that already exists\u2014reflects needs that have been"]
[14.069796562194824, 2.7652289867401123, "nd complex operations in general.\nrecommendations. We see much of this as being a coordination effort building on resources already in existence or in process. We envision a major part of the dissemination strategy being identifying, refining, and di"]
[13.849616050720215, 2.9712116718292236, "ckle cross-agency radio communication interoperability.\n\u2013 Extend systems that support database queries and reporting in the field.\n\u2013 Develop systems that notify officers when inmates have been released (or other major\nevent involving persons under su"]
[13.825943946838379, 2.9858078956604004, "tion-sharing. These need to deal with numerous legal complexities, depending on the agencies (and levels of agen- cies involved)\u2014for example, specific requirements to retrieve different types of data from the FBI, other federal agencies, or state gov"]
[13.886574745178223, 2.9481539726257324, "(EMS) RMS\nEMS Mobile\nFire RMS\nEmergency Operations Center (EOC)\nFire Mobile\nFusion Center\nGIS/Automatic Vehicle Locator (AVL)\nLaw Enforcement RMS\nLaw Enforcement Mobile\nLicense Plate Readers (LPR)\nNext-Generation 911\nRAND RR737-3.1\n       Authorized "]
[13.970327377319336, 2.8572490215301514, "s:\n\u2013 Develop standard common operational picture systems.\n\u2013 Make more R&D investment in common operational picture systems. \u2013 Assess how to use new IT/maps/displays in COMPSTAT.\n\u2013 Use IT for personnel deployment tracking and management.\n\u2013 Provide in-"]
[14.209681510925293, 2.7752652168273926, " communications with the public.\nThis theme includes police use of social media communications, as well as looking more broadly at how police might improve their communications with the public. The center is seeing increasing agency interest in, and "]
[14.08952808380127, 2.8803579807281494, "r cybersecurity.\nLaw enforcement\u2019s use of technology has been challenged by civil and privacy rights con- cerns and objections and directly attacked by cybersecurity threats. There is an overarching need for greater development of standard policies a"]
[14.109574317932129, 2.829482316970825, "mber of smaller agencies. There has also been an emergence of comparatively affordable RMS/CAD packages for smaller and disadvantaged agencies, with examples includ- ing systems both coded by agencies (or agency contractors) themselves and developed "]
[14.076956748962402, 2.4103903770446777, " to intensive supervision. Less attention has been given to what, specifically, should be done with those resources.\nTheme 10: Improved Major Event Response Technology\nContributing needs:\n\u2013 Use deployable, wearable tracking systems (GPS) specifically"]
[14.109275817871094, 2.801051616668701, "ects the conclusion of the NLECTC Information and Geospatial Technology Center\u2019s needs assessment and strategic planning activities for NIJ. Criminal justice technol- ogy needs assessment for NIJ is being carried forward by a dedicated technology nee"]
[14.11067008972168, 2.7307238578796387, "entified above and actively maintain needs assessment. The road map has four main parts, corresponding to the three major thematic areas identified above and a list of next steps in technology needs assessment.\nPart 1 concerns the dissemination of te"]
[14.128578186035156, 2.7563869953155518, "rns technology areas warranting additional RDT&E, as identified across the themes above. These include\n\u2022 commonoperationalpictures/dashboards\n\u2022 monitoring and supporting health, including both physical health and mental health\n\u2022 practices and tools t"]
[13.776227951049805, 2.9706454277038574, "cture. This capability refers to underlying systems that are necessary for the overall functioning of criminal justice organizations. Infrastructure includes hardware, soft- ware, and networking systems that gather, store, share, and disseminate info"]
[13.303010940551758, 3.177692174911499, "oviding a common operational picture to supervising and monitoring officials that presents context-appropriate information on crime events (and other incidents) and agency status to support command decisionmaking\n\u2022 supporting agency operations person"]
[14.072580337524414, 2.7689812183380127, "heir ways of operating altogether.\nSupply and Demand Analysis\nOnce this set of capabilities was developed, the center performed a series of searches to identify both current systems and recent NIJ awards supporting the capabilities and subcapabilitie"]
[14.111024856567383, 2.7978436946868896, "y are merely intended to reflect a reasonable reflection of what systems appear to be readily available (as of 2011, when the system review was performed) and what research topics NIJ has tended to fund.\nWe then performed a simple numerical compariso"]
[14.137833595275879, 2.6721251010894775, "ses to examine data from a single source\nTools and processes to examine data from multiple sources\nIT for officer safety and health\nSystems and processes to monitor officer health Systems and processes to monitor officer safety Tools for training\nVir"]
[15.217883110046387, 1.9212441444396973, "matic Review and Meta-Analysis,\u201d Justice Quarterly, 2012, pp. 1\u201331.\nBrown, Bernice B., Delphi Process: A Methodology Used for the Elicitation of Opinions of Experts, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, P-3925, 1968. As of November 13, 2014: http:"]
[13.795677185058594, 3.5739176273345947, "orts/RR467.html\nGonzales, Daniel R., Eric Landree, John S. Hollywood, Steve Berner, and Carolyn Wong, Navy/OSD Collaborative Review of Acquisition Policy for DoD C3I and Weapon Programs, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, DB-528-NAVY/OSD, 2007. "]
[13.78012466430664, 3.218322992324829, "echnology Needs, Alexandria, Va., 2005.\nInternational Association of Crime Analysts Standards, Methods, and Technology Committee, RMS Technical Requirements for Crime Analysis, Overland Park, Kan., SMT-2013-01, 2013.\nJackson, Brian, Victoria A. Green"]
[13.588358879089355, 3.196253776550293, "ori, and John Boon, Jr., Exploring Information Superiority: A Methodology for Measuring the Quality of Information and Its Impact on Shared Awareness, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MR-1467-OSD, 2004. As of November 13, 2014: http://www.rand"]
[13.45584774017334, 3.4120566844940186, "ohn S. Hollywood, Evaluation of National Institute of Justice\u2013Funded Geospatial Software Tools: Technical and Utility Assessments to Improve Tool Development, Dissemination, and Usage, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-418-NIJ, 2014. As of N"]
[5.777788162231445, 3.81769061088562, " Recommendations\nfor Improving the Recruiting and Hiring of Los Angeles Firefighters\nChaitra M. Hardison, Nelson Lim, Kirsten M. Keller, Jefferson P. Marquis, Leslie Adrienne Payne, Robert Bozick, Louis T. Mariano, Jacqueline A. Mauro, Lisa Miyashiro"]
[5.797496318817139, 3.8367738723754883, "tiveness and fairness. This report presents the results of that three- month effort. It reviews the city\u2019s current hiring practices, outlines a new firefighter hiring process, and makes recommendations that are intended to increase efficiency of the "]
[5.756808757781982, 3.8027687072753906, "the Demographic Diversity of New Firefighter Hires. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Minimize Costs for the City of Los Angeles and Its Applicants . . . . . . . . . . . 5 StudyApproach.................................................................... 6 Dr"]
[5.7714691162109375, 3.813323974609375, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Job Interview with a Firefighter and Interview Specialist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n. 13 . 13 . 14 . 16\n. 17\n. 21 23 23 23 24\n24 . 25 26 27 27\nStep 6: Background Investi"]
[5.773780345916748, 3.816131591796875, "erarching Recommendations Targeting the Four Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . Start a New Citywide Outreach and Recruiting Campaign for\ntheLAFD.................................................................. Validate Selection Criteria by Establish"]
[5.769805908203125, 3.8146352767944336, " . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 References....................................................................... 119\nFigures and Tables\n Figures\n2.1. Factors Influencing the Number and Diversity of LAFD FirefighterRecruits.............................."]
[5.794895648956299, 3.8334004878997803, ", In Which 3 Percent of\nEach Sub-Population Is Selected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113\nSummary\n In 2013, after a five-year hiring freeze, the City of Los Angeles resumed hiring new firefighters for the Los Angele"]
[5.772961616516113, 3.811887741088867, "gned to\n\u2022 Better understand firefighter recruiting and outreach efforts. We reviewed existing documentation on the city\u2019s efforts and con- ducted interviews with members of the LAFD\u2019s Recruit Services Section and other key stakeholders.\n\u2022 Document an"]
[5.76841926574707, 3.814133405685425, " the city in 2013. These are provided in Chapter Three.\nStatistical Analysis of the Selection Process\nUsing data from the 2013 cohort of applicants, we identified steps in the process (1) that eliminated a large proportion of the applicants and (2) t"]
[5.769721031188965, 3.8133089542388916, "be done by expand- ing the capabilities of the firefighter recruiting website (http://www. joinlafd.org/). For example, the website could be used to monitor trends in individuals who are interested in applying for firefighter posi-\nSummary xv\nxvi Imp"]
[5.787435054779053, 3.8403944969177246, "epartment cannot allow everyone to move through the selection process. Instead, the department uses a multiple- hurdle system in which only those who pass a given hurdle are allowed to continue on to the next step in the screening process. In 2013, t"]
[5.775112152099609, 3.820950984954834, " This approach would help preserve the diversity of the initial applicant pool, and it could be used in combination with a careful, rigorous, and valid applicant screening process to ensure that only highly qualified candidates receive offers, con- s"]
[5.766731262207031, 3.813661813735962, "identify viable and competitive applicants early in the process so as to improve efficiency and save resources for both the city and its applicants. The suggestions can also provide additional theoretical and empirical support for the reliability and"]
[5.774552822113037, 3.8134512901306152, "Vehicles\nEMT emergency medical technician\nIRB institutional review board\nKSAO knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics LAFD Los Angeles Fire Department\nMMPI Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory O*NET Occupational Information Net"]
[5.777753829956055, 3.8188741207122803, " selection process. As a result, the work reflected in this report to support those recommendations had to be scoped to fit that time constraint.\nRAND limited its approach to reviewing existing documentation on the current selection process and meeti"]
[5.7772955894470215, 3.817958354949951, "h objectives commonly espoused by many organizations and objectives commonly discussed at length in the research literature on personnel selection.\nIntroduction 3\n4 Improving the Recruiting and Hiring of Los Angeles Firefighters\nIdentify Applicants M"]
[5.768505096435547, 3.8183963298797607, "diversity of our workforce?\u201d\nMinimize Costs for the City of Los Angeles3 and Its Applicants\nLos Angeles, like virtually all other municipalities in the country, is looking for ways to minimize costs and streamline operations. But that objective can s"]
[5.77806282043457, 3.821763277053833, "That is, changes to selection processes should not be implemented until they have been validated. Validation includes research showing that the selection prac- tices are effective at predicting important outcomes. Validation may also include systemat"]
[5.774464130401611, 3.8144922256469727, "ed to measure constructs related to work behavior with a focus on the accuracy of the inferences that underlie employment decisions\u201d (p. 1).\n5 For examples of the past work of some of our authors see: Lim et al., 2009; Lim, Haddad, and Daugherty, 201"]
[5.7834954261779785, 3.814774751663208, " better understand stakeholders\u2019 views on the key goals for the fire- fighter selection process, we conducted exploratory interviews with key stakeholders listed in Table 1.1.6 These interviews were largely unstruc- tured and intended to confirm the "]
[5.7807512283325195, 3.814765691757202, " nationwide and the Occupational Information Net- work (O*NET), an online resource provided by the U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration.7 Second, we reviewed an unpublished 1994 job analysis study conducted by the Los Angel"]
[5.754210472106934, 3.79666805267334, "demographic diversity of the candidate pool entering into the selection process. In this chapter, we present a model for applying these issues to the recruit- ing context. We then summarize the firefighter recruiting process as it existed at the star"]
[5.767597198486328, 3.809089183807373, "ass and staffed by three individuals: a captain first class, a captain second class, and a civilian clerk. Their outreach and recruitment responsibilities entail attending job fairs, conducting school visitations, and attending com- munity events. Re"]
[5.761129856109619, 3.795067310333252, "argue that people who volunteer for or apply to these programs are already sold on the merits of a career in the LAFD. Thus a starker challenge is finding ways to use the programs to reach highly qualified minority groups that will actu- ally apply t"]
[5.771722316741943, 3.8119659423828125, "l is possible with a long- term outreach and recruitment campaign.\nThe Emphasis Should Be on Finding Highly Qualified Candidates, Not Merely on Increasing the Quantity of Candidates\nOne goal of outreach and recruiting efforts is to increase the numbe"]
[5.768718242645264, 3.8128271102905273, "population. For these reasons, a better comparison group might be one that included other populations from nearby counties and that was restricted to only those meeting at least the minimum entry qualifications.\n !\n20 Improving the Recruiting and Hir"]
[5.762842655181885, 3.811586618423462, "2 if they were still interested, and about 12,000 did so.\nStep 1: Preliminary Background Application\nIn the first step, starting in January 2013 for the most recent cycle, applicants completed the preliminary background application. This was an onlin"]
[5.754319667816162, 3.802382469177246, " score the test, among other expenses.\n2 This is accomplished by examining disparate impact ratios for each minority group and picking a minimum test score that tends to improve those ratios. Disparate impact ratios are explained in Chapter Four. Pro"]
[5.761833667755127, 3.80971622467041, "ouse physical abil- ity test, but the LAFD argued that it was not sufficiently rigorous or closely related to firefighting. That test was developed by research psy- chologists and consisted of exercises such as side steps, step tests, and leg lifts. "]
[5.770431041717529, 3.810896158218384, "un by a fire captain and an interview specialist. The interview specialists\u2014typically retired city workers with experi- ence in human resources\u2014were hired temporarily by the Personnel Department to conduct the firefighter hiring interviews. The fire "]
[5.75983190536499, 3.8070755004882812, "ghout the civil service examination system and is defined in the City of Los Ange- les Charter and Civil Service Rules (see Appendix A). If too few can- didates score 95 or above, the Personnel Department can add lower-\n8 Scores can go as high as 105"]
[5.7648420333862305, 3.8119356632232666, "orm and then sat with an investigator for 40 minutes to go over their answers. Any illegal or otherwise concerning activities had to be explained in detail, but there were no disqualifying answers.\nThe investigator then made a recommendation in the c"]
[5.759445667266846, 3.8018572330474854, "tisfactory\u201d for each candidate. For each of the six background standards listed above, the rating sheet provided examples of behavior (anchors) to help reviewers judge a candidate\u2019s suitability and asked reviewers to provide brief but specific commen"]
[5.759674072265625, 3.8069119453430176, "g procedures to address this (e.g., by adding a third rater in cases where there are dis- crepancies, if this process is continued.\n plexity of the investigation. Background investigators summarized the information they found and made recommendations"]
[5.76740837097168, 3.812363386154175, "t could correct a health problem (e.g., have surgery to address a vision impairment, lose weight). In addition, the process could also take a long time as some candidates were required to collect various medical charts or complete a variety of psycho"]
[5.765328407287598, 3.8112173080444336, "ever, for the results presented in this chapter, we are concerned only with those steps that involve an explicit decision point (i.e., continue on in the process or reject). As such, in this chapter, some intermediary steps are combined and reported "]
[5.759601593017578, 3.8070921897888184, "t data on 2013 LAFD firefighter applications.\nNOTES: Percentage is calculated as the number of people who passed the hurdle divided by the number who passed the prior\n      (75%)\n(62%)\n(66%)\n19 6 (58%)\n19\n      (46%)\n566 (59%) (17%)\n(69%)\n(73%)\n(95%)"]
[5.788948059082031, 3.8399908542633057, "ratios of each pro- tected group to the selection ratio of the other groups. In Table 4.2, this is calculated as:\n(p) MINORITYk / (p) MAJORITYk\nwhere (p) MINORITYk is the proportion (p) of the minority group\n(MINORITY) passing step k (where k = 1...n"]
[5.764101505279541, 3.8126702308654785, "cant pools. If the applicant pools for each race and gender in the 2013 data are, for some reason, not representative of applicant pools that would occur in the future, Type I errors\u2014or incorrectly concluding that there would be disparate impact in t"]
[5.744463920593262, 3.7946274280548096, "ited to take the written test failed to do so. There were some differ- ences across race groups in rates of who showed up (e.g., black appli- cants showed up at lower rates than other groups), but the differences did not violate the 80% rule. Instead"]
[5.785243511199951, 3.8349432945251465, "nuary 1, 2013\u2013April 21, 2013\nImpact Ratio\nSOURCE: California Fire Fighter Joint Apprentice Committee.\n* Indicates that the proportion passing is statistically different from the comparison group at p < 0.05.\n  Hispanic v. white\n 0.98\nBlack v. white\n0"]
[5.775002479553223, 3.8189008235931396, " in the Prin- ciples (2003) and the Standards (2014) but also by the vast literature of applied and scientific research on the validity of tests in employment contexts, successful approaches to increasing diversity, recruiting best- practices, and fi"]
[5.77583122253418, 3.819556951522827, "well- established requirement for supporting legal defensibility of a selection practice (e.g., see the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission\u2019s Uniform Guidelines, 1978) and considered a best-practice in personnel selection (see the Standards and t"]
[5.80178689956665, 3.842667818069458, "rinciples.\nRecommendations 47\n 48 Improving the Recruiting and Hiring of Los Angeles Firefighters\nbe used as the basis for defining the different elements of the selection system to ensure that the most important KSAOs needed to succeed as a firefigh"]
[5.793971061706543, 3.835221767425537, "on- nel Department needs to process and the efficiency of the process itself. Therefore, the city can minimize costs by identifying viable applicants early in the process and reducing duplicative steps in the selection pro- cess. In our review of the"]
[5.769128799438477, 3.810776710510254, "expenditure of even more resources.\nIt could be useful to expand recruiting efforts to Los Angeles County and beyond,\nengaging in targeted recruiting is generally considered a good approach for organizations that want to boost minority representation"]
[5.7705078125, 3.8135299682617188, "than simply direct interested people to the city\u2019s website or pass out fliers. This training could include providing clear guidelines on how firefighters should describe the minimum qualifications and what advice the firefighters could give to help p"]
[5.7752366065979, 3.8199689388275146, " above, clear descriptions of selection criteria will effectively manage applicants\u2019 expectations, provide transparency in how the selection process operates, and promote public trust in the fairness12 and effec- tiveness of the process (see Truxillo"]
[5.775637626647949, 3.821469306945801, "or.\n13 Providing accurate information summarizing the qualifications of people selected for training and those who graduate, and explaining how these qualifications relate to firefighter job performance could help provide applicants the chance to bet"]
[5.775036334991455, 3.824115514755249, "uring good prediction of perfor- mance on the job or in training may be very important. Similarly, practices that do not show disparate impact should still be validated,\n15 For example, rater training and highly structured scoring rubrics are recomme"]
[5.751066207885742, 3.7993834018707275, "manageable size. In doing so, the city should pay particular attention to disparate impact (i.e., whether these processes affect the diversity of the applicant pool) and the validity of the tool and the minimums used in that winnowing.\nIn the 2013 hi"]
[5.77983283996582, 3.833312749862671, ". As a result, aptitude testing is a commonly used element in many large-scale selection efforts, including in firefighting contexts (see Appendix C for discussion of aptitude tests used by other fire departments).\nHowever, employers and researchers "]
[5.777974605560303, 3.82369065284729, "ch as success in job-related training). In other words, the Per- sonnel Department could\u2014if it had such evidence in support of the written test\u2014select people in order of their scores to reduce the appli- cant pool to a manageable level. This is known"]
[5.78174352645874, 3.8316516876220703, "aversion might be relevant in firefighter contexts, but validation evidence would be needed to support that hypothesis.\n22 Aptitude tests have been repeatedly shown to have disparate impact in many other employment settings (see, for example, Roth et"]
[5.801294803619385, 3.861719846725464, "did not inquire as to whether this included stratified random sampling or merely simple random sampling.\n27 It is worth noting that these anecdotes were from decades ago when the political and legal terrain was materially distinct. It is possible tha"]
[5.783669948577881, 3.8377292156219482, "ratified sampling approach may lead some applicants to believe that they can game the system by falsely reporting they are a member of a particular racial group.\n Take Care in Determining the Size of the Pool That Continues\nBecause the overall select"]
[5.772444725036621, 3.8183038234710693, "reated unfairly during the selection process or believe they were not selected because of some bias in the system will help build trust in the firefighter hiring process and minimize chances for costly litiga- tions. This is particularly relevant in "]
[5.768463611602783, 3.8116207122802734, "the Standards, pp. 56\u201357).\nIncrease Electronic Documentation and Use of Online Technology During the Selection Process\nImprovements in recordkeeping technology could offer several ben- efits. Electronic documentation would allow for quick submission "]
[5.761403560638428, 3.808277130126953, "p with the information obtained during the background investigation steps.\nAt present, it appears that there is significant overlap in several steps of the process. Interview specialists interview candidates about the information in their PIQ and PHF"]
[5.769322872161865, 3.813812017440796, "d methods used are well supported in the exist- ing literature on best practices for personnel selection (including the use of an aptitude test, a structured interview, and background checks). However, reliance on research conducted in other contexts"]
[5.758949279785156, 3.8058910369873047, "nvestigative Questionnaire\nStep 7: Initial Panel Review\nStep 8: Field Investigation\nStep 9: Final Panel Review\nStep 10: Medical and Psychological Exams Certification\nSuggested Alternative\nStep 1: Expanded Online Application\nStep 2: Physical Prescreen"]
[5.764932632446289, 3.8109517097473145, "ess and used to prescreen personnel for later steps. Doing so would require automation of the process, however, as reviewing these docu- ments manually is labor-intensive.\nInform Applicants Who Do Not Qualify\nThe online application system should be p"]
[5.766777992248535, 3.812309503555298, "the Personnel Department should consider the following elements:\n\u2022 Test content: the extent to which the test measures content rel- evant to the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to be a fire- fighter\nRecommendations 71\n72\nImproving the Recruit"]
[5.759215354919434, 3.808225631713867, "ly applicants who pass the written test would move on to take the full CPAT.\nThe pretest could require applicants to complete Event 7 of CPAT, the rescue/dummy drag, which requires candidates wearing a 50-pound vest to drag a 165-pound dummy for 70 f"]
[5.760827541351318, 3.8032634258270264, " Three Steps\nTo streamline the process, we recommend that the oral interview and the background interview and field investigations be conducted at the same time, and that a team of two city representatives as evaluators be assigned to each candidate "]
[5.758030414581299, 3.8019025325775146, "acy of scoring.\nAs another example of how the interview process could be further standardized, the Personnel Department can implement a procedure that requires each interviewer to independently rate the applicant, and to save and record those scores."]
[5.7637128829956055, 3.8104307651519775, "during these pro- cesses were developed by the Personnel Department in 2012. They are listed in Table 5.2.\nThe interview factors were developed to align with the areas defined in the most recent job analysis. These should be compared to those used in"]
[5.755305290222168, 3.800468921661377, "s as one of the most important characteristics of a good firefighter. This is not currently measured in the selection process, but it could be explicitly addressed in the interview.\nSuggested Changes to Step 7: Initial Panel Review and Step 9: Final "]
[5.777294158935547, 3.8239848613739014, "mportant job out- come) from the ones less likely to be successful. The more valid a tool, the fewer mistakes it makes when making that distinction. The more valid a tool, the better it is at identifying who would succeed on the job.\n1 Any point in a"]
[5.7773756980896, 3.8239593505859375, "t to the job, such as training success, job performance, or injuries) and content (how well independent expert judges agree about the tool\u2019s content alignment with the factors identified in the job analysis). Examination of predic- tive validation ev"]
[5.718053340911865, 3.8477783203125, " are shaped, in part, by their views on how well the personnel appear to represent the members and interests of the people within that community. When an organization appears less diverse than the community it serves (or the number of visible person-"]
[5.764099597930908, 3.8161849975585938, "he Initial Panel Review, the Final Panel Review, and oral interviews\u2014these are additional responsibilities for firefighters who are often already working overtime. The Person- nel Department, likewise, must dedicate its own staff outside normal hours"]
[5.781893730163574, 3.8336198329925537, "l evi- dence, one of which is known as the 4/5ths rule (or the 80% rule).5\n3 Examining the effects of those courses on applicant interview scores would be one way to determine if the courses offer an unfair advantage. If the courses falsely inflate s"]
[5.762150764465332, 3.810518741607666, " not be legally defensible.\nLogistics and Timing\nEfficient timing of selection procedures and their appropriate phasing in the process are additional factors to consider. For example, inter- views, field investigations, medical examinations, and psyc"]
[5.770174026489258, 3.8149631023406982, "ough candidates with the top three whole scores, the city can certify candidates further down the list until there are five more certified candidates than there are open- ings. All of the other selection steps except the interviews are treated as pas"]
[5.77232551574707, 3.8114421367645264, "challenged in court, because such information can enable an employer to demonstrate that a particular test or assessment method does not unlawfully discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. For example, if a test o"]
[5.773682594299316, 3.806824207305908, "of the selection system. We accomplished this by (1) reviewing a broad range of literature on firefighter job requirements, including online firefighter job descrip- tions from a variety of fire departments nationwide and the Occu- pational Informati"]
[5.7767486572265625, 3.8055925369262695, "nd Carries the Following Equipment WITHOUT Assistance\n\u2022 All three focus groups suggested adding the \u201cjaws of life.\u201d\n\u2022 One focus group mentioned adding the equipment for vertical ventilation, which includes simultaneously carrying chains and a sprinkl"]
[5.774462699890137, 3.806309700012207, "ief. Firefighters must have a good understanding of the vocabulary of roof ventilation operations (what is a \u201cpull back\u201d or a \u201cstrip\u201d) to cut a hole to clear the smoke and heated gases. They must also be prepared to listen to the radio, take in the c"]
[5.772365570068359, 3.8081483840942383, "o low of a weight limit for objects firefighters are expected to carry without assistance during salvage, overhaul, and cleanup operations, suggesting that 150 lbs. is closer to reality. The other focus group felt that once extinguished, the weight o"]
[5.768948554992676, 3.810887575149536, " considering the other critical and demanding job expectations.\n\u2022 All three focus groups felt it was important to remind firefighters that as public servants, community relations are an ongoing responsibility that occurs both on and off the job.\nPart"]
[5.768888473510742, 3.8122591972351074, "ontent, particularly, the extent to which the test was based on information from a job analysis\n\u2022 Validity and reliability: the extent to which there is research evi- dence for the validity and reliability of the tests (i.e., the relation- ship betwe"]
[5.769009590148926, 3.812239408493042, " a human relations video test.\n\u2022 Ergometrics also provides dimensional scores on the following candidate tendencies: abrasiveness, causes tension, authoritar- ian, inconsiderate, low tolerance, passive, self-focused, work avoidance, supervisor relati"]
[5.768654823303223, 3.812182664871216, "level.\nOutsourcing the Written Test for Entry-Level Firefighters 103\nTable C.2\nCWH Management Solutions\nAdditional Information: The test is called the Next Generation Written Test.\n      Test \u2022 development\n\u2022 84 job experts from 30 different departmen"]
[5.768581390380859, 3.8120501041412354, "no mechanical aptitude testing).\n\u2022 The exam was based on extensive job analyses conducted on entry-level positions throughout the nation; additionally, I/O Solutions reviewed past job analyses from fire departments in 13 different states.\n\u2022 The job a"]
[5.811802387237549, 3.8741798400878906, "icants. The size of the sample would be determined to coincide with a reasonable number that the system can accommodate. The diversity of the sample would reflect the diversity of the pool of applicants. That is, the expected proportion of such a sam"]
[5.820280075073242, 3.8881804943084717, "dom Sampling 107\nFigure D.1\nProbability Intervals for the Percentage of Whites in a Random Sample from an Applicant Pool That Is 50.34 Percent White\n       Percentage of non-Hispanic white sampled\n50\n45\nRAND RR687-D.1\n50% probability interval 80% pro"]
[5.849130630493164, 3.928942918777466, "ppendix, we describe the statistical approach known as strat- ified random sampling and the mathematics associated with it. For illustration purposes, we offer an example using a population similar to that involved in the firefighter context. However"]
[5.85703182220459, 3.941997766494751, "mple would also be 50 percent white.3\nStratified Sampling Formulas Illustrated with an Example\nSuppose the sampling frame (or the group from which people will be sampled) consists of 10,000 members, each of which belongs to one of three strata, such "]
[5.857075214385986, 3.9427073001861572, "Improving the Recruiting and Hiring of Los Angeles Firefighters\nsampling frame. Since the strata are mutually exclusive, the individual strata sizes sum to N, i.e., \u2211G Ng = N , and each stratum represents\nNg g=1\nN of the total sampling frame. Further"]
[5.8467817306518555, 3.9278066158294678, "termined by dividing the remain- ing fraction after rounding by the number left to allocate.5 Such an allocation procedure would preserve the characteristic that everyone in the sampling frame has an equal probability of selection (feature 3 above). "]
[5.836802959442139, 3.912822961807251, "goal of ensuring that distribution of race/ethnicity in the sample does not deviate from the distribution in the sampling frame because of chance alone, as would be the case for simple random sampling explained in Appendix D) would not be fully achie"]
[5.778598785400391, 3.818134069442749, "rsonnel Management, Vol. 42, No. 2, 2013, pp. 151\u2013190.\nBrannick, Michael T., Edward L. Levine, and Frederick P. Morgeson, Job and Work Analysis: Methods, Research, and Applications for Human Resource Management, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publicatio"]
[5.785845756530762, 3.8190629482269287, " Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2004.\nHaddad, Abigail, Kate Giglio, Kirsten Keller, and Nelson Lim, Increasing Organizational Diversity in 21st-Century Policing: Lessons from the U. S. Military, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, OP-385 (from"]
[5.777597427368164, 3.8177311420440674, "rsity and Inclusion Strategic Plan: A Framework for Change Through Accountability, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-333-OSD, 2013. As of November 17, 2014: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR333.html\nLim, Nelson, Carl F. Matthies, "]
[5.777997970581055, 3.8181560039520264, "mayor-eric-garcetti-stops-los-angeles-fire-department-recruiting-hiring\nPeresie, Jennifer L. \u201cToward a Coherent Test for Disparate Impact Discrimination,\u201d Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 84, No. 3, 2009, p. 1.\nPloyhart, Robert E., and Brian C. Holtz. \u201cThe "]
[5.777943134307861, 3.8183434009552, " Corporation, RR-471-AF, 2014. As of December 2014: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR471.html\nSmither, James W., Richard R. Reilly, Roger E. Millsap, Kenneth Pearlman, and Ronald W. Stoffey, \u201cApplicant Reactions to Selection Procedures,\u201d P"]
[12.157693862915039, 24.402189254760742, "  CORPORATION\nHome Health Care\nfor California\u2019s Injured\nWorkers\nOptions for Implementing a Fee Schedule Barbara O. Wynn, Anne Boustead\nSupported by the California Department of Industrial Relations/Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation\nFor more informati"]
[11.148870468139648, 17.83721160888672, " in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the sponsor.\nRAND Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace\nThe RAND Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace is dedicated to reducing workplace injuries and ill"]
[12.161704063415527, 24.41452407836914, "................. 1 Definition of Home Health Care Services ................................................................................................ 2 Purpose ..................................................................................."]
[12.165955543518066, 24.421138763427734, "................................................... 21 Chapter Four. In-Home Supportive Services................................................................................ 25 Overview of the IHSS program ........................................."]
[12.161199569702148, 24.414640426635742, "................... 37 Chapter Six. Department of Veterans Affairs............................................................................... 41 Skilled Home Health Care Services ..................................................................."]
[12.161452293395996, 24.410842895507812, "...................................................................................................... 49 Rules Related to Home Care of Injured Workers............................................................................... 50 Provision of Ser"]
[12.158527374267578, 24.415451049804688, "............................................................................. 81\nSummary and Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 83 Chapter Nine: Summary o"]
[12.155322074890137, 24.397031784057617, "ces Exclusive of Payments to Injured Workers ...................................................................................................................... 8\n2.2: Summary of Considerations that Need to Be Addressed in Implementing an OMFS for"]
[12.159003257751465, 24.411285400390625, "e schedule for home health services covers only home health services provided when a homebound individual needs intermittent or part-time skilled care. To date, DWC has not implemented a Medicare-based fee schedule for home health services. Section 7"]
[12.161530494689941, 24.411727905273438, "ividual who would otherwise require residential care to remain at home.\nDWC asked RAND for technical assistance in developing the OMFS for home health care services. We first consulted with stakeholders in the California WC system to outline key conc"]
[12.157954216003418, 24.41440200805664, "commodating an injured worker\u2019s preference for caregivers, and obtaining reasonable compensation for family caregivers.\nFindings from Review of Other Fee Schedules\nWe found that neither the Medicare fee schedule nor the IHSS fee schedule would be suf"]
[12.163870811462402, 24.41997528076172, ". In each of these areas, we reviewed the suitability of the IHSS policies and investigated the policies under other programs\nxiii\nthat cover long-term supportive services: Medi-Cal, Veterans Affairs, the Office of Workers\u2019 Compensation Program (OWCP"]
[12.156745910644531, 24.41106605529785, "e amount of services that can be provided to an individual: 195 hours per month for non\u2013severely impaired and 283 hours for severely impaired cases. These limits are budget driven and would result in unmet need for some injured workers. Other public "]
[12.155827522277832, 24.41167640686035, " rather uses 15-minute time increments to pay for skilled services. When converted to an estimated per visit rate, the amounts are higher than what would be paid based on 120 percent of the Medicare fee schedule for skilled home health care. In contr"]
[12.160646438598633, 24.414592742919922, " and oversight.\nRecommendations\nThe task that DWC faces in establishing a fee schedule for home health services that meets the requirements imposed by the Labor Code is difficult. Weaving multiple fee schedules into a single integrated fee schedule i"]
[12.159554481506348, 24.41135025024414, "eeded services.\ne. Assume that the IHSS restriction on services provided by spouses or other family members would be a simple but effective way to address the requirement that family members do not receive payment for services customarily performed p"]
[12.160688400268555, 24.412443161010742, " Medicare payment system for the same class of services. Arguably, the DWC might conclude that this provides sufficient authority to adopt the OWCP fee schedule with appropriate modifications to keep within the 120 percent limitation on aggregate fee"]
[12.128460884094238, 24.358203887939453, "tion coverage by purchasing WC insurance from commercial insurance companies or from the California State Compensation Fund (a public nonprofit carrier) or by setting up a self-insured employer fund. In 2012, an estimated 14 million workers in Califo"]
[12.184357643127441, 24.43574333190918, "on the regulations adopted pursuant to Article 7 (commencing with Section 12300) of Chapter 3 of Part 3 of Division 9 of the Welfare and Institutions Code.\u201d2 These regulations pertain to assistance with in-home supportive services (IHSS) provided to "]
[12.166563034057617, 24.428104400634766, "ds assessment and no standard assessment form.\nMost programs covering home health services provide coverage for skilled services, such as skilled nursing care and therapy services. Skilled nursing care includes activities that require trained judgmen"]
[12.159468650817871, 24.412057876586914, "features of existing fee schedules for home care services, including Medicare, other WC, and CAL. WIC. CODE \u00a7 12300 might serve as a model for the OMFS, keeping in mind the statutory directives to base the schedules on Medicare and IHSS, respectively"]
[12.142035484313965, 24.379173278808594, "er, these sources of information clarify the issues facing DWC, develop a range of possible alternatives that DWC could use to address these issues, and provide insight into the strengths and weaknesses of each alternative.\nWe found that we were unab"]
[12.16076374053955, 24.407493591308594, ") and One Call Care Management Company to obtain an understanding of the relative importance of the different types of services provided by home health providers (Table 2.1). Starting in mid- 2012, the WCIRB has collected encounter-level medical data"]
[12.15403938293457, 24.389257431030273, "ted before the passage of SB 863. They were asked to identify what problems they had seen regarding both the payment for these services and current policies that regulate the provision of home health care, what they perceive as the potential intended"]
[12.163247108459473, 24.41483497619629, "scribed protective supervision as the level of care that would be required for a nine-year-old child. While the individual under protective supervision would generally be able to care for him- or herself, the presence of a responsible adult would be "]
[12.158154487609863, 24.41301155090332, "ing care to injured workers are usually not seeking to make a profit, and the worker is generally reimbursed between $10\u201325 per hour for this care.\nOne applicants\u2019 attorney we interviewed was adamant that family members should be paid based on the ty"]
[12.161481857299805, 24.41691780090332, "hat they are qualified to provide that level of care.\nRelatedly, some payers are concerned that family members may not be capable of providing the level of care they are often asked to provide. Several discussed the strain on both injured workers and"]
[12.158082008361816, 24.41227149963379, "successfully implement an OMFS for home health care, DWC will have to find satisfactory answers to these four questions.\nTable 2.2 contains a list of the considerations that DWC may wish to address during the rulemaking process, as identified both by"]
[12.162700653076172, 24.41636085510254, "ed by Medicare fee schedules. Thus, it is important to understand both the nature of home health care services covered by the Medicare program and how its fee schedule rates are established.\nMedicare is a federally funded health insurance program ava"]
[12.161735534667969, 24.417701721191406, "pathology services, certified occupational therapy, and medical social services.5 When a Medicare beneficiary qualifies for home health care coverage by needing skilled care on an intermittent, part-time basis, Medicare will also cover limited person"]
[12.175535202026367, 24.41159439086914, "es and California Medicaid-licensed home health agencies are required to meet the Medicare conditions of participation. One requirement is that they perform a comprehensive assessment of all patients at the start of care, other than patients who need"]
[12.160574913024902, 24.412010192871094, "nctional severity, and therapy service needs defined by 153 home health resource groups (HRRGs) based on the information reported through OASIS and for wage variation across geographic areas. The case-mix adjustment is determined through a comprehens"]
[12.162033081054688, 24.414867401123047, "tate the resources required for postsurgical rehabilitation care relative to those required for WC patients with serious disabilities. Because the 60-day episodes are based only on Medicare patients who need part-time or intermittent skilled care, th"]
[12.154959678649902, 24.410934448242188, " ranges from 19 percent for skilled nursing visits to 33 percent for physical therapy. This suggests that even with a 1.2 multiplier to the Medicare per visit rates, the allowances would not be sufficient to cover the estimated cost of an average vis"]
[12.159555435180664, 24.41202735900879, "ractors (MACs) who specialize in home health services. As with other services, the MACs monitor utilization patterns to identify providers with aberrant patterns for possible fraud and abuse. Medicare also contracts with Zone Program Integrity Contra"]
[12.155795097351074, 24.411378860473633, "red. Given the gap between the estimated average cost per visit and the payment rate for the visits, however, allowances set at 1.2 times the Medicare per visit rates are unlikely to be sufficient to cover the cost of care. Most importantly, however,"]
[12.164874076843262, 24.419246673583984, " hospice setting, each 15 minutes.\nG0155 Services of clinical social worker under home health plan of care, each 15 minutes. G0156 Services of home health aide under home health plan of care, each 15 minutes.\n23\n   Medical social services Home health"]
[12.180030822753906, 24.435274124145508, "based on the individual\u2019s functional abilities, including the ability to care for him- or herself and complete normal household chores, not the medical diagnosis.6 This assessment is conducted within the individual\u2019s current environment and takes int"]
[12.165831565856934, 24.423885345458984, "clude: (1) chore and cleaning services, (2) personal care services, (3) accompaniment for necessary travel, (4) paramedical services (5) protective supervision, and (6) teaching and demonstration services.16 These services include a range of activiti"]
[12.170877456665039, 24.436067581176758, "evices, sterile procedures, and \u201cother activities requiring judgment based on training given by a licensed health care professional.\u201d22 To be covered, there must be a written order by a licensed health professional that includes the patient\u2019s informe"]
[12.167374610900879, 24.42432975769043, " methods that best suit the demographic makeup of their county.30 However, recipients cannot be compelled to accept services from any individual provider, unless the recipient\u2019s guardian or conservator has chosen that provider.31\nContractor Agencies\n"]
[12.161784172058105, 24.4212646484375, "pouse nor any other IHSS provider will receive payment for chore and related services, yard work, teaching and demonstration, and heavy cleaning.42 Payment for meal preparation, transportation, and protective services is available only if these servi"]
[12.164575576782227, 24.41828727722168, "uired to have a Quality Assurance Unit that reviews a sample of supportive services cases to guarantee that they meet the appropriate standards for the IHSS program.51 This process begins with a desk review and, for a subsample of reviewed cases, wil"]
[12.167952537536621, 24.425790786743164, "nefits program that provides resources to individuals who otherwise would be unable to obtain those services. Limits on the benefits that one person can receive may be needed in order to ensure that there are some benefits available to all appropriat"]
[12.159952163696289, 24.417387008666992, "nge of motion, assistance with ambulation, and routine activities of daily living.\n1 California Department of Health Care Services, Manual of Criteria, \u201cChapter 9.1, Criteria for Home Health Agency Services,\u201d 2014.\n  33\nWhat Services Are Covered?\nMed"]
[12.163037300109863, 24.4269962310791, "erly and the disabled, Medi-Cal has waiver programs to provide cost-effective alternatives to institutionalized care by ensuring that a beneficiary\u2019s medical needs can be met appropriately and safely in a home environment. The waiver allows the state"]
[12.18802261352539, 24.39557647705078, "ovide services as an HCBS provider. An individual HCBS provider may not be a parent, stepparent, foster parent, spouse, or legal guardian of the patient. Unlicensed individuals employed by a home health, employment, or personal care agency that meets"]
[12.159278869628906, 24.413110733032227, "f payment and is pertinent only if DWC decides to adopt a Medicaid-based fee schedule. Medi-Cal rates are substantially less than the Medicare rates for comparable services. For example, the national average Medicare skilled nursing rate in 2014 is $"]
[12.146721839904785, 24.399898529052734, "nt (code may not be used to identify services provided by home health aide or certified nurse assistant).\nSupportive services to assist an individual to remain at home and includes assistance to independent activities of daily living and adult compan"]
[12.158571243286133, 24.412559509277344, "ite Care, Washington, D.C., 2008, 1140.7(a).\n2 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2008, 1140.7(a). 3 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2008.\n4 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2008.\n  41\nWhat Services May Be Provided?\nThe VA provides skilled"]
[12.152932167053223, 24.405481338500977, "vide homemaker and/or home health aide services, the VHA must prioritize who may receive such services. Under federal law, it is required to give preference to those veterans who have three or more disabilities that prevent them from performing the a"]
[12.143815040588379, 24.40085792541504, "d on two hours of care per visit. Moreover, if the state has a separate Medicaid rate for homemaker services, VHA\u2019s rate is capped at 110 percent of the established Medicaid rate for that home care agency or geographic area.\nAdditionally, the costs o"]
[12.156805992126465, 24.409151077270508, "thly stipend, travel expenses to accompany veterans undergoing care, health insurance, mental health services, and counseling and respite care (not less than 30 days per year).\nThe monthly compensation is monetary compensation paid to the primary fam"]
[12.161134719848633, 24.406103134155273, "WC Programs Methodology\nReview of Policies from Other Jurisdictions\nTo identify policy alternatives from other jurisdictions, we searched state statutes and administrative codes using LEXIS to identify jurisdictions that have policies in this area. W"]
[12.162091255187988, 24.409442901611328, "ol but allowed for flexibility where the subject identified additional issues or concerns. Specifically, we asked questions regarding composition of the fee schedule, limitations on coverage, provision of services by a family member, and the volume a"]
[12.153847694396973, 24.40962791442871, "attendant care services vary from state-to-state. However, it is possible to group state fee schedules based on the general approach they have taken.\nSome states have adopted a variable flat rate for home care services provided to WC recipients withi"]
[12.128376960754395, 24.44905662536621, "or LPN\nPersonal Care Services\nCovers personal care services, including assistance with medication and self-help skills\nCovers personal care services, such as assistance with bathing and feeding\nCovers home health aide services, including assistance w"]
[12.165472030639648, 24.417299270629883, " coverage of services provided by the injured worker\u2019s family. Payer concerns included whether family members were appropriate caregivers, how payment for these services should be calculated, and whether there should be limitations on the types of se"]
[12.157927513122559, 24.409408569335938, "se basis depending on the services rendered.9 At the other extreme, some states set a flat rate for reimbursement of spousal care providers. For example, Washington has assigned a flat rate of $12.88/hour on the services of spouse attendants authoriz"]
[12.163763999938965, 24.412168502807617, "er week of care.13 The OWCP limits personal care services provided by a trained family member to 12 hours per day but does not cover chore services provided by the family member.\nAdditionally, some states require that the worker provide notice before"]
[12.162999153137207, 24.41280174255371, "s focused on several policy areas: the calculation of the fee schedule, the rules related to coverage of home care services, the provision of home care services by family members, and the cost and volume of services associated with home care services"]
[12.165590286254883, 24.418476104736328, "ized and are reimbursed \u201cby report\u201d based on the explanation for needed services. The worker\u2019s physician must therefore provide justification for the necessity of home health care services. If the physician asserts that these services are medically n"]
[12.168938636779785, 24.41879653930664, " is to cover family members for providing home health care.\nIn this regard, we note that most payments for care provided by family caregivers under the California WC program are currently made to the injured worker. The OWCP has discontinued direct p"]
[12.158934593200684, 24.41097068786621, "e the individual to remain safely at home.\n\u2022 To reduce administrative burden for providers and for DWC, the fee schedule should build on existing fee schedules\u2019 policies, coding systems, and payment amounts. Given the SB 863 requirements, priority sh"]
[12.156950950622559, 24.411285400390625, "d visits and underpays for short visits because some costs are fixed (such as travel time) and are reflected in the rate for the average visit. A per visit rate creates incentives to reduce per visit costs (through reducing the visit length) and to i"]
[12.147318840026855, 24.401920318603516, "erences in the two programs to suggest that basing the OMFS on Medicare\u2019s per episode payments would result in inaccurate payments and, for the more severely disabled workers, create problems with access to long-term nursing and supportive services p"]
[12.15194320678711, 24.409372329711914, "15-minute increments. The Medi-Cal program does not use them.\n3. Alphanumeric S-codes are national codes reserved for private payer use. They are not recognized by the Medicare or Medi-Cal programs and are not to be used when the CPT 99500\u201399602 code"]
[12.159711837768555, 24.411396026611328, "vice used to bill and pay for home health services. The code reported on the billing form should provide information on the units of service needed to price the encounter; however, the reported units need not be the same as fee schedule units of paym"]
[12.158127784729004, 24.411907196044922, " (2) replace those fee schedules. The first approach is most consistent with the Labor Code requirements for the OMFS for home health services. The second approach would reduce administrative burden and provide an integrated approach to covering the "]
[12.161324501037598, 24.413402557373047, " for home health aide care is need for qualifying skilled services).\n\u2022 Adoption of a Medicare-based fee schedule is consistent with the intent of the Labor\nCode.\nIHSS\n\u2022 Contains rates for hourly attendant care services only. 64\n\u2022 Rates are determined"]
[12.164029121398926, 24.420806884765625, "are required by the injured worker and which portion of the fee schedule should be used\n65\nto pay for specific services. In particular, clear rules would be needed to distinguish between \u201cintermittent or part-time care\u201d and more extensive nursing ser"]
[12.161001205444336, 24.417787551879883, " of the individuals completing the assessments. The conditions of participation for home health agencies require that a registered nurse or licensed therapist complete the initial OASIS assessment; an LPN/LVN or medical social worker cannot complete "]
[12.15954303741455, 24.41384506225586, "tives, an assessment by an independent party not directly involved in the provision of the services such as a care management organization or home health agency staff with experience assessing individual needs for supportive services, mental status, "]
[12.164407730102539, 24.423683166503906, "rtion of the fee schedule should be reported using the G-codes that Medicare uses for home health agency services regardless of whether the services are provided by a home health agency or an independent home care provider.\nIntegrating IHSS into the "]
[12.157061576843262, 24.418668746948242, "lth professional Funding for these services is authorized for IHSS, but registered home care aides who are not under the IHSS program cannot provide services ordinarily performed by a licensed health care professional. IHSS providers may administer m"]
[12.145576477050781, 24.4257755279541, "ined by IHSS public authorities in some counties). Except with regard to family caregivers, a WC requirement that only registered home health aides provide personal care services should address several of the concerns expressed by applicants\u2019 attorne"]
[12.19448471069336, 24.44922637939453, "providing the services in the nearest VA nursing home. The veteran has the choice of deciding whether to pay for any excess costs to remain in the home. A limit on aggregate expenditures is a way to assure that the decision to remain at home is cost "]
[12.153695106506348, 24.44426918029785, " services is a policy choice. While the plain reading of SB 863 suggests that the rates are to be based on IHSS rates, both the variation in rates across counties and the relatively low payment levels suggest that alternatives be considered if permit"]
[12.14543628692627, 24.400466918945312, "een the care covered by each fee schedule, minimizing opportunities for duplication of services and/or shifting services in response to payment incentives (\u201cgaming\u201d), and deciding which codes to use for the services covered by the OWCP fee schedule.\n"]
[12.154204368591309, 24.410152435302734, "re per visit rates, defines a home health aide visit as two hours of care and allows additional visits provided on the same day. Another approach would be to determine that the limited home health aide services provided under Medicare are not compara"]
[12.153633117675781, 24.41105079650879, "ules might be combined. In our view, there are definite benefits to using the OWCP fee schedule instead of the Medicare fee schedule for the subset of services covered by the Medicare fee schedule. Using multiple fee schedules increases administrativ"]
[12.14971923828125, 24.40990447998047, "e OWCP fee schedule.\nTable 8.3 Estimated OWCP per Visit Times Based on Medicare Mean Length of Follow-Up Visits Compared to 1.2 x Medicare per Visit Rate\n     Discipline\nSkilled nursing Physical therapy\nSpeeach-language pathology\nMean length of follo"]
[12.144952774047852, 24.407634735107422, "ctor, updated for inflation to 2014 ($43.45), were used in lieu of the OWCP conversion factor. The fee schedule rates using this conversion factor and the OWCP relative weights are shown in the Column C of Table 8.4.9 However, unless DWC determines t"]
[12.117731094360352, 24.378690719604492, "patient's condition, each 15 minutes (the change in the patient's condition requires skilled nursing personnel to identify and evaluate the patient's need for possible modification of treatment in the home health or hospice setting)\n1.20 CF) RVUs\nTab"]
[12.141749382019043, 24.40330696105957, "67\n12.55\n12.5\n0.57 0.00\n1.72 1.56 0.57 0.00\n0.45 0.00 0.09 0.00\n0.10 0.00\nMalprac-\ntice OWCP\nExpense CF RVUs\nF G\n0.01 48.52\n0 48.52 0 48.52 0 48.52 0 48.52\n0 48.52 0 48.52\n0.01 48.52\n0 48.52 0 48.52\n0.00 48.52\n0.07 48.52\n0.00 48.52 0.00 48.52 0.00 48"]
[12.149965286254883, 24.4112491607666, "services are lower than for other home health services furnished by a licensed professional in the same discipline. For example, the 15-minute rate for a physical therapist to develop a therapy program is $44.64 per 15-minute increment compared to $5"]
[12.158262252807617, 24.413240432739258, "f specific activities.\n\u2022 Include the G0159\u2013G0164 codes but price them the same as the G0151\u2013G0158 codes. This addresses the payment differential issues. If the codes are to be reported only when reflecting the primary purpose of the visit, it would a"]
[12.155415534973145, 24.412620544433594, "e health aides or certified nursing assistants.\nMedi-Cal uses only two codes: S9122 for services provided by a home health aide and supervised by an RN (hourly rate of $18.90), and T1019 for other personal care services (15- minute increment rate of "]
[12.1593656539917, 24.40994644165039, "ices.\n83\nChapter Nine: Summary of Findings and Recommendations for Creating an OMFS for Home Health Care Services\nDWC asked RAND for technical assistance in developing fee schedule policies for home health care services. We first consulted with stake"]
[12.155316352844238, 24.40778923034668, "have been developed for a WC population. Fee schedule features that DWC might want to consider include:\n\u2022 Allowances that differ by the level of training/licensure of the care provider and whether he or she is (1) an employee of a certified home heal"]
[12.132735252380371, 24.387964248657227, "ar household activities. Neither the spouse nor any other IHSS provider will receive payment for chore and related services, yard work, teaching and demonstration, and\n86\nheavy cleaning.1 Payment for meal preparation, transportation, and protective s"]
[12.160745620727539, 24.415016174316406, " concerns providers billing for services not performed or for the care of more beneficiaries than they can actually serve. Beneficiaries may fail to report all members of their household and changes in their living arrangements or level of disability"]
[12.16024398803711, 24.408838272094727, "are complex and discussed in considerable detail in Chapter Eight. The key factors involve the type of care (intermittent or part-time skilled nursing versus unskilled attendant services) and how the services are delivered (certified home health agen"]
[12.15972900390625, 24.411924362182617, "ex. DWC has authority under Labor Code Section 5307.1(b) to establish different payment parameters from those used in the Medicare payment system to make sure that the OMFS allowances are adequate to ensure a reasonable standard of services and care "]
[12.157025337219238, 24.41445541381836, "isode payment to identify the \u201cborder\u201d and \u201cbundling\u201d issues and assess whether the per episode payment might be feasible for selected cases (e.g., postsurgical cases that do not require supportive services).\n4. With regard to support services:\na. Co"]
[12.154714584350586, 24.41114616394043, "lineate the services covered under the respective fee schedules. Use the G-codes to describe services covered under the Medicare-based portion of the fee schedule. Select a different set of time-based codes to describe the services payable under the "]
[12.161368370056152, 24.408796310424805, "than either the IHSS or OWCP rates.\n3. Adopt billing rules consistent with how they are applied under the OWCP fee schedule.\nOur recommendations are based on the Labor Code requirements, which may not\nprovide DWC with the flexibility needed to implem"]
[12.161018371582031, 24.409481048583984, "workers, payers and defense attorneys, home care providers, and care management organizations. We identified individuals in each key stakeholder group in the California WC system through our prior research and knowledge of California\u2019s WC system and "]
[12.161494255065918, 24.408912658691406, "ngaged in a review of the theoretical literature to determine whether any states were identified as having particularly influential policies in the area of WC and home care services. After this was complete, we engaged in thorough LEXIS searches of s"]
[12.161794662475586, 24.407896041870117, "ribes the interview protocol used to elicit this information.\n95\n   Fee schedule and related rules Limitations on coverage\nProvision of services by family members\nCost and volume of services Data Analysis\nTable A.2. Description of Interview Protocol "]
[12.161051750183105, 24.409435272216797, " = 9) of stakeholders. Interviewing other stakeholders might have added to the list of potential issues, and a more complete investigation of issues related to provision of home health services within the WC system could elicit interesting problems w"]
[12.159675598144531, 24.41281509399414, "10.00\nTable B.1. California Physician Assistant Hourly Wages, by County\n            Monterey\nNapa\nNevada\nNOTE: The information is as up to date as individual county Public Authorities provided.\n11.50 11.50 8.56\nVentura Yolo Yuba\n(not a Public Authori"]
[12.144166946411133, 24.3887996673584, " for providing chore services\nCan provide only \u201cnonprofessional attendant care,\u201d cannot be reimbursed for normal family chores\nOther Limitations\nCap on maximum number of hours of care covered per month\n10\u201340 hours per week based on level of needed pe"]
[12.160343170166016, 24.40761375427246, "ity Rights California, In Home Supportive Services: Nuts and Bolts, May 2008. \u2014\u2014\u2014, In Home Supportive Services Protective Supervision, Publication 5493.01, December\n2010.\nFederal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, Title 20, Volume 1, Section 10.3"]
[12.153061866760254, 24.38998794555664, ": Authorization of Appropriations, 2013.\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medicare and Home Health Care, Baltimore, Md., 2010.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Centers For Medicare & Medicaid Services, \u201cHome Health Prospect"]
[13.93074893951416, 3.917649030685425, "     Visions of Law Enforcement\nTechnology in the Period\n2024\u20132034\nReport of the Law Enforcement Futuring Workshop\nRichard Silberglitt, Brian G. Chow, John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Mikhail Zaydman, Brian A. Jackson\nA project of the RAND Corporatio"]
[13.959518432617188, 3.7755610942840576, "in Arlington, Virginia, from July 22 to 25, 2014. The workshop was conducted as part of the NIJ/NLECTC Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative to explore future visions of law enforcement and identify and prioritize needs in tech- nology, policy, "]
[14.285568237304688, 2.4896252155303955, "...................................................................... ix Acknowledgments........................................................................................... xvii\nCHAPTER ONE Introduction........................................"]
[15.05972671508789, 5.757725715637207, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Topic Areas of Ranked Technology Needs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[14.340439796447754, 2.3114264011383057, "y Move into the \u201cTough Love\u201d Quadrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.3. Desirable Scenarios That Initially Move into the \u201cSafe Streets\u201d Quadrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.4. Scenarios Showing Continuous Movement into an Undesirable Quadrant "]
[14.290355682373047, 2.4416399002075195, "entation of different experiences and perspectives, e.g., geographical location, academic versus government, federal versus state and local agencies, size of agency, rank of individual, and type of job responsibility. (The list of participants is giv"]
[14.28247356414795, 2.4435436725616455, "eeds.\nTrends That Will Affect the Future of Law Enforcement\nPrior to the workshop, RAND staff reviewed the literature on law enforcement futures and the more general futures and trends literature, and considered the broad societal and technol- ogy tr"]
[14.304408073425293, 2.3691744804382324, "ration method was then used with the full group of participants to prioritize these needs. (Descriptions of the 30 technology needs and the prioritization process can be found in Chapter Four.)\nSummary of Scenarios Generated by Workshop Participants\n"]
[14.242212295532227, 2.3735597133636475, "ned the wide applicability of network-centric policing. In this future, law enforcement moves toward cul- tures and systems that emphasize network structures, information sharing, and collaboration. It also features the development of intelligent age"]
[14.213672637939453, 2.5815861225128174, " Workshop participants hypothesized that this can be accomplished through (1) proactive use of social media and other means to establish effec- tive communication among law enforcement and with the public, (2) effective education and training of law "]
[14.172213554382324, 2.6299986839294434, "ed to develop technologies and processes to support data sharing, including communications infrastructure, equipment standards, integrated data systems, and adaptable/upgradable systems\nNeed research on recognizing and dealing with legal and policy c"]
[14.27076530456543, 2.395538330078125, "ng Workshop\nWorkshop participants noted that in many cases criminals currently make more effective use of technology than law enforcement. Because of this, and the rapid rate of advancement of technology, they concluded that doing nothing to improve "]
[14.26877212524414, 2.448585033416748, "; information sharing; and develop- ment and/or adaptation of technology now.\nSummary xv\nAcknowledgments\nThe authors first wish to thank the workshop participants, who took time from busy schedules to spend almost a full week discussing and debating "]
[14.254032135009766, 2.4490272998809814, "e their missions, law enforcement organizations will need to utilize advanced technologies. The balance between law enforcement and those planning or commit- ting crimes or endangering public safety and security will also be shaped by new technology,"]
[14.24831485748291, 2.535186529159546, "at they deemed important to the future of society and law enforcement, such as the trend toward the militarization of police, which were incorporated into the scenarios they developed.\nThe 12 trends presented at the workshop follow, along with questi"]
[7.070159912109375, -1.0037649869918823, " unrest?\n\u2022 How can agencies plan under a high degree of uncertainty in (at least federal) funding\nstreams?\nThe U.S. Population Is Aging\nIn 2009, there were 39.6 million Americans aged 65 years or older, or 12.9 percent of the popu- lation. By 2030, t"]
[14.317391395568848, 2.6049771308898926, "?\n\u2022 Will the increased \u201ctrackability\u201d of individuals lead to reduced \u201cin-person\u201d crime?\n\u2022 Will public or bystanders unknowingly collect valuable physical or digital evidence?\nTechnology Trends\nDevelopment of New Means of Exchange for Products and Ser"]
[14.270766258239746, 2.5213115215301514, "s producing items with the potential for extraordinary impact?\n\u2013 For example, will it be easier for a deranged teenager to make a weapon of mass destruc-\ntion in his family\u2019s garage?\nKnowledge Itself Is Becoming Much More Dynamic\nSpecifically, Long a"]
[14.582898139953613, 2.654406785964966, "have been projected to appear as soon as the 2020 model year (Ohnsman, 2013). Personal examples include wearable computing and perhaps even bionics (mechanical devices integrated to some extent with bodies).\nIncreased automation poses potential socia"]
[14.373025894165039, 2.4471018314361572, "ensor net.\nAll of this data collection, especially when collected or used for governmental purposes, has led to increasing political and legal opposition to \u201cmass surveillance.\u201d This trend has been exacerbated by the \u201cSnowden revelations.\u201d There have"]
[14.298369407653809, 2.374067783355713, "al environment resulting from societal and technology trends?\n\u2022 How will law enforcement defeat threats and take advantage of opportunities in the future operational environment?\nIt\u2019s Not Just About Technology\nWhile technology can be a major driver o"]
[14.510956764221191, 2.242374897003174, " consolidated list of technology needs. Below, we briefly describe each of the methods used.\nDiscussion of Choice and Application of Methods\nWhen designing this workshop in the context of the three research questions stated in Chapter One, we viewed "]
[14.76831340789795, 2.112316131591797, "prioritization of the 30 technology needs. We accomplished this prioritization using estimates of the expected value of each technology need, and a Delphi method to elicit expected value estimates from each participant. The expected value method is i"]
[14.273763656616211, 2.3929474353790283, "e academics, one international, one law enforcement journalist, four federal employees, three state police, five large city police, and two small city police. Many different job responsibilities and rank were represented: professor, chief technol- og"]
[14.258952140808105, 2.3751919269561768, "t to which society and law enforcement evolve in concert (in synch)5 or in conflict (out of synch), with the level of compatibility and support increasing from left to right. The four corners of the graph represent four very different possible future"]
[14.39160442352295, 2.290332794189453, " was one of the assignments to the breakout groups (step 6 in the following section).\nThe Three Horizons Visioning Method\nThe Three Horizons visioning method is a method for considering alternative future visions, comparing them, and analyzing how th"]
[14.50184440612793, 2.2283315658569336, "ion of the Three Horizons Visioning Method\n First Horizon\nSecond Horizon\nThird Horizon\n2014 2019 2024 2029 2034\nYear\nSOURCE: Adapted from Curry and Hodgson, 2008.\nRAND RR908-2.2\n5. Explore the role that technology would play in law enforcement missio"]
[14.929905891418457, 1.8877482414245605, "y, the expertise, experience, job responsibilities, and perspectives were balanced among the participants. The number of experts was a trade- off between keeping the focus groups in the range of 6\u20138 to optimize creative discussion and having a large "]
[14.824604988098145, 1.829638123512268, " These descriptions and definitions are presented in Appendix C. Each workshop participant rated each technology need using the same 1 to 9 scale. We then determined an expected value (EV) from these scores using the following equation:7\nEV = Importa"]
[14.502578735351562, 2.2104122638702393, "ach technology need. They were then presented with a summary of the first-round results that showed the arithmetic mean (i.e., average) and standard deviation of participant answers to each of the four questions for each of 30 technology needs. They "]
[14.25233268737793, 2.3911855220794678, "e availability of technology to criminals with little restriction on its use, and the current restric- tions on law enforcement agencies with respect to both budget and use of technology. There was also uncertainty about whether we are currently to t"]
[14.274349212646484, 2.4496076107025146, "nals\u2019 Advantage\n Mean Streets\n\u2022 Technology advances both assist with and increase requirements for training and educa- tion of law enforcement personnel.\nEmerging Uses of Technology\nAs a prelude to the discussion of future scenarios, the workshop par"]
[14.255815505981445, 2.384713649749756, " a trend toward militarization of police that can lead to difficulties in developing and retaining public support.\nDrivers for Law Enforcement Use of Technology\nParticipants identified both public expectations and the continuing advance of technology"]
[14.270105361938477, 2.345496654510498, " all four quadrants.1 The consensus was that those scenarios leading to the two quadrants above the x-axis (toward \u201cTough Love\u201d and \u201cSafe Streets\u201d in Figure 2.1) were desirable futures, because they represent futures in which law enforcement can effe"]
[14.196913719177246, 2.4479825496673584, "leading to an initial loss of public support. LE demonstrates and maintains competent\nuse to regain public support. (Example: \u201cThe Transparent Society.\u201d)\nLaw enforcement supported (in synch)\n Society axis\nNOTE: LE = law enforcement.\nRAND RR908-3.2\n L"]
[14.273299217224121, 2.3704822063446045, "\u2022 Technologies to protect the privacy of victims of crime (e.g., preventing access to sexual\nexploitation images).\nExample of Path 2A: Police Militarization\nThis future is an extension of the trend of blending warfighting and policing, including both"]
[14.2570219039917, 2.3730900287628174, "effectively uses social media to gain public support, fosters alliances with the technology industry to remain current, and is able to demonstrate and maintain competence in the effective use of technology. In scenario 2B, at least one high-profile f"]
[14.255019187927246, 2.373014450073242, "rned there may not be adequate funding to procure the new information technology (IT), much less maintain it and train people to use it properly. Another concern was that there may not be adequate business process knowledge and technical leadership t"]
[14.268439292907715, 2.363284111022949, "ectively use technology, either because technology advances too rapidly and law enforcement does not have the resources or capacity to keep up, or because of failure in recruit- ment, training, implementation, process, or policy. Scenario 4A could co"]
[14.270391464233398, 2.3624348640441895, "urces).\n   Tough Love\nSafe Streets\n Law enforcement supported (in synch)\nLE can\u2019t keep up with rapid pace of technology, either because of a lack of resources and capacity or failure(s) in recruiting, training, implementation, process, and/or policy."]
[14.256097793579102, 2.3717613220214844, " because of lack of funding, mismanagement, or embracing the wrong technologies.\nIneffective use in performing future missions\n Criminals\u2019 Advantage\n Mean Streets\n32 Visions of Law Enforcement Technology in the Period 2024\u20132034\nefforts (protecting co"]
[14.262380599975586, 2.3694567680358887, "umulative effect of changes in the exter- nal environment or actions by law enforcement. The future, however, is likely to have many such possible branch points. Figure 3.7 illustrates one set of possibilities with several branch points that could le"]
[14.241936683654785, 2.452291250228882, "nt of partnerships with other agencies, citizen groups, and industry to leverage scarce resources, facilitate effective communication, and effectively adapt technology to accomplish law enforcement missions. These enablers led to technology needs, e."]
[14.747596740722656, 1.798410415649414, "t estimates and use either the average or the median as a ranking metric. We chose the latter path because, most importantly, it does not require any assumptions about the shape of the distribution. Further, there is a statistical test that provides "]
[14.609045028686523, 1.99449622631073, "nked as the top seven by both methods. The tables in Appendix D show that there is a very low probability that any of the other five needs in Tier 1 should be ranked above any of these seven.\n Table 4.1\nRanking of Needs, by Median and Average Expecte"]
[14.174354553222656, 2.533456325531006, " under 2.1 2.8 the influence or impaired from future legal and custom-made\ndrugs and other biological agents (could reflect behavioral\nscreening, chemical screening, or combinations of the two)\n14.5 11\nNeed to develop means for measuring public and c"]
[14.187870025634766, 2.582566499710083, "ral damage minimization, deconfliction technologies)\nNeed research on approaches for providing \u201chonest brokers\u201d to 1.4 assess performance of technological systems and disseminate\nthe results (could include validation testing of emerging\ntechnologies "]
[14.220643043518066, 2.5935962200164795, "e findings are completely consistent with those for the top current information technol- ogy\u2013related needs for law enforcement (Hollywood et al., 2015); those needs fell into the same three broad topic areas, as well.\nThere are five knowledge and pra"]
[14.184438705444336, 2.6019914150238037, "ack and share details of law enforcement personnel training, certification, and record over the course of their careers; and research on leadership and leadership development suited for the network- enabled era. The Tier 2 information sharing need is"]
[14.203872680664062, 2.548182964324951, " applies to all subcategories in its category, as indicated in the table.\nTable 4.3 shows the breakdown of needs by tier across taxonomy categories. Within top levels of the taxonomy, needs were fairly evenly scattered throughout categories and tiers"]
[14.151859283447266, 2.587101936340332, "ring mechanisms, and updating training academy processes for future network-enabled training\nenvironments\nNeed methods to permit LE personnel to create and use artificial identities for valid LE purposes\nNeed technology to identify in the field when "]
[14.14799976348877, 2.596587896347046, "tate LE agencies\u2019 recognizing new needs and updating and using technologies effectively\nNeed improved technologies\u2014including both tactics and physical systems\u2014for safely defusing or disabling people, groups, and vehicles (specifically includes altern"]
[14.174164772033691, 2.5899829864501953, "s performance of technological systems and disseminate the results (could include validation testing of emerging technologies and/\nor variants of \u201creputation/peer review\u201d forums with comments for purchasers of tools [Yelp, Tripadvisor, etc.])\nNeed re"]
[14.215145111083984, 2.5045859813690186, "ent use of technology would inevitably lead to an undesirable future in which criminals have the upper hand and public support for law enforcement agen- cies is eroded.\nThe third research question was\n3. What are the priority needs of law enforcement"]
[14.199809074401855, 2.6064984798431396, "itization of current law enforcement technology needs, focusing on information technology (Hollywood et al., 2015). The earlier assessment also found general themes focusing on improving the sharing and use of information, improv- ing law enforcement"]
[14.164350509643555, 2.6750667095184326, "licy. Policy and legal constraints routinely prevent or limit information shar- ing; in fact, there have been claims that policy and process barriers are actually significantly larger barriers to information sharing than technical interoperability is"]
[14.21406078338623, 2.5565578937530518, " technology know-how in today\u2019s job market.\nBeyond the specific needs listed above, workshop participants discussed at length the need to improve the development and selection of leaders at all levels of law enforcement agencies. They noted that lead"]
[14.277945518493652, 2.3952133655548096, "turing Workshop\nThe above examples of high-priority technology needs are by no means a comprehensive set. They do, however, represent the participants\u2019 highest-ranked tier of needs, consisting of 12 of the 30 identified needs. The balance of the need"]
[14.36943244934082, 2.248818874359131, "Consensus on possible future locations on scenario axes, problems\nand opportunities, and the role of technology\nDay 3: July 24, 2014\nBreakout Groups Continue\n8:30\u201310:30\n10:30\u201310:45 10:45\u201312:00\nPossible Pathways (Second Horizon)\n\u2022 Desirable and undesi"]
[14.77871322631836, 1.963432788848877, "of South Carolina College of Criminal Justice\n 55\nAPPENDIX C\nDelphi Questions and Ranking Scales\n  Ques%on 1 \u2013 How Important Will This Need Be in Enabling or Preven%ng/Mi%ga%ng Scenarios?\n\u2022 For this answer, consider the scenario in which this need wo"]
[14.769651412963867, 1.813061237335205, "ill be useful in the discussion below as identifiers of specific needs.\nDuring the workshop, participants scored these needs by answering the questions described in Appendix C using the scales also shown there. This gave a value for importance rangin"]
[14.18447208404541, 2.562912702560425, " media to better engage the public and improve internal communications. Includes (1) informing the public, (2) getting incident reports from the public, and (3) getting assistance in solving crimes. Training material needs to include good examples. C"]
[14.174222946166992, 2.568504571914673, "stitutes \u201cgood\u201d and \u201cbad\u201d leadership and research on what leadership courses and methods \u201cwork\u201d [and what \u201cwork\u201d means], for whom, and in what contexts, specifically including emerging network-enabled organizations)\nNeed to identify LE resource needs"]
[14.642956733703613, 1.950348973274231, " HR\u201d systems that can track details about LE personnel\u2019s training, certification, record, etc., over the course of their careers and share this information as appropriate (would also include \u201cscores\u201d and \u201cbadges\u201d reflecting experiences, training, rep"]
[14.285395622253418, 2.489314556121826, "egal 2.1 12 and custom-made drugs\nDevelop means for measuring public and criminal uses of technology and 2.0 13.5 countermeasures to LE uses of technology\nIdentify and adapt business models that will facilitate LE agencies\u2019 recognizing new 2.0 13.5 n"]
[14.745877265930176, 1.8061760663986206, "Need B should be ranked the same or higher than Need A as one-sixth, or 17 percent. The test can statistically calculate for any pair of needs and for any number of estimates, the probability that one need should be ranked above or below the other. I"]
[14.70639419555664, 1.8252830505371094, "Law Enforcement Technology in the Period 2024\u20132034\nTable D.3\nWilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Comparing the Rankings of Need 1 and Need 21\n Score or Need # Observation\n1 0.0\n21 0.0\n21 0.4\n21 0.5\n1 0.9\n21 0.9\n1 1.1\n1 1.5\n21 1.6\n21 1.8\n21 2.0\n21 2.1\n21 2.1\n1"]
[14.706775665283203, 1.843213677406311, "servations for B, both from the same distribution. The low P-value shows that it is highly unlikely that Need 1 and Need 21 should be ranked the same, and the higher rank-sum for Need 1 shows that it is properly ranked higher than Need 21.\n    0\n0.16"]
[14.714168548583984, 1.8114501237869263, "0.028\n0.025 0.113\n0.009 0.048\n0.002 0.033\n0.003 0.022\n0.027 0.147\n0.008 0.048\n0.009 0.047\n0.005 0.05\n0.006 0.033\n0.002 0.029\n1E-04 0.002\n0.002 0.017\n2E-04 0.002\n0.005 0.03\n2E-05 8E-05\n4E-05 4E-04\n6E-06 2E-05\n0.187\n     Rank #\nNeed #\n5\n26\n18\n6\n30\n21\n1"]
[14.68408489227295, 1.851751446723938, "age Chance Up is zero, it means the ranking scheme is perfect, because all needs have no chance to be ranked higher. For the average-based ranking, the Average Chance Up is 0.15, which is the sum of all the entries (66.7) in Table D.7 divided by the "]
[14.613312721252441, 1.969781756401062, "isabling people, groups, and vehicles 2.2 14.5\nMore R&D on ethics development 2.2 14.5\nResearch on social aspects of improving information sharing and collaboration 2.1 17.5\nDevelop collaborations with CDC and other public health agencies to prepare "]
[14.692277908325195, 1.8244646787643433, " can be based on the observation above that the median and average metrics provide equally valid rankings, according to the Wilcoxon rank-sum test analysis. In this case, we would include in Tier 1 all the needs ranked in the top ten using either met"]
[14.684014320373535, 1.8554710149765015, " 0.22 0.305 0.392\n0.107 0.15 0.211 0.341\n0.168 0.27 0.396 0.41\n5E-05 6E-05 8E-05 3E-04\n4E-04 5E-04 1E-03 0.003\n0.006 0.009 0.011 0.015\n0.001 0.002 0.003 0.005\n0.005 0.009 0.011 0.021\n0.16 0.228 0.3 0.416\n0.042 0.066 0.085 0.134\n0.099 0.134 0.14 0.202"]
[14.175484657287598, 2.5139148235321045, "ologies effectively\nImprove technologies for safely defusing or disabling people, groups, and vehicles\nResearch on technologies that can \u201csee\u201d or sense threats at a distance\nIdentify LE resource needs and roles emerging from new technologies and uses"]
[13.547375679016113, 3.5232231616973877, "s of Police, 2013.\nAitchison, J., and J. A. C. Brown, The Lognormal Distribution, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press,\n1957.\nAnderson, Chris, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution, New York: Crown Business, 2012.\nBatts, Anthony W., Sean Michael"]
[13.635589599609375, 3.4777767658233643, "ng?\u201d Police: The Law Enforcement Magazine, December 30, 2013. As of January 16, 2015:\nhttp://w w w.policemag.com/blog/technolog y/stor y/2013/12/ future-trends-in-accelerating-technology-conference.aspx\nCoates, Crawford, \u201cA Look Ahead,\u201d Law Officer, "]
[13.631707191467285, 3.4784200191497803, "uary 16, 2015:\nhttp://www.policeone.com/police-products/police-technology/ articles/6678598-2013-in-Review-Tech-gifts-for-your-police-officer-friends/\nThe Economist, \u201cThird-Party Dreaming: You Can Go Your Own Way,\u201d Democracy in America blog, October "]
[13.617105484008789, 3.5079946517944336, "anuary 16, 2015: http://www.wired.com/2014/10/1200-machine-making-untraceable-guns-just-sold-36-hours/\nGreengard, Samuel, \u201cPolicing the Future,\u201d Communications of the ACM, Vol. 55, No. 3, March 2012, pp. 19\u201321.\nGriffith, David, and Paul Clinton, \u201cIAC"]
[13.706304550170898, 3.613800525665283, "2014:\nhttp://futuresworkinggroup.cos.ucf.edu/docs/Volume%205/JacksonV5.pdf\nJackson, John, Richard Myers, and Thomas Cowper, \u201cLeadership in the Net\u2010Centric Organization,\u201d\nAdvancing Police Leadership: Considerations, Lessons Learned, and Preferable Fut"]
[13.657984733581543, 3.4765892028808594, "s,\u201d Design Engineering, July 31, 2014. As of January 16, 2015: http://www.design-engineering.com/general/nasas-jpl-develops-multi-metal-3d-printing-process-132113\nMcShane, Owen, and Anne Dowling, \u201cA Practical Application: Facial Recognition Technolog"]
[13.614163398742676, 3.5165395736694336, "ucf.edu/docs/Volume%205/PeteeV5.pdf\nPharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association, \u201cCan a Nasal Spray Curb Social Anxiety? Six Innovations in the Fight Against Mental Illness,\u201d Talking Points Memo (sponsored message), June 18, 2014. As of Jan"]
[13.616584777832031, 3.5323235988616943, "ning for the Future in an Uncertain World, New York: Currency Doubleday, 1991.\nShoemaker, Paul J. H., \u201cWhen and How to Use Scenario Planning: A Heuristic Approach with Illustration,\u201d Journal of Forecasting, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1991, pp. 549\u2013564.\nSilbergl"]
[13.681000709533691, 3.3981001377105713, "Volume%204/vol4Weaver.pdf\nWeiss, Todd R., \u201cCool Cop Tech: 5 New Technologies Helping Police Fight Crime,\u201d Computerworld, February 16, 2012. As of January 16, 2015:\nhttp://w w w.computer world.com/article/2501178/government-it/ cool-cop-tech--5-new-te"]
[4.394744873046875, -4.316522598266602, " Bankruptcy\u2019s Effect on Product Identification in Asbestos Personal Injury Cases\nLloyd Dixon and Geoffrey McGovern\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr907\n  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data "]
[4.394508361816406, -4.316396713256836, " A sub- sequent report examines how the establishment of trusts potentially\n1 Lloyd Dixon, Geoffrey McGovern, and Amy Coombe, Asbestos Bankruptcy Trusts: An Overview of Trust Structure and Activity with Detailed Reports on the Largest Trusts, Santa M"]
[4.394505023956299, -4.316529273986816, "... iii FiguresandTables............................................................... ix Summary.......................................................................... xi Acknowledgments..........................................................."]
[4.394679069519043, -4.316431522369385, " with Both Interrogatories and Depositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nTables\n1.1. Bankruptcy\u2019s Potential Effects on Plaintiff Compensation and Payments by Remaining Solvent Defendants . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.1. Number of Bankruptcies and Case"]
[4.394712924957275, -4.316665172576904, "om- pensation for plaintiffs and payments by solvent defendants.\nThe outcome of an asbestos lawsuit crucially depends on whether evidence of exposure to the products of bankrupt parties is introduced in the tort case. If it is not, then all fault can"]
[4.394531726837158, -4.316444396972656, "efers to the date on which a firm files for bankruptcy.\n Figure S.1\nFrequency of Product Identification in Interrogatories After Bankruptcy\n    36\n    32\n    28\n    24\n    20\n    16\n    12\n8 4 0\nRAND RR907-S.1\nConfidence interval\nCase filing date rel"]
[4.394510746002197, -4.3163604736328125, "n the number of firms identified in interrogatories, such as by exploring exposures to bankrupt parties not identified in interrogatories.\nViews Are Sharply Divided About Whether These Findings Are a Cause for Concern\nAre these findings a cause for c"]
[4.394527912139893, -4.316616535186768, "posures to asbestos-containing products, regardless of whether the product was produced by a currently bankrupt firm.\nThis report does not take a position in this debate but offers empirical evidence that should help elected officials, judges, and la"]
[4.394718647003174, -4.316546440124512, " no cure, unless the disease is found extremely early and the tumor can be completely removed with surgery. Most of the time when the disease is diagnosed it is too advanced for surgery. Chemotherapy or radiation may be used to reduce symp- toms. Com"]
[4.394688129425049, -4.316607475280762, " pp. 1039\u20131044.\n4 See Lloyd Dixon and Geoffrey McGovern, Asbestos Bankruptcy Trusts and Tort Compensa- tion, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-1104-ICJ, 2011.\n Introduction and Background on Asbestos Bankruptcies 3\nand postbankruptcy. Chapte"]
[4.394734859466553, -4.316843032836914, "stos litigation. At a basic level, asbestos litigation has changed because now more than 100 companies have claimed the protections of Chapter 11 of the Bank- ruptcy Code in part because of their asbestos liabilities.8 These compa- nies, many of whic"]
[4.394745349884033, -4.316998481750488, "s by parties that remain solvent. As can be seen, the outcomes depend significantly on whether evidence of exposures to the products of bankrupt parties is developed in the tort case.\nIn states with joint and several liability, one would expect the c"]
[4.395076274871826, -4.316363334655762, "h the intent of joint and sev-\nJoint and Several Liability,\u201d Federation of Defense and Corporate Counsel Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 4, Summer 2005, pp. 469\u2013478.\n13 A defendant that pays the full judgment in a joint-and-several-liability jurisdiction gai"]
[4.394644737243652, -4.3165283203125, "ith whose representatives we spoke during the course of this study argue that reducing the number of other exposures identified in the case can increase the likelihood that the products of the remaining parties will be found to have substantially con"]
[4.3945183753967285, -4.316668510437012, "and persuasive,\u201d Judge Hodges concluded that\nGarlock demonstrated that exposure evidence was withheld in each and every one of [the 15 cases.] The discovery in this pro- ceeding showed that what had been withheld in the tort cases\u2014 on average plainti"]
[4.394603729248047, -4.316366672515869, "e bankruptcy wave. Scarcella, Kelso, and Cagnoli (2012) presented evidence that the exposure histories of the two groups are similar; how- ever, in their statistical analysis, they did not explicitly control for dif- ferences in plaintiff exposure hi"]
[4.394658088684082, -4.316422939300537, "vant case documents. Finally, we describe the firms used to examine changes in product identification pre- and postbankruptcy.\nCase Selection\nWe chose two different sets of cases for the study: one consisting of cases filed in California state court "]
[4.394660949707031, -4.316232681274414, "d recklessly or to have acted in concert with other parties to conceal the danger of asbestos (Dixon and McGovern, 2011, pp. 62, 67).\n2 This provider maintains an extensive database of asbestos personal-injury cases.\n Data Used to Assess Bankruptcy\u2019s"]
[4.394637107849121, -4.316703796386719, "ffer- ence in causation standard might affect incentives and party behavior.4\nCollection of Case Documents\nFirms that are defendants in a substantial number of asbestos personal- injury cases were asked to provide the complaints, interrogatories, and"]
[4.394657135009766, -4.316718101501465, "e case. The New York interrogatory includes ques- tions on the plaintiff\u2019s family, medical history, work history, and detailed questions about asbestos exposure. For example, question 16 in the case-management order in effect as of 2001 asks,\nAs to e"]
[4.394757270812988, -4.316324234008789, "g physician, diagnosing physician, B readers,9 indus- trial hygienists, and physical therapists, because these depositions typi- cally do not contain product-identification information. Depositions come later in the case than interrogatories and are "]
[4.39463996887207, -4.316807270050049, " at time of case filing (years)a Percentage deceased at time of case filing Plaintiffs\u2019 attorney\nFirm A Firm B Firm C Firm D Firm E\nBNS Sample\n47\n4 12 17 12 2 0 0 0\n4 34 9 0 0 0\n80.3 36\n29 9 6 0 0\nWCN Sample\n39\n0 1 3 0\n10 11 11\n3\n1 1 3\n11 11 12\n68.0 "]
[4.394692420959473, -4.31630277633667, "rrogatories or depositions might not yet have been completed for some of the cases filed toward the end of the study period. The last row of the table reports the number of cases for which both interrogatories and depositions were located. This subse"]
[4.394746780395508, -4.316355228424072, " how the identification rates change following bankruptcy.\n10 Including trust submissions as an indicator of exposure might be questioned. Some bank- ruptcy trusts will pay compensation on the basis of evidence that would be insufficient to establish"]
[4.39442253112793, -4.316239833831787, "dentification\nRate (%) N\n10 545 7 244\n4 845 7 1,634\n     NOTE: N refers to number of case\u2013firm combinations.\na Based on 1,634 case\u2013firm combinations (38 cases with interrogatories times\n43 firms). Five of the 43 firms were not mentioned in any of the"]
[4.394455909729004, -4.316482067108154, "den- tified prebankruptcy. To control for case and firm characteristics, we included two sets of indicator variables in the logistic regression\u2014one for the case and one for the firm.2\n2 That is, the logistic regression includes a set of case fixed ef"]
[4.394596576690674, -4.316312789916992, "n the error term of the logistic regression caused by multiple case\u2013firm combinations for the same case and for the same firm. The effect of potential cor-\n3 The identification rate considers exposure to be indicated when a claim has been sub- mitted"]
[4.394506454467773, -4.316418170928955, " reduces the odds that the products of bankrupt parties are identified WCN cases should thus be viewed as tentative. A larger sample of cases would increase the precision of the estimates.\n30 Bankruptcy\u2019s Effect on Product Identification in Asbestos "]
[4.3943891525268555, -4.316420078277588, "the bankrupt firm\u2019s products). Over time, however, new, younger attorneys come into the firm who might have no knowledge about the bankrupt party. The party is no longer named on the complaint, and the new attorneys have no reason to inquire into exp"]
[4.396073818206787, -4.315896034240723, "rcella, Kelso, and Cagnoli (2012) found that, on average, approximately eight defen- dants that eventually filed for bankruptcy were identified in the prebankruptcy period versus four in the postbankruptcy period (see discussion in Chapter One).\n7 Ac"]
[4.394357204437256, -4.316374778747559, " postbankruptcy.\n34 Bankruptcy\u2019s Effect on Product Identification in Asbestos Personal Injury Cases\nBankruptcy\u2019s impact on product identification controlling for case and firm characteristics is reported in Table 3.5. Including the products identifie"]
[4.394503116607666, -4.316617965698242, "osure was affirmed. The \u201cdon\u2019t know or unsure\u201d rows show the rate at which plaintiffs said they did not know or were unsure whether they were exposed to products of each of the 43 firms included in the analysis. And the \u201cexposure denied\u201d\nTable 3.6\nPr"]
[4.3945631980896, -4.316573143005371, "t will pay more than it would if all expo- sure were identified. Failure to identify exposure to the products of bankrupt parties might also result in greater plaintiff compensation than otherwise from bankruptcy trusts and the tort case combined. As"]
[4.394489765167236, -4.316382884979248, "rk history to establish exposure, and they can also typically intro- duce into evidence depositions and interrogatories from other cases with similar plaintiffs. Plaintiffs\u2019 attorneys point out that, even though this study shows a drop in product ide"]
[4.394370079040527, -4.316486358642578, "only increase their liability. For these reasons, defendants conclude\n1 For discussion of causation requirements in asbestos cases, see S. Todd Brown, \u201cBank- ruptcy Trusts, Transparency and the Future of Asbestos Compensation,\u201d Widener Law Jour- nal,"]
[4.394490718841553, -4.316709041595459, "Act would require bankruptcy trusts to provide quarterly the name and exposure history of each claimant and the basis for any payment made to such claimant (U.S. House of Representatives, Furthering Asbes- tos Claim Transparency Act of 2013, H.R. 982"]
[4.394179821014404, -4.31628942489624, "facturing\nRutland Fire and Clay Company\nShook and Fletcher Skinner Engine Company\nStone and Webster Engineering Company\nBankruptcy Date\nJune 1, 2009\nSeptember 18, 2008 February 12, 2002 August 9, 2005\nJuly 12, 2010 January 13, 1998 January 4, 2002\nOc"]
[4.394474029541016, -4.316359519958496, "ect on Product Identification in Interrogatories (for 43 firms that filed for bankruptcy between 1998 and 2010)\n   Ordinary Least Squares\nCameron, Gelbach, and Miller Estimate\n  Case\u2013Firm Combination\nBNS casea\nCase filed within one year of bankruptcy"]
[4.39472770690918, -4.316396713256836, "the logistic regression, the bankruptcy effects manifest gradually over time, and the changes when cases are filed one to two years and two years or more after bankruptcy are statistically different from 0. As expected, the coefficients remain the sa"]
[4.394690990447998, -4.31666374206543, "firms). We ran the logistic regression on the 1,932 combinations that remained after combinations dropped for which there was no variation in product identification within a case or within a defendant.\nb We input 2,107 case\u2013firm combinations into the"]
[4.394441604614258, -4.316658020019531, " with Detailed Reports on the Largest Trusts, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-872-ICJ, 2010. As of March 24, 2015:\nhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR872.html\nIn re Complex Asbestos Litig., \u201cDefendants\u2019 Standard Interrogatories t"]
[4.394542694091797, -4.31647253036499, "ensation filed with the specially created asbestos bankruptcy trusts. The outcome of an asbestos lawsuit crucially depends on whether litigants in the tort case introduce evidence of exposure to the products of bankrupt parties. If some of these expo"]
[2.6184639930725098, 9.325525283813477, "  CORPORATION\nThe Impact of Adopting Time-of-Day Tolling\nCase Study of 183A in Austin, Texas\nThomas Light, Sunil Patil, Gregory D. Erhardt, Flavia Tsang, Peter Burge, Paul Sorensen, Mia Zmud\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.or"]
[4.33559513092041, 8.019903182983398, "er aspects of science and technology policy. Program research is supported by government agen- cies, foundations, and the private sector.\nThis program is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a division of the RAND Corporation dedica"]
[2.6198551654815674, 9.326011657714844, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Revenue Neutral Time-of-Day Tolls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[2.6227805614471436, 9.326818466186523, "vels to $2.25 to Use All Three Mainline Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.6. Change in 183 and 183A Traffic Volumes Associated with Reducing Off-Peak Toll Le"]
[2.6227571964263916, 9.326897621154785, "ft from the parallel, untolled roadway (183) to the tolled 183A when off-peak toll rates are reduced. Consequently, reducing off-peak toll rates has little effect on peak-period traffic conditions on 183 or on downstream facilities, such as MoPac.\n\u2022 "]
[2.6222126483917236, 9.3267240524292, "rture times and route choices change in response to changes in the 183A tolling structure. The tool has been calibrated to other data collected from the 183/183A corridor to facilitate the estimation of traffic and revenue impacts associated with mod"]
[2.6241507530212402, 9.328460693359375, "or use electronically with a TxTag device or via mail.1 Drivers who pay electronically pay 25 percent less than those that pay via mail. Furthermore, toll charges increase with the number of vehicle axles. For example, someone with a TxTag who travel"]
[2.619255542755127, 9.326088905334473, "lack of thorough understanding of the behavioral impacts of pricing \u201cstems from the fact that the number of actual implementations of road pricing is very small, and that only a portion of these are the subject of behavior research.\u201d The approach tak"]
[2.626241683959961, 9.326337814331055, "o be contacted for the 183/183A survey, we leveraged license plate reader (LPR) data. The LPR data were collected during the morning peak period (approxi- mately 6 a.m. to 10 a.m.) over the course of five weekdays during November 2012. The LPR data w"]
[2.6260757446289062, 9.328121185302734, "tend to have relatively high income, with more\n3 It is important to note that our sample excludes those who do not use the 183/183A corridor because (1) they did not make any trips to a relevant destination, (2) they were not auto users, or (3) they "]
[2.6214146614074707, 9.323991775512695, "choose from two routes, each associated with different travel times and costs. Each respondent was asked to evaluate six pairs of such routes.\nAn example of the screen for the second stated preference experiment is shown in Figure 2.3. This experimen"]
[2.6203126907348633, 9.325559616088867, "rs are more likely to switch routes than switch time periods.\nSeparate models were estimated for mandatory versus nonmandatory trips. The survey data indicated that mandatory trips, which include work, employer business, school, and escorting others "]
[2.6241586208343506, 9.327410697937012, "ta are on the order of half to a third as large as those obtained from revealed preference data. Because our analysis is based on stated preference data, we would expect that our value of time estimates to be lower than estimates obtained using revea"]
[2.623617172241211, 9.326915740966797, "\n  * Statistically significant at 90-percent confidence level.\n** Statistically significant at 95-percent confidence level.\nNOTE: Standard errors are calculated using a bootstrap procedure.\nrequired to shift one hour earlier is $6.66 and $5.75 to shi"]
[2.6237714290618896, 9.327241897583008, "0 1,500 1,000\n500\n0\n5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m.\nRAND RR969-2.6\nFor the purpose of extrapolating revenue, we scaled the revenue estimat"]
[2.617920398712158, 9.322434425354004, "Hirschman et al., 1995).\nFigure 3.2 shows the changes in revenue obtained from southbound motorists between 5 a.m. and noon on weekdays as the toll level varies; this applies to motorists with a TxTag in a two-axle vehicle on all three mainline segme"]
[2.62357759475708, 9.327094078063965, " with Increasing 183A Toll Levels to Revenue-Maximizing Level\n2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000\n500\n0\n5:00 5:30 6:00 6:30 7:00 7:30 8:00 8:30 9:00 9:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m. a.m.\nNOTE: Current "]
[2.624047040939331, 9.32677936553955, "(3-hour morning peak: 6 to 9 a.m.)\nRevenue\n(2-hour morning peak: 7 to 9 a.m.)\n         RAND RR969-3.4\n2.50 2.75 3.00\nOff-peak toll rate to use all mainline segments ($)\nFigure 3.5\nChange in Traffic Volumes Associated with Reducing Off-Peak Toll Level"]
[2.623836040496826, 9.32654857635498, "vailable resources. While we expect that impacts for the evening peak and off-peak periods would be similar, they have not been analyzed and could be different. For example, the evening peak tends to be wider and includes more discre- tionary trips. "]
[2.6144959926605225, 9.322324752807617, "ak toll rates has little effect on peak-period traffic conditions on 183 or on downstream facilities, such as MoPac.\n\u2022 To remain revenue neutral, modest reductions in off-peak toll levels would need to be accompanied with modest increases in peak tol"]
[2.5374085903167725, 9.262667655944824, ".org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_722v2.pdf\nPerez, Benjamin G., Tiffany Batac, Peter Vovsha, and Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., Assessing Highway Tolling and Pricing Options and Impacts: Vol. 1, Decision-Making Framework, Washington, D.C.: Transportation "]
[17.423641204833984, 8.155471801757812, "  CORPORATION\nLos Angeles County\nJuvenile Justice Crime\nPrevention Act\nFiscal Year 2013\u20132014 Report Terry Fain, Susan Turner, Sarah Michal Greathouse\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1023\n  Published by the RAND Corpor"]
[17.422626495361328, 8.14824390411377, "ounty\u2019s JJCPA programs, including analyzing data and reporting findings to the BSCC. This report summarizes the fiscal year (FY) 2013\u2013 2014 findings reported to the BSCC, as well as additional program information gathered by the Los Angeles County Pr"]
[17.378129959106445, 8.123290061950684, "WR-218-LACPD, February 2005a\n\u2022 Susan Turner, Terry Fain, and Amber Sehgal, Validation of the Risk and Resiliency Assess- ment Tool for Juveniles in the Los Angeles County Probation System, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-291-LACPD, June 20"]
[18.062604904174805, 9.385294914245605, " . . . . . . Overview of Recent Changes and Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organization of This Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[18.069263458251953, 9.371878623962402, "ct: Fiscal Year 2013\u20132014 Report\nEstimated Cost Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limitations of This Ev"]
[18.034530639648438, 9.307607650756836, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.9. Outcomes for After-School Enrichment and Supervision, FY 2013\u20132014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.10. Outcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk High School Youth,"]
[18.011951446533203, 9.305081367492676, "xvi\nS.2. Programs in the Three JJCPA FY 2013\u20132014 Initiatives, Comparison Groups, and Numbers of Participants for Whom Probation Reported Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nS.3. Results from Simple Comparisons in Programs That Used t"]
[18.057024002075195, 9.30993366241455, "e Intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.10. Programs and Comparison Groups in the Enhanced School- and Community- BasedServicesInitiative....................................................."]
[18.26028060913086, 9.848841667175293, "y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.9. Estimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Housing-Based Day Supervision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.10. Estimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Inside-Out Writers. . . . . . . . . . ."]
[18.056344985961914, 9.322894096374512, "l Needs Court, FY 2013\u20132014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nE.4. Outcomes for Gender-Specific Community, FY 2013\u20132014. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nE.5. Outcomes for High "]
[17.85157012939453, 8.863678932189941, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127\nF.6. Outcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School\nProbationers, FY 2013\u20132014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[17.737184524536133, 8.526345252990723, "JJCPA. The legislation identified six specific outcome measures (the \u201cbig six\u201d) to be included in annual reports from each of the individual JJCPA programs: (1) successful comple- tion of probation, (2) arrests, (3) probation violations, (4) incarcer"]
[17.750890731811523, 8.624063491821289, "e\u2013post measurement design. Generally, we measure outcomes for program participants for a six-month period after they start the program (for community programs) or after they are released into the community (for camp and juvenile hall programs). In ad"]
[17.720745086669922, 8.75069522857666, "he receives services and could therefore count that juvenile more than once.\nTable S.1 lists the JJCPA programs in each initiative in FY 2013\u20132014 and the number of participants who received services in each program. Table S.2 shows the number of par"]
[17.916723251342773, 8.961807250976562, "chool- and Community-Based Services\nAbolish Chronic Truancy ACT\nHousing-Based Day Supervision HB\nInside-Out Writers IOW\nAfter-School Enrichment and Supervision PARKS\nSchool-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School and High School SBHS-AR\nPartici"]
[17.633493423461914, 8.963730812072754, "am participants. MH reported outcomes only for youths who received treatment services.\n\u2022 With the exception of SBHS-PROB, programs that used contemporaneous comparison groups were small and showed no significant differences between program participan"]
[17.645687103271484, 9.026844024658203, " in the Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative than for comparison-group youths. Program and comparison groups did not differ significantly for the other big six outcomes. The difference-in-differences analyses for MH showed no significant differ"]
[17.781496047973633, 9.036879539489746, "e, suspensions, expulsions, and overall strength and risk scores) following program entry. For big six outcomes, SBHS-PROB participants had significantly lower arrest rates and higher rates of completion of probation, restitution, and community servi"]
[17.77776527404785, 9.15609073638916, "\nMH SBHS-AR SBMS-AR YSA\n\u2014 FY2013\u20132014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\n\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\n\u2014 \u2014 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.\n\u2014 \u2014 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n this table indicates that the FY 2013\u20132014 cohort had a significantly more positive result.\nNOTE: FY 2013\u20132014 in\nA dash indicates no si"]
[18.204954147338867, 9.777861595153809, "gram discrepan- cies in percentage who report supplemental outcomes also tend to be fairly consistent from year to year.\nEstimated JJCPA Per Capita Costs\nA total of 29,207 participants were served in Los Angeles County JJCPA programs in FY 2013\u2013 2014"]
[18.245464324951172, 9.799468040466309, "ograms in each initiative, as well as the type of participants served (probationers, at-risk youths, or both).\nEstimated Total Cost of Programs and Initiatives\nTable S.6 shows the estimated mean baseline and follow-up costs per participant in each JJ"]
[18.23518943786621, 9.821355819702148, "t extend the time frame to measure changes, however, because not enough time has elapsed to allow us to obtain data beyond a six-month period. With a longer follow-up period, reductions in subsequent arrests and court appearances could offset initial"]
[18.220521926879883, 9.77517032623291, " Juvenile Justice Cost Services\nArrest 417 Camp \u20132,981 Court \u2013735 Juvenile hall \u20133,423 Program \u2013587 Supervision \u2013286 Total \u20137,594\nEnhanced Services to High- Risk/High-Need Youth\n18 4,193 69 179 \u20132,764 \u201376 1,624\nEnhanced School- and Community-Based Se"]
[17.62228775024414, 8.420787811279297, "lemental out- comes tend to be more favorable than state-mandated big six outcomes, although samples tend to be considerably smaller than for big six outcomes. Los Angeles County expects to continue to receive JJCPA funding on an annual basis and to "]
[17.811418533325195, 8.73122787475586, "R School-Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk High School Youth SBHS-PROB School-Based Probation Supervision for High School Probationers SBMS-AR School-Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk Middle School Youth\nSBMS-PROB School-Based Probation S"]
[17.694623947143555, 8.477188110351562, "e legislation requires the BSCC to submit annual reports to the California state legislature measuring the success of JJCPA. The legislation identified six specific outcome measures (the \u201cbig six\u201d) to be included in annual reports from each of the in"]
[17.742177963256836, 8.508252143859863, " community level as well. The use of JJCPA and other resources allows the deputy probation officer (DPO) to shape a plan that builds on each juvenile\u2019s strengths and is uniquely responsive to service needs. In collaboration with school officials, par"]
[17.821853637695312, 8.590119361877441, "\n\u2022 severity of the instant offense.\nThe assumption is as follows: The more closely the comparison group matches the treat- ment group, the more confidently one can assert that treatment effects, not differences in other characteristics, caused the di"]
[17.835399627685547, 8.73997688293457, " in the original application to BOC. During FY 2003\u20132004 and again in FY 2004\u20132005, RAND researchers worked with Probation to modify supplemental outcomes in several programs to reflect program goals and to identify more-appropriate comparison groups"]
[17.74911117553711, 8.657617568969727, " use pre\u2013post designs. All programs used the same evaluation designs in FY 2013\u20132014 as they have since FY 2008\u20132009.\nWe have applied standard statistical techniques (chi-square test, Fisher\u2019s exact test, McNemar\u2019s test, and difference-of-means test)"]
[17.752601623535156, 8.674701690673828, "ia.\n3 For programs based in juvenile halls, we measure the big six outcomes for the six months after the youth returns to the community, rather than from program start.\nBackground and Methodology 5\n 6 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevent"]
[17.68339729309082, 9.04702091217041, "fference-in-differences analysis, only a simple comparison between the two cohorts.\n5 If p is the probability of a binary outcome, we define the odds ratio for that outcome as (p/(1 \u2013 p)). Logistic regres-\nsion analysis predicts the logarithm of the "]
[17.680065155029297, 8.510469436645508, "de any participants in the YWAR program.\nOrganization of This Report\nThe remainder of this report focuses specifically on JJCPA programs in Los Angeles County in FY 2013\u20132014. Chapter Two details JJCPA programs and presents brief summaries of each pr"]
[17.714269638061523, 8.643796920776367, "ng areas: family dysfunction (problems of parental moni- toring of child behavior or high conflict between youth and parent), school problems (truancy, misbehavior, or poor academic performance), and delinquent behavior (gang involvement, substance a"]
[17.71686553955078, 8.94497299194336, "es during the fiscal year, which went from July 1, 2013, to June 30, 2014. To allow a six-month eligibility period for recidivism, however, the number for whom a program reported outcomes uses a reference period of January 1, 2013, through December 3"]
[17.58523941040039, 8.913836479187012, "istically matched routine probationers used as members of comparison groups for SBHS- PROB and SBMS-PROB to program participants. MH reported outcomes only for participants who received treatment services.\nPrograms and Outcomes in Initiative I: Enhan"]
[17.49302101135254, 8.821709632873535, "ssessment, and intervention functions. Staff refer youths who, according to the initial screen- ing, require a more thorough review for a more comprehensive assessment.\nIn addition to providing screening, assessment, and treatment services for newly "]
[17.511018753051758, 8.850791931152344, " the agencies and does not imply an out- come evaluation.\nMental Health America (MHA)5 has called for effective treatment programs for juvenile offenders. MHA recommends an integrated, multimodal treatment approach as an essential requirement because"]
[17.645639419555664, 9.095136642456055, " from juvenile hall, whichever came first.7\nOutcomes\nFor outcome analyses, we examined 1,077 participants in the MH program who received mental health treatment in FY 2013\u20132014 and 1,324 comparison-group youths who received mental health treatment in"]
[17.297748565673828, 8.892651557922363, "ow-Up\n42.90 21.15 6.58\n10.04 13.86 19.88\nBaseline\n47.81 13.29 0.73\n1.40\n9.69 10.87\nFollow-Up\n47.89 21.53 5.99\n6.78 11.42 19.95\nDiff \u2013 Diff (%)\n4.55\n1.69 \u2013 0 .11\n3.08\n3.88 \u20130.64\nOdds Ratio\n0.832 0.877 0.560\n1.350 1.488 1.073\n95% CI\n0.660\u20131.050 0.644\u20131"]
[17.330245971679688, 8.911992073059082, " delinquency and drug use, MST posits that multiple factors determine youth anti- social behavior, which is linked with characteristics of the individual youth and his or her family, peer group, school, and community contexts (Henggeler et al., 1998)"]
[17.367935180664062, 8.886907577514648, "lemen- tal outcomes for MST participants\u2014school attendance, suspensions, and expulsions\u2014during the school term before program entry and the term following program entry.\nOutcomes\nOutcome analyses examined 63 MST participants and 46 comparison-group y"]
[17.161184310913086, 7.742583274841309, "pulation.\nA 1997 DOJ survey reported that drug courts had made great strides in the past ten years in helping drug-abusing offenders stop using drugs and lead productive lives. Recidivism rates for drug program participants and graduates range from 2"]
[17.18802833557129, 7.844155788421631, "y for the treatment process, the SNC program incorporates several major design elements of existing drug and mental health courts across the country, including a multidisciplinary team approach involving mental health professionals and the juvenile c"]
[17.56660270690918, 9.013175964355469, "in the six months after entering the program.\nSNC participants did not differ significantly from comparison-group youths in any of the big six outcomes. No SNC participants or comparison-group youths completed community service.\nFor big six outcomes,"]
[17.57187843322754, 9.025553703308105, "hes.\nWe evaluated the three programs in this initiative\u2014GSCOMM, HRHN, and YSA\u2014by comparing their outcome measures with those reported for participants in the same program in FY 2012\u20132013. For this reason, we include difference-in-differences analyses"]
[17.491703033447266, 8.639813423156738, " to reduce problems caused by risky behaviors and prevent further development of problems (Center for Sub- stance Abuse Prevention, 1993; Mulvey and Brodsky, 1990). Examples of interventions for girls in the juvenile justice system include educationa"]
[17.54532814025879, 8.861837387084961, "rom the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, S. Hawkins et al. (2009) identified four main protective factors for girls: the presence of a caring adult, school connectedness, school success, and religiosity. However, risk and protective "]
[17.42267608642578, 9.137378692626953, "er big six outcomes, the difference-in-differences analyses indicated no significant difference between the two cohorts. This finding is consistent with a simple comparison for all outcomes.\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2013\u20132014 Outcome Measures 25"]
[17.25535011291504, 9.083118438720703, "tigate risks and meet needs. As we discuss in Chapter Three, this makes HRHN one of the more costly JJCPA programs per capita.\nThe HRHN program employs a social learning curriculum (SLC) in its home-based ser- vice components. It targets services not"]
[17.192893981933594, 8.788416862487793, "ers. Although MTFC does not prevent out-of-home placement, both biological and foster parents receive parental training. The program trains parents to monitor daily peer associations and the whereabouts\u2014at all times\u2014of their children. In addition, th"]
[17.286897659301758, 9.112957000732422, "at parole agencies cannot effectively provide the range and depth of services required for high-risk and high-need parolees unless they broker services through a host of community resources (Altschuler and Arm-\nstrong, 1994; Wiebush, McNulty, and Le,"]
[17.39665985107422, 9.136744499206543, "3). Because we had no demographic data other than age for either cohort of HRHN youths, we could not compare the two groups\u2019 characteristics to ensure compatibility. For both HRHN and comparison-group youths, we measured big six outcomes in the six m"]
[17.469772338867188, 9.149245262145996, "fferences analyses found no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts in any of the other big six outcomes.\nYouth Substance Abuse Intervention\nThe Camp Community Transition Program (CCTP), Intensive Gang Supervision, and school- ba"]
[17.415224075317383, 9.15909481048584, "rug use\u201d).\nEvidence Base for the Program\nYSA is based on the National Institute on Drug Abuse\u2019s relapse-prevention behavioral-therapy research (Whitten, 2005). The relapse-prevention approach to substance abuse treatment con- sists of a collection of"]
[17.529327392578125, 9.16450023651123, "program exit, whichever came first.\nOutcomes\nWe based outcome measures on the performance of 168 YSA participants in FY 2013\u20132014 and 166 in FY 2012\u20132013. Differences between the two cohorts were not statistically signifi- cant for any of the big six"]
[17.5507755279541, 9.114123344421387, "te odds ratios for successful completion of probation or successful completion of community service because the baseline for both outcomes was 0 in FY 2013\u20132014. The difference-in-differences analyses produce results for YSA that are consistent with "]
[17.905208587646484, 8.874872207641602, " the JJCPA program\u2019s FY 2013\u20132014. Of the three initiatives, only this one delivered service to more at-risk youths (12,670) than probationers (5,996).\nWhenever possible, we evaluated participants in the Enhanced School- and Community- Based Services"]
[18.03050422668457, 8.841228485107422, "ure that youths who are at risk of truancy or excessive absences attend school. The program goals are to\n\u2022 reduce truancy at selected ACT schools\n\u2022 address attendance problems at the earliest possible time before the child\u2019s behavior is\ningrained\n\u2022 i"]
[18.061311721801758, 8.857406616210938, "fice of the City Attorney sends a second letter to the parent notifying him or her of its intent to request a criminal filing. In lieu of formal criminal proceedings, the prosecutor can refer the family to counseling or family support programs (Garry"]
[17.856761932373047, 8.877802848815918, "s, we do not present a figure illustrating outcomes for ACT.\n Current JJCPA Programs and FY 2013\u20132014 Outcome Measures 37\nHousing-Based Day Supervision\nThe HB program provides day, evening, and weekend supervision and services for probationers, at-ri"]
[17.72474479675293, 9.072235107421875, "reatment\n38 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2013\u20132014 Report\ndecisions that are based on research; and (5) have program staff who understand the principles of effective interventions (Latessa, Cullen, and Gendrea"]
[17.679275512695312, 9.24089241027832, "ce a spirit of honest introspection, respect for others (values), and alternative\n11 Because of leveraging resources and personnel, the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles did not provide JJCPA services to two housing sites (Ramona Garden an"]
[17.677106857299805, 9.231160163879395, " decreased crime and antisocial behaviors in programs that, like IOW, are based on the six points listed above (OJJDP, 2000).\nDrakeford (2002) found that an intensive literacy program among juveniles confined in correctional facilities was associated"]
[17.724552154541016, 9.129051208496094, "Differences in Differences, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Intervals for Outcomes for Inside- Out Writers\n    Mean: Current Year (%)\nMean: Previous Year (%)\n  Outcome Baseline\nArrest 49.07\nIncarceration 18.41\nCompletion 2.23 of community\nservice\nComplet"]
[17.829734802246094, 8.703218460083008, "e crime by\n\u2022 monitoring peer associations of probationers\n\u2022 providing homework assistance for participant youths\n\u2022 involving participant youths in prosocial activities.\nEvidence Base for the Program\nThe PARKS program is largely a manifestation of the"]
[17.845083236694336, 8.706844329833984, "youths, the program goals are to keep at-risk youths out of the juvenile justice system. In the JJCPA programs in FY 2013\u20132014, 1.9 percent of the participants were arrested in the six months following program entry, compared with 2.1 percent in the "]
[17.88210105895996, 8.707115173339844, "ilding resiliency through DPO advocacy and mentorship for caseload youths\n\u2022 increasing parental involvement in the education process\n\u2022 providing homework and class assistance for caseload youths\n\u2022 providing skill-building activities for caseload yout"]
[18.20921516418457, 9.020927429199219, "e two fiscal years differ in gender composition and in the location of those who received services. In FY 2013\u20132014, there were significantly more male participants than in FY 2012\u20132013. Clusters 3, 4, and 5 show statisti- cally different percentages"]
[18.212268829345703, 9.031718254089355, "ves only at-risk youths. Figure 2.10 shows outcomes, with details for all outcomes in Table E.11 in Appendix E.\nCluster data were available for all but eight at-risk participants in the school-based high school program. Because participants in this p"]
[18.204822540283203, 9.045016288757324, "r for a cluster indicates that no one in the cluster had the indicated outcome.\nTable 2.13\nMeans, Differences in Differences, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Intervals for Outcomes for School- Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk High School Youth\n   "]
[18.19774055480957, 9.035741806030273, "d suspensions decreased significantly (from 16.9 percent to 5.1 percent), as did expulsions (from 2.2 percent to 0.2 percent) in the term after entering the program compared with the term immediately before entering. SBHS-PROB participants also had s"]
[18.208740234375, 9.029935836791992, "ted in the SBMS-AR program during FY 2012\u20132013.\nFor both SBMS-AR participants and comparison-group youths, we measured big six outcomes during the six months following entry into the program. For supplemental school outcomes\u2014attendance, suspensions, "]
[18.21685028076172, 9.024503707885742, "e-in-Differences Analyses for School-Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk Middle School Youth\nWe include difference-in-differences analyses for SBMS-AR because the program uses the previous year\u2019s cohort as a comparison group. For arrest and incar"]
[18.206979751586914, 9.024112701416016, "probationer and comparison-group youth had at least one prior arrest, we did not include criminal history as a factor in propensity-score matching of the two groups.\n 54 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2013\u20132014 "]
[18.14914321899414, 9.046274185180664, "I\n0.368\u20133.301 \u2014\n      NOTE: We could not compute the odds ratio for incarceration because the baseline for the both years was zero. Diff \u2013 Diff gives the percentage change of the current year compared with the previous year. A negative value in that "]
[17.96826171875, 9.125444412231445, "FY 2012\u20132013 cohort.\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2013\u20132014 Outcome Measures 57\nFigure 2.17\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School Probationers, FY 2013\u20132014\n NOTE: A star indicates a statistically significant difference ("]
[18.186349868774414, 9.752843856811523, " preprogram juvenile justice costs. Probationers, by contrast, might have been under supervision prior to program entry and might have also incurred other juvenile justice costs. This implies that JJCPA programs that predominantly target probationers"]
[18.231555938720703, 9.814876556396484, "er a six- month period.\nIt should be emphasized that these are estimated costs, calculated using the best informa- tion available at the time of this writing. Most involve calculations using estimates that Proba- tion provided or from publicly availa"]
[18.3891658782959, 9.91960334777832, " days served for all program participants, and dividing this total into the total budget for the program. Program costs varied considerably, from a daily average of $0.23 for participants in ACT to $92.88 per day for SNC participants. Overall, JJCPA "]
[18.38949966430664, 9.984957695007324, "mputed a weighted average cost of $2,109.75 per arrest.\nCourt Costs\nCourt costs include several components, including the DA, the public defender, and the costs of the court itself. Whenever possible, we obtained estimates of these costs directly fro"]
[18.295082092285156, 9.916057586669922, "ates\nMany cost-of-crime studies calculate victim-related costs per crime using an accounting approach (see, e.g., Miller, Cohen, and Wiersema, 1996). Other estimates can include nonmar- ket goods, such as environmental quality, or the effects that cr"]
[18.33206558227539, 9.986146926879883, "e follow-up period than in the baseline period, with large increases in costs for juvenile hall and camp. As a result, participants showed a much higher mean cost per youth in the follow-up ($21,593) than in the baseline ($13,871).\nTable 3.2\nEstimate"]
[18.32990837097168, 9.986948013305664, "ve\nFor this initiative, we again estimated the costs of the program along with other juvenile justice costs during the baseline and follow-up periods. None of the programs in this initiative was\nTable 3.3\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Multisys"]
[18.33343505859375, 9.99488639831543, "e costs, for juvenile hall ($34) and court ($45). Supervision and arrest costs were only slightly higher in the follow-up period than in the baseline period. Taken together, savings were suf- ficient to offset high program costs, resulting in a savin"]
[18.347719192504883, 9.95516586303711, "in the Enhanced School- and Community- Based Services Initiative\nAs with the other FY 2013\u20132014 initiatives, we compared baseline and follow-up costs for each program. We based baseline and follow-up periods on program start dates for all programs in"]
[18.346952438354492, 10.007448196411133, " higher per participant in the follow-up period than in the baseline period, primarily because of the high cost of administering the program.\nin the six\nmonths after\nTable 3.8\nEstimated Juvenile Justice Costs for Abolish Chronic Truancy\nTable 3.9\nEst"]
[18.33626937866211, 9.9911527633667, "rvision 7.64\nTotal 21,825\nFollow-Up\nMedian Mean ($) ($)\n976 0 4,417 0 3,728 2,993\n11,667 701\n44 17 1,127 1,375 21,958 8,064\nDifference ($)\nMean Median\n554 0 \u20131,073 0 \u201377 0 744 702\n\u201344 \u201317 \u2013237 0 \u2013133 1,219\nJuvenile\nJustice Unit Cost Cost ($)\nArrest 2"]
[18.340824127197266, 10.001843452453613, "chool Youth\nTable 3.12 shows the estimated juvenile justice costs of the SBHS-AR program. Although pro- gram costs were relatively modest compared with those for other JJCPA programs, they none- theless made up the lion\u2019s share ($1,169) of the progra"]
[18.322660446166992, 10.029895782470703, "t\nArrest 2,109.75 Arrest\nCamp 490.43 Day\nCourt 2,992.58 Appear.\nJuvenile 701.44 Day hall\nUnits\n0.24 0.46 0.56 4.44\n153.53 149.36 8.34\n    0.00 0 0\n   NOTE: A positive number in a difference column indicates that the cost was lower in the six months a"]
[18.32201385498047, 9.978373527526855, "ol Probationers\n   Juvenile Justice Cost\nArrest\nUnit Cost ($)\n2,109.75\nUnit\nArrest\nUnits\n0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00\nUnits\n0.02 0.00 0.01 0.23\n159.14 0.24 22.27\nFollow-Up\nMean ($)\n43 0 19 160\n1,194 2 \u2013882 876\nMedian ($)\n0 0 0 0\n1,350 0 \u2013674 1,073\nDifference "]
[18.226377487182617, 9.810369491577148, ",344 39,455 13,619\n1,580 19,417 11,668\n4,645\nACT 20 HB 423 IOW 21,825 PARKS 302 SBHS-AR 117 SBHS-PROB 8,444 SBMS-AR 41 SBMS-PROB 5,444\nAll programs 8,685\n  NOTE: A positive number in the \u201cDifference\u201d column indicates that the mean cost was lower in t"]
[18.225696563720703, 9.806638717651367, "avings, by Initiative\nFor each of the three FY 2013\u20132014 initiatives, Table 3.17 shows the estimated mean net cost for each juvenile justice cost\u2014i.e., the mean difference between the cost in the six months before entering the program and the six mon"]
[17.867460250854492, 9.107247352600098, " halls and therefore include no at-risk youths, such as IOW and MH, will always have relatively high supervision costs, making these programs look worse on these cost comparisons for supervision. Arrest, juvenile hall, camp, and court costs, by contr"]
[17.588029861450195, 8.972596168518066, "rgest contribu- tor to total juvenile justice cost was the cost of administering the JJCPA program itself. \u2013 Comparing costs in the six months following program entry and those from the six\nmonths before program entry, we see that several programs di"]
[17.778005599975586, 9.014945983886719, "cantly higher and, for risk and barriers, significantly lower in the six months following program entry than at the time of program entry. HB housing-project crime rates were slightly higher in FY 2013\u20132014 than in FY 2012\u20132013, but, because these ar"]
[17.735824584960938, 9.150178909301758, "in all 34 outcomes. In three outcomes, the current year\u2019s cohort performed significantly better than its counterpart from the year before.\nSummary and Conclusions 81\n82 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2013\u20132014 R"]
[17.837862014770508, 9.279610633850098, "ll stay during which program services were received.\nFY 2013\u20132014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\nFY 2013\u20132014 \u2014 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.\n\u2014 \u2014 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.\n  Table 4.2\nResults of Difference-in-Differences Analyses for Programs That Used the Previous Year\u2019s Cohorts as Com"]
[17.906049728393555, 9.017289161682129, "rams\n84 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2013\u20132014 Report\nthat measured school attendance, we also included a benefit (saving) of improved attendance. Although our cost estimates have several limitations, these es"]
[17.78134536743164, 8.56689739227295, "PA, which is mandated to serve all youths who need services. Other design weaknesses, such as pre\u2013post comparisons, will be evident to readers familiar with quasi-experimental designs.\nAs we have noted, we used no randomized designs, and we could not"]
[17.648168563842773, 8.422179222106934, " involvement, severity of the instant offense, and the presence of a gang order.\nFuture Direction\nThe severe recession that began in late 2007, as well as budget issues specific to California, con- tinued to affect JJCPA funding in Los Angeles County"]
[16.51761817932129, 8.693320274353027, "ed persons\nCase management\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling, anger management, counseling and mental health care\nHotline services, youth services\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling, health care and drug prescription services\nAlcohol and sub"]
[16.508440017700195, 8.695945739746094, "tion Center Arid Club\nBehavioral Medicine\nAntelope Valley Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependency (AVCADD)\nTable A.1\u2014Continued\nAgency\nAntelope Valley Domestic Violence Council Valley Oasis Shelter\nAntelope Valley Foundation for the Developmentally "]
[16.50356101989746, 8.70092487335205, "HC) Alhambra Hospital 24-Hour Crisis Intervention\nCathy M. Belfuso, LMFT\nBereavement Support Group Pro Care Hospice\nMark E. Berman, Ph.D., licensed clinical psychologist, Antelope Valley Therapy Center\nBlack Infant Health\nBlack Infant Health of Antel"]
[16.51613426208496, 8.690740585327148, "\nCentury Anger Management (Action Family Counseling)\nService\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling Referrals to social services and CBOs\nAdvocacy services, hotline services, youth services Hotline services\nCounseling and mental health care\nHotline s"]
[16.49971580505371, 8.689754486083984, "ms\nChild abuse services, hotline services\nChild abuse services, hotline services, housing services and shelter, website link to services, youth services\nAnger management, child abuse services, child care, counseling and mental health care, parenting "]
[16.513261795043945, 8.693145751953125, "d services\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling\nEmployment services, hotline services\nDomestic violence services, hotline services, housing services and shelter\nReferrals to social services and CBOs Website link to services\nEducational programs, yo"]
[16.509902954101562, 8.696739196777344, "ams (DMH)\nGamblers Anonymous\nGary Center\nGay and Lesbian Adolescent Social Services (GLASS)\nGenesis (DMH) Get on the Bus\nGirl Blue Project\nGoals for Life\nGoing Beyond Boundaries\nGrace Thrift Super Center Grandparents as Parents\nGrief Helpline\nHabitat"]
[16.50160026550293, 8.69149112701416, " abuse counseling, case management, counseling and mental health care, domestic violence services\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling, counseling and mental health care\nCounseling and mental health care, parenting information and services\nParentin"]
[16.516780853271484, 8.69424057006836, "olence services\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling, counseling and mental health care\nAdvocacy services\nCounseling and mental health care\nCounseling and mental health care, hotline services, parenting information and services, educational program"]
[16.51120948791504, 8.694342613220215, "l programs\nEducational programs\nCase management, health care and drug prescription services Services for disabled persons\nEducational programs Hotline services\nAssistance with immigration issues Housing services and shelter Employment services\nHotlin"]
[16.509695053100586, 8.694104194641113, "ealth care and drug prescription services, hotline services, website link to services\nAssistance with immigration issues\n100 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2013\u20132014 Report\nTable A.1\u2014Continued Agency\nNew Beginni"]
[16.51006507873535, 8.688663482666016, "ion Review Unit (PAUR)\nProvidence Center for Community Health Improvement\nProvidence Tattoo Removal Program\nPublic Counsel Law Center (Child Rights Project)\nPueblo Psychotherapy\nQuartz Hill Foursquare Church\nRape Survivors Anonymous\nRape, Abuse and I"]
[16.506954193115234, 8.688406944274902, "social services and CBOs\nCase management\nParenting information and services\nFood services, housing services and shelter\nEmployment services\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling\nHotline services, website link to services Counseling and mental health"]
[17.509998321533203, 8.583378791809082, " hotline services, housing services and shelter\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling, anger management, counseling and mental health care, youth services\nAlcohol and substance abuse counseling Employment services\nOutpatient sex offender services\nCo"]
[18.076358795166016, 8.919342041015625, "nse severity of first arrest, and whether assigned a gang-avoidance order.\nWe calculate propensity-score weights by performing a logistical regression to predict whether a given youth is in the treatment group or the comparison group. The independent"]
[17.730154037475586, 8.601835250854492, "quency, not all arrests result in sustained petitions by the court. Therefore, Probation considers arrest an important indicator with this caveat and qualifier.\n3. violation of probation: As with arrests, violations are a key indicator of recidivism "]
[17.403276443481445, 9.353928565979004, "l Treatment and Training (SPIRITT) Family Services\nStars View Children and Family Services Starview Community Health\nTarzana Treatment Centers\nPrimary Service Offered\nSubstance abuse treatment Home-based HRHN, female Substance abuse treatment MST\nMST"]
[17.495718002319336, 9.485923767089844, "ists of youths who qualified for MST in FY 2011\u20132012, FY 2012\u20132013, or\nFY 2013\u20132014 but did not participate in the program and were agreed on by MST staff, Probation Department staff, and RAND staff. The MST team identified these cases. We measured m"]
[17.503822326660156, 9.525620460510254, "iles. We measured mandated outcomes during the six months after the youth entered the program. We measured the supplemental outcome when the youth entered the program and at six months after that or when the youth exited the program, whichever came f"]
[17.506893157958984, 9.536092758178711, "tically significant (p < 0.05).\nBSCC-Mandated and Supplemental Outcomes for Individual JJCPA Programs, FY 2013\u20132014 117\nInitiative III: Enhanced School- and Community-Based Services\nTable E.7\nOutcomes for Abolish Chronic Truancy, FY 2013\u20132014\n     BS"]
[17.503801345825195, 9.53844928741455, " 1,085\n1,702 1,180 1,702\nSample Size\n1,673\n   Completion of community service\nCompletion of probation Completion of restitution Probation violation\nBSCC Supplemental Outcome\nJuvenile hall behavioral violations\u2014SIRs\n94\n208 162 161\n          NOTE: The "]
[17.509374618530273, 9.523317337036133, "outh entered the program. We measured school-based supplemental outcomes for the last complete academic period before the youth entered the program and for the first complete academic period after the youth entered the program. We measured strength a"]
[17.507295608520508, 9.516103744506836, "\nComparison\nPercentage Sample Size\n3.38 444 0.68 444\nn.a.\nn.a. n.a. n.a.\nFollow-Up\nMean Sample Size\n97.17a 516 0.00 387 10.84a 415 3.62a 587 17.73a 587\n             NOTE: The comparison group consists of all program participants whose outcomes we rep"]
[17.53777313232422, 9.52093505859375, "FY 2013\u20132014, gender informa- tion was not available for ACT, GSCOMM, HRHN, IOW, MH, PARKS, or YSA.\n Table F.1\nOutcomes for Housing-Based Day Supervision, FY 2013\u20132014\nBSCC- Female Participants Male Participants Mandated\nOutcome Number Percentage Sam"]
[17.664587020874023, 9.47059154510498, "e F.6\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School Probationers, FY 2013\u20132014\n   BSCC- Mandated Outcome\nArrest Incarceration\nCompletion of community service\nCompletion of probation\nCompletion of restitution\nProbation violation\nFe"]
[17.873884201049805, 9.241645812988281, "hool-Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk Middle School Youth, FY 2013\u20132014\n      Cluster\n12345\n          Outcome %\nArrest 2.73\nIncarceration 0.00\nCompletion n.a. of\ncommunity\nservice\nCompletion n.a. of probation\nCompletion n.a. of restitution\nPro"]
[17.610443115234375, 8.485052108764648, "Arrest History\nPrior Runaway\nCurrent Abuse\nPast Abuse\nNeglect\nSubstance Abuse: Alcohol Substance Abuse: Drugs\nTOTAL CHECKS\nPoor School Behavior: Grades Poor School Behavior: Attendance Learning Disabilities\nTOTAL CHECKS\nGang Membership Negative Peer "]
[17.19645881652832, 8.015402793884277, "eles County Sheriff\u2019s Department, email to the authors, November 4, 2014.\nAlexander, James, and Bruce V. Parsons, Functional Family Therapy, Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1982.\nAltschuler, David M., and Troy L. Armstrong, Intensiv"]
[17.1435546875, 7.990848064422607, "ice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2013\u20132014 Report\nCocozza, Joseph J., and Kathleen Skowyra, \u201cYouth with Mental Health Disorders: Issues and Emerging Responses,\u201d OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 1, April 2000, pp. 3\u201313. As of January "]
[17.245927810668945, 8.052054405212402, "anuary 5, 2015.\nFain, Terry, Sarah Michal Greathouse, Susan F. Turner, and H. Dawn Weinberg, \u201cEffectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy for Minority Youth: Outcomes over 8 Years in Los Angeles County,\u201d OJJDP Journal of Juvenile Justice, Vol. 3, No. 2, S"]
[17.154630661010742, 7.9972734451293945, "Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory, Guiding Principles for Promising Female Programming: An Inventory of Best Practices, Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevent"]
[17.140947341918945, 7.967480659484863, "dicial Council of California, Administrative Office of the Courts, Trial Court Allocations: Funding for General Court Operations and Specific Costs in Fiscal Year 2014\u20132015, July 22, 2014. As of January 28, 2015: http://w w w.courts.ca.gov/documents/"]
[17.10155487060547, 7.944921970367432, "al Offending for Juveniles and Adults,\u201d Campbell Systematic Reviews, Vol. 2012:4, 2012. As of January 28, 2015:\nhttp://www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/2356/\nMulvey, Edward P., and Anne E. Brodsky, \u201cSecondary Prevention of Delinquency: More"]
[17.352819442749023, 8.110640525817871, "Colorado, Boulder, 1994.\nTurner, Susan, and Terry Fain, \u201cValidation of the Risk and Resiliency Assessment Tool for Juveniles in the Los Angeles County Probation System,\u201d Federal Probation, Vol. 70, No. 2, September 2006, pp. 49\u201355.\nTurner, Susan, Ter"]
[17.21346092224121, 8.107110977172852, "tschnitt, Peggy Giordano, Denise C. Gottfredson, Allison A. Payne, Barry C. Feld, and Meda Chesney-Lind, Causes and Correlates of Girls\u2019 Delinquency, Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin NCJ 226358, April 2"]
[20.422454833984375, 8.67422103881836, "  CORPORATION\nPublic Safety Realignment in Twelve California Counties\nSusan Turner, Terry Fain, Shirley Hunt\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR872\n  Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. \u00a9 Copyright 20"]
[20.40126609802246, 8.694283485412598, "mplement- ing realignment, utilizing data from each county\u2019s annual report, as well as data available from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and the Chief Proba- tion Officers of California (CPOC). In addition, we con"]
[15.084396362304688, 5.792234420776367, "ons................................................................................................. xvii\nCHAPTER ONE\nResearch Designs and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[20.381370544433594, 8.698009490966797, "............................................................ 40 Local Jail Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[20.404499053955078, 8.697103500366211, "ing a Mix of Prison Usage, Service Provision, and Added Jail Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.1. Changes i"]
[20.404878616333008, 8.713325500488281, "levels of prior use of incarceration at the state level, high and low levels of service provision, and a range of plans for adding jail capacity. Our study counties were Alameda, Fresno, Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardin"]
[20.396570205688477, 8.692422866821289, "se counties are now responsible for supervising lower-level offenders, county pro- bation departments have had to deal with increased numbers of clients. What is apparent is the very steep climb and more-recent leveling off of the numbers of postrele"]
[20.39482879638672, 8.69104290008545, "eration. Many counties indicated a balanced approach, although counties that faced jail population capacity issues mentioned incarceration and jail beds as the focus. However, the issue was not as simple as building beds\u2014many expressed the challenge "]
[20.386436462402344, 8.685251235961914, "alignment funding to enhance programs and services already in existence for education, employment, substance abuse treatment, and mental health services for realigned offenders. GED\u00ae test preparation was a fre- quent program for funding under educati"]
[20.393760681152344, 8.686171531677246, "vidence of movement toward RNR, although SB 678 set some of that in motion. We go into more detail below.\nRealignment appears to have shifted the responsibility for, but not the total numbers of, offenders in the system (at least those under the prim"]
[20.403425216674805, 8.70121955871582, "ent that these organizations provide.\nJail populations continue to be a major concern with realignment. Mechanisms are available to counties to increase jail capacity\u2014namely, reducing the presentence population. Although some counties are using pretr"]
[17.59173583984375, 8.332880020141602, "nte, Veronica Casas, Vaughn Byers, Marlene Romo, Brante Ruaro, Rebecca Spodick, and Yonina Tsai. As always, we are grateful to Lisa Bernard for superb editing of the manuscript.\nWe would also like to thank each of the representatives of probation and"]
[20.42742156982422, 8.695589065551758, "postrelease community supervision\nRNR risk-need-responsivity\nSB senate bill\nSTRONG Static Risk and Offender Needs Guide\nxvii\nCHAPTER ONE\nResearch Designs and Methods\nBackground\nBeginning with the Uniform Determinate Sentencing Act of 1976 (Senate Bil"]
[20.39911460876465, 8.695408821105957, "ts counties a great deal of flexibility in how they treat these offenders and allows them to choose alternatives to custody for realignment offenders. Options available to counties\n 1\n2 Public Safety Realignment in Twelve California Counties\ninclude "]
[20.394084930419922, 8.689178466796875, "alignment\u2019s impact on several aspects of California corrections, including whether counties have made fundamental changes or expanded business as usual. We look at changes at both the state and county levels. The areas we address include the followin"]
[20.397598266601562, 8.692445755004883, "Designs and Methods 3\n4 Public Safety Realignment in Twelve California Counties\ndefined by the percentage of jail capacity (low, medium, or high) to be added. This gives us a range of counties along a continuum from those that are low coverage and hi"]
[20.387554168701172, 8.691027641296387, " 11 sher- iff\u2019s departments and 11 probation departments.2\nChapter Two examines how the counties responded to realignment, based on publicly available data, such as county budgets and crime rates. Chapter Three presents the findings from our intervie"]
[20.403959274291992, 8.709188461303711, "n in standing prison population, with a 12.8-percent reduction. By comparison, at the state level, the prison population was 20.4 percent lower in 2012 than in 2009 and dropped by 17.4 percent between the third quarter of 2011, just before AB 109 was"]
[20.41205596923828, 8.706949234008789, "anisms for reducing jail populations. Specifically, the presentenced populations might be candidates for new or enhanced prerelease programs, such as GPS monitoring. We return to the issue of pretrial release program interest later in our report.\nInc"]
[20.401708602905273, 8.694472312927246, "ion 1170(h) of the California Penal Code with a term of mandatory supervision, county probation departments have had to deal with increased numbers of clients. Figure 2.6 shows the numbers of PRCS and mandatory supervision (MS) clients for our study "]
[20.4007511138916, 8.698513984680176, " low or high coverage (that is, whether it has historically tended to heavily use prison\n  Figure 2.6\nActive Postrelease Community Supervision and Mandatory Supervision, Fourth Quarter 2011 Through Third Quarter 2013\nSOURCE: CPOC, 2015.\nNOTE: In this"]
[20.388729095458984, 8.703168869018555, "rasted with 650,279 at year-end 2010, but the rate per 100,000 has remained about\nCounty Responses to Realignment 17\n County\nAlameda Fresno\nKern\nLos Angeles Orange Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Diego\n San Francisco\nSanta Clara\nStanislaus 13"]
[20.399696350097656, 8.701728820800781, "ies.\nFunding for Realignment\nThe Realignment Allocation Committee developed funding formulas for county allocations, initially basing them on the county\u2019s projected full roll-out realignment population (weighted at 60 percent); the county\u2019s adult pop"]
[20.391815185546875, 8.690954208374023, "how counties\u2019 realignment plans proposed to spend\ncounty resources. There was a good deal of variation in the original plan for how each county\n4 As in the first year\u2019s allocation, Los Angeles County continued to receive an enhanced level of funding "]
[20.334196090698242, 8.75693130493164, "fectively canceled each other out when looking at the 12 counties as an aggregate.\nIn contrast to the overall county budgets, probation budgets increased in all 12 counties between FY 2009\u20132010 and FY 2013\u20132014, virtually doubling in Stanislaus Count"]
[20.373260498046875, 8.767589569091797, ", 2012, 2013, 2014; San Francisco Adult Probation Department, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014; San Francisco Juvenile Probation Department, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015; Santa Clara County Probation Department, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014; Stanis"]
[20.3934268951416, 8.695934295654297, "tion and sheriff\u2019s depart- ments. We draw out themes based on the questions asked, as well as responses received from our respondents. Tables 3.1 and 3.2 summarize several aspects of the realignment experience, primarily gathered from interviews, but"]
[20.39150619506836, 8.689699172973633, " the jails. In general, probation representatives were somewhat more likely to say the county plans placed an equal emphasis on incarceration and rehabilitation.\nWhat is interesting from the interviews is that they do not always reveal the same ratin"]
[20.396848678588867, 8.684906959533691, "014, also mentioned early challenges in hiring. \u201cStaffing\u201d was also rated as the top-priority area in county responses to the BSCC realignment survey for FY 2011\u20132012 through FY 2013\u20132014 (BSCC, 2014b).\nWe asked how the CCP and realignment affected i"]
[20.397701263427734, 8.693349838256836, " cally noting an increase in violence, criminal sophistication, appeals, and medical and mental health care needs. Reflecting a focus on services, approximately two-thirds of sheriff\u2019s depart- ment respondents commented on a change in culture toward "]
[20.387802124023438, 8.68149471282959, "vided them the opportunity to engage with evidence-based practices (EBPs). Riverside mentioned that it was a great precursor in terms of providing incentives for good outcomes; Santa Clara men- tioned that SB 678 helped build the foundation for the d"]
[20.39462661743164, 8.689369201660156, "ion officers before realignment, but sev- eral counties indicated that they have increased the numbers of armed officers to deal with realignment offenders. For example, the chief probation officer in Los Angeles County, Jerry Powers, reported, \u201cIt i"]
[20.39752769470215, 8.689493179321289, "op shopping for offenders. The concept has been around for decades and widely used across the country. In fact, the CDCR utilizes DRCs as part of its community and reentry services. They are designed as comprehensive service-delivery programs, provid"]
[20.394243240356445, 8.689739227294922, "fore realignment, but several counties adopted new tools right around the time of the legislation. Although we do not show this in Table 3.1, several counties, including Fresno, Orange, Riv- erside, and San Bernardino, forged new partnerships with la"]
[20.391586303710938, 8.679404258728027, "cials. Jails could often enhance programming in education, substance abuse treatment, and mental health areas. Additionally, some counties increased the use of cognitive\u2013behavioral programming and other services targeted to successful integration, su"]
[20.40989875793457, 8.645928382873535, " systems.\nFor example, San Francisco\u2019s reentry pod, which opened in February 2013, provides ser- vices and community connections to inmates who are soon to be released. State prison inmates who are within 90 to 120 days of the ends of their sentences"]
[20.416419982910156, 8.705770492553711, "isms to reduce jail popula- tion pressures as a result of the influx of realigned offenders. Jail populations can be reduced on the front end, for example, by increased use of own-recognizance (OR) programs for the presentenced population. And given "]
[20.397470474243164, 8.6851806640625, "rtment parole, and the sheriff\u2019s department\u2019s electronic monitoring program. An inmate is eligible for the program if the inmate does not pose a risk and is a non-non-non offender. Once the inmate completes at least 10 percent of the sentence and has"]
[20.39838218688965, 8.691370010375977, " we find that counties are doing a variety of things but that there are a lot of unanticipated challenges and unknowns about the effects of strategies. For the second question, we find that many things that are being implemented are enhancements of e"]
[20.408309936523438, 8.67630672454834, "ed areas in the jails\u2014are gaining momentum. San Francisco\u2019s reentry pod is a good example of this. Reentry centers have long been part of the programming in U.S. prisons (Seiter and Kadela, 2003), and the concept is beginning to be translated to the "]
[20.4078311920166, 8.676823616027832, "rnatives to state prison. (Executive Committee of the Community Corrections Partnership, 2012)\nIn Los Angeles, the Alternative Treatment Caseload program was established with SB 678 funding. This funding enabled the department to create 76 new positi"]
[20.40550422668457, 8.692028999328613, ". Contracting out to community-based organizations is a routine mechanism for providing treatment and services. Service providers are often where the \u201crubber meets the road\u201d in terms of providing evidence-based programming, including risk assessment "]
[20.480857849121094, 8.829924583435059, "plementation of Proposition 47, 2,700 prisoners have been released from the CDCR (Gutierrez, 2015). It is still too early to determine the proposition\u2019s impact on crime rates, although some observers feel that it has contributed to an increase in pro"]
[20.39885139465332, 8.712759971618652, "porting of numbers of offenders, sentences, and jail capacity reports to county constitu- encies, including boards of supervisors. County websites routinely post information for county agencies related to realignment. One major effort of note is unde"]
[20.40412712097168, 8.701140403747559, "06 59,134,657 17,078,602 33,746,839 12,183,027\n San Bernardino\nSan Diego\nSan Francisco\nSanta Clara\nStanislaus 12,021,399\n51,571,199 50,211,396 10,099,676 25,132,625\n SOURCE: \u201cRecommended AB 109 Allocation Years 2 and 3,\u201d attachments 1 and 2, undated."]
[20.39717674255371, 8.709639549255371, "2, pp. 987\u20131084.\n47\n48 Public Safety Realignment in Twelve California Counties\nBall, W. David, and Robert Weisberg, The New Normal? Prosecutorial Charging in California After Public Safety Realignment, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Criminal Justice Cent"]
[20.379684448242188, 8.703634262084961, "le, Douglas J., Laura Ragusa, Jennifer Lanterman, and Andrea Marcus, Outcomes of a Randomized Trial of an Intensive Community Corrections Program: Day Reporting Centers\u2014for Parolees, Newark, N.J.: Violence Institute of New Jersey at the University of"]
[20.401622772216797, 8.72556209564209, " Public Safety Realignment, Sacramento, Calif., May 2013c. As of December 11, 2014:\nhttp://www.cdcr.ca.gov/realignment/docs/ Realignment%206%20Month%20Report%20Final_5%2016%2013%20v1.pdf\nCalifornia Department of Finance, California Budget 2010\u201311, c."]
[20.42584991455078, 8.71973991394043, "Bill 678, October 11, 2009. As of May 18, 2015: http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/sb678.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Vehicles: Vehicle License Fee and Registration Fee, Senate Bill 89, June 28, 2011. As of May 18, 2015: h t t p : // w w w. l e g i n f o . c a . g o v /"]
[20.359073638916016, 8.774412155151367, "urvey: 2009, 4th Quarter Survey Results, Sacramento, Calif., c. 2009d. As of May 18, 2015:\nhttp://www.bscc.ca.gov/downloads/2009_4th_Qtr_JPS_full_report.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Jail Profile Survey: 2010, 1st Quarter Survey Results, Sacramento, Calif., c. 2010a. As "]
[20.323026657104492, 8.80286693572998, "nsive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2012, Fresno, Calif., December 28, 2012. As of May 20, 2015:\nhttp://www2.co.fresno.ca.us/0410/CAFR/CAFR2012.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, County Budget for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2014, June 13, 2013"]
[20.333955764770508, 8.7739896774292, "/financial/cafr/2012\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2013, Santa Ana, Calif., January 16, 2014a. As of May 20, 2015:\nhttp://ac.ocgov.com/info/financial/cafr/2013\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Comprehensive Annual Financial Report"]
[20.337814331054688, 8.77047348022461, "ardino, Calif., December 17, 2010. As of May 20, 2015: http://www.sbcounty.gov/atc/DBMFiles/2009-2010%20CAFR.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2011, San Bernardino, Calif., December 23, 2011. As of May "]
[20.417016983032227, 8.787195205688477, "g Change, c. 2014. As of May 20, 2015: http://www.sccgov.org/sites/opa/resources/reports/Documents/2013AnnualReport%20Online%20FINAL.pdf\nDansky, Kara, \u201cUnderstanding California Sentencing,\u201d University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 1, Summ"]
[20.413846969604492, 8.72677230834961, "ne, working paper, revised December 2013. As of May 15, 2015: http://ucicorrections.seweb.uci.edu/files/2014/01/ CAs-Public-Safety-Realignment-Correctional-Policy-Based-on-Stakes-Rather-than-Risk.pdf\nGolaszewski, Paul, \u201cA Status Report: Reducing Pris"]
[20.459455490112305, 8.816360473632812, ".pdf\nLAO\u2014See Legislative Analyst\u2019s Office\nLawrence, Sarah, Court-Ordered Population Caps in California County Jails, Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Criminal Justice Center, Stanford Law School, December 2014. As of April 14, 2015:\nhttp://w w w.law.stanfo"]
[20.38373374938965, 8.70486068725586, "olicy Institute of California, April 2015. As of April 22, 2015:\nhttp://w w w.ppic.org/main/publication_quick.asp?i=1146\nMcCray, Angela, Kathryn McCann Newhall, and Jessica Greenlick Snyder, Realigning the Revolving Door? An Analysis of California Co"]
[20.378084182739258, 8.79454231262207, "/main/files/file-attachments/ 12.05.16_attachments_1_and_2_for_5-14-12_caoac_briefing.pdf\nRiverside County Probation Department, Annual Report, c. 2010.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Annual Report, c. 2011.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Annual Report, c. 2012.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Service and Business Plan: Fiscal "]
[20.343698501586914, 8.794977188110352, " 2012.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, 2012 Annual Report, c. 2013. As of May 20, 2015: http://www.sdsheriff.net/documents/2012-annualreport.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, 2013 Annual Report, c. 2014. As of May 20, 2015: http://www.sdsheriff.net/documents/2013-annualreport.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Annual Report, c"]
[20.29944610595703, 8.807657241821289, "t: Budget Year 2010\u20132011, c. 2010. As of May 20, 2015: h t t p : // w w w. s t a n c o u n t y. c o m / b u d g e t / f y 2 010 -2 011 / fi n a l -2 010 -2 011- b u d g e t . s h t m\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Adopted Final Budget: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012, c. 2011. As of Ma"]
[17.75929832458496, 7.997461795806885, "e for Public Policy, 2015. As of\nApril 14, 2015:\nhttp://wsipp.wa.gov/BenefitCost/ProgramPdf/502/Day-reporting-centers\nWillison, Janeen Buck, Jesse Jannetta, Hannah Dodd, S. Rebecca Neusteter, Kevin Warwick, Kaitlin Greer, and Andrea Matthews, Process"]
[1.803058385848999, 8.87492561340332, "                 i\n                                                             THE FuTurE oF MobiliTy\nScenarios for China in 2030\nLiisa Ecola, Johanna Zmud, Kun Gu, Peter Phleps, Irene Feige\n                       The Future of Mobility\nScenarios fo"]
[1.817280888557434, 8.860427856445312, "erve mixed signals, with some cities strongly regulating the mobility market and others still pondering such measures. The way public transport systems in urban areas will be promoted in the future will also have a tremendous impact on the way the Ch"]
[1.8559762239456177, 8.83676528930664, "was conducted in the RAND Transportation, Space, and Technology Program, which addresses topics relating to transportation systems, space exploration, information and tele- communication technologies, nano- and biotechnologies, and other aspects of s"]
[1.7925539016723633, 8.875432968139648, "n China in 2030? Responses to this question will help trans- portation decisionmakers in China\u2014national, provincial, and local officials\u2014and the private sector better prepare for the future. Long-range transportation planning involves many difficult "]
[1.8049287796020508, 8.863950729370117, "anticipate and prepare for change.\n 1 Transit refers to all modes of intracity public transportation, including heavy rail, light rail, and bus service.\n ix\n Methodology\nTo develop alternative scenarios of the future of mobility, we applied a process"]
[1.777740240097046, 8.933517456054688, ", even as more and more cities adopted constraints on driving to try to address growing problems of parking and congestion. Long-distance travel increased as well, even with oil prices of USD 150 per barrel. China maintained its position as the world"]
[1.7872707843780518, 8.8700532913208, "In scenario planning, wild cards provoke thinking about events that break with trends and constitute paths that differ from the projections that underpin the formally developed scenarios. In this report, the wild card is based on the possibility that"]
[1.79288649559021, 8.935531616210938, "of Michigan State University; Abhas Jha of the World Bank; Ziqi Song of Utah State University; and Loraine A. West of the U.S. Census Bureau. Our economic experts were Patrick Chovanec of Silvercrest Asset Management Group; Damien Ma of the Paulson I"]
[1.801475167274475, 8.857518196105957, "in travel has also contributed to the country\u2019s serious air-pollution problems, yet the government\u2019s stated plans to increase the use of electric vehicles (EVs) have fallen far short of expectations.\nHow these varying trends will play out over the ne"]
[1.7781087160110474, 8.877875328063965, "l prices have a substantial effect on the amount of driving because drivers are sensitive to the price of gasoline. However, other factors that are taking place simultaneously, such as investments in public transit systems or an economic downturn, mi"]
[1.7915012836456299, 8.852965354919434, "work. Ideally, this report will become one of a series of reports that can be likewise updated or that use similar methodologies for other countries.\nCreating the Scenarios\nOur methodological approach represents a state-of-the-art scenario process wh"]
[1.7850656509399414, 8.851149559020996, "ors in each influencing area; Chapter Two summarizes these papers.\nElicit Projections on Descriptors\nThe research team held one workshop for each influencing area to gather expert opinion on projections for each descriptor. Two workshops (those on de"]
[1.8451762199401855, 8.794173240661621, "d group descriptors and projections into distinct scenario frameworks (for a more-detailed discussion of these analytical tools and how they compare with other analytic methodologies, see Amer, Daim, and Jetter, 2013). We first used cross-impact anal"]
[1.788478970527649, 8.875083923339844, "rd. We included the fourth cluster specifically because it differed so greatly from the other three. For example, it had a lower average gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate. We thought it was important to include different growth rates because, "]
[1.7859432697296143, 8.87229061126709, "sible ideas for wild cards were put forward, we selected one in which China experiences a fairly severe financial crisis with long-reaching implications. The economic experts were in agreement that some type of crisis is likely but that the course of"]
[1.800004482269287, 8.862543106079102, "at could lead to one scenario versus the other: economic growth, constraints on cars and driving, and environmental concerns. Economic growth and environmental concerns depend on various determinants outside transportation. In addition, how our scena"]
[1.735251784324646, 9.010530471801758, "been driven by rural-to-urban migration as the country industrialized, we also included commute distance and household type. These capture the demographic dimensions of factory work, in which many workers live in dormitories colocated with their plac"]
[1.7431797981262207, 9.04886245727539, "ulation between the four regions did not shift significantly during the 20-year period. The eastern region contained 34 percent of total population in 1990 and 38 percent in 2010. Each of the others saw its percentage of the overall population fall b"]
[1.7808737754821777, 9.001351356506348, " 9.7 km (6.0 miles) in 2009; in 2009, the average car trip was just over 15 km (9.3 miles) (Zhu, 2012; Lu and Gu, 2011). Beijing\u2019s rail transit trip length more than doubled from\n8 km (just less than 5 miles) in 2000 to 16.4 km (10.2 miles) in 2011 ("]
[1.7430336475372314, 8.98644733428955, "in the remaining years, with a sample size of less than 1 percent (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 1997\u20132000, 2004\u20132005, 2007\u20132010, 2012).\n  17\nEconomic Growth and Regional Economic Shares\nWe define economic growth as change in GDP. China\u2019s G"]
[1.7890114784240723, 8.916394233703613, "9 in 2009 (Sicular, 2013).\n 18 THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY _ PAST TREndS In InFLUEncIng AREAS\nLabor-force participation is defined as the ratio of working adults to all adults, with adult defined as people ages 15\u201364. In China, this ratio has declined fro"]
[1.8109012842178345, 8.91360092163086, "a because the cost of gasoline and the availability and cost of alternatives affect both the number of miles and the types of vehicles people drive. This section includes background on oil price and oil consumption, the possibility of legislation or "]
[1.620266079902649, 9.063703536987305, "ported is consumed in country. One observer notes that imported oil might be entering a stockpile or exported as refined petroleum products (Russell, 2013).\n  20 THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY _ PAST TREndS In InFLUEncIng AREAS\nIntroduction of Effective Gree"]
[1.7856630086898804, 8.955704689025879, "be set to CNY 10 (USD 1.61) per ton of carbon dioxide and then gradually increased over time (Liu, 2013).\n 21\nAdoption of Alternatively Fueled Vehicles\nChina has adopted aggressive targets for producing electric and hybrid vehicles, but it seems unli"]
[1.8051284551620483, 8.927908897399902, "initively. E-bikes are less common than e-scooters; according to one survey, in 2010, only 16 percent of E-2Ws in the market were e-bikes; 26 percent were e-scooters; and 58 percent were \u201csomething in between\u201d (Ruan et al., 2012).\n 14 From the origin"]
[1.8070812225341797, 8.939496040344238, "ntrol vehicle ownership through limiting the number of license plates available, either through lottery or auction. Those cities with auctions (including Shanghai and Guangzhou) charge an additional fee as well (Yu, 2013; \u201cShanghai Car Plate Auction "]
[1.7911797761917114, 8.925883293151855, " residential areas can cost as much as CNY 100,000 (USD 16,150), which is about the cost of a car (Taiyuan Daily, 2014).\nTaxis are already in widespread use, although many taxis operate illegally (in Beijing, for example, illegal taxis outnumber the "]
[1.7794151306152344, 8.946649551391602, "rrent)\nSLOwIng BUT gROwIng\n   Total population\nGeographic distribution of population\n1.44 billion (annual growth of 0.34%)\n41% of the population lives in the eastern region.\n1.39 billion (annual growth of 0.18%)\n41% of the population lives in the eas"]
[1.802270531654358, 8.816885948181152, "ffordable fares, and the quality of the vehicles. We used convenience instead of demand because we were interested in the factors that might encourage people to ride transit, not demand itself.\nb Black taxis are taxis that operate illegally.\n        "]
[1.8084076642990112, 8.863357543945312, "ould occur as a result of a successful shift to consumption-driven growth, a reduction in corruption, reform of the hukou system, or policies to allow more competition among companies (as opposed to propping up state-owned enterprises). On the other "]
[1.7956711053848267, 8.88943099975586, " did not include in our initial set of descriptors but rather identified in the process of writing the scenario narratives. Participants at several of the workshops discussed the impact of environmental conditions intensively as a reason for certain "]
[1.7289483547210693, 9.020003318786621, "r the economy toward more consumption-based growth, which tends to require more urban consumers. China is now about where most developed countries stand with regard to urbanization; geographically large countries tend to top out at about 70 to 80 per"]
[1.7637978792190552, 8.952055931091309, "ame from public demands for environmental cleanup, a realization that degraded environmental conditions were affecting quality of life and thus the party\u2019s legitimacy, a change in the attitudes of the business community, and a desire to be viewed as "]
[1.757723331451416, 8.973133087158203, "risis in 2008 marked a defining moment. To avoid an economic downturn caused by slowing demand for exports, China adopted a roughly USD 585 billion stimulus package (Tsuruoka, 2014), which was largely fueled by borrowing.\nAlthough the overall level o"]
[1.6193511486053467, 9.601025581359863, "hold. In Shenzhen, for example, the ratio of the average house price to average income was almost 18 to 1 (Yi and Tan, 2013), with any ratio over 5 to 1 considered unaffordable. Although the falling prices in 2014 (Shao and Yao, 2014) might have help"]
[1.7674949169158936, 8.941788673400879, "uwrienlgy, pthroebglemnesraolfppuabrlkicinbgegaannd tcoopnrgeesstuioren.eLleocntegd- dofisfitcainaclsettoratvaekelinactrieoans.eTdhaesUwneitlle.dCShtinaatemsainintrtoadinuecdeditsapcoaspi-taionnd-atsratdhepwrorglrda\u2019smlainrg2e0st22ve,shuicplpeoprrtoe"]
[1.746985673904419, 9.0109281539917, "d for more-aggressive protection of intellectual property rights\u2014 the laws had been on books, but now they were enforced far more vigorously\u2014and this allowed both start-up businesses and foreign firms to function more normally, as opposed to fearing "]
[1.6017388105392456, 9.193359375, "omic growth. This realization, along with some early successes on the anti- corruption front, compelled the central government to take stringent steps to curb the worst offenders.\nOne place to make some immediate gains was in better enforcement of ex"]
[1.7514142990112305, 8.983011245727539, " predictions did not come to pass. Some had suggested, back in the 2010s, that the aquifer in the North China Plain might dry out if rainfall remained at historic lows. Climate change might have well aggravated the drought, but rainfall resumed norma"]
[1.766318678855896, 8.956128120422363, "ears. From roughly half the population living in cities in the early 2010s, the proportion is now about 70 percent. Demand for urbanization had been kept artificially low through the 2000s via the hukou system, but China is now at an urbanization lev"]
[1.840356469154358, 8.877964973449707, "t a slower rate than the number of total kilometers traveled was.\nCar Manufacturing Expands and Ownership Rises\nThe Chinese car industry has been expanding. In 2030, production is roughly 50 million vehicles per year, both passenger vehicles and truc"]
[1.780469536781311, 8.993537902832031, "n Beijing and Shanghai. The Shanghai model of auctioning license plates has been viewed as more effective at dampening vehicle ownership\u2014indeed, as early as 2011, auto ownership was considerably lower in Shanghai than Beijing despite that city having"]
[1.8549671173095703, 8.916571617126465, " as incomes rose. Additionally, climate regulations passed in 2020 made gasoline-powered vehicles less attractive because of the increase in gas prices that resulted.\nWith regard to technological change, several important developments shaped the use "]
[1.8450751304626465, 8.976714134216309, "rs are equipped with mobile Wi-Fi hotspots so that passengers need not miss a minute of online chatting.\nAlthough there was a flurry of activity in the mid- to late 2010s around the promise of autonomous vehicles, so far, very little commercializatio"]
[1.8073585033416748, 8.93893814086914, "HSR. Much of the travel is for business purposes; even though the economy continues to concentrate in the eastern coastal cities, front-office types are still visiting factories in the central and western areas. Domestic tourism has been growing stea"]
[1.7896901369094849, 8.932815551757812, "benefit. Growth in travel demand will eventually slow now that the intercity network is built out and constraints remain on owning and driving personal vehicles. The environmental movement will likely play a larger role in the future as more Chinese "]
[1.752773404121399, 8.973462104797363, "t growing Scenario: Key drivers and Reactions\n 52 THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY _ THE ScEnARIOS\nA Financial Crisis Sparks Economic Slowdown\nAlthough the central government signaled its intentions to make some key reforms that would have steered the economy "]
[1.7594555616378784, 8.98291301727295, "ming loans because they had large amounts of capital available. But many of the shadow-banking entities were forced to close, and some investors lost substantial sums.\n Reform Remains Difficult\nThe weak banking reforms were just one sign of the broad"]
[1.7168217897415161, 9.031792640686035, "th rebounded to about 3 to 4 percent annually through the mid-2020s and rose to about 5 percent by 2030. This rebound was attributed to efforts undertaken after the crisis to focus more on the sectors of the economy that support growth in consumer de"]
[1.74924635887146, 8.987996101379395, "testing. These drew more government response than previous demonstrations had as the government sought to hang on to its legitimacy. One response was more transparency in information related to soil pollution levels, and, by the late 2020s, many majo"]
[1.8065732717514038, 8.9451322555542, "ins how what many obser- vers think is a respectable rate of GDP growth coexists with stubborn poverty.\n55\n 56 THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY _ THE ScEnARIOS\nEnergy Prices Remain Level\nOil has remained at its 2013 price, at about USD 100 per barrel. Demand i"]
[1.8318244218826294, 8.950471878051758, "rging infrastructure stymied ambitious plans to increase numbers of NEVs produced. It was, of course, easier for NEVs to amass a larger share of the fleet in China than in developed countries because so many car purchases in China represented additio"]
[1.8118624687194824, 9.019708633422852, "tempted to ban them previously, those days are over, and cities have instead tried to accommodate them with separate lanes and, in some cases, even off-street paths. Some models travel too fast to mix safely with pedestrian traffic, so a few places h"]
[1.7845234870910645, 8.907758712768555, "ride high-quality transit where it is available. These cities have also been active in promoting transit-oriented development, building apartment buildings and office towers within walking distance of new rail stations.\nThe same pattern holds true fo"]
[1.7523281574249268, 9.004981994628906, "n, similar to the wild card we explored in the U.S. scenario project (Zmud, Ecola, et al., 2013).\n  62 THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY _ wILd-cARd ScEnARIO\nDebt Comes Due\nThe central government tried to intervene to stave off the mounting debt ratio but inste"]
[1.7451074123382568, 9.005407333374023, "ercent per year. Several problems contributed to this unexpectedly sluggish growth.\nFirst, productivity remained stagnant. Chinese productivity had been slowing even as GDP grew during the 2000s (Hoffman and Polk, 2014), in large part because lending"]
[1.7789442539215088, 8.953466415405273, "red as officials retired and fewer replacements were hired, so polluters had no fear of being made to pay fines or shut down. Plans to build additional treatment plants were similarly put on hold because the original plan had called for these to be b"]
[1.8082668781280518, 8.853056907653809, "tion system might be made. The scenarios account for both the current state of affairs (because past trends informed the projections) and the various forces that might shape the state of affairs in 2030. These forces, which might be more or less like"]
[1.8072937726974487, 8.87035846710205, "ew infrastructure for other modes.\nAnalyzing the differences between the two scenarios, we can identify the key drivers that caused one path to emerge over another. Our analysis revealed three factors as being significant in this regard: (1) economic"]
[1.7910090684890747, 8.867833137512207, "ween the two scenarios.\nImplications for Transportation Decisionmaking\nOur two scenarios present transportation policymakers, planners, transportation suppliers, and private-sector users of the system with the different challenges and opportunities t"]
[1.790809988975525, 8.86176872253418, "ent status. At every stage, the planner asks, \u201cWhat must be done at the previous stage to reach this stage?\u201d Making sense of past events and monitoring potential future developments when working in a high-pressure environment (as transportation often"]
[1.7924472093582153, 8.875053405761719, "ly one such wild card, Debt Comes Due, other wild cards should be considered. These could be either positive or negative. Positive wild cards might be based on health technology breakthroughs that produce extreme longevity and declines in disability,"]
[1.7998758554458618, 8.867868423461914, "ity is one key element\u2014depends heavily on overall growth. Although policy levers certainly influence economic growth, factors outside of decisionmakers\u2019 control, as well as constraints based on previous economic trends (such as the use of debt), coul"]
[1.756611943244934, 8.830362319946289, "plausible combination of possible future developments. Scenarios support what-if thinking and lay the foundation for alternative strategies to reduce uncertainties in mid- and long-term planning (Gausemeier, Fink, and Schlake, 1998; Lempert, Popper, "]
[1.8076049089431763, 8.851147651672363, "t trends.)\n 80 THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY _ METHOdOLOgY\nStep 2: Elicit Projections on Descriptors\nWe held four workshops, one for each influencing area. We held workshops on demographics and on economics in the RAND Washington office in December 2013. We"]
[1.7918694019317627, 8.834985733032227, "of 1)\n (b) Remained equal (Palma ratio of 2)\n (c) Has increased (Palma ratio of 2.5)\n2.4\nLabor-force participation\n(a) 76% of the adult population\n (b) 80% of the adult population\n2.5\nDomestic vehicle production\n(a) 120 total vehicles per CNY 100 mil"]
[1.8054383993148804, 8.843558311462402, "opulation has a strong influence on urbanization, so that relationship would be rated 3, while total population has no effect on the convenience of public transit, so that was rated 0. This exercise establishes the degree of interconnectedness among "]
[1.7927184104919434, 8.90869140625, "tal vehicles per 100 million CNY (same as current)\n240 total vehicles per 100 million CNY\n2%\n4% (same as current)\nUSD 100 per barrel (real price in 2014)\nUSD 150 per barrel (real price in 2014)\n70% of oil is imported\n60% of oil is imported\nEconomic g"]
[1.8192040920257568, 8.828312873840332, "alysis that preceded this step. The exploratory scenario-construction toolbox in RAHS isolated clusters made up of homogeneous groups of descriptors and projections based on the consistency-analysis results. (More details on the application of consis"]
[1.7972047328948975, 8.859515190124512, "0\nOil consumption\n 70% of oil consumed is imported\n0\n0\n0\n 100\n60% of oil consumed is imported\n100\n100\n100\n0\n                                              88 THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY _ METHOdOLOgY\nTable A.2. Share of Projections within Each cluster \u2014 co"]
[1.7747715711593628, 8.897242546081543, "is type of exercise difficult because it cannot be based on past trends. As such, we instead discussed changes in travel demand in a more qualitative manner (e.g., strong increase versus moderate increase). We also wove in more broadly some thoughts "]
[1.728366494178772, 9.003599166870117, "       93\n   94\nBibliography\n  \u201cAll Dried Up: Northern China Is Running Out of Water, but the Government\u2019s Remedies Are Potentially Disastrous,\u201d Economist, October 12, 2013. As of April 5, 2015: http://www.economist.com/news/china/21587813-northern-c"]
[1.7817734479904175, 8.926650047302246, "ards a User\u2019s Guide,\u201d Futures, Vol. 38, No. 7, September 2006, pp. 723\u2013739.\nBradsher, Keith, \u201cSpeedy Trains Transform China,\u201d New York Times, September 23, 2013. As of November 11, 2014: http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/24/business/global/ high-speed-t"]
[1.746196985244751, 8.964601516723633, "tarting next year],\u201d October 19, 2010. As of November 19, 2014, in Chinese: http://inf.315che.com/n/2010_10/131082/\ncherry, christopher, email exchange with Liisa Ecola and Kun Gu, December 23, 2013.\n\u201cChina: A Question of Trust,\u201d Economist, May 10, 2"]
[1.7887095212936401, 8.906661033630371, "k, September 25, 2013, pp. 12\u201318.\ndurst, carolin, Thomas Kolonko, and Michael durst, \u201cKooperations- dilemma in der Zukunftsforschung Ein IT-basierter Lo\u0308sungsansatz der Bundeswehr [Cooperation dilemma in future analysis: A web-based approach by the G"]
[1.7868982553482056, 8.934694290161133, "47-chinas-new-rail-network- already-worlds-longest-will-soon-stretch-considerably-farther-faster\nHoffman, david, and Andrew Polk, The Long Soft Fall in Chinese Growth: Business Realities, Risks and Opportunities, New York: Conference Board, R-1563-14"]
[1.7542062997817993, 8.961666107177734, "ce.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/73607\nKrieger, Axel, Larry wang, Philipp Radtke, and christian Malorny, \u201cRecharging China\u2019s Electric-Vehicle Aspirations,\u201d McKinsey and Company, July 2012. As of April 5, 2015: http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/energy_resource"]
[1.7065004110336304, 9.055135726928711, "\u2014\u2014\u2014, China Statistical Yearbook, 2003. \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014, China Statistical Yearbook, 2004. \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014, China Statistical Yearbook, 2005. \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014, China Statistical Yearbook, 2006. \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014, China Statistical Yearbook, 2007. \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014, China Statistical Yearbook, 2008. \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014, China"]
[1.8076728582382202, 8.930429458618164, "w.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-12/29/content_11768648.htm\n98 THE FUTURE OF MOBILITY _ BIBLIOgRAPHY\n  Randall, Tom, \u201cPain at the Pump: Gasoline Prices by Country,\u201d Bloomberg Visual Data, September 3, 2013. As of November 11, 2014: http://www.bloomberg"]
[1.7808717489242554, 8.95699691772461, "ldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/ Poverty%20documents/Inequality-In-Focus-0813.pdf\nSong, Sophie, \u201cPrices of Beijing\u2019s Black Market License Plates Now Double the Cost of Most Popular New Car,\u201d International Business Times, February 4, 2014. A"]
[1.7722245454788208, 8.943975448608398, "\u62e5\u6709\u91cf\u6392\u540d \u5317\u4eac\u7b2c\u4e09 [Ranking of new energy vehicle ownership: Beijing ranks third],\u201d Legal Evening News, September 6, 2013. As of November 19, 2014, in Chinese: http://www.fawan.com/Item/210481.aspx\nwang, Yichuan, \u201cHigh-Speed Rail Is at the Foundation of Chin"]
[1.7776587009429932, 8.835987091064453, "er 24, 2013, in Chinese: http://www.tranbbs.com/Advisory/TPlan/Advisory_63801.shtml\nZmud, johanna P., vincent P. Barabba, Mark Bradley, j. Richard Kuzmyak, Mia Zmud, and david Orrell, Strategic Issues Facing Transpor- tation, Vol. 6: The Effects of S"]
[-1.72252357006073, 14.073908805847168, "  CORPORATION\nMeasuring the Resilience of Energy Distribution Systems\nHenry H. Willis and Kathleen Loa\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR883\n  Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. \u00a9 Copyright 2015 RAN"]
[-1.7405208349227905, 14.064422607421875, "aking in a wide range of policy domains, including civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resource policy.\nQuestions or comments about this report s"]
[-1.810282826423645, 14.033454895019531, "Systems Will Have Different Resilience to the Same Disruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n2.3. Different Responses Will Lead to Different Resilience at Different Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5\n2.4. Resilience of a System Also De"]
[-1.7513993978500366, 14.038154602050781, " cold spells in the Northeast during the winter of 2014 sharply increased demand for natural gas, leading the prices of gas and elec- tricity to rise (U.S. Energy Information Association, 2014). Furthermore, in 2013, Pacific Gas and Electric Company\u2019"]
[-1.8347691297531128, 14.032973289489746, " the state of service being provided by a system in response to a disruption. When assessing resilience, key questions would be whether the service has been degraded, how much of the service has been degraded, how quickly the service has been restore"]
[-1.8654922246932983, 14.034479141235352, "reater frequency of intense flooding (Figure 2.4, Response 1). If the system is continually maintained and upgraded, the service provided could improve, but at a cost (Figure 2.4, Response 2). However, if maintenance and upgrades are not made, operat"]
[-1.8391263484954834, 13.845354080200195, "ue set of metrics. But across levels of decisionmaking, the metrics ought to be organized within a consistent measurement framework. Logic models provide a consistent framework for organizing metrics in the fields of program evaluation and qual- ity "]
[-1.8027101755142212, 14.02354907989502, "e the amount of energy delivered or operating characteristics of the system, such as efficiency, reliability, fault tolerance, sustainability, or robustness.\nIn the end, the performance of energy systems depends on how the systems generate the outcom"]
[-1.7958887815475464, 14.03548526763916, "etric, natural gas, nuclear, petrochemical, petroleum, pipelines, power, production, redundancy, reliability, resilience, transmission, vulnerability\n   1 The citations listed in Tables 4.2, 4.3, and 4.4 are instances where the metric can be found in"]
[-1.7843608856201172, 14.02267837524414, "efined Oil, and Natural Gas Systems 11\nMaturity refers to how well defined the metrics are, how systematically they are collected, and how well they are organized. Our assessment of maturity reflects the practical challenges that extend beyond defini"]
[-1.7954583168029785, 14.029459953308105, "ls and potentially create a systematic means of collecting and aggregating data across facilities and systems if efficient means of doing so can be implemented.\n3 Although only 154 metrics were identified, some metrics are relevant to more than one s"]
[-1.7456481456756592, 14.056230545043945, "ng, 2007)\ndevices\u2014mean time to repair (M) (Yeddanapudi, 2012) Protective and switching\n2012; Bagchi, Sprintson, and damage caused by fire to the electrical system (M) (Lucia, Load loss damage index\u2014 Singh, 2013)\nfrequency index of sags (M) (Shun et v"]
[-1.7633241415023804, 14.062640190124512, "ctrical protection and metering Hazard rate relating function\u2014 Equipment positioning (L) (Keogh\n(Bompard, Napoli, and Xue, 2010)\n(Bompard, Napoli, and Xue, 2010)\nReserve/spare capacity (M) (Willis\nGen/load bus distribution (L)\nand Garrod, 1997; Molyn"]
[-1.7648839950561523, 14.067497253417969, "mission, and Ogden, and Sperling, 2007) distribution (H) (McCarthy, Functional zones\u2014\nTransmission lines available (#) (M) (Roe and Schulman, 2012)\nonly generating facilities, Hierarchical levels (HLI, facilities, and HLIII includes all three functio"]
[-1.7713910341262817, 14.04028606414795, "ns (CELID-X; metric; measures the percentage of (H) (Rouse and Kelly, 2011) 2011)\n18 Measuring the Resilience of Energy Distribution Systems\n   Outcomes\n  Performance\n  Capabilities\n  Capacities\n  Inputs\n  mode to minimize line losses, making full us"]
[-1.7882483005523682, 14.023439407348633, "e fraction (Nadeau, 2007; Ellison, Corbet, and Brooks, of gas burned as compressor fuel (H) and Brooks, 2013) 2013)\nemergency shutdown system (M) (Ellison, Corbet, and Brooks, 2013) Maximum/minimum flow (H) Emergency procedures/ (Hsu, Shu, and Tsao, "]
[-1.7868679761886597, 14.04216480255127, "(McCarthy, Ogden, and primary energy supply, energy processing, and conversion and transport Functional zones\u2014 Sperling, 2007)\nsystem lacks constant levels of productivity (M) Network resiliency\u2014measured by its ability to keep supplying and distribut"]
[-1.7771655321121216, 14.038554191589355, " Sperling, 2007)\nNOTE: Metric appears in bold. Maturity level appears in parentheses: H = high; M = medium; and L = low. The citations included in this table are instances where the\nmetric can be found in the literature, but they are not necessarily "]
[-1.7982661724090576, 13.9920654296875, " become more resilient, better use of metrics will be crucial to guiding planning and evaluating progress. The literature review presented in this report suggests three recommendations that could improve the metrics available to support energy policy"]
[-1.8001267910003662, 14.061860084533691, "\u2019s proficiency requires public- and private-sector cooperation to identify which capabilities to measure, practical and valid exer- cises or tests of proficiency in those capabilities, and efficient means of collecting and manag- ing data on capabili"]
[-1.7281938791275024, 14.102521896362305, " program. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories.\nBhattacharyya, S. C. (2009). Fossil-fuel dependence and vulnerability of electricity generation: Case of selected European countries. Energy Policy, 37(6), 2411\u20132420. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009."]
[-1.7300918102264404, 14.101677894592285, "ystem. Paper presented at the 14th International Middle East Power Systems Conference, Cairo University, Egypt.\nEto, J. H., & LaCommare, K. H. (2008). Tracking the reliability of the U.S. electric power system: An assessment of publicly available inf"]
[-1.7255250215530396, 14.107213020324707, "tilities.pdf\nLinkov, I., Bridges, T., Creutzig, F., Decker, J., Fox-Lent, C., Kro\u0308ger, W., Lambert, J., Levermann, A., Montreuil, B., Nathwani, J., Nyer, R., Renn, O., Scharte, B., Scheffler, A., Schreurs, M., & Thiel-Clemen, T. (2014). Changing the "]
[-1.724463939666748, 14.087333679199219, "uctural Dynamics, 41(1), 61\u201379. doi: 10.1002/eqe.1118\nReymond, M. (2007). European key issues concerning natural gas: Dependence and vulnerability. Energy Policy, 35(8), 4169\u20134176. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2007.02.030\nRoe, E., & Schulman, P. R. (2012). T"]
[-1.7159016132354736, 14.095141410827637, "litative resilience analysis of petrochemical supply chains to a hurricane. Process Safety Progress, 30(3), 280\u2013290.\nWang, H., Lin, Z., Wen, F., & Huang, J. (2012, September 8\u20139). A comprehensive evaluation index system for power system operation. Pa"]
[15.387761116027832, 1.865118145942688, "  CORPORATION\nThe Potential of Blind Collaborative Justice\nTesting the Impact of Expert Blinding and Consensus Building on the Validity of Forensic Testimony\nCarolyn Wong, Eyal Aharoni, Gursel Rafig oglu Aliyev, Jacqueline Du Bois\n For more informati"]
[15.35431957244873, 1.890561580657959, "f expert blinding and consensus feedback in a single representative sample of scientific experts. Evidence that expert blinding and/or consensus feedback can improve the validity of expert testimony would be of great value to the programmatic efforts"]
[15.384438514709473, 1.867252230644226, ".................................................................... 1 Sources of Scientifically Invalid Testimony on Forensic Evidence .....................................................2 Base Rate Reasoning........................................"]
[15.392956733703613, 1.8557169437408447, "....................................................................20 Advantage Due to Blinding Not Found ..............................................................................................21 Discussion and Limitations...................."]
[15.384493827819824, 1.8683390617370605, "y view back to the individuals, and repeating this cycle to move toward a group consensus. This technique has been successfully used in a variety of disciplines, but has not been investigated in a courtroom scenario. Empirical support for this effect"]
[15.392078399658203, 1.8570654392242432, "dback responses (without advanced consensus interpretation) were incorrect, and higher levels of consulting experience and education were not associated with greater response accuracy. Our finding that delivery of expert consensus feedback resulted i"]
[15.373294830322266, 1.8633698225021362, " Commission as part of the DNA Sexual Assault Justice Act of 2004 (Public Law 108-405). The Department of Justice (DOJ) fulfilled this mandate by awarding a contract to the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to conduct a study that addressed congress"]
[15.375622749328613, 1.8625295162200928, "g or \u201cwoodshedding\u201d witnesses toward a desired conclusion, as well as expert-driven factors, such as outright adversarial allegiance, random drift from the consensus view, and other unconscious cognitive biases\u2014such as the tendency to favor outcomes "]
[15.389313697814941, 1.857779860496521, "more recent study by Murrie et al. (2013), the investigators hired forensic psychologists and psychiatrists to score risk assessments for the same offender case files but\n2\nmanipulated their ostensible party representation. Those who believed they we"]
[15.39167308807373, 1.8580336570739746, " positive diagnosis relative to blinded experts.\nFinally, researchers in the United Kingdom investigated the likelihood that fingerprint examiners would produce false-positive matches depending on whether they were blinded to extraneous information a"]
[15.317425727844238, 1.8846358060836792, "nciple that judgments arrived at by a panel of experts using a structured process are more likely to reflect the truth than those by unstructured groups or individuals.2 The Delphi expert feedback consensus method was developed by the RAND Corporatio"]
[15.365579605102539, 1.869200587272644, "dence might benefit from an expert consensus building\u2013based approach.\nExpert panels in consensus building exercises need not be large. Researchers have noted that ten experts could be enough in homogeneous cases (Delbecq, Van de Ven, and Gustafson, 1"]
[15.391131401062012, 1.862842082977295, "en a particular base rate of true and false cancer diagnoses in a broader population), research has shown that responses to such inquiries are not random, but are clustered and indicative of a small number of specific, often erroneous, cognitive stra"]
[15.388776779174805, 1.869552731513977, "on or defense) and these differences would be greater without exposure to the consensus feedback.\n7\n2. Methods and Data Collection Methods\nThe purpose of this study was to examine two potential contributors to biased testimony within adversarial liti"]
[15.410751342773438, 1.8617466688156128, "e with a solution based on theories that would be familiar to a target audience of professionals with advanced degrees in scientific fields.\nThe hypothetical case developed for the study involves criminal trespass and grand theft larceny of property "]
[15.343537330627441, 1.881191611289978, "re of the 14 professional scientific societies we describe next, then culled our resulting list to include only those with doctorates. Eighteen employees were invited to participate, but none were informed about the goals or purpose of the study befo"]
[15.375848770141602, 1.85940682888031, "onic format by email or on a dedicated protected website. In the first round of the exercise, each panel member submits assessments (responses to the questions on the questionnaire) and justifications for the responses. An exercise coordinator comput"]
[15.392465591430664, 1.8598017692565918, "ck) was given the opportunity to provide a different answer after their initial responses had been recorded. The random assignment produced a relatively even split among the various subsamples. In terms of party representation, there were three possi"]
[15.39568042755127, 1.863696813583374, "k. In this case, the mean, median, and mode were all equal to 50-percent probability that the defendant was in the stairwell. In Round 2, the ten panelists who submitted correct responses in the first round made no changes to their responses. The com"]
[15.3989839553833, 1.8602979183197021, "ions to participate in the justice experiment were delivered by the nine professional scientific societies who agreed to distribute the invitation to their membership. Six hundred and eighty five individuals accessed the questionnaire and provided co"]
[15.401392936706543, 1.8590408563613892, "e in question (median = 25 percent, mode = 10 percent). However, such measures of central tendency are limited due to the multimodal nature of the distribution, which reveals possible evidence of discrete cognitive strategies. As expected, evidence o"]
[15.398836135864258, 1.8621416091918945, "cution condition (MD = 2.83, SE = 1.73, p = 0.10). However, this test violated the assumption of homogeneity of variance, using Levene\u2019s test of equality of error variances, F (5, 545) = 10.52, p < 0.001, so we re-examined the direct effect of party "]
[15.399861335754395, 1.8604329824447632, "e degree), the expected main effect of consensus feedback was observed with accuracy increasing following the feedback, F (1, 218) = 50.56, p < .001, MD = 7.40 (SE = 1.04). However, no interactive effect was found, F (1, 218) = 1.42, p = 0.23. Moreov"]
[15.39728832244873, 1.8550760746002197, "itive rate provided in the hypothetical scenario, suggesting broad neglect of the base rate information, as predicted. This latter finding is highly consistent with classic research on Bayesian reasoning. Our own pattern of results could indicate tha"]
[15.39490795135498, 1.8541151285171509, "ritical thinking provide a plausible explanation for this effect, additional research would be needed to determine whether such motivations consistently evoke more accurate results or simply more effort or creativity of approach. Finally, we did not "]
[15.398490905761719, 1.8569839000701904, " Unfortunately, it is not possible to know the reasons for participant dropout. We speculate that the level of difficulty of the reasoning problem might have deterred some individuals from participating. If so, the true error rate of this population "]
[15.406248092651367, 1.8549219369888306, "posure approaches in a criminal justice environment.\n 5 We experimented with an online means for providing such refresher education with a web application called TeachApp: Are You An Expert? (See the bibliography for the link.)\n23\nAppendix: Supplemen"]
[15.387324333190918, 1.88058340549469, "26.98, 36.71] [24.85, 31.48] [26.20, 32.71] [29.61, 36.82]\n               In addition to testing the between-subjects effect of feedback, we also sought to examine the within-subjects effect of feedback, namely the error differential before and after"]
[15.331613540649414, 1.890215516090393, "iences, 2nd ed., Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1988.\nDelbecq, Andre L., Andrew H. Van de Ven, and David H. Gustafson, Group Techniques for Program Planning. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, and Co., 1975.\nDror, Itiel E., and David Charleton, \u201cWhy Experts"]
[15.31623363494873, 1.9080638885498047, "Hua Kei, Assumpta Madu, \u201cSetting Priorities for the IT Industry in Taiwan\u2014A Delphi Study,\u201d Long Range Planning, Vol. 24, No. 5, 1991, pp. 105\u2013118.\nMcCabe, David, and Alan Castel, \u201cSeeing is Believing: The Effect of Brain Images on Judgments of Scient"]
[15.309418678283691, 1.9093836545944214, "- Crofts, 1966.\nSackman, Harold, Delphi Critique: Expert Opinion, Forecasting, and Group Process, Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1975.\nSchneps, Leila, and Coralie Colmez, Math on Trial: How Numbers Get Abused in the Courtroom, New York: Basic Boo"]
[14.35539722442627, 2.929677963256836, "   CORPORATION\nUsing Future Internet Technologies to Strengthen Criminal Justice\nJohn S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Richard Silberglitt, Brian A. Jackson\nSUMMARY Web technologies just over the horizon, including semantic tagging, intelligent agents, an"]
[14.35879898071289, 2.8619024753570557, "titioners\nAnother major theme was improving practitioners\u2019 knowl- edge of web technologies. Priorities included general education on key web technologies, and model policies and procedures for using them. Panelists also called for procure- ment check"]
[14.45304012298584, 2.8902831077575684, "ose proximity\nTop 5 Needs of Courts\n\u2022 Video links to correctional facilities\n\u2022 Procurement checklist for courts\u2019\ninformation technology\n\u2022 High-speed Internet connections for courts\n\u2022 Virtual courtrooms\n\u2022 Educational materials on key web\ntechnologies\n"]
[14.46563720703125, 2.884483814239502, "d been safely taken into custody\u2014where he would remain for a very long time.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014\nHow we use information technology (IT) is on the verge of\ndramatic change. In the past, the World Wide Web and the Internet largely have involved passive activities: rea"]
[14.431571006774902, 2.8715968132019043, "d on key- words and phrases, online mapping and navigation, and social media. Table 1 adapts Kevin Kelly\u2019s perspective on the history of the web and associated information technologies (2007). While there are no canonical definitions of web generatio"]
[14.414300918579102, 2.835395097732544, "d illegally or in the immediate vicinity of an emergency), an officer could direct the vehicle to move to a new location (with the vehicle\u2019s intelligent agents recognizing \u201cofficer\u201d and \u201cdirections to move\u201d) and automatically notify its owner and occ"]
[14.39490032196045, 2.897641181945801, "cations like those written by these specified authors\u201d\n\u2022 \u201cFind pictures of Georgian chests of drawers for sale near my house\u201d\n\u2022 \u201cFind other employees whose backgrounds make them a good fit for\nmy project\u201d\n\u2022 \u201cDisplay a network chart of all technical d"]
[14.398067474365234, 2.871615409851074, "ost them on secure file transfer protocol sites, transferring files from one host to another for law enforcement use. These are transmitted in \u201cstandard\u201d formats, such as extensible markup language (XML) or Excel worksheets. Web 3.0 technologies, suc"]
[14.44017219543457, 2.9026975631713867, "es of the circumstances under which such monitoring is justified. Policies, procedures, and technologies to help ensure that new technologies are not abused were a major discussion throughout the workshop.\nMethodology\nTo consider the implications of "]
[14.386643409729004, 2.7911758422851562, "this report. In brief, panelists rated how valu-\nable a solution to each need might be to each community of practice (law enforcement, courts, and corrections). They then assessed how technically feasible and operationally feasible it would be to dev"]
[14.391816139221191, 2.8587262630462646, "ith any panel exercise involving a limited number of participants, a different group may well have produced a different set of results. That said, our findings are consistent with our prior studies on criminal justice technology needs (Hollywood et a"]
[14.410378456115723, 2.8906919956207275, "of web technologies across the criminal justice community and (2) being comparatively easy to develop and implement.\nDISCUSSION\nIn prior research on priority criminal justice technology needs (International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2005, Kope"]
[14.33790397644043, 2.8833508491516113, " the predictive analytics tool but had noticeably higher scores than other Tier 2 needs\n 10\n The call for \u201ctechnological infrastructure\u201d closely matches the general desire to improve criminal justice information sharing, in a single need.\nfor law enf"]
[14.341078758239746, 2.8566131591796875, "seful to explore whether seman- tic tagging might help facilitate data sharing in general, along with a range of data safeguards (on data provenance, privacy, and data access) and whether intelligent agents might be used to monitor and enforce access"]
[14.344656944274902, 2.8888814449310303, "ble\u201d)\nand about the past crimes they committed (from the incidents table). The difficulty is compounded if one wants to pull a person\u2019s criminal history across multiple jurisdictions where he or she committed crimes\u2014one has to put in very specific qu"]
[14.23181438446045, 2.902949333190918, "atabases also are being deployed, with a key type being documented-oriented databases.\n11\n 12\nabout the person\u2014name, address, scars/marks/tattoos, or\nany other specific information known about the person.\n\u2022 It will be much easier to put together the "]
[13.920783042907715, 3.014221668243408, "NSTIC Trustmark Pilot, undated). As with searching, intelligent agents can simplify and automate the process of interpreting trustmarks and other security tags to get access to needed information.\nOpportunities for and Obstacles to Improving Informat"]
[14.280131340026855, 2.809969663619995, " System (part of the FBI\u2019s larger Next Generation Identi- fication system).\nThe call for \u201csituational awareness displays\u201d to use the shared information effectively closely parallels a similar need for law enforcement IT (Hollywood et al., 2015). Also"]
[14.391834259033203, 2.8401942253112793, "lp practitioners learn more about technologies, use them properly and effectively, and acquire them. Improving practitioners\u2019 knowledge had the second-highest number of top-tier needs (five)\n\u2022 educational materials on key web technologies (ranked sec"]
[14.457470893859863, 2.8539459705352783, "ess by the criminal justice communities of practice (see Gordon et al., 2012, for\na larger discussion of this issue, focusing on the DoJ side).\nEven within portals, material is commonly presented as lists\nor databases of disjointed documents. At the "]
[14.547572135925293, 2.9140844345092773, "Friday, you need to come to\nyour initial counseling appointment at the Center after work. I know you know where that is.\u201d\n\u201cYes, Dr. Nassar, looking forward to it.\u201d\n\u201cOkay, sounds like we\u2019re done here. Good luck and congratu- lations on getting early p"]
[14.42356014251709, 2.8752434253692627, "at led down a hall to the kitchen.\n15\n 16\n Three of the four needs concerned furthering officer health and safety.\nThe door felt warm, but not enough to really ring any alarm bells in her head. Suddenly, an alarm sounded in her ear, and a voice shout"]
[14.384760856628418, 2.899378538131714, "otos of the city\u2019s undercover officers and informants would be his. The initial plan was to dump all that information online. But then he wondered how much he could get by selling it to the local crime syndicates. Very tempting.\nAt last he was in. He"]
[14.3815279006958, 2.902860164642334, " response and operational deconfliction but also as a threat if criminals could recognize an undercover agent\u2019s sensor during an operation.\nStandards were not seen as posing inherent risks to civil rights, privacy rights, or security. Rather, the con"]
[14.409716606140137, 2.841564893722534, "form day-to-day workloads of criminal justice staff ranging from law enforcement officers to judges\nInterviews and report writing\nNeed intelligent agents to assist with field interviews and writing incident reports, along with the controlled vocabula"]
[14.931985855102539, 3.302212715148926, "ence)\nVideo links to correctional facilities\nNeed to develop and/or assess video teleconferencing tools to allow incarcerated offenders to establish relationships and build rapport with community corrections officers before release\nReal-time translat"]
[14.434682846069336, 2.8279671669006348, "  Table 3\u2014Continued\n21\n     Community of Practice in Need\nDescription\nTier\nPrivacy Rights/ Civil Issue?\nSecurity Issue?\n      Part 4: Policies, Procedures, and Guidance\n    1\n 1\n 1\n 1\n 2\n 2\n   Technology training\nNeed educational materials for key we"]
[14.312644958496094, 2.802274703979492, " of serious events\nSemantic search assessment\nNeed to assess existing digital evidence toolkits to determine whether semantic search tools could substantially speed up searching and analyzing digital evidence\nAnalytics for social media and community "]
[14.125934600830078, 2.9550015926361084, "ionships of criminal justice concepts)\nEmergency data sharing\nNeed common data models and data access mechanisms that will support integrating data feeds from multiple sources (including IoT sensors from the public and private sectors) and providing "]
[14.288949966430664, 2.902937412261963, " risks of false positive identifications. The new Trustmarks (GTRI NSTIC Trustmark Pilot, undated) and other security tagging technology might be leveraged here to expedite setting up memoranda of understanding for sharing mug shots and other facial "]
[14.42607307434082, 2.8858139514923096, "systems (as discussed above).\nThe more general next step is to begin converting key technology portals from lists of disjointed materials to learning portals, which provide both technical developers and agencies seeking to acquire technologies with a"]
[14.398458480834961, 2.9335761070251465, "upport the location and tracking of offenders under community cor- rections supervision. Technologically, this means experiment- ing in two directions. The first is on tracking systems, both wearable and contained in infrastructure, that can leverage"]
[13.775673866271973, 3.169994354248047, "e technology experts and experts on civil rights, privacy rights, and information security should be participants.\nNotes\n1 A precision immobilization technique (PIT) is a driving maneuver designed to cause a suspect\u2019s vehicle to spin out and stop. 2 "]
[13.800558090209961, 3.2306182384490967, "oordinating Council, undated. As of June 12, 2015: http://www.ise.gov/standards-coordinating-council\nInternational Association of Chiefs of Police, Law Enforcement Priorities for Public Safety: Identifying Critical Technology Needs, Alexandria, Va., "]
[13.770438194274902, 3.7242980003356934, "/324602\nSilberglitt, Richard, Brian G. Chow, John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, Mikhail Zaydman, and Brian A. Jackson, Visions of Law Enforcement Technology in the Period 2024\u20132034: Report of the Law Enforcement Futuring Workshop, Santa Monica, Calif.:"]
[13.889328956604004, 4.216395378112793, "ivil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resource policy. Questions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, Brian A. Jackso"]
[13.914648056030273, 4.166975498199463, "erprise.\nThis report is one product of that effort. It presents the results of the Web 3.0+ Criminal Justice Needs Workshop, a group convened in September 2014 as part of the NIJ/NLECTC Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative to identify and prior"]
[7.667470455169678, 12.231939315795898, " Energy-Sector\nWorkforce Development\nin Southwestern\nPennsylvania\nAligning Education and Training with Innovation and Needed Skills\nGabriella C. Gonzalez, Reema Singh, Rita Karam, David S. Ortiz\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, "]
[7.66259241104126, 12.23721694946289, "The results should be of interest to persons developing training programs to meet the needs of the energy sector and to firms in the energy sector, which need to plan for their future workforce needs.\niii\niv Energy-Sector Workforce Development in Sou"]
[7.665701866149902, 12.236833572387695, "raining Can Successfully Adapt to\nChangingLabor-MarketNeeds......................................... AnticipateOccupationalDemand............................................. AdoptQualityCurricula......................................................"]
[7.6849188804626465, 12.212875366210938, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n. 31 . 32\n. 33 34 . 35\n36 . 37 38\n. 41\n. 41\n42 43 43\n44 . 45\n. 47 . 51\nFigures and Tables\n Figures\n1.1. The 32 Counties That Make Up the Southwestern PennsylvaniaRegion.................................................. "]
[7.667117118835449, 12.234268188476562, "to the extraction, production, and use of energy resources. (This number includes corporate employees and\nix\nx Energy-Sector Workforce Development in Southwestern Pennsylvania\nthe self-employed.) Since 2007, the energy sector has experienced a 23.4-p"]
[7.667247772216797, 12.247170448303223, ".\nThe findings from this study can be used as a springboard for\ndeeper discussion among regional education and training institutions, business leaders in the energy industry, and nonprofit organizations devoted to supporting the employability of loca"]
[7.660301685333252, 12.259774208068848, " energy-sector stakeholders could employ to support the education and training of regional talent. We intend for these suggested measures to spark discussion among representatives from the region\u2019s energy-sector businesses and postsecondary education"]
[7.664945602416992, 12.238765716552734, "skills, as well as broad (generic) skills. Curricula should also address the devel- opment of soft skills, such as the ability to work in teams, com- munication skills, entrepreneurship, customer relations, and work discipline (OECD, 2010). Studies h"]
[7.665130615234375, 12.239875793457031, "for the degree or cer- tification. And most training programs and community colleges in our study indicated that their curricula incorporate generic and soft skills in addition to the occupation-specific content knowl- edge. Business partners, contra"]
[7.666234493255615, 12.243926048278809, "mmunity colleges, unions, and private certification and training institutions\u2014to forecast demand, provide regular input on curricula, support the acquisition of equip- ment and supplies used in hands-on training, and institute formalized workplace le"]
[7.660998821258545, 12.245777130126953, " to monitor whether their programs are meeting industry needs.\nTo complement accreditation, we suggest that education and training providers in the region develop and implement a mechanism that provides continuous and rigorous feedback. Two possible "]
[7.685976028442383, 12.211727142333984, "ank the careful reviews of Keith Crane, Tom Witt, and Robert Bozick. Any errors and omissions are the fault of the authors.\nxxi\nAbbreviations\n AD associate\u2019s degree; degree completed after two years of full-time schooling beyond high school\nBD bachel"]
[7.667813777923584, 12.229605674743652, ").\n 1\n2 Energy-Sector Workforce Development in Southwestern Pennsylvania\nFigure 1.1\nThe 32 Counties That Make Up the Southwestern Pennsylvania Region\n  Mercer\nLawrence\nButler\nBeaver\nAllegheny\nBrooke\nWashington\n   Mahoning Columbiana\nOhio\nHancock Jeff"]
[7.677170276641846, 12.215559005737305, " number of direct jobs (those that are cre- ated specifically by businesses that produce, extract, transport, or\n3 All information in this paragraph comes from the U.S. Energy Information Administra- tion, 2014.\n 4 Energy-Sector Workforce Development"]
[7.697939872741699, 12.198410034179688, " of the Pennsylvania targeted-industry clusters in three steps:\n\u2022 Identify occupations that are important to the success of industries within the clusters.\n\u2022 Review occupational statistics, and apply filters to hone the list.\n\u2022 Incorporate input from"]
[7.677952289581299, 12.214844703674316, " of on-the-job training or an apprenticeship. MT-OJT = medium-term on-the-job training; basic tasks and skills are learned through a period of on-the job training, and a high-school diploma may be required. BD = bachelor\u2019s degree; degree completed af"]
[7.661261081695557, 12.23353385925293, " energy industries, such as oil and gas extraction and coal mining, and renewables\u2014due to increased production and extraction, coupled with impending retire- ments from the baby-boomer generation. More jobs will be opening up\nAligning Workforce Educa"]
[7.663956642150879, 12.23473834991455, " the workforce in new competencies.\nIn the SWPA region, these issues are even more pronounced than in the United States as a whole, given the burgeoning field of natural- gas extraction that exists alongside the well-established, traditional coal-min"]
[7.662953853607178, 12.240470886230469, "fying these technologies enabled us to con-\n12 Energy-Sector Workforce Development in Southwestern Pennsylvania\nceptualize trends and motivators of technological innovations, which helped inform discussion protocols.\nWe then conducted interviews in p"]
[7.662750244140625, 12.239401817321777, "onal and training programs located in the 32-county SWPA region that train workers for the regional energy sector, examining how their programs compare with the characteristics determined as model practices from the literature review on exemplary TVE"]
[7.665519714355469, 12.247994422912598, "anization of This Report\nWe have structured the remainder of this report according to the study\u2019s objectives. We first document trends in innovation and tech- nology in the energy sector and the demand for labor and skills likely to be needed in the "]
[7.644892692565918, 12.24856948852539, " Workforce Development in Southwestern Pennsylvania\nIn this section, we organize the innovations in the energy sector that are likely to affect the demand for labor and workforce skills into four areas:\n1. increasing productivity in energy extraction"]
[7.6237359046936035, 12.271753311157227, "n the productivity and efficiency of energy extraction or production from these sources.\nReducing Environmental Damage and Emissions of Carbon Dioxide\nIncreased concerns about environmental impacts brought about by energy production and consumption ("]
[7.652865886688232, 12.255376815795898, "ality, energy-storage systems, and other key technologies. Such technologies include grid-sensing and market-pricing systems to ensure that intermittent resources are priced accordingly (Anadon et al., 2011). Some technological innovations in these e"]
[7.666893482208252, 12.233725547790527, "agement systems Thermal storage systems\nFuel utilization (e.g., advanced fuel chemistry and testing, engine\u2013fuel interactions)\nAdvanced power electronics\nVehicle systems (e.g., advanced heating and cooling, vehicle thermal management)\nHome charging s"]
[7.668143272399902, 12.249478340148926, "read and interpret more sensors and instru- mentation. A solar-energy expert explained that working with new grid architecture would likely require an electrician to learn new codes and regulations but would not necessarily affect the skill set neede"]
[7.674890995025635, 12.229662895202637, "g steel\n\u2022 climbing a steel column\nSkills Needed to Meet Changing Industry Demand 25\n\u2022 using surveying equipment with precision \u2022 rigging.\nManufacturing and automation, on the other hand, place special emphasis on skills in digital technologies, writi"]
[7.671134948730469, 12.244311332702637, "iew of U.S. and international education training systems. We identified exemplary systems through a review of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) publications that have documented the quality of training programs. There is e"]
[7.672446250915527, 12.23636245727539, "Other countries, such as Germany, where responsibility for vocational training is divided between the federal government and localities have developed close partnerships among government, employers, and trade unions at all levels. For example, region"]
[7.663608551025391, 12.230592727661133, "areers. For example, many current jobs across various sectors, including the energy sector, use computers or computerized instrumentation that require those operating these instruments to be able to read the data generated and make the appro- priate "]
[7.665213108062744, 12.237894058227539, "ical skills and upgrade their skills to keep up with changes in occupations and the technologies used.\nSome exemplary education and training programs included in our review select instructors who also work in the industry (OECD, 2010). These programs"]
[7.665302753448486, 12.23201847076416, "nd one postsecondary career- and technical-education center. Descriptions of these programs are provided in Table A.1 in the appendix. Further details on the case-study site methodology we employed and site selec- tion are available in Chapter One.\nT"]
[7.665749549865723, 12.24742317199707, " the process for industry\u2013educator partnerships tends to be employer-initiated: Employers would ini-\nFour Education and Training Providers in Southwestern Pennsylvania 35\ntiate contact with the program directors to inform them about spe- cific workpl"]
[7.665816307067871, 12.23420238494873, "itical thinking. With respect to technical skills, program directors emphasized the importance of students acquiring a \u201ccore knowledge and foundation\u201d of the industry, as well as a skill set that was portable. They identified math and science, facili"]
[7.659614086151123, 12.24446964263916, "lized skill sets and expertise in their trades.\nPrograms use professional and academic networks, former retir- ees, and general hiring strategies to identify potential candidates for teaching. Although some retirees have been hired as full-time fac- "]
[7.672714710235596, 12.257043838500977, "dology was necessary in industries in which technologies constantly evolve.\nFour Education and Training Providers in Southwestern Pennsylvania 39\nIn terms of ensuring the quality of educational curriculum, one program\u2019s director plans to update the u"]
[7.666418075561523, 12.240765571594238, "ucation and training providers through involvement with cur- riculum development, identifying job needs and vacancies, advertising programs, providing feedback, and providing equipment and materials for training. The key to success is sustained and c"]
[7.676738739013672, 12.255779266357422, "est or refer recent retirees to education and training pro-\nviders as possible instructors.\nIncorporate Continuous Quality Assurance into Programs\nAccreditation is the first step to ensure quality; all education and train- ing programs need to be acc"]
[7.717696666717529, 12.309724807739258, "t Evolving Energy-Sector Needs 45\nWhen conducting an evaluation, one can examine two areas:\n\u2022 implementation, which determines whether programs are being implemented as designed and whether inputs are sufficient to ensure that the program can be prov"]
[7.665059566497803, 12.240714073181152, "ns among regional stakeholders to ensure that the workforce is trained and educated in ways that best meet the changing labor-market needs of the energy sector.\nAPPENDIX\nDescriptions of Education and Training Facilities Used for Case Studies\n Table A"]
[7.66381311416626, 12.246065139770508, "ational and Training Programme,\u201d International Journal of Lifelong Education, Vol. 24, No. 2, March\u2013 April 2005, pp. 137\u2013147.\nAnadon, Laura Diaz, Matthew Bunn, Gabe Chan, Melissa Chan, Charles Jones, Ruud Kempener, Audrey Lee, Nathaniel Logar, and Ve"]
[7.675356864929199, 12.220428466796875, " Ja\u0301nos, Workplace Literacy Requirements and Unskilled Employment in East- Central and Western Europe, Budapest Working Papers on the Labour Market 2006/7, Budapest: Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, December 2006. As of October "]
[7.665432453155518, 12.247891426086426, "onsors-Partners-1\nSmits, W., \u201cIndustry-Specific or Generic Skills? Conflicting Interests of Firms and Workers,\u201d Labour Economics, Vol. 14, No. 3, June 2007, pp. 653\u2013663.\nU.S. Energy Information Administration, \u201cProfile Data,\u201d last updated September 1"]
[7.646076202392578, 12.252923011779785, " Energy-Sector\nWorkforce Development\nin West Virginia\nAligning Community College Education and Training with Needed Skills\nGabriella C. Gonzalez, Sean Robson, Andrea Phillips, Gerald Paul Hunter, David S. Ortiz\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on th"]
[7.668788433074951, 12.222978591918945, "ral gas and natural gas liquids from shale resources and their industrial application have increased demand for workers in these industries of the energy sector. In 2013, the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) asked the RAND Corporation to "]
[7.673009872436523, 12.22367000579834, "ry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgments............................................................. xxv\nCHAPTER ONE\nInt"]
[7.694766044616699, 12.21127700805664, "e Energy-Sector Workforce-\nDevelopmentPipelineinWestVirginia............................... NationallyRecognizedPromisingPractices..................................\n43 44\n. 49 . 55\n. 57 . 57 66 84\n87\n87 . 93\nExample Energy-Sector Public-Private Partn"]
[7.712925434112549, 12.183194160461426, " 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.6. Average Weekly Wages, in Dollars, for Oil and Gas\nExtraction in the Marcellus Shale Play Area, by County,\n..5 . 11 . 32 . 35\n36 . 37 38\n2008..................................."]
[7.64923095703125, 12.195452690124512, " 2008\u20132009 Through 2012\u20132013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.5. Percentage of Students Enrolled in at Least One Developmental Course in Mathematics in 2008\u20132009, 2010\u20132011, and 2012\u20132013, by Age Category. . . . . ."]
[7.673837661743164, 12.233146667480469, "Energy-Sector Workforce Development in West Virginia\nsponsored education consortia that provide technical and career training or support students\u2019 transitions from secondary to postsecondary institutions\u2014to collaborate to ensure that the local talent"]
[7.681816101074219, 12.205619812011719, "rkforce for the energy sector, and suggested paths forward.\nKey Findings\nTo meet these objectives, the study undertook four tasks.\nTask 1: Identify key knowledge, skills, and abilities needed for energy-sector jobs in West Virginia. For this task, we"]
[7.659243583679199, 12.210794448852539, " revealed that while employers noted core skills needed for semi- skilled positions within their firms, they reported difficulty in finding local West Virginia talent with the necessary skills to fill these jobs. Education and training providers (wit"]
[7.7042341232299805, 12.260332107543945, " been systematically evaluated to determine their effectiveness. Therefore, we first described the characteristics of regional and high- profile energy partnerships and initiatives identified through Internet searches using several combinations of te"]
[7.642251014709473, 12.198328971862793, "pared to support local talent\u2019s training in the energy sector.\nWe order these suggestions based on ease of implementation\u2014 first those that we recommend occurring earlier than others, to address crucial bottlenecks, and those feasibly implemented in "]
[7.65712833404541, 12.221847534179688, "nd the following improvements to programming:\n\u2022 Integrate technical, occupation-specific training along with work- place readiness and other soft skills through cross-college collabo- ration with continual input from industry.\n\u2022 Design the curriculum"]
[7.657296657562256, 12.210912704467773, "r counseling positions were typically not a priority, and, when counselors were available, students sometimes found them inadequate. Improving career counseling, both during students\u2019 course\nSummary xxi\nxxii Energy-Sector Workforce Development in Wes"]
[7.66948938369751, 12.214125633239746, "tate institutions is to ask the recently reestablished West Virginia Workforce Planning Council to oversee the implementation of the strategy. The council has been tasked with\ncoordinating initiatives, leveraging resources, and planning for the deliv"]
[7.66562032699585, 12.229402542114258, " States in the bottom third of all Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (President\u2019s Council on Jobs and Competitiveness, 2011). The gap between employer needs and workforce skills is stark- est as more jobs open up"]
[7.669474124908447, 12.22292709350586, "ucation\u201d (White House, 2014). Third, on July 9, 2014, Con- gress passed (and the President then signed on July 11) the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014 (WIOA) (Pub. L. 113-128). This act reauthorizes the Workforce Investment Act of 19"]
[7.717331409454346, 12.177505493164062, "ral West Virginia to separate these liquids from dry natural gas (West Vir- ginia Department of Commerce, 2014). West Virginia also has large underground natural gas storage capacity, accounting for about 6 per- cent of the U.S. total.\nFigure 1.1 sho"]
[7.704957962036133, 12.190712928771973, "l Survey, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Wrightstone, 2009.\nNOTE: Only wells completed after January 1, 2003, are shown. Updated June 1, 2011.\nRAND "]
[7.715785980224609, 12.185916900634766, "ve typically been in occu- pations that require a semiskilled workforce, i.e., those that require only some training or certification after high school (Kauffman and Fisher, 2012). Table 1.2 lists key occupations in Marcellus Shale\u2013related industries"]
[7.687260150909424, 12.231517791748047, "er\n   Table 1.2\u2014Continued\n44,844 Derrick operator, Industrial 42,267 machinery\noil and gas\nmechanic\nWelder 39,350\nWellhead pumper 36,674\n   10 Energy-Sector Workforce Development in West Virginia\nis unnecessary. Occupations in Table 1.2 are listed in"]
[7.666965007781982, 12.222414016723633, "                      External context that may influence the flow of talent through pipeline:\n\u2022 State, local, and federal education, labor, and commerce policies \u2022 Regional economy\n   12 Energy-Sector Workforce Development in West Virginia\nto functi"]
[7.646576404571533, 12.214733123779297, "ear colleges and trade schools are the primary arena for imparting the skills and training needed to suc- ceed in the subbaccalaureate local labor market. This is particularly the case for non\u2013college-bound youths, who often remain in their home- tow"]
[7.679003715515137, 12.222723960876465, "this study indirect jobs that typically build up around newly established energy-sector locales, such as hotels, res- taurants, and other hospitality or service-sector businesses, or govern- ment or environmental jobs that have grown to monitor or re"]
[7.670138835906982, 12.20310115814209, "\nIntroduction 15\n16 Energy-Sector Workforce Development in West Virginia\nAnalytic Approach\nFour tasks informed the development of the strategy. In this section, we describe each task, associated research questions, and the data sources we used to ans"]
[7.710514545440674, 12.270453453063965, "loyers in aggregate, including type of industrial activity, firm size (number of employees), and geographic location. We contacted 20 employers and interviewed five of them. Interviews inquired about types of jobs and skill sets (content knowl- edge,"]
[7.671975612640381, 12.232029914855957, "ipeline\nTo develop effective strategies that West Virginia may choose to adopt to fill gaps in the workforce-development pipeline, we reviewed sev- eral national partnerships that aim to develop key workforce skills, knowledge, and behavioral compete"]
[7.668758869171143, 12.21617603302002, "ed in subse- quent chapters. We start with a description of the academic achieve- ments of the potential talent pool in the state. Although the potential talent pool includes recent high school graduates as well as adult work- ers, this section focus"]
[7.6731133460998535, 12.21502685546875, "ignificant progress on the state assessments. In the 2011\u20132012 school year, fewer than half of the students in West Virginia were deemed proficient or above in mathematics and in read- ing on the WESTEST2 (48 percent of students in mathematics and 49"]
[7.6663031578063965, 12.210854530334473, "es of tests in mathematics, reading, and science literacy administered by the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) to representative samples of 15-year-olds in 65 countries, corroborate the WESTEST2 results. PISA results dem"]
[7.654673099517822, 12.211970329284668, "aduate high school as \u201ccompleters,\u201d indicating that they completed four courses in a concentration and acquired an industry certification or accreditation. Depending on the course or career cluster in which students are interested, they may par- tici"]
[7.668619632720947, 12.230716705322266, " income level was no longer the sole criterion by which a person could access services. Funds for train-\nCharacteristics of the Energy-Sector Workforce-Development Pipeline 27\ning services were therefore distributed through individual training accoun"]
[7.653678894042969, 12.208931922912598, "eship agencies), (3) programs provide on-the-job learn- ing alongside job-related technical instruction in a classroom, (4) on- the-job learning is conducted in the work setting under the direction of one or more of the employer\u2019s personnel, and (5) "]
[7.650752067565918, 12.204465866088867, "udy vary by college. For example, two of the nine colleges offer an associ- ate\u2019s degree in electrical engineering technology, while, in the coming years, five colleges will offer mechatronics. Students rarely attend a col- lege far from where they l"]
[7.658422470092773, 12.210540771484375, "e (West Virginia Code, Chapter 18, Article 13, 2013a). Goals of the West Virginia EDGE initiative are to provide an opportu- nity for all students to establish a college transcript while in high school, to increase the number of students attending co"]
[7.659837245941162, 12.213027954101562, "ridgeValley Community and Technical College catchment area, rather than New River Community and Technical College.\nImproving geographic coherence is one way in which West Virgin- ia\u2019s workforce-development pipeline could be strengthened: The lack of "]
[7.653781414031982, 12.20667839050293, "rce needs of the energy sector. For the energy sector, the most important degrees from these institutions tend to be within science and engineering departments. Public and private four-year institutions are selective. Offers for enrollment depend, in"]
[7.7032470703125, 12.191717147827148, "age weekly wages by county in those states in the Marcellus Shale Play area (West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York) between 2008 and 2012 for industries categorized in the \u201cOil and Gas Extraction\u201d 2012 NAICS code subsector. These industries"]
[7.693423748016357, 12.204327583312988, " from 48 to 360 jobs in the industry. In Pennsylvania, by 2012, total employment had shifted: Some counties experienced a decline to three to 25 jobs, while employment in other counties rose to as high as 719 to 1,202 jobs. The industry expanded geog"]
[7.693755626678467, 12.201065063476562, "12. The most noteworthy growth occurred in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Charleston, West Virginia, where an estimated 36 to 38 estab-\nCharacteristics of the Energy-Sector Workforce-Development Pipeline 39\nlishments were based. Counties surrounding t"]
[7.708973407745361, 12.185860633850098, " Marcellus Shale drilling opportuni- ties did not cause a large influx of new businesses into the state, but job opportunities and wages increased. The number of establishments increased slightly, jobs spread across more counties than previously, the"]
[7.695808410644531, 12.202163696289062, " under three scenarios.\nThe O*NET data set provides a national- and state-level portrait of the KSAs needed in all sectors. O*NET contains extensive infor- mation about a wide range of occupations (n = 947), which can be linked to NAICS codes. Specif"]
[7.7135748863220215, 12.183082580566406, "r Occupations 45\n\u2022 2121Coalextraction\n\u2022 2131 Support activities for mining\n\u2022 2211 Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution\n\u2022 2212 Natural gas distribution\n\u2022 2371 Utility systems construction\n\u2022 3241 Petroleum and coal products manufac"]
[7.748484134674072, 12.148451805114746, " the eight shale areas that account for over 90 percent of the shale gas produced nationally. Marcellus Shale play was compared to several shale areas across the nation: Haynesville (Louisiana and Texas), Eagle Ford (Texas), Bakken (North Dakota and "]
[7.712343215942383, 12.183111190795898, " Western Pennsylva- nia, and Eastern Texas/Western Louisiana (Haynesville Shale), the growth in employment in this occupation has been coinci- dent with substantial increases in shale gas production. However, prior to 2010, in each case employment le"]
[7.709257125854492, 12.192399978637695, "Education\nThe most frequent survey responses indicated that a bachelor\u2019s degree was often required (28 percent) followed by a high school diploma (27 percent). Other responses indicated that an associate\u2019s degree (7 percent), some college (9 percent)"]
[7.729305267333984, 12.167206764221191, "postsecond- ary certificate, and about 11 percent needed some college courses or an associate\u2019s degree. About 11 percent required a bachelor\u2019s degree or higher.\nKnowledge\nThe top five most important knowledge areas determined by ratings of importance"]
[7.7263569831848145, 12.177669525146484, "gher included oral expression, infor- mation ordering, reasoning (inductive and deductive), manual dexter- ity, and arm-hand steadiness.\nTwo abilities included in the top five for energy occupations were not rated as important abilities for general h"]
[7.7337541580200195, 12.163209915161133, "important skill areas determined by ratings of importance across occupations by survey responses were active listen- ing, critical thinking, speaking, monitoring, and reading comprehen- sion. Several other skills also received an average rating of \u201cI"]
[7.681800842285156, 12.196098327636719, ". Mathematics 3. English\nlanguage 4. Administra-\ntive and\nmanagement 5. Public safety and security\n1. Critical thinking 2 Active listening 3. Monitoring\n4. Operations\nmonitoring 5. Speaking\n1. Problem sensitivity\n2. Near vision 3. Oral\ncomprehension "]
[7.651344299316406, 12.202313423156738, "ta for all courses taken in the spring and fall semesters between 2008 and 2012 for the ten CTCS colleges. These data were snapshots of each semester in which each individual student is at a different point in his or her respective enrollment period."]
[7.644089221954346, 12.196146011352539, "red to enroll in more classes (about six courses) than their older counterparts, who typically enrolled in five or fewer classes per year. Though this pattern of courses by age groups remained consistent between the 2008\u20132009 and 2012\u20132013 academic y"]
[7.6456193923950195, 12.191823959350586, "gineering-related fields\nMathematics and statistics Physical sciences\nScience technologies/technicians Construction trades\nMechanic and repair technologies/ technicians\nTransportation and materials moving\n2008\u2013 2009\u2013 2010\u2013 2011\u2013 2012\u2013\n2009 2010\n555 6"]
[7.653065204620361, 12.202345848083496, " both developmental subjects, while Blue Ridge and Bridgemont tended to have lower percentages of stu-\nTable 4.5\nPercentage of Students Enrolled in at Least One Developmental Course in Mathematics in 2008\u20132009, 2010\u20132011, and 2012\u20132013, by Age Catego"]
[7.649880886077881, 12.202898979187012, ", 2008 Through 2012, by CTCS College\n Institution\nBlue Ridge Bridgemont\nEastern West Virginia\nKanawha Valley\n2012\u2013\nType of Degree Granted\nEnergy related Non\u2013energy related Energy related Non\u2013energy related Energy related Non\u2013energy related Energy rel"]
[7.657551288604736, 12.204676628112793, "and courses. The following section of this chapter explores these questions.\nInsights on Education and Training in Energy\nThis section describes findings from interviews with individuals in sup- port positions for the education and training component"]
[7.654230117797852, 12.205421447753906, "pants reported that they believe that West Virginians are familiar with four-year colleges, yet unfamil- iar with CTCS colleges because the colleges were still in the process of separating from their four-year partner institutions. Students enrolled\n"]
[7.651695728302002, 12.20251750946045, " in the many high schools in their service area. Some CTCS service areas include five counties with many high schools. One promising practice is a weeklong grant-funded program in high schools, run by staff from a community college. The program focus"]
[7.652864933013916, 12.2218656539917, "erved \u201cdeclining enrollment of EDGE students in community college.\u201d In an attempt to increase the number of CTE students enrolled in CTCS colleges, administrators from CTCS implemented various strategies. For example, program leaders or direc- tors v"]
[7.652283668518066, 12.207940101623535, "exempt them from technical courses that align with their interests instead of the core general edu- cation courses in which they may be less interested. For example, a student may be exempt from a level 1 or 2 circuit course required in a concentrati"]
[7.65750789642334, 12.205208778381348, "ere long term, as opposed to a large-scale short-term needs. Respon- dents shared figures reported in local newspapers or meetings attended with representatives of the energy sector but were unable to be more specific. A few expressed concerns about "]
[7.651327133178711, 12.204389572143555, "pants are currently employed, a two-year degree-seeking program may provide an opportunity for advancement to middle management\n74 Energy-Sector Workforce Development in West Virginia\nor supervisor positions at a faster rate. At the time of the inter"]
[7.651451110839844, 12.203742027282715, " If students are required to enroll in developmental coursework, their academic timeline is delayed: The more developmental courses in which a student is required to enroll, the longer the time to gradu- ation. Participants agreed that, depending on "]
[7.652916431427002, 12.206427574157715, "The traditional semester-long schedule and successive courses no longer exist. Students may com- plete several skill sets, or the full set of required skills, in a significantly shorter time period. All interviewees who discussed the restructured dev"]
[7.652237892150879, 12.204035758972168, "es might benefit from advising from program leaders. They perceived that program leaders are better able to encour- age students to persist in the developmental courses because they can more specifically speak to the benefits of persistence and what "]
[7.65555477142334, 12.209280014038086, "nts reported \u201csome\u201d students, more than a few in each program, dropped out of each program of study. Some staff reported concerns that those students did not have the skills required to obtain employment in the energy sector at the time they disconti"]
[7.657410144805908, 12.209564208984375, "als involved in new\n80 Energy-Sector Workforce Development in West Virginia\nprograms reported that the course requirements often changed from semester to semester. The changing course requirements extended the length of the program; if a required cou"]
[7.664882183074951, 12.225252151489258, "ems errors quickly. Employers are actively engaged in the creation of new programs, but many interviewees reported it was diffi- cult to recruit employers to participate in reviews of current programs. Participants suggested employers are critical pa"]
[7.64968729019165, 12.202810287475586, "after students receive their degrees, employers of students, and how long new employees stayed in positions within the energy sector. Interviewees rarely had access to data related to these questions. They relied on their profes- sional experience an"]
[7.657443046569824, 12.20682430267334, "ntified various efforts to understand students\u2019 employment after graduation. Some reported fielding a paper or phone survey once a year asking if the student is employed, who the employer is, and whether the student felt prepared for the position. Ot"]
[7.657188415527344, 12.211655616760254, "ia (CTCS, CTE/K\u201312, EDGE) exist, but the reported effectiveness varies: Col- leges do not have an incentive to accept EDGE credits. Because job\nCTCS Education and Training Programs 85\npostings typically request job experience, rather than a specific "]
[7.689538955688477, 12.24870777130127, "e the chapter with a summary of promising practices most useful for West Virginia\u2019s workforce- development system in the energy sector.\nNationally Recognized Promising Practices\nA variety of strategies have been developed to promote skill develop- me"]
[7.671233654022217, 12.229084014892578, "ing participants, or to commit to interviewing graduates of training programs (National Network of Sector Partners, 2010; Giloth, 2004). The organizations most likely to act as intermediaries are WIBs and community-based organizations. Other types of"]
[7.676035404205322, 12.231125831604004, "ll and com- petency needs of local employers.\nSector-based partnerships served as a platform for the development of career pathway models. Within a career pathways model, industry- recognized credentials that can be \u201cstacked\u201d and are portable across "]
[7.6690497398376465, 12.22684383392334, "y another independent evaluation (Grote and Roder, 2005).\nTeaching workplace competencies. In addition to industry- specific technical skills needed to enter the workforce, additional skills are necessary to remain competitive and function effectivel"]
[7.664055824279785, 12.220856666564941, "coursework (Jenkins et al., 2010; Cho et al., 2012; Fong and Visher, 2013), providing support services such as tutoring or learning communities alongside the developmental education courses (Edgecombe et al., 2013), augmenting curriculum to include s"]
[7.681840419769287, 12.221256256103516, ". Consequently, we expanded our search to include other workforce-development programs and part- nerships outside the West Virginia region. Most of these evaluations were supported by grants provided by ETA. For each evaluation we\n94 Energy-Sector Wo"]
[7.712483882904053, 12.25621223449707, "unity Development and the Pennsylvania Independent Oil and Gas Association (PIOGA).\nShaleNET leverages its partnerships by providing a talent match service through which interested jobseekers can find job opportunities and potentially even be paired "]
[7.680800437927246, 12.217422485351562, "of alternative fuel technologies, was evaluated in 2012 as part of DOE\u2019s Annual Merit and Peer Evalu- ation Meeting. This included evaluations by five reviewers who found that the program is consistent with DOE\u2019s objectives and has done well to estab"]
[7.696293354034424, 12.239508628845215, "States to provide industry-focused job training.\n 98 Energy-Sector Workforce Development in West Virginia\nDespite the success of HPTC, several challenges were noted. The large geographic region served by HPTC was a challenge for part- nering organiza"]
[7.678396224975586, 12.204496383666992, "g advising at least once; 4) the percentage of stu- dents receiving transportation assistance at least once; and 5) the frequency of student meetings with an assigned transition coor- dinator. (Bragg et al., 2010, p. 17)\nThe percentages of students p"]
[7.685217380523682, 12.225532531738281, "of student goals. Some programs provide individual courses; others provide education leading to certifi- cates and bachelor\u2019s and master\u2019s degrees.\nA key component of the EPCE model is that industry represen- tatives (e.g., utility companies) meet tw"]
[7.670061111450195, 12.216214179992676, " in sup- port of a strong, viable U.S. oil and natural gas industry to meet the energy needs of consumers in an efficient, environmentally responsible manner\u201d (American Petroleum Institute, 2014). In support of this mis- sion, API engages in a wide r"]
[7.664653301239014, 12.23677921295166, " KSAs such as an indi- vidual\u2019s professionalism, interpersonal skills, teamwork, math- ematics and science knowledge, and ability to follow directions (Figure 5.1).\n3. Recognize potential structural barriers to program usage and quality of programmin"]
[7.661441326141357, 12.214755058288574, " to Improve the Workforce-Development Pipeline to Meet West Virginia\u2019s Energy-Sector Needs\nThe Workforce-Development Pipeline for West Virginia\u2019s Energy Sector\nThe analyses undertaken in this study revealed that a number of energy-sector training opp"]
[7.679011821746826, 12.201199531555176, "s\n  Students completing\nregional consortia\nproviding adequate\nRAND RR812-6.1\nExternal context that may influence the flow of talent through pipeline:\n\u2022 State, local, federal education and labor policies \u2022 Regional economy\nSummary of Findings and Reco"]
[7.662535190582275, 12.226602554321289, "d a central component of any workforce-development system (Alssid, Goldberg, and Schneider, 2011). Therefore, CTCS could be the central purveyor, or intermediary, for energy-sector career pathways, structur- ing and linking education and training off"]
[7.631425857543945, 12.186662673950195, " that meet their needs.\n\u2022 Employers should establish formalized internship programs that offer hands-on, practical experience for students across several energy-related CTCS programs. Having such a joint program between employers and training institu"]
[7.653221607208252, 12.206260681152344, "s to engage with and help students in need. We therefore recommend that CTCS provide stronger career counseling and reach out to local social service pro- viders and community-based organizations to help its student popula- tion with child care, tran"]
[7.652752876281738, 12.248504638671875, "evelopment in West Virginia\ndevelopment program fills immediate skills needs as opposed to long- term workforce needs. This relationship provides an opportunity to tap the adult workforce already in the labor pool but in need of credentials or a degr"]
[7.658926963806152, 12.217757225036621, "mend the following measures:\n\u2022 Include formalized internships, cooperatives, or apprenticeships with partner employers to provide on-the-job training as a way to enhance the practicality and usefulness of education programs.\nStudents also noted that "]
[7.660833835601807, 12.210813522338867, "ess of talent entering postsecondary education and training programs. West Virginia high school students\u2019 gradua- tion rates are on par with national averages, but only about half of high school students are \u201cmeeting the standards\u201d on state achieveme"]
[7.69107723236084, 12.182300567626953, "tor Workforce Development in West Virginia\ncoordinating initiatives, leveraging resources, and planning for the delivery of a comprehensive workforce strategy that ensures an integrated and strategic approach in meeting the educational and training n"]
[7.833170413970947, 12.065315246582031, "Language\n Heavy and\nElectrical\nIndustrial\nTrailer Truck\nMachinists\nInstallers and Assemblers Power-Line Team Repairers\n3.78 3.55 3.40\n3.43 2.23\n3.07 4.54\n3.97\n3.48\n2.89 3.7 3.57\n2.61\n4.04 2.22 3.15\n2.84 2.17\n2.8 3.58\n2.82\n2.75\n4.25 3.5 3.26\n3.56\n3.27"]
[7.83564567565918, 12.065129280090332, " 2.88 2.75 2.5 2.12 2.38 2.75 2.38 2.25 2.75 2.88 2.25\n2.75 4.12 3 2.12\n3\n3\n1 1 2.38 2.25\n32 2.12 2.38 1.88\n2 1.88 1.88 2.38\n1.62 1.12 2.12 2 1.38\n1.88 1.62\n1.25 1.75 2.38 2 1.25\n1.5\n      Machinery\n2 2.38 2.75 2\n2.88\n2\n3.12 2.75 3 2.25 3.5 3.12 3 2."]
[7.846961975097656, 12.05252456665039, "3.32 3.12 3 3.45\nDrivers\nInstallers and Assemblers Power-Line Team Repairers\n       Machinists\n     Electrical\nIndustrial\n2 2 1.88 3 3.12 1.88 3 3.5 2.88 2.5 2.62 1.88 2.5 2.38 2.25 4 3.12 2.5 3 2.5 2 3.38 2.5 2.25 3.63 2.5 2.25 3.75 3.5 3.38 2.75 1."]
[7.831791400909424, 12.06657600402832, "entation\nRAND RR812-A.3\nOral Expression\nTime Sharing\nTrunk Strength\nSpeed of Closure\nMemorization\nGlare Sensitivity\nWrist-Finger Speed\nPeripheral Vision\nExplosive Strength\nNear Vision\nRate Control\nFluency of Ideas\nFar Vision\nVisualization\nReaction Ti"]
[7.8639750480651855, 12.03540325164795, ".88 1.06\n2.12\n2.81\n2.73 2.13\n1.98 1.25 2.47 3.04 2.23\n1.97\n1.34 1.93\n1.27 4.75 2.06\n1.40 1.30\n2.17 2.50\n1.03\n1.54 2.65\n1.79 2.92 1.27\n2.72\n3.88\n4.09 2.18\n3.02 1.33 2.57 2.25 2.07\n3.52\n1.42 2.25\n1.22 2.31 2.87\n1.39 1.70\n2.38 2.05\n1.05\n1.27 1.56\n2.35 1"]
[7.8355255126953125, 12.064154624938965, "24 1.22\n1.59\n1.31 1.72\n1.35 1.24 1.46\n1.63\n1.41\n1.39 1.62\nPhilosophy and Theology\nBiology\n1.16 1.47 1.34 1.21 1.30\n1.16\n1.40 1.46\n1.17 1.16 1.02\n1.00 1.03\n1.01 1.05\n1.05\n1.11 2.57\n1.20 1.05 2.17\n1.42\n1.24\n1.68 1.05\nFood Production\n1.55 1.07 1.10 1.29"]
[7.840381622314453, 12.060877799987793, " Operations General and Oil, Gas, and Assemblers Operators, Team Mining Service Unit\nRoustabouts, Oil and Gas\nFirst-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers\nElectrical Repairers Laborers Installers and Construction Power-Line\nSk"]
[7.828537464141846, 12.069256782531738, "8 2.75 2.25\n2.25\n2.88\n2.25 2.88\nLearning Strategies\n3.38 2.88 2.50 3.88 2.56\n2.38\n2.12 3.12\n2.75 3.12 3.25\n2.50 2.50\n2.38 2.50\n2.38\n2.25 2.25\n2.50 2.25 2.00\n2.00\n2.75\n1.75 2.00\nMathematics\n2.62 1.50 3.50 1.25 2.53\n2.50\n2.38 2.62\n1.12 2.12 2.12\n2.88 2"]
[7.877524375915527, 12.019658088684082, "62 2.99\n2.63\n2.50 2.88\n3.25 3.62 3.00\n2.88 3.00\n2.75 3.75\n2.50\n2.38 4.12\n3.25 2.62 2.75\n3.25\n3.12\n3.12 3.00\n3.00 1.75 3.88 2.50 2.91\n2.75\n2.88 2.50\n2.75 2.50 2.62\n3.00 2.88\n3.50 3.50\n2.88\n2.88 3.00\n2.75 2.62 3.38\n3.00\n2.88\n3.00 3.50\n3.13 2.50 2.62 2."]
[7.862493515014648, 12.046364784240723, "8\n1.00 1.00 1.00\n2.63 2.00\n2.88 3.50\n1.88\n1.00 3.12\n3.00 2.00 2.62\n3.25\n2.25\n3.50 3.12\n1.88 1.13 2.12 1.12 1.65\n1.00\n1.63 1.00\n1.00 1.12 1.00\n2.00 1.12\n2.13 2.13\n1.00\n1.00 3.12\n2.38 1.88 1.75\n2.00\n2.00\n2.00 2.00\n1.13 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.15\n1.00\n1.38 1.0"]
[7.796474933624268, 12.09862995147705, "\n3.00\n2.00\n3.12 2.88\nStamina\n2.13 2.50 3.00 1.12 2.11\n1.75\n2.38 2.00\n1.00 1.25 1.00\n3.00 1.88\n2.63 3.25\n1.12\n1.00 2.75\n2.88 1.88 2.00\n2.88\n2.00\n2.62 2.62\n2.13 1.88 2.75 1.12 2.01\n1.63\n2.00 1.75\n1.00 1.75 1.00\n2.25 1.75\n2.75 3.00\n1.12\n1.00 2.62\n3.25 1"]
[7.634588241577148, 12.180900573730469, "\n\u25e6 Data, CTCS leadership team, local need expressed by sector,\ninterviews with employers or students, etc.\n\u25e6 Centralized decision or local decision?\n\u2013 Who participated in the program or course of study decision- making team?\n\u2022 How many programs has t"]
[7.675434112548828, 12.20433235168457, "e programs?\n\u2013 Increase in popularity over the last five years, decreased interest in other programs?\n\u2013 Have there been targeted efforts to increase the popularity of these programs? If so, please describe those efforts.\n\u2022 In your professional capacit"]
[7.64609956741333, 12.176920890808105, "ese technical skills? How did you arrive at this understanding?\n\u2022 To the best of your knowledge in your professional capacity, to what extent does location of your institution affect the number of applicants? How did you arrive at this understanding?"]
[7.677748203277588, 12.204841613769531, "If they exit the program, why do they leave? Do they enroll in another program within the institution? Do they enter the\nworkforce and, if so, what sector and type of job?\n\u2022 What proportion of graduates is hired within three months of\ngraduation?\n\u2013 W"]
[7.669321060180664, 12.200627326965332, "ectors might stu- dents in these programs be prepared to enter? Are these sectors ones students are familiar with?\n\u2022 In your professional capacity, what are the perceptions of enrolled students of the energy sector? How do these perceptions compare t"]
[7.651103973388672, 12.196269989013672, "led job categories? (Note to interviewer: Be sure to retrieve information for each job cat-\negory.)\n\u25e6 Required minimum degrees or certifications (if any)\n\u25e6 Required minimum years of experience (if any)\n\u25e6 Required recertification timeframes for key sk"]
[7.656469345092773, 12.201370239257812, "tionship with CTCS or any\nCTEs in the state or across the region? If so, please describe this relationship: when it started, the motivation for starting the relationship, and what are the characteristics for this rela- tionship?\nHiring Process and Ch"]
[7.649806976318359, 12.199450492858887, "es?\n\u2013 Any other differences within workforce in retention rates that your firm has documented?\nFocus Groups with Students in Energy-Related CTCS Program Discussion Protocol\nBackground of Participants\n\u2022 I\u2019d like to go around the room. Can you please i"]
[7.617944717407227, 12.233991622924805, "st widely followed; the ten community colleges attracted 951 students to this major in 2012\u20132013, almost double the number of students who had studied it four years earlier. Computer Science was offered at eight different colleges, while Biology and "]
[7.644941329956055, 12.201717376708984, "X x X\nMechatronics X\nTechnical Programs Offered by CTCS and Enrollment by Major\n149\n      X\n      X\nX\n        Table C.1\u2014Continued\nX\nHighway Technician\nMajor Appliance\nManufacturing X\nTechnology\nMaritime\nRepair\nMechanical X\nEngineering\nTechnology\nMine"]
[7.652857303619385, 12.203369140625, " paralegal\nManufacturing engineering technology\nMechanical engineering technology\nNursing\nInstitution\nKanawha Valley Mountwest New River Pierpont\nWest Virginia Northern Blue Ridge\nKanawha Valley Mountwest\nNew River\nPierpont\nWest Virginia Northern Bri"]
[7.682603359222412, 12.19840145111084, "l\nWESTEST2 West Virginia Educational Standards Test 2\nWIA Workforce Investment Act of 1998\nWIB Workforce Investment Board\nWIOA Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act of 2014 WVONGA West Virginia Oil and Gas Association\nWVU West Virginia University\n"]
[7.6949920654296875, 12.20425796508789, "Implementation Experiences and Evaluation Findings, Kalamazoo, Mich.: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2011.\nBLS\u2014See U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.\nBragg, Debra D., Timothy Harmon, Catherine L. Kirby, and Sujung "]
[7.692839622497559, 12.202271461486816, "mmunity College Research Center, February 2013. As of June 4, 2015:\nhttp://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED539910.pdf\nEnergy Providers Coalition for Education, homepage, undated. As of June 2, 2015: http://epceonline.org/\nFinley, Ashley, and Tia McNair,"]
[7.710657119750977, 12.210892677307129, "unity College Remedial English Students: Is the Accelerated Learning Program (ALP) Effective and Affordable? New York: Community College Research Center, Working Paper 21, September 2010. As of June 4, 2015:\nhttp://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED512398"]
[7.682349681854248, 12.21385669708252, "he Potential of the Lower-Wage Workforce,\u201d Oakland, Calif.: Insight Center for Community Economic Development, 2010.\nNational Research Council, Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action, Washington, D.C.: Na"]
[7.690195560455322, 12.213279724121094, " National Apprenticeship Act of 1937, August 16, 1937.\nPublic Law 105-220, Workforce Investment Act of 1998, August 7, 1998. As of July 6, 2015:\nhttp://w w w.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PL AW-105publ220/content-detail.html\nPublic Law 107-110, No Child Left Beh"]
[7.682448863983154, 12.213129043579102, "ucation Statistics, NCES 2014-391, 2014. As of June 5, 2015:\nhttp://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED544798\nTai, R., An Examination of the Research Literature on Project Lead the Way, Indianapolis, Ind.: Project Lead the Way, 2012.\nTsapogas, John, The Role of Commu"]
[7.68160343170166, 12.210500717163086, "of Labor, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Education, and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, What Works in Job Training: A Synthesis of the Evidence, Washington, D.C., July 2014.\nU.S. Energy Information Administration, West "]
[7.680037498474121, 12.206753730773926, ", D.C., July 2014.\nWorkForce West Virginia, home page, undated(a). As of July 6, 2015: http://www.wvcommerce.org/business/workforcewv/default.aspx\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cEconomic and Labor Market Information,\u201d website, undated(b). As of June 29, 2015:\nhttp://workforc"]
[7.659079074859619, 12.218188285827637, "th representatives of academic and training providers within CTCS, apprenticeship programs, a regional Workforce Investment Board (WIB), and CTCS students enrolled in energy-related programs to determine whether education and training is aligned with"]
[13.850342750549316, 2.9893903732299805, "   Improving Information-Sharing Across Law Enforcement: Why Can\u2019t We Know?\nJohn S. Hollywood, Zev Winkelman\nSUMMARY Law enforcement agencies increas-\ningly demand sophisticated information technology (IT) capabilities to support their operations. Th"]
[13.83484172821045, 2.9844348430633545, "id, others see infor- mation sharing as a competitive advantage.\n\u2022 A common concern focuses on how much RMSs and CAD systems cost, especially for smaller agencies.\n\u2022 Commercial providers have reported challenges in gathering requirements.\n2\n For the "]
[13.834638595581055, 2.994459390640259, "tion).\nFor the longer term, we recommend developing a common business process that brings together practitioners and developers in identifying requirements for law enforcement IT systems. We also recommend creating a multilayer frame- work for sharin"]
[13.828603744506836, 2.990762948989868, "g the largest agency in a metropolitan region maintain crates of radios to distribute during major events, but solutions and workarounds like this do exist.\nHowever, practitioners have reported far spottier progress when it comes to sharing data. Dif"]
[13.826836585998535, 2.972137451171875, "gy Standards Council (LEITSC) (2010).\n4\n\u2022 Why Can\u2019t We Share? from the National Criminal Justice Association (NCJA) Initiative (NCJA, 2004).\n\u2022 The Global Justice Information Sharing Initiative\u2019s information-sharing standards packages (Global Standard"]
[14.196038246154785, 2.7827677726745605, "wer cost. This phenomenon extends beyond processing speed, memory size, hard disk size, or network capacity when one considers the number of sophisticated sensors that now come standard on an average commodity smartphone. As a result, however, expect"]
[13.842140197753906, 2.9867451190948486, " commonly called for throughout the materi- als and meetings described above. The figures show which law enforcement roles need the various types of information and the sources of that information. Figure 1 presents tactical policing information that"]
[13.812665939331055, 3.0156476497650146, "e IJIS Institute provides an introductory guide to connecting to N-DEx (Chawdry et al., 2013).\n\u2022 National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS). NLETS is a state-owned nonprofit organiza-\ntion that facilitates more than 100 interstate dat"]
[13.8359956741333, 3.0030977725982666, "anges (LInX, RISS, NLETS)\nNational LE info exchanges (NCIC, N-DEx, SAR, LEEP, etc.)\nLocal RMS\nLocal CAD\nLocal RMS\nState/regional info exchanges (LInX, RISS, NLETS)\nNational LE info exchanges (NCIC, N-DEx, SAR, LEEP, etc.)\nNOTE: ALPR=automated license"]
[13.800199508666992, 3.0238633155822754, "te, local, and federal criminal registries\nState, regional, and national protective order registries\nExternal crime analysis systems\nNOTE: MS=management system; NGI=next-generation identification; and NIBIN=National Integrated Ballistic Information N"]
[13.83066177368164, 3.0093324184417725, ", NCIC, SAR)\nExternal crime analysis systems\nCourts MS\nIntelligent transportation system\nAgency billing / accounting systems\nGIS/AVL License plate reader (LPR)\nAutomated victim info and notification\nMedia outlets\nHAZMAT DB\nNext Generation 911 (Voice,"]
[13.829323768615723, 2.987194299697876, "hanisms for checking compliance\n\u2022 federal, state, and regional exchanges and repositories for sharing various types of information across agency boundaries\n\u2022 information-assurance technology intended to ensure con- tinued access to, and integrity and"]
[13.831478118896484, 3.0017828941345215, "ard to say now, other than some groups are working on it . . .\n\u2014Adapted from a conference session on cybersecurity\nMajor strides have been made in the technology support- ing information-sharing. That said, there is still a great deal to accomplish. "]
[13.833975791931152, 3.014183521270752, "ks missing any IEPDs shown in red (Pointers to IEPDs: Parker and Wisely, 2009; IACP, undated-a; Global Standards Council, undated; and OJP, undated-c). The blue labeling merely indicates the existence of a relevant IEPD\u2014it does not describe the matur"]
[13.820362091064453, 3.019948720932007, " web (crime maps, info)\nHR & staffing systems Fingerprinting device\nFederal & state fingerprint ID systems\n(e.g, IAFIS, NGI)\nMug-shot system\nCase MS (Prosecutor) Jail MS\nRMS/CAD\nLE mobile\nFusion center systems\nState & regional databases (e.g., LInX, "]
[13.850898742675781, 3.011763572692871, "ta tables and systems.7\nTraining, Verification, and Validation. Requests for additional training material starting with introductory \u201cread this first\u201d tutorials and checklists have been made. Note that NIEM now offers detailed in-person and online tr"]
[13.844758987426758, 2.989777088165283, " do not, as well as auditing usage. It also supports single-sign on, which means law enforcement personnel only have to sign with a set of credentials once to access information across a variety of sys- tems (OJP, undated-a). As mentioned, semantic t"]
[13.827573776245117, 2.9994139671325684, "ems include information-sharing; the Project Manager\u2019s Guide includes a general discussion of information- sharing standards, including NIEM and IEPDs. The APCO International and IJIS Institute developed an updated func- tional standard for CAD syste"]
[13.855545043945312, 3.0273613929748535, "\u2019 of Geospatial Markup\nLanguage . . .\u201d\n\u201cThere are over 200 attributes to describe a person . . . pick a\nnew one . . .\u201d\n\u2014Adapted from comments during Center-conducted focus groups and interviews on information-sharing\nGovernance issues commonly have b"]
[13.818781852722168, 2.991668701171875, " standardized policy documents describing exactly how data will be used and protected after sharing. To a certain extent, lack of standard- ized policy is similar to a technology issue\u2014right now, too many policy documents, including point-to-point in"]
[13.828062057495117, 2.9927918910980225, "es, and regionally adjacent RMS or CAD systems.\nSimilarly, Center researchers have had discussions with commercial providers on two major disincentives for develop- ers to support standardized information. The first is the cost and difficulty of supp"]
[13.832721710205078, 3.0082569122314453, "ware agencies are of those offerings.\nAgencies are facing other costs well beyond RMS/CAD fees. These include the cost of IT staff (employees or contrac- tors) and the cost of building out the communications network. Network costs typically include a"]
[13.820062637329102, 3.037848949432373, "nable to meet CJIS requirements (Gould, 2011). In discus- sions regarding cloud and SaaS models, the security of law enforcement\u2013sensitive data is frequently discussed, including whether civilian contractors could physically manage sensi-\ntive inform"]
[13.836305618286133, 2.987700939178467, "es where deployment has large costs (as it does for RMS/CAD).\nCONCLUSIONS\u2014TOWARD INFORMATION-SHARING\nWe begin with short-term recommendations for agencies fac- ing near-term systems acquisition decisions. We make recom- mendations on near-term langua"]
[13.797950744628906, 3.0198330879211426, "es and regions\n\u2212interfaces to share data with the local prosecutor\u2019s office and jail\n\u2022 confirmation of compliance with the above, such as demonstrations, test results, and references. Over time, as standards and standards testing mature, agencies wil"]
[13.830385208129883, 2.99291729927063, "r information-sharing are sufficient.\nIt is also useful to identify what must be strictly imple- mented and what is flexible. Too much inflexibility will come at a high price and result in inabilities to share information with other agencies; at the "]
[13.841796875, 2.9973745346069336, "atly lower costs.\nTechnology Development and Policy Recommendations\nWe describe technology and policy steps that would help address the barriers to information-sharing, building on the progress that has been made to date.\nTechnology Recommendations\nI"]
[13.828958511352539, 2.9871554374694824, "on center systems\n\u2022 GIS/AVL location (There is also a critical need for a CAD-\nGIS/AVL interface.)\n\u2022 license plate readers. (There is also a critical need for a\nCAD-LPR interface. Note that there is some work going on to create an LPR data-sharing st"]
[14.109514236450195, 2.6250126361846924, "and what are key problems in both\nsituations\n\u2212what sorts of information they need during routine and\nstressed conditions, and with what attributes\n\u2212what works well and what needs improvement about\nwhat they have now.\n\u2022 periods of observation in which"]
[13.828303337097168, 2.976412773132324, "g technical references and case studies, but is just the start of producing a coherent cur- riculum for information-sharing and safeguarding, as well as mechanisms for delivering it (e.g., portals, e-learning sites).\n\u2022 determining and employing busin"]
[13.838583946228027, 2.9930286407470703, "necessary for that state or region\n\u2022 language on privacy and civil rights. This should specify\ndefaults on who will have access to specified data, for what purposes, how the usage will be audited, and how long the data should be retained. Special pro"]
[13.832860946655273, 2.9809978008270264, "ndard\u201d framework for future \u2022 Super standard developed and disseminated Develop remaining critical interface standards \u2022 Critical interface standards developed and Develop a master data model for key elements of disseminated\ninformation as part of th"]
[13.788487434387207, 3.0617191791534424, "ing out much of the analysis leading to the report\u2019s specific recommendations. However, the expert practitioners on the task force determined which system-to-system links should be considered critical.\n4 The police department in St. Louis, Mo., was t"]
[13.747328758239746, 3.1185216903686523, "hop%20-%20Technical%20Track%20-%20State%20of%20 LEA%20INFOSEC.pdf\nAlaska Law Enforcement Information Sharing System, Frequently Asked Questions, undated. As of August 6, 2015: http://www.aleiss.org/FAQ.htm\nALEISS\u2014See Alaska Law Enforcement Informatio"]
[13.808162689208984, 3.270446300506592, "us/cjis/cjis-security-policy-resource-center/ view\nFoy, Paul, \u201cJohn Anthony Borell III, \u2018Anonymous\u2019 Member, Charged in Utah Police Hacking,\u201d Huffington Post, April 16, 2012. As of January 24, 2014: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/16/john-anthon"]
[13.752015113830566, 3.115943431854248, "al Guide to Getting Started, 2013. As of October 2013: http://www.intrado.com/sites/default/files/documents/NextGen%20 9-1-1%20The%20Essential%20Guide%20to%20Getting%20Started. pdf\nKimball, L. R., Plan for Next Generation 9-1-1, NG9-1-1, January 2011"]
[13.778972625732422, 3.105638027191162, "nforcement_agencies_\nMorgan, Kenneth E., Computer Aided Dispatch Technology: A Study of the Evolution and Expectations of CAD and a Comparative Survey of CAD in the U.S. Fire Service and the Clark County Fire Department, dissertation, University of N"]
[13.800134658813477, 3.0403099060058594, "8, 2014:\nhttps://it.ojp.gov/default.aspx\nOJP\u2014See Office of Justice Programs.\nOtt, Michael, and Aaron Gorrell, \u201cCAD/RMS Implementation in Palm Beach County Sheriff,\u201d presentation to the 2013 IACP Law Enforcement Information Management Conference, Scot"]
[13.754268646240234, 3.1235976219177246, "ergency Communications Task Force, Ashburn, Va.: IJIS Institute and Association of Public Safety Communications Officials\u2013 International, 2013.\nWyllie, Doug, \u201cSaaS Technology Helps Mid-Sized Ky. PD Fight Crime,\u201d PoliceOne, Feb. 23, 2013. As of Octobe"]
[13.85356330871582, 4.3656463623046875, " criminal justice system, including violence, policing, corrections, courts and criminal law, substance abuse, occupational safety, and public integrity. Program research is supported by government agencies, foundations, and the private sector.\nThis "]
[-0.25989091396331787, 12.854609489440918, " Managing Water\nQuality in the Face\nof Uncertainty\nA Robust Decision Making Demonstration for EPA\u2019s National Water Program\nJordan R. Fischbach, Robert J. Lempert, Edmundo Molina-Perez, Abdul Ahad Tariq, Melissa L. Finucane, Frauke Hoss\n CORPORATION\nF"]
[-0.35270214080810547, 13.255167007446289, "tice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a divi- sion of the RAND Corporation dedicated to improving policy and decisionmaking in a wide range of policy domains, including civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, tra"]
[-0.040479473769664764, 12.937416076660156, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Approach.............................................................................................. 24 Results of the An"]
[-0.13824227452278137, 12.874019622802734, "...................................................................\n. 88 . . 89 . 94\n. 97 . 99 101 119\n125\nFigures\n S.1. RDM Process for Deliberative Iterative Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv\nS.2. Futures in Which Ph"]
[0.0927579253911972, 12.950067520141602, "T Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.4. Modeling Schematic for North Farm Creek Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.5. Range of Climate Projections Used in This Stu"]
[0.02167271077632904, 12.937302589416504, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii\nS.4. Futures in Which TMDL Targets Are Met, by Plan and Pollutant for\nNorthFarmCreek...................................................................... 2.1. Attributes of Adaptive Decision Strategies. . . . . . "]
[-0.13434670865535736, 12.921178817749023, "d Use Scenario Characterizations Used in Scenario Discovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110\nC.3. Characterization of Climate Scenarios (2055\u20132065 Hydrology) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114\nix\nx Managing Water Quality in the Face of Uncertainty\nD.1"]
[-0.16271348297595978, 12.917581558227539, "tes the pursuit of this goal. USEPA and its partners have often grappled with imperfect data regarding the hydrology, pollution sources, and pollutant flows in the water bodies they seek to protect. This uncertainty has been significantly exacerbated"]
[-0.36702343821525574, 12.757911682128906, "nalytic approaches do not necessarily facilitate the development of robust and adaptive plans due to a lack of appropriate methods for using uncertain simulation model results as part of forward-looking analysis. Climate change and the opportunities "]
[-0.16758118569850922, 12.92234992980957, "rs that dis- tinguish futures in which TMDL plans meet and miss their goals. In the fourth step, analysts and decisionmakers identify and evaluate ways to improve plans to increase the range of futures over which they succeed.\nThis overall process ai"]
[0.11029434204101562, 12.95432186126709, "age delivered loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment from the Patuxent River to the Chesapeake Bay\u2014and focuses on pollutant loads from the urban sources. We also considered the cost of implementing best management practices (BMPs) as a performan"]
[0.12748123705387115, 12.939688682556152, "ents implemented as specified in Maryland\u2019s WIP) were simulated in this study in 259 different futures. Each future represents a single realization of the model reflect- ing one set of assumptions about future climate-influenced hydrology, population"]
[0.06415235996246338, 12.937662124633789, " average precipitation would need to stay constant or decline and impervious area would need to remain at the mid- to-low end of the plausible range to consistently meet the nitrogen TMDL with the Phase II WIP implemented as currently constructed.\nA "]
[0.0879039317369461, 12.944474220275879, "lysis suggests that future climate change could significantly increase pollution loads in North Farm Creek (by 30\u201360 percent for nitrogen, and 85\u2013200 percent for phosphorus, respectively) under Current Management.\nTable S.4 shows that the modeled BMP"]
[-0.005552401300519705, 12.938586235046387, "to meet its goals even if the green infrastructure worked as well as projected.\nThe information from this vulnerability analysis can help inform the design and implementation of the North Farm Creek adaptive management plan. Monitoring the two factor"]
[-0.15440818667411804, 12.92360782623291, " over a wider range of assumptions about their effectiveness. The treatment of inputs in both models could also be streamlined to better integrate with simulations of a more complete range of biophysical and socioeconomic processes and to facilitate "]
[-0.282467246055603, 12.834609985351562, "ffective risk management for the nation\u2019s overall efforts to improve water quality. RDM and similar analytic decision support methods can expand the range of conditions in which water quality implementation plans will be successful\u2014that is, they can "]
[-0.0550403892993927, 12.914594650268555, "Gopal Bhatt, Matt Johnston, and Peter Claggett for helping to scope the study, providing the water qual- ity modeling and supporting its use in this setting, and for feeding in a variety of key model inputs for the Robust Decision Making analysis. Fo"]
[-0.18196849524974823, 12.88622760772705, "ural Research Service U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\nU.S. Geological Survey\nwatershed implementation plan\nWeather Research and Forecasting model\nuncertainties, policy levers, relationships, and performance measures\nCHAPTER ONE\nWater Quality Dec"]
[-0.15452025830745697, 12.904997825622559, "ended to make plans more robust. Overall, the report suggests that RDM-based analyses can help USEPA and its partners successfully manage uncertainty by developing flexible and robust plans within a process designed to facilitate stakeholder input an"]
[-0.19315874576568604, 12.8689603805542, "source of uncertainty potentially affecting future water quality and the effectiveness of actions intended to improve it (USEPA, 2010c). Traditionally, water quality planning has assumed that future streamflow, precipita- tion, and other relevant hyd"]
[-0.3479102849960327, 12.764165878295898, "many types of significant and irreducible uncertainty.\nRobust Decision Making\nTo address this uncertainty challenge, the USEPA Office of Research and Develop- ment (ORD) asked RAND to consider how RDM methods might help USEPA/OW better manage climate"]
[-0.1477029025554657, 12.918437004089355, "inty 5\nwhen setting drinking water standards, water quality for the nation\u2019s water bodies, and standards for TMDLs, the agency follows a recursive process of monitoring, analysis, public input, decision, and review (see Appendix A). RDM and related m"]
[-0.17692042887210846, 12.930357933044434, "A and its state, tribal, and local partners to develop robust and flexible TMDL implementation plans in the face of climate change and other hard-to-predict uncertainties. The approach described is designed to support a transparent, objective, and sc"]
[-0.32212480902671814, 12.852867126464844, "agement practices on similar plots of land in order to gather scientific data on the most effective practices. The latter, some- times called passive adaptive management, might involve a water management agency that pursues a portfolio of investments"]
[-0.34527236223220825, 12.761526107788086, "responses to those vulnerabilities and decide whether and when to adopt these responses.\nRDM thus differs from many of the decision processes currently used by USEPA in that it employs a \u201cbackward\u201d analysis. Rather than beginning with an agreed upon "]
[-0.3890276551246643, 12.772854804992676, "nhibit efforts to gen- erate consensus when the choice of any single distribution is insufficiently supported by the science and when different distributions are correlated with the differing economic interests and ethical values of the parties to th"]
[-0.42341190576553345, 12.739480018615723, "process of deci- sion support, in which parties to the decision deliberate on their objectives, options, and problem framing; analysts generate decision-relevant information using the system models; and the parties to the decision revisit their objec"]
[-0.3754565417766571, 12.705157279968262, " plans.\n 12 Managing Water Quality in the Face of Uncertainty\nFigure 2.2\nNotional Scenario Discovery Analysis\n    Uncertain Parameter 2\nRAND RR720-2.2\nCoverage: 88% Density: 82%\n Uncertain Parameter 1\nand throughout the remainder of this report, we u"]
[-0.392160028219223, 12.781919479370117, "he plan is vulnerable.\nFacilitating Robust Adaptive TMDL Implementation Plans\nTo understand how RDM and the scenarios it helps to identify might facilitate robust and adaptive TMDL planning, it is useful to differentiate explicitly between three attr"]
[-0.4972478449344635, 12.888595581054688, " of the plans themselves and the processes by which the plans are created and implemented.\nRecent years have seen a growing interest in formalizing the concepts, methods, and tools for developing and evaluating adaptive strategies (Haasnoot et al., 2"]
[-0.47167035937309265, 12.875314712524414, "unities) of near-term plans and potential responses to those vulnerabilities.\nSpecify signposts that indicate need for plan adjustment and contingent actions to take in response to those signposts.\nCombine management of multiple elements of a system "]
[-0.3835733234882355, 12.78085994720459, "zed decisionmaking, tend to relate to decision support processes and the institutions in which they are embedded.\nRDM has demonstrated success in supporting the development of plans with the first three attributes listed in Table 2.1. RDM is forward "]
[-0.12843669950962067, 12.929216384887695, " Management 17\nRDM process shown in Figure 2.1 and provide only initial explorations of potential new planning options and the trade-offs among them.\nOverall, RDM and related analytic approaches may offer the potential for an improved approach to TMD"]
[0.06902475655078888, 13.009552955627441, "res, which can diminish the capacity of bay grasses to grow (Najjar et al., 2010).\nAfter a series of discussions with Chesapeake Bay Program representatives, RAND and USEPA identified one key tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, the Patuxent River, as a "]
[0.1004980206489563, 12.961015701293945, "being implemented. The development of Phase III will begin in 2017 and is expected to further refine the implementation plans developed in Phase I and Phase II. Maryland\u2019s Phase I WIP set initial limits on the amount of nutrient and sediment contribu"]
[0.08967521786689758, 12.963541984558105, "lized costs of each BMP estimated by King and Hagan (2011) for the period 2010\u20132025. The BMPs included in this estimate are bioretention, bioswale, dry detention ponds, erosion and sediment control, dry extended detention ponds, urban filtering pract"]
[0.09551124274730682, 12.966578483581543, "pollutant removal in BMPs (Ackerman and Stein, 2008), while several others focused on the discharge reduction for various storm sizes (Damodaram, 2010; Heitz, Khos- rowpanah, and Nelson, 2000). Ackerman and Stein (2008) found that BMP effective- ness"]
[0.11360301077365875, 12.972346305847168, "BMP effectiveness across different storm types. Against these uncertain- ties, we tested the range of BMPs specified in Maryland\u2019s Phase II WIP for the Chesa- peake Bay TMDL, including green infrastructure options such as urban forest buffers, permea"]
[0.10991227626800537, 12.959318161010742, " Policy Levers (L)\nMDE Phase II WIP BMPs, including:\n\u2022 Stormwater management\u2013filtering practices \u2022 Stormwater management\u2013infiltration\npractices\n\u2022 Urban stream restoration \u2022 Urban forest buffers\nPerformance Metrics (M)\nMetrics\n\u2022 Nitrogen delivered loa"]
[0.10836104303598404, 12.97960090637207, "it was necessary to adjust the thresholds stipulated in Maryland\u2019s Phase II WIP slightly to better reflect the calibration results from the Phase 5.3.2 model. This adjustment was verified with the Chesapeake Bay Program. Differ- ences between calibra"]
[0.12567289173603058, 12.976040840148926, " stormwater management (green infrastructure)\nBioretention\n3,875\nBioswales\n3,031\nUrban forest buffers\n2,860\nUrban filtering practices\n4,156\nRetrofit stormwater management\n6,429\nVegetated open channels\n1,810\nWet ponds and wetlands\n1,968\nUrban stream r"]
[0.14516277611255646, 12.838930130004883, "ent scenarios.\nHydrologic Uncertainty\nThe effects of a changing climate on future water quality in the Patuxent River are the central uncertain drivers to be considered in this analysis. To consider potential changes in hydrology due to a changing cl"]
[0.1464499682188034, 12.759572982788086, "search on Climate, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Japan\nNational Center for Atmospheric Research, U.S.A., Community Climate System Model 3\nIPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC 2000)\n    Managing Storm Water in Maryland\u2019s Pat"]
[0.20407447218894958, 12.846404075622559, " hydrology periods. Appendix C includes analysis results for the 2055\u20132065 climate sequences.\nAnother way to represent the climate-altered hydrology projections is by fitting an extreme value distribution to the resulting runoff volumes. Figure 3.3 s"]
[0.22337915003299713, 12.973671913146973, "ies in Maryland: Anne Arundel, Howard, Mont- gomery, Prince George, Calvert, Charles, and St. Mary.\n4 USEPA developed the ICLUS scenarios by adapting U.S. Census population and migration projections to be consistent with the storyline of IPCC\u2019s SRES "]
[0.13252651691436768, 12.959223747253418, "use scenarios. These scenarios primarily affect both runoff and pollutant loads through the conversion of forest, agriculture, or other pervious land use types to new impervious ground cover. Figure 3.4 shows the increase in impervi- ous land cover a"]
[0.1177358478307724, 12.967558860778809, "ould reduce evapotranspiration losses by around 10 percent, which could lead to higher flows in the Chesapeake Bay (Butcher, 2013; Lockwood, 1999).\nGiven the potential importance of evapotranspiration in determining water flows in the Patuxent River,"]
[0.1272655576467514, 12.938455581665039, "itrogen due to changes in emissions\nLand Use Model\u2019s Output\n\u2022 Changes in land use, sewerage, and septic systems\nClimate Data\n\u2022 Precipitation data\n\u2022 Meteorological data\n\u2022 Elevation data\n\u2022 Soil data\nSOURCE: Chesapeake Bay Program (2013b).\nRAND RR720-3."]
[0.11542901396751404, 12.94629955291748, "cipal Component Analysis (PCA) and PRIM (Dalal et al., 2013). This PCA-PRIM approach, discussed later, allowed us to identify latent components that are linear combinations of the input parameters considered in the model and that best describe the mo"]
[0.12552742660045624, 12.942350387573242, "rved historical hydrology and no change in population or land use. As expected, with these assumptions, the Phase II WIP exactly meets the TMDL tar- gets set for these pollutants. In the second pane, however, results are shown across all hydrology as"]
[0.10466427356004715, 12.923053741455078, "igure 3.7\nNitrogen Load, by Climate Model, for One Land Use Scenario, Phase II WIP (2035\u20132045)\n4\n3\n2\n1\n0\n\u201310 \u20138 \u20136 \u20134 \u20132 0 2 4 6 8 10 12\nAverage annual precipitation 2035\u20132045 (percent change from historical 1984\u20132005)\nRAND RR720-3.7\ntation (x-axis) "]
[0.11551561206579208, 12.939279556274414, "n futures is shown for both plans.\nFigure 3.8 shows that, under current management, the new TMDL targets are almost never met across the range of uncertain futures. When the WIP is implemented, we observe a consistent reduction in pollutant loads for"]
[0.11577871441841125, 12.95320987701416, " nitrogen target is exceeded in nearly three-quarters of the simulated futures. Only the lower tail (lowest 25 percent of cases) falls below the target line. Results are somewhat better for phosphorus and sediment, with the sediment target met in nea"]
[0.14408104121685028, 12.887529373168945, "ied analytically\u2014that could later be used to identify or test additional options designed to reduce vulnerability.\nThis analysis starts by looking across all uncertain inputs considered. We char- acterized the uncertainties with several different typ"]
[0.15103641152381897, 12.94728946685791, "et\n Uncertainty Type Hydrology inputs\nAverage precipitation Annual\nSummer\nWinter\nAverage temperature\nAnnual Summer Winter\nAverage annual runoff All areas\nImpervious areas only\nAnnual maximum 24-hour runoffa\nLand use inputs\nImpervious 40.5\nPervious 13"]
[0.13588878512382507, 12.938255310058594, "hat do not meet the nitrogen TMDL (coverage) are described by those cases in which runoff from impervious areas exceeds 114,990 acre-feet. In addition, the nitrogen TMDL is not met in 95 percent of futures in which runoff from impervious areas is abo"]
[0.12932221591472626, 12.944644927978516, " experiment. The figure shows a scatter- plot of all futures. Open circles show nonvulnerable cases, where the nitrogen TMDL\nTable 3.10\nStandardized Loadings in PCA Analysis\nVariable\nAverage annual temperature Average annual precipitation Annual maxi"]
[0.12317827343940735, 12.949053764343262, "crease in impervious area leads to higher urban runoff, which also leads to higher nitrogen loads. If impervious area increases more than 50 percent above the current baseline (consistent with the ICLUS A2 high population projection; see right two ba"]
[0.11466874182224274, 12.95258617401123, "consider what augments might be most effective to help mitigate this vulnerable scenario. This step illustrates what could be done as part of a fuller treatment. We considered two key factors:\nTable 3.11\nScenario Discovery Analysis Summary Results\n  "]
[0.11417184770107269, 12.964972496032715, "ly in terms of net nitrogen load removal. This is driven primarily by assumptions about BMP performance built into the Phase 5.3.2 model that were not tested rigorously nor allowed to vary in this analy- sis. Performance for each BMP varies, with bet"]
[0.10035979002714157, 12.960890769958496, "rmance in terms of cost-effectiveness relative to most other BMPs. A series of others, ranging from bioswales to urban stream restoration, also provide rea- sonable cost effectiveness when compared with other approaches on a per-unit basis.\nThe resul"]
[0.0886407345533371, 12.94707202911377, "TMDL\n    Example Future 2\nNitrogen load: 1.2M lbs\nAverage precipitation increase: 3.7% Population projection: Trend growth Development pattern: Infill\n      Example Future 1\nMitigation strategy:\n80,892 additional acres of urban filtering practices\nCo"]
[0.08816052973270416, 12.970722198486328, "ight of the vulnerabilities identified in this pilot analysis. Additional analysis is needed to thoroughly test alternate approaches against the range of futures considered in this report, as well as other key uncertainties that could not be addresse"]
[0.07599230855703354, 12.942946434020996, "orth Farm Creek Tributary of the Illinois River\nIntroduction\nThe Illinois River, a principal tributary of the Mississippi River Basin, flows for about 270 miles across central Illinois, beginning just south of Chicago and joining the Mis- sissippi ne"]
[0.07427798956632614, 12.940582275390625, " this chapter focuses on managing the effects of climate change and other uncertainties on the North Farm Creek Implemen- tation Plan using the December 2012 load reduction strategy as the starting point. The strategy did not previously consider clim"]
[0.07008617371320724, 12.95443058013916, "noff are transported over impervious sur-\nEvaluating the Impacts of Climate Change on the Implementation Plan for North Farm Creek 63\nfaces. Wastewater discharges from three permitted NPDES facilities in the area further exacerbate the in-stream nutr"]
[0.05604049563407898, 12.94171142578125, "ness\n\u2022 Intrinsic performance\n\u2022 In response to climate change\nSystems Model Relationships (R)\nSWAT model of North Farm Creek calibrated to meet current water quality airshed model\n  Policy Levers (L)\nDraft Implementation Plan, including structural man"]
[0.06647472828626633, 12.958656311035156, "l flow\nReturn flow\n    Deep (confined) aquifer\nRecharge to deep aquifer\nRevap from shallow aquifer\n      Implementation plan\nR\u2019s\nL\u2019s\n  X\u2019s\nX\u2019s\nRAND RR720-4.4\nPollution loads\nM\u2019s\nClimate projections\n   SWAT model\n   BMP effectiveness\n66 Managing Water"]
[0.06850157678127289, 12.952920913696289, "tion in more detail.\nWe needed to make several other modifications to SWAT in order to automate multiple runs for use in the RDM analysis. We first obtained the FORTRAN binaries\nEvaluating the Impacts of Climate Change on the Implementation Plan for "]
[0.09370263665914536, 12.969108581542969, " or retrofits of pollutant control and conveyance structures. Some of the former, such as education programs and the development of ordinances, are applied to the entire watershed. But in most cases, management options are applied only to particular "]
[0.11248718947172165, 12.96911907196045, "n. The milestones refer to the qualitative levels of activity shown in Table 4.3 under the column \u201cphasing.\u201d For instance, the emphasis on green infrastructure retrofitting is high in Phase II and is continued into Phase III. The quantitative goals f"]
[0.10847420990467072, 12.958210945129395, "4\nLand Use Type and Removal Efficiencies for BMPs Considered in Case Study\n Structural BMP\nGreen infrastructure retrofitting\nGrassed waterways\nRiparian area management (filter strips)\nConservation tillage\nLand Use (HRU)\nUrban\nCropland (corn, soy); pa"]
[0.10842838883399963, 12.9618558883667, "ge will affect such relationships. Thus, we restricted ourselves to using the generic module in which we can directly specify (and modify) removal efficiencies. In particular, using the generic BMP module precluded treatment of two impor- tant BMPs: "]
[0.08808406442403793, 12.938606262207031, " so the overall removal capacity will be: Eff2 \u2248 E1 + (1-E1)\u00d7E2. Suppose we\u2019re interested in phosphorus removal through conservation tillage (E1 = 0.45) and grassed waterways (E2 = 0.75). As such, for case 1 Eff1 = 0.6, and for case 2 Eff2 = 0.86. Th"]
[0.07568485289812088, 12.703433990478516, "n is typi- cal of most ensembles of regional climate projections, which generally show a larger spread in precipitation than temperature and, in particular, often disagree about the sign of future precipitation changes (IPCC, 2013).\nWatershed modelin"]
[0.031345244497060776, 12.912871360778809, "scussion of this technique is available from Scenarios Network for Alaska and Arctic Planning (SNAP) (2015).\n 74 Managing Water Quality in the Face of Uncertainty\nto the GCM outputs (USEPA, 2013). The study found in general that projections of flow a"]
[0.09660816937685013, 12.949599266052246, "es (six downscaled climate projections and one projection that repeats the observed historical record)\n\u2022 20 sets of BMP effectiveness parameters generated using a Latin hypercube sample over the range 50 percent to 100 percent for each of the four BM"]
[0.11698655784130096, 12.948302268981934, "d.\nRAND RR720-4.6\n          20.97K\n    80\nAnnual sediments\u2014all futures (2041\u20132060) (million pounds/year)\n60\n40\n20\n           2.18K\n      Phosphorus\n  8\nAnnual phosphorus\u2014all futures (2041\u20132060) (thousand pounds/year)\n16 14 12 10\n64\n2\n       37.06K\n  "]
[0.08701818436384201, 12.941496849060059, "ed by multiplying the TMDL values for Farm Creek by two scaling factors. The first scaling factor equates a given nutrient load derived from SWAT to the empirical load reported in the TMDL report. The second scaling factor is the ratio of a given nut"]
[0.08964381366968155, 12.936116218566895, "s highly correlated with BMP effectiveness, especially for nitrogen, as shown by the large spread of loadings for each climate projection in the right panel of Figure 4.7.\nTo further test the effects of these drivers, we reran the SWAT model while ho"]
[0.10895473510026932, 12.932908058166504, "crease the pollutant loadings from point- and non-point sources (Lins and Slack, 1999). Phosphorus loading, in particular, goes up due to increased weathering and erosion (Covich et al., 1997).\n80 Managing Water Quality in the Face of Uncertainty\nIt "]
[0.09592297673225403, 12.934844970703125, " sediment and phosphorus transport (Tetra Tech, undated). Finally, local IEPA staff report that the phosphorus TMDL for North Farm Creek may have been set at a very stringent level.\nIdentifying Vulnerabilities and Adaptive Management Responses\nWe can"]
[0.09016519784927368, 12.932258605957031, "MDL\nCCSM3/CRCM\nGFDL/RegCM GFDL/GFDL\nCCSM3/RCM3\nHadCM3/HRM3\nN loadings exceed TMDL\n Effectiveness of green infrastructure retrofitting (relative to best-estimate)\n\u20132 0 2 4 6 8 10 12\nAverage annual rainfall 2041\u20132060 (percent change from historic)\n Eva"]
[-0.00034298462560400367, 12.920812606811523, "ient loadings to nearby streams are smaller.\nThis information suggests that: (1) attributes of future climate beyond average annual precipitation may also be important in determining the success of North Farm Creek\u2019s TMDL implementation plans, (2) th"]
[0.005330253392457962, 12.919882774353027, "sion, and channel transport capacity (i.e., USDA-ARS, 2014a). Similar changes may be necessary for phosphorus transport.\nThe above observations suggest several criteria upon which to judge whether a given watershed model is suitable for an RDM analys"]
[-0.13275687396526337, 12.890809059143066, "ed several modifications to the SWAT model that might significantly enhance its suitability for such purposes.\nThe North Farm Creek Implementation Plan envisions an adaptive management approach with a phased BMP deployment that combines both monitori"]
[-0.11412259936332703, 12.92679214477539, "A primary focus is on uncertainty associated with climate change, but the methods described can address a wide range of socioeconomic uncertainties as well. Importantly, TMDL planning under conditions of uncertainty is not only, or even primarily, an"]
[-0.04766473546624184, 12.940908432006836, "sed to augment the plan further, suggests that additional invest- ment in some BMPs, including green infrastructure options such as wet ponds, wet- lands, and urban filtering practices, could help achieve stormwater TMDL targets cost- effectively in "]
[-0.17064349353313446, 12.899053573608398, " approaches, and decentralized decisionmaking.\nBut TMDL implementation plans are not generally robust and adaptive. Some are presented as static strategies, without any explicit treatment of uncertainty or flex- ibility. Even those TMDL plans that do"]
[-0.22213761508464813, 12.921164512634277, " the Patux- ent region, for instance, observing changes in impervious area might require assem- bling detailed land use data and using building permits to project the future land use changes. Meteorological observations can provide data on current an"]
[-0.21516388654708862, 12.931760787963867, "to observations related to those milestones. The \u201cadjust as planned\u201d tier on the right side of Figure 5.1 represents such adjustments, which take place within the context of an existing plan. In other cases, it may prove useful or necessary to revise"]
[-0.1988149881362915, 12.911827087402344, "e, such\n1 Using the terminology of triple-loop learning, the lowest tier in Figure 5.1 represents single-loop learning, the middle tier double-loop learning, and the highest tier triple-loop learning.\n Implications for USEPA Water Quality Management "]
[-0.13626693189144135, 12.91219711303711, "he third column suggests how RDM might inform federal and state actions to modify the standard setting process.\n2 See related discussion for water supply management in Bloom (2015).\n 94 Managing Water Quality in the Face of Uncertainty\nTable 5.1\nCase"]
[-0.11039745807647705, 12.910829544067383, "nal and resource limitations, for instance, the Patuxent case study did not consider uncertainty regarding BMP effectiveness, and the North Farm Creek case study did not consider uncertainty regarding future land use, though these two factors are lik"]
[-0.19551928341388702, 12.874235153198242, "rtainty\nto environmental management, such as green infrastructure, have created a need for new forward-looking analytic approaches to help make water management plans more flexible and robust. Such new approaches may help reconcile the tension betwee"]
[-0.11091736704111099, 12.917097091674805, "\nGeneral policies on allowing variances, mixing zones and critical flows\nEvaluate: UAA, water-quality criteria validity and efficacy\nPublic comment\nSet standard\nUSEPA approval ?\nYes\n           Contaminant concentration criteria (numeric + narrative)\n"]
[0.12158286571502686, 12.974480628967285, "dditional simula- tion and vulnerability analysis results for the 2035\u20132045 hydrology period, including both phosphorous load results across many futures and additional scenario discovery. The final section presents a similar set of simulated results"]
[0.135609969496727, 12.951286315917969, ". The bottom panel presents the cumulative flow estimates for the observed and the simulated data.\nThe comparison of the flow data shows that the Phase 5 tends to slightly overesti- mate flow estimates in the river, but is generally in close range wi"]
[0.1407257616519928, 12.915014266967773, "the Face of Uncertainty\nAdditional Results for the 2035\u20132045 Hydrology Period Water Quality Results Across Many Futures\nFigure C.4\nScatterplot of Phosphorous and Sediment Loads, Both Plans (2035\u20132045)\nCurrent Management\nStrategy\nPhase II WIP\n        "]
[0.16586588323116302, 12.905226707458496, "us Area\n 150,088\n151,754\n 146,083\n All Areas\n 373,850\n381,998\n 364,628\n Average Temperature (degrees Fahrenheit)\n Winter\n 45.4\n45.1\n 44.3\n Summer\n 72.3\n72.1\n 71.6\n Annual\n 58.9\n58.6\n 58.0\n Average Precipitation (inches)\n Winter\n 22.9\n22.9\n 22.7\n Summ"]
[0.17113299667835236, 12.91504955291748, "ation 2035\u20132045 (percent change from historical 1984\u20132005) RAND RR720-C.7\n               Impervious area (percent change from base case)\n             114 Managing Water Quality in the Face of Uncertainty\nResults for the 2055\u20132065 Hydrology Period\nWat"]
[0.19061608612537384, 13.0058012008667, "  160\n                                                                               140\n                                                                               120\n                                                                              "]
[0.3818734288215637, 13.089210510253906, "\nCriteria (%)\n\u226410 \u226410 \u226415 \u2264 30 \u2264 30 \u2264 30 \u2264 30 \u2264 20 \u2264 50\n      Table D.2\nHydrology Calibration and Validation Summary Statistics at Fondulac Creek near East Peoria\n SWAT Simulated Flow\nReach outflow from outlet 5\n11.91-year analysis period: 10/1/2000\u2013"]
[0.38943397998809814, 13.126242637634277, "l volume\nError in 50% lowest flows\nError in 10% highest flows\nSeasonal volume error\u2014 summer\nSeasonal volume error\u2014fall Seasonal volume error\u2014winter Seasonal volume error\u2014spring Error in storm volumes\nError in summer storm volumes\nNash-Sutcliffe coeff"]
[-0.016862167045474052, 13.16169261932373, "hesapeake Bay Program, 2008. As of May 15, 2015: http://www.chesapeakebay.net/channel_files/16174/review_chesapeake_bay_watershed_modeling_ effort_2008.pdf\nBankes, Steven C., \u201cExploratory Modeling for Policy Analysis,\u201d Operations Research, Vol. 41, N"]
[-0.4088630974292755, 14.355903625488281, "//www.mwcog.org/uploads/committee-documents/aV5fVlxX20080430092814.pdf\nCoastal Protection and Restoration Authority, Louisiana\u2019s Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast, Baton Rouge, La.: Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority of Loui"]
[-0.009047032333910465, 13.120476722717285, "r Future Directions,\u201d Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 186, 2007, pp. 351\u2013363.\nDonigian, Anthony S., Jr., Brian R. Bicknell, Avinash S. Patwardhan, Lewis C. Linker, Chao-Hsi Chang, and Robert Reynolds, \u201cChesapeake Bay Program Watershed Model Appl"]
[-0.4977540969848633, 13.319429397583008, "rces Planning and Management, online publication, September 15, 2014.\nGroves, David G., Martha Davis, Robert Wilkinson, and Robert Lempert, \u201cPlanning for Climate Change in the Inland Empire, Southern California,\u201d Water Resources IMPACT, July 2008.\nGr"]
[-0.6977448463439941, 13.310552597045898, "ental Panel on Climate Change, Nebojsa Nakicenovic, and Robert Swart, eds., Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. As of May 18, 2015: http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/emission/index.php?idp=0\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Scien"]
[-0.45476505160331726, 13.270828247070312, "wn, and R. Dyball, \u201cSocial Learning: A New Approach to Environmental Management,\u201d in Social Learning in Environmental Management: Towards a Sustainable Future, London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2005, pp. 91\u2013103.\nKing, Dennis, and Patrick Hagan, Cos"]
[-0.6294524669647217, 13.315311431884766, " D. Sarewitz, and M. Schlesinger, \u201cCharacterizing Climate-Change Uncertainties for Decision-Makers: An Editorial Essay,\u201d Climatic Change, Vol. 65, No. 1\u20132, July 2004, pp. 1\u20139.\nLempert, Robert J., Steven W. Popper, and Steven C. Bankes, Shaping the Ne"]
[-0.6122217774391174, 13.32391357421875, "aiyan\nTeng, Josh Thompson, Simon Tucker, Bruce Wyman, Anila Anitha, Lawrence Buja, Christopher Macintosh, Larry McDaniel, Travis O\u2019Brien, Yun Qian, Lisa Sloan, Gary Strand, and Casey Zoellick, \u201cThe North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Pr"]
[-0.6215268969535828, 13.318413734436035, " 2009. As of May 19, 2015:\nh t t p : // w w w. n a p . e d u /c a t a l o g . p h p ? r e c o r d _ i d =1 2 6 2 6\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Informing an Effective Response to Climate Change, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2010. As of May 19, 2015:\nh t t"]
[-0.4899972677230835, 13.2427978515625, "ing Your Options Open,\u201d in Jonathan Rosenhead, ed., Rational Analysis for a Problematic World: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and Conflict, Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 1989.\nRosenhead, M. J., M. Elton, and S. K. Gupt"]
[0.024232732132077217, 12.919038772583008, "tmdl/report/illinois-river/farm-creek-dry-run-implementation-plan. pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, SWAT Model Calibration Report for Farm Creek Watershed, Research Triangle Park, N.C.: TetraTech Incorporated, 2014.\nTrigeorgis, Lenos, Real Options: Managerial Flexibility an"]
[-0.14335615932941437, 12.90719223022461, "al Research Service (USDA-ARS), and Texas A&M AgriLife Research, \u201cSWAT Revision History,\u201d 2014a. As of July 22, 2015: http://swat.tamu.edu/software/swat-executables/revisions/\nUSEPA\u2014See U.S. Department of Environmental Protection.\nVan Metre, Peter C."]
[-0.20805324614048004, 12.871569633483887, "s the development of implementation plans that specify the actions a community will take to attain total maximum daily load (TMDL) water quality standards. However, these plans typically do not take climate change or other challenging uncertainties i"]
[0.43942776322364807, 7.210481643676758, " The Strategic Perspective and Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategies\nfor Israel\nKey Methods with an Application to Aging\nSteven W. Popper, Howard J. Shatz, Shmuel Abramzon, Claude Berrebi, Shira Efron\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publicatio"]
[0.3719691038131714, 7.140552043914795, "ng government officials in developing means by which Israel could enhance its capacity for applying strategic thinking to the development of government policy, particularly in the socioeconomic sphere. They asked us to provide a range of inputs on su"]
[0.39297789335250854, 7.1638336181640625, "m is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Envi- ronment, a division of the RAND Corporation dedicated to improving policy and decisionmaking in a wide range of policy domains, includ- ing civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and"]
[0.5169975757598877, 7.289620876312256, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steps in Applying a Strategic Perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Aging in Israel: An Inevitable \u201cSurprise\u201d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[0.516477108001709, 7.290317058563232, ".......................... 141\nContents ix\nFigures\n S.1. The Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi\nS.2. Applying a Strategic Perspective (Observation and\nOrientation) Within the Framework of Long-Term\nSocio"]
[0.5793226957321167, 7.350473403930664, "ing............................................................. 100\n9.2. The Futures Wheel Used for Event Extrapolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101\n9.3. The Futures Wheel Used for Policy Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103\n9.4. Simple De"]
[0.4050125479698181, 7.181396484375, "ry............................................................ 107\nA.1. Candidate Indicators of Socioeconomic Outcomes for AllFourBalanced-ScorecardAccounts......................... 123\nSummary\n We provided support to an Israeli government team of hi"]
[0.42291459441185, 7.202409267425537, "spective requires a common frame of reference for each element of the OODA loop, grounded in what matters to deci- sionmakers, as shown in Figure S.2. It typically begins with a vision:\nFigure S.2\nApplying a Strategic Perspective (Observation and Ori"]
[0.42519718408584595, 7.203165531158447, "policymakers make policy choices based on that role, so its omission would fail to reflect actual trade-offs. For most countries, we could omit national security from the socioeconomic scorecard. For Israel, this is a judgment call, so the figure all"]
[0.5622538924217224, 7.3340888023376465, "riving and achieving consensus on a set of desirable outcomes\nExamining strategic choices systematically and building a robust course of action\nDetermining requirements for moving from a strategy choice to a strategic plan\nExample Application\nFutures"]
[0.5878380537033081, 7.3592448234558105, "trategies for Israel\nIn an era of rapid population aging, they could result in underutilizing valuable labor resources.\nRAND was asked to conduct a major case-study analysis of countries that have preceded Israel into demographic transition. We selec"]
[0.5501813888549805, 7.324555397033691, "are\nShare of those ages 25 and older who have engaged in further education in\nlife skills, work skills, and general culture\nAvailability of help through social contacts and families\n   xxiv The Strategic Perspective and Long-Term Socioeconomic Strate"]
[0.5489482283592224, 7.321535587310791, " used several scenario techniques and developed a list of \u201cwhat could go wrong\u201d scenarios in the absence of policy action as Israel\u2019s population ages. This allows decisionmakers to focus attention on particulars while they gain a better understanding"]
[0.5316591858863831, 7.304427623748779, "el could broaden the base by upgrading the skills of communities with marginal par- ticipation in the general economy. This could also include chang- ing work\u2013life balance.\n\u2022 improving outcomes for health and aging. This approach looks beyond the eff"]
[0.4888288974761963, 7.26188850402832, "ionmaking, and the problems of Israel\u2019s aging population.\nWe also thank C. Richard Neu of RAND and Jack Habib, direc- tor of the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute, who provided insightful, detailed, and challenging formal reviews. Their comments greatly "]
[0.3916741907596588, 7.165737628936768, "ose challenges. Facing major existential challenges throughout Israel\u2019s history, the govern- ment has not routinely developed strategic responses to problems that demand longer-term, coordinated policy action.\nIn 2010, the government appointed a team"]
[0.4496404826641083, 7.224196434020996, "an illustration applying these principles to the specific circumstances of Israel.\nChapter Five presents a schematic process for conducting an analysis intended to provide a strategic perspective on one or more socioeconomic issues. Chapters Six thro"]
[0.39558807015419006, 7.17081880569458, " be coherent, in the sense that they should work together and complement each other. Just as important is the requirement that they be feasible: They should take account of potential obstacles and constraints.\n5\n6 The Strategic Perspective and Long-T"]
[0.390537828207016, 7.1655049324035645, " also about the patterns of thinking that best match resources and capabilities to achieving desired policy ends\u201d (Drezner,\n2009, p. 14).1\nStrategic Perspective and Its Link to Strategy\nStrategy is often considered to be the peak of the policy pyrami"]
[0.4020126760005951, 7.178327560424805, "rop- erty of this process suggests that it is a capability that must be continu- ously called upon. This suggests the need for observation and orienta- tion to be integrated with the institutions for decision and action.\nFigure 2.1\nThe Observe, Orien"]
[0.3829970359802246, 7.157021999359131, " capacity for incorporating them in a functionally meaningful way. A strategic approach to policy formation requires observing the effects of decisions and actions (observe) and then ana- lyzing them in the context of experience, governing constraint"]
[0.2393890917301178, 7.007266044616699, "unctions themselves nor the resulting findings are institutional- ized. This frustrates attempts to make individual insights shareable and provides no mechanism by which the insights of many offices could be developed through collaboration on particu"]
[0.367640882730484, 7.141026496887207, "king by clarifying the means by which stra- tegic ends will be paid for.\nThe Strategic Perspective and Socioeconomic Policy 13\nInformed by our findings, we and our partnering organization, Shaldor Strategy Consulting, recommended the following instit"]
[0.4024946987628937, 7.175952911376953, "o take a strategic perspective regarding socioeconomic prob- lems. We illustrate with specific examples stemming from the issues raised by the aging of Israel\u2019s population. Of course, these examples are not in any way to be regarded as prescriptive: "]
[0.39713606238365173, 7.173677921295166, "tical lead- ers by describing the key trends and problems, putting them into an understandable context, analyzing the uncertainties, and building alternative future views to frame dialogue and fur- ther analysis. In doing so, they provide the tools f"]
[0.4077768921852112, 7.187775611877441, "at prog- ress is being made toward meeting these goals. Goals, means, and strat- egies might need to be recalibrated periodically in a recursive manner. As in archery, intended targets and actual points of impact might differ in practice. But having "]
[0.37965238094329834, 7.166192054748535, "atement of government strat- egy. It is technically possible to monitor trends and perform analyses independently of such considerations. But such monitoring and assess- ment will be of more practical use if they are informed by a sense of the public"]
[0.4116956889629364, 7.200611591339111, " the publications in the annual Measuring Austra- lia\u2019s Progress series, e.g., Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2009). This is spurred, in part, by an interest in providing greater accountability for and understanding of government activities. The ex"]
[0.43980342149734497, 7.220597743988037, "of the organization and provides a complete portrait of what it is trying to achieve. We have chosen to apply this approach to Israel\u2019s socioeco-\n2 Briefly, this format originated in business and stemmed from the realization that paying attention sol"]
[0.4490815997123718, 7.234184741973877, "ern- ment institutions. The existing structure of Basic Laws does not yet cover all constitutional issues frequently found in the written constitutions of other countries.\n Figure 3.1\nA Balanced Socioeconomic Scorecard for Israel\nWell-being of the in"]
[0.39329200983047485, 7.170591831207275, "ion is to foster consid- eration and discussion, one could also argue that, for Israel, there are perhaps two other categories that require consideration.\nThe documents that laid the foundation for the modern state of Israel\u2014the Balfour Declaration ("]
[0.4418432116508484, 7.2287373542785645, " considerations, the concerns and actions taken on behalf of national defense have a profound influence on economic and social outcomes. In the spirit of a balanced scorecard, this aspect is at least hinted at in the design shown in Figure 3.1. It is"]
[0.45562902092933655, 7.247453212738037, "ve feelings. This is distinct from the measures under the account pertaining to government performance and dem- ocratic process, which are more tuned to understanding differences between communities and locales in this dimension. Similarly, includ- i"]
[0.4626680314540863, 7.267235279083252, " mind because of different roles measurement can play as part of building a strategic perspective. We use the term metric to refer to an ideal representation of what we seek to assay and monitor for each of the dimensions identified in Table 3.1 in C"]
[0.4386225640773773, 7.2430548667907715, " plans can be found in PMO, 2010.\n Measurement and Indicators of Socioeconomic Outcomes in Israel 31\nalso play a valuable role in conveying and supporting discussions about ideas, as well as in mobilizing political constituencies.\nMeasuring Progress\n"]
[0.4651699364185333, 7.282090663909912, "ffecting policy. Indicators are most influential when used for measurement, their first role, when there is considerable consensus on policy objectives and agreement on what types of policy are appropriate. In instances in which this level of wide ag"]
[0.452237993478775, 7.23928165435791, "asing a discussion of strategy on specific social and economic goals.\nTables 4.1 to 4.4 each elaborate on one of the four accounts in the balanced scorecard we seek to illuminate. In the left column, each table shows the dimensions that appeared in T"]
[0.4594845473766327, 7.250487327575684, "nued Dimension\nIdeal Metric\nMeasurement and Indicators of Socioeconomic Outcomes in Israel 35\n    Work\u2013life balance Education and skills\nCivic engagement and governance\nSocial and cultural connections\nEnvironmental quality\nPersonal security Subjectiv"]
[0.4689890742301941, 7.274300575256348, "Israel in external Jewish communities\nAttractiveness of Israel to Jewish individuals\nIsrael leadership in sustaining and adding to Jewish cultural resources\n    We have developed metrics as constituent elements of a strategic frame- work for consider"]
[0.47131845355033875, 7.277184009552002, "low (Bell, Eason, and Frederiksen, 2011).\nSets of indicators should be reviewed over time for their contin- ued relevance. The very popularity of a particular indicator could become problematic if it no longer accurately reflects the actual condition"]
[0.40637919306755066, 7.185306549072266, " an automobile, dashboard in this context would refer to a set of measures chosen to be a small set of indicators for monitoring the results from policy initiatives and socioeconomic outcomes.\n 40 The Strategic Perspective and Long-Term Socioeconomic"]
[0.40136051177978516, 7.17832088470459, "e daily practice can involve compromises, it is useful to lay out explicitly an idealized view of how a strategic process might logically proceed.\nTable 5.1 shows the major conceptual steps involved. The first column identifies the portion of the OOD"]
[0.5486708879470825, 7.325173377990723, " and the public interest: Which of these will be most affected? What other areas might be affected indirectly? What indicators are important to watch for developments?\nDynamic analysis\u2014the quantification of trends and possible causal effects, along w"]
[0.4729742705821991, 7.24808406829834, "ing a Strategic Perspective 45\n   Step\n1. Scan and list initial questions.\n2. Gather information.\n3. Understand the system.\n4. Perform dynamic analysis.\n5. Build scenarios.\n6. Identify key questions and strategic directions.\n7. Define strategic objec"]
[0.5709578394889832, 7.34335470199585, "ght, we present several insights into population aging in Israel and the potential influence in socioeconomic outcomes. We do so in several stages, starting in Chapter Six with scanning and listing initial questions, as indicated in Table 5.2. In thi"]
[0.42278653383255005, 7.200624465942383, "y bodies responsible for socioeconomic well-being? As a practical matter, it is usually difficult enough to find sufficient time and attention to deal with day-to-day concerns so as to preclude any serious consideration of the future.\nSeveral techniq"]
[0.4295075237751007, 7.207582473754883, "he group\u2019s original story of the path Israel took to achieve the desirable future in the story?\n4. How would the wild-card events affect the likelihood that the\nfuture positive story about Israel would actually be written?\nThe backcasting exercise se"]
[0.5211494565010071, 7.295659065246582, "of any scenario-based exercise. In particular, the two-stage structure employed in the Novem- ber 2011 workshop, in which surprises are introduced into what oth- erwise would be a process of linear extrapolation, introduces the con- cept of robustnes"]
[0.5859296917915344, 7.357336521148682, "ce and might even serve as points of leverage for moving closer to that vision for a future Israel.\nIn this light, it is interesting to note that, even in this broadest of contexts, in which literally everything associated with economy and society in"]
[0.594571590423584, 7.361383438110352, "rael faces. The first of these are the indications that extended life spans need not necessarily mean more years of ill health. This is an additional example of a prior assump- tion being reconsidered on the basis of emerging evidence. A more complex"]
[0.5814809203147888, 7.352158546447754, "488-6.2\n5 Rohwedder and Willis, 2010, found direct effects on cognitive ability from early retire- ment. Degree of social engagement also affects health and health outcomes (Luo et al., 2002; Steptoe et al., 2013).\n  Figure 6.3\nChanges in Mortality a"]
[0.5733152627944946, 7.3453450202941895, "lation aging as a strategic issue. Although many demographic trends have eminently predictable aspects (for example, all people who will turn 65 in the year 2035 are alive today), the effects of these fore- seeable trends take years to develop to the"]
[0.5881775617599487, 7.358882904052734, "rld. Unlike most other countries in the OECD, it still enjoys overall fertil- ity rates above replacement. But the situation is changing. Some of the factors that kept Israel a comparatively young country (a postindepen- dence domestic \u201cbaby boom\u201d co"]
[0.5878958106040955, 7.355253219604492, "System 63\nFigure 7.1\nAge Structure of Israel\u2019s Population in 2009, by Community\n Male\n     Female\nNon-haredi Jews and others\nHaredi Jews Arabs\n Age (years)\n80+ 75\u201379 70\u201374 65\u201369 60\u201364 55\u201359 50\u201354 45\u201349 40\u201344 35\u201339 30\u201334 25\u201329 20\u201324 15\u201319 10\u201314 5\u20139 0\u2013"]
[0.5857353806495667, 7.356869220733643, "-growth scenario assumptions.\nRAND RR488-7.3\nspecialists has nearly doubled in the past ten years, Israel still has a relative shortage. General physicians, not geriatricians, fill most of the voids. Accordingly, hospitals might not have physicians w"]
[0.5919310450553894, 7.3640594482421875, "65 and older in Israel and that in several other OECD member countries as shown in results of a standard survey. This is important because of the growing body of literature demonstrating links between social isolation and loneliness on one hand and b"]
[0.5855484008789062, 7.356213569641113, "nd complex hospitalization care) are NIS 11.4 billion (Chernichovsky and Regev, 2012). Currently, private and public sources of funding share these costs equally. This represents a relatively low share of GDP (approximately 1.2 percent), but, given t"]
[0.6227156519889832, 7.389673233032227, "orts it.\nA second main finding is that various issues that population aging affects (such as pensions, employment, housing, health, and family policy) appear most often to be treated separately and distinctly from each other. There has been some move"]
[0.5821018218994141, 7.353135585784912, "erations. The intention was to raise awareness of the contribution that older people make to society and to encourage policymakers and relevant stakeholders at all levels\nInformation-Gathering and Mapping the System 71\nto take action with the aim of "]
[0.5806608200073242, 7.352105140686035, "-up of chronically ill patients and better\ncoordination of care\n\u2013 enhanced preventive health services\n\u2013 greater attention to mental health\n\u2013 better self-care through increased health literacy and access to\ntools for greater adaptability.\n\u2022 attacking "]
[0.5940291285514832, 7.3623046875, "sts.\nPensions, Income, and Welfare\nPensions and income-replacement policies are central in all the coun- tries\u2019 strategies. Although it is a large and complex field in itself, several trends stand out from a cross-country assessment.\nOne indicator of"]
[0.5979304909706116, 7.36491060256958, "sion on the most vulnerable.\n\u2022 public education: Encourage people to save for their own retire- ment to make up for reductions in public benefits that are already in the pipeline or are likely to be required.\nThe OECD\u2019s position is that a diversified"]
[0.6035627722740173, 7.372236251831055, "ability to live at home.\n\u2022 effect of life expectancy: Differences in life expectancy have a large influence on pension wealth. Other things being equal, countries with lower-than-average life expectancy can afford to pay men a pension 10 percent high"]
[0.5911372303962708, 7.362008571624756, "ractive and rewarding proposition for older people, there is need for action on both the demand side and supply side. This requires cooperation by government, employers, and civil society. First, there must be strong financial incentives to continue\n"]
[0.5903355479240417, 7.360889911651611, "orkplace, such countries as Finland\n80 The Strategic Perspective and Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategies for Israel\nhave been cultivating a culture of lifelong learning at midcareer, while others, such as Japan, have been providing employment assistan"]
[0.589414656162262, 7.36046838760376, " However, as fertility declines, per-family and per- child expenditures on human-capital development rise in a surprisingly consistent manner across countries (Lee and Mason, 2010). The effec- tiveness of these expenditures has at least the potential"]
[0.5841521620750427, 7.356026649475098, "ounger ones. Thus, the OECD has developed recom- mendations for building safer vehicles for the elderly and investing in safety-enhancing road infrastructure.\nEnvironmental Issues and Health\nPopulation aging exacerbates the effects of societal transp"]
[0.5590619444847107, 7.340389251708984, "ies\nIdeal Metric\nAvailability of material means to achieve life goals\nWealth to sustain shocks and meet goals over time\nAccess to adequate housing\nHousing affordability\nStatus with respect to disease\nStatus with respect to wellness\nTime balance betwe"]
[0.5951031446456909, 7.363128662109375, "est.\nCHAPTER EIGHT\nDynamic Analysis: Focus on Health Care Cost and Dependency\n In Chapter Seven, we assessed available information and drew infer- ences for Israel. In this chapter, we utilize existing data on trends to conduct dynamic analyses proje"]
[0.5939566493034363, 7.3608222007751465, "that other changes might also occur in terms of both GDP growth and the prices of various types of health care. Both would most likely be in directions that would further accentuate the rise in health care spending as a share of GDP.\n Demographic Sce"]
[0.5948350429534912, 7.364652156829834, "4\n2.61\n1.46 1.01\n     1.92 1.34\n1.89\n1.27\n  0.64\n0.15 0.14 0.15 0.14\n0.43\n0.49\n Share of GDP\n3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5\n0\nSOURCE: Habib, 2012.\nRAND RR488-8.1\n2006 2010\n2020 2030\nYear\nDynamic Analysis: Focus on Health Care Cost and Dependency 91\ngations."]
[0.6072911024093628, 7.377841472625732, "elf in any of a wide range of scenarios. In another ten years, 2034, the range rises to between 27 and 29. In 2059, the high\u2013population growth projections yield 31, while the low- growth projections, those that seem to accord with more-recent trends "]
[0.6159156560897827, 7.386714935302734, "                                                    1980\n                                                         1985\n                                                         1990\n                                                         1995\n       "]
[0.6028679609298706, 7.372676849365234, "ew adjusted total dependency ratio was not 0.84 but rather 1.21. That is, the number of actual dependent Israelis ages zero to 19 and at least 65 years old exceeded the number of Israelis actually employed in the formal economy. If we assume that the"]
[0.5772421956062317, 7.3483686447143555, "hat a labor force more skewed toward the older end of the spectrum might well prove less innovative or productive in aggregate. There might also be effects on exchange rates as the balance of demand shifts from tradable toward nontradable goods and s"]
[0.5894497632980347, 7.359685897827148, "ayments, even without further proceeds (NII, 2011). With business as usual, the reserve ratio is expected to change its course and begin decreasing, starting from 2014. According to demographic\nDynamic Analysis: Focus on Health Care Cost and Dependen"]
[0.6426761150360107, 7.4340314865112305, " national product should take this factor into account.\nCHAPTER NINE\nScenario Building: First Simple Steps\n In Chapter Eight, we reported on dynamic analyses to project current and possible trends into the future. The quantitative approach is indis- "]
[0.5631875991821289, 7.336117267608643, "s wheel as an aid to extrapola- tion. It notes at least three trends observable in 2012: increasing lon- gevity, increasing aged population, and the aged generally requiring more health and social services, especially those focused on problems of agi"]
[0.5747277736663818, 7.347878932952881, "ts from the prospective change in areas, such as intergenerational transfers, effects on social and family life, the balance of supply and demand in the labor market, and the volume and categories of public expenditures.\nThe futures wheel, though sim"]
[0.5773776769638062, 7.35331392288208, "sive\n\u2022 the young contributing more time and money to elder care\n\u2022 elders demanding more public and alternative transportation\n\u2022 pay-as-you-go systems needing more workers\u2019 taxes\n\u2022 elder-care burden affecting family budgets\n\u2022 financial literacy being "]
[0.5266801714897156, 7.306587219238281, "It provides a schematic map- ping of trends, determining factors, goals, and outcomes. It is an aid to both strategic assessment and strategic planning by creating a means for looking at the big picture while making clear the relationships among the "]
[0.5680901408195496, 7.335712432861328, "ms\nInsufficient incentives for geriatric-worker training\nScenario Building: First Simple Steps 107\n      108 The Strategic Perspective and Long-Term Socioeconomic Strategies for Israel\nthe plan turns out to be completely ineffective or even worse. A "]
[-0.3940008282661438, 12.732393264770508, "gies (see Lempert et al., 2008, for an example).3\nRobust decisionmaking (RDM) is a method designed for use with quantitative models. It is not a new modeling technique but rather a different approach to the way models are used. Policymakers can combi"]
[0.5360202789306641, 7.307470798492432, "placed within a larger framework that encompasses a full range of socioeconomic concerns. Chapter Ten brings the process of gaining a strategic perspective to the point at which it can support meaningful policy discussions.\nCHAPTER TEN\nMoving Toward "]
[0.6018292903900146, 7.372318267822266, "entions, and whose contribution to society might be enhanced by policy changes.\n\u2022 Mental, physical, and emotional well-being is affected by increas- ing engagement in work, leisure, and social activities (Rowe and Kahn, 1997).\n\u2022 Meaningful engagement"]
[0.5633941292762756, 7.333922863006592, " financial responsibility and so create a constituency for public action.\nIsrael could take any of a range of different actions in each of the issue areas touched by population aging. More generally, actions in\n114 The Strategic Perspective and Long-"]
[0.5397144556045532, 7.311914920806885, "lth aware- ness and morbidity prevention (through primary care), conducting comprehensive geriatric assessments in the community, and provid- ing home-oriented medical care and rehabilitation. Such efforts would have the potential to reduce the burde"]
[0.3279576897621155, 7.092810153961182, "e context of population aging, the Strategy Unit would monitor various aging- related factors, such as population projections, health indicators, and labor-market indicators, on an ongoing basis. As part of its horizon scanning and foresight practice"]
[0.3402642011642456, 7.108175277709961, "enda and action plans. Approval by the Political Forum would lead to further development of a detailed plan as part of the government\u2019s strategic agenda.\nThe strategic agenda would emerge from a term-specific strategy planning process designed to pro"]
[0.371550053358078, 7.146061897277832, "s. In parallel, the Strategy Unit would continue to conduct its long-term process of monitoring the effects that major factors are having on the society and economy and of performing foresight and horizon scanning. Some of these practices would be di"]
[0.3518937826156616, 7.12454080581665, "ts.\n   4. Have the Professional Forum coordinate and plan.\n  5. Plan in detail.\n    6. Obtain PM\u2019s and cabinet\u2019s approval of the detailed plan.\n 7. Execute the plan.\n  In this report and its companion (Shatz et al., 2015), we lay out a framework of i"]
[0.5155571103096008, 7.313522815704346, "apter Three. As before, this is intended to provide an illustration; it is by no means definitive, complete, or necessarily the only possible such framework. For example, we discussed weaknesses of each suggested metric and identified similar metrics"]
[0.4603702127933502, 7.241678714752197, " Programme for International Student\nAssessment reading skills\nS-28 Trends in International Mathematics and\nScience Study math and science skills\nS-29 Share of those 25 years and older who have\nengaged in further education in life skills, work skills"]
[0.45308974385261536, 7.23970890045166, "1\u2014Continued\n Goal\nSustainable, growing, and innovative economy, continued\nDimension\nInnovation, continued\nMacro stability and finance\nIdeal Metric\nInnovative capacity growth\nFiscal and monetary balances\nID Suggested Measure\nE-13 Gross domestic expend"]
[0.49349716305732727, 7.265705108642578, "ies\nJ-3 Annual visits to Israel, by country\nJ-4 Immigration from high-income countries\n Israel\u2019s J-5 leadership\nin sustaining and adding to Jewish cultural resources\n NOTE: CO2 = carbon dioxide.\na The Gini coefficient is a statistical representation "]
[0.6050310730934143, 7.376547813415527, " to recover from unemployment)\n\u2022 infrastructure\nSelected Output from the November 2011 Backcasting Workshop 133\n\u2013 improving mobility\u2014public transport\n\u2013 effective urban construction to efficiently enhance the quality\nof life.\n\u201cWhat Underlying Factors "]
[0.5799313187599182, 7.3514204025268555, "e for elderly.\nHome Care\n\u2022 Change income tests of eligibility for public support for home care services by using them solely to determine level of eligibility or dispensing with income tests and determining level of eligibil- ity according to functio"]
[0.5780090093612671, 7.349155426025391, "e month in a geriatric center, included within the residency year of each new physician, mandating that resident physicians in internal and family medi- cine choose extensions in geriatrics.\n\u2022 Develop a policy regarding the necessary attention that s"]
[0.5784505009651184, 7.345016002655029, "15: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a425228.pdf\nAuping, Willem, Erik Pruyt, Jan Kwakkel, Govert Gijsbers, and Michel Rademaker, Aging: Uncertainties and Solutions, The Hague: Centre for Strategic Studies and TNO, Report 2012-10, 2012. As of M"]
[0.5693104267120361, 7.33646821975708, "s Based on Stated Preference,\u201d American Economic Review, Vol. 104, No. 9, September 2014, pp. 2698\u20132735.\nBourgeois-Pichat, Jean, article title unknown, Population, Vol. 3, 1952.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, article title unknown, Population Bulletin of the United Nations, V"]
[0.5675762891769409, 7.334990501403809, "and Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Aging and the Macroeconomy: Long- Term Implications of an Older Population, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2012. As of May 4, 2015:\nhttp://w w w.nap.edu/catalog/13465/ aging-a"]
[0.5598041415214539, 7.328207492828369, "012.\nEuropean Union, \u201cEuropean Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC),\u201d undated.\n\u201cExcerpt from an Address Before a Joint Session of Congress, 25 May 1961,\u201d Columbia Broadcasting System, May 25, 1961. As of May 4, 2015: http://www."]
[0.5911454558372498, 7.37326717376709, "//w w w.nber.org/papers/w11833\nHall, Stephen, Edward Tredger, Mohammad Ali, and Pat Thomas, eds.,\nSustainable Development Indicators in Your Pocket 2009: An Update of the UK Government Strategy Indicators, London: Department for Environment, Food and"]
[0.5567087531089783, 7.326071739196777, "Transition,\u201d European Journal of Population, Vol. 26, No. 2, May 2010, pp. 159\u2013182.\nLempert, Robert J., Steven W. Popper, and Steven C. Bankes, Shaping the Next One Hundred Years: New Methods for Quantitative, Long-Term Policy Analysis, Santa Monica,"]
[0.6049550771713257, 7.3519792556762695, "fare-proposals\nOECD\u2014See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Oeppen, Jim, and James W. Vaupel, \u201cBroken Limits to Life Expectancy,\u201d Science,\nVol. 296, No. 5570, May 10, 2002, pp. 1029\u20131031.\nOfford Centre for Child Studies, \u201cThe Earl"]
[0.5521019101142883, 7.317770004272461, "ment, Keep Working,\u201d Well, October 19, 2009. As of May 8, 2015:\nhttp://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/19/ for-a-healthy-retirement-keep-working/?_r=0\nPirttila\u0308, Jukka, and Ha\u030akan Selin, Tax Policy and Employment: How Does the Swedish System Fare, Hel"]
[0.5548921823501587, 7.324146270751953, " unknown, in Suzanne G. Haynes and Manning Feinleib, eds., Second Conference on the Epidemiology of Aging: Proceedings of the Second Conference, March 28\u201329, 1977, Bethesda, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Public Health Services; N"]
[0.5413400530815125, 7.307024002075195, "ionery Office Limited, HC 435, October 18, 2010. As of May 4, 2015:\nh t t p : / / w w w . p u b l i c a t i o n s . p a r l i a m e n t . u k / p a / c m 2 0 1 0 11 / c m s e l e c t / cmpubadm/435/435.pdf\nUK Prime Minister\u2019s Strategy Unit, Strategy "]
[0.4871484637260437, 7.25796365737915, "anization, \u201cWHO Mortality Database,\u201d undated. As of July 16, 2015:\nhttp://www.who.int/healthinfo/mortality_data/en/\nYarger, Harry R., Strategic Theory for the 21st Century: The Little Book on Big Strategy, Carlisle, Pa.: Strategic Studies Institute, "]
[10.159428596496582, -2.6904959678649902, " Nanomaterial Safety in the Workplace\nPilot Project for Assessing the\nImpact of the NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center\nEric Landree, Hirokazu Miyake, Victoria A. Greenfield\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t"]
[10.15532112121582, -2.6846859455108643, "e RAND Corporation\u2019s application of the proposed method to a por- tion of NTRC\u2019s operations. For purposes of this pilot study and to test our model of NTRC operations, we limited our data collection concerning NIOSH outputs and stakeholder engagement"]
[10.159852981567383, -2.6922693252563477, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Tables............................................................................................"]
[10.160520553588867, -2.693385124206543, "CIntermediateOutputsandIntermediateOutcomes.................................... 24 NTRC End Customers and End Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25\nv\nvi Nanomaterial "]
[10.159539222717285, -2.6922242641448975, ".\nA.1. Venn Diagram of Criteria for Scoping the NTRC Assessment . . . . . . . . . ..........\nA.2. NIOSH NTRC Logic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........\nA.3. Notional Logic Mode"]
[10.160080909729004, -2.6921324729919434, " and health of workers who could be affected by the production, use, reuse, or disposal of the products of nanotechnology that are of greatest concern to workers, such as engineered nanomaterials. The purpose of the project was to develop a method th"]
[10.158390998840332, -2.690370559692383, "cuss NTRC\u2019s outputs and services and how they are being used to affect worker safety and health. These discus- sions were used to verify and expand our initial logic model and to collect examples of NTRC contributions to worker safety and health rela"]
[10.0236177444458, -2.472712516784668, "would like to especially thank our reviewers, Philip Anto\u0301n, RAND senior engi- neer currently on Intergovernmental Personnel Act assignment to the Department of Defense as the Deputy Director of the Acquisition Policy Analysis Center within the Offic"]
[10.084318161010742, -2.5700619220733643, "lementation of the World Trade Center Health Program.1\nNIOSH\u2019s staff consists of more than 1,200 employees with expertise in fields ranging from epidemiology, medicine, nursing, industrial hygiene, safety, psychology, chemistry, statistics, and econo"]
[10.15943717956543, -2.6912450790405273, "chnology and nano- materials; create a strategic plan for investigating these issues; coordinate the NIOSH research effort by engaging with scientists and engineers across NIOSH divisions, lab- oratories, and offices to develop research partnerships;"]
[10.16050910949707, -2.6936051845550537, " and impacts is typically diffuse and indirect, and it can be difficult to discern. For instance, multiple efforts or events (including other research efforts) may be needed to achieve a particular impact. Similarly, research findings can contribute "]
[10.16058349609375, -2.693326950073242, "n length), or only one dimension (i.e., sheets of materials whose thickness is 100 nanometers or less, such as graphene). We use engineered nanomaterial to refer to both purposefully fabricated nanomaterials as well as nanoscale materials whose surfa"]
[10.1542329788208, -2.686002731323242, "ope.\n4. Identify and contact NTRC\u2019s stakeholders or a subset of stakeholders to inquire\nabout their familiarity with and use of NTRC products (e.g., research findings, guidance documents, prototypes), both to further refine and finalize the pre-\n6 Fo"]
[10.158616065979004, -2.6902949810028076, "ood\nservice)a\n\u2022 Electronics (e.g., semiconductor)a\n\u2022 Food additivesa, b\n\u2022 Clothing, textiles, fabrics coatinga, b\n   tiple industry sectors and topic areas, but that would not include the totality of the center (see Figure 1.2).\nOn that basis, we sel"]
[10.162574768066406, -2.6955580711364746, "formation to populate the model, as well as our initial findings, based largely on a content analysis of publicly available documents. Chapter Three focuses on program efforts, and Chapter Four focuses on program effects. Chapter Four also describes "]
[10.163049697875977, -2.696943521499634, "se mission is to reduce occupational inju- ries, illnesses, and fatalities may not capture impacts that occur as a result of that research migrating beyond occupational safety and health.\n1 There are several sources of information on the theory and e"]
[10.161144256591797, -2.694218158721924, "\u2022 Activities represent what an organization does on a daily basis. Depending on the size and complexity of the organization, the range of activities can be narrow or broad. In the case of the NTRC logic model, there are four general types of activi- "]
[10.160799026489258, -2.6940622329711914, "t received NTRC products. Therefore, while it is the case that some customers may also be part- ners, we do not discuss partners in detail. For more thorough descriptions of the potential role of partners, the authors recommend Greenfield, Williams, "]
[10.159440994262695, -2.6926324367523193, "o improve its usability, and those modifications may enhance the equipment\u2019s use and adoption by other workers. End customers could also provide feedback to NIOSH that could inspire new research activities regarding performance or the form factor of "]
[10.161139488220215, -2.694143533706665, "as used to categorize and align the various pieces of information is shown in Table C.1 in Appendix C.\nThe modification of the NIOSH logic model mission statement to create an NTRC-specific mission is consistent with the program-level mission stateme"]
[10.160446166992188, -2.693169355392456, "ests raised by stakeholders (i.e., partners, intermediate customers, and end\ncustomers)\n\u2022 Risk assessment findings\n\u2022 Scientific journal articles\n\u2022 Animal and epidemiological studies\nSOURCE: Based on RAND analysis of documents, with input from NTRC.\nW"]
[10.16351318359375, -2.6957058906555176, "equipment to generate and characterize dispersed or aerosolized nanoparticles\n\u2022 Identify and develop nanoscale reference materials\nfor calibrating measurement instruments\n\u2022 Evaluate diffusion charge-based sensors\n\u2022 Develop protocol for measuring nano"]
[10.14094066619873, -2.6736063957214355, "tomers without having to pass through intermediate customers. For this reason, we call out the trans- fer that occurs through the NTRC field research teams as a separate mechanism for transferring NTRC outputs to both employers and workers that suppo"]
[10.160029411315918, -2.6928672790527344, "ce-to-face exchange, which is consistent with our characterization of the NTRC field research team\u2019s on-site engagement with employers and workers. In addition, publishing scientific findings in journals, publishing and dis- seminating NIOSH reports,"]
[10.159624099731445, -2.6922447681427, "Nanomaterial Safety in the Workplace: Pilot Project for Assessing the Impact of NIOSH NTRC\nTable 4.1\nPreliminary List of NTRC Intermediate Customers\nIntermediate Customers\nIndustry (establish policies/procedures)\n\u2022 Manufacturers of nanomaterials\n\u2022 Di"]
[10.18127155303955, -2.707216262817383, "s that contain nano-Ag and construction companies that use engineered nano- materials that are integrated into other construction materials. This subcategory also includes the growing number of companies involved with the recovery, recycling, or disp"]
[10.159335136413574, -2.691784381866455, "nder the rubric of researcher and research institutions might be the easiest to substantiate\u2014for example, through con- ventional bibliometric assessments or citation analysis. Insomuch as these types of cus- tomers make use of NTRC outputs in their o"]
[10.160593032836914, -2.6934499740600586, "ers\nIntermediate Outcomes\n\u2022 Acquisition of engineering controls and PPE in industrial processes\n\u2022 Use of NIST Standard Reference Materials\n\u2022 Use of NIOSH-developed measurement methods\n\u2022 Acquisition of monitoring and sam- pling equipment\n    SOURCE: B"]
[10.160924911499023, -2.6941699981689453, "contained in Tables 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3 were trans- lated into the logic model in Figure 4.1. As described in Chapter Three, NTRC activ- ities associated with conducting research; developing instruments, test equipment, protocols, and re"]
[10.161772727966309, -2.6944921016693115, "ocumenting NIOSH NTRC Program Effects 27\n     Mission: To provide national and world leadership to prevent work-related illnesses and injuries resulting from exposures to nanomaterials\nEnd outcomes:\nReduction in work-related illnesses and injuries re"]
[10.154288291931152, -2.6828725337982178, "ports\n    Conduct research Research and evaluate the human health effects (e.g.,\nnanostructured materials (e.g., nanowires and pulmonary, respiratory, neuroimmune response, neurological) and toxicity associated with exposure to nanoparticles); Resear"]
[10.161053657531738, -2.694246530532837, "lp refine our NTRC logic model.\nCHAPTER FIVE\nInformation About Intermediate Outputs and Outcomes from NIOSH NTRC Customers\nIn this chapter, we discuss criteria used to identify NTRC stakeholders to contact as part of Step 4 of our approach. We then r"]
[10.160553932189941, -2.6935219764709473, "eral perceptions of NIOSH and NTRC and their outputs; how the customers become aware of or obtain NTRC outputs; how they use those outputs (e.g., research findings, recommendations, other publications, services); and how NTRC outputs affect their own"]
[10.166040420532227, -2.699049234390259, " Requests for Information (RFIs), which are published in the Federal Register and are a way for NIOSH to communicate OSH topics of interest to its cus- tomers. In addition, NTRC management and researchers directly engage with stake- holders as part o"]
[10.16411018371582, -2.6975595951080322, "een industries dealing with the same material) or across intermedi- ate customer subcategories. For example, an intermediate customer that was a federal organization mentioned that companies had sent it chemical notices that included NIOSH data gener"]
[10.163419723510742, -2.69628643989563, "s; Law firms or legal organizations; Unions or worker representatives; Consensus standards groups; Other nongovernmental organizations; Other lobbyist groups\n Government (international, federal, state, local)\nRegulators; Government laboratories and r"]
[10.161250114440918, -2.694373846054077, "TRC field research teams in con- tributing to changes in workplace practices and procedures, introducing controls, and conducting on-site monitoring and assessments. However, given the limited scope of our pilot effort and the relatively small number"]
[10.160799026489258, -2.692229986190796, "ational and world leadership to prevent work-related illnesses and injuries resulting from exposures to nanomaterials\nNIOSH NTRC Program Effects\nEnd outcomes:\nReduction in work-related illnesses and injuries related to engineered nanomaterial exposur"]
[10.159170150756836, -2.6910400390625, "r aerosolized nanoparticle generator to test exposures; Method for health hazard banding for nanostructured materials where potential toxicity is unknown; Technical input regarding nanostructured standard reference measuring nanostructured materials\u2019"]
[10.154821395874023, -2.6841650009155273, "ent\nfindings; Scientific\njournal articles;\nAnimal and\nepidemiological\nstudies\n Inputs\n 36 Nanomaterial Safety in the Workplace: Pilot Project for Assessing the Impact of NIOSH NTRC\nOther Topics Raised by Intermediate Customers\nDuring our discussions,"]
[10.161065101623535, -2.6940457820892334, "ed the concern that industry is moving faster than safety and health research and faster than regulations, which can lead to outdated rules and regu- lations. One customer noted that a lack of formal regulations might contribute to a lack of on-site "]
[10.161246299743652, -2.694725751876831, "achieving a desired impact or benefit.\nAlso, directly engaging with NIOSH stakeholders was critical for assessing, mod- ifying, and refining the NIOSH NTRC logic model. As this pilot study indicated, the theory of how NIOSH\u2019s program efforts would co"]
[10.161109924316406, -2.6946959495544434, " step would involve identifying and cataloging data that are already available, data that currently exist but that are not used or available to NIOSH, and data that do not exist or are not currently collected but that would be desirable for tracking "]
[10.159605979919434, -2.691718816757202, "model if no\nprevious model is available), consistent with the defined scope.\n4. Identify and contact NTRC\u2019s stakeholders or a subset of stakeholders to inquire about their familiarity with and use of NTRC products (e.g., research findings, guidance d"]
[10.159669876098633, -2.691798686981201, "Scoping NTRC Assessment\n   Example Industry Sector\n\u2022 Coating (e.g., paints)\n\u2022 Cosmetics (e.g., sunscreen)\n\u2022 Construction (e.g., concrete)\n\u2022 Services (e.g., cleaning, dry\ncleaning, food service)\n\u2022 Electronics (e.g.,\nsemiconductor)\n\u2022 Food additives\n\u2022 C"]
[10.152962684631348, -2.6807212829589844, "vities\nTransfer: Conduct field research team site visits for face-to-face engagement with employers and employees at industries involved with the formulation or use of nanostructured materials\nNIOSH NTRC Program Efforts\n= feedback and interactions\n= "]
[10.1526517868042, -2.6809768676757812, "tutions; Trainers\n      Publish scientific findings in journals; disseminate NIOSH numbered reports; Present at scientific Transfer: Directly engage with customers; Publish and\nand OSH conferences and meetings; Sponsor\nnanomaterials; or co-sponsor wo"]
[10.159416198730469, -2.692495107650757, "nd international organizations and associations; Occupational safety and health\norganizations and associations\nRAND RR1108-A.2\n Production:\nFunding; Staff;\nManagerial\nsupport; Laboratory\nand research\nfacilities\nPlanning:\nBudget, strategy,\nand plannin"]
[10.163063049316406, -2.6984212398529053, " to a program\u2019s strategic goals or stated mission.\n\u2022 External factors are circumstances or events exogenous to the program that posi-\ntively or negatively affect an organization\u2019s ability to achieve outcomes.\n2 Partners actively participate with an o"]
[10.160979270935059, -2.6943490505218506, "ure that they are all of the same type. For example, one can check to ensure that everything under the Activities column contains only examples of actions or descriptions of actions (i.e., verbs) that NTRC has taken or is currently taking (i.e., are "]
[10.156064987182617, -2.689526081085205, "nt to which particu- lar NTRC efforts have progressed to outcomes and to identify additional contacts in\nLook for connection between adjacent entries to construct a causal argument.\n 48 Nanomaterial Safety in the Workplace: Pilot Project for Assessin"]
[10.163592338562012, -2.697463035583496, " NTRC Inputs\nProduction\n\u2022 Funding\n\u2022 Staff\n\u2022 Managerial support\n\u2022 Laboratory and research facilities\nInputs\nGuide for Collecting Evidence of Contributions to NIOSH NTRC Outcomes 49\n  Planning\n\u2022 Budget, strategy, and planning documents\n\u2022 Policies and p"]
[10.157788276672363, -2.689807176589966, "les, nanotubes, nanofi- bers, and new forms of nanomaterials)\n\u2022 Research occupational exposures to nanostructured materials\n\u2022 Characterize the physical and chemical properties of nanostructured materials and products containing nano- structured mater"]
[10.163073539733887, -2.696612596511841, "etings\n\u2022 Sponsor or co-sponsor workshops on engineered nanomaterials\n\u2022 Demonstrate equipment\n\u2022 Update the NIOSH blog\nSOURCE: Based on RAND analysis of documents and stakeholder remarks, with input from NTRC.\nNTRC Intermediate Customers and Intermedia"]
[10.17740535736084, -2.7112741470336914, "f instruments to monitor and\nmanipulate nanomaterials Advocacy\n\u2022 Business/industry associations\n\u2022 Law firms or legal organizations\n\u2022 Unions or worker representatives\n\u2022 Consensus standards groups\n\u2022 Other lobbyist groups\n\u2022 Other nongovernmental organiz"]
[10.15557861328125, -2.688913106918335, "uals. Individuals could, for example, be trained in occupational or environmental health and safety practices and procedures related, in part or whole, directly or indirectly, to nanomaterials. OSHA, some universities, and other organi- zations, such"]
[10.160401344299316, -2.6939806938171387, "d on RAND analysis, with input from NTRC.\ndocument or measure changes along the path is missing or unobtainable; absent that capability, it might be difficult, if not impossible, to isolate a contribution.\nFor added emphasis, we restate that NTRC fie"]
[10.160572052001953, -2.6942474842071533, "ently.\nThe length of each conversation and the level of detail can be expected to vary, but common themes should include the customer\u2019s general familiarity with NIOSH and NTRC; familiarity with NTRC outputs (e.g., research findings, recommenda- tions"]
[10.134840965270996, -2.661515951156616, "opers and\nthrough technical (HHEs), training assistance\n     Intermediate Outcomes\nOutputs\nActivities\nInputs\nFeedback\nResearch Partners\nPilot and/or\nother federal programs; agencies; NIOSH\nregulations, trade and major standards,\nassociations;\nwebsite"]
[10.158376693725586, -2.691322088241577, "Logic Model Worksheet: Industry\nTable C.2\nSource or Reference\nnumbered document\nNIOSH\ndocument\nNIOSH\nN/A = not applicable; in this case, the transfer occurs directly to end customers.\nSOURCE: Adapted by RAND staff.\na\nEnd Outcomes\nNotional Logic Model"]
[10.151646614074707, -2.6790592670440674, "d.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR370.html\nGreenfield, Victoria A., Henry H. Willis, and Tom LaTourrette, Assessing the Benefits of U.S. Customs and Border Protection Regulatory Actions to Reduce Terrorism Risks, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, "]
[10.129758834838867, -2.6433563232421875, "s in Research Laboratories, Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2012-147, 2012b. As of Decembe"]
[10.157697677612305, -2.689114570617676, "dscape Survey on Nanoscale Cellulose, Silver, Titanium Dioxide, and Graphene: A Market Landscape Analysis, Research Triangle Park, N.C.: RTI International, RTI Project Number 0212288.017, 2014.\nShadish, William R., Thomas D. Cook, Laura C. Leviton, F"]
[1.5710548162460327, 9.481518745422363, " Quality of Life Indicators and Policy Strategies to Advance Sustainability in the Pearl River Delta Debra Knopman, Johanna Zmud, Liisa Ecola, Zhimin Mao, Keith Crane\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR871\nL"]
[1.5703246593475342, 9.52477741241455, "ng mechanism for policy- and decisionmaking.\nThe primary audiences for this report include officials at HURD and technical staff of other provincial departments and bureaus related to urban planning and urban rural develop- ment in Guangdong and the "]
[1.593263864517212, 9.490457534790039, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[15.050241470336914, 5.7653961181640625, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Policy Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forces of Urbanization and Economic Transi"]
[1.5494873523712158, 9.5633544921875, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Challenges an"]
[1.5639861822128296, 9.557477951049805, ". . . . . . . . . . . Integration Across Policy Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RecommendedRolesforGovernment............"]
[1.5603901147842407, 9.52685546875, "............................................................................. 209 Chapter Eight: Housing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[1.5909385681152344, 9.557619094848633, "mmended Management Structure for the Indicator System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nC.1a. Views About Current Quality of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[1.5730232000350952, 9.563640594482422, " 180\nC.18. Employment of Respondents by Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181\nC.19. Satisfaction with Job, Financial Situation, and Work-Life Balance . . . . . . . . ."]
[1.5941447019577026, 9.599143028259277, "ity). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................\n8.1. China Housing Assurance Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................\n8.2. DefinitionsofHouseholdIncomeGroups....................."]
[1.561876654624939, 9.532476425170898, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191\nD.5. Economic Development Indicators and Data Availability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192\nD.6. Classification of Indicators Based on Type and Availabilit"]
[1.55860435962677, 9.524070739746094, "sidents. This information, combined with subsequent analysis of data, was used to develop the quality of life indicator system and the policy recommendations that were derived from its application.\nA policy goal is a desired outcome within the realm "]
[1.5755705833435059, 9.561148643493652, "but also less certain in effectiveness.\nIndicator Framework\nWe developed a conceptual framework for the indicator system in the five selected policy areas that would contribute collectively to the improvement of quality of life in the PRD. Strategies"]
[1.5926976203918457, 9.587265968322754, "ot. However, responses to specific questions about various facets of life in Pingshan reveal a more nuanced view of conditions. For example, less than 50 percent of respondents liked the way their district looks and feels, with 43 percent saying they"]
[1.5780093669891357, 9.529324531555176, " in the Ping- shan Resident Satisfaction Survey, residents have expectations for public services and physi- cal amenities, including clean air, clean water, and green space, that are not being met at the levels desired. Reducing pollution and improvi"]
[1.6036924123764038, 9.512673377990723, " infrastructure and services. Three goals are suggested here. The first is to increase the density of residential space and employment opportunities through provision of high-quality compact development. We propose transit- oriented development, form"]
[1.6413768529891968, 9.434574127197266, "forms of public transit for a single trip, and (3) developing a travel survey that captures inter- and intracity travel flows and mode use to be implemented at regular intervals.\nThe third goal is to create an environment that emphasizes nonmotorized"]
[1.5803724527359009, 9.463626861572266, "missions; and the offi- cials (including heads of bureaus) responsible for issuing permits, monitoring compliance, imposing fines, and shutting down facilities that are in violation with the law.\n\u2022 Increase incentives to comply with laws and regulati"]
[1.582768440246582, 9.472977638244629, "the border crossing with Hong Kong\u2013Macao so as to speed cross-border flows of goods and better penetrate China\u2019s domestic market.\nThe second goal is to reduce income inequality by improving access to higher education and developing a labor force with"]
[1.5774723291397095, 9.543642044067383, "public services and facilities.\n Goal GL2\n  Increase density of residential space and employment opportunities through provision of high- quality compact development.\n   Strategy SL3\nStrategy SL4\nStrategy SL5\nPromote transit-oriented development near"]
[1.576971411705017, 9.52985668182373, "d cultural preservation has been neglected.\n Goal GL5\n Strengthen measures to protect properties and assets with historical importance and distinctive local characteristics.\n      Challenge CL4\n  Current development patterns and processes do not adeq"]
[1.6943551301956177, 9.36719799041748, "umber of data entries as a consequence of implementation of travel surveys.\nT2 Same as above\nT9 Proportion of paid parking spaces relative to all public parking spaces\nT10 Satisfaction with parking availability\nT11 Number of parking citations issued\n"]
[1.5146398544311523, 9.40683650970459, "ermitting\nE4 Percentage of total permitted facilities in full compliance with their permits\nE5 Amount (in RMB) of fines collected per year\nE6 Percentage of residents who feel that drinking water quality has improved\nE7 Percentage of residents who are"]
[1.5604454278945923, 9.441526412963867, "f source (e.g., power plants, industry facilities, residential and commercial buildings, and mobile sources)\nAnnual energy consumption per square meter in public, commercial, and residential buildings\n     Accelerate removal of highly polluting E23 v"]
[1.589618444442749, 9.492403030395508, " H9 residents, where voucher payments are\ndirectly provided to landlords after unit inspected and lease signed.\nImplement and enforce building and H10 amenity standards for all public rental\nhousing units and rental units built by\nprivate developers."]
[1.5614826679229736, 9.509078025817871, "de the following industries: information, computer services, software, and scientific research; and the services sector to include the following industries: finance and real estate services; health care and social welfare; transport, storage, and pos"]
[1.5707030296325684, 9.509224891662598, "and trusted means of demonstrating that policy strategies are contributing to achieve- ment of Guangdong\u2019s long-term goals of a better life for all residents.\nAcknowledgments\nThe RAND team would like to express our appreciation to Deputy Director-Gen"]
[1.5744094848632812, 9.47464656829834, " in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), a region of Guangdong Province in southeastern China. These indicators and options are also intended to enable increased regional economic integration with the Special Administrative Areas of Hong Kong and Macao.\nQual"]
[1.5797009468078613, 9.474846839904785, " for Sustainable Communities, no date). The interagency partnership proposed livability principles: provide more transportation choices; promote equi- table, affordable housing; enhance economic competitiveness; support existing communities; coordina"]
[1.5915566682815552, 9.43580436706543, " 2013, the slate of reforms embedded in the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee deepened the commitment to improve quality of life (\u201cCPC Cen- tral Committee\u2019s Third Plenary Session Party Sets Course for "]
[1.5864256620407104, 9.465903282165527, "l protection, finance and taxation, infrastructure investments, resource use, education, workforce development, and health care, among others. As a first step, our study focuses on five policy areas within the broader categories listed above: land us"]
[1.5789871215820312, 9.42811107635498, "d urbanization. This has, in turn, placed stress on water, transportation, and other infrastructure systems and also has caused serious environmental problems.\nGovernment officials, planners, commercial interests, and the public have all recognized t"]
[1.583902359008789, 9.464357376098633, "ort to the Ministry of Finance at the national level (OECD, 2010). Authority rests with the senior government executives at each level, but these executives are also required to comply with the decisions or priorities of their administrative counterp"]
[1.6857084035873413, 9.205230712890625, "arths), new information technology, high-end equipment manufacturing, and clean energy vehicles (KPMG Advisory [China], 2011).\nThe Report of Hu Jintao cited above put forth as top priorities the following: comprehen- sive development, improvement in "]
[1.69094717502594, 9.141100883483887, ", such as air pollution, traffic congestion, excessive sprawl of urban boundaries into agricultural lands, degraded water quality, and inefficiencies in the provision of public infrastructure and services.\nThe rate of urbanization in China has been u"]
[1.6166057586669922, 9.400097846984863, "a income, as well as \u201cpush\u201d factors, such as the abundant supply of labor force released from the agricultural sector, scarce non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas, low availability of cultivated land, and very low per capita income that "]
[1.59798002243042, 9.422355651855469, "ative, higher value-added manufacturing and service activities (Asian Business Council, 2011). In doing so, an ample supply of highly trained human capital is a critical factor. Shortages of highly trained work- ers make Guangdong less attractive to "]
[1.5794179439544678, 9.499800682067871, "oint of reference, we also looked at indicators relevant to land use and trans- portation from other countries or cities. A direct comparison between PRD cities and these selected cities is not valid, because the time when the studies were conducted,"]
[1.5689724683761597, 9.489990234375, "d Korea\n                  600\n                  500\n                  400\n                  300\n                  200\n                  100\n00 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 GDP per capita (constant 2012 $)\nSOURCES: Japan Statistics Bureau"]
[1.5545765161514282, 9.519864082336426, " and the Guangdong Province Environmental Protection Responsibilities Evaluation Indica- tor System (personal communication with Gu Zhengjiang of the Shenzhen Graduate School of Beijing University). The prefecture-level cities have also developed the"]
[1.5386669635772705, 9.498947143554688, "ve the economic and social well-being of its people. These goals derive from understanding key chal- lenges that are within the responsibility of governments to affect. For this initial effort, HURD asked RAND to concentrate on land use and transport"]
[1.5667529106140137, 9.525840759277344, "suggested in this report. Strategies in each of the five policy areas vary in complexity; their success in a given place at a given time cannot be assured without more detailed analysis and attention to imple- mentation in the specific context of the"]
[1.5512433052062988, 9.525345802307129, "tation will improve on these initial estimates based on their experience and conditions. Finally, we make a judgment about relative difficulty and complexity of imple- menting a strategy, with \u201ceasy\u201d signifying a relatively low level of complexity, e"]
[1.5483813285827637, 9.50997257232666, "dicators of economic output: for example, per capita, per square kilometer, or percentage growth on an annual basis. Similarly, to repre- sent the state of transportation services, measures such as vehicle kilometers traveled, passen- ger volume per "]
[1.4679111242294312, 9.543752670288086, "t, map analy- sis, or otherwise. Related to importance and timeliness, collection of indicator data should be cost-effective relative to their value in assessing whether a given strategy is working. Part of the cost-effectiveness criterion is determi"]
[1.5859782695770264, 9.54159927368164, "quality of life. As Morais, Migue\u0301is, and Camanho (2001) note: \u201csome organizations, such as the European Com- mission (Rojas, 2011) and the World Health Organization (WHO\u2014Quality of Life Group), consider that quality of life is a concept that embrace"]
[1.5844707489013672, 9.562217712402344, "lded the survey and entered the data. RAND staff then analyzed the data. The survey was designed to elicit responses about quality of life in the five policy areas with the intent of using it in other cities and districts in the province. Survey meth"]
[1.6102800369262695, 9.571081161499023, " in Pingshan New District. Details about the survey can be found in the appendixes. Appendix A summarizes the number of interviews completed in each community; Appendix B presents the frequencies of response distributions for each ques- tion; and App"]
[1.5941087007522583, 9.596171379089355, " survey was designed as a sample survey. We used stratified random sampling, a type of probability sampling, to select the people to be surveyed. The total popula- tion for Pingshan New District was organized by community; the sampling was performed "]
[1.625575065612793, 9.620270729064941, " with consistency so that differences in answers can be correctly interpreted as reflecting differences between respondents rather than differences in the process that produced the answer.\nThree attempts were made to successfully complete an intervie"]
[1.6154472827911377, 9.577108383178711, "icycle (32 percent); only 8 percent say that they drive. Over 80 percent report that their place of work is in their community, and another 15 percent work elsewhere in Pingshan New District. As a consequence, over 85 percent report commut- ing times"]
[1.615403413772583, 9.577117919921875, "th air and water quality was higher\nPilot Resident Survey in Pingshan New District 27\n28 Quality of Life Indicators and Policy Strategies to Advance Sustainability in the Pearl River Delta\nFigure 4.4\nPerceptions of Land Use Characteristics and Their "]
[1.620575189590454, 9.571952819824219, "d cultural heritage sites; and improved air and drinking water for all residents, particularly in those communities where dissatisfaction is highest.\nIn this section, we propose several general recommendations on policy strategies to the government o"]
[1.6179155111312866, 9.57473087310791, "n accidents will only increase. While there may be existing government-sponsored traffic safety education programs, few residents appear aware of them. Effective outreach to the public on this topic can be as important engineering or transportation p"]
[1.5836167335510254, 9.577543258666992, "est out the survey instrument itself, gain experience in conducting such surveys using in-person interviews, and identify ways in which it could be improved if it were to be more widely deployed throughout the PRD, whether at the city or district lev"]
[5.846761703491211, 3.9860620498657227, "ere adequately repre- sented in the sample. However, some cities may wish to conduct a citywide survey and not focus on conditions and trends within particular districts or communities. Samples sizes can be reduced accordingly.\nSample Size. Statistic"]
[6.379348278045654, 15.511685371398926, " maintain an objective view of the abilities of all residents to provide meaningful responses. Interviewers needed to \u201clearn\u201d the questionnaire; interview length declined with interviewer practice. In fact, interviewers were required to practice read"]
[1.5950111150741577, 9.586590766906738, "ta by other means, the survey appears to be an efficient means of populating some indicators.\nIn the following chapters, we identify a number of survey questions that could serve as subjective indicators to either supplement objective indicators or s"]
[1.562464952468872, 9.53939151763916, "ownership is not permitted. Instead, urban land is owned by the government, and rural land is owned collectively by villagers. This has led to the phenomenon of \u201cvillages within cities\u201d\u2014essentially pockets of rural land that stood in the path of urba"]
[1.570651888847351, 9.526721000671387, " measured.\nFor this reason, we focus our land use goals on addressing four challenges that have been brought on by rapid urbanization and inadequate land use planning. The first two deal broadly with land use planning. The first challenge is around t"]
[1.5676782131195068, 9.549309730529785, "rategies:\n\u2022 Map land to be protected.\n\u2022 Createmechanismstoensureprotection.\nChallenge CL2: Urban Land Is Not Utilized in a Way That Allows for Efficient Provision of Public Services and Facilities\nAs opposed to the first challenge, which deals with h"]
[1.5565919876098633, 9.583663940429688, "lected\nMany historic buildings that reflect centuries of Lingnan tradition have been demolished in favor of modern structures or industrial uses. While some decisions may be justified on a case- by-case basis, the overall impact is to disconnect resi"]
[1.549354076385498, 9.588354110717773, "t in need of protection. Ecological protection zones are land areas defined by their favorability for various species as well as their vulnerability to loss of ecological functions as a consequence of development. Ecological protection zones might in"]
[1.5383626222610474, 9.526150703430176, "ecological control line as percentage of total area of land in the region.\n\u2022 L2: Area of cultivated land as percentage of total area of land in the region.\n\u2013 Explanation: The province and cities already track the total amount of land that is protecte"]
[1.558502197265625, 9.560149192810059, " (UGB) could be measured, as an indicator of the effectiveness of the UGB in pushing new development into existing urbanized areas. Alternative indicators for ecological protection zones might include the percentage of vulnerable land protected using"]
[1.5533093214035034, 9.54987621307373, "rmined by the entity that administers the land. For example, some national parks restrict development to accommodate overnight visitors (roads, visitor centers, and lodging), while others severely restrict access because of the possibility of environ"]
[1.5680656433105469, 9.520978927612305, "heir disadvantages: overcrowding, tall buildings that form canyons blocking out natural light, lack of open space, and congestion. The overall goal is to reap the benefits of higher-density development while minimizing the disadvantages.\nTable 5.1\nLa"]
[1.5847700834274292, 9.523018836975098, "s designation, cities must meet a set of criteria that includes committing to population growth, adopting a redevelopment plan or zoning ordinance that encourages TOD (generally including design guidelines and lower parking requirements), identifying"]
[1.5773543119430542, 9.54843521118164, "rved. For example, to prevent residential and commercial buildings from becoming too high and creating \u201ccanyons\u201d that block light and views, new buildings can be constructed at a variety of heights.\nThese codes and guidelines do not mean that develop"]
[1.5738612413406372, 9.548333168029785, " is mapped as a wedge, and the heights of the buildings in these view corridors are determined on a case-by- case basis (City of Vancouver, no date).\nIndicator:\n\u2022 L6: Percentage of residents who agree there is a good mix of building types (e.g. resid"]
[1.5869660377502441, 9.544888496398926, "ies to Advance Sustainability in the Pearl River Delta\nnals). Nearly 500 U.S. cities have adopted such policies (Smart Growth America and National Complete Streets Coalition, 2013).\nIndicators:\n\u2022 L7: Average block length of new and rebuilt roads.\n\u2013 E"]
[1.6274666786193848, 9.584376335144043, "r Public Spaces, no date-a). While it is certainly important that spaces be available for all types of recreational activities, this strat- egy specifically addresses only outdoor public spaces.\n2 The connectivity of the street grid can be measured o"]
[1.5836853981018066, 9.53467845916748, "ar each other to foster interactions, and updating the space over time as needed (Project for Public Spaces, no date-b).\nIndicators:\n\u2022 L9: Percentage of residents who think the district or county provides access to nature in parks, open spaces, or ga"]
[1.5918326377868652, 9.542157173156738, "uld include a sufficient number of public services for resi- dents, such as schools, community health service centers, and libraries. Interspersing these facilities in residential districts contributes to quality of life by maintaining relatively sho"]
[1.5488414764404297, 9.534268379211426, "sidents \u201cTo which of the following can you walk from your current residence in 10 minutes?\u201d for various types of services, including children\u2019s school and doctors/health clinic. Future surveys could include hospital and other emergency services. Thes"]
[1.5243290662765503, 9.501697540283203, "997. The most recent amendments have divided contaminated land into two types, based on the level of soil contamination: More heavily pol- luted areas needing remediation, and less heavily polluted areas that must be registered when new development i"]
[1.5623186826705933, 9.541288375854492, "are shut down or relocated elsewhere and as sites are remediated. This indicator will reflect the percentage of sites available for redevelopment each year. An\n5 Bacot and O\u2019Dell (2006) suggest a long list of economic and environmental indicators ass"]
[1.5622661113739014, 9.546302795410156, "ons\nL16 Number of brownfields sites that are available for redevelopment, according to redevelopment plans, as a share of all brownfields sites in the annual inventory\n GL2\n   Increase density of residential space and employment opportunities through"]
[1.5458751916885376, 9.600112915039062, "l condition (the structure is deteriorating to the point where it might collapse or be vulnerable to a disaster such as a storm or fire, or may become prohibitively expensive to renovate), or vandalism (a vacant site that contains valuable items may "]
[1.546492338180542, 9.60653305053711, "towns) as a means of economic development. The United Kingdom has dozens of independent organizations dedicated to preserving historical sites ranging from railroads to war memorials (Heritage Help, no date).\nReal estate developers and building owner"]
[1.492416501045227, 9.67436408996582, "ars.\nTable 5.3 summarizes the goal, strategies, and indicators for challenge CL3.\nGoal GL6: Reduce Vulnerability to Natural Disasters\nLike many coastal areas, the province is vulnerable to several types of natural disasters. With climate change leadi"]
[1.5480096340179443, 9.597577095031738, "nstructing an alternative route through a safer area.\nIndicators:\n\u2022 L19: Number of structures in flood-prone areas\n\u2022 L21: Number of structures in typhoon-prone areas.\n\u2022 L23: Number of structures in earthquake-prone areas.\n\u2013 Explanation:Itisimportantt"]
[1.5126594305038452, 9.655081748962402, "ts at risk of earthquake L23\nNumber of structures in seismically unsound areas\ndamage through mapping.\nStrategy SL13: GIS-Based Mapping\nL24 Value of assets in earthquake-prone areas\n    GIS-based mapping can serve as a source of data for implementing"]
[1.5459811687469482, 9.574127197265625, " current land use planning is considered effective, and if not, why.\nPriorities for Implementation of Strategies\nFigure 5.1 summarizes three important dimensions: the ease or difficulty of implementation, the relative level of impact, and the rough t"]
[1.793612003326416, 9.004008293151855, "lear that the develop- ment of the automotive industry should rely on the domestic market for private cars. Since that time, automobile production has grown from approximately 2.5 million vehicles in 2004 to over 18 million in 2013 (Statista, 2014). "]
[1.6813912391662598, 9.3817720413208, "e to travel by private passenger vehicle. Strate- gies to further this goal are to (1) enhance the competitiveness of bus and rail through improve- ments in service coverage and frequency and (2) promote bicycle-sharing, car-sharing, taxi, and dynami"]
[1.690802812576294, 9.385764122009277, "n road crashes, injuries, and fatalities. Statistics indicate that China\u2019s road fatalities include high percentages of pedes- trians, motorcycle drivers, and users of nonmotorized vehicles, mainly bicycles (Louma and Sivak, 2012). Guangdong Province "]
[1.7984002828598022, 9.174161911010742, " transit in lieu of driving, the greater the posi- tive impacts on reduced traffic and parking congestion for the rest of society. In addition, the provision of high-quality public transit increases the region\u2019s attractiveness to people and firms con"]
[1.6845659017562866, 9.396389961242676, "l lanes on the approach to signalized intersections so that buses are not waiting behind cars). In addition, enhanced traveler information system can complement and further improve the reliability of bus service. Information tools announcing real-tim"]
[1.751589298248291, 9.280518531799316, "ch of these indicators.\n\u2013 Data source and availability: This can be measured via survey. The Pingshan survey asked respondents \u201cDo you agree or disagree that public transport in Pingshan New District is frequent (comes often)?\u201d and \u201cgoes where you ne"]
[1.8922706842422485, 9.088292121887207, "segments of the population, such as the elderly, disabled persons who cannot drive, and tourists. In many cities taxi industries supply an important economic development function, providing impor- tant employment opportunities particularly for immigr"]
[1.8823896646499634, 9.065832138061523, "anufacturers, such as Ford, which has Ford2go, have entered the new car-sharing marketplace. Industry analysts expect the worldwide car-sharing market to grow to more than 12 million by 2020, especially as more large companies enter the market (Navig"]
[1.7011916637420654, 9.412498474121094, "ng. The best practice right now is for the PRD governments to consider how such ridesharing programs can be complementary to taxi and transit, perhaps through stakeholder participation in the development of regulations. By inviting the taxi and trans"]
[1.6402455568313599, 9.435859680175781, "me can be spent sleeping, working, or meeting. By optimizing the connections among modes, overall travel time can be reduced.\nLiving in a region connected via multimodal linkages will improve quality of life because it gives residents access to a muc"]
[1.7678239345550537, 9.248619079589844, "ds are a good proxy for the effectiveness of bus services,\nwhich play a large role in urban transportation in China. Cities and transit agencies would need to identify several key corridors to measure, as well as a period of time during which to meas"]
[1.7352477312088013, 9.304040908813477, ".\nImplementing an interoperable smart ticketing system is complex. Public transit opera- tors and authorities, financial service providers, and telecommunications operators, among others, need to work together to combine their products on a single ca"]
[1.715378999710083, 9.331001281738281, "vel (Wargelin et al., 2012). There are numerous considerations in implementing a survey: selecting respondents, developing questions, choosing an appropriate technology, conducting a pilot survey to determine whether the methods work, creating a repo"]
[4.048795223236084, 7.915665149688721, "ed practices: Major urban streets within cities, as well as those that serve locations outside of business districts, can be made safer for pedestrians and bicyclists with some physical improvements that reduce conflicts with vehicles. Mehndiratta, L"]
[1.7410695552825928, 9.317534446716309, "s to policies and programs that encourage more efficient use of parking resources through a com- bination of supply, demand management, and enforcement. Parking management has under- gone somewhat of a paradigm shift over the past decades. The old pa"]
[1.7326856851577759, 9.33049488067627, "conducted as part of the San Francisco pilot, 82 percent of respondents said that it was \u201csomewhat or very easy to pay for parking\u201d once smart meters and pay-by-phone options were available (San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, 2014). The p"]
[1.7186836004257202, 9.334437370300293, "ing satisfaction as it captures whether the overall system\nfor managing parking is working in ways that meet residents\u2019 needs.\n\u2013 Data source and availability: The Pingshan survey asked \u201cTo what extent is finding\nparking for automobiles a problem for "]
[1.7341898679733276, 9.327966690063477, ", or contracted out. It should not take long to begin enforcing laws if the laws are in place and the basic infrastructure to pay for parking is already available.\nIndicators:\n\u2022 T11: Number of parking citations issued.\n\u2022 T12: Percentage of parking ci"]
[1.7464840412139893, 9.311244010925293, ", interoperable ticketing within the region to make it easier to use alternative forms of public transit.\nST5 Develop a travel survey that captures inter- and intracity travel flows and mode use.\nST6 Connect pedestrian and bicycle greenways and paths"]
[1.7636477947235107, 9.369782447814941, "ies to off-peak hours, which would have a major impact on congestion and emissions. Financial incentives were helpful in persuading receivers to participate in the program; the funding for incentives could be provided through additional tolls. Carrie"]
[1.7534493207931519, 9.37485408782959, "arries goods from one location to another (e.g., the trucking company). A shipper has goods to ship (e.g., a factory), and a receiver receives the shipment.\nTransportation 75\n 76 Quality of Life Indicators and Policy Strategies to Advance Sustainabil"]
[1.6917985677719116, 9.398859024047852, "ions on a per-parcel basis, or the amount of curbside space used for deliveries. These data would need to be collected and analyzed for a specific project.\nTable 6.2 summarizes the goal, strategies, and indicators for challenge CT2.\nGoal GT6: Reduce "]
[1.6730399131774902, 9.42005729675293, "ingdom in the 1980s. All trunk road highway projects are subject to mandatory RSAs, and all roads that used RSAs are required to have an ongoing monitoring plan. These requirements are formalized in Highways England\u2019s 2015 Design Manual for Roads and"]
[1.6432551145553589, 9.441338539123535, "f each of the strategies along the three dimensions.\nAs an example of our reasoning, transit improvements are a top priority, given their impor- tance to residents\u2019 preferences, but also because of their importance in improving air quality and reduci"]
[1.5294606685638428, 9.382157325744629, "trategies, all based on a strong scien- tific foundation of environmental modeling and credible monitoring and source data. Strate- gies also must include building the human capital to effectively implement and enforce the laws and regulations and gi"]
[1.5283700227737427, 9.298352241516113, "al use in major cities will help improve air quality over time (China State Council, 2013). Further, President Xi Jinping and President Barack Obama\u2019s recent announcement at the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Beijing regarding commitmen"]
[1.5112804174423218, 9.382786750793457, "ovince, 2014).2\nThe magnitude of heavy metal contamination of soil has only recently been publicly documented in Guangdong. In July 2014, the Guangdong Department of Land and Resources disclosed that 28 percent of soil samples collected from various "]
[1.5092620849609375, 9.38476848602295, "ality law has been estimated to be no greater than about 25 percent (Tao and Xin, 2014).\n2 According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People\u2019s Republic of China Environmental Quality Stan- dards for Surface Water (2002), the water b"]
[1.511355996131897, 9.383132934570312, "s to transparency and applies across the three major environmental problems of water, soil, and air pollution. To establish a credible enforcement regime, heads of polluting firms need to be persuaded that well-trained permit writers and inspectors w"]
[1.499267578125, 9.369431495666504, "icipalities. One of the primary reasons for poor implementation and enforcement is the misalignment of incen- tives: Pollution \u201cpays\u201d in China. That is, businesses and governments continue to pollute the air, water, and land because they find it in t"]
[1.511474609375, 9.400174140930176, "ers in violation of their permits and significant environmental benefits can be achieved with well-targeted and well-publicized inspections (Shimstack and Ward, 2005; State of Oregon Department of Environmental Qual- ity, 2004).\nRecommended practices"]
[1.4984359741210938, 9.36678695678711, "n the newspaper the names of permit writers and inspectors, the facilities they are responsible for inspecting, and the names of the owners of the facilities. In addition, the Environmental Protection Bureau should publish inspection results for each"]
[1.5094871520996094, 9.395000457763672, "ts tell citizens what the government is doing to enforce laws and protect public health. Although most U.S. environmental laws were passed over 40 years ago, both state and federal environmental regulators still must actively enforce laws and regulat"]
[1.5107277631759644, 9.376409530639648, " and emissions coming from their facilities\u2014and fines must be large enough to cause them to alter their behavior. It is important to note that even if market-based approaches such as emissions or discharge \u201ccap and trade\u201d type approaches were impleme"]
[1.5044665336608887, 9.389975547790527, "of inspections by trained inspectors.\nSE2 Increase incentives for enforcement.\nSE3 Increase incentives for compliance.\nProposed Indicators\nE1 Number of facilities inspected annually by trained inspectors as a percentage of the total number\nof facilit"]
[1.5078389644622803, 9.39997386932373, "ever, most experts agree that ambient water quality monitoring is inadequate for all assess- ment and enforcement activities (Zhang et al., 2010). For this reason, we suggest indicators directly linked to this goal that capture actual ambient water q"]
[1.5084196329116821, 9.395161628723145, "es for increasing transparency and accountability, a strategy to empower downstream jurisdictions to press for more stringent compliance could increase pressure on environmental officials at the municipal level but even more so at the provincial leve"]
[1.5371721982955933, 9.39295482635498, "onmen- tal Protection were to initiate a Guangdong-wide competition to select the most cost-effective water quality monitoring technologies for both surface and groundwater and then initiate deployment.\nRationale: Water quality monitoring and data ma"]
[1.5049467086791992, 9.410073280334473, "lity has improved\nE7 Percentage of residents who are dissatisfied with drinking water quality\nE8 Number of surface water monitoring stations where Class II water quality standardsa have been met for 12 consecutive months\nE9 Number of groundwater well"]
[1.5084760189056396, 9.413445472717285, "e of the problem of contaminated current and former industrial sites. Responsibility would be with the director-general of the Environmental Protection Bureau of Guangdong Province for producing an annual list of sites with the name of the facility o"]
[1.5119038820266724, 9.427462577819824, "cleanup. However, for all the reasons cited previously, enforcement must be strong and consistent at the municipal and provincial levels. If noncompliance with existing site permits persists, ongoing industrial operations should be shut down until th"]
[1.5360687971115112, 9.357529640197754, "y air quality standards mea- sured mostly as average annual concentrations by pollutants (Ministry of Environmental Pro- tection of the People\u2019s Republic of China, 2012).\nEnvironment 95\n96 Quality of Life Indicators and Policy Strategies to Advance S"]
[1.521895408630371, 9.21133804321289, "ution. Ground-level ozone, a major constituent of smog, is not directly emitted from vehicles, power plants, and factories, but rather formed through chemical reactions in the atmosphere of sunlight and mixtures of emit- ted pollutants such as NOx, V"]
[1.5297240018844604, 9.24750804901123, "ir toxins for health impact research. Zhong et al. (2013) also suggest adding capability to monitor VOCs to address \u201cregional haze and visibility impairment in the region.\u201d\nPM2.5 and ozone arise from both mobile and stationary emissions sources. Howe"]
[1.5589576959609985, 9.376399993896484, "he region have identified \u201ccoal-free\u201d zones, mainly within their central business districts, to reduce residential, commercial, and industrial usage. Expansion to the entire PRD region would significantly increase the effectiveness of this strat- egy"]
[1.5727604627609253, 9.423832893371582, "rage in most indus- trialized nations (U.S. Department of Energy, 2012; Gro\u0308zinger et al., 2014).4 Shenzhen has been considered a frontrunner in China\u2019s green building development (Khanna et al., 2014). One of the major contributors to residential bu"]
[1.5384067296981812, 9.217227935791016, "y SE10: Accelerate Removal of Highly Polluting Vehicles Through Incentive Payments\nChina requires highly polluting older vehicles to have yellow license plates. The State Coun- cil has called for scrapping all of these yellow-tagged vehicles by the e"]
[1.549144983291626, 9.208107948303223, "ill, 2004a). Some programs were even funded by private firms. For example, the oil company Unocal introduced the South Coast Recycled Auto Project that offered $700 to residents in the Los Angeles region for their old vehicles. The company used the p"]
[1.5722171068191528, 9.14468002319336, "d along with the scrappage program, although design and stated goals vary (International Transport Forum, 2011). Five of the 13 fleet turnover programs introduced in Europe include carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions thresholds for new car purchases. Ital"]
[1.530938982963562, 9.174242973327637, "ds can effectively control NOx emissions in the near term and yield immediate reduction of PM2.5 emissions, but the China VI standards will be necessary to curb pollution in the long term due to the anticipated expansion of the vehicle fleet. In term"]
[1.5440956354141235, 9.345315933227539, "e recommend the removal of high-polluting vehicles as quickly as possible. This is a low-risk strategy with immediate air quality benefits. Phasing out coal use\nEnvironment 103\n104 Quality of Life Indicators and Policy Strategies to Advance Sustainab"]
[1.5658444166183472, 9.442761421203613, "novation-driven economy with cleaner indus- tries and a growing service sector, they have the opportunity of using stricter enforcement of environmental standards and improved air, water, and soil quality as a means of gaining a com- petitive advanta"]
[1.609586477279663, 9.555665969848633, "for factory workers), housing built by real estate developers (most of which is for sale), housing built in \u201cvillages in cities\u201d (which is largely rental), and housing built by the government. Homeownership among urban households is approximately 55 "]
[1.6085796356201172, 9.608341217041016, "and developers. Local government relies on cash flow from land transfer fees paid by developers of market-rate housing. Land transfer fees are paid up-front by developers to local governments in exchange for the ability to develop a site. In contrast"]
[1.6082003116607666, 9.612900733947754, "ution.1 When referring to \u201cmiddle-class\u201d households, we refer to households earning incomes within the third quintile (41st\u201360th percentile) of the income distribution.\nThe goals focus on affordability and supply of housing units for both low- and mi"]
[1.600572943687439, 9.592253684997559, " for proposals; (2) limit speculation by levying property taxes on homes; and (3) require a certain percentage of affordable units in transit-oriented development.\nChallenge CH2: There Is a Lack of Good-Quality Public Rental Housing for Lower-Income "]
[1.605151891708374, 9.615032196044922, " on housing, this second one is a general measure of whether home prices are within reach\u2014regardless of whether the house- hold owns a home or not. The housing price-to-income ratio is the ratio of the median sales price of a housing unit within a ge"]
[1.6086937189102173, 9.576092720031738, "he Next 6 Billion Square Meters,\u201d 2013). To coun- teract this trend, it would be helpful for local governments to create incentives for developers to build more affordable rental housing units through competitively awarded requests for propos- als fo"]
[1.6088943481445312, 9.602730751037598, "nt.\nFurther, development specifications for below-market-price housing production requires that the government enforce these stipulations via oversight during the construction period\nand (depending on the requirements, such as income eligibility rule"]
[1.6139140129089355, 9.599076271057129, "eplacing that revenue source with a modest property tax.\nRecommended practices: Most cities in developed countries levy some type of property tax, which is an annual tax on the value of buildings. Property taxes require detailed records about propert"]
[1.611344814300537, 9.573478698730469, "ation: This requires that a property tax be implemented and collected.\n\u2013 Data source and availability: This would be provided by the agency that is collecting\nthe tax.\n\u2013 Frequency: Annual.\nStrategy SH3: Require a Certain Percentage of Public Rental H"]
[1.6017124652862549, 9.593629837036133, " tally rather than a count of units built in a specific year.\nTable 8.3 summarizes the goal, strategies, and indicators for challenge CH1.\nTable 8.3\nHousing Goals, Strategies, and Indicators for Challenge CH1 (Middle-Income Affordability)\nGoal and St"]
[1.588561773300171, 9.56901741027832, ".\nIndicator:\n\u2022 H6: Among lowest to lower-middle income households, share of household income spent on rent or mortgage.\n\u2013 Explanation: Of the two potential indicators, this is closer to measuring the important\nunderlying question of what households a"]
[1.6030410528182983, 9.596606254577637, ").\nLand readjustment has also been successfully used in China in several areas. In Pujiang (Zhejiang Province), an area of about 40,000 square meters called the Xiajizhai plot was sub- ject to land readjustment after the 132 households applied to the"]
[1.6053026914596558, 9.603629112243652, "re 33 square meters (Kojima, 2013). Many micro-apartments that have been built in North America are as small as 100 square feet (9.3 square meters), and have some shared facilities, such as kitchens (Common Ground, 2012).\nWith regard to lower-cost co"]
[1.6150574684143066, 9.623189926147461, "on: This indicator directly measures whether the voucher program is succeed-\ning in lowering the housing burden on low-income households.\n\u2013 Data source and availability: This should be available through the agency that admin- isters the voucher progr"]
[1.5976955890655518, 9.60246753692627, " both before it is occupied, as well as at some regu-\nlar frequency afterward.\n\u2013 Frequency: Data should be collected annually, but post-residency inspections could\nhappen less frequently.\nTable 8.4 summarizes the goal, strategies, and indicators for "]
[1.5889256000518799, 9.498942375183105, "using Strategies\nHousing 121\n SH3: Affordable TOD units SH7: Enforce standards\nSH6: Housing vouchers\nSH1: Affordable units through RFPs\nSH5: Low-cost rental units\nSH4: Land readjustment\nSH2: Property taxes\n  Easier\nEase of implementation\nHarder\nRAND "]
[1.582809329032898, 9.438005447387695, "the operation of smaller banks and other financial institutions in Guangdong. The key challenge is to remove these barriers while working within\n 123\n124 Quality of Life Indicators and Policy Strategies to Advance Sustainability in the Pearl River De"]
[1.5903178453445435, 9.444400787353516, "the past three years. The PRD\u2019s export-oriented growth model has been hurt by lower demand from the global market and competition from lower-cost producers in other countries. However, the growth in motor vehicle manufacturing, telecommunications equ"]
[1.5893689393997192, 9.465917587280273, " to reduce income inequality by improving access to higher levels of education and developing a labor force with more-sophisticated skills needed for higher wage work. As the structure of the PRD economy changes, the provincial government should impr"]
[1.5876405239105225, 9.451966285705566, "ans- portation costs, many distributors of lower-value goods do not ship goods to other provinces.\nRecommended practices: Substandard transportation infrastructure is a major barrier to trade and supply chain efficiency, and hinders the free flow of "]
[1.593745231628418, 9.420763969421387, "Canton Fair (China Import and Export Fair, 2012) to introduce PRD products to domestic buyers. Provincial and municipal govern- ments should also work with local wholesalers, manufacturers, and market support companies to arrange specialized fairs, m"]
[1.5665301084518433, 9.415691375732422, "hite House, 2013).\nGuangdong and Hong Kong already have some of the elements in place, such as the Green Lane initiative, in which cross-boundary trucks use a dedicated Green Lane and are tracked by an electronic truck surveillance system using GPS a"]
[1.5822035074234009, 9.460693359375, "sinesses within all nonagricultural industries for the 50 states and the District of Columbia (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). During the first six months in the sample, respondents are called by interviewers who enter data directly into a co"]
[1.5901896953582764, 9.454994201660156, "ce many cities in the PRD region are working toward transitioning their industrial base to less labor- and energy-intensive activity, there may be advantages to the region as a whole to launch joint marketing campaigns rather than compete against one"]
[1.5826117992401123, 9.448226928710938, "ms produced graduates with the skills necessary to succeed in the private sector. Such close engagement with employers also increased the value of TESDA certification in the labor market because of its effect on enhancing trust\namong employers (INSEA"]
[1.5834029912948608, 9.472673416137695, "e 9.1 summarizes the goal, strategies, and indicators for challenge CD1.\nEconomic Development 131\n132 Quality of Life Indicators and Policy Strategies to Advance Sustainability in the Pearl River Delta\nTable 9.1\nEconomic Development Goal, Strategies,"]
[1.558529257774353, 9.52723217010498, "ent about the relative order of impact and degree of difficulty among the economic development strategies. Table E.5 provides the listing of our underlying assessments. We view the reduction of trade barriers and the provision of improved market info"]
[1.5857019424438477, 9.51534652709961, " use goals will affect transportation, environmental, housing, and economic development strategies. Strategies, however, have different geographic scope and will need to be customized for the cities, districts, and counties where they will be impleme"]
[1.5680038928985596, 9.509759902954102, "tion Environment Housing Development\n\u221a\u221a\u221a\n\u221a\u221a\n\u221a\u221a\n\u221a\n\u221a\nImplementation of the Indicator System and Strategies 137\n   Housing\n              Economic Development\n             \u221a\u221a\u221a\u221a\u221a\n and other key provincial departments, and their counterparts at the city, d"]
[1.5763311386108398, 9.509243965148926, "that are more appropriately led at a higher level of government. In Table 10.2, we summarize our recommended roles for each level of government for each of the strategies. For example, the mapping functions in strategies SL1 and SL11\u2013SL13 would be mo"]
[1.580693244934082, 9.510976791381836, "t by providing key infrastructure only in designated areas, consistent with compact development.\nSL8: Develop a brownfields program that includes remediation standards and clear roles for various agencies.\nSL9: Identify and prioritize buildings and n"]
[1.6112462282180786, 9.470613479614258, "facilitates making payments.\nST8: Encourage multiple entrepreneurs to develop mobile apps that provide real-time information on available parking spaces to make finding parking easier and to avoid illegal parking.\nST9: Enforce parking regulations and"]
[1.5686298608779907, 9.475796699523926, "ccelerate Guangdong\u2019s phase-out of coal use, Lead Co-lead especially for household heating and industrial use, and\ncoal-fired power plants serving all PRD cities.\nSE9: Accelerate the implementation of green building Lead Co-lead codes and appliance e"]
[1.5742603540420532, 9.500266075134277, "Implement and enforce building and amenity standards for all public rental housing units and rental units built by private developers.\nProvince\nOversight Technical support\nLead\nLead\nOversight Technical support\nLead\nOversight Technical support\nOversig"]
[1.555650234222412, 9.521690368652344, "and less detail on international practices.\nWith these limitations in mind, we have recommended, in the closing sections of Chap- ters Five through Nine, starting with strategies that are both high impact and relatively easy to implement within each "]
[1.5474295616149902, 9.524969100952148, " name a chief information officer (CIO) who would chair a technical group of CIOs and information technology and database systems experts from each of the provincial- level bureaus and mayors\u2019 offices. These technical leads will ensure smooth, timely"]
[1.5265356302261353, 9.537030220031738, "sment of data availability for the indicators falls into one of four categories:\n1. Objective indicators (not from GIS): These data already exist and are available in the required format.\n2. Objective indicators available in GIS: These data exist in "]
[1.5493190288543701, 9.51867961883545, "ion software platform. Such a platform will enable easy dis- play and comparison of indicators using graphics rather than tabular data. Visualizations also will enable efficient analysis of patterns and trends in the data, permit the quick building o"]
[1.5403342247009277, 9.46463680267334, "d and goals consistent with meeting those challenges. In some cases, national, provincial, and municipal leaders had already set appropriate goals. In other cases, we proposed statements of goals that were consistent with the mutually agreed on chall"]
[1.5564429759979248, 9.481622695922852, "alties are too low, business owners or land developers often find that it is more profitable to pay those fines (if noncompliance is even detected) than paying the costs for pollution control or affordable housing built to standards. The equation for"]
[1.6204792261123657, 9.584028244018555, "progress toward meeting challenges facing the PRD region and a reliable and trusted means of demonstrating that policy strategies are contributing to achieve- ment of Guangdong\u2019s long-term goals of a better life for all residents.\nAPPENDIX A\nPingshan"]
[1.654787302017212, 9.611350059509277, " planning 14% Abundant natural resources 1% Population will shrink 2% New development may worsen the natural environment 2% Lack of planning 3% Other 6% DK 6%\nPingshan Survey Questions and Aggregated Response Frequencies 153\n7. How important is it to"]
[1.6326594352722168, 9.59989070892334, "on\u2019t you walk around for plea- sure more often? IDENTIFY ALL THAT APPLY.\nLack of time 68% The weather 2% Poor air quality 3% Fears for personal security (from people) <1% Fears for safety (from vehicles) <1% Lack of knowledge of walking environment 2"]
[1.6264052391052246, 9.587015151977539, " 10%\nDK 1%\n22. Is the impact from noise to your life a ... Serious problem 18%\nModerate problem 21%\nMinor problem 41%\nNot a problem at all 19% DK <1%\n23. IF Q22=serious or moderate problem, ASK: What is the source of the noise problem? [CIRCLE ALL TH"]
[1.6306103467941284, 9.579651832580566, "l to work 45% Travel to school 7% Travel for leisure and sports 37% Travel for shopping 11% Or is it not used at all? 18% Other 2% DK 5%\nPingshan Survey Questions and Aggregated Response Frequencies 161\n29. How satisfied are you with the availability"]
[1.6341676712036133, 9.592711448669434, "ublic facilities management 1% Resident services and other services 8% Education 1% Health care, social welfare 1% Culture, sports, and recreation 1% Public administration and social organizations 1% Other 1%\n39. IF employed: How do you travel to wor"]
[1.581179141998291, 9.588406562805176, "entation of survey results, but rather an overview of the observations we found most salient with respect to the development of targeted policy strategies and indicator system. As noted in Chapter Four, the survey has a sampling error of plus or minu"]
[1.6067070960998535, 9.58705997467041, "vation of ecological land was considered important to more residents (95 per- cent) than the preservation of cultural heritage (76 percent) or agricultural land (68 percent). In fact, nearly two-thirds of residents (61 percent) considered preservatio"]
[1.6237863302230835, 9.572903633117676, "entage\n Good mix of buildings\nHistoric preservation\nAccess to nature\nAttractive public spaces\nSense of community\nAccess to transportation\nSummary of Findings from Pingshan Resident Satisfaction Survey 171\nLivable communities are frequently associated"]
[1.6239362955093384, 9.564716339111328, "n Figure C.6. Dangerous driving by others, including drunk driving and speeding, was considered a serious or moderate problem by 56 percent. A majority (53 percent) also thought safety in driving due to sharing of the road with trucks was a serious o"]
[1.6182727813720703, 9.57515811920166, "ion, tended to be more dissatisfied than the survey population in total with the frequency (24 percent), coverage (18 percent), and particularly the slowness (61 per- cent) of public transport (Figure C.8).\nCongestion (from car or truck traffic) did "]
[1.6135658025741577, 9.573355674743652, " with government efforts to pre- serve the environment; 22 percent were dissatisfied. Respondents who live in Heping, Tiantou, Shabo, and Shijing were more dissatisfied with government efforts to preserve the environment than residents of other commu"]
[1.5900652408599854, 9.556376457214355, " five were dissatisfied with handling of solid waste.\nAt the neighborhood level, the effective management of community noise is an important environmental issue. Most respondents (60 percent) said that noise was a minor problem or not a problem at al"]
[1.6227810382843018, 9.600013732910156, "d that they have good access to transportation (91 percent) and groceries (86 percent) (Figure C.16).\nHealth care is also nearby for most persons (64 percent). However, more than 40 percent of the residents in Xiuxin, Longtian, Laokeng, Jingui, Pingh"]
[1.6935583353042603, 9.68437385559082, "nts who are employed work in the community in which they live, 15 percent work elsewhere in Pingshan, 3 percent work elsewhere in Shenzhen, and 1 percent elsewhere.\nMost respondents seem somewhat satisfied with how well their total income meets their"]
[1.5915676355361938, 9.567264556884766, " for efficient provision of public services and facilities.\n GL2\n Increase density of residential space and employment opportunities through provision of high-quality compact development.\n   SL3 Promote transit-oriented development near rail stations"]
[1.5660759210586548, 9.567699432373047, "ry\nL17 Number of buildings listed on a historic registry\nL18 Percentage of residents who think their city, district, or county provides historic preservation of structures or buildings (Q10b)\nAvailability of Data for Preferred Indicator or Proposed I"]
[1.7429040670394897, 9.301247596740723, " that captures inter- and intracity travel flows and mode use.\nST6 Connect pedestrian and bicycle greenways and paths to major employment destinations.\nST7 Institute a parking pricing system for on-street parking and encourage entrepreneurs to develo"]
[1.7212673425674438, 9.347480773925781, "s between passenger cars and trucks.\n   ST10 Implement peak-period delivery T13 restrictions in the central\nbusiness district and other highly congested areas.\nST11 Create freight consolidation T14 centers in urban fringe areas to reduce the number o"]
[1.5092567205429077, 9.434040069580078, "ty for air and water pollution and soil contamination.\n    E2 Number of facilities identified but lacking permits as a share of total number of facilities (permitted and unpermitted).\n  SE2 Increase incentives for E3 enforcement.\nNumber of facilities"]
[1.5149667263031006, 9.39475154876709, " clean up at sites within the appropriate jurisdiction, and publish a list of sites with the name of the facility owner and a description of the nature of the contamination.\nSE7 Establish waste site cleanup E16 funds at the municipal and\nprovincial l"]
[1.5747730731964111, 9.627931594848633, "rket priced\nland. H2\nSH2 Increase funding capacity and H3 reduce government reliance on development fees by levying property taxes on homes.\nSH3 Require a certain percentage of H4 public rental housing units and affordable housing for purchase\nin TOD"]
[1.5884443521499634, 9.46279239654541, " Improve provision of market D2 information on prices, quality,\ngrade, and other product\nattributes in provinces where\nPRD businesses are targeting their sales efforts.\nSD3 Pilot a preclearance program D3 at a border crossing with Hong Kong\u2013Macao.\nSD"]
[1.5685935020446777, 9.561755180358887, " Now\nL2, L17\nT5, T6, T11, T12, T13**, T15, T16\nE1\u2013E5, E8\u2013E12, E19, E20, E23\u2013E25\nH7, H8**\nD1**, D2, D3**, D4, D6*, D8*, D9*\n33\nObjective\nIndicators Available in GIS\nL5, L7, L10, L11 \u2013 L1 5\nObjective\nIndicators Available After Implementation of Strateg"]
[1.5510021448135376, 9.617035865783691, "eservation regulations.\nSL11 Identify and evaluate assets at risk of flooding through mapping.\nSL12 Identify and evaluate assets at risk of typhoon damage through mapping.\nSL13 Identify and evaluate assets at risk of earthquake damage through mapping"]
[1.58293616771698, 9.381036758422852, " owned cars per capita will increase and congestion and air pollution will worsen.\n GT1\n  Mitigate the need for people to travel by privately owned cars.\n         GT2\n   Improve connectivity among transportation modes and among PRD cities.\n         G"]
[1.578484296798706, 9.533036231994629, "rial lands.\n     High Under one year Easy\nHigh 1\u20133 years Hard\nHigh 1\u20133 years Hard\n   GE4\n   Reduce unlawful emissions from air pollution from stationary and mobile sources.\n      Medium 1\u20133 years\nModerate\n   High 1\u20133 years Easy\n  Medium More than 3 y"]
[1.5900547504425049, 9.446968078613281, "onal economy.\n GD1\n  Raise output and employment by encouraging businesses in the PRD to sell more to other regions in Guangdong and elsewhere in China.\n    High 1\u20133 years\nHigh Under one year\nModerate\nModerate\n    Lower 1\u20133 years Hard\n GD2\n   Reduce "]
[1.5737665891647339, 9.447202682495117, ".\nDevelopment and Reform Committee of Guangdong Province, and Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Province New Type Urbanization Plan (2014\u20132020) (in Chinese), 2014. As of June 2, 2015:\nhttp://w w w.tapa"]
[1.57293701171875, 9.493643760681152, "L i b r a r y / fi l e / e n g l i s h / p e r i o d i c a l / r i m / 2 0 11 / 4 1 . p d f\nOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Territorial Reviews: Guangdong, China 2010, OECD Publishing, 2010.\nPartnership for Sustainable Co"]
[1.5800961256027222, 9.46622371673584, "marcation of Concepts; A Literature Study,\u201d Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 65, Nos. 1\u20132, 2003, pp. 5\u201318.\nWorld Bank, World Development Indicators database, no date.\nWorld Bank, Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development, Washi"]
[-0.4817925691604614, 14.197524070739746, "Land Use Planning Strategies and\nBest Development Practices for Minimizing Vulnerability to Flooding and Coastal Storms, 2005.\nGong, Yuyang, International Experience in Policy and Regulatory Frameworks for Brownfield Site Management, World Bank, Disc"]
[1.6176185607910156, 9.343085289001465, " u t- a m e r i c a - s -11- m o s t- e n d a n g e r e d - h i s t o r i c - places.html\nNelson, Christina, \u201cChina\u2019s Green Building Future,\u201d China Business Review, April 1, 2012. As of June 2, 2015: http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/chinas-green-bu"]
[1.659407615661621, 9.168682098388672, "n_billion_in_china\nWoo, Myungje, and Jean-Michel Guldmann. \u201cImpacts of Urban Containment Policies on the Spatial Structure of US Metropolitan Areas,\u201d Urban Studies, Vol. 48, No. 16, December 2011, pp. 3511\u20133535.\nXie, Jian, and Fasheng Li, Overview of"]
[1.9225342273712158, 8.906121253967285, "nt/ INTERREG IVC Programme, November 2011. As of June 2, 2015: http://www.sugarlogistics.eu/pliki/handbook.pdf\nDavidson, Jacob, \u201cCheck Out Tokyo\u2019s Amazing Underground Robotic Bike Parking System,\u201d Time, February 3, 2014. As of June 2, 2015: http://ne"]
[1.8280631303787231, 8.99792766571045, "elipe Aros, Shama Campbell, Xia Yang, Iva\u0301n Sanchez, Johanna Amaya, Carlos Gonzalez-Calderon, Robyn Marquis, Stacey Hodge, Thomas Maguire, Michael Marsico, Shane Zhang, Sandra Rothbard, Kaan Ozbay, Ender Faruk Morgul, Shri Iyer, Kun Xie, and Eren Erm"]
[1.838552474975586, 8.96705436706543, "Carsharing Services Will Surpass 12 Million Members Worldwide by 2020,\u201d press release, August 22, 2013. As of June 2, 2015: http://www.navigantresearch.com/newsroom/carsharing-services-will-surpass-12-million-members- worldwide-by-2020\nNew York City "]
[1.8409055471420288, 8.954899787902832, "ration, FHWA-SA-06-06, 2006. As of June 2, 2015: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/rsa/guidelines/documents/FHWA_SA_06_06.pdf\nTaylor, Brian D., and Camille N. Y. Fink, \u201cThe Factors Influencing Transit Ridership: A Review and Analysis of the Ridership Litera"]
[1.5275845527648926, 9.169583320617676, "e.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Jrp/153.html\nBlumberg, Katherine, Michael Walsh, and Charlotte Pera, Low-Sulfur Gasoline and Diesel: The Key to Lower Vehicle Emissions, prepared for the meeting of the International Council on Clean Transportation, N"]
[1.594641923904419, 9.197311401367188, "ansportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 9, No. 2, March 2004a, pp. 87\u2013106.\nDill, Jennifer, Scrapping Old Cars, University of California Transportation Center, 2004b.\nThe Economist, \u201cJump-Starting the Car Industry: How Generous I"]
[1.5455751419067383, 9.298046112060547, "wer Projects Would Cause 16,000 Premature Deaths in Guangdong and Hong Kong over Next 40 Years,\u201d August 27, 2013. As of June 2, 2015: http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/press/releases/climate-energy/2013/guangdong-hong-kong-coal/\nGro\u0308zinger, Jan, Tho"]
[1.5652976036071777, 9.222591400146484, " France, Germany and the United States, 2011. As of June 2, 2015: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/pub/pdf/11Fleet.pdf\nKaji, Masanori, \u201cRole of Experts and Public Participation in Pollution Control: The Case of Itai-itai Disease in Japan,\u201d "]
[1.5578995943069458, 9.32526683807373, "dtable Meetings in the Tai Lake Basin, Institute of Developing Economies\u2013Japan External Trade Organization, 2009.\nPeople\u2019s Government of Guangdong Province, \u201cGuidance on Accelerating Regional Economic Integration of the Pearl River Delta,\u201d 2009.\nPeop"]
[1.5753350257873535, 9.408515930175781, "velopment of Environmental Public Interest Litigation in China,\u201d Journal of Court Innovation, 2010.\nWorld Bank, Implementation Completion and Results Report for a Guangdong Pearl River Delta Urban Environment Project, 2012.\nWorld Bank and Development"]
[1.5968924760818481, 9.60035228729248, "i.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Planning_and_Development/Housing_Code_Enforcement/ RHSP%20Brochure%202013.pdf\nCobham, Alex, and Andy Sumner, Is It All About the Tails? The Palma Measure of Income Inequality, Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Develop"]
[1.5966298580169678, 9.442505836486816, " ed., China\u2019s Housing Reforms and Outcomes, Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2011.\nModular Building Institute, \u201cNew York City Turns to Modular Construction to Solve Housing Needs,\u201d no date. As of June 2, 2015: http://www.modular.or"]
[1.5895376205444336, 9.422186851501465, "tificate of Occupancy,\u201d no date. As of June 2, 2015:\nhttp://dcra.dc.gov/service/get-certificate-occupancy\nU.S. Department of Energy, Enforcing Building Energy Codes in China: Progress and Comparative Lessons, Washington, D.C., August 2010. As of June"]
[1.5415953397750854, 9.30945110321045, "ner, Angela, Pat Hogan, Valerio Micale, Alex Vasa, Yuqing Yu, Xuehua Zhang, Xiaolu Zhao, and Julia Zuckerman, Tracking Emissions and Mitigation Actions: Evaluation of MRV Systems in China, Germany, Italy, and the United States, Climate Policy Initiat"]
[1.568580985069275, 9.39518928527832, "mo/english/331n08or3m9a51l/newscast/tp_0701b.html\nU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, \u201cBusiness Employment Dynamics: Frequently Asked Questions,\u201d 2004. As of June 2, 2015:\nhttp://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmfaq.htm\nU.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, \u201cBusiness Empl"]
[1.5812253952026367, 9.490143775939941, "he purpose of the indicator system is to provide an analytical foundation for guiding policy choices that strike a balance between meeting residents\u2019 needs and at the same time attracting new employers and employees to the region. The indicator syste"]
[14.65283489227295, 0.13800451159477234, " CORPORATION\nElectronic Surveillance of Mobile Devices\nUnderstanding the Mobile Ecosystem and Applicable Surveillance Law\n Edward Balkovich, Don Prosnitz, Anne Boustead, Steven C. Isley\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/R"]
[14.664870262145996, 0.11986206471920013, "ce two substantial challenges when accessing these data. The first is maintaining awareness of the sources and nature of commercial data available to an investigator; law enforcement may be overlooking help- ful information because officers are simpl"]
[14.678425788879395, 0.09100910276174545, "....................... iii Figures and Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Summary..................................................................."]
[14.663813591003418, 0.12063775211572647, "tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n. 29\n. 35 . 35 . 37 . 37\n38\n. 41 42\n. 45 . 47\nReferences.........................................................................4"]
[14.670744895935059, 0.10072838515043259, "s.\nix\nx Electronic Surveillance of Mobile Devices: The Mobile Ecosystem and the Law\nTo help overcome these challenges, we developed and prototyped a tool\u2014the Mobile Information and Knowledge Ecosystem (MIKE)\u2014 that functions like a map to help a wide "]
[14.636799812316895, 0.1687043160200119, "he District of Columbia Metropolitan Police Department, the Indiana State Police, and the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Depart- ment. In addition, a number of individuals helped us to understand commercial concerns and perspectives and the perspectiv"]
[14.624689102172852, 0.20342805981636047, "sive and must be conducted in a legal framework intended to protect privacy and civil liberties. Technological, commercial, and legal trends make balancing these equities a significant challenge for both law enforcement and the broader policy communi"]
[14.605573654174805, 0.21248579025268555, "at\n4 WhatsApp is an Internet text and voice messaging service (WhatsApp, no date).\n5 IP-based protocols can be used to provide services very similar to those provided by tra-\nditional telecommunication technologies. For example, Voice over IP (VoIP) "]
[14.62777328491211, 0.20435194671154022, "Even continuous, real-time data\u2014such as location information col- lected by a traffic-management app\u2014may be retained indefinitely in multiple locations, confusing the previous clear distinction between real-time interception and stored information he"]
[14.609953880310059, 0.2082916796207428, "government access to commercially collected data (Van Hoboken, 2013).\n 6 Electronic Surveillance of Mobile Devices: The Mobile Ecosystem and the Law\nLaw Enforcement Challenges\nIt almost goes without saying that the explosion of mobile devices has inc"]
[14.630172729492188, 0.1742267608642578, "d collection and the rise of privacy-enhancing technologies. Whether this leads to more or less effective surveillance depends primarily on the sophistication of the criminal and the nature of the crime, not policy and law. A sophisticated criminal e"]
[14.647716522216797, 0.15192045271396637, " can all collect information about the user, including\n\u2022 location,atvaryingfrequenciesandresolutions\n9\n10\nElectronic Surveillance of Mobile Devices: The Mobile Ecosystem and the Law\n\u2022 \u2022\n\u2022 \u2022\npersonaldata,suchasaddressbooks,contactsandacquaintances, an"]
[14.645045280456543, 0.15543746948242188, "inancial motivation to do so. Location information, for example, is collected and used by the carriers, by navi- gation and traffic management apps, and even by games such as Angry Birds. Thus, the same type of data may be available from multiple sou"]
[14.653559684753418, 0.1409560889005661, "nforcement has strong interests in the retention of that data and the ability to access it in a timely manner. Destruction of information or inability to access it in a timely manner can seriously impede an investigation\u2014especially a multistep invest"]
[14.629045486450195, 0.16971442103385925, " to the investigation? What legal processes would have been required to access the data? How many participants were aware of the data this app accessed? How long were these data retained, and for what purpose? Who else was provided with these data?\nS"]
[16.745960235595703, -1.1976946592330933, "arrant is not unconstitutional. In re Application of the United States of America for Historical Cell Site Data, 724 F.3d 600, 615 (5th Cir. 2013), United States. v. Davis, 785 F.3d 498 (11th Cir. 2015). However, a magistrate judge from the Eastern D"]
[14.64283561706543, 0.15393902361392975, "e app may record it once per day, accurate to a few feet, while another may record it every five minutes, accurate to a few blocks.\n 16 Electronic Surveillance of Mobile Devices: The Mobile Ecosystem and the Law\napp, or service\u2014location data are coll"]
[14.658319473266602, 0.1222265213727951, "iminal investigations.\nLegal decisionmakers want greater clarity regarding existing laws and an easier way to identify potential areas of uncertainty.\nPolicy decisionmakers want more information about information sharing within the mobile ecosystem i"]
[14.674742698669434, 0.095655158162117, "bile devices, apps, and services in different contexts and for different stakeholders and the desire to create a tool that would facilitate access to that information, we identified the following objectives to guide our tool\u2019s development. They defin"]
[14.667844772338867, 0.1072218269109726, "s the sheer number and complexity of the firms involved in the ecosystem. The depictions have utility in discovering new market segments and representative firms to further investigate, but do not provide specific information on how information is ga"]
[14.675416946411133, 0.09646422415971756, "t resolutions.1 MIKE can then be used to identify the relation- ships between data sources and laws governing access to them that are relevant to different jurisdictions and contexts\u2014helping to maintain awareness of a complex landscape of apps, servi"]
[14.680312156677246, 0.08930515497922897, "imply catalogs laws that the curator deems relevant to lawful access to a particular type of data in a particular context (e.g., a traffic stop, or consent). It serves as a checklist to remind an investigator of the requirements he or she needs to co"]
[14.672815322875977, 0.09983564913272858, "ce or case management.\n5 We selected states for inclusion based on their influence on electronic surveillance policy, their prior activities in the area, and the existence of law enforcement partners within the state.\n CHAPTER FOUR\nHow MIKE Works\n MI"]
[14.679879188537598, 0.08306354284286499, "s, MIKE embeds the formalisms of an entity-relationship model into the content of its pages to create a semantic wiki. For example, Google is a commercial firm, location is a data type, and a 2703(d) court order is a legal rule\u2014all are examples of en"]
[14.64387035369873, 0.12610626220703125, "nversations generally involved a discussion of the problems MIKE was designed to address, a demonstration of MIKE\u2019s capabilities, and then a discussion of the pros and cons of such an approach. However, the specifics of each con- versation was genera"]
[14.665338516235352, 0.10353359580039978, "g the burden on the companies providing the information. By making it easier to navigate the mobile ecosys- tem, MIKE could both streamline criminal investigative practices and inform the development of policies governing electronic surveillance.\nAss"]
[14.666731834411621, 0.10207697004079819, " range of apps represented in MIKE, rather than many instances of apps that fundamentally perform the same functions. From their perspective, a range of apps would help demonstrate to policymakers the complexity and variance of mobile devices, apps a"]
[14.668901443481445, 0.09821894019842148, "ll agree that a compromise is necessary and desirable.\nCHAPTER SIX\nSustaining MIKE\n One of the biggest challenges in moving from prototype to full imple- mentation of a mobile ecosystem tool is ensuring that the information contained within it is rel"]
[14.677435874938965, 0.0896071344614029, " A curator could also can provide independent analysis (i.e., unaligned with any stakeholder) of the tool\u2019s content that could be used to inform policy debates.\nNext Steps\nOur approach appears to have value and be worthy of continued devel- opment. T"]
[14.645586013793945, 0.1562453657388687, "ad your contacts Read call log\nWrite call log\nRead calendar events plus confidential information\nAdd or modify calendar events and send email to guests without owner\u2019s knowledge\nPrecise location (GPS and network-based) Approximate locations (network-"]
[14.637837409973145, 0.17555178701877594, "information about the user and the user\u2019s Internet activi- ties derived from the Universal Resource Locater referenced, cookies, location, and other information.\nDemand-side platforms can optionally contract for additional data about the user from da"]
[14.599242210388184, 0.2597317397594452, "August 29, 2013. As of October 20, 2015: http://arstechnica.com/security/2013/08/ tor-usage-doubles-in-under-a-week-and-no-one-knows-why/\nFederal Communications Commission, Trends in Telephone Service, Washington, D.C., September 2010.\nGoogle, Google"]
[14.60090160369873, 0.2620343863964081, ".\nStandage, Tom, The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century\u2019s On-Line Pioneers, New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc., 1998.\nState v. Smith, 124 Ohio St. 3d 163 (Ohio 2009).\nStatista, \u201cGlobal Mobile P"]
[14.634502410888672, 0.13939689099788666, " use, and the services they access all collect and retain enormous amounts of information that can be useful in criminal investigations. However, state and local law enforcement face two substantial challenges when accessing these data: (1) maintaini"]
[19.531465530395508, 19.832599639892578, "Research Report\nUsing Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Prioritize Spending on Traffic Safety\nLiisa Ecola, Benjamin Batorsky, Jeanne S. Ringel\n   CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr1224\n Published by the RAND Co"]
[19.53079605102539, 19.832441329956055, "l work to increase the number of interventions analyzed in the tool from the original 12 to 14. This report uses the underlying calculations in the tool to develop several policy analyses\u2014comparisons of different ways to rank the selected interventio"]
[19.532045364379883, 19.83195686340332, "t the director at tst@rand.org.\niv\nContents\nPreface............................................................................................................................................ iii Figures..............................................."]
[19.531099319458008, 19.832748413085938, "ve Way to\nReduce Drunk Driving? .......................................................................................................... 25 Chapter Six. Conclusion ...................................................................................."]
[19.532062530517578, 19.829586029052734, ".................................. 26 Table 5.2. Ten Instances with the Highest Cost-Effectiveness Ratios ......................................... 28 Table A.1. Cost Components and Subcomponents, by Intervention and Type of Cost ............... 36 T"]
[19.531726837158203, 19.833873748779297, "already in widespread use. Table S.1 briefly describes the 14 interventions selected on this basis.\n xi\nTable S.1. Evidence-Based Traffic Crash Interventions Analyzed in the Motor Vehicle Prioritizing Interventions and Cost Calculator for States\n  In"]
[19.538671493530273, 19.823144912719727, "\n    NOTE: DWI = driving while intoxicated.\nCosts are defined in several ways for the tool, but the questions addressed in this report use only costs that the state bears to implement the interventions (such as police time). These are estimated based"]
[19.532140731811523, 19.831960678100586, "ted. The cost-effectiveness of these individual interventions ranges from 130 for alcohol interlocks to 0.8 for limits on diversion and plea agreements. We also identify the most cost-effective intervention in each state. If all remaining states impl"]
[19.532575607299805, 19.83148956298828, "ost-effective way to reduce drunk driving?\u201d Using five interventions2 that target DWI specifically, we look at the cost-effectiveness ratios across all states. There are 255 possible intervention\u2013state combinations (51 states times five interventions"]
[19.53132438659668, 19.83197593688965, "made, and a prior report (Ringel et al., forthcoming) documents them. However, because of these assumptions, the estimates presented here should be considered approximations.\n\u2022 We do not continually update the tool. We produced a tool that was based "]
[19.531497955322266, 19.847070693969727, "and James M. Anderson and Christopher Skeels of RAND for their thoughtful and constructive reviews of the project documentation and tool. Their input improved the final product significantly. Jurek Grabowski, director of research for the AAA Foundati"]
[19.531692504882812, 19.832712173461914, "vehicle\u2013related injury\u2013prevention interventions. The analyses are available through an interactive online tool, the Motor Vehicle Prioritizing Interventions and Cost Calculator for States (MV PICCS), that states can use to assess state-specific costs"]
[19.532047271728516, 19.83464241027832, "e the steps in the development and analysis of our cost- effectiveness estimates. For more-detailed information on the sources of cost and benefit information and the assumptions and analyses that generate the cost-effectiveness estimates, please see"]
[19.532461166381836, 19.831274032592773, "selected\nlocations where they patrol the area looking for suspicious driving behavior in an attempt to identify alcohol-impaired drivers. In contrast to sobriety checkpoints, saturation patrols do not stop every vehicle.\n\u2022 Bicycle helmet laws: Bicycl"]
[19.53347396850586, 19.830915451049805, "belt fines in most states.\nImplementation Cost Estimation\nIn the tool, the costs associated with these interventions fall into one of four categories: costs that the state bears to implement the intervention (such as the cost of police time), costs t"]
[19.543550491333008, 19.822538375854492, "are an important part of how the tool works because users can include these fines and fees\u2014which essentially constitute revenue to the state\u2014to see the extent to which they defray the costs of implementation. Essentially, this means that each interve"]
[19.532695770263672, 19.830081939697266, "e appendix). The exception is sobriety checkpoints, for which there are distinct estimates in the literature. For this intervention, the effect on injuries is 20 percent and 8.1 percent for fatalities.\nLacking any other information, for all other int"]
[19.53178596496582, 19.830867767333984, "tments employed by CDC\u2019s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System cost-of-injury reports (CDC, 2015), computed using Council for Community and Economic Research cost-of-living index data (Council for Community and Economic Research, und"]
[19.533781051635742, 19.830324172973633, "efits, we generated a cost- effectiveness estimate for each of the 14 interventions in each state. This is the ratio of the total annual monetized benefit to the total annual implementation cost for each separate intervention. The higher the ratio of"]
[19.53309440612793, 19.831113815307617, "ld decline slightly to $13.9 billion.\nFigure 2.1 shows all 298 combinations and the relationship between the number of lives potentially saved and the cost-effectiveness ratio. Ideally, we would want to implement the interventions in the upper right "]
[19.53243637084961, 19.831361770629883, "cks\nUniversal motorcycle helmet laws\nLicense plate impoundment\nIn-person license renewal for older drivers\nBicycle helmet laws\nPrimary seat belt\u2013 use laws\nSobriety checkpoints\nAutomated speed- camera enforcement\nAutomated red- light enforcement\nVehic"]
[19.532766342163086, 19.831165313720703, " second approach we use looks within each state and selects the top-ranked intervention for that state to implement. The top-ranked intervention varies across states because of differences in characteristics and the set of interventions that are alre"]
[19.532974243164062, 19.831111907958984, "dment\nIn-person license renewal for older drivers\nNumber of States\nLives Saved\nInjuries Prevented\n160,092\n6,917 4,464\n2,371 1,367 746 175,957\nCost ($)\n32,775,000\n5,284,000 14,290,000\n592,000 6,490,000 481,000 59,912,000\nBenefit ($)\n4,118,403,000\n415,"]
[19.533613204956055, 19.830738067626953, " each state\u2019s allocation by 10 percent, or spend the money where it is most effective, regardless of state. We assume that states continue to fund their existing traffic safety policies, and we use MV PICCS to calculate whether any additional interve"]
[19.53278350830078, 19.829442977905273, "0 133,000 556,000 222,000 251,000 1,360,000 298,000 1,815,000 520,000 148,000 412,000 332,000 97,000 620,000 138,000\nBenefit ($)\n7,347,000 20,194,000 19,755,000 43,618,000 8,265,000 12,741,000 6,598,000 47,953,000 2,173,000 1,540,000 13,247,000 663,0"]
[19.53265953063965, 19.831165313720703, " one or more interventions, the remaining funds are insufficient to implement another. The group of interventions in Table 4.1 costs about\n$28.4 million in total out of the available $57.9 million.\nOnly six interventions of 11 are on the list, genera"]
[19.53333282470703, 19.830888748168945, "26\n11 410 13 459 8 283 11 381 7 264\nCost ($)\n114,000 119,000 118,000 115,000 119,000 108,000 128,000 115,000 123,000 104,000 1,815,000 520,000 148,000 97,000 620,000 67,000 449,000 127,000 99,000 422,000 149,000 69,000 118,000 1,432,000 259,000 562,0"]
[19.532623291015625, 19.831592559814453, "otals are based on the underlying numbers, so some slight inconsistencies are due to this rounding.\nInterestingly, the actual number of interventions funded under this approach, 76, is slightly lower than under the approach in which each state receiv"]
[19.532852172851562, 19.83116340637207, "commonly used:\n\u2022 proportion of a state\u2019s vehicle crash fatalities attributable to drunk driving: The proportion of fatalities attributable to alcohol-impaired driving ranges from 19 percent in Iowa to 48 percent in North Dakota. The average for the U"]
[19.53258514404297, 19.831830978393555, "erventions implemented\n5 4 3 2 1 0\n                                                                                                                   0 2 4 6 8 10 12\nAlcohol-related fatalities per 100,000 population\n   Number of Number of Interventio"]
[19.5323429107666, 19.83171844482422, "ve are license plate impoundment and five are alcohol interlocks. These rank high in cost-effectiveness terms because they are both sanctions that take place after arrest and thus do not impose additional costs to the police or court system. Also, of"]
[19.533273696899414, 19.831010818481445, "re they are not currently in place, 1,219 fatalities would be prevented, and implementation costs would be approximately\n$55 million. Universal motorcycle helmet laws alone would prevent 745 fatalities and cost $41 million to implement. If we take a "]
[19.53250503540039, 19.833450317382812, "$1 spent on implementation. We find that implementing these ten state\u2013intervention combinations would cost $2.1 million and would prevent 170 fatalities. That works out to a collective cost- effectiveness ratio of 167. When less cost-effective interv"]
[19.53241539001465, 19.833261489868164, "terlocks\nSaturation Patrols\nBicycle Helmet Laws\nUniversal Motorcycle\nHigh-Visibility\nLicense Plate\nImpoundment\nPlea Agreements\nIn-Person License\nHigher Fines for Seat\nBelt\u2013Use Violations\nTable A.1. Cost Components and Subcomponents, by Intervention a"]
[19.53213882446289, 19.8311710357666, "cost Children\u2019s bicycle helmet laws,\n$/helmet\n\u2014 1,182 \u2014\n\u2014 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\u201420 \u2014 \u2014 \u2014\n\u2014\u2014\u2014 100 \u2014 \u2014\nUniversal motorcycle helmet laws, $/helmet\nCompliance cost\n37\n   Cost Component and Unit\nInfant car seat, $/seat\nChildren\u2019s booster seat, $/seat Fines, fees, and cha"]
[19.531635284423828, 19.840911865234375, "s well as interviews. Detailed explanations are available in Ringel et al., SOURCES: All figures are our estimates based on a\nforthcoming.\nNOTE: \u2014 = not applicable. CIOT = Click It or Ticket,\na type of high-visibility enforcement campaign. All costs "]
[19.532995223999023, 19.830976486206055, "fects of selective breath testing checkpoints and reported a median finding in the literature of a 20% reduction in fatal and nonfatal injury crashes.\nFell, Tippetts, and Levy, 2008, cites a 17.9% drop in fatal crashes in Michigan. We assume a propor"]
[19.53154182434082, 19.830615997314453, "01 2,662 503 1,225 1,308 5,044\nCost per Fatality\n11,883 947 979,925 304,406 29,738 12,372 111,812 6,006 11,773\n      SOURCE: Blincoe et al., 2015.\nNOTE: Blincoe et al., 2015, Table 1-2, reports costs by injury severity. We calculated a weighted avera"]
[19.529972076416016, 19.832630157470703, "ecisionmakers Select Interventions to Reduce Traffic Crash Deaths and Injuries, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RB-9827-CDC, forthcoming (a).\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, How to Get the Biggest Impact from an Increase in Spending on Traffic Safety, Santa Monica, Cal"]
[4.425050735473633, 7.96334171295166, "October 2, 2009, version referenced February 17, 2014. As of August 12, 2015:\nhttp://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/Main/index.aspx\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNational Automotive Sampling System (NASS),\u201d undated (b); referenced February 17, 2014. As of August 12, 2015:\nhttp://ww"]
[13.790180206298828, 4.79065465927124, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[11.361001968383789, 17.94450569152832, "r copyright law. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use."]
[11.737565994262695, 18.20382308959961, "Questions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, Seth Seabury, an Associate Professor at the University of Southern California and adjunct economist at RAND (seabury@usc.edu). For more information on the RAND Center for H"]
[12.232145309448242, 18.196443557739258, ".. 11 Estimates of Program Cost Under Alternative Benefit Scenarios .......................................................... 17 4. Conclusion .........................................................................................................."]
[11.824204444885254, 18.325716018676758, "an employer to provide a qualified offer of return to work.\n\u2022 Determine the amount for the supplemental payment according to the difference between actual earnings loss and expected earnings loss, which could help address an inequity wherein replacem"]
[11.861810684204102, 18.3550968170166, "ury. For a period, costs fell and the system appeared to be stabilizing.\nThen, in the late 2000s, there were two developments that increased pressure for further reform. The first was that premiums began to rise once more, largely driven by rising co"]
[11.783123970031738, 18.393230438232422, "ns for costs given a fixed benefit level. The actual level of benefits is an important, but separate, policy question, and we do not directly address it here.\nIn the next chapter, we describe some of the policy challenges that arise with the program "]
[12.026357650756836, 18.258769989013672, "aining affordability. These terms are defined and discussed in more detail in past work (Berkowitz and Burton, 1987; Reville et al., 2005). The appropriate level of adequacy is difficult to define in this context, as the legislature offered little gu"]
[12.285099029541016, 18.211029052734375, " an individual injured before their injury to their earnings after their injury.1 There are two problems with measuring earnings losses in this way. One is that it attributes all differences in earnings before and after the injury to the injury itsel"]
[12.211519241333008, 18.250146865844727, "time after the date of injury to allow for the effects of the injury to be realized. Past RAND work suggests it takes three to five years after the date of injury for earnings losses to stabilize (Reville et al., 2005). Given this time frame, this su"]
[11.835660934448242, 18.366525650024414, "is time period, when workers are receiving benefits, could be more subject to manipulation in the sense that workers could take additional time off work to increase their potential award. It is possible that if claimants know that the fourth year wil"]
[11.843969345092773, 18.36243438720703, "eet the goal of improving benefit adequacy without putting an undue stress on system costs.\nHowever, one of the advantages in the way the program is being designed is that payments will not be made until a sufficient time has passed to monitor lost e"]
[11.98270034790039, 18.258243560791016, "sufficient level to merit a supplemental payment. Additionally, the statute provides a set budget that is available for the supplemental payments. Thus, some estimate of the frequency of expected take-up is required to be able to determine benefit le"]
[12.213113784790039, 18.230789184570312, " for the California Department of Insurance. The data we use comes from the Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan, which includes information on the date of the injury that led to the claim, the indemnity benefits, defense costs, and medical costs (paid"]
[12.386290550231934, 18.212919235229492, "et al., 2009; Peterson et al., 1998; Reville et al., 1999; Reville et al., 2001; Seabury et al., 2011). Using matched sets of uninjured control-group workers can, under the right assumptions, identify the change in earnings that was caused by the inj"]
[11.924336433410645, 18.428089141845703, "            The fourth column of Table 1 reports the fraction of individuals receiving the SJDB as reported by the WCIRB. Approximately 20 percent of PPD claimants in California receive the SJDB.5 Not surprisingly, this rate is lower for workers with"]
[12.253950119018555, 18.13863754272461, "alculated for the fourth year after injury.\n* For comparison, a sample of injured workers with no PD has shown 33.5-percent decline, and two samples of uninjured workers have shown declines of 15.0 percent and 16.4 percent. See Table 3.\n6 We have don"]
[12.332110404968262, 18.200376510620117, "rk using these same data (Seabury et al., 2011; Seabury et al., 2013). Even for comparatively minor cases with disability ratings of 1\u20134, the estimated decline in earnings exceeds 30 percent. To better understand the extent to which losses are inflat"]
[12.187479019165039, 18.213947296142578, "bility but no PD experience losses of 33.5 percent, which is higher even than the low-rated claims in the DEU sample. Finally, for the uninjured workers matched to the WCIRB sample, the average decline is 16.4 percent. The fact that even workers with"]
[12.095179557800293, 18.35753631591797, " Exceed the Overall Average Losses (%)\nDisability\nRating\n1 to 4\n5 to 9\n10to14\n15to19\n20to24\n25to29\n30to34\n35to39\n40to44\n45to49\n50to54\n55to59\n60to64\n65to69\n70to74\n75to79\n80to84\n85to89\n90to94\n95 to 99\nAll Workers\nNote: The table reports the fraction of"]
[11.958483695983887, 18.347827911376953, " to take- up of the vocational rehabilitation benefit).\nTable 5. Estimated Number of Beneficiaries and Average Payment Amount Under Different Eligibility Criteria\nEligible Population\nAll workers who receive the SJDB\nWorkers who receive the SJDB with "]
[12.319427490234375, 18.168302536010742, "rst and second rows in Table 5 with the third and fourth rows). There is an inherent trade-off between the number of recipients and the size of the benefit, as long as the benefit program is to maintain solvency and not lead to an increase in workers"]
[11.674469947814941, 18.262855529785156, "e the relative earnings by taking 100*(1-[post-injury earnings/pre-injury earnings]).\n 20\nReferences\nBerkowitz, Monroe, and John F. Burton, Permanent Disability Benefits in Workers\u2019 Compensation, Kalamazoo, Mich.: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employmen"]
[11.21147346496582, 18.157941818237305, "d Environmental Medicine, Vol. 55, No. 3, 2013, pp. 286\u2013291.\nSeabury, Seth A., Robert T. Reville, Stephanie Williamson, Christopher F. McLaren, Adam H. Gailey, Elizabeth Wilke, and Frank W. Neuhauser, Workers\u2019 Compensation Reform and Return to Work: "]
[13.788213729858398, 4.781213283538818, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[-0.3857457935810089, 14.426487922668457, "e the risk of storm surge flooding to many parts of New Orleans. It is located to the east of New Orleans and is currently the largest such barrier in the United States. (USACE photo by Paul Floro.)\n\u00a9 Copyright 2014 RAND Corporation\nThis document and"]
[-0.3728262782096863, 14.409537315368652, "cymakers, stakeholders, and residents concerned with the well-being of coastal regions across the United States. The planning approach described in this report offers a way to compare many options in a rigorous manner while accounting for a wide rang"]
[-0.3842545747756958, 14.421380996704102, " can be found at http://www.rand.org/gulf-states.html.\nContents\n Preface........................................................................................................... iii Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[-0.3866676986217499, 14.442436218261719, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16\nSupporting CPRA Decisionmaking with Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18\nChAPter three\nUsing th"]
[-0.3692448139190674, 14.434364318847656, "ing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Public Participation Is Essential Throughout the Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[-0.3787074387073517, 14.4330472946167, "...................................\n3.2. Trade-Offs Between Land Building and Area of Suitable Saltwater Habitat. . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.3. Master Plan Funding Allocation Across Project Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[-0.3875918686389923, 14.391539573669434, "and melting glaciers, leading to sea levels from 8 inches to as much as 4\u20136 feet higher than 1990 levels by 2100.Such increases, when combined with coastal tides and storm surge, will likely dramatically increase the risk of floods to coastal residen"]
[-0.3758355677127838, 14.44763469696045, " risk-reduction and restoration projects to address the coast\u2019s problems. Part of this mandate was to develop a process that was as objective and transparent as possible and based on the best-available scientific information about coastal processes a"]
[-0.3823186159133911, 14.453789710998535, "ing Tool, as shown in Figure S.1, is a set of interactive visualiza- tions that present estimates of how alternatives would or would not achieve CPRA\u2019s goals. These visualizations allowed CPRA and stakeholders to review and understand the trade-offs "]
[-0.3518756926059723, 14.48300552368164, ". These scenarios differed across many uncertain factors, including sea-level rise, subsidence, and storm frequency and intensity. For instance, in 2061, expected annual damage (EAD) is projected to increase to between $7 billion and $21 billion with"]
[-0.38081973791122437, 14.441376686096191, "derstand the key trade-offs among strategies.\nFor example, because land building is an important goal, the Planning Tool identified a series of sediment diversion, marsh creation, and other restoration projects that are likely to lead to the most lan"]
[-0.38309046626091003, 14.434745788574219, "c approach, CPRA was able to develop a $50 billion, 50-year Master Plan. The planning processes helped CPRA and stakeholders grapple with tough trade-offs between \u201chard\u201d (infrastructure) and \u201csoft\u201d (resto- ration and nonstructural mitigation) approac"]
[-0.38797810673713684, 14.429080963134766, "l analyses into a framework to identify a robust strategy for recovery and future risk reduction. Other coastal areas could also benefit from the application of this approach, including the Eastern Seaboard, as it seeks to be better prepared for sea-"]
[-0.39238664507865906, 14.41214656829834, "cky R. Melton.\nRAND RR437-1.1\n  1\n2 Strengthening Coastal Planning\ning loss of coastal lands. Over the years, various interests in the region had advanced a diverse range and large number of possible solutions, but never had the state had a means of "]
[-0.36921271681785583, 14.435606956481934, "tes and elsewhere in the world.\nForces at Work on the Louisiana Coast\nLouisiana\u2019s coastline has always been dynamic\u2014expanding and receding over the course of millennia in response to periodic flooding and sediment deposition from the Mississippi and "]
[-0.3445627987384796, 14.404366493225098, "ommunities, such as New Orleans, and the ocean would be gone and entire swaths of the central and western portion of the state would be lost.\nThe Risk of Coastal Flooding Is Rising\nWetlands, barrier islands, dunes, ridges, and other natural coastal f"]
[-0.390632688999176, 14.422182083129883, "he loss of coastal wetlands and increasing vulnerability of coastal communities threatens the economic and social status quo of the region and the nation. Louisiana\u2019s Master Plan enumer- ates the assets and services the coast provides and, ultimately"]
[-0.3690524399280548, 14.436503410339355, "or bank stabilization, barrier island restoration, channel realign- ment, marsh creation through river and sediment diversions, marsh creation though mechani- cal means, restoration of natural hydrologic conditions, oyster barrier reef, ridge restora"]
[-0.38733378052711487, 14.4274320602417, "eational activities. The coast is also home to large cities, such as New Orleans, with significant existing flood control infrastructure constructed by the federal gov- ernment, and smaller communities, such as Houma, that have little or none; what p"]
[-0.39232540130615234, 14.440765380859375, "- toration of the natural environment, engineered infrastructure, more resilient building prac- tices, and improved emergency management and evacuation planning, all to ensure that over- all risk from flooding to people and property on the coast is m"]
[-0.38205718994140625, 14.454318046569824, "iver flow, available funding over the next five decades, and the preferences of CPRA senior manage- ment and the group of stakeholders. The Planning Tool uses optimization to iteratively identify alternatives comprised of the most cost-effective proj"]
[-0.3784213364124298, 14.44421100616455, "ts for developing the Master Plan. Thus, the modeling teams developed three environmental scenarios to help identify near- term investments that could perform sufficiently well over a range of future conditions and determine which other investments c"]
[-0.3736236095428467, 14.451763153076172, "ors through three future scenarios is an important first step toward developing a robust coastal strategy, more systematic stress testing of the Master Plan is required. Given time and other constraints, the modeling conducted for the 2012 Master Pla"]
[-0.3273226320743561, 14.530869483947754, "sider flood damage at different levels of severity and likelihood, CLARA estimates 2 percent, 1 percent, and 0.2 percent AEP values for flood depths at each point across coastal Louisiana; these are commonly referred to as 50-, 100-, and 500-year flo"]
[-0.33221110701560974, 14.5311918258667, "egion and generates flood depth estimates in areas outside of enclosed hurricane protection systems, as well as the storm hazard condi- tions for a collection of hypothetical storms. It also records surge and wave conditions along the external bounda"]
[-0.39676937460899353, 14.451643943786621, "t action. Figure 3.5 in the next chapter shows, through CLARA modeling, how the portfolio of projects included in the Master Plan can help to reduce flood depths in the same areas.\nThe Planning Tool and Innovative Decisionmaking\nCPRA asked RAND to de"]
[-0.38487309217453003, 14.447819709777832, " be used by the Planning Tool to develop new alternatives.\nThe Planning Tool helped CPRA develop a consistent, scientific base of information to support four sets of deliberations leading to the final Master Plan:\n Latitude\n30.5 30.0 29.5 29.0 28.5\nS"]
[-0.3770942687988281, 14.439376831054688, "f sediment and river water, as well as control the intrusion of salt water into fresh areas. Other restoration projects create new marshland by piping sediment, establish oyster barrier reefs to both improve oyster cultivation and act as breakwaters "]
[-0.37777477502822876, 14.452563285827637, "er under different funding assumptions, and (4) which alternatives would best support CPRA and stakeholder values and preferences.\nanalytical Support for the Development of Louisiana\u2019s 50-Year Comprehensive Plan 19\nFigure 2.4\nAnalysis Supported Stake"]
[-0.38672298192977905, 14.444076538085938, "loped to show how different projects ranked based on cost-effectiveness. This information supported early stakeholder workshops that helping build confidence in the data and tools being used, and laid the foundation for proposed alternatives that wou"]
[-0.3810727894306183, 14.445630073547363, "60% 50%/50%\n30%/70% 40%/60%\n70%/3\n40%/60% 50%/50%\n50%/50% 60%/40%\n40%/60% 60%/40% 50%/50%\n70%/30% 60%/40% 70%/30%\n70%/30%\n70%/30%\n30%/70%\n 60%/40%\n0%\n  Funding scenario ($B)\n20 30 40 50 100\n Long-term increase in land (percent towards current coast-w"]
[-0.35890594124794006, 14.436503410339355, " outcomes for some shrimp and saltwater fisheries, respectively. The \u201cwithout action\u201d alternative results in the significant loss of about 700 square miles and shows a slight increase in the saltwater species habitat. The \u201cmaximize land building\u201d alt"]
[-0.38283148407936096, 14.440342903137207, " include or exclude in the final plan (Groves, Sharon, and Knopman, 2012). After several months of discussions among CPRA management and stake- holders and iterations with the Planning Tool, CPRA defined a single alternative for the Janu- ary 2012 dr"]
[-0.40271538496017456, 14.42115306854248, "e future without action, the restoration projects included in the Master Plan could build between 580 and 800 square miles of land over the next 50 years, depending on future conditions, as illustrated in Figure 3.6. For the moderate scenario, land l"]
[-0.41325458884239197, 14.407564163208008, "evelop\nUsing the Planning tool to Support the Development of a Comprehensive Plan for Louisiana 27\n Difference in flood depth in feet\n1 to 2\n\u20137 to \u20136\n3 to 4\n\u20135 to \u20134\nMarsh Creation\nBarrier Island/Headland\nOyster Reef\nRidge Restoration\nShoreline Prote"]
[-0.3770090937614441, 14.35628890991211, " principles of deliberation with analysis along with early, sustained, and transparent stakeholder and decisionmaker engagement.\nGrowing Vulnerability of Coastal Regions\nAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, the populations of U.S. coastal counties ha"]
[-0.3485153615474701, 14.361686706542969, "he mid-Atlantic region, particularly coastal New York and New Jersey. The storm flooded train and subway tunnels, damaged electric power transmission and distribution equipment, dam- aged or destroyed 650,000 homes and businesses, caused at least 165"]
[-0.3885827660560608, 14.391558647155762, " recovery expenditures\n           Government funded disaster relief ($B)\n            1970 1975\n1980 1985\n1990 1995\nYear\n2000 2005 2010 2015\nSOURCE: RAND analysis.\nNOTE: The negative expenditure in 2006 represents funds rescinded from previous (cumula"]
[-0.38133493065834045, 14.425687789916992, "ough rock and concrete. Simi- larly, many approaches to ecosystem restoration rely on mechanical means\u2014such as moving dirt to rebuild eroded wetlands or replacing sand that has been washed away. More recently, however, nonstructural and less mechanic"]
[-0.3859139382839203, 14.428934097290039, "ation for investment and planning in the Sandy-affected region in future years (Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force, 2013).\nPrinciples for Integrated Coastal Planning\nGiven the uncertainty of how these factors\u2014alone or in combination\u2014will play out "]
[-0.42054325342178345, 12.749122619628906, "tal plan will be faced with many difficult choices. They will need to take social, economic, and ecological concerns into con- sideration. These are value judgments, not technical choices per se. At its best, scientific data and analysis should make "]
[-0.3878738284111023, 14.421866416931152, "he $50 billion budget is to be allocated to nonstructural risk- reduction strategies. These strategies will be developed over time, allowing CPRA to benefit both from observing how risks are evolving over the coming decades and from new scientific ad"]
[-0.42492547631263733, 12.751495361328125, "ponse to new information. RDM helps decisionmakers identify strategies\u2014including both near-term and deferred decisions or investments\u2014that are shown through the analysis to be effective over a wide range of plausible future conditions. RDM also can b"]
[-0.41197454929351807, 12.700911521911621, "which the inputs developed in the decision-structuring step are used along with data and models to eval- uate plausible future conditions across a wide range of futures for one or more strategies. This step generates a significant amount of quantitat"]
[-0.4496475160121918, 14.33577823638916, "ery,\u201d Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 77, No. 1, 2010,\npp. 34\u201349.\nCoastal Protection and Restoration Authority, Fiscal Year 2014 Annual Plan: Integrated Ecosystem Restoration and Hurricane Protection in Coastal Louisiana, Baton Roug"]
[-0.4497710168361664, 14.328369140625, "e/\n 41\n42 Strengthening Coastal Planning\nFederal Emergency Management Agency, Hazus: The Federal Emergency Management Agency\u2019s (FEMA\u2019s) Methodology for Estimating Potential Losses from Disasters, web page, 2013. As of July 9, 2013: http://www.fema.go"]
[-0.5730087757110596, 13.429537773132324, "J. Nicholls, and Jan Corfee-Morlot, \u201cFuture Flood Losses in Major Coastal Cities,\u201d Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, No. 9, 2013, pp. 802\u2013806.\nHealy, Andrew, and Neil Malhotra, \u201cMyopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy,\u201d American Political Science Revi"]
[-0.6019759774208069, 13.358183860778809, "Kaatz, and Marc Waage, Decision Support Planning Methods: Incorporating Climate Change Uncertainties into Water Planning, San Francisco, Calif.: Water Utility Climate Alliance, 2010. As of May 7, 2012:\nhttp://w w w.wucaonline.org/assets/pdf/actions_w"]
[-0.3425029516220093, 14.430265426635742, "ptember 26, 2013: http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2013/05/national_fish_and_wildlife_fou.html\nSimon, Herbert A., \u201cRational Choice and the Structure of the Environment,\u201d Psychological Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, 1956, pp. 129\u2013138.\nU.S. Army Corp"]
[13.794865608215332, 4.772591590881348, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[15.486034393310547, 6.32332706451416, "taloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication.\nISBN: 978-0-8330-8493-4\nThe RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily"]
[15.594257354736328, 6.4186811447143555, " within the U.S. Department of Justice, with input from the Office of Vocational and Adult Education, U.S. Department of Education, competitively awarded a project to the RAND Corporation in 2010 to comprehensively examine the current state of correc"]
[15.595240592956543, 6.418963432312012, "ding vocational education programming that will lead to industry or nationally recognized certifi- cations; that the importance of computer technology in correctional education is growing but use of technology is mixed and access to the Internet by i"]
[15.597306251525879, 6.401846408843994, "tcomes for and provide a comprehensive response to the increasing number of indi- viduals who are released from prisons, jails, and juvenile residential facilities and returning to communities upon release. The Second Chance Act\u2019s grant programs are "]
[13.904041290283203, 4.357238292694092, "e was conducted in the RAND Safety and Justice Program, which addresses all aspects of public safety and the criminal justice system, including violence, polic- ing, corrections, courts and criminal law, substance abuse, occupational safety, and publ"]
[15.315139770507812, 6.101576328277588, "inson, and Wilks (1975) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wilson, Gallagher, and MacKenzie (2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[15.05734920501709, 5.769659042358398, "om Here?\nDocumentIdentification.................................................................................... Eligibility Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[15.332619667053223, 6.119131565093994, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[15.57308578491211, 6.421043395996094, "......................................................... IdentifyProgramCharacteristics .......................................................................... ExamineMore-ProximalIndicatorsofProgramEfficacy......................................."]
[15.63377571105957, 6.399111270904541, "ng Between FY2009 and FY2012 . . . . . .\n4.6. Mean Change in States\u2019 Correctional Education Budgets per Student Between\nFY2009 and FY2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[15.596091270446777, 6.404897212982178, "Workforce Investment Act, Perkins Act, and States\u2019 Higher\nEducational/Aid Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nA.1. Summary of Studies, S"]
[15.599685668945312, 6.420454502105713, "employment outcomes? The question is especially salient as the nation as a whole and states in particular have struggled with the need to make spending cuts to all social programs due to the recession of 2008 and its long aftermath. With funding from"]
[15.589055061340332, 6.43605375289917, "y within a correctional facility. Programs that also included a postrelease transition com- ponent remained eligible as long as part of the program was administered in a correctional setting.\nFor the juvenile program systematic review, we define inca"]
[15.550226211547852, 6.502852916717529, "ave an eligible research design, which, for our purposes, is one where there is a treat- ment group comprising inmates who participated in or completed the correctional education program and a comparison group of inmates who did not.\nOf the 267 prima"]
[15.623990058898926, 6.427079677581787, "rograms and of incarceration itself. We found that the direct costs of reincarceration were far greater than the direct costs of providing correctional education. More specifically, for a correctional education program to be cost-effective\u2014or breakev"]
[15.5298433303833, 6.58234167098999, "egardless of jurisdiction (i.e., local, state) to which juveniles are confined because of arrest, court proceedings, or adjudication/conviction; (2) use eligible outcome measures, defined as any measure of recidivism (e.g., rearrest, reconvic- tion, "]
[15.596753120422363, 6.430153846740723, "d by sev- eral large and well-executed studies outside of correctional facilities. Beyond these compelling studies, we find that evidence for two other packaged interventions, Corrective Reading and TUNEin to Reading, is positive, but the underlying "]
[15.621697425842285, 6.418458461761475, "dult secondary education and postsecondary education was offered in 32 of the states, although smaller states were less likely to do so. Postsecondary edu- cation courses today in 28 states are primarily paid for by the individual inmate or by family"]
[15.617547035217285, 6.419107913970947, "tes. In comparison, the medium-sized and large states experi- enced a reduction in the number of students in vocational education/CTE programs, on aver- age, of 4 percent and 11 percent, respectively. There also appears to have been a modest expan- s"]
[15.591320037841797, 6.434327125549316, "s often a prerequisite for many vocational training programs. The 2014 GED exam not only represents a more rigorous test, being aligned with the Common Core State Standards (CSS), but will also rely on a new test delivery model\u2014 namely, computer-base"]
[15.592341423034668, 6.433202266693115, "is effective or cost-effective; rather, the debate should focus on where the gaps in our knowledge are and opportunities to move the field forward.\nWe offer some recommendations and next steps that are drawn from our evaluation results; while this re"]
[15.600691795349121, 6.41978645324707, "kers and state correctional education directors can make informed trade-offs in budget discussions.\n\u2022 Have federal and state governments and philanthropy fund (1) evaluations of programs that illustrate different educational instructional models, wit"]
[15.574472427368164, 6.451177597045898, "rials and rigorous evaluations of natural experiments. Such research efforts will clearly take time to develop and execute. They will ideally be realized through long-term partnerships between researchers and correctional facilities. Because such par"]
[15.60466480255127, 6.400391578674316, "trends in the field of adult and juvenile corrections have important implications for correctional education that merit further consideration. First, many states are undertaking mea- sures to reduce the size of their state prison population using a v"]
[15.601532936096191, 6.411351680755615, "ally or privately, a central repository of such information (e.g., staff- ing levels and expertise, curriculum used, hours of instruction provided, types of programs offered) would provide a valuable tool to policymakers and researchers alike.\nwe rec"]
[15.671160697937012, 6.322685718536377, "nd especially Tammy Barstad for their assistance with the survey. John Linton, John Dowdell, Steve Steurer, and Jerry McGlone reviewed several drafts of the questionnaire.\nIn addition, a number of individuals within and outside RAND contributed to va"]
[15.616570472717285, 6.353296756744385, " Works Clearinghouse\nxxvii\nCHaptEr OnE\nIntroduction\nOverview\nEach year, more than 700,000 incarcerated individuals leave federal and state prisons; within three years of release, 40 percent will have committed new crimes or violated the terms of thei"]
[15.593368530273438, 6.409176826477051, "l (2003) conducted a series of surveys of employers in four major U.S. cities and found that employers were much more averse to hiring ex-offenders than they were in hiring any other disadvantaged group. Willing- ness to hire ex-offenders was greater"]
[15.563562393188477, 6.462975025177002, "ike in the United States, and what are some emerging issues and trends to consider?\n4. What recommendations emerge from the study for the U.S. Department of Justice and other federal departments to further the field of correction education and where "]
[15.612841606140137, 6.40664005279541, "tional education/CTE programs summarized above. We also restricted our scope to focus on correctional education programs provided in the institutional setting, as opposed to postrelease or community-based programs.\nFor the juvenile program systematic"]
[15.608264923095703, 6.40407133102417, "(Chlup, 2005), and the general belief was that a primary purpose of punishment was rehabili- tation to change an individual\u2019s behaviors (F. Allen, 1981; Chlup, 2005). The period between 1901 and 1920 (known as the Progressive Era) was a period of soc"]
[15.616020202636719, 6.412816047668457, "s, the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) initiated mandatory education starting with the establishment of its first mandatory adult basic education program in 1982 and fol- lowed by a requirement in 1983 that each institution have its own qualified rea"]
[15.612019538879395, 6.40625, "ding for correctional education in some states based on informal reports from state correctional education directors citing either no further funding cuts or even some minor increases in funding\u2014a situation that has enabled them in some cases to begi"]
[15.534025192260742, 6.494926452636719, "carried out a comprehensive systematic review of exist- ing literature to identify relevant studies of correctional education effectiveness, followed by a meta-analysis of the relevant studies identified\u2014a statistical method that synthesizes findings"]
[15.567625999450684, 6.441931247711182, " and Wilks (1975) that set the stage for the current policy discourse and research direction in the field.2\nLipton, Martinson, and Wilks (1975)\nIn 1975, Douglas Lipton, Robert Martinson, and Judith Wilks published a systematic review of 231 studies o"]
[15.524760246276855, 6.4165778160095215, " adult correctional education programs, because their methods, findings, and conclusions are most relevant for providing context to our study. Additionally, readers should note that we are aware of two dissertations (Chappell, 2003; Wells, 2000) that"]
[15.559155464172363, 6.460200786590576, "lly, to be included in MacKenzie\u2019s re-analysis, the study needed to employ one of the following three research designs: a well-executed randomized, controlled trial; a quasi-experimental design with very similar treatment and comparison groups; or a "]
[15.543763160705566, 6.48311185836792, "hniques had not been developed (Slavin, 1984). More recent reviews using meta-analysis techniques question the conclusions of the earlier work, finding evidence of a relationship between correctional education program par- ticipation before release a"]
[15.539971351623535, 6.506280422210693, "ded a search of relevant research databases; a gray literature search of online repositories maintained by research organizations, think tanks, and universities; and a bib- liographic scan of all major literature reviews, systematic reviews, thematic"]
[15.51581859588623, 6.535473346710205, " all outcome metrics were independently assessed and verified by two Ph.D. researchers who were members of the project team.\n12 How Effective Is Correctional Education, and Where Do We Go from Here?\nOnce all data were abstracted and verified, each st"]
[15.483062744140625, 6.559040069580078, "ies, our employment analysis is based on 18 studies, and our achievement test score analysis\u2014which looks at reading and math score tests\u2014is based on four studies.5 These add up to more than the 58 studies that emerged from the systematic analysis, be"]
[15.533616065979004, 6.497941017150879, "hat contributed to the finding (n) and whether the finding was statistically significant at con- ventional levels (p < 0.05) or not statistically significant (n.s.). We then summarize the overall effectiveness of correctional education for each outco"]
[15.54361629486084, 6.4951300621032715, "n programs are 13% higher than the odds of obtaining employment among inmates who did not.\nn = 18 studies, p < 0.05\nSummary of Meta-Analysis Results\nMost Rigorous Studies\nInmates who participated in correctional education programs had a 43% lower odd"]
[15.532565116882324, 6.497708320617676, "ies as well as when looking only at those studies with the strongest research designs, we conclude that correctional education is an effective strategy for reducing recidivism.6\nThe Relationship Between Correctional Education and Postrelease Employme"]
[15.562540054321289, 6.48709774017334, "ctional education is poten- tially an effective strategy for improving the postrelease employment prospects of inmates.7\nThe Relationship Between Correctional Education and Test Scores\nTest scores\u2014reading and math\u2014measure the immediate cognitive gain"]
[15.556057929992676, 6.517724514007568, "de that learning gains in both reading and math among inmates exposed to computer-assisted instruction are similar to learning gains made by inmates taught through traditional instruction methods.\nBecause computer-assisted instruction can be self-pac"]
[15.639555931091309, 6.434394359588623, "- tional education programs per inmate participant was $1,400 and $1,744, respectively.\nSecond, the reincarceration rate affects the cost-effectiveness of the intervention: The higher the reincarceration rate, the greater the potential cost savings. "]
[15.631733894348145, 6.449073791503906, "l number of inmates or throughout an entire state prison system. For simplicity in what follows, we imagine an intervention of sufficient magnitude so as to allow for shifts in quasi-fixed factors such as the amount of housing needed for inmates or t"]
[15.608070373535156, 6.424762725830078, "ggesting that correctional education is an effective strategy for reducing recidivism.\nWhen aggregating across 18 studies that used employment as an outcome, the odds of obtaining employment postrelease among inmates who participated in correctional "]
[15.675261497497559, 6.281310081481934, "States has declined steadily in the past decade and a half, dropping from about 105,000 in 1997 (Sickmund et al., 2013). Despite this promising trend, incarceration rates among juve- niles are still far higher in the United States than in other devel"]
[15.692309379577637, 6.265296459197998, "Juvenile offenders hail disproportionately from challenging circumstances. According to 2003 data from the nationally representative Survey of Youth in Residential Placement, 56 per- cent of incarcerated youth reported that they had been living with "]
[15.655386924743652, 6.358245849609375, ", n.d.). Due to the need for accom- modations and regulatory documentation, students with disabilities who qualify for services under IDEA cost approximately 1.9 times as much to educate as those without disabilities (Chambers, Parrish, and Harr, 200"]
[15.597298622131348, 6.430947303771973, "ities must serve a highly transient population of students who bring a widely varied set of educational and emotional needs (Sedlak and McPherson, 2010).\nThis chapter systematically reviews evidence about the effectiveness of educational inter- venti"]
[15.527915954589844, 6.5145769119262695, "ed some form of correctional education to those who did not. However, that approach is less well suited to studying the effectiveness of juvenile correctional education programs, since programs with an absence of correctional education are typically "]
[15.520583152770996, 6.577334880828857, "es were identical to those described for the adult meta-analysis report (Davis et al., 2013), except that for the juvenile review, the manuscripts were required to describe the effects of an academic or vocational intervention on incarcerated juvenil"]
[15.494307518005371, 6.597143650054932, "juveniles who received an intervention was compared with a group of incarcerated juveniles\n26 How Effective Is Correctional Education, and Where Do We Go from Here?\nwho did not, or who received a different version of the intervention. The second type"]
[15.504437446594238, 6.611149311065674, " standards\nMaryland Scientific Methods Scale\n5 4\n3\n2 1\nJoint Operational Definition\nrandomized, controlled trial with attrition below the liberal WWC threshold, or single-case designs with well established pre- and post- intervention trends.\nQuasi-ex"]
[15.496451377868652, 6.586970329284668, "-case design studies (Kratochwill et al., 2010). We follow these standards when rating the single-case designs included in our sys- tematic review. This means that we assign a level-5 rating on the Maryland Scale to studies that receive the highest r"]
[15.513428688049316, 6.541497707366943, "esign, intervention, and dependent variables (n = 35)\n RAND RR564-3.1\nof training in the data extraction process, with a subsequent online evaluation for norming, and with periodic norming feedback via email. The data extraction protocol for the juve"]
[15.471960067749023, 6.644412040710449, "t the attrition rates of the treatment and control groups fell below the more liberal of the two attrition thresholds established by the WWC for a study to \u201cMeet Standards.\u201d We provide additional details about the calculation we used for this thresho"]
[15.523012161254883, 6.538903713226318, "nitude of effects. We report mean gains to help clarify the magnitudes in a way that is comparable to our reporting for comparison-group studies.\n 30 How Effective Is Correctional Education, and Where Do We Go from Here?\nand was not limited to studie"]
[15.531954765319824, 6.5320024490356445, "iew to studies in which these interventions are administered within correctional facilities serving juveniles. The studies examine four types of outcomes: reading skills, diploma completion, postrelease employment, and recidivism, as measured by rear"]
[15.496476173400879, 6.598254203796387, " level-3 study (p = 0.36)\nnonsignificant gain of 0.21 of a standard deviation across reading domains for group size of 4 versus 12 in level-5 randomized trial\n(p = 0.65)\nGain of 0.21 of a standard deviation in reading for read 180 relative to default"]
[15.495560646057129, 6.616683006286621, "ading studies reviewed by the WWC did not focus on incarcerated youth.\nIn our systematic review of Corrective Reading implemented in juvenile correctional facilities, we consider four studies that meet an evidence level of 2 or higher on the Maryland"]
[15.484917640686035, 6.619739055633545, "alizing the WWC and Maryland Scales in corresponding ways.\n a Systematic review of Correctional Education programs for Incarcerated Juveniles 33\nrectly per minute was 3.57 per week, which the authors compared to an expected gain of 1 word per week fo"]
[15.494332313537598, 6.6013007164001465, "keford (2002) study, which was undertaken with six students ages 12\u201321 for an average of 20 one-hour lessons, was 9.2 words read correctly per minute, on a mean baseline of about 77 words per minute. Relative to the baseline level, this represents ab"]
[15.503854751586914, 6.595229625701904, "ring Corrective Reading with smaller versus larger instructional groups included 20 students ages 13\u201317 receiving instruction for about 21 one-hour sessions. The findings for use of Corrective Reading in smaller groups (1:4 instead of 1:12) were subs"]
[15.515995025634766, 6.565878391265869, "orrective Reading shows some promise. This promise is best substantiated with lower-level skills like word identification and decoding.\nComputer-Assisted Instruction\nResearch Context\nMeta-analyses of the effects of computer-assisted learning outside "]
[15.478949546813965, 6.620718479156494, "ease of 0.11 of a standard deviation, or 4 per- centile points, and on general literacy achievement, with an average increase of 0.31 of a stan- dard deviation, or 12 percentile points. Based on eight studies, four of which overlapped with\n7 We use t"]
[15.469862937927246, 6.619842529296875, "tion with struggling adolescent readers.\nStudies with Ineligible (Level 1) Designs in Correctional Settings\nAs part of our consideration of the research context, we did find one study of the aforemen- tioned interventions that was administered in a c"]
[15.482994079589844, 6.6064677238464355, "on greater on the Cali- fornia Achievement Test than for the control group. The latter difference was also statistically significant (p = 0.011), though the one-year effect could be rated only a 4 on the Maryland Scale due to the small proportion of "]
[15.50696849822998, 6.583398818969727, " assessed with a computer-adaptive cloze (i.e., fill-in- the-blank) reading assessment developed by TiR but validated against the Qualitative Read- ing Inventory (Leslie and Caldwell, 2000) and the FCAT.9 Students in the treatment group showed gains "]
[15.572101593017578, 6.463868618011475, ", each of which is described as including competency-based attributes. Competency-based learn- ing is an approach in which students progress at their own pace, earning credit not for the time\n9 The correlations were reported to be 0.7 with QIR and 0."]
[15.517746925354004, 6.555611610412598, "ggregate, school-level data from four comparison schools. Given the lack of a same-level comparison group, we assign it a rating of 1 on the Maryland Scale. The study focused on the GED completion rates in academic classes taught by the author in one"]
[15.53433895111084, 6.591830253601074, "a control condition was incarceration in a default juvenile justice program in Florida. Unlike the default program, which featured traditional academic instruction, the Avon Park Youth Academy used an inten- sive, personalized, competency-based instr"]
[15.507883071899414, 6.558889865875244, "ram.) The comparison group of 20 students\nPreponderance of Evidence\nRecidivism Effects\nEmployment Effects\nn participants = 714 n Studies = 1\nn participants = 895 n Studies = 3\npersonalized\nand intensive\ninstruction\nEffects: 1 percentage-point increas"]
[15.490238189697266, 6.563741207122803, "E: We do not provide Maryland Scale or WWC effectiveness ratings, because the number of studies is small and some have very few students. thus, we think it is premature to declare any of these interventions effective or ineffective based on available"]
[15.520270347595215, 6.630181789398193, " the gains for 75 students assigned to group instruction. The total battery score included mathematics, reading, and language skills. In the individualized scenario, lessons and activities were tailored to students\u2019 prior skill assessments; in the gr"]
[15.530543327331543, 6.579385757446289, "eer-managed and teacher- managed classrooms. However, given that the study was underpowered with only 38 students, only a large effect would be sufficient to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, the fact that the effect estimate was negative in magnitud"]
[15.532975196838379, 6.541137218475342, "sidered the relative costs of each model.\nOther Remedial Instruction Programs\nResearch Context\nIn recent years, a growing body of literature has questioned the effectiveness of remedial educa- tion for improving student outcomes. However, this litera"]
[15.444826126098633, 6.656425952911377, " studies, by Murph and McCormick (1985) and Heward and colleagues (1980), use single-case designs and focus on improvement in fundamental, reading-related life skills\u2014namely, reading nine road signs in the former study and filling out an entry-level "]
[15.524605751037598, 6.5517659187316895, "eworthy gain of 16 per- centage points on students\u2019 writing assignments after several months of instruction, but it is unclear how well the students would have fared with writing instruction that did not include those prompts.\nIn short, the research "]
[15.514065742492676, 6.581297874450684, "erence was statistically significant (p = 0.015). Because the treatment and comparison groups were both identified (at least by teachers) as learning dis-\na Systematic review of Correctional Education programs for Incarcerated Juveniles 47\nabled and "]
[15.53487777709961, 6.527463436126709, "eated students may have had shorter sentences or other unobserved differences that may at least partially explain the treatment effects, and thus the evidence supporting the Orton/Gillingham program remains underdeveloped. Archwamety and Katsiyannis\u2019"]
[15.581790924072266, 6.522279739379883, "out a variety of programs designed to reduce recidi- vism. His study, which included studies published between 1958 and 2002, differed from ours in that it included both education and non-education programs, it focused on recidi- vism as the sole out"]
[15.545135498046875, 6.5567779541015625, "uctional pro- gram during the intervention period. This is possible because all were 18 years of age or older.) Students were not randomly assigned to the program, but the analysis adjusted for 17 baseline demographic and risk-related covariates, so "]
[15.536443710327148, 6.511729717254639, " percent) among those who took the GED. The study rates a level 2 on the Maryland Scale because it did not adjust for (or report on) baseline differences between the two cohorts, and because it did not adjust for secular time trends that may have acc"]
[15.537495613098145, 6.501485824584961, "e at levels 2 and 3, respectively, on the Maryland Scale, as estimating the causal impact of the GED on recidivism. Still, the studies help to illuminate the association between GED completion and postrelease recidivism.\nThe broader evidence on GED a"]
[15.533991813659668, 6.506628036499023, "at all juveniles are expected to pursue a high school diploma or GED while incarcer- ated, we did not identify studies that specifically examined the effects of GED program par- ticipation (relative to no participation) for juvenile offenders. Howeve"]
[15.514449119567871, 6.524404525756836, "ificant effect, its sample restriction and inclusion of post-baseline controls lead us to use the unadjusted rates instead. The comparison is rated a level 2 on the Maryland Scale.\nSummary\nThe preponderance of evidence for earning a GED while incarce"]
[15.528099060058594, 6.597550868988037, " small in terms of sample sizes, we mostly refrain from giving definitive pronouncements or ratings about the effectiveness of any particular type of intervention. Instead, we comment on the preponderance of evidence for each intervention category, b"]
[15.49881362915039, 6.588308811187744, "well-executed randomized trials, though the two studies varied in size. The Fast For- Word randomized trial included only 51 students, again providing limited statistical power, but the Read 180 randomized trial was well powered, with 1,245 students;"]
[15.535301208496094, 6.577600002288818, "ime and Delinquency\u2019s (2009) Avon Park study suggest that such studies, though challenging to undertake, are feasible. The lit- erature is also ripe for rigorous evaluations of natural experiments such as Aizer and Doyle\u2019s (2013) study of the effects"]
[15.575104713439941, 6.453886032104492, "pplies to the personalized interventions we reviewed other than Avon Park, the vocational education/CTE interventions, and GED completion as an intervention.\nIn fact, the benefits of earning a GED while incarcerated, though estimated as positive in t"]
[15.596434593200684, 6.405890464782715, "scussion of what the survey results inform us about the field of correctional education for incarcerated adults.\nApproach\nSurvey Design\nThe purpose of the RAND Correctional Education Survey was to gather information about the organization and deliver"]
[15.60495376586914, 6.409711837768555, "rrectional Education Association.\nFielding the Survey\nAn advance letter from RAND accompanied by a letter by the BJA and the U.S. Department of Education explaining the importance of the survey was sent to each director approximately two weeks before"]
[15.632407188415527, 6.395655632019043, " and by type of lead agency responsible for administering adult correc- tional education within states. Because this is a census of all state correctional education pro- grams, we do not calculate inferential statistics. Using data from the Bureau of"]
[15.653938293457031, 6.382558345794678, "(100%)\n4 (57%)\n6 (86%)\n            Other 171232 (37%) (41%) (30%) (29%)\n total number of states responding\n46 29 10 7\n nOtE: percent represents the percentage for each column of the number of states who responded.\n(GED) courses, and vocational skills"]
[15.642073631286621, 6.396706581115723, "6\n  nOtE: percent represents the percentage for each column of the number of states who responded.\nrecession and budget cuts, some states might change their requirements to make correctional education voluntary as one way of trimming costs. In fact, "]
[15.629982948303223, 6.410475730895996, "550,286 (n = 7)\n\u201320% (n = 7)\nLarge\n$633,014,800 (n = 5)\n$529,846,167 (n = 6)\n\u201310% (n = 5)\n2100 (4%) (3%) (0%) (0%)\n46 29 10 7\n  nOtES: respondents were asked to check all that apply. therefore, there is overlap in the responses between the first two "]
[15.634011268615723, 6.405420780181885, "in FY2012\n(number of states)\nMean change in dollars per studenta\n(number of states the change calculation is based on)\nOverall\n$3,479 (n = 24)\n$3,370 (n = 21)\n\u20135% (n = 23)\nSmall\n$1,710 (n = 13)\n$1,590 (n = 19)\n4% (n = 13)\nBy Size of State\nMedium\n$1,2"]
[15.64976978302002, 6.389063358306885, "ncreases for teachers/instructors\nStaff furloughs of teachers/ instructors were made\nreduced salaries and/or benefits for teachers/instructors\nreduced or eliminated contracts with community or technical colleges\nreduced the number of course offerings"]
[15.6375150680542, 6.394615173339844, "\n  FY2009\nFY2012\nMean change in academic program enrollmenta\n8,321 (n = 31)\n6,918 (n = 39)\n\u20134%\n   Mean number of students enrolled in vocational education/CtE programs\n FY2009\nFY2012\nMean change in vocational education/CtE studentsa\n3,935 (n = 30)\n3,"]
[15.642806053161621, 6.426680564880371, "nd three states had inmates help oversee computer labs (data not shown).\nPostsecondary Education\nHistorically, a key piece of legislation that helped to make postsecondary education more avail- able to incarcerated adults is the Higher Education Act "]
[15.631415367126465, 6.402800559997559, "ocational instructors who are contract personnel\n FY2009 2320\n(n = 37) (n = 24) (n = 9) (n = 5)\nFY2012 4390\n(n = 41) (n = 28) (n = 8) (n = 5)\nMean change in number of 27% \u201310% 250% n/a vocational instructors who are\ncontract personnela\nnOtE: n/a indi"]
[15.611494064331055, 6.416090488433838, "east one of their state\u2019s prison facilities had a computer lab, with the median number of facilities with a computer lab being 11 (data not shown).\nThe use of computers in correctional education programs is common. Thirty-nine states reported use of "]
[15.612358093261719, 6.420012950897217, "tion Survey 69\n  Type of Hardware or Networks Used\nDesktop computers (standalone or networked)\nLocal area network (Lan)\nMobile laptops\nStatewide or wide area network (Wan)\nClosed-circuit tV\ntablets (e.g., Kindles, ipads)\nOther technology\ntotal number"]
[15.597426414489746, 6.430511474609375, "se changes, in turn, have implications when it comes to agency budgets and professional development needs of educators and present a number of logistical concerns when it comes to preparing to implement computer-based testing. We asked correctional e"]
[15.603612899780273, 6.4239678382873535, " have with respect to the 2014 GED exam and the move to computer-based testing. Of the 31 states\nranD Correctional Education Survey 71\n72 How Effective Is Correctional Education, and Where Do We Go from Here?\nTable 4.14\nProfessional Development Train"]
[15.59719467163086, 6.428406715393066, "2014 GED Exam and the Move to Computer-Based Testing\nranD Correctional Education Survey 73\n  Areas of Concern\nLength of time it will take to prepare students to take the GED exam\nCost to the institution or program of preparing for computer-based test"]
[15.589385986328125, 6.4489030838012695, "ium (N (%))\n8 (100%)\n8 (100%)\n7 (88%)\n5 (63%)\n3 (38%)\n5 (63%)\n5 (63%)\nLarge (N (%))\n5 (83%)\n6 (100%)\n5 (83%)\n3 (50%)\n3 (50%)\n2 (33%)\n2 (33%)\n        Other 7421 (17%) (14%) (25%) (17%)\ntotal number of states 42 28 8 6 responding\nWe also asked state co"]
[15.630675315856934, 6.400147914886475, "size, approximately two-thirds of states participated in the ESEA Title I, Part D and Workforce Investment Act, Title II programs. Only nine states indicated that their correctional education programs had received funding under the SCA and six states"]
[15.646920204162598, 6.38311767578125, "itle II (also known as the adult Education Family Literacy act) (n = 18)\nCarl D. perkins Career and\ntechnical Education act (perkins act) (n = 28)\nStates\u2019 higher education/aid resources (n = 6)\nMean\n$26,014,500\n$4,114,150\n$1,306,031\nMedian\n$284,000\n$"]
[15.643844604492188, 6.453195095062256, "udent.\nThe reductions in states\u2019 correctional education budgets reportedly led to a dramatic con- traction in the capacity of academic education programs, and to a reduction in the number of students on average who participated in these programs. For"]
[15.62631893157959, 6.408605575561523, "and 2012 in the mean number of vocational education/CTE instructors who were employees (8 percent and 24 percent, respectively). Combined, this suggests a modest expansion of voca- tional education/CTE programs in small and medium-sized states during"]
[15.617392539978027, 6.44892692565918, " access to computer or to the Internet as a key barrier to using technology in the classroom. In terms of instructional methods that use some type of technology, only ten states reported that they had closed-circuit television, and only a few states "]
[15.593708992004395, 6.431205749511719, " (Lockwood et al., 2013). The directors discussed pos- sible workarounds to help students, including the use of standalone calculators and having stu- dents practice writing in long-hand their essays before typing their answers on the computer. The d"]
[15.626564025878906, 6.426107883453369, " courses. Our survey results suggest that reinstatement of the Pell grants for this population may have a substantial effect in expanding postsecondary opportunities for state prisoners.\nIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in providing"]
[15.608892440795898, 6.417562961578369, "ssion had on correctional education in the United States. Specifically, the results show that as budgets were reduced, the reported capacity for academic programs contracted, which led to a cor- responding drop in the number of incarcerated adults pa"]
[15.582727432250977, 6.424126148223877, " policymakers and state correctional education directors can make informed trade-offs in budget discussions. Where feasible, researchers should be encouraged to make as much use of administrative data as possible to help reduce evaluation costs.\nApar"]
[15.630901336669922, 6.39446496963501, "of inmates who pursue it. What is clear is that well-designed research is needed to estimate and docu- ment the impact of the new GED on inmates\u2019 educational skills, attainment, employment, and recidivism, as well as the implementation challenges it "]
[15.620866775512695, 6.401838779449463, "mendations 83\n84 How Effective Is Correctional Education, and Where Do We Go from Here?\nindividuals find and sustain employment and to assess the degree to which existing barriers to employment persist that may dampen the effects of having these chan"]
[15.577240943908691, 6.460316181182861, "ngs. This suggests that the field is ripe for larger-scale randomized trials.\nThe field is also ripe for rigorous evaluations of natural experiments such as Aizer and Doyle\u2019s (2013) study of the effects of juvenile incarceration using naturally occur"]
[15.553620338439941, 6.487279891967773, "nce base and the unevenness of the research designs used to assess the evidence and identify promising prac- tices. There are four things that we recommend that the federal and state governments and philanthropy invest in to help further develop the "]
[15.565423965454102, 6.486409664154053, "e treatment and comparison groups, and about the outcome measures used. Such a registry could also provide technical assistance and evaluation guidance for those working in the field. Throughout the course of the project, we have received repeated re"]
[15.56759262084961, 6.473710536956787, "d certifications of the teachers, the instructional methods used by the teachers, the student-teacher ratio in class- rooms, and supplemental access to textbooks and technology. To the extent possible, we culled this information from the studies that"]
[15.61011028289795, 6.407937049865723, "registry of correctional education evaluations would further aid in developing the evidence base in this field to help inform policy and programmatic deci- sionmaking. Given that we know that these programs are cost-effective, if these programs were "]
[15.632584571838379, 6.3926801681518555, "nally ill. All these changes in the correctional landscape have implications for how we think about how to provide academic and vocational education/CTE to incarcerated adults. For example, the movement in some states to have low-level offenders serv"]
[15.70134162902832, 6.314240455627441, "would of course be useful for longitudinal educational data systems to include indicators of students\u2019 involvement in the criminal justice systems. However, we recognize that the inclusion of such indicators may raise both logistical and privacy conc"]
[15.583471298217773, 6.455538272857666, "ggests that correctional education programs are highly cost-effective in helping to reduce recidivism and improve postrelease employment outcomes. States will continue to operate in a reduced funding environment for at least the near future. The find"]
[15.484935760498047, 6.617077827453613, " or\namerican;\nage: 13\u201317\n58% with\nemotional or\nbehavioral\ndisabilities\nMid-atlantic\nLong-term\nfacility in a\ncorrection\njuvenile\nState\nteacher ratio\n12:1 student:\nCorrective\nreading:\nCorrective\n4:1 student:\nteacher ratio\nreading:\nHouchins\net al., 2008"]
[15.480738639831543, 6.624180793762207, "\nTreat Compare n n\nDemographics\nSetting\nCondition Treatment Comparison Citation Condition\nanalysis] [4 for Cat\nrelative gain: 0.21 SD (p < 0.001)\nInventory (SrI) score at end of intervention Scholastic reading\n90 min., for 20 weeks a week, 5 days\n677"]
[15.48813247680664, 6.6233978271484375, "quency Duration and\nCompare n\nTreat n\nDemographics\nSetting\nTreatment Comparison Citation Condition Condition\npoints (p = 0.02) Employment: 5 8 percentage C: 64.4%, t: 72.4%\n2\n3\n          postrelease Employment 1 year\n27.1 percentage points (p < 0.01)"]
[15.501776695251465, 6.610468864440918, "system\n na\n  Individualized,\ncompetency-\nbased\nacademic\ninstruction\n and tutoring\nDiagnostic\nin reading and\nevaluation\nmath\n  Muse, 1998\n and Minifie,\nHill, Minifie,\n1984\n Scale 3 (and 3) Effect Maryland Size Estimate Outcome 2\n\u201322 percentage (p = 0."]
[15.493819236755371, 6.616127967834473, "line 100% male; IQs: 70\u201379; 2.5\n 100% classified as \u201ceducable mentally reading grade level: age: 15 to 18; mean baseline 100% male; retarded\u201d;\n4.6\n100% under\nno additional\ndemographic\ninformation\nage 21;\nprovided\n  Mean age: 15.3;\nbaseline reading\ngr"]
[15.589604377746582, 6.4400315284729, "lorado Services\nparticipation\neducation\nvocational\nin non-\nparticipation\nconstruction,\nfood, special\ncooperative\nVocational\neducation\nin facility\nbusiness,\nservices)\nelective\n(auto,\nWilson,\n1994\npoints (p < 0.001) 7.6 percentage t: 13.1% C: 5.5%\nGED "]
[15.628271102905273, 6.392641544342041, "Person Completing this Form: ___________________________________________ Title:_________________________________________________________________________ Department/Organization: _____________________________________________________ Telephone: ( )____"]
[15.680078506469727, 6.350522518157959, " (Mark all that apply):\n_____Inmate benefits or welfare funds\n_____State funding (e.g., department of corrections budget allocation)\n____College or university funding\n_____Private funding (e.g., foundations, religious/community group, individual dona"]
[15.646939277648926, 6.384117126464844, "l Years 2009\u20132012, did your state\u2019s correctional education programs (academic and/or vocational education/CTE) experience a decrease in funding as a result of budget cuts or other fiscal pressures?\n_____Yes\n_____No (Skip to 17)\nranD Correctional Educ"]
[15.647597312927246, 6.389010429382324, "_________________________________________\n_____Yes, for certain inmates participation in academic programs was changed to voluntary (Briefly describe): _____________________________________________________\n_____No changes were made to our state\u2019s pol"]
[15.612631797790527, 6.419564247131348, "and Where Do We Go from Here?\n19. What means are used to provide instruction for academic programs or vocational education/CTE courses offered: (Mark all that apply)\n_____On-site instruction _____Video/satellite instruction\n_____One-way\n_____Interact"]
[15.597308158874512, 6.42416524887085, "g requirement on your state\u2019s correctional education population:\n\u2022 \u2022 \u2022\nLIKERT SCALE\n1=negative effect 3=no effect 5=positive effect\nOn the number of inmates who will be prepared to take the new GED exam On the length of time it will take to prepare i"]
[15.633989334106445, 6.388987064361572, "______________________________ _____Other (please specify): ______________________________________________ _____Other (please specify): ______________________________________________\nORGANIZATION OF CORRECTIONAL EDUCATION WITHIN YOUR STATE\nBy program"]
[15.598931312561035, 6.418900966644287, "______________________\n______________________________________________________________________________\n______________________________________________________________________________\n_____________________________________________________________________"]
[15.590460777282715, 6.423281192779541, "endorses-findings-of-criminal-code-review/PARAMS/article/24023\nAssociation of State Correctional Administrators, Member Survey of Education Programming and Services Tools and Member Survey of Alternative to GED Testing, 2013.\nBazos, A., and J. Hausma"]
[15.598886489868164, 6.421735763549805, "ion Learning,\u201d December 19, 2013. As of February 3, 2014: http://nextgenstacey.com/2013/12/19/shared-attributes-of-schools-implementing-personalized-learning/\nChlup, D. T., \u201cChronology of Corrections Education,\u201d Focusing on Basics: Connecting Researc"]
[15.61099910736084, 6.397470951080322, "ry of Correctional Education,\u201d 1997. As of February 3, 2014: http://www.ceanational.org/history.htm\nGellar, A., I. Garfinkel, and B. Western, \u201cThe Effects of Incarceration on Employment and Wages: An Analysis of the Fragile Families Survey,\u201d Princeto"]
[15.583826065063477, 6.447120666503906, "Impact of Explicit Reading Instruction with Incarcerated Students,\u201d Journal of Correctional Education, Vol. 59, No. 1, 2008, pp. 65\u201385.\n*Jeffords, Charles R., and Scott McNitt, The Relationship Between Ged Attainment and Recidivism: An Evaluation Sum"]
[15.622270584106445, 6.4210309982299805, " 4 Report, Columbus, Ohio: The Ohio State University, December 2011.\nLockwood, Susan R., John M. Nally, John Dowdell, Jerry McGlone, and Steve Steurer, \u201cImplementing the 2014 GED Exam and Computer-Based GED Testing in Correctional Facilities: A Guide"]
[15.69815444946289, 6.37872314453125, "treet Smart Program, Madison, Wisc.: National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2009.\nNational Governors Association and the National Association of State Budget Officers, The Fiscal Survey of States: Fall, 2010. Washington, D.C.: National Associatio"]
[15.663253784179688, 6.442375183105469, "5.\nProject READ, To Make a Difference, Silver Spring, Md.: National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 1978. As of February 3, 2014:\nhttps://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/49939NCJRS.pdf\nPublic Law 89-10, Elementary and Secondary Education Act"]
[15.674256324768066, 6.487560749053955, "rman, L. W., D. C. Gottfredeson, D. L. MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter, and S. Bushway, Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn\u2019t, What\u2019s Promising, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Justice Programs, 1997.\n*Shippen, Margaret E., Rhonda Collins Morton, "]
[15.592427253723145, 6.415771007537842, "ducation Association, 2003.\nSteurer, Stephen J., John Linton, John Nally, and Susan Lockwood, \u201cThe Top-Nine Reasons to Increase Correctional Education Programs,\u201d Corrections Today, Vol. 72, No. 4, 2010, pp. 40\u201343.\nStudents at the Center, homepage, 20"]
[15.554656028747559, 6.492703914642334, "sessment at Young Women\u2019s Leadership Charter School,\u201d 2010. As of February 3, 2014:\nhttp://www.ed.gov/technology/draft-netp-2010/competency-based-assessment\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCompetency-Based Learning or Personalized Learning,\u201d 2011. As of February 3, 2014: http"]
[15.597736358642578, 6.431417465209961, "t ex-offenders lack the knowledge, training, and skills to support a successful return to communities. Trying to reduce such high recidivism rates is partly why states devote resources to educating and training individuals in prison. This raises the "]
[13.782980918884277, 4.803912162780762, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[19.039411544799805, 15.380880355834961, "ant industry attention? (2) Can we model terrorism risk adequately to know how to administer ter- rorism insurance in a private marketplace? (3) Does access to terrorism risk insurance in and of itself make the nation more safe and secure? The answer"]
[19.021190643310547, 15.398958206176758, "ver losses from incidents involving deep uncer- tainty that cannot be adequately quantified using present modeling approaches.\nTerrorism insurance can contribute to making communities more resilient to terrorism events. Terrorism insurance can suppor"]
[19.02088165283203, 15.398438453674316, "udes insurance lines covering crops, mortgage and title guarantees, medical mal- practice, flood, reinsurance, and life. TRIA further establishes policies for federal payments to insurers in the event of terrorist events, thresholds for when these po"]
[19.030109405517578, 15.389448165893555, "d several of these claims and whether evidence exists to support them.\nAs Congress decides what steps to take before TRIA expires, answers to these three questions can help industry and government understand how national security concerns influ- ence"]
[19.422954559326172, 15.09408187866211, "08 to 2010.\n 5\nFigure 1. Global Terrorist Attacks, 2001\u20132012, by Region\n 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000\n500\n0\n2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012\nYear\nSOURCE: START Global Terrorism Database, 2013.\n  Middle East/North Africa\nWe"]
[19.39373016357422, 15.115299224853516, " the United States. Terrorist attacks against U.S. diplomatic missions and other U.S. institutions on foreign soil make up 28 percent\nof all international attacks aimed at diplomatic missions and businesses.13 This high incidence rate indicates the p"]
[19.3720760345459, 15.124703407287598, " to recruit and enroll new recruits in sophisticated training programs that require consistency\nand time seems to have greatly diminished during the past\nten years. If the pressure of overseas counterterrorism efforts remains at the current level, it"]
[19.335216522216797, 15.155946731567383, " and military support from regional governments that are invested in ending these conflicts in favor of their allies of the same sect. To complicate matters, the removal of strong counterterror- ism partners in Tunisia and Egypt and the chaotic situa"]
[19.260665893554688, 15.202588081359863, "g more complex and lethal attacks in the United States using weapons of mass destruction provides comfort, it may only be temporary. The robustness of this assertion will depend in part on global efforts to control the proliferation of chemical, biol"]
[19.082643508911133, 15.345315933227539, "nited States is best characterized by conventional attacks using bombs, firearms, and arson. At the same time, existing terrorist groups aspire to conduct more complex and devastating attacks on targets in the United States. The possibility that in t"]
[19.30712890625, 15.171622276306152, "coordinated by al Qaeda, or even a wave of smaller attacks inspired by bin Laden\u2019s proclamations.\nIn 2014, efforts to estimate terrorism risks have the benefit of more than a decade of experience to draw upon. The approx- imately 200 successful terro"]
[19.091793060302734, 15.337198257446289, "logical, and possibly nuclear attacks. Sophisticated attacks such as those that were launched in London, Madrid, and Mumbai are certainly within the capabilities of known terrorist organizations should they assemble a group intent on attacking the Un"]
[19.04918098449707, 15.369706153869629, " risk.37 First, while the domain of possible terrorist attacks is limit- less, any implemented model considers a finite set of attack types, target types, and target locations. Thus, by definition, any model of terrorism risk is limited by the scope "]
[19.037551879882812, 15.382774353027344, "mpare with the Industry Aggregate Retention Threshold as currently specified in TRIA of $27.5 billion.\nThe Industry Aggregate Retention Threshold is a signifi- cant reference point for considerations of TRIA reauthoriza- tion. If the total insured lo"]
[19.016645431518555, 15.403773307800293, "chanism to help the insurance industry segment risks that can be modeled from those that cannot.\nThe past decade of experience with terrorism provides a picture of terrorism involving relatively uncomplicated attacks with conventional weapons. If the"]
[19.03914451599121, 15.38229751586914, "encourage better decisionmaking about what security to implement or risks to accept.\n\u2022 Response and recovery: By establishing policies and mechanisms to cover losses, TRIA could improve resilience and recovery from terrorism events.\nWhile each of the"]
[19.036012649536133, 15.385149955749512, "ng guerrilla warfare and the war of attrition to fight tyrannical super- powers as we alongside the Mujahedin bled Russia for 10 years until it went bankrupt and was forced to withdraw in defeat. . . . So we are continuing this policy in bleeding Ame"]
[19.025379180908203, 15.393577575683594, "st cost-effective and avoid unintentionally concentrating capital in activities or areas that are at a high risk of terrorism.\nOur discussions with firms in many sectors over the past several years reinforce that this line of reasoning is considered."]
[19.028762817382812, 15.397602081298828, " know for certain how markets would evolve without TRIA, the current state of terrorism markets and the industry experience in the months after 9/11 provide two reference points for consideration.\nInsurance Markets with TRIA Enacted\nThe most common p"]
[19.030338287353516, 15.390789985656738, "In a world where TRIA is renewed and insurance markets operate as they have since 2004, several factors could affect resilience and recovery:\n\u2022 Firms could plan knowing what losses would be compensated. With TRIA in place, companies could decide what"]
[19.031044006347656, 15.390301704406738, "ficiently.\n\u2022 Established rules reduce litigation.\n\u2022 Compensation is delayed by political deliberation and litigation.\n\u2022 Rebuilding is delayed by uncertainty about compensation.\n\u2022 Compensation may be less or allocated differently than economically opt"]
[19.02889060974121, 15.391571998596191, ". Risk models based on historical events or theories of terrorist decisionmaking can estimate terror- ism risk if the future events are similar to the past. These models can also describe how severe the consequences of terrorism could be for specifie"]
[19.030263900756836, 15.388557434082031, "the need for and effectiveness of TRIA this year and in the future, it should weigh these observations against the costs and other benefits of the legislation.\nNOTES\n1 Baird Webel, Terrorism Risk Insurance: Issue Analysis and Overview\nof Current Prog"]
[19.195396423339844, 15.220293998718262, "hn R. Parkinson, \u201cNSA: \u2018Over 50\u2019 Terror Plots Foiled by Data Dragnets,\u201d ABC News, June 18, 2013.\n13 Mulhausen and McNeill, 2011.\n14 Brian Michael Jenkins, Andrew Liepman, and Henry H. Willis,\nIdentifying Enemies Among Us: Evolving Terrorist Threats a"]
[19.05243492126465, 15.363119125366211, " K. Kelly, Scot Hickey, and Samuel Neill, Terrorism Risk Modeling for Intelligence Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-386-DHS, 2007, as of March 14, 2014: www. rand.org/t/TR386.html; Michael D. Greenber"]
[19.041833877563477, 15.377676963806152, " (2007) reviewed the methodology used in terrorism risk models across the insurance industry. They found that the basic framework for estimating the industry exposure from an attack was similar across the industry. Thus, while Figure 4 is based on a "]
[19.0272274017334, 15.388178825378418, "s is director of the RAND Homeland Security and Defense Center and a professor at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. He has applied risk analysis tools to resource allocation and risk management decisions in the areas of public health and emergency pre"]
[11.430452346801758, 17.56805992126465, "tand the relationship between historical terrorism and potential insured losses.\nConstructive peer reviews were provided by Andy Liepman at RAND and Adam Rose at the University of Southern California\u2019s National Center for the Risk and Economic Analys"]
[13.790513038635254, 4.786650657653809, " CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORISM"]
[13.852272987365723, 4.6011128425598145, ", as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND permissions "]
[15.054702758789062, 5.768863201141357, ". . . . . . . vii Summary........................................................................................................ ix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[5.8841753005981445, 20.018789291381836, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prices............................................................................................................. Tren"]
[5.905428409576416, 20.036653518676758, "ound Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6\n2.2. Estimate of Various Channels and Tiers Used by Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9\n2.3. Proliferation and Variety of Exploit"]
[5.884015083312988, 20.01885414123535, "tolen and sold on black markets (e.g., Joostbijl, 2014)\n\u2022 websites throttled by Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks implemented by rented botnets available on the black market (e.g., Schwartz, 2010).\nThese black markets are growing in size a"]
[5.884646892547607, 20.01836395263672, "re available.\nAccess to such markets, conversely, is getting tighter. Motivated, in part, by recent black market takedowns, more sophisticated markets are undertaking more rigorous and aggres- sive vetting of individuals. More transactions are taking"]
[5.88356876373291, 20.017879486083984, "e goods, such as data records and credit card information; nonfungible goods, such as intellectual property), or which types of attacks will be most prevalent (e.g., persistent, targeted attacks; opportunistic, mass \u201csmash-and-grab\u201d attacks).\nFor Fur"]
[5.882295608520508, 20.017894744873047, "ario is subject to typical market forces, with prices rising when demand is high and falling when it is low. Over time, good products squeeze out bad ones, and high-quality brands can command premium prices. Mergers and acquisitions occur, and deals "]
[5.875982761383057, 20.011924743652344, "remains (e.g., Egelman, 2013).\nWe conducted this research primarily through more than two dozen interviews with subject-matter experts, carried out between October and December 2013. These experts included academics, security researchers, reporters, "]
[5.875690460205078, 20.011568069458008, "l as to more targets. Barriers to entry were low for those with appropriate access and vetting. The risk was also low (compared with other criminal markets), at least initially, because law enforce- ment was ill equipped to track it (although they ar"]
[5.8769989013671875, 20.01182746887207, "e one-stop shopping. Some vendors advertise on multiple marketplaces; others stick to just a few online forums. Even within single forums or stores, there are different tiers of access for various products. Some underground organizations can reported"]
[5.879239559173584, 20.014938354492188, "een consistent through time, the whole market is growing exponentially.\n4 Another estimate breaks down the market thusly:\n\u2022 70 percent individuals or small groups\n\u2022 20 percent criminal organizations\n\u2022 5 percent cyberterrorists\n\u2022 4 percent state-spons"]
[5.880129337310791, 20.015844345092773, "s examples of various roles.\nNo one knows (or is willing to hazard a guess) how many people participate in this market. Similarly, few want to estimate how large the market is, although the general feeling is that it is large, and one expert noted th"]
[5.871631145477295, 20.00882339477539, "digital underground, \u201conce you are able to establish your- self, it can be lucrative.\u201d Additionally, it can be a badge of honor to survive a purge.\nParticipants in black markets come from all over the world. Originally, key participants in such marke"]
[5.873087406158447, 20.01062774658203, "d anonymizing networks such as Tor, Invisible Internet Project (I2P), and Freenet.\nParticipants frequently alter their communication tactics hoping to stymie law enforce- ment. More sophisticated participants tend to use cutting-edge tools and techno"]
[5.870125770568848, 20.00812530517578, "considered lower-tier forums) are a little harder to find and often require vetting before entry.10 Some exclusive forums start as smaller groups where people can cut their teeth and work their way up into the bigger ones. Often, this lower tier exis"]
[5.888148307800293, 20.022275924682617, "es function properly and are free from obstacles. These include infrastruc- ture and cryptanalytic services, among others. Digital assets are the output from the suc- cessful hacking or hacking services (e.g., financial information, data records, acc"]
[5.885031700134277, 20.019678115844727, "eatures to conduct attacks on a customer\u2019s behalf; can provide the full attack lifecycle\nensure that initial access tools and hacking services (enabling or full-service) will work as needed, are set up correctly, and can overcome \u201cspeed bumps\u201d or obs"]
[5.877481460571289, 20.013572692871094, "ribution is accomplished electronically, the require- ments are negligible. This is because a majority of players, goods, and services are online-based and can be accessed, harnessed, or controlled remotely, instantaneously. \u201cShipping\u201d digital goods "]
[5.939505577087402, 20.065570831298828, "ies are increasing in popularity, as are attacks on them. Experts predict that we will soon see more cryptocurrency targeting, DDoS services against cryptocurrencies, and more malware with the sole purpose of targeting wallets and bitcoins.\nIt is dif"]
[5.917724609375, 20.046449661254883, "ke, Spack, Sploit, Unique, ZoPack, Styx, Neutrino, Magnitude, Sakura, LightsOut, RedKit, Kore, GongDa, et al. More information on several of these exploit kits is available in Parkour (2014).\n16 For example, a credit card with a lower limit, or a low"]
[5.901763439178467, 20.03390121459961, " paget, 2010b, 2012; parkour, 2014; as well as interviews with paget and parkour.\ncards are freshly acquired, or $10\u2013$12 if there is an influx. Credit cards acquired in the Target breach initially fetched anywhere from $20\u2013$135, depending on the type"]
[5.865485191345215, 20.004331588745117, "he market. It also leads to much more intense personal vetting.\nThe validation of person, product, and payment can all be tricky in underground mar- kets. Buyers and sellers validate each other through reputation, personal relationships, middle- men,"]
[5.876008033752441, 20.01280975341797, "oor for exploit kit creators to access later). These types of features tend to show up in the lower-tier markets. Thus, performing due diligence on a product, vendor, or service is important; this may require buyers to find a due diligence service or"]
[5.8741841316223145, 20.01163101196289, " Egypt were less active during unrest). This can raise the price of products as the supply decreases.\nAlthough newer operating systems and browsers tend to be more secure against attacks, their introduction does not affect black markets immediately b"]
[5.869345664978027, 20.00796127319336, "al (about half). Now, almost everything involves a digital aspect. Because so much more crime has a digital element, law enforcement has more opportu- nities to encounter crime in cyberspace and learn from such encounters.\nBut law enforcement may bec"]
[5.88355827331543, 20.019487380981445, "entities and\neCommerce accounts (e.g., PayPal, Amazon, etc.), other (lower) members of the group stepped up to continue operations (Krebs, 2013g).\nOne reason takedowns only temporarily affect the black markets is that even if a tool, forum, group, or"]
[5.884270191192627, 20.019121170043945, " Botnet Timeline\n    Botnets gain ground and are commanded via IRC channels\nNumber of botnet variants double (from use in early 2000s) due to source code and graphical user interfaces available\n     Botnets primarily used for spamming\n Spam is most c"]
[5.890626907348633, 20.025014877319336, "8; Namestnikov, 2009). In the last few years, criminals have started using botnet hosts as proxies when they purchase items with fraudulent credit cards; by purchasing with an IP address from the same area as the stolen credit card, buyers evade tran"]
[6.165135860443115, 20.238698959350586, "ploitation. This, combined with zero-days being difficult to find and difficult to develop an exploit for, makes them pricy. Zero-days are most often thought to be used for corporate espionage, or highly targeted attacks where the only entry is throu"]
[6.171237945556641, 20.243896484375, " to pay serious money for them. As with the crimeware hacker market, there are third parties that broker the sale of zero-days between researchers and companies (or governments). Some third parties are themselves companies (Greenberg, 2012a, 2012b; L"]
[6.122720241546631, 20.206314086914062, "d up to $150,000 for Chrome exploits (Fisher, 2013b).\n Table 4.1\nZero-Day Prices Over Time\nService\n\u201cSome exploits\u201d \u201cweaponized exploit\u201d\na \u201creal good\u201d exploit Microsoft excel\nMozilla\nVista exploit\nwMF exploit\nZDI, iDefense purchases adobe reader\nandro"]
[5.896097183227539, 20.032691955566406, " in openness was due to several recent reports and leaks, and a broker\u2019s clients asked him to stop talking about his work.\nAs awareness of zero-days has increased, access to them has not. One still needs to be sophisticated and certainly needs to kno"]
[5.8739399909973145, 20.010799407958984, "d customized products\ntakedowns, the market bounces back (may take a Despite increase in little time)\nnOTe: Green represents a positive trend, yellow a mixed trend, and red a negative trend.\n   Constant innovation to match the latest technology\n ripp"]
[5.880765914916992, 20.016530990600586, "and PIN systems), but mom-and- pop stores will be hurt because they may not be able to keep up with these new security requirements imposed on them.\n\u2022 Black markets will require better encryption, vetting, and operational security due to the dynamic "]
[5.870184898376465, 20.0036563873291, "ble on the market, increasing the ease-of-entry for non-technical players\n State-sponsored groups develop; start to see state-sponsored hacking by Russia, China, Romania, Ukraine, Middle East, cartel- controlled Central America, etc.\nStructure Partic"]
[5.872690677642822, 20.0095272064209, "come out (only 12 percent of Android devices have been updated to the versions that prevent pre- mium SMS charges being run up on the phones of unsuspecting users).\nAgreed-Upon Projections and Predictions for Shifts in Attack Characteristics\n\u2022 Attack"]
[5.870899200439453, 20.008769989013672, "downs mean more media coverage, making hackers more aware of the opportunities provided by black markets. Those already in the market grow smarter as they learn from law enforce- ment\u2019s investigative techniques, complicating law enforcement\u2019s job. Ad"]
[5.875135898590088, 20.011812210083008, "re likely to dry up within two years as enterprises move to more secure platforms (e.g., Windows 7 and beyond). Others say vulnerable systems will always exist, and lower-tier hackers will continue to focus on XP and age-old attacks, even though they"]
[5.863040447235107, 20.003894805908203, "individuals are techno- logically savvy; suspects are going after bigger targets, and thus are attracting more attention; and more crimes involve a digital component, giving law enforcement more opportunities to encounter crime in cyberspace. Yet, de"]
[5.892302513122559, 20.02556800842285, "tors (hardest to do), or the lower- or open-tier participants?\n\u2022 How likely is it for governments and law enforcement worldwide to work with each other to agree to persecute and extradite when appropriate, and to coordinate for physical arrests and i"]
[5.859242916107178, 19.99351692199707, "an action, and do something. These had been around since the mid- to late-1990s with BackOrifice (1998), but they become more popular in 2003\u20132004 when crime starts to be mixed in (unlike a worm/virus that just spreads on its own).\n2003\u20132004: The bla"]
[5.899288177490234, 20.03115463256836, "lethal\u201d pieces of malware. A few variants pop up from time to time; by 2010, there were more than 40,000 variants of ZeuS. Law Enforcement and Security Researchers could release to the industry what was happening with initial variants, but soon were "]
[5.91297721862793, 20.042837142944336, "are now outmoded; sophisticated spear-phishing and highly legit- imate presentation formats (e.g. fake websites) increase.\n2011: ZeuS source code is leaked on underground forums, causing a new boom of cus- tomized versions (Fisher, 2011).\n2012: The n"]
[5.895455360412598, 20.02876091003418, "s an intermediary between two or more parties in negotiating agreements, bargains, or the like (Wikipedia, 2014a).\nReward given for finding and reporting a bug or vulnerability in a particular computer software product (Techopedia, undated-a).\nServic"]
[5.892146110534668, 20.025876998901367, "ce on a particular target. An abbreviation for \u201cdocument tracing\u201d.\nData stolen from the magnetic stripe on the backs of credit and debit cards (Krebs, 2013e).\nType of industry where the buying and selling of goods or services is conducted over electr"]
[5.887994289398193, 20.02298927307129, "4i).\nAn example of a darknet. Used as an anonymizing layer to connect to other I2P websites, anonymous email, and the public Internet (Irongeek. com, undated).\nGlossary 49\n50 Markets for Cybercrime Tools and Stolen Information: Hackers\u2019 Bazaar\nMalwar"]
[5.915266036987305, 20.048385620117188, "ervices (Wikipedia, 2014n).\nProtected health information (PHI)\nRansomware\nRippers\nSearch engine optimization\nSMS Trojans Social engineering\nSpam\nSpear-phishing\nSpyware\nThe Onion Router (Tor)\nTier (of black market)\nVirtual machine\nVirtual private netw"]
[5.916741371154785, 20.045848846435547, "s\nZeuS\nAn attack that compromises a popular or well-trafficked website by leaving a piece of malware that will infect all legitimate users visiting the site.\nExploitable vulnerabilities that a software vendor is not aware of and for which no patch ha"]
[5.9063568115234375, 20.037538528442383, "- part-i.aspx\nCaballero, Juan, Chris Grier, Christian Kreibich, and Vern Paxson, Measuring Pay-per-Install: The Commoditization of Malware Distribution, undated. As of February 20, 2014: https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/sec11/tech/full_papers/Cab"]
[5.933515548706055, 20.058677673339844, "-please.html\nDark Side of the Web, The Dark Web, web page, undated. As of February 20, 2014: http://davidenewmedia.wordpress.com/workingterms/darkweb/\nde Carbonnel, Alissa, \u201cHackers for Hire: Ex-Soviet Tech Geeks Play Outsized Role in Global Cyber Cr"]
[5.919595241546631, 20.047969818115234, "3/10/13/net-us-cybercrime-arrest-idUSBR E99714Y20131013\nFortinet, Cybercriminals Today Mirror Legitimate Business Processes: 2013 Cybercrime Report, Sunnyvale, Calif.: Fortinet Inc., December 2012. As of November 11, 2013: http://www.fortinet.com/sit"]
[5.984615325927734, 20.10088348388672, "$2 Million in Prizes to Hackers Who Exploit Chrome,\u201d arstechnica.com, August 15, 2012b. As of November 11, 2013: http://arstechnica.com/security/2012/08/google-pledges-million-in-hacking-prizes/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cGoogle Chrome Exploit Fetches \u2018Pinkie Pie\u2019 $60,00"]
[5.923308372497559, 20.051467895507812, "lackHat, Washington, D.C., February 18\u201319, 2009a. As of February 3, 2014: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/cormac/papers/2009/Blackhat09.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNobody Sells Gold for the Price of Silver: Dishonesty, Uncertainty and the Underground Eco"]
[5.925400257110596, 20.05351448059082, "y-wave-whitehole-exploit-kit-hello.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cMagnitude EK: Pop Pop !,\u201d Malware Don\u2019t Beed Coffee blog, October 2013b. As of February 4, 2014:\nhttp://malware.dontneedcoffee.com/2013/10/Magnitude.html\nKamluk, Vitaly, \u201cThe Botnet Business,\u201d SecureList."]
[5.93805456161499, 20.06730079650879, "iberty-reserve/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cStyx Crypt Makers Push DDoS, Anti-Antivirus Services,\u201d krebsonsecurity.com, July 19, 2013d. As of February 4, 2014:\nhttp://krebsonsecurity.com/tag/carder-pro/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Cards stolen in Target Breach Flood Underground Markets, krebson"]
[5.913276672363281, 20.043983459472656, "idl, Jarrod, \u201cVUPEN vs Google and the Consequences for IT Security,\u201d jarrodloidl.blogspot.com, May 22, 2011. As of February 4, 2014: http://jarrodloidl.blogspot.com/2011/05/vupen-vs-google-and-consequences-for-it.html\nM86 Security Labs, Web Exploits:"]
[5.940716743469238, 20.06769371032715, "nt for the New Crime Lords Who Are Bringing Down the Internet, PublicAffairs, 2010\nMiller, Charlie, The Legitimate Vulnerability Market: Inside the Secretive World of 0-day Exploit Sales, Independent Security Evaluators, May 6, 2007. As of October 31"]
[5.906222343444824, 20.037965774536133, "anda Security Report, 2011. As of November 11, 2013:\nhttp://press.pandasecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/The-Cyber-Crime-Black-Market.pdf\nParkour, Mila, \u201cAn Overview of Exploit Packs (Update 20) Jan 2014,\u201d contagiodump.blogspot.com, January 8, "]
[5.919817924499512, 20.049814224243164, "ty, 2008. As of February 20, 2014: http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/FreeMarket.html\nRouse, Margaret, \u201cAttack Vector,\u201d SearchSecurity.com, May 2012. As of February 3, 2014: http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/attack-vector\nSamani, Raj, a"]
[5.9058027267456055, 20.037511825561523, "\u201cZeuS on the Hunt,\u201d SecureList.com, April 12, 2010. As of February 3, 2014: http://www.securelist.com/en/analysis/204792107/ZeuS_on_the_Hunt\nTechopedia, Bug Bounty, web page, undated-a. As of February 20, 2014: http://www.techopedia.com/definition/28"]
[5.911072731018066, 20.041501998901367, "b page, updated February 23, 2014a. As of February 20, 2014: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Cryptocurrency, web page, updated February 19, 2014b. As of February 20, 2014: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocurrency\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Data Breach,"]
[5.90692138671875, 20.038528442382812, "rivate_network\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Zeus (Trojan horse), web page, modified January 30, 2014u. As of February 20, 2014: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus_(Trojan_horse)\nZeltser, Lenny, \u201cWhat Are Exploit Kits?\u201d blog.zeltser.com, October 26, 2010. As of February 6, 20"]
[5.885730743408203, 20.020273208618164, "13 (name withheld on request).\nVennon, Troy, Juniper Networks, telephone interview with the authors, October 2013.\nWatson, Alex, Director of Security Research at Websense, email communication with the authors, October 2013.\nAs noted earlier, we also "]
[13.788773536682129, 4.777640342712402, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.797162055969238, 4.3198957443237305, " decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.\nSupport RAND\u2014make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html\nR\u00ae is a"]
[13.81480884552002, 4.339008331298828, "ich addresses all aspects of public safety and the criminal justice system, including violence, policing, corrections, courts and criminal law, substance abuse, occupational safety, and public integrity. Program research is supported by government ag"]
[12.59398365020752, 3.019829750061035, "APTer Three\nTool Assessments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ArcGIS 10.2 PySAL Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[15.053324699401855, 5.768137454986572, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact........................................................................... Recommendations.............................................................\nGeoDaNet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[15.048158645629883, 5.70673942565918, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . Operational Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Impact........................................................................... Recommend"]
[12.65795612335205, 2.986863613128662, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Go-To Sources for Tool Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 ProcessforPostdeliveryModifications...................................... 80 ToolInteroperabi"]
[12.621597290039062, 3.006406545639038, "spatial software tools to determine the tools\u2019 impact on law enforcement with respect to whether each tool delivers a new or enhanced capability to crime analy- sis, how the capability is unique or differs from similar capabilities, and identify stra"]
[12.63068675994873, 2.9850013256073, "description of the geo- spatial software tool and the environment in which it operates. The technical description is the starting point of our evaluation. It feeds into the operational assessment and the overall evaluation. The opera- tional assessme"]
[12.6397066116333, 2.9917643070220947, " which NIJ can take actions to ensure maximal benefits from future geospatial tool developments. These include addressing several appar- ent policy gaps and inconsistencies, including ensuring that policies assign NIJ or Department of Justice officia"]
[12.561141014099121, 3.0652101039886475, "spatial weights matrices within Tool provides basic spatial regression functionality (spatial lag and spatial error model) and the ability to the widely-used ArcGIS\nArcGIS 10.2 PySAL Tool\nIn progress\nPlanned release of next version may address user- "]
[12.64820671081543, 2.9808294773101807, "development. No NIJ or other U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) office appears to have taken on the role of tool dissemi- nation and assumed the responsibilities inherent in operations and maintenance of the NIJ-funded geospatial tools. Because many NI"]
[12.646650314331055, 2.995802879333496, " geospatial software tools can result in higher tool adoption and more routine users. Establishing a modest postdelivery modifica- tion fund is one possible method of addressing this issue.\nCraft a Proactive Strategy to Address Interoperability as an"]
[12.64578914642334, 3.0463826656341553, "his research. In addition, we thank the geospatial tool developers who graciously supplied information on their developments. We also thank the tool users who generously volunteered their time to share informa- tion on their tool use experiences. All"]
[12.642280578613281, 2.9856455326080322, "le extension for a text file\nUrban Crime Simulator\nextension for a worksheet file\nAbbreviations xxv\nChAPTER ONE\nIntroduction\n Background\nBy federal law, the mission of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is to \u201cencourage research and development "]
[12.652621269226074, 2.9646973609924316, "focused on actions NIJ can take to ensure maximal benefit of future geospatial tool developments for the law enforcement community.\nOrganization\nChapter Two describes our methodology and data-collection proce- dures. Chapter Three presents our tool a"]
[12.65796184539795, 2.9819324016571045, "nd the environment in which it operates. The technical description is the starting point of the evaluation, feeding into both the operational assessment and the overall evaluation. The operational assessment, which characterizes the current and poten"]
[12.637234687805176, 2.990187168121338, "cements\n\u2022 Potential limitations\n\u2022 Potential utility\n\u2022 Potential as a commercial product\n Overall evaluation\n\u2022 Benefit to the law enforcement community from the award\n\u2013 Impact of the capabilities that the software tools bring to law enforcement \u2013 Impa"]
[12.69111156463623, 2.9693243503570557, "red the oper- ating system, processing speed, random access memory (RAM), hard drive capacity, video card, display, and support hardware. The ques- tions associated with these topic areas are shown in Table 2.3.\nSoftware and Data Requirements\nThe sof"]
[12.626397132873535, 2.9902896881103516, "ks information about the tool docu- mentation available to users. Table 2.6 shows the questions associated with support.\nOperational Assessment Framework\nThe operational assessment characterizes the use of the tool. The topic areas of the operational"]
[12.601491928100586, 3.002356767654419, "nal or technical barrier for the NIJ- funded version to be transformed into a commercial product?\n  Potential enhancements and limitations\nPotential utility\nPotential as a commercial product\n  Data Collection\nWe collected information on the tools fro"]
[12.558393478393555, 3.043637990951538, "ite, Literature,\nUsers Videos RAND Tool Test\n  ArcGIS 10.2 xaxx PySAL Tool\nCAST xbxx\nCrimeStat x x Facility Cop\nGeoDaNet x a\nGeoDaSpace x a\nGeographic x c Profiler\nMobile Semi- x c Automated 3-D\nNear Repeat x x Calculator\nOpenGeoDa x a\nPySAL x a\nScho"]
[12.548257827758789, 3.0482804775238037, "ly loads Python. Next, the user loads NumPy and SciPy, available from SourceForge (SourceForge, undated). The third installation step is for the user to load the PySAL tool from the ASU website. Finally, the user downloads the ArcGIS PySAL tools from"]
[12.547009468078613, 3.056870222091675, "n other fields who need basic spatial regression func- tionality, such as spatial lag and spatial error modeling and the ability to convert and transform spatial weight matrices. The user base for the tool may expand once a final version is released."]
[12.550323486328125, 3.0852854251861572, "1.5 GB, Win- dows 7 requires 15 GB, Mac OS X 10.4 requires 3 GB, and Mac OS X 10.5 requires 9 GB). A graphics board that supports DirectX 9 and OpenGL 1.0 is required. Because CAST will display multiple views of crime data (each view in a separate po"]
[12.559331893920898, 3.1464428901672363, " and regression modeling. Crime travel-demand modeling functions, such as predictions of the number of crimes in each zone, trip distribution, travel modes, and likely trip routes, are also available in CrimeStat.\nSoftware\nCrimeStat provides suppleme"]
[12.546578407287598, 3.0912601947784424, "each run, the user must also specify measurement prefer- ences, such as the type of distance measurement (direct, indirect, or network), and parameters for the area of study and the length of the street network.\nUser Preparation\nA basic GIS backgroun"]
[12.56738567352295, 3.135765790939331, "ring the CrimeStat output to be inputted into a separate program is an addi- tional step that can be burdensome for frequent or routine users.\nCrimeStat Libraries are component objects that allow tool devel- opers to directly program the functions in"]
[12.568000793457031, 3.0394177436828613, "ges in the new version. These events can potentially make CrimeStat more attractive and enlarge the CrimeStat user base without further development action by NIJ. CrimeStat should continue to be featured in NIJ sources that publicize its geospatial s"]
[12.560236930847168, 3.032625913619995, "es download, documentation, and contact information.\nOperational Assessment\nCurrent Utility\nFacility Cop provides the correctional community a simple-to-use tool to track incidents at one or more facilities. The tool requires no special training and "]
[12.551675796508789, 3.0513758659362793, "the database.\nRecommendations\nAny improvements to Facility Cop should be tied to improvements to School COP because the former is a derivative of the latter. Any improvements to one tool are transferable to the other tool. For this reason, no further"]
[12.539544105529785, 3.0869033336639404, "tational capabilities are selected. Once the inputs are specified, clicking the Compute button results in production of the output. Clicking the Visualization tab allows the user to select displays of the output.\nHardware\nGeoDaNet runs on Windows and"]
[12.55092716217041, 3.063969373703003, "eoDaNet provides experienced crime analysts with a new no-cost capability to identify clusters of crimes on networks and calculate dis- tances and other measures. The product, even in alpha release, has detailed documentation that makes it accessible"]
[12.548295974731445, 3.078878879547119, "well. The recommended RAM to install and run is 512 MB (64 MB for Windows XP; 1 GB for Windows 7; 512 MB for Mac OS X 10.5), but the software will run on less RAM. The rec- ommended hard drive size to install and run is 10 GB (1.5 GB for Windows XP; "]
[12.549627304077148, 3.0753819942474365, "ining are available.\nPotential as a Commercial Product\nThe developer has no plans to turn GeoDaSpace into a commercial product.\nImpact\nGeoDaSpace provides experienced crime analysts who are versed in spatial statistical application in crime analysis "]
[12.553617477416992, 3.119129180908203, "un time is extremely long. Duplicating the example in the user\u2019s manual (seven crimes in the series being consid- ered, 2,000 solved crimes, 500-foot map bandwidth, and using U.S. census data for Baltimore, Maryland) on a four-year-old laptop dedi- c"]
[12.555865287780762, 3.1344995498657227, "atics and statistics are required to understand the underlying theory. Therefore, the devel- oper recommends a college-level education to use the tool.\nSupport\nA detailed user\u2019s manual explains the history of the program, the algo- rithms used, and d"]
[12.570137977600098, 3.0916545391082764, " computing power improves in standard computers, the run times may decrease as computers are upgraded at law enforcement agencies. Hence, the run times of Geographic Profiler may decrease in the future without any modifications to the code, although "]
[12.555464744567871, 3.0487587451934814, "e information to direct responders.\nSoftware\nThis review is based solely on information provided directly by the developer and by a representative designated by the developer because no users responded to RAND requests for input and the developer was"]
[12.598236083984375, 3.0203235149383545, "orative group are not specified. Documentation was not available for this review.\n7 Documentation was not available for this study.\nTool Assessments 43\n 44 Evaluation of National Institute of Justice\u2013Funded Geospatial Software Tools\nOperational Asses"]
[12.539570808410645, 3.1911799907684326, "Software\nNear Repeat Calculator is a stand-alone program. It uses historical crime data provided by the user to calculate the probabilities that an incident will occur within specific distances and time frames of his- torical incidents. The user must"]
[12.545692443847656, 3.2206668853759766, " format required. Near Repeat Calculator output reports are self-explanatory and are in table\nformat. An HTML browser is required to view the HTML web-page output.\nSupport\nA short user\u2019s manual provides installation instructions with expla- nations a"]
[12.498233795166016, 3.2477927207946777, "ish between true next-day (within 24 hours) crime and crime sprees in close proximity and short time spans (e.g., three break-ins on the same block within an hour). Developing an enhancement that can handle a time input could allow for finer fideliti"]
[12.547757148742676, 3.0643091201782227, "ulator can read, developing latitude/longitude compatibility, and allowing for more than one crime type to be considered will result in a larger user base. We make this recommendation because such a cost/ benefit analysis would indicate whether NIJ h"]
[12.537260055541992, 3.0565133094787598, "s on versions of Windows XP or more-recent versions of Windows, Mac OS X or more-recent versions of the Mac operat- ing system, and Linux. A minimum processor speed of 1.0 GHz is recommended (300 MHz for Windows XP; 1 GHZ for Windows 7; 867 MHz for M"]
[12.54410457611084, 3.054488182067871, "ty\nOpenGeoDa is an intuitive program for experienced criminologists with statistical expertise. It will be attractive to this target user group.\nPotential as a Commercial Product\nThe developer has no plans to turn OpenGeoDa into a commercial product."]
[12.547799110412598, 3.048248291015625, "ftware packages are required to use PySAL directly. These are Python 2.5 or later, NumPy 1.3 or later, and SciPy 0.7 or later. Although PySAL\u2019s primary users are tool developers, crime ana- lysts with Python programming expertise and an understanding"]
[12.553215026855469, 3.0567173957824707, "tive (undated).\nImpact\nASU has used PySAL routines to develop geospatial software tools. At the time of writing, there had been at least 1,386 downloads of PySAL, so other developers may be using these routines as well.\n8 C++ is an intermediate-level"]
[12.556559562683105, 3.026158094406128, "udes instructions for installation and explana- tions with screen shots for each program feature. A sample facility map is provided.\nSchool COP is available at School COP Software (undated [a]). The website includes download, documentation, a trainin"]
[12.558650016784668, 3.037560224533081, "automatically downloaded to School COP, teachers or others entering incident data would not have to retrieve and enter the student\u2019s identification number, address, contact information, and other repeated information. Developing an\nTool Assessments 5"]
[12.556806564331055, 3.0705180168151855, " directories and developing some networking capability. A basic cost/ benefit analysis should be conducted to determine whether a small lim- ited investment to update School COP with such enhancements is fea- sible and cost-effective.\nAny enhancement"]
[12.55294132232666, 3.0922844409942627, "ways straightforward. SPIDER offers diagnostics to help the user choose the category into which to place the suspect. This diag- nostic aid is the marauder/commuter prediction capability in SPIDER. The program advises the user to conduct next-event a"]
[12.553228378295898, 3.101778268814087, "R support material includes a workbook, a three-day training course, and PowerPoint presentations for the three-day training course. Separate versions of the support material are available for Windows and Mac OS X. The workbook includes background ma"]
[12.558841705322266, 3.074592113494873, "crime analysis.\nPotential Utility\nPrimary users of SPIDER are crime analysts. Once training is com- plete, SPIDER offers a relatively quick, easy-to-use, and comprehen- sive tool to help users analyze crime series. Built-in or complemen- tary automat"]
[12.59855842590332, 3.0039708614349365, "backward compatible, so even if a current ArcGIS Engine license is secured for $1,500, UCS will still not run without installing ArcGIS Engine 9.2. These conditions make the tool less attractive to practitioners. No users of UCS could be found. Becau"]
[12.579188346862793, 3.0301761627197266, "s. A sum- mary view of the synthesis is presented first. Next, we discuss our over- all findings. Finally, we present the recommendations that stem from the findings.\nTable 4.1 shows a summary view of the various tools reviewed for this study. The fi"]
[12.547640800476074, 3.051487684249878, ", computation of street distances between points and crime locations, spatial regression modeling, spatial diagnostic tests for probit models.\nPySAL\nAdditional investment to update\nPlan in place\nSpatial statistics program for the tactical crime analy"]
[12.589493751525879, 3.0322396755218506, "Geographic Profiler may just require a high level of computing power. In any case, its run times should decrease as computers become faster. School COP, the Near Repeat Calculator, and UCS may all benefit from a cost/ benefit analysis to determine wh"]
[12.646126747131348, 2.9769937992095947, "ch as geospatial software tools: initiation, system concept development, planning, requirement analysis, design, devel- opment, integration and test, implementation, operations and mainte- nance, and disposition. This means that DOJ policy assigns ro"]
[12.63344955444336, 2.97921085357666, "ntation\n   Release\n     requirements requirements Software System\n   Analysis\n    Program design\n      Coding\n   Testing\n   Operations\n   Acquisition\n    Supply\nDevelopment\n         Operations\n  Maintenance\n  Destruction\n                Initiation\nSy"]
[12.64414119720459, 2.9822065830230713, "community. For example, decisions on technical approach can result in unintentionally limiting the potential tool user base. A specific instance is the decision to tether UCS to ArcGIS Engine. This decision resulted in a tool that requires the user t"]
[12.641331672668457, 2.978377103805542, "ments\nas specified in\nthe functional\nthat the\ndeveloped\nsystem\ndocument.\nreports.\ncoding, compiling,\nconforms to\ninformation system. Converts a design Includes acquiring into a complete\nrequirements detailed into a\nrequirement\nment; creating and test"]
[12.63797378540039, 2.988643169403076, "tool implementation (see potential policy gaps illustrated in Figure 4.1).\nGo-To Sources for Tool Notification\nOur conversations with tool users and developers revealed that there is no established source (e.g., website, office, publication, app) for"]
[12.645286560058594, 2.9825544357299805, "ted in stand-alone tools that are installed on a single computer and do not have networking capabilities. Others are not interoperable with other\nOverall Evaluations, Findings, and Recommendations 81\ntools already in use by a potential user. These ch"]
[12.646424293518066, 2.979435920715332, "to extend the use of geospatial tools to the law enforcement community. Our exchanges with developers and users indicate a few areas in which NIJ can take actions to ensure that future geospatial tool developments provide maximal benefits to the law "]
[12.64435863494873, 2.944073438644409, "ll recognize that there are funda- mental processes underlying every software development. In an effort to facilitate communications among software users, suppliers, develop- ers, maintainers, operators, managers, technicians, and any other enti- tie"]
[12.549601554870605, 3.0456583499908447, "Models\nTable A.1\nAcquisition\nSupply\nDevelopment\nMaintenance\nOperations\nDestruction\n         Bibliography\n Abrahamsson, Pekka, Outi Salo, Jussi Ronkainen, and Juhani Warsta, Agile Software Development Methods: Review and Analysis, Espoo: VTT Electroni"]
[12.55319881439209, 3.074885845184326, "/downloads\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cGeoDaNet Alpha Download,\u201d undated (d). As of February 16, 2014: https://geodacenter.asu.edu/downloads/software/gnet\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cGeoDaSpace Alpha Downloads,\u201d undated (e). As of February 16, 2014: https://geodacenter.asu.edu/software/downloa"]
[12.624035835266113, 3.2521369457244873, "ne and Associates, October 2009. As of January 23, 2014: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/CrimeStat/files/CrimeStat-3.2a.zip\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, CrimeStat: A Spatial Statistics Program for the Analysis of Crime Incident Locations, version 3.3, Houston, Texas: Ned Levine "]
[12.568992614746094, 3.074995279312134, "p://www.criminalbehavior.com/SPIDER\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cPredicting Next Event Locations in a Crime Series Using Advanced Spatial Prediction Methods,\u201d briefing, United Kingdom Crime Mapping Conference, 2005. As of January 23, 2014: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/jdi/events/m"]
[12.565887451171875, 3.0508949756622314, "orksheet,\u201d Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Associates, undated (c). As of January 23, 2014: http://www.schoolcopsoftware.com/SchoolCOPSetupWorksheet.doc\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cInstructions for Installing School COP 1.1 on a Network,\u201d September 2002a. As of January 23, 2014: ht"]
[12.681754112243652, 2.986161231994629, " development awards resulted in fully functional tools for the law enforcement community. Collectively, the tools provided the law enforcement community with access to new and enhanced geospatial capabilities to improve crime analysis. From a holisti"]
[13.79229736328125, 4.784765243530273, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[0.9132388830184937, 2.1340839862823486, "use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND perm"]
[13.748291969299316, 4.807351112365723, "vironment, Energy, and Economic Development Program\nThe research reported here was conducted in the RAND Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program, which addresses topics relating to environmental quality and regula- tion, water and energ"]
[0.9104941487312317, 2.130150318145752, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Structure of China\u2019s Commercial Aviation Manufacturing Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7\nAviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). . "]
[15.024182319641113, 5.7431640625, "35\nWhy Do Foreign Companies Invest in China?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ProvideSupporttoChineseCustomers...................................................."]
[15.021909713745117, 5.739314556121826, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nThe U.S. Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[0.9126444458961487, 2.133342742919922, "9 . 49 . 51 . 51 . 52 . 53\n. 55\n. 55 . 55 56 . 57 . 59 60 60\nLabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[0.9088634848594666, 2.1292483806610107, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85\nContents vii\nFigures\n 2.1. Organizational Chart of AVIC\u2019s Aviation Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[0.9145128130912781, 2.1359000205993652, "nologically sophisticated industries. The Chinese government has denoted several such industries as strategic, and has employed industrial policies, formal and informal, to foster the development of \u201cnational champions.\u201d As part of this strategy, the"]
[0.9065759778022766, 2.1274561882019043, "uments\nTo create an indigenous commercial aviation manufacturing industry, the Chinese govern- ment has employed the following policy instruments:\n\u2022 setting up national champions\n\u2022 providinglaunchaid\n\u2022 compelling state-owned airlines to purchase Chin"]
[0.9078948497772217, 2.1287496089935303, "uard their intellectual property and technologies. The most common approach is to manufacture key components outside of China; the joint venture then imports the component for final assembly. All materials and components used on aircraft must be cert"]
[0.9060534834861755, 2.1267199516296387, "uction, the C919 will be technologically outdated compared to Airbus\u2019s and Boe- ing\u2019s new models, the A320neo and 737 Max, respectively. Most of our interlocutors felt that COMAC will not truly be able to break into the international commercial aircr"]
[0.9164497256278992, 2.1378681659698486, "ed by Airbus and Boeing, and manufacturing know-how provide them with strong incumbent advantages.\nPolicy Options\nThe United States and the European Union\nBoth the United States and the European Union (EU) face a conundrum. China\u2019s leadership appears"]
[0.9125558733940125, 2.133699655532837, "se joint-venture partners developed their own products outside the joint venture and captured the vast majority of sales in China with these products. In both these cases, state-owned companies have been the principal purchasers of the final product."]
[0.9100255370140076, 2.1309163570404053, "id that their intellectual property rights will not be safe, they will remain cautious about what technologies they bring to China. If China wishes to become fully integrated into the global commercial aviation manufacturing industry, China\u2019s governm"]
[0.929685652256012, 2.1514711380004883, " the State Council\nWorld Trade Organization\nXi\u2019an Aircraft International Corporation\nxix\nChAPTEr OnE\nIntroduction\nIn the 30-odd years since the beginning of economic reforms in 1978, China\u2019s economy has grown at a remarkable rate. In 1978, China\u2019s gr"]
[0.932251513004303, 2.1534347534179688, "liament, 2011, p. 21.\n  1\n2 The Effectiveness of China\u2019s Industrial Policies in Commercial Aviation Manufacturing\nChina with violations of WTO rules.2 Differential access to markets for goods, services, and capital have been of great concern to polic"]
[0.9171052575111389, 2.1382970809936523, "hina market economy status, although China will automatically acquire this status in 2016 in accordance with the conditions under which it joined the WTO. Directorate-General for External Policies for the Union, 2011, p. 21; U.S. Trade Representative"]
[0.9024879336357117, 2.1234304904937744, "of technologies from foreign manufacturers to the domestic Chinese industry. During the course of this research, we interviewed more than 50 company representatives and managers (Western and Chinese), journalists, lawyers, U.S. government officials, "]
[0.9115526676177979, 2.132523775100708, "on previous studies, the commercial press, discussions with industry managers, expert eval- uations, and a visit to the Zhuhai Air Show in November 2012 to chart changes in China\u2019s technological capabilities in this industry. Drawing on this statisti"]
[0.9169716238975525, 2.1383516788482666, "olicy statements, we first contrast Chi- nese industrial policies with rules issued by the WTO governing foreign trade, foreign invest- ment, and protection of intellectual property rights. We then discuss U.S. and EU approaches to addressing trade a"]
[0.907443106174469, 2.127976655960083, "responsibility of the Ministry of Heavy Industry, with opera- tions managed by the Civil Aviation Administration of China under the supervision of the PLAAF. Subsequently, the Ministry of Aerospace Industry was set up, and enterprises engaged in the "]
[0.9065718054771423, 2.1273748874664307, "while Airbus and AVIC each reported roughly $40 billion. The other six characters of the directive lay out the strategies by which growth is to be achieved. The \u201ctwo integrations\u201d refer to \u201cintegration within the global avia- tion production chain, a"]
[0.9053104519844055, 2.125793218612671, "tain that firms should concentrate on \u201ccore competencies.\u201d7 However, AVIC appears to be in no hurry to divest itself of these subsidiaries. Over the last few decades, non-aviation products appear to have been more profitable than aviation products. A"]
[0.9003241658210754, 2.1200830936431885, "es, frequently with a technological bent. Some have set up subsidiaries to which they have transferred inventions and other intellectual property so as to capitalize on these assets. Some of these subsidiaries have been listed on China\u2019s stock market"]
[0.9019766449928284, 2.1239612102508545, "Guizhou General Aircraft Company\n Cirrus Aircraft Industries\n  AVIC Aero Equipment Company\n AVIC Aircraft Company\n AVIC General Aircraft (CAIGA)\n AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engines Company\n AVIC Engines Company\n AVIC Avionics Systems\n  AVIC Electromech"]
[0.9060489535331726, 2.1263949871063232, "egan as a manufacturer of bombers; it continues to produce the H-6 series of medium bombers developed from the Tupolev Tu-16 of 1950\u2019s vintage and the JH-7 series of fighter-bombers. In recent years, it has set up a subsidiary to work as a subcontrac"]
[0.9044607877731323, 2.124654531478882, "t Company, Ltd. (\u4e2d\u822a\u5de5\u4e1a\u901a\u7528\u98de\u673a\u516c\u53f8)\nChina Aviation Industry General Aircraft Company (CAIGA) is the AVIC division that spe- cializes in general aviation aircraft: smaller aircraft for personal or business use. Its major aviation-related assets in China incl"]
[0.9053951501846313, 2.1252856254577637, " require substantial development before they can enter commercial service.\nCommercial Aircraft Company of China\nAt the same time that AVIC I and AVIC II were re-merged, COMAC was spun off from AVIC in an effort to create a commercial aviation manufac"]
[0.9072015881538391, 2.1278533935546875, "up\n Chengdu Airlines\n Large Aircraft magazine\nSOURCES: Compiled from the COMAC company website, COMAC annual reports, and media reports.\nRAND RR245-2.2\nfor producing a military rather than commercial aircraft are very different and AVIC had not been "]
[0.9106202721595764, 2.131185531616211, "e government has sought to develop China\u2019s capacity to produce capable military aircraft. Commercial aircraft manufac- turing and operations in China were given a lower priority. In fact, the commercial aviation sector got its start under the managem"]
[0.9084454774856567, 2.1290526390075684, "s focused on smaller regional jets in the hope of gradu- ally working their way up to larger aircraft as the industry gained experience. In 2000, Xi\u2019an Aircraft Company, Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group, Shenyang Aircraft Corporation, and the Shanghai"]
[0.9091834425926208, 2.1299874782562256, ", 2011.\n36 Kurt Hofmann, \u201cAirbus Tianjin Factory to Deliver 100th A320 in September,\u201d ATW Daily News, June 15, 2012.\nChina\u2019s Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing Industry 17\n 18 The Effectiveness of China\u2019s Industrial Policies in Commercial Aviation Man"]
[0.9117650985717773, 2.1328279972076416, "ospace America, February 2010, p. 27. 40 Tu Lei, \u201cAviation Industry Gets Landmark 8-Year Road Map: MIIT Plans for Competitive Future,\u201d Global Times, May\n24, 2013, p. 23.\n41 Bradley Perrett, \u201cFurther Delays On COMAC C919 Program Push First Flight to 2"]
[0.9116969108581543, 2.1341822147369385, "r personnel, and improve quality assurance. Computer-integrated manufacturing systems and automation tools such as computer-aided design software, computer-aided process planners, and digitally controlled machine tools have become widespread in leadi"]
[0.9064348340034485, 2.12699031829834, ". As noted, the COMAC ARJ-21 has run into repeated delays.50 A key problem has been a lack of systems integration skills. Boeing and Airbus have moved to using a \u201cdistributed airframe manufacturing process,\u201d whereby subcontractors are responsible for"]
[0.9132763743400574, 2.135179281234741, "t manufacturing industry as a source of economic growth and technological spin-offs. To achieve the goal of creating a commercial aviation manufacturing industry, as already noted, the Chinese government has adopted a strategy of first engaging in do"]
[0.9115046858787537, 2.1327006816864014, "tion Industry (2013\u20132020).\u201d6 The plan lays out China\u2019s goals for the industry in much more detail.\nA number of other indicators point to the importance of the commercial aircraft manu- facturing industry to the Chinese government. In mid-2012, the St"]
[0.9083313345909119, 2.129317045211792, "uring industry that China hopes will eventually be competitive with Boeing and Airbus.10\nSetting Up National Champions\nThe Chinese government merged AVIC I and AVIC II back into a single company in 2008, and it created COMAC, a state-owned company de"]
[0.9087759256362915, 2.129362106323242, " in the company, including 5 billion renminbi from the Shanghai Municipal Government\u2019s Guosheng Investments Group, 1 billion renminbi from Aluminum Corporation of China (Chinalco), 1 billion renminbi from Baosteel Group, and 1 billion renminbi from S"]
[0.908011257648468, 2.128678560256958, "to career advancement for local officials. Local\n14 Anil Gupta and Haiyan Wang, \u201cCOMAC: China\u2019s Challenge to Airbus and Boeing,\u201d Bloomberg BusinessWeek, June 30, 2010.\n15 GlobalSecurity.org, \u201cCommercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC),\u201d web pag"]
[0.9093850255012512, 2.1303515434265137, ", along with how well their companies perform financially.25 Third, these three airlines have relied on financial support from the state to finance their operations and expand their fleets. For exam- ple, in 2009, China Southern received a $1.5 billi"]
[0.888725996017456, 2.1093034744262695, "soft. One interlocutor stated that no money has\n26 Szamosszegi and Kyle, 2011, p. 46.\n27 Information provided by Western expert on China aviation manufacturing industry.\n28 Cliff et al., 2011, p. 17.\n20 150\n55\n  China\u2019s Industrial Policy and Its Comm"]
[0.9039750695228577, 2.124295473098755, "ke Boeing and Airbus, have been a factor in Chinese decisions on pur- chases of aircraft. Both Airbus and Boeing track purchases of components from Chinese com- panies; more than half of all Airbus planes contain components manufactured in China.35 T"]
[0.9082424640655518, 2.128750801086426, "designed to help Chinese firms acquire technologies, managerial know-how, and production experience. In a manufacturing joint venture, the foreign partner typically supplies the pro- duction design and management expertise, while the Chinese partner "]
[0.8854116797447205, 2.1060352325439453, " by the FAA and EASA cannot, for all intents and purposes, fly inter- nationally. The primary means COMAC has employed to reach this goal is to incorporate only modules and components that have already been certified by the FAA and EASA into the C919"]
[0.8890534043312073, 2.1170005798339844, " December 2009, Xi\u2019an Aircraft Industry Company and a Hong Kong-based private equity firm Advanced Treasure Limited acquired 91.25 percent of Future Advanced Composite Components, an Austrian company specializing in manufacturing parts and modules fr"]
[0.9104275703430176, 2.131549596786499, "er Chinese Ownership,\u201d AVweb, July 22, 2012.\n53 McMillin,2012.\n China\u2019s Industrial Policy and Its Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing Industry 33\nshort term. Rather, the basic objective is to elevate our comprehensive aviation industrial capabilities a"]
[0.9064394235610962, 2.127749443054199, "s, and staying competitive with domestic Chinese companies.\nForeign Companies\nBecause almost all aircraft manufactured in China have been for the PLAAF, both the Chi- nese government and foreign companies were initially wary about foreign investment "]
[0.9049572944641113, 2.1259765625, "resence in China,\u201d news release, undated.\nsortium involving the Tianjin Free Trade Zone and AVIC, for final assembly of the A320.4 Like Boeing, Airbus has also invested in a joint venture, Hafei Airbus Composite Material Manufac- turing Center, locat"]
[0.9044208526611328, 2.125044345855713, "Ventures in China\n  U.S. Partners\nEaton Corp. GE/Safran\nGoodrich Corporation hamilton Sundstrand honeywell International\nKidde Aerospace (hamilton Sundstrand subsidiary) Parker Aerospace\nrockwell Collins\nZodiac\nOther International Partners\nFisher Adv"]
[0.9038505554199219, 2.1245598793029785, "ide aircraft manufactur- ers with complete modules such as landing gear or engines, have followed suit to ensure that they can provide replacement parts and aftermarket service promptly. Rolls Royce and United Technology\u2019s Pratt & Whitney unit, for e"]
[0.9068951606750488, 2.127812385559082, "a\u2019s MRO Market Booming,\u201d Air Transport World, January 1, 2012.\n The role of Foreign Companies in China\u2019s Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing Industry 39\naircraft manufacturing industry have to be certified by the FAA or EASA before they can be used in "]
[0.9054924845695496, 2.126068115234375, "ith servicing the training provider\u2019s aircraft.\nAssembly operations set up by commercial aviation manufacturers are designed to lead to higher sales. As previously noted, it is doubtful that McDonnell Douglas would have success- fully sold aircraft t"]
[0.8884369134902954, 2.107492446899414, "hing to do with aircraft. For example, Airbus purchased a barge, the Ville de Bordeaux, a roll-on/roll-off vessel from the Jinling shipyard in Nanjing, to deliver parts for the A380 for $30 million.19 The aircraft manufacturer has to include the cost"]
[0.8923168182373047, 2.1134510040283203, "ompanies to assemble the modules for the C919 in China. According to company representatives with whom we spoke, the joint ventures posted in Table 4.2 are primarily a consequence of this stipulation. For example, GE states that its joint venture in "]
[0.9071877598762512, 2.128568410873413, "e leadership. Even if the project fails, the company believes that it will have enhanced its corporate image in the eyes of China\u2019s leaders.\nChallenges of Investing in China\nAs shown by the quotes from the CEOs of AVIC and COMAC, these executives are"]
[0.9113444685935974, 2.1319425106048584, "o into a manufacturing process. Rather, the ingredients are simply listed as \u201cA\u201d and \u201cB\u201d\u2014employees are only informed of how much of each ingredient should be mixed together. Other companies break up manufacturing processes so that Chinese employees o"]
[0.9088878631591797, 2.129664421081543, "fficient protection for GE\u2019s investment.32\n30 Discussion with Western commercial aviation component manufacturer in China.\n31 Kerry Lynch, \u201cDonnelly Dismisses Concerns of Technology Transfer Risks for Cessna in China,\u201d The Weekly of Business\nAviation"]
[0.9040047526359558, 2.127669334411621, "o civil aircraft manufacturing in other countries, the share of exports in total sales in the Chinese industry has been low, running between 13 and 21 percent of total output. In most countries with a substantial civil aviation manufacturing industry"]
[0.9104194045066833, 2.132565975189209, ". In other words, the U.S. industry generated nine times more output per worker. China\u2019s statistics on employment in civil aviation manufacturing and U.S. statistics on employment in the aerospace industry are not completely analogous: the U.S. fig- "]
[0.9195318222045898, 2.1405677795410156, "lays in the global commercial aviation export market, it is a very important market in terms of imports. China\u2019s imports rose from about $3\u20134 billion annually in 2005 dollars in the 1990s to more than $14 billion in 2005 dollars in 2011. In 1992, Chi"]
[0.9135403037071228, 2.1352086067199707, "                                                                   2006\n                                                                                                               2007\n                                                              "]
[0.9076653718948364, 2.1290416717529297, "nowledge gained by Chi- nese managers and employees formerly employed in Airbus\u2019s joint venture in Tianjin. These individuals have been able to transfer lessons learned concerning final assembly from work- ing in the joint venture.7 Substantial inves"]
[0.9079318642616272, 2.1289584636688232, "advanced proprietary production processes to China and share corporate technologies and know-how with Chinese staff are made at the corporate level. We were informed by many of the experts with whom we met in the course of this research that these de"]
[0.9053521156311035, 2.1293790340423584, "992\n1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010\n   Value of shipments (constant 2005$)\nUnits shipped (final civil aircraft)\n  50,000\n4,000 3,500 40,000\n3,000 30,000 2,500\nSOURCE: Authors' calculations bas"]
[0.9056281447410583, 2.129298448562622, "hough in aggregate the EU is now larger, accounting for more than 44 percent of world exports compared to the United States\u2019 37 percent. In contrast to the absence of long-term growth in total output, exports have risen sharply over the last two deca"]
[0.9068929553031921, 2.1300275325775146, "eing in 2012 employed 4,050 machinists in its Renton, Wash., plant; that number was 6,022 in July 2001.15 Steady improvements in productivity over this period have contrib- uted to these declines in overall employment. At Boeing, outsourcing also app"]
[0.9076316952705383, 2.12986159324646, "                                                                                      2007\n                                                                                                                      2008\n                                    "]
[0.9064720273017883, 2.129704475402832, ".7\nGlobal Production of Commercial Aircraft, 1990\u20132011\n1,200\n1,000\n800\n600\n400\n200\n0\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011\nSOURCE: Authors\u2019 calculations using downloadable data f"]
[0.9120383262634277, 2.1342053413391113, "tion Manufacturing Industry as in Other Industries?\nAs shown by the statistics in Chapter Five, the Chinese commercial aviation manufacturing industry has yet to make serious inroads into the global aviation industry, although it has enjoyed solid gr"]
[0.9080157279968262, 2.128941297531128, "rent product has \u201cnothing at all to do with Shinkansen\u201d\u2014even if the trains look identical to the Japanese design. Repre- sentatives from the Kawasaki consortium say 98 percent of the technology and designs used in the Chinese trains are Japanese. The"]
[0.9078240394592285, 2.129027843475342, " been an important source of technologies for their Chinese partners. American Superconductor Corporation (ASC) accuses Sinovel, its former joint venture partner and now one of China\u2019s three largest wind turbine manufacturers, of stealing its technol"]
[0.9117135405540466, 2.1324405670166016, "o have a Chinese joint venture partner that holds at least 50 percent of the equity in the assembly operation.12 Despite this stipulation, virtually every established automobile manufacturer from the United States, Europe, and Japan has set up a join"]
[0.922375500202179, 2.1429250240325928, "Itself into a Competitor,\u201d International Herald Tribune, April 11, 2006, p. 1.\n13 \u201cAudi-Led Global Carmakers May Be Shut Out of China\u2019s Fleet,\u201d Bloomberg News, February 27, 2012.\n14 KeithBradsher,\u201cChinaSeeksTrade-OffforEntryofGMHybridCar:AutomakerPre"]
[0.9096772074699402, 2.1310172080993652, "ernment influences the choice of aircraft purchased by China\u2019s state-owned airlines. The CEOs of these airlines are selected by the government. However, government pressure is only one influence on purchase decisions by these executives. Chinese airl"]
[0.899933934211731, 2.12050199508667, "the Chinese partner with opportunities to learn how to efficiently manufacture product lines they had not previously had the capability to produce. Joint ventures have also helped provide the know-how acquired from repeatedly manufacturing the same c"]
[0.9090501666069031, 2.130603313446045, "ace raw material suppliers have not yet been able to produce materials of a quality that could be certified. Chinese aviation component manufacturers face a competi- tive disadvantage because they must import materials from the same suppliers as thei"]
[0.9069420099258423, 2.1284425258636475, " to entry for competitors. COMAC, for example, is learning how to get through the certification process with both the FAA and the Civil Avia- tion Administration of China. Once Chinese companies master this process, they will be better placed to deve"]
[0.9068772792816162, 2.1285879611968994, "costs. As aviation analyst Richard Aboulafia states, \u201cChina has tremendous resources and tremendous talent but the government-directed technology-copying system pro- duces disaster.\u201d27\nForeign component manufacturers noted the rising cost of skilled "]
[0.9083805084228516, 2.1294310092926025, "n China, although the\n27 Negroni,2012.\n28 Interviews in China with Western aviation component manufacturers.\n29 Interviews in China with Western aviation component manufacturers.\n 64 The Effectiveness of China\u2019s Industrial Policies in Commercial Avia"]
[0.9096676707267761, 2.1307778358459473, "ing industry.\n31 Szamosszegi and Kyle, 2011.\n32 Harrison, 2011, p. 4.\n33 Interviews in China with experts on the Chinese aviation manufacturing industry.\n net Assessment of the Effectiveness of China\u2019s Industrial Policies for Commercial Aviation Manu"]
[0.9092587232589722, 2.1303672790527344, "ensive and challenging, but also necessary. Despite the size of the internal Chinese market, Chinese aircraft will need to be able to operate outside the country; COMAC also hopes to sell more planes abroad.36 To do so, COMAC will need to invest in d"]
[0.9054933190345764, 2.1265368461608887, "upport the creation of these incipient national champions. It has provided substantial financial support for launching the C919. Through the purchasing authority of the China Aviation Supplies Import and Export Group Corporation (CASC), the Chinese s"]
[0.9044908881187439, 2.1265246868133545, "veral ways buyers can avoid consummating the final sale, not least by canceling orders because of delivery delays. Moreover, by the time the C919 is in full pro- duction, it will be technologically outdated compared to Airbus\u2019s and Boeing\u2019s new compe"]
[0.9072667360305786, 2.128269910812378, "will have a difficult time competing against the incumbents, even in China.\nCOMAC officials have stated that they plan to source more components from China\u2019s domestic aircraft manufacturing industry, once products by Chinese manufacturers have been c"]
[0.907910168170929, 2.128679037094116, "s the extent to which these companies produce for the U.S. military or to which their technologies are considered dual use.\nOne area where China has been buying its way into the international market is general aviation. More companies participate in "]
[0.912059485912323, 2.1335439682006836, "any technology brought to China will be subject to theft. However, as already noted, they have taken a variety of steps to protect their intellectual prop- erty rights, most notably by keeping the manufacture of components involving key technolo-\n48 "]
[0.9161995649337769, 2.1384267807006836, "es have taken market share from foreign competitors in China and in the rest of the world with detrimental effects on employment and profits for those competitors. But investing in these industries, especially the commercial aviation manufacturing in"]
[0.9181511998176575, 2.1395139694213867, "ommercial aircraft was not covered under specific provisions of China\u2019s accession agreement, the WTO is designed to constrain use of domestic subsidies, barriers to imports, and other trade-distorting measures so that foreign and domestic manu- factu"]
[0.9171493053436279, 2.1384575366973877, "evision),\u201d WT/TPR/S/230/\nRev.1, 5 July 2010, Section III, paragraphs 3\u20136.\n3 Directorate-General for External Policies for the Union, Policy Department, 2011, p. 45.\n4 Directorate-General for External Policies for the Union, Policy Department, 2011, p"]
[0.9178548455238342, 2.139162302017212, "mmission on Commerce and Trade (JCCT) was established in 1983 and is co-chaired by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce and China\u2019s Minister of Commerce. It is a forum for \u201c. . . high-level dialogue on bilateral trade issues and a vehicle for promoting com"]
[0.9183650612831116, 2.139742136001587, " were inconsistent with this commitment in a timely manner. China has reportedly also agreed to participate in negotiations on new rules on official export financing with the United States and other major exporters.14\nBut, as the U.S. Trade Represent"]
[0.9202654361724854, 2.1419665813446045, "mmission and China\u2019s Premier, who is accompanied by members of the State Council.19 In contrast, the EU-China High Level Economic and Trade Dialogue, which began in 2007, focuses solely on trade and economic issues. It consists of upward of 25 separa"]
[0.9177846312522888, 2.139333486557007, "s are placed on bilateral agendas or brought to the WTO only if a domestic company complains. While U.S. and European firms still dominate a market, like commercial aviation manufactur- ing, trade negotiators tend to focus on other industries where c"]
[0.9534185528755188, 2.1746561527252197, "r new air- craft a matter of policy for China\u2019s state-owned airlines. Moreover, as purchases by state- owned airlines are not considered government procurement (China is not yet party to the\nGovernment Procurement Agreement within the WTO), the U.S. "]
[0.917830228805542, 2.1391403675079346, "rage the U.S. Trade Representative and the Directorate-General of Trade to closely monitor sales efforts by COMAC and be prepared to launch formal pro- ceedings if the Chinese government appears to be violating WTO rules in this industry.\n\u2022 Continue "]
[0.9072811007499695, 2.1327829360961914, "ent, in particular, has provided support, but the British, Spanish, and German governments have done so as well.\nChina faces a number of hurdles in repeating the success of Airbus. The commercial air- craft market is highly competitive: Manufacturers"]
[0.9151633381843567, 2.1369166374206543, "y. The facility was closed just before it went into production; the project was no longer commercially viable once oil prices dropped. Fortunately for the U.S. government, which would have been legally obligated to honor the loan guarantee, Exxon abs"]
[0.9148691296577454, 2.1367664337158203, "n Commercial Aviation Manufacturing\nsupport and their impact on the competitiveness of their respective industries. In the United States, philosophical predilections have contributed to a reluctance to provide subsidies to manufacturers, although agr"]
[0.9078372716903687, 2.128849983215332, "e, they will remain cautious about what technologies they bring to China. If China wishes to become fully integrated into the global commercial aviation manufacturing industry, China\u2019s govern- ment would be well advised to change its current policies"]
[0.9076400399208069, 2.128601312637329, " share in J.V. with Airbus) Helicopters; Y-12 Utility Transport;\n Employees\n ~400,000\n 6,000+\n 60,000+\n15,000\n15,000\nUnknown\n20,000+\n10,000+\n~50,000\nUnknown\n3,000+\n~1,300\n26,300+\n6,000+\n (in $millions) Revenues\n 40,835 (2011)\n Unknown\n 5,573 (2011)\n1"]
[0.9019901156425476, 2.123176097869873, "nal Partners in the ARJ-21 Program\nPartners\nU.S. Partners Alcoa, Inc.\nB/E Aerospace, Inc.\nEaton Corp.\nGE\nGoodrich hella Aerospace\nhamilton Sundstrand (UTC subsidiary) honeywell International\nKidde Aerospace (hamilton Sundstrand subsidiary)\nMPC Produc"]
[0.9101743102073669, 2.1315884590148926, "first-order-first-flight-1970-1972/\nAirbus (Tianjin) Final Assembly Company Limited, \u201cWhere We Operate,\u201d EADS, undated. As of\nAugust 8, 2013: http://www.eads.com/eads/int/en/our-company/where_we_operate/continent_asia/country_china/city_tianjin. html"]
[0.9150391221046448, 2.1360597610473633, "utUs/tabid/62/language/en-US/Default.aspx\nBradsher, Keith, \u201cChina Automaker Sets Out on Its Own: GM and Volkswagen Find Their Partner Plans to Build Itself into a Competitor,\u201d International Herald Tribune, April 11, 2006.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cChina Seeks Trade-Off "]
[0.9126081466674805, 2.133812665939331, "eds., Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute of International Economics, May 2010.\nDickie, Mure, \u201cJapan Inc. Shoots Itself in Foot on Bullet Train,\u201d Financial Times, July 9, 2010. Directorate-General for External Policies for the Union, Policy Departme"]
[0.9111443758010864, 2.132373809814453, "ated a. As of August 7, 2013:\nhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/comac.htm\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cShanghai Aviation Industry (Group) Co., Ltd.; Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Factory (SAMF); COMAC Final Assembly Center,\u201d web page, undated b. As of Fe"]
[0.9109250903129578, 2.1321465969085693, "+locations\nInternational Monetary Fund, \u201cWorld Economic Outlook Database,\u201d web page, undated. As of August 14, 2013:\nhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/01/weodata/index.aspx\nInternational Trade Administration, Shipments of Complete U.S. Air"]
[0.9115419387817383, 2.1326520442962646, "es C. Mulvenon, A New Direction for China\u2019s Defense Industry, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, MG-334-AF, 2005. As of July 25, 2012: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG334.html\nBibliography 89\n90 The Effectiveness of China\u2019s Industrial Poli"]
[0.9100425839424133, 2.132152795791626, " 21, May 25, 2013a.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cFurther Delays On COMAC C919 Program Push First Flight to 2015,\u201d Aviation Daily, May 24, 2013b. As of August 6, 2013: http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/avd_05_24_2013_p01-01-581804.xml&p=1\nPorter, Mich"]
[0.9162578582763672, 2.137474298477173, "rtment of the Treasury, \u201cU.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue,\u201d updated July 12, 2013. As of February 11, 2013:\nhttp://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/Pages/china.aspx\nU.S. Trade Representative, \u201cMission of the USTR,\u201d web page, undated. As of Febr"]
[0.9105602502822876, 2.1323037147521973, "\u5212\u7684\u63d0\u6848),\u201d 2011. As of December 12, 2012: http://news.xinmin.cn/rollnews/2011/03/11/9721567.html\nZhang, Sabrina, \u201cIndonesia Halts US$1.2 Billion ARJ Order,\u201d World Civil Aviation Resource Net, May 22, 2012a. As of February 14, 2013:\nhttp://w w w.wcarn.co"]
[13.792275428771973, 4.789046764373779, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[10.362831115722656, 16.76140022277832, " commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND permissions page (www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html).\nRAND OFFICES\nSANTA MONICA, CA \u2022 WASHINGTON, DC\nPITTSBURGH, PA \u2022 NEW ORLEANS, LA \u2022 JACKSON, MS \u2022 BOSTON, MA"]
[11.367533683776855, 17.564401626586914, "igorous standards of quality, objectivity, and independence.\nICJ research is supported by pooled grants from a range of sources, including corpora- tions, trade and professional associations, individuals, government agencies, and private foun-\niii\niv"]
[15.056930541992188, 5.774026870727539, "..... 6 Workers\u2019Compensation....................................................................................... 7\nMedical Professional Liability or Medical Malpractice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[10.345722198486328, 16.749406814575195, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n.. 8 .. 8\n. 11 . 12 . 13 . 13 . 13 . 14 . 14 . 17 . 18 . 18 . 19\n20 20 22\nv\nvi How Will the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Affect Liability Insurance Costs?\nProviderTreatmentEffect.."]
[15.054459571838379, 5.770350456237793, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nAdditional Effects Not Estimated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[10.345173835754395, 16.750240325927734, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n 22\n 22\n 23\n 23\n 23\n 24\n 24\n 24\n. 25 . 25 . 25\n28 28 28\n. 29 . 29 . 29\n30 . 31 . 31 . 32 . 33\n. "]
[10.336681365966797, 16.743560791015625, "gs, by Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nB.1. Estimated Relationship Between the Number of Paid Malpractice Claims and the Percentage of the Population w"]
[10.339301109313965, 16.74603271484375, " use prevailing Medicare rates as a basis for determining how much to reimburse providers\n1 We focus on expected claim costs and not premiums paid or the net profits or losses to insurers or governments.\n xi\nxii How Will the Patient Protection and Af"]
[10.338406562805176, 16.74720001220703, "ollars)\nAuto (first party)\n\u20130.1 to \u20131.6\nn/a\nn/a \u20130.7 to \u20130.8 n/a\n\u20131.4 \u2013200\nAuto (third party)\n0 to \u20130.8\n0 to \u20133.8 0 to 2.0 \u20130.7 n/a\n\u20131.7 \u2013540\nWC\n\u20130.1 to \u20131.2\nn/a\nn/a \u20130.8 to \u20131.7 n/a\n\u20131.4 \u2013930\nMedical Malpractice\nn/a\n0 to \u20133.0 n/a n/a 0.4 to 7.8\n2.4 "]
[10.34296989440918, 16.748516082763672, "can Community Survey\nAHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality BI bodily injury\nCOMPARE Comprehensive Assessment of Reform Efforts CMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services CPI Consumer Price Index\nCSR collateral source rule\nD&O director a"]
[10.339150428771973, 16.746204376220703, "ss states in existing legal rules, popu- lation demographics, and other relevant factors might mediate the operation of each mecha- nism. Given that this report represents one of the first systematic empirical explorations of the ACA\u2019s potential effe"]
[10.33983039855957, 16.74634552001953, "ve assump- tions would affect conclusions about the impact (or lack thereof) of the ACA. Moreover, as implementation proceeds and more data and research become available regarding behavioral responses to the provisions of the new law, our framework c"]
[10.340071678161621, 16.74793243408203, "ce may wish to skip to Chapter Three of the report.\nThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act\nThe ACA, as modified by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (Pub. L. 111- 152), was signed into law on March 23, 2010. The act contained a"]
[10.341814994812012, 16.74949836730957, "ot provide an aggregate estimate for this line.\nAuto\nAuto insurance reimburses auto crash victims for damage to their vehicle and injuries and related economic losses associated with a crash. As in Table 2.1, we separate auto liability payments for t"]
[10.34805679321289, 16.76209259033203, "ally operate a motor vehicle. Because the BI claim process involves assigning fault in an accident, it is typical for medical care to be received and billed to the injured individual and his or her health insurer prior to the resolution of the BI cla"]
[10.340296745300293, 16.746322631835938, " is likely to be affected by the ACA similarly to how BI will be affected, so it is most useful to think of this cover- age as operating similarly to the auto third-party coverage.\n 8 How Will the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Affect Lia"]
[10.341612815856934, 16.747220993041992, "mages (pain and suffering). States also vary in their rules regarding the extent to which payments from collateral sources for injury-related costs can be factored into jury decisions regarding the amount of an award. For example, payments made by he"]
[10.340930938720703, 16.74672508239746, " expect to see for general and other liability coverages. Moreover, insurers or stakeholders can apply the framework we have out- lined for third-party auto to consider about how costs for general liability might be affected by the ACA in a particula"]
[10.335993766784668, 16.742536544799805, " project the size of the effect and, where possible, compile the needed information in order to present a rough quantitative estimate of the size of the effect across different lines and states. To obtain the necessary inputs into the quantitative an"]
[10.340139389038086, 16.747039794921875, "sms in our quantitative work if effects do not rise above a de minimis standard, are unsupported by existing empirical evidence, or are too ambiguous of direction (sign).1 We also focus specifically on impacts that seem likely to affect insurer costs"]
[10.340009689331055, 16.74713134765625, "ly affect funding for courts, insurance regulators, corporate tax rates, and similar services. However, we believe that such effects, if any, would be likely to be small relative to the more-direct effects we discuss in this report, so we do not addr"]
[10.34529972076416, 16.759963989257812, " had a preexisting lower back condition that had not been properly addressed because of a lack of health insurance.\nWorkers\u2019 Compensation\nA worker without health insurance sustains an injury over the weekend and does not come to work Monday, seeking "]
[10.33971881866455, 16.7467098236084, "erience different changes in coverage under the ACA than the general population. In particular, workers are expected to be less affected by the Medicaid expansions because their incomes are often higher than 133 percent of the federal poverty level.\n"]
[10.340462684631348, 16.750457763671875, "ts (e.g., relatively parsimonious WC reimbursement rates) that make it unclear how widely the results from Massachusetts might generalize and what mechanisms might have been at play. Never- theless, it provides some support for the hypothesis that in"]
[10.339600563049316, 16.74728012084961, "r, nor did it indi- cate how measured changes in health might interact with future injury events. More directly relevant to our inquiry is that an analysis of auto accidents among drivers with and without health insurance in Wisconsin in 1992 did not"]
[10.340258598327637, 16.748245239257812, "ed rates of new coverage.\nCollateral Source Effect\nConcept\nUnder standard liability law, the collateral source rule (CSR) holds that payments for injuries received by plaintiffs from collateral sources, such as health insurance, should not be taken i"]
[10.34378719329834, 16.75505828857422, "ed party, including costs of medical care\nRAND RR493-3.4\n 9 From the perspective of the injury victim, whether or not the CSR applies may have little effect on recovery. This is because, even when the rule applies, private health insurers can still s"]
[10.341540336608887, 16.74953842163086, "s and 15 in medical malpractice cases. Several states passed laws limiting the CSR in the 1980s and 1990s, although some laws have been subsequently repealed or invalidated by state supreme court decisions.\nThe Amount of Medical Payments Made for Bod"]
[10.341653823852539, 16.749858856201172, "lways fully removed from liability awards. Thus, we must estimate the extent to which the medical payments for BI auto liability overrepresent individuals without health insurance, knowing that they only partially do so.\nIn our simplified model, usin"]
[10.340309143066406, 16.747621536254883, "ge\u2014the full amount of care paid for by the health insurer\u2014and not merely a fraction like it is for the indi- vidual substitution effect.\nAlthough we do not present quantitative estimates for this effect on general liability costs in Table 3.2, to the"]
[10.339529991149902, 16.746706008911133, "ast and projected future medicals, it is unclear whether this effect would increase or decrease MPL insurers\u2019 costs. Those who have health insurance are likely to get more treatment immediately following an injury than the uninsured, which would tend"]
[10.340476036071777, 16.747995376586914, " states, except Oregon), payment is more uncertain because the person injured in the crash must first file a liability claim and demonstrate that the other driver was at fault before receiving compensation. From the provider\u2019s perspective, payment is"]
[10.33736801147461, 16.746747970581055, "ross all states (%)\nStates with smallest predicted change (%)\nMedian effect (among states with nonzero effect) (%) States with largest predicted change (%)\nAggregate cost impact (millions of 2016 dollars)\nAuto (third party)\n0.4\n0.0 (20 states) 0.5 (S"]
[10.337397575378418, 16.75251579284668, " in annual rate increases that were built into previous law\u2014under the rationale that those previous adjustments did not account for hospitals\u2019 ability to improve productivity and thus they were being overpaid. The CMS actuaries estimate $14 billion i"]
[10.340277671813965, 16.749954223632812, "ecent years, and the IPAB will not be required to make a recommendation for 2015. However, given that the future is uncertain, we will apply the actuary\u2019s estimate for 2016, the year in which our estimates are based.16\n16 There is also a temporary sm"]
[10.339628219604492, 16.747358322143555, "affect the total payout by the liability insurer. Although a minority of claims may be subject to such limits, the impact of such a cap will be larger than that percentage because claims at the limit are larger than those\nTable 3.4\nChange in Payment "]
[10.342794418334961, 16.748151779174805, "es with smallest predicted change (%)\nMedian effect (among states with nonzero effect) (%)\nStates with largest predicted change (%)\nAggregate cost impact (millions of 2016 dollars)\nAuto (first party)\n\u20130.8\n\u20130.7 (15 states) \u20130.8\n\u20130.8 (32 states) \u2013110\nA"]
[10.338842391967773, 16.745914459228516, "l increase in use of care under the ACA, let us define the amount of care used by a typical insured person as 1.0 units of care. Studies have generally found that the uninsured currently use about half of the care that the insured do (Hadley and Hola"]
[10.340446472167969, 16.74629783630371, "e over time for defined demographic groups (by age and gender) as the rates of health insurance coverage for those groups changed over time. A detailed explanation of the approach and regression results is shown in Appendix B. Results and statistical"]
[10.339996337890625, 16.746753692626953, "retirement, with no access to Medicare until age 65. Not only does Medicaid expand in participating states to all adults (who, unless they were parents of a child under 18, were generally not eligible prior to the ACA), but the exchange subsidies are"]
[10.339181900024414, 16.745140075683594, "disability, improving the overall risk characteristics of the insurance population. However, the extent of the impact of early retirements on disability coverages may be moderated by the fact that many carriers limit payments for workers who are near"]
[10.339678764343262, 16.746736526489258, "\u2014in order for the ACA to increase induced demand from current levels, it would need to be the case that providers currently have some unexploited market power. Such a situation would not be consistent with profit maximization by medical providers.\nSe"]
[10.342432975769043, 16.74795150756836, "tial cost savings from the ACA that we outline are actually realized and are passed on to consumers through lower premiums, this might serve to offset any direct declines in demand.\nCHAPTEr FOur\nAggregate Impacts Across States and Lines\nTaken individ"]
[10.339730262756348, 16.745752334594727, "ffect Liability Insurance Costs?\nTable 4.1\nEstimated Changes in Liability Claim Costs, by State and Market, Due to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (%)\n State\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nDist"]
[10.339438438415527, 16.74618911743164, "substantial changes to the health care system that could, in turn, exert a more profound influence on liability mar- kets. In this chapter, we discuss a few examples of such changes. This discussion is, of necessity, speculative at this point given t"]
[10.339278221130371, 16.745954513549805, "payer health insurance model in which near-universal coverage is provided by the state. It remains to be seen what role, if any, the WC system would play in the Vermont single-payer system (Lunge, 2013).\nSimilarly, auto no-fault was enacted in many s"]
[10.337973594665527, 16.744873046875, "id primarily based on the amount and types of care provided, ACO payment arrangements include financial incentives for providers who deliver higher- quality care or reduce costs. In theory, the ACO model is designed to facilitate better coordi- natio"]
[10.338676452636719, 16.745309829711914, "ypes of providers and patients will ultimately choose to participate in these alternative payment arrangements, developments on the ACO front merit continued monitoring.\nMore generally, growth in ACOs and other global payment models may catalyze a sh"]
[10.334916114807129, 16.743879318237305, " better care and therefore better health, empirical evidence for this proposition remains surprisingly limited. The most- prominent recent studies that convincingly demonstrate a relationship between health insur- ance and health generally consider i"]
[10.33940315246582, 16.746723175048828, "he federal government to the states. One cost-containment option that could look attractive is more aggressive pursuit of subrogation. Changes in policies regarding subrogation could potentially affect all of the lines of insurance discussed in this "]
[10.338726043701172, 16.745277404785156, "tential Longer-run Impacts 43\n 44 How Will the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Affect Liability Insurance Costs?\nencourage physicians to shift into particular specialties. Moreover, the prospect of rising future demand for health care serv"]
[10.339447975158691, 16.745874404907227, "h can include liability payers in certain situations. Those costs would be reduced if more individuals had health insurance. Some of the cost-control mechanisms of the ACA, such as reductions in payment rates for providers, would have spillover benef"]
[10.3394136428833, 16.745962142944336, "PL claim frequency rise more quickly than would be expected based on coverage expansion?\nAre courts accepting of new causes of action based on ACA provisions?\nAre states adopting legislated fee schedules? Is there movement away from no-fault coverage"]
[10.343633651733398, 16.748340606689453, "g agents (firms, households, and the government) in the model. For example, a Medicaid expansion might cause some newly eligible workers to drop employer-sponsored health insurance in favor of public coverage. Employers in our model can respond to th"]
[10.329195022583008, 16.73486328125, "ay results from three multiple regression analyses testing the associa- tion between insurance coverage and medical malpractice claims (see Table B.1). The analysis is motivated by the question of whether the ACA might affect malpractice claims by in"]
[10.359890937805176, 16.761676788330078, "r dummies to control for NPDB reporting anom- alies, features of tort law, and other changes occurring in states during those years, and age- sex-year controls to isolate the impact to changes in coverage within age-sex cells. The second and third sp"]
[10.333667755126953, 16.745647430419922, "sity of Texas Law, Law and Economics Research Paper 184, September 2011.\nBaicker, Katherine, and Amy Finkelstein, \u201cThe Effects of Medicaid Coverage: Learning from the Oregon Experiment,\u201d New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 365, No. 8, August 25, 20"]
[10.949857711791992, 18.170848846435547, "/99xx/doc9924/12-18-keyissues.pdf\nCoomer, Nicole M., and Te-Chun Liu, Benchmarks for Designing Workers\u2019 Compensation Medical Fee Schedules: 2009, Cambridge, Mass.: Workers Compensation Research Institute, WC-10-32, June 2010. As of January 20, 2014:\n"]
[11.08035945892334, 18.143339157104492, "ions and What to Do About It,\u201d JAMA, Vol. 310, No. 2, July 10, 2013, pp. 141\u2013142.\nHeaton, Paul, The Impact of Health Care Reform on Workers\u2019 Compensation Medical Care: Evidence from Massachusetts, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-1216-ICJ, "]
[10.348237037658691, 16.749773025512695, "&COL=YR&REP=MMPR&YR =2012&YR=2011&YR=2010&YR=2009&YR=2008&YR=2007&YR=2006&YR=2005&YR=2004&YR=2003 &YR=2002&YR=2001&AMT=RNGC01&AMT=RNGC02&AMT=RNGC03&AMT=RNGC04&AMT=R NGC05&AMT=RNGC06&AMT=RNGC07#results\nreferences 53\n54 How Will the Patient Protection "]
[11.115288734436035, 18.135833740234375, " Monday: Is Workers\u2019 Compensation Covering Off-the-Job Injuries?\u201d in Philip S. Borba and David Appel, eds., Benefits, Costs, and Cycles in Workers\u2019 Compensation, Springer Netherlands, 1990, pp. 115\u2013127.\nStaiger, Douglas O., David I. Auerbach, and Pet"]
[13.771279335021973, 4.823745250701904, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[19.0172119140625, 15.401673316955566, "e-TRIA levels, a greater fraction of loss in a terrorist attack would go uninsured than would be the case with TRIA in place. More loss going uninsured would increase demand for\n Key findings\n\u2022 For terrorist attacks with losses less than about $50 bi"]
[19.02442169189453, 15.3947114944458, "ainst it. The sudden emergence of a largely unfamiliar risk, warnings from the government about future attacks, sugges- tions that losses from a terrorist attack could be in the realm of hundreds of billions of dollars, and the unknown consequences o"]
[19.018230438232422, 15.42480754852295, "m amount. In exchange for this federal backstop, insurers are required to offer terrorism insur- ance coverage for commercial property-casualty lines on terms that do not differ materially from other coverage.6\nTRIA applies to specific lines of comme"]
[19.018163681030273, 15.400691986083984, "th TRIA in place. More loss going uninsured would increase demand for other forms of compensation, which could, in turn, lead to an increase in other (non-TRIA) forms of federal disaster assistance.\nIn the remainder of this policy brief, we first sum"]
[19.014923095703125, 15.403470993041992, "m was not defined as a separate coverage, and hence take-up was effectively 100 percent. Immediately following the 9/11 attacks, terrorism was excluded from general property-casualty insurance and separate terrorism coverage had to be purchased. Avai"]
[19.01632308959961, 15.402440071105957, "ism coverage\nis \u201cfunctioning solely on the basis of TRIA being in place.\u201d17\nIt is therefore not surprising that a predicted consequence of eliminating TRIA is a reversion to the limited availability/high price conditions that prevailed between Septem"]
[19.01594352722168, 15.400282859802246, "                            2010\n                                                                                     2011\n                                                                                        2012\n                                  "]
[19.015546798706055, 15.402168273925781, "ns in 2001 and now is that losses in the 9/11 attacks were largely covered by insurance, whereas insurance take-up is considerably lower now, and would be substantially lower still without TRIA. It seems reasonable to expect that less insurance cover"]
[19.004966735839844, 15.408677101135254, "ell illustrated by the peaks in 2001, 2005, and 2013, representing extraordinarily large amounts of funding for the 9/11 attacks and for Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, three of the costliest disasters in U.S. history. These peaks demonstrate that fede"]
[18.97048568725586, 15.399759292602539, "3fc32ab01b91b1bbfea8852/FY13+September+Monthly+DRF_508.pdf.\nRAND RR611-2\n     Disaster Relief Fund Katrina Emergency supplemental appropriations\nTotal\n     Sandy\n   9/11\n         Federal disaster assistance spending, $ billions ($ 2010)\n    1991\n1992"]
[19.016204833984375, 15.401327133178711, " loss deductions in 2005 was nearly $15 bil- lion, although it is unknown what fraction of this was claimed by businesses.34 As of 2007, over 90 percent of businesses file individual tax returns, accounting for about 40 percent of busi-\nness receipts"]
[19.011764526367188, 15.402602195739746, "ach other in terms of commercial insurance take-up. Realistically, however, such data are not available, and insurance take-up probably does not vary enough to conduct such an analysis. Instead, we used aggregate estimates of uninsured disaster losse"]
[19.012502670288086, 15.402079582214355, "ed U.S. natural disaster loss ($ billions, $ 2013)\nSOURCES: Natural disaster loss: Munich Re, \u201c2013 Natural Catastrophe Year in Review,\u201d webinar presentation, January 7, 2014. As of April 2, 2014: http://webinar.munichreamerica.com/2014_01_ natcatrev"]
[19.01601219177246, 15.401335716247559, " and the extent to which federal disaster assistance is expected to increase with increasing uninsured loss, we now estimate the amount of federal disaster assistance spending with and with- out TRIA for different terrorist attack scenarios.\nWe consi"]
[19.015472412109375, 15.401495933532715, "rage without TRIA\nInsurance lines\nInsurance coverage with TRIA\nInsurance coverage without TRIA\nSOURCES: Carroll et al., 2005; Dixon et al., 2007; this analysis.\nRAND RR611-5\ngreater than the retention, the federal government is responsible for paying"]
[19.01755714416504, 15.401576042175293, "ogram in place would exceed spending without it) is somewhere between $40 billion and $60 billion in total loss, where the range reflects the uncer- tainty in the relationship between uninsured loss and disaster assistance. For losses below this amou"]
[19.017780303955078, 15.401442527770996, "the relative proportions of losses in property, workers\u2019 compensation, and other insurance lines). This is approaching the insured loss from the 9/11 attacks ($42 billion in 2014 dollars). For attacks in this realm, the increase in disaster assistanc"]
[19.025047302246094, 15.394442558288574, " Hubbard and Deal, 2004.\n4 Hillman, 2002; Baird Webel, Terrorism Risk Insurance: Issue Analysis and Overview of Current Program, Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, R42716, 2013. As of April 2, 2014: https://www. fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/"]
[19.023317337036133, 15.395970344543457, "isk Insurance Report, 2013. As of April 2, 2014: https://usa.marsh.com/NewsInsights/ MarshRiskManagementResearch/ID/30732/2013-Terrorism-Risk- Insurance-Report.aspx; Property Casualty Insurers Association\nof America, \u201cRe: Report by the President\u2019s Wo"]
[8.791653633117676, 21.673583984375, "n/6081504.stm; William M. Paton, Philanthropic Grantmaking for Disasters: Lessons Learned at the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, Augora Hills, Calif.: Conrad N. Hilton Foundation, 2011. As of April 2, 2014: http:// www.hiltonfoundation.org/images/storie"]
[19.01494598388672, 15.404589653015137, "usinesses Through the Individual Income Tax, Congressional Budget Office Publication 43750, 2012. As of April 2, 2014: http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/ files/cbofiles/attachments/43750-TaxingBusinesses2.pdf.\n36 Dixon and Stern, 2004.\n37 Dixon and St"]
[19.022958755493164, 15.396060943603516, " Quality.\n about this document\nThis document is part of a series of three policy briefs examining the potential ramifications of allowing TRIA to expire. The other two documents in the series examine\n\u2022 the national security implications of terrorism "]
[13.786115646362305, 4.794856071472168, " and communities to recover quickly\n\u2022 avoiding unnecessary legal, administrative, and other transaction costs.\nThe center is part of RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment, a division of the RAND Corporation dedicated to improving policy and d"]
[13.79861831665039, 4.7573018074035645, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.824481964111328, 4.622437000274658, " a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html\nR\u00ae is a registered trademark.\n\u00a9 Copyright 2014 RAND Corporation\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intelle"]
[13.852540016174316, 4.3516645431518555, "domains, including civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resource policy.\n  is a component of the Office of Justice Programs of the U.S. Department"]
[14.366659164428711, 7.104032039642334, "of Program Representatives .....................................................................................21 Dependent Measures....................................................................................................................."]
[14.366573333740234, 7.104196071624756, "f program sustainability is becoming increasingly important as programs have been challenged to operate with increasingly scarce resources.\nThe present study aimed to better understand the characteristics and environments of programs that are likely "]
[14.370511054992676, 7.101937770843506, "comments, and the RAND Survey Research Group, especially Megan Zander Cotugno, for their assistance in survey preparation, administration, and data collection. We thank Robert Davis and our peer reviewers, Mary Ann Scheirer of Scheirer Consulting and"]
[14.365362167358398, 7.104630947113037, "ug court (DC), human trafficking (HT), and mental health (MH) areas. To ground this task in a theoretical context, we started with a literature review outlining definitions of sustainment and the factors associated with sustained programs. These them"]
[14.366591453552246, 7.104303359985352, "course, recognition of the challenges to sustainability faced by criminal justice demonstration programs. For example, the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention funded the development of a toolkit in 2002, B"]
[14.365815162658691, 7.103220462799072, "Aarons, Hurlburt, and Horwitz, 2011). At least one paper defines sustainability as program continuation from the moment of first implementation (with implementation and sustainability as concomitant processes) (Pluye, Potvin, Denis, Pelletier, and Ma"]
[14.36620807647705, 7.10292911529541, "les. Their empirical work, a qualitative analysis of a heart health promotion program in five community health centers, suggest that at least some aspects of routinization can begin with initial program implementation (Pluye, Potvin, Denis, Pelletier"]
[14.365966796875, 7.10399866104126, "orative structure, such as a coalition; and maintaining attention to the issues addressed by the program.\nFactors Affecting Program Sustainability\nThe empirical research on factors that reliably predict or affect program sustainability comprises a na"]
[14.367138862609863, 7.104631423950195, "funding streams, and public-academic collaboration.\nShediac-Rizkallah and Bone (1998) suggest that four broad classes of factors affect a program\u2019s prospects for sustainability: (1) factors related to program design and implementation (such as financ"]
[14.372190475463867, 7.107048511505127, "In another paper, examining behavioral health interventions, Hogue and colleagues echo this message, arguing that sustainability is\n7\nachieved by \u201csolidifying the funding and regulatory resources, agency and supervision infrastructures, model modific"]
[14.36613941192627, 7.103794574737549, "analysis of BJA programs in Chapter Four.\n8\nTable 2.1: Factors Affecting Program Capacity for Sustainability in Public Health\n  Factor\nFunding stability Political support\nPartnerships\nOrganizational capacity\nProgram adaptability Program evaluation\nCo"]
[14.366497039794922, 7.104615211486816, "nnovation in partnership with BJA, the primary factors reported to \u201cmake or break\u201d a program\u2019s success were\n9\ncomprehensive planning, stakeholder support, responsiveness to emerging challenges, and valuation of strong leadership (Cissner and Farole, "]
[14.366483688354492, 7.104287624359131, "t were sustained but eventually terminated because of factors outside its control. After the establishment of this program, three separate bodies with more resources and greater clout developed similar initiatives, prompting its leadership to shut do"]
[14.367429733276367, 7.1022491455078125, "or Court Innovation both have strong records in establishing criminal justice reform efforts that thrive over time. For example, Vera created the nation\u2019s first pretrial release and first victim/witness demonstration programs circa 1970. Both of thes"]
[14.367877006530762, 7.100523471832275, "funding. The interviewee noted that \u201cthe toughest programs [to sustain] are those funded by a single grant that has a sunset clause.\u201d A third interviewee echoed this: \u201cPrograms that diversify funding sources tend to survive. Therefore, local match is"]
[14.376593589782715, 7.080173969268799, "ility. In one case, an interviewee commented on the influence of \u201cwell-designed research\u201d on a treatment court. It yielded positive outcomes and may have contributed to the state providing funding for court staff. Another interviewee explained that \u201c"]
[14.365428924560547, 7.104248046875, "Examples include comprehensive planning, stakeholder support, responsiveness to emerging challenges, and valuation of strong leadership (Cissner and Farole, 2009), as well as the ability to mitigate and recover from failures (Labriola, Gold, and Kohn"]
[14.379473686218262, 7.103575229644775, "vices in a judicially supervised court setting with jurisdiction over nonviolent, substance-abusing offenders. Eighty-seven programs were funded between 2002 and 2015 (final start date was 2012). Six of them had not finished spending the initial BJA "]
[14.364758491516113, 7.104900360107422, " factors previously shown or suspected to be associated with sustainability. Five research assistants were trained to identify, evaluate, and code relevant variables into spreadsheets for each research domain. Response types included \u201cyes/no\u201d judgmen"]
[14.370306968688965, 7.106057643890381, "6.2 50.7 50.0 10.3 69.1 45.3 40.0 17.9 24.4 25.0 60.0 82.1 75.6 75.0\n27.6 46.5 60.0 49.7 72.4 53.5 40.0 50.3\n19\n      Response Question N Type\nSource: Curriculum vitae and biographical sketches\nDC HT\n29.4 59.7 2.4 40.4\n23.1 45.5 0.0 40.9 76.9 13.6 0."]
[14.366903305053711, 7.107124328613281, "2,703.88 $79,916.23 $102,905.28\n$100,565.63 $69,439.75 $77,825.38 $83,760.56\n51.88% 44.00% 51.77% 50.56%\n      HT\nMH\nPooled totala\n$84,660.75 $109,462.89\n$104,665.77 28 $156,298.93 28 $66,728.39 42 $116,996.89 98\n$87,965.66 28 $98,764.18 28 $65,126.2"]
[14.366167068481445, 7.107322692871094, "inment days) was not available because of a low item response regarding program start and end dates. Thus, sustained operations was defined as the self-reported presence or absence of continued program operations following cessation of BJA funding (s"]
[14.360702514648438, 7.1021881103515625, "veyed grantees reported that local stakeholders were involved in the start-up process. Eighty- nine percent reported that the program was modifiable to meet local needs. Of the\n42 grantees who reported that their initial project leaders left the prog"]
[14.362472534179688, 7.105162620544434, ".7\n20.6 11.8 0.0 5.9 61.8 22.9 94.0 50.0 91.8 79.1 100.0\n83.3\n34.3\n45.7\n29.5 37.0 66.0 9.1 (1.0)\n      NOTE: Values represent percentage of valid N endorsed.\na Pooled totals are percentages from all observations without regard to program type.\n24\nFac"]
[14.365991592407227, 7.108282566070557, " Partnerships were defined as the combination of the percentage of the total budget that the grantee subcontracted to a third-party partner or consultant (archival variable) (on the assumption that grantees that provide more support to their\n2 Note t"]
[14.363076210021973, 7.105855464935303, "mmarizes the results of the 16 a priori analyses of the association between predictors of sustainability and actual sustainment (eight for each dependent measure). Two of these results are noteworthy. First, consistent with predictions is the result "]
[14.362749099731445, 7.106626510620117, "ams whose applications contained more letters tended to be more likely to procure subsequent funding. However, this effect was not observed when sustainment was defined by continuation of program operations. (Further statistical details are reported "]
[14.363707542419434, 7.108283996582031, "partnerships, organizational capacity, program evaluation, public impact, and strategic planning.\nThe relatively small number of factors found to be related to sustainment is consistent with some prior studies that have also found few empirical predi"]
[14.36684799194336, 7.108882427215576, " addition, 29 programs had end dates that could not be found in their files. It is not known whether these missing data points were never reported by the applicant or reported but not coded into the BJA archive.\nMoreover, even the small number of sig"]
[14.365135192871094, 7.106985569000244, "lore such hypotheses systematically.\nIn the present study, the vast majority of survey respondents chose to respond via an electronic structured survey mode. This method permitted them to respond on their own schedules, a fact that allows the respond"]
[14.368268013000488, 7.10648775100708, " initial submission to postaward follow-up. They should contain mechanisms for coding qualitative statements from application materials into quantitative scores. The agency archives should include more-detailed financial information to support more-s"]
[14.367189407348633, 7.105283260345459, "s. This need is especially important in the field of criminal justice, wherein the safety of communities is at stake. The present report represents an early effort to organize, expand, and apply strategies for assessing sustainability to criminal jus"]
[14.370834350585938, 7.1136794090271, "ues\nCoding Scheme\n0\u2013100, NF 0\u2013xxx,xxx, NF 0\u2013100, NF\nVague, specific, NF\nY, N, n/a\nY, N, n/a, NF High, low, n/a, NF\nY, N, n/a, NF Text\nY, N, NF\nStrong, moderate, weak, n/a, NF Favorable, mixed, unfavorable, n/a, NF\nLow, medium, high, n/a, NF Number, n"]
[14.364017486572266, 7.106326580047607, " 2\n13. Was the program modifiable to meet local needs? \u25cb Yes\n\u25cb No\n\u25cb Unknown\n14. Was there a person who originally thought up the project idea and championed the program from start to finish?\n\u25cb Yes. Name and Contact Information:\n\u25cb No \uf0e0 Go to question "]
[14.360862731933594, 7.107096195220947, "05.3\nWald \u0392 (SE) 1.1a 0.0 (0.0)a\n2.1b 1.3 (0.9)b\n1.2a 0.0 (0.0)a 0.2b 0.3 (0.7)b\n0.1c \u20130.2 0.0d (0.6)c\n0.0 (0.6)d\n0.8c \u20130.5 0.3d (0.5)c\n0.3 (0.6)d\n0.3e 0.0 (0.0)e 0.3f 0.5 (0.9)f\n0.0e 0.0 (0.0)e 3.2f 1.6 (0.9)f\n0.3 0.4 (0.7)\n0.0 0.0 (0.7) 1.6 1.0 (0."]
[14.372588157653809, 7.106717109680176, "o Program Sustainability: What Helps Programs Survive?\u201d Evaluation and Program Planning, Vol. 29, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 149\u2013152.\nChovav, H., and T. Weinstein, Continuation or Cessation? A Follow-Up Study of Projects in Neighborhoods Where Project"]
[14.371598243713379, 7.108060836791992, "ia Kohn, Innovation in the Criminal Justice System: A National Survey of Criminal Justice Leaders, U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Assistance, May 2013. As of March 20, 2014: https://www.bja.gov/Publications/CCI-InnovationSurveyReport.pd"]
[14.406892776489258, 7.12133264541626, " Planning, Vol. 28, No. 2, May 2005, pp. 123\u2013137.\nPorowski, Allan W., Kenneth Burgdorf, and James M. Herrell, \u201cEffectiveness and Sustainability of Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Programs for Pregnant and Parenting Women,\u201d Evaluation and Progra"]
[1.5594346523284912, 7.692846298217773, "ars/December2002/Weiss. pdf\nYin, Robert K., \u201cLife Histories of Innovations: How New Practices Become Routinized,\u201d Public Administration Review, Vol. 41, No. 1, January\u2013February 1981, pp. 21\u201328.\n48\n"]
[13.79000186920166, 4.788847923278809, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[16.647430419921875, 9.460613250732422, "ission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND permissions page (www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html).\nRAND"]
[16.65729331970215, 9.435647964477539, "onal living, older adult services, HIV/AIDS education and prevention, and other related health services to the residents of Southern California.\n  iii\n(Sarah_Hunter@rand.org). For more information about the Safety and Justice Program, see http://www."]
[16.627824783325195, 9.56226921081543, ".......................................................................... vi Figures ........................................................................................................................................viii Tables ................"]
[16.645427703857422, 9.48483657836914, "...................................................12 Relapse Prevention.............................................................................................................13 Outcomes.........................................................."]
[16.650407791137695, 9.52039909362793, "................17 Table 2. MET/CBT-5 Treatment Attendance Rates ....................................................................21 Table 3. Percentage of participants demonstrating desirable outcomes ....................................23 Table "]
[17.066970825195312, 8.020768165588379, "ity Reinforcement Approach\nACC Assertive Continuing Care\nBHS Behavioral Health Services, Inc.\nCITI Collaborative Institution Training Initiative\nCSAT Center for Substance Abuse Treatment\nGAIN Global Appraisal of Individual Needs\nGAIN-I Global Apprais"]
[16.644271850585938, 9.457514762878418, "early 6 in 10 juvenile offenders return to court before the age of 18 (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006).\nIn response to the need to provide substance use treatment to previously incarcerated individuals, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Admin"]
[16.655670166015625, 9.493486404418945, "project and evaluation is provided in appendixes at the end of this report.\n2\nChapter 2: Program Overview\nIn response to the SAMHSA/CSAT grant opportunity, a partnership was proposed between Homeboy Industries (HBI), Behavioral Health Services, Inc. "]
[16.65205955505371, 9.497869491577148, "tivational Enhancement Therapy (Miller et al., 1994) was proposed for use with the older population (19\u201325), as MET/CBT-5 has not been well tested with this older population. Also, Seeking Safety (Najavits, 2002) groups, which provide evidence-suppor"]
[16.650657653808594, 9.499966621398926, "nd experientially\no Access to MET and MET/CBT-5 training\nEstablished HBI Community Partnerships\no Dept. of Juvenile Justice\no Los Angeles County Department of Probation\no Behavioral Health Services (licensed substance abuse treatment provider)\no Bien"]
[17.19190788269043, 10.919384002685547, " quality improvement, this framework builds practitioners\u2019 existing capacity, empowering them to address aspects of planning, implementation, and evaluation of their programs rather than relying on external resources and evaluators. The process is de"]
[16.659866333007812, 9.509514808654785, "The outreach and recruitment staff discussed at the meeting the reasons they were or were not able to meet the recruitment goals, and other team members provided input and support to them. Changes in the processes were documented in the project team "]
[16.64785385131836, 9.498465538024902, "t of the treatment.\nConsiderable efforts were put into ensuring adequate response rates at the three, six, and 12-month follow-up time points. The Request for Applications specified a goal of an 80 percent response rate for the six-month time point. "]
[16.655954360961914, 9.500295639038086, "tment.\nCommunity Partnerships\nThe project was contingent upon gaining entry to the juvenile probation camps, where potential participants were recruited. Staff at HBI already had a relationship with Los Angeles County Juvenile Probation that allowed "]
[16.663837432861328, 9.486261367797852, "e-release case managers at HBI were assigned to the project for conducting the outreach, screening, and referral activities at the juvenile camps. This work entailed visiting the camps to first meet with staff that had identified youth that were with"]
[16.651702880859375, 9.505963325500488, ", as well as a better understanding about the program requirements than the initial staff assigned to this responsibility.\nAssessment\nAs stated in the logic model, eligible youth who agreed to participate in Project STAR were initially assessed using"]
[16.65726661682129, 9.499696731567383, "ardless of age, were referred to MET/CBT-5. All participants were screened for additional needs that HBI could meet, e.g., mental health, education/job training, tattoo removal, parenting classes, and were referred and assisted in accessing those on-"]
[16.665863037109375, 9.501954078674316, "gs for the three-year period facilitated by the Program Director. Staff from HBI, the treatment provider (BHS), and evaluation team (RAND) participated in these project team meetings. The typical agenda items included: Outreach/Recruitment, Admission"]
[16.609676361083984, 9.532055854797363, "eported using illegal drugs. Marijuana was the most common drug, with one-quarter (26 percent) of individuals reporting marijuana only or marijuana and alcohol use. Few individuals (15\u201322 percent) reported any impact of their substance use on feeling"]
[16.63437271118164, 9.53056812286377, "4 40.6 43 20.8 46 22.2\n0.5 9 4.3 127 61.4 62 30.0 8 3.9\n3.4 1.0\n  *Other category includes one participant older than 25 and one participant with missing age information.\n17\nN % None 71 34.3\nN Mean 136 22.8\n95 22.1\n82 25.8\n46 17.4\nSD Median\nRange 3 t"]
[16.64679527282715, 9.52454662322998, "those that consented to treatment, 90 percent participated in at least one MET/CBT-5 treatment session, and 73 percent successfully completed the five-session treatment within six months (see Table 2).\nTable 2. MET/CBT-5 Treatment Attendance Rates\n  "]
[16.654096603393555, 9.527812004089355, " six-month assessment, and Table 4 displays data from participants who completed both assessments and all five sessions of MET/CBT-5. Because the program was ongoing throughout the entire three-year period, there were some participants enrolled in th"]
[16.668045043945312, 9.539949417114258, "nterviews, we recommend only comparing across those that have completed both a intake and follow-up interview; therefore, we display the data from those who completed the three-, six-, and 12-month assessments (i.e., the \u201cmatched\u201d sample, n = 64) and"]
[16.617483139038086, 9.558552742004395, "omes and the proposed objectives.\na) Outcome: Reduction in substance use. This outcome was measured by responses to\nGPRA Section B.1\u20132:\nDuring the past 30 days how many days have you used the following: Any alcohol. During the past 30 days how many d"]
[16.059568405151367, 10.00484561920166, "partment, room, or house. This definition included living in a room, boarding house, public or subsidized housing, hotel/motel, room at the YMCA/YWCA, and living in an RV or trailer. Using this definition, we found that:\n\u2022 37 percent of individuals a"]
[16.661828994750977, 9.530228614807129, "n this program will display increased social connectedness.\n    28\nWe defined \u201csocial connectedness\u201d as having supportive interaction in past 30 days OR reporting having someone to turn to.5 We found:\n\u2022 91 percent of individuals reported social conne"]
[16.613311767578125, 9.543923377990723, "ts were uncommon in this population across all time points. Of those who reported being arrested in the past 30 days, few had more than one arrest. We also found that:\n\u2022 83 percent of individuals had not been confined in the past 30 days at six month"]
[16.662151336669922, 9.51123046875, "pleters consistently had better outcomes in employment, recovery support, and confinement avoidance/reduction, compared to noncompleters (Table 4). The high level of employment is likely a reflection of HBI\u2019s organizational focus. Individuals who are"]
[16.653226852416992, 9.506857872009277, "tment offered in other programs varied. For example, the Request for Applications also encouraged the use of the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA) coupled with Assertive Continuing Care (ACRA-ACC). ACRA-ACC is a longer, more intensiv"]
[16.654876708984375, 9.507024765014648, "ed 207 participants into the STAR program. During that period, over 70 percent of the participants successfully completed MET/CBT-5, an evidence-supported substance use treatment program. In addition to the MET/CBT-5, all participants were employed i"]
[16.650766372680664, 9.514195442199707, " living in the community\u2014the majority did not report experiencing negative consequences from their use, which suggests that their use may not yet have escalated to the level of a substance use disorder or they had yet to recognize their use as a prob"]
[16.656246185302734, 9.50560474395752, "s in substance use treatment settings. Participation in recovery support activities was reported to be around 50 percent at intake and decreased over time to about 20 percent at the 12-month time point, suggesting that more work may be needed to cont"]
[16.661346435546875, 9.501958847045898, "ing the program requirements and expressing interest in participating never visited HBI upon release or attended only once or twice. Although it was not formally documented, the main reasons that identified young offenders did not access services as "]
[16.66286849975586, 9.49901008605957, " treatment was perceived as too short and not intensive enough to address substance use and other co-occurring mental health and related issues that the targeted population faced. The analyses of the outcome data echo this perspective. Weekly recover"]
[17.073171615600586, 7.9254350662231445, "Recidivism%20Report.FY0405.%20FINAL.DJJ. pdf\nChandler, Redonna K., Bennett W. Fletcher, and Nora Volkow, \u201cTreating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: Improving public health and safety,\u201d Journal of the American Medical Associati"]
[17.070096969604492, 7.958291530609131, "lism, Project MATCH Monograph Series, Vol. 2, 1994.\n Najavits, Lisa, Seeking Safety: A Treatment Manual for PTSD and Substance Abuse,\n New York: Guilford Press, 2002.\n Office of Applied Studies, Results from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and H"]
[16.673429489135742, 9.499906539916992, "1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n                                                                                                                        43\nAppendix B: Treatment Progress Log\n                                     ID\nMET #1\nMET #2\nCBT #3\nCBT "]
[16.750534057617188, 9.492201805114746, "se Case Case Case Intake Intake Field\nProject Project Data Mgr Mgr Mgr Mgr Coord Coord Itvwrs DV Gp RP Gp Prog Survey Field Tx Tx Tx Div\nRole/Position: Admin Director Mgr Supvr 1 2 3 1 2 (n=6) Facil Facil Eval Coord Intvwr Counslr Supvr Dir Affiliati"]
[16.64019203186035, 9.53146743774414, "85.1 70.6 86.9 49.7 55.9\n49.3 41.6 30.2 21.3 Criminal behavior avoidance or reduction\nNo Arrests\nNo Confined Days No Crimes\n92.3 85.1 89.9 85.3 67.5 86.9 86.1 79.7 44.2 55.9 49.6 50.7\n            (1) Intake percentage reflects those with zero days/ti"]
[13.79001235961914, 4.790740966796875, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[9.674653053283691, 18.988500595092773, "ial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete."]
[11.180013656616211, 17.81627655029297, "ce is dedicated to reducing workplace injuries and illnesses. The center provides objective, innovative, cross-cutting research to improve understanding of the complex network of issues that affect occupational safety, health, and workers\u2019 compensati"]
[9.702995300292969, 18.97898292541504, " Relative Value Scale in California ......................................................... 3 Overview of Our Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 4 Organi"]
[9.679141998291016, 18.99578285217285, "........................................................................................................... 68 Chapter Seven. Other Official Medical Fee Schedule Issues ....................................................... 76 Physician-Administered"]
[9.665253639221191, 19.000478744506836, " Before Adjustments for Inflation and Geographic Location............................................................................................................ xiv\nTable S.2 Impact of Resource-Based Relative Value Scale Implementation on Maximu"]
[9.650757789611816, 19.01013946533203, "ation and Geography............................................................................................................................. 36\nTable 4.5 Comparison of Official Medical Fee Schedule Allowances and Medicare 2012 Allowances........."]
[9.669573783874512, 19.01026725769043, "....................... 57\nTable 6.10 Official Medical Fee Schedule Payments for Supplies Related to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures......................................................................................................... 59\nTab"]
[9.682422637939453, 18.978050231933594, "......................... 86 Table 7.5 Selected National Correct Coding Initiative Edits........................................................ 86 Box 7.1 General Principles of Documentation for Medical Records ......................................"]
[9.66012954711914, 19.002864837646484, " is to be updated annually to reflect changes in procedure codes, relative values, and inflation and is to include, as appropriate, payment ground rules that differ from Medicare payment ground rules.\nThe RBRVS fee schedule, which is maintained by th"]
[9.634078025817871, 19.009899139404297, "transition specified in \u00a75307.1(a)(2), we computed separate CFs for anesthesia, surgery, radiology, and all other services based on current OMFS allowances and assessed the impact by comparing estimated total aggregate allowances under the OMFS with "]
[9.660135269165039, 18.996919631958008, "athology (\u201329.0 percent). Because pathology is grouped with other services that have low OMFS payments relative to Medicare payments, the transition policy does not work as intended for pathology services. The reduction is greatest in the first year "]
[9.63763427734375, 19.012569427490234, "2.52 0.3\n190.82 21.8\nRBRVS 2014\nTotal MAAs Change ($ millions) (%)\n49.61 10.3 2.48 \u20131.8\n195.56 2.5\nxv\nRBRVS 2015\nTotal MAAs Change ($ millions) (%)\n51.20 13.8 2.51 \u20130.4\n200.56 5.1\nRBRVS 2016\nTotal MAAs Change ($ millions) (%)\n53.20 18.2 2.57 1.7\n207."]
[9.616618156433105, 19.01456069946289, "atewide GAF for anesthesia because the RVU components do not differ across procedures. We also examined the impact of using either Medicare\u2019s nine payment localities or a single statewide GAF for all services other than anesthesia. Using the 2011 WCI"]
[9.641131401062012, 19.00383758544922, "physicians. Paying nonphysician practitioners based on 100 percent of the amounts payable to physicians would increase total RBRVS aggregate allowances 0.4 percent.\nAlternative Conversion Factors\nWe calculated two alternative CFs that grouped patholo"]
[9.616646766662598, 19.0111083984375, "unt for a considerable proportion of the total time and work associated with surgical procedures in the RBRVS, but there is some concern regarding whether the global billing rules provide sufficient recognition of work-related components of follow-up"]
[9.51955795288086, 19.042816162109375, "clude services furnished by ASCs or hospitals that are currently paid under the OMFS for physician services in our baseline impact analysis. Medicare ground rules would pay for any nonsurgical services provided to hospital outpatients under its prosp"]
[9.6693115234375, 18.977720260620117, "alendar year\ndiscounting factor\ndurable medical equipment\ndurable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics, and supplies California Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation electrocardiogram\nemergency department\nevaluation and management\nPrimary Treating P"]
[9.640750885009766, 19.002639770507812, "ornia\u2019s WC program. The OMFS establishes the MAA for services unless the payer and provider contract for a different payment amount. The OMFS for physician services applies to all services performed by physicians and other practitioners regardless of"]
[9.664654731750488, 18.991626739501953, " the relative values in the current fee schedule are based on historical charges, which tended to undervalue E&M services relative to procedures. Overvaluing a service provides an incentive for unnecessary utilization, while undervaluing a service co"]
[9.654342651367188, 18.991867065429688, "amount) until the AD adopted a physician fee schedule no earlier than January 1, 2006. As amended by SB 228, \u00a75307.1 of the Labor Code did not specify the type of fee schedule that the AD should adopt but required that the schedule be revised no less"]
[9.611042022705078, 18.98855209350586, "actitioner services will be effective January 1, 2014. Under the default provision, initial CFs for anesthesia, surgery, radiology, and all other services transition to a single CF effective January 1, 2017, for all services other than anesthesia. A "]
[9.64292049407959, 18.999065399169922, "diology, and all other services combined that transition over four years to a single CF for all services other than anesthesia. We used the structure of the default-option transition but recalculated budget-neutral CFs for the OMFS portion of the tra"]
[9.627583503723145, 19.007627487182617, "he E&M visit codes. To make the change budget neutral, CMS increased the fees for E&M visits (CMS, 2009a). Our baseline impact analysis follows the Medicare pricing rules, but we examine in Chapter Six the impact of using the consultation-code RVUs.\n"]
[10.73571491241455, 18.98967742919922, " Appendix A compares the OMFS and Medicare ground rules for physician services.\n\u2022 Appendix B contains the crosswalk from OMFS codes to 2013 CPT codes.\n\u2022 Appendix C summarizes how WC-specific codes were handled in the impact analysis.\n\u2022 Appendix D con"]
[10.52096176147461, 19.006813049316406, "us Only Claims with Medical Data\n    Code Nature of Injury All Claims (FROI) (%)\n52 Strain 30.7 49 Sprain 10.7 10 Contusion 11.4 59 All other specific injuries, NOC 8.3 40 Laceration 10.6\nClaims with Medical Data (%)\n37.6 11.0 9.3 7.5 6.6 5.2 3.8 3.1"]
[9.860146522521973, 19.035615921020508, "eopathy in the internal-medicine category to make it comparable to the WCIS.\nc Specialties that we could not match in both data sets were folded into this \u201call other\u201d category. In the WCIRB table, 15 percent of payments were to unknown or unclassifie"]
[9.631782531738281, 19.003488540649414, " decided to treat only 50 percent of the CPT 99070 paid amounts as allowances that would be bundled under the RBRVS. We eliminated the other 50 percent from the analysis file on the assumption that it would either be paid separately using alphanumeri"]
[9.628474235534668, 19.013944625854492, "physical medicine), some of which have been deleted, modified, or otherwise updated. We therefore needed to \u201ccross-walk\u201d the outdated OMFS CPT codes to their CPT 2013 equivalents. There were also some California-specific OMFS codes that were not in e"]
[9.638553619384766, 19.003849029541016, " replaced by new CPT 29805 in our crosswalk. If the service volume for CPT 29815 was 500, we assigned CPT 29805 a volume of 500. For cases in which a single OMFS code was split into multiple codes, we had to determine how to apportion the service vol"]
[9.628786087036133, 19.019756317138672, "dicare fee-schedule amounts in 2004 and 2005. These reductions remain in effect.\n17\nTable 3.1 Modifications Based on California Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation Ground Rules\n  Category\nSurgical procedures\nBilateral surgical procedures\nCo-surgeons E&"]
[9.613212585449219, 19.021100997924805, "ntly, and we discuss this in a separate section. 18\nCodes that were misclassified in the OMFS as clinical\n diagnostic laboratory tests were reclassified and valued at 95% of the\n allowance applicable prior to 2004.\n WC system. We discuss how we handl"]
[9.646685600280762, 19.01314353942871, "hether the CPT code is included in the fee schedule and, if it is covered, whether it is separately payable (see Table 3.3).\n19\nThe codes that always have RVUs are status codes A and T. Noncovered services are designated by status code N. Some of the"]
[9.664497375488281, 19.01335906982422, " payable. The latter reports represented 19 percent of payments under CPT 99080. Because these are WC-related reports that are not Medicare-covered services, the 120-percent limitation on aggregate fees is not affected by the separate payments for th"]
[9.641176223754883, 19.018569946289062, "quiring contrast media, and nuclear medicine procedures. Because we had already excluded 50 percent of supply billings from the analysis file, we did not make a further adjustment for these items. The effect is to overstate slightly understate the MA"]
[9.638134956359863, 19.008216857910156, "t analysis, we assumed that the BR-allowed amounts under the RBRVS would be the same as OMFS-paid amounts and updated the paid amounts for inflation by the estimated increase in the MEI.\n20 The codes that are not on the MPFS have a 1.25 CF. Using a 1"]
[9.623080253601074, 19.00339698791504, "ocedure discounting\n21 The OMFS does not recognize the CPT codes for disability examinations (CPT 99455 and 99456). Instead, allowances are established through the E&M visit codes with a \u201317 modifier or the medical-legal procedure codes. Consistent w"]
[9.621928215026855, 19.011337280273438, "nces for CPT 99081 because we\n46.63 43.74 51.10 45.97 28.61 27.15 38.40 39.62\n 24\ntreat these as BR amounts that will continue to be paid under the OMFS. The denominator is the sum of the geographically adjusted RVUs for the services included in the "]
[9.606152534484863, 18.993602752685547, "ffect on estimated expenditures). The actual OMFS update factors beginning in 2014 will be determined in the annual OMFS update process based on the actual MEI and budget-neutrality factors that Medicare uses in its annual update to the MPFS. As note"]
[9.627852439880371, 19.0036678314209, "erence is in the CFs. Other important differences are that\n(1) patient status and qualifying codes count as additional units under the OMFS but are bundled under the RBRVS and (2) the RBRVS requires reporting time in minutes, which are divided by 15 "]
[9.684825897216797, 19.004487991333008, ", by Type of Service\nFigure 4.2 shows the distribution of total units of service across the type of service categories used in the OMFS, exclusive of anesthesia services. We have excluded anesthesia because the\n29\nunits are not reported on a per-serv"]
[9.658856391906738, 18.996904373168945, "pecialists or missing specialty codes (53%), various types of ambulatory clinics (6%), professional services billed by hospitals (6%), orthotists (5%), and pharmacy and durable medical equipment (DME) suppliers (2%).\nNOTE: Because of rounding, totals"]
[9.625520706176758, 19.00933265686035, "ces.\n  33\nhave fee-schedule rates attached to the services. As a result, the percentage of MAAs that will be priced based on RVUs shown in the last column is understated. Across all procedures,\n95.6 percent of allowances will be based on RVUs determi"]
[9.672260284423828, 19.05525016784668, " CFs in Labor Code \u00a75307.1(a)(2). The last line is presented for informational purposes only and is not used in the impact analysis.\nTable 4.3 Components of Budget-Neutral Conversion-Factor Calculations\n      Type of Service OMFS MAA for Services Pri"]
[9.58578872680664, 19.05467987060547, "scounting have been applied, including the adjustments to the PE portion of therapy services. The estimated aggregate increase in MAA based on 120 percent of the Medicare 2012 CF before accounting for inflation is 3.4 percent\n\u239b1\u22121.20\u239e. \u239c\u239d 1.16 \u239f\u23a0\nTab"]
[9.630785942077637, 19.024188995361328, "r period, total MAAs are estimated to increase 11.9 percent. The increase represents the combined effect of inflation and the transition from current OMFS payment levels to 120 percent of Medicare in 2017.\nAggregate allowances are redistributed with "]
[9.651528358459473, 19.008956909179688, "ied over or not, and they inflation.\nNOTE: Because of rounding, totals might not sum precisely.\nServices are assigned in Table 5.2 consistently with how they are classified in the 2013 CPT codebook. For example, reports and supplies are classified as"]
[9.62637996673584, 19.0154972076416, "0.9\n0.8 0.7\nTotal MAA ($ millions)\n51.20 2.51\n200.56 121.29 91.74 46.98\n61.03\n42.62 37.29 23.86 19.39 11.46\n7.88\n11.90\n8.43 5.85\nChange (%)\n13.8 \u20130.4\n5.1 \u20139.2 46.2 \u201317.0\n34.6\n18.8 8.5 \u201310.4 \u20132.0 \u20133.1 \u201329.4\n49.5\n13.3 \u20139.0\nTotal MAA ($ millions)\n53.20 "]
[9.583037376403809, 18.986513137817383, "physician fee schedule to\n120 percent of the amounts payable under the Medicare payment system for comparable services. In determining the maximum reasonable fees, any services that are not covered by Medicare are to be included at the rate establish"]
[9.606181144714355, 19.019371032714844, "icare be included in the calculation? For example, if an across-the-board adjustment were made to account for the higher allowances for the consultation codes, should the allowances for the services based on the federal OWCP fee schedule and other se"]
[9.605565071105957, 19.018918991088867, "mounts by the aggregate allowances for the component with no geographic adjustment. The results (Table 6.2) are budget-neutral to using the locality-specific GPCI and were used for the baseline impact analysis in Chapter Five. The overall GPCI adjust"]
[9.603848457336426, 19.014240264892578, "lities are outdated and do not reflect changes in demographic and local economic conditions that have taken place since the localities were last configured. In California, 14 urban counties, including San Diego, Monterey, and Sacramento, do not have "]
[9.611886978149414, 19.012998580932617, " services priced BR are included in the total MAAs. As expected, the localities with higher GAF receive lower allowances using the statewide GPCI values. For example, the allowances for San Francisco increase 10.7 percent in 2014 using the locality-s"]
[9.624404907226562, 19.01704978942871, " separate CFs for anesthesia, surgery, radiology, and all other services to a single CF for all services other than anesthesia, which will continue to have its own CF. The impact analysis in Chapter Five follows the structure of the default provision"]
[9.61967945098877, 19.027795791625977, " 1 \u00d7 applicable percentage of the CF based on the OMFS CF, e.g., 75 percent in\n\u239c\u239d default OMFS CF\u239f\u23a0 2014.\n 49\nTable 6.4 Impact of Alternative Transition Conversion Factors on Aggregate Allowances, by Type of Service, Relative to the Default Conversio"]
[9.786725997924805, 18.954620361328125, "ysician\u2019s bill\n\u2022 of a type that is commonly furnished in physician\u2019s offices or clinics\n\u2022 furnished by the physician or by auxiliary personnel under the physician\u2019s direct\nsupervision (CMS, 2012a).\nMost state WC programs adopt the Medicare approach o"]
[9.709122657775879, 18.97168731689453, "nphysician-Practitioner Payment Policies\n    State\nMedicare\nFlorida\nMichigan\nOhio\nOregon\nTennesseee Texasf\nNP\n85% of physician fee schedule, 100% if billed incident to services in a physician office or clinic\n85% of a physician\u2019s allowable feea\n85% o"]
[9.68783187866211, 19.004274368286133, "above, the two main considerations, apart from consistency with Medicare rules and budget-neutrality requirements, are as follows:\n\u2022\n\u2022 If the services furnished by nonphysician practitioners differ from the services provided by physicians (i.e., with"]
[9.66018009185791, 18.996835708618164, "23.45 129.56 135.98 149.79\nProposed Allowance: 85% of Physician Allowance\nNot applicable\n104.93 110.12 115.58 127.32\n   NOTE: Estimates are based on 2013 RVUs for CPT 99214; transition CFs updated for inflation and RVUs adjusted\nby the average statew"]
[9.649785995483398, 19.011661529541016, "00% of Medicare \u00d7 1.2\n      2014\n2017\nUsing Medicare Rules in 2014\nTotal RBRVS Amounts Using Medicare Rules in 2017\nTotal RBRVS Amounts at 100% in 2014\nTotal RBRVS Amounts at 100% in 2017\n852.90\na Sum of MAA for services priced under the RBRVS only u"]
[9.664482116699219, 18.995311737060547, "lled separately. Supplies or other services over and above those usually incidental to an office visit or other outpatient visit are to be billed separately under CPT 99070.\nSeveral comments on the DWC forum were about payment for supplies. Many phys"]
[9.670148849487305, 19.005643844604492, "st potential access issues\n\u2212 Disadvantages\n\u00a7\uf0a7 Higher administrative burden\n\u00a7\uf0a7 Requires budget-neutrality adjustment\nWe have summarized payments for supplies under CPT 99070 in Tables 6.10, 6.11, and 6.12.\nThese are the total amounts paid for supplies"]
[9.660616874694824, 19.01352310180664, "he costly bills that would qualify for the additional payment might be associated with surgical procedures. Of the supplies that are billed on the same day as a diagnostic or therapeutic service, surgery accounts for 10.2 percent of the supply costs "]
[9.780783653259277, 18.72209930419922, "aying separately for some required reports under CPT 99081 and not for others is not readily apparent. The first report of occupational injury or illness (Form 5021) is not separately reimbursable, while progress reports (PR-2) are.\nUnder the MPFS, r"]
[9.660905838012695, 18.980016708374023, "0.82\n15.82 0.27\n0.04\nTreatment Under the RBRVS\nOMFS rate: $4.75 each\nOMFS rate: $9.50 each\nPay for WC-required reports at the OMFS rate: (6.5 1st page; 4.0 additional) \u00d7 $6.15 \u00d7 0.95; bundle other reports\nPay for WC-required consultation reports and "]
[9.622661590576172, 18.99862289428711, " effective January 2010, to clarify that a transfer of care occurs when a physician relinquishes responsibility for management of some or all of a patient\u2019s problem to another physician or qualified health care professional. However, CMS was skeptica"]
[9.622413635253906, 19.00049591064453, "codes. We priced these services using the published RVUs established by the AMA for these codes (which the MPFS does not recognize) and the 2014 equivalent of fully phased rates based on 1.2 times the Medicare rate. This CF is more reflective of fina"]
[9.630102157592773, 19.004024505615234, "    99241\n99242\n99243\n99244\n99245\n99251\n99252\n99253\n99254\n99255\n99261\n99262\n99263\n99241\n99242\n99243\n99244\n99245\n2,620 10,463 29,413 52,379 50,084\n61.18 114.34 156.01 230.35 280.86\n60.35\n92.82 142.25 205.86 256.33\n99201\n99202\n99203\n99204\n99205\n1,310\n5"]
[9.614656448364258, 19.018728256225586, "h Medicare rules and RVUs\n\u00a7\uf0a7 Reduces opportunity for coding inconsistencies\n\u2212 Disadvantages\n\u00a7\uf0a7 Could reduce the quality of consultation reports\n\u00a7\uf0a7 Could discourage specialties from providing consultations for WC patients\n2. Use E&M visit codes only b"]
[9.631043434143066, 19.014909744262695, "t usually include preoperative visits after the decision to operate is made; intraoperative services considered usual and necessary; all follow-up care days; pain management; and supplies and miscellaneous services, such as dressing changes and remov"]
[9.569181442260742, 19.052175521850586, " visit: 99212a 1 16 Outpatient visit: 99213b 2 23 Discharge management: 99238c 0.5 38\nTotal Minutes\nTotal\n16 46 19\n194\nIntensity RVUs per Minute\n0.0224 0.0224 0.0081 0.0637 0.0224\nRVUs per Service\n0.48 0.97 1.28\nRVUs per Minute\n0.0362\nWork Total RVUs"]
[9.603759765625, 19.02103042602539, "ble proportion of the total time and work associated with surgical procedures in the MPFS. For the 20 surgical codes listed in Table 6.17, postsurgical E&M visits accounted for 40.7 percent, on average (median 38.3 percent), of total service time. Ne"]
[9.64018726348877, 19.007001876831055, "ies billing and adds predictability in terms of payment for providers and payers. The rationale for a global period is tied to the rationale for bundled, capitated, or prospective payment generally. Given a fixed payment rate, practitioners will prov"]
[9.617792129516602, 19.014039993286133, "r these visits and for WC-required reports is one approach to address this issue. In addition, it could be argued that the 1.2 multiplier provides a cushion for longer visits. Regardless of whether the visits are covered in the global fee or separate"]
[9.608366012573242, 19.01913070678711, "overpay for the intraoperative time and increase total expenditures before accounting for any increases in the total number of E&M services for WC patients that might occur if the global period were eliminated.\n\u2022 Global periods are the norm in paymen"]
[9.640198707580566, 19.01020050048828, "data on atypical postsurgical E&M visits. \u2212 Disadvantages\n\u00a7\uf0a7 Requires documentation when atypical services are billed separately\n\u00a7\uf0a7 A practitioner may still avoid WC patients with complex needs if he or she does\nnot believe that the 1.2 multiplier is"]
[9.640899658203125, 19.00566291809082, "or infusion procedure\u2013 related PADs.\nWC uses a different system to determine allowable fees for most immunizations. The OMFS has RVUs for certain immunizations (including the injection fee), while others are BR. The BR allowance is the acquisition co"]
[9.640952110290527, 19.009883880615234, "nd Washington) set PAD-allowable fees at AWP times a multiple (from 0.835 to 1). California uniquely adds a significant margin (10 and\n40 percent for brand and generic drugs, respectively) on top of AWP. Texas pays a multiple\n(125 percent) of Texas M"]
[9.621808052062988, 19.01175308227539, "id separately. AWP + administration fee (90471 and 90472)\nAtMCOdiscretion;generallynot covered\nNo mention No mention\nAppears to follow Medicare, so no separate administration fee\nImmunization materials payable when authorized. 90471 and 90472 payable"]
[9.643477439880371, 19.006534576416016, "t for most drugs and AWP minus 5 percent for special categories of PADs. There may be some PADs that are not currently priced by Medicare. Medi-Cal pays the same as Medicare when a Medicare rate is available and uses its pharmacy rate of reimbursemen"]
[9.63663387298584, 19.00831413269043, "ion service itself into another clinical service, such as an E&M visit. Medi-Cal takes an alternative approach and includes an administration fee in the ingredient payment amount.\nSpecific Policy Alternatives\nImplementation of the RBRVS presents an o"]
[9.635320663452148, 19.010644912719727, "es maximum allowed fees under the CMS PAD fee schedule and the Medi-Cal fee schedule. Allowed fees are, for the most part, similar across the two fee schedules, which reflects Medi-Cal\u2019s recent transition to ASP-plus-6-percent pricing.\n81\nTable 7.2 C"]
[9.632258415222168, 19.00588035583496, "edient cost in addition to the Medicare separate payments for drug administration when no other service is provided, the total allowable fees would be $1.9 million.\nTable 7.3 Comparison of Official Medical Fee Schedule, Centers for Medicare & Medicai"]
[9.60671615600586, 19.01576042175293, "paid when the RBRVS is implemented. The provision specifies that the AD shall adopt the RBRVS-based fee schedule \u201cfor physician services and nonphysician practitioner services, as defined by the administrative director.\u201d Section 5307.2(a)(2)(C) provi"]
[9.0325345993042, 19.210058212280273, "s made without regard to whether the surgery is on Medicare\u2019s list of covered ASC procedures.\nUnder Medicare ground rules, an ASC is recognized for the limited purpose of providing ambulatory surgical services. Medicare\u2019s payment under its ASC fee sc"]
[9.638506889343262, 19.020233154296875, "roach fails and a second surgical approach (described by a different CPT code) is utilized at the same patient encounter, the two procedures are considered sequential, and only the code corresponding to the second surgical approach may be reported.\nT"]
[9.66828727722168, 19.019184112548828, " judgment of physicians and coders\n\u2022 claim history.\n54 Not all MUE values are published online. Some are considered to be confidential by CMS and are not publicly available.\n 87\nPolicy Considerations\nThe main benefit of adopting the NCCI edits is its"]
[9.652186393737793, 19.019916534423828, "s included underpayments and overpayments.\n56 Edits were based on CPT code guidelines, NCCI guidelines, and CMS payment rules.\n 88\nquarterly. It is expected, however, that the availability of commercial software and vendors should minimize these cost"]
[9.729843139648438, 19.006059646606445, "ifferent components of E&M services (see Box 7.1).\n57 There are some differences between the two, and CMS recommends that either one or the other be used, not both. In general, the 1997 guidelines provide more-detailed instructions.\n 89\nBox 7.1 Gener"]
[9.92194938659668, 2.851203441619873, "ot applicable Not applicable\nPertinent Complete\n    Documentation of Examination\nBrief Brief\nA clinical examination can also be problem focused, expanded problem focused, detailed, or comprehensive. Like with the medical history, guidelines are provi"]
[10.05578327178955, 18.819467544555664, "State WC program. The Texas WC program has adopted a more generic requirement for medical records \u201csatisfying the AMA\u2019s requirements for use of those CPT codes.\u201d\nThe CMS documentation guidelines provide a common operational definition of the CPT code"]
[10.128987312316895, 18.7760009765625, "relatively small financial incentives (Damberg, 2009). In many cases, payers also accounted for only a small fraction of the targeted provider\u2019s panel (Rosenthal and Frank, 2006). Evidence emerging from newer experiments continues to show inconsisten"]
[10.175150871276855, 18.80147361755371, " data from one of the two pilot sites (representing approximately 2,700 cases treated by high-volume providers65) showed improvements on some measures but not on others. For example, the authors found that the rate of completing activity prescription"]
[10.269522666931152, 18.824254989624023, "ty indicators can be grouped into three categories:\n\u2022 structural indicators (e.g., adoption of health information technology [IT])\n\u2022 process indicators (e.g., whether a heart-attack patient received aspirin in the ED)\n\u2022 outcome indicators (e.g., mort"]
[10.24763298034668, 18.828006744384766, "port submitted within x days)\n\u2022 Provider writing a modified duty prescription for the patient\n\u2022 Provider performing work activity assessments\n\u2022 Communication between provider and employer about workers\u2019 return to work or work\nmodification\n  Quality S"]
[10.180161476135254, 18.807308197021484, "l also need to be developed and built in. In the WC context, this could mean paying for prompt filing of the doctor\u2019s FROI and other reports.\nThere are many other important considerations, such as how rewards should be structured, mechanisms for fina"]
[9.637308120727539, 19.002546310424805, "OMFS uses outdated procedure codes to describe medical services. This poses an administrative burden on providers, who must maintain a separate coding system for WC patients and increases fee disputes between providers and payers over services that a"]
[9.628862380981445, 19.015581130981445, "ble. For certain issues, we examined alternative policies that might be considered and separately analyzed their impact.\n100\nAppendix A. Comparison of the Official Medical Fee Schedule and Medicare Ground Rules\nTable A.1 Comparison of the Official Me"]
[9.623202323913574, 19.004493713378906, "he same specialty who belongs to the same group practice.\nAn established patient has received professional services within the past three years from the physician or another physician of the same specialty who belongs to the same group practice.\nIf a"]
[9.586660385131836, 19.033985137939453, "pervision (medical direction) (modifier = 48)\nSurgery\nAssistant surgeon\nNonphysician surgical assistant\nCo-surgeons\nMultiple- or bilateral- procedure reduction\nArthroscopy\nWC\n(1), Code P4 (2), and Code P5 (3)\nCovered separately when performed by surg"]
[9.572184562683105, 19.038616180419922, "s the difference between the next-highest endoscopy and the base endoscopy.\nSimilar policy\n   Endoscopy, multiple\nGlobal surgical rule\n103\n   Ground Rule or Issue\nStarred- procedure rule\nRadiology\nMultiple- procedure discounting\nPhysical medicine\nMul"]
[9.627958297729492, 19.020544052124023, "s to multiple procedures. It does not apply to add- on or bundled codes.\nFull payment is made for the unit or procedure with the highest PE payment. Effective April 1, 2013, the remaining procedures or units are reimbursed at 50% payment in all setti"]
[9.644660949707031, 19.005704879760742, "lly not separately reimbursable include applied hot or cold packs, eye patches, injections or debridement trays, Steri-strips, needles, syringes, eye or ear trays, drapes, sterile gloves, eyewash or drops, creams (massage), fluorescein, ultrasound pa"]
[9.640822410583496, 19.006750106811523, "pneumococcal, and hepatitis B vaccines.\nVaccine rates are updated annually as part of the fee-schedule update.\nMedicare does not separately pay for reports. A physician may charge Medicare beneficiaries for the completion of forms (e.g., life-insuran"]
[7.820575714111328, 24.64366340637207, "na Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina Lewina\nOMFS Code\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995\n01995"]
[7.8205132484436035, 24.643396377563477, "7101\n17102\n17102\n17102\n17104\n17104\n17104\n17105\n17105\n17105\n17110\n17110\n17200\n17200\n17201\n17201\n17304\n17305\n17305\n17306\n17306\n17307\n17307\n17310\n19100\n19100\n2013 CPT\n17003 17004 17003 17004 NONE 17000 17003 17004 17000 17003 17004 17000 17003 17004 170"]
[7.820467948913574, 24.643600463867188, " Lewin 27326 Lewin 27327 RAND 27337 RAND 27328 RAND 27339 RAND 27329 RAND 27364 RAND 27615 RAND 27616 RAND 27618 RAND 27632 RAND 27619 RAND 27634 RAND 28055 Lewin 28039 RAND 28043 RAND 28041 RAND 28045 RAND 28046 RAND 28047 RAND 29799 RAND NONE RAND "]
[7.820606231689453, 24.64322853088379, "35565 RAND 35539 RAND 35540 RAND 35556 RAND 35583 RAND NONE Lewin 35601 Lewin 35637 Lewin 35638 Lewin\n      115\n      OMFS Code\n35641\n35641\n35646\n35646\n35681\n35681\n35681\n36145\n36145\n36488\n36488\n36488\n36488\n36488\n36488\n36489\n36489\n36489\n36489\n36489\n36"]
[7.820442199707031, 24.64336395263672, "20\n49421\n49421\n50020\n50020\n50300\n50300\n50320\n50320\n50559\n50578\n50959\n50978\n51000\n51005\n51010\n51726\n51726\n51726\n51726\n52335\n52336\n52337\n2013 CPT\n49084 49402 49203 49204 49205 58957 58958 49203 49204 49205 58957 58958 49418 49421 49418 49421 50020 5002"]
[7.8205037117004395, 24.643102645874023, "2\n61783\n61867\n61868\n61867\n61868\n61885\n61886\n62310\n62311\n62310\n62318\n62319\n62318\n62319\n62311\n62319\n62310\n62311\n62311\n62310\n63040\n63043\n63044\n63661\n63662\n63663\n63664\n95970\n95971\nCrosswalk\nRAND RAND RAND RAND RAND RAND RAND RAND Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin "]
[7.820509433746338, 24.643606185913086, "ND 37211 RAND 37212 RAND 37213 RAND 37214 RAND 37191 RAND 37197 RAND 0238T RAND 37225 RAND 37227 RAND 37229 RAND 37231 RAND 0238T RAND 37233 RAND 37235 RAND 0234T RAND 0235T RAND\nOMFS Code\n75996\n75998\n76003\n76005\n76006\n76012\n76013\n76020\n76040\n76061\n7"]
[7.820576190948486, 24.643293380737305, "90\n79000\n79001\n79020\n79030\n79035\n79100\n79400\n79420\n79900\n82307\n82926\n82928\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n83890\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n78802 Lewin 78804 Lewin 78811 Lewin 78812 Lewin 78813 Lewin "]
[7.820308208465576, 24.643491744995117, "1 RAND 81222 RAND 81223 RAND 81224 RAND 81225 RAND 81226 RAND 81227 RAND 81228 RAND 81229 RAND 81235 RAND 81240 RAND 81241 RAND 81242 RAND 81243 RAND 81244 RAND 81245 RAND 81250 RAND 81251 RAND 81252 RAND 81253 RAND 81254 RAND 81255 RAND 81256 RAND 8"]
[7.820446491241455, 24.643333435058594, "     OMFS Code\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n83892\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n"]
[7.82042932510376, 24.643436431884766, " 81403 RAND 81404 RAND 81405 RAND 81406 RAND 81407 RAND 81408 RAND 81479 RAND 81200 RAND 81201 RAND 81202 RAND 81203 RAND 81205 RAND 81206 RAND 81207 RAND 81208 RAND 81209 RAND 81210 RAND 81211 RAND 81212 RAND 81213 RAND 81214 RAND 81215 RAND 81216 R"]
[7.820436000823975, 24.643203735351562, "RAND 81268 RAND 81270 RAND 81275 RAND\nOMFS Code\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n83896\n8389"]
[7.820432186126709, 24.64320182800293, " 81331 RAND 81332 RAND 81340 RAND 81341 RAND 81342 RAND 81350 RAND 81355 RAND 81370 RAND 81371 RAND 81372 RAND 81373 RAND 81374 RAND 81375 RAND 81376 RAND 81377 RAND 81378 RAND 81379 RAND 81380 RAND 81381 RAND 81382 RAND 81383 RAND 81400 RAND 81401 R"]
[7.820471286773682, 24.643583297729492, "RAND 81229 RAND 81235 RAND 81240 RAND 81241 RAND 81242 RAND 81243 RAND\n      137\n      OMFS Code\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n83900\n839"]
[7.820278167724609, 24.643449783325195, "01\n83901\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n81295 RAND 81296 RAND 81297 RAND 81298 RAND 81299 RAND 81300 RAND 81301 RAND 81302 RAND 81303 RAND 81304 RAND 81310 RAND 81315 RAND 81316 RAND 81317 RAND 81318 RAND 81319 RAND 81321 RAND 81322 RAND 81323 RAND 81324 RAND 81"]
[7.820334434509277, 24.643571853637695, "1200 RAND 81201 RAND 81202 RAND 81203 RAND 81205 RAND 81206 RAND 81207 RAND 81208 RAND 81209 RAND 81210 RAND 81211 RAND\nOMFS Code\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n83903\n"]
[7.8202948570251465, 24.643543243408203, "83904\n83904\n83904\n83904\n83904\n83904\n83904\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n81256 RAND 81257 RAND 81260 RAND 81261 RAND 81262 RAND 81263 RAND 81264 RAND 81265 RAND 81266 RAND 81267 RAND 81268 RAND 81270 RAND 81275 RAND 81280 RAND 81281 RAND 81282 RAND 81290 RAND 81"]
[7.820249080657959, 24.64353370666504, "1370 RAND 81371 RAND 81372 RAND 81373 RAND 81374 RAND 81375 RAND 81376 RAND 81377 RAND 81378 RAND 81379 RAND 81380 RAND 81381 RAND 81382 RAND 81383 RAND\n      146\n      OMFS Code\n83905\n83905\n83905\n83905\n83905\n83905\n83905\n83905\n83905\n83905\n83906\n83906"]
[7.820074081420898, 24.643640518188477, "\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n83907\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n81222 RAND 81223 RAND 81224 RAND 81225 RAND 81226 RAND 81227 RAND 81228 RAND 81229 RAND 81235 RAND 81240 RAND 81241 RAND 81242 RAND 81243 RA"]
[7.8205461502075195, 24.643531799316406, "AND 81300 RAND 81301 RAND 81302 RAND 81303 RAND 81304 RAND 81310 RAND 81315 RAND 81316 RAND 81317 RAND 81318 RAND 81319 RAND 81321 RAND 81322 RAND 81323 RAND 81324 RAND 81325 RAND 81326 RAND 81330 RAND\nOMFS Code\n83908\n83908\n83908\n83908\n83908\n83908\n83"]
[7.820687770843506, 24.643844604492188, "912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n83912\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n81408 RAND 81479 RAND 81200 RAND 81201 RAND 81202 RAND 81203 RAND 81205 RAND 81206 RAND 81207 RAND 81208 RA"]
[7.820595741271973, 24.643577575683594, "AND 81260 RAND 81261 RAND 81262 RAND 81263 RAND 81264 RAND 81265 RAND 81266 RAND 81267 RAND 81268 RAND 81270 RAND 81275 RAND 81280 RAND 81281 RAND 81282 RAND 81290 RAND 81291 RAND 81292 RAND 81293 RAND 81294 RAND 81295 RAND 81296 RAND\n      155\n     "]
[7.820327281951904, 24.643529891967773, "3914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n83914\n85095\n85102\n86586\n86586\n86781\n86903\n88150\n88150\n88150\n88150\n88151\n88170\n88171\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n81371 RAND 81372 RAND 81373 RAND 81374 RAND 81375 RAND 813"]
[7.8204145431518555, 24.64365577697754, "479 RAND 81200 RAND 81201 RAND 81202 RAND 81203 RAND 81205 RAND 81206 RAND 81207 RAND 81208 RAND 81209 RAND 81210 RAND 81211 RAND 81212 RAND 81213 RAND 81214 RAND 81215 RAND 81216 RAND 81217 RAND 81220 RAND 81221 RAND 81222 RAND 81223 RAND 81224 RAND"]
[7.8203840255737305, 24.643844604492188, "\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n88386\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n81282 RAND 812"]
[7.821707725524902, 24.639623641967773, "746\n96360\n96361\n96365\n96366\n96367\n96368\n96369\n96370\n96371\n96372\n96373\n96374\n96375\n96376\n96379\n96360\n96361\n96365\n96366\n96367\n96368\n96360\n96361\n96365\n96366\n96367\n96368\n96372\n96373\n96374\nCrosswalk\nLewina Lewina Lewina Lewina RAND RAND RAND RAND RAND RAN"]
[7.820383548736572, 24.644023895263672, "RAND 92929 RAND 92934 RAND 92938 RAND 92944 RAND 92920 RAND 92937 RAND 92941 RAND 92943 RAND 92921 RAND 92938 RAND 92944 RAND 92924 RAND 92933 RAND\n      166\n      OMFS Code\n92995\n92995\n92995\n92996\n92996\n92996\n92996\n93012\n93012\n93012\n93014\n93230\n9323"]
[7.820507526397705, 24.643234252929688, "\n95934\n95934\n95936\n95936\n95936\n95936\n95936\n95936\n95936\n96100\n96100\n96100\n96115\n96117\n96117\n96117\n96400\n96400\n2013 CPT Crosswalk\n95910 RAND 95911 RAND 95912 RAND 95913 RAND 95907 RAND 95908 RAND 95909 RAND 95910 RAND 95911 RAND 95912 RAND 95913 RAND 9"]
[7.820457458496094, 24.643327713012695, "9310\n99231\n99232\n99233\n99307\n99308\n99309\n99310\n99241\n99242\n99243\n99244\n99245\n99251\n99252\n99253\n99254\n99255\n99241\n99242\n99243\n99244\n99245\n99251\n99252\n99253\nCrosswalk\nLewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin L"]
[9.62370777130127, 19.017353057861328, "in Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin Lewin\nOMFS Code\n99342\n99342\n99342\n99342\n993"]
[9.638211250305176, 19.003223419189453, " Services with No 2013 Counterpart in the Current Procedural Terminology That Were Priced with No Payment Under the Resource-Based Relative Value Scale\n     OMFS OMFS Description Code\n99017 Preparation of specimen for transfer\n99019 Single venous/cap"]
[9.654800415039062, 18.987852096557617, "volume using the number-of-units variable first and filling in, as feasible, with the other two drug-volume variables. All lines paid zero were excluded from the analysis.\nTable 7.2 in Chapter Seven compares MAAs from the CMS PAD fee schedule and fro"]
[9.797365188598633, 18.90758514404297, " As of June 14, 2013: http://www.medpac.gov/documents/Aug11_Methodology_RBRVS_contractor.pdf\nCalifornia Department of Health Care Services, \u201cProvider Manuals,\u201d undated. As of July 30, 2013:\nhttp://files.medi-cal.ca.gov/pubsdoco/manuals_menu.asp\nCalif"]
[9.820344924926758, 18.897323608398438, "\u2014, \u201cMedicare Program; Revisions to Payment Policies Under the Physician Fee Schedule, DME Face-to-Face Encounters, Elimination of the Requirement for Termination of Non- Random Prepayment Complex Medical Review and Other Revisions to Part B for CY 20"]
[9.947790145874023, 18.858013153076172, "ica R. Schumacher, Alexandra Wright, and Maureen A. Smith, \u201cPhysician Assistants and Nurse Practitioners as a Usual Source of Care,\u201d Journal of Rural Health, Vol. 25, No. 4, Fall 2009, pp. 407\u2013414.\nFlodgren, Gerd, Martin P. Eccles, Sasha Shepperd, An"]
[9.93013858795166, 18.849742889404297, "ion, Medicare Payment to Advanced Practice Nurses and Physician Assistants: Report to the Congress, June 2002. As of July 17, 2013: http://www.medpac.gov/documents/jun02_NonPhysPay.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Report to the Congress: Medicare Payment Policy, March 2012."]
[10.065953254699707, 18.795576095581055, "ntives in a Performance-Based Contracting System,\u201d Health Services Research, Vol. 38, No. 2, April 2003, pp. 535\u2013552.\n184\nSox, Harold C., Jr., \u201cQuality of Patient Care by Nurse Practitioners and Physician\u2019s Assistants: A Ten-Year Perspective,\u201d Annals"]
[10.203580856323242, 18.706199645996094, "trategy for Quality Improvement in Health Care, March 2011.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Office of Inspector General, \u201cNational Quality Strategy Will Promote Better Health, Quality Care for Americans,\u201d news release, Washington, D.C., March 21, 2011a. As of June 14, 2013:\nht"]
[9.955442428588867, 18.824995040893555, " Benefits, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, OP-229-CHSWC, 2008. As of June 14, 2013:\nhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/occasional_papers/OP229.html\nYoung, Gary J., Mark Meterko, Howard Beckman, Errol Baker, Bert White, Karen M. Sautter, Robert Greene, "]
[13.80569839477539, 4.8419389724731445, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[11.378046989440918, 17.580310821533203, "ents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND permissions page (www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html).\nRAND OFFICES\nSANTA MONICA, CA \u2022 WASHINGTON, DC\nPITTSBURGH, PA \u2022 NEW ORLEANS, LA \u2022 JACKSON, MS \u2022 BO"]
[11.390624046325684, 17.551721572875977, " government agencies, and private foundations. All its reports are subject to peer review and disseminated widely to policymakers, practitioners in law and business, other researchers, and the public.\n iii\nThe ICJ is part of RAND Justice, Infrastruct"]
[8.000503540039062, 0.9496079087257385, " ............................................................................................................................... xxi 1. Introduction: Why Study State Judicial Funding? .................................................................."]
[8.0032958984375, 0.9523963928222656, "..................................................................................... 27 Theoretical Approaches to Court System Governance........................................................................... 28 Governance Anatomy 1: Deciding Wh"]
[8.000904083251953, 0.950312614440918, "............ xiv Elements in State Court System Governance ............................................................. xvi State- Versus County-Level Funding of Trial Court System, by State ....................... 13 Categories of Activity Included"]
[8.002534866333008, 0.9512234926223755, "ided valuable long-term perspectives on changes in court financing and administration in their states over time. This work should be of interest to policymakers, court administrators, and other stakeholders concerned about ensuring high levels of acc"]
[8.000454902648926, 0.9493347406387329, "budgeting purposes. Some basic elements, such as the operation of the trial courts and the salaries and benefits of judges, are fairly prototypical and are probably understood to be aspects of the court system (and of related costs) in every state. S"]
[7.996835231781006, 0.9462260007858276, "s states that permit their court systems to retain control over some portion of court-generated fee revenue from states that do not. Table S.3 summarizes findings in this area.\nxiii\nTable S.3. What Happens to Court System Fee Revenue in Selected Stat"]
[8.002060890197754, 0.9505725502967834, "ate appropriations. In 2012, however, the governor reportedly instituted a new policy forcing the trial courts to spend down most or all of the existing reserves and limiting the size of future reserves to\n1 percent the annual budget allocation. Inte"]
[8.004252433776855, 0.9526909589767456, "ernance.\nxv\nTable S.4. Elements in State Court System Governance\n   Governance Dimension\nCentral management\nMicromanaged postappropriation\nLocus of power\nDescription\nSome states use a system in which a judicial council manages the administrative auth"]
[8.002642631530762, 0.9512201547622681, " from one fiscal year to the next?\n\u2022 How many legislative line items are there in the state X budget pertaining to the state court system?\n\u2022 How does the state X\u2019s state court system allocate and manage the funding that it receives each year?\nxvi\nThi"]
[8.012011528015137, 0.9594916701316833, ", Kim M. Brunner, Ed Collins, and Georgene M. Vairo. Their feedback on early presentations of this work was invaluable. G. Alan Tarr, professor of political science at Rutgers University\u2014 Camden, has our appreciation for excellent feedback on an earl"]
[8.002263069152832, 0.9507642984390259, " and the mechanisms of providing resources for state court systems. Taken together, information on the magnitude of the cuts and the mechanisms for funding courts could be of high value to policymakers statewide. Understanding the variation in method"]
[8.002321243286133, 0.9509938955307007, " A series of conferences and symposia in recent years has brought together practitioners and judges in an attempt to raise awareness of the impact of reduced court funding on the delivery of judicial services. NCSC, a long-time advocate for state jud"]
[7.998506546020508, 0.9485557079315186, "orted and accessible data on funding are often opaque, confusing, hidden from view, or otherwise unrepresentative of the true flow of money to the courts\u2014serves neither the interests of the judicial branch nor those of the public. Moreover, given a v"]
[7.987387180328369, 0.9363093972206116, "udgetary and accounting disclosures connected with their own operation, and scholars to undertake future empirical research into the ways in which varied financing schemes affect the underlying function of state courts.\nThe work presented in this rep"]
[7.9982147216796875, 0.9471326470375061, " court systems publish contain much valuable information, those reports are used for many different public purposes:\n\u2022 providing access to information about the courts\n\u2022 presenting the courts in a positive light\n\u2022 celebrating achievements, such as ne"]
[7.999360084533691, 0.9494802355766296, "systems work and to let the judges offer similar comments while also providing a narrative about the effects of the crisis on court operations. Here, we were interested in two main dimensions of operations: funding and governance. The focus on fundin"]
[7.998437404632568, 0.947350025177002, " as these our interviewees described to us. In turn, these issues offer a template by which policymakers, legislators, court administrators, and judicial\n4 Justice Durham is a member of the RAND Institute for Civil Justice Board of Overseers and has "]
[7.997922420501709, 0.9479670524597168, "elated vein, an understanding of the financing framework for the judicial branch in any given state is likely to be critical in attempting to link the service and performance of the courts to the costs associated with operating them. For all of these"]
[8.02479362487793, 0.9734923243522644, "rated revenue stream could offset some or all of a court system\u2019s expenses.\nIn a vacuum, it is easy to imagine a state court system that collects its own revenue to cover expenditures, therefore operating in a manner analogous to that of a private bu"]
[7.999152660369873, 0.9483289122581482, "l separation of powers. One implication, then, is that state courts are funded in large part by revenues raised by a separate branch of government. This mechanism has the theoretical advantage of supporting broader to access to justice by tying court"]
[8.00383472442627, 0.9528529047966003, "s in 45 states and identified a byzantine mix of state and municipal statutes, together with court system\u2013imposed rules, defining such fees. Fourth, all of the states appear to have some version of a constitutional bill of rights, some provisions of "]
[7.991581439971924, 0.9402170181274414, "y-level funding for their trial court systems. Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1 summarize related information on California, Florida, Massachusetts, Ohio, and Utah.11\n9 In most (if not all) states, the trial courts represent the largest category of operation"]
[7.998838424682617, 0.9478824138641357, "evenues to the state to support the court system as well.\nOf the states we considered in this pilot, Ohio has the court system that places strongest emphasis on county-level funding and oversight. We were broadly told that salaries, overhead expenses"]
[8.006579399108887, 0.9554152488708496, "me states as distinct groups of personnel and operating activities with separate associated revenue streams and budgeting oversight. Finally, some elements are usually associated with court system functioning but tend not to be regarded as a part of "]
[7.997862815856934, 0.9469196200370789, "o to be tied to a county-level funding mechanism for the courthouse facilities, which accommodates the reality of activities being carried out in them but that also contributes to blurring the definitions and boundaries for what is, or is not, a cour"]
[7.980332851409912, 0.9295235872268677, "ic descriptive questions arise concerning how particular states deal with fee and fine revenue generated by their court systems. In particular, may the courts to retain (or bank) any of the revenue to cover their own expenses? And what fraction of co"]
[7.992379665374756, 0.9414054751396179, "generator the courts really are.\u201d Although interviewees suggested that some Ohio counties might use a portion of the fee revenue to support the operation of their local courthouses, they also observed that there is no consistent, state-level tracking"]
[7.994856834411621, 0.9437490105628967, "ation on the collection of fee revenues by the courts. See, for example, Supreme Court of Ohio, 2011.\n 18\ncourt system revenue collection in recent years.17 The revenue collected by the California courts is reportedly remitted to a mixture of purpose"]
[7.99301815032959, 0.9425342082977295, "ue either.\n18 For more detail, see Overholt, 2012. See also Overholt et al., 2006.\n19 We were unable to reconcile this statement with an official FY 2011 summary of California court system funding sources, which did not specifically identify a state "]
[8.00202465057373, 0.9510586261749268, "n commenting on the shortfall in SCRTF funding, the chief justice of the Florida Supreme Court notably observed that \u201crecurrent cash flow problems hinder court efficiency and can potentially disrupt day-to-day court operation\u201d and that, in consequenc"]
[8.000853538513184, 0.9496216773986816, "in a flexible form, as opposed to being purpose-dedicated across several (or many) specific accounts. In particular, we were told in interviews that some state legislatures provide for many more court system funding line items than others do\u2014a state "]
[7.9984941482543945, 0.9477328658103943, "funds and appropriations, and that information may or may not be aggregated, tracked, and disclosed at the state level. Meanwhile, more-detailed tracking of actual expenditures undertaken within a state court system and of revenues generated by that "]
[7.99608039855957, 0.9466376900672913, "nue accounting disclosures on an annual basis, whereas several of the other states do not disclose this kind of accounting information, and Ohio apparently does not even track court- generated fee revenues in a systematic way across the state.\nDiscus"]
[7.999497890472412, 0.9485912322998047, " basics for how courts are organized within a given state and how money passes into them and is spent by them because of this organization. According to our research, at least five descriptive dimensions emerged as being important:\n\u2022 the breadth of w"]
[7.9981794357299805, 0.9484497904777527, "far has focused primarily on court system financing and accounting. However, it is impossible to examine the way in which courts are funded without also tangentially considering how they are organized and managed. Any investigation of the flow of mon"]
[7.999125003814697, 0.9491347670555115, "s of state court system financing and accounting differ in important ways (discussed in Chapter Two), the fact that there are differences in governance models used in the state court systems adds another important dimension to understanding the state"]
[8.002041816711426, 0.951607346534729, "ce\u2014the determination of the administrative rules for the day-to-day operations of courts spread throughout the state\u2014concerns a core internal management function. Whereas other bureaucratic entities (such as administrative agencies) are part of the m"]
[7.9836201667785645, 0.9332014918327332, " Moreover, the variation makes it difficult to untangle the effects of the financial crisis on judicial systems when the systems manage their financial resources in very different ways.\nWe begin our discussion of governance with three aspects of a st"]
[7.996999263763428, 0.946162223815918, "budget request.\nThe Florida state court administrator has a large portfolio. Much of this authority and the system\u2019s reliance on the administrator\u2019s professional staff result from some significant restructurings in the Florida courts over several dec"]
[7.99894905090332, 0.9482465982437134, "erves as the governing body for the state court system. The Judicial Council of California establishes strategic and operational goals for the state judiciary (Judicial Council of California, 2006). It has authority to establish administrative proced"]
[7.996416091918945, 0.9455772042274475, "ver, is of more limited scope than what exists in other states: The state-funded component of the judicial system in Ohio includes only the state supreme court, the courts of appeals, and the court of claims. The state court system does not include t"]
[8.036600112915039, 0.9848049283027649, " a line item for contracts and leases on buildings and facilities; and the third is for jury and interpreters\u2019 fees. By\n32\ngetting their allocation in one large lump sum free of encumbrances, the Judicial Council and the court administrator can manag"]
[7.977346420288086, 0.9266972541809082, " more difficult to fulfill its constitutional duties according to the principles of good public management. Moreover, a judiciary that, like California\u2019s, a legislature tells that it cannot carry over its budget or retain reserves over a specified th"]
[7.997519016265869, 0.9463687539100647, " from the statewide politics of funding allocations and statewide financial circumstances. Yet the decentralization of governance in the Ohio courts has arguably created a black-hole effect on their finances: At present, there is no transparency or l"]
[7.976291656494141, 0.9246481657028198, " which the budgets are prepared, the ways in which the money can be managed, and the structures of organizing the court administration, would be of limited use in policy discussions about whether state court systems are appropriately resourced.\nLooki"]
[7.9982147216796875, 0.9474206566810608, "iary through\n153 separate line items, with no judicial authority to reallocate. Utah state courts, however, get a lump sum for its state-run component.\nOhio uses a system of\n88 independently run and financed county courts below a thin layer of state-"]
[7.99190616607666, 0.9446253180503845, "ing, to corresponding accounting practices, to the structures of governance and administration, the states are deploying very different strategies for operating the third branch of government.\nThe main elements that emerge from our review of a small "]
[7.997929573059082, 0.9472876191139221, " (whether in the abstract or in reference to a previous year\u2019s budget) is an important piece of the resourcing story but only part of the disclosure that is needed to clarify what the funding status of the courts really is. It does even less to make "]
[7.9960551261901855, 0.9448004364967346, "al year?\n\u2022 How many legislative line items are there in the state X budget pertaining to the state court system?\n\u2212 Are there other mechanisms for purpose-restricting the funds that the legislature allocates to the court system in your state (e.g., th"]
[7.995993614196777, 0.9446153044700623, " financing dimensions of its system in its annual report or on its website. In particular, annual reports are universally silent on the budget- preparation process: how the budget is prepared, how closely the budget request matches the ultimate appro"]
[8.032964706420898, 0.982936441898346, "nges faced by state court systems in the wake of the financial crisis, are there comparative advantages inherent in the different governance models used by different states?\n\u2022 What impact do budget cuts have on court system processes and outcomes? Or"]
[7.999321460723877, 0.9495728015899658, "inistrative staff?\n\u2212 Indigent defense?\n\u2212 Retirement personnel costs?\n\u2022 Are there important \u201csilos\u201d of dedicated court system funding within your state? If so, what are those silos, and how do they work?\n\u2022 Who controls and administers the expenditure "]
[8.001235961914062, 0.9497621655464172, "Is there any one question broadly related to this subject matter that we haven\u2019t asked you about, but that you think we should be asking? If so, what is that?\n44\nReferences\nBaar, Carl, Separate but Subservient: Court Budgeting in the American States,"]
[8.001288414001465, 0.9502559900283813, "s, \u201cAn Update on State Budget Cuts,\u201d Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, February 9, 2011. As of April 1, 2014:\nhttp://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=1214\nJudicial Branch Governance Study Group, Report to the Florida Supreme Court"]
[8.005401611328125, 0.9513753056526184, "ational Center for State Courts.\nOhio Office of Budget and Management, The Jobs Budget: Transforming Ohio for Growth, Book One: The Budget Book, March 15, 2011. As of April 3, 2014: http://media.obm.ohio.gov/OBM/Budget/Documents/operating/fy-12-13/bl"]
[14.87043285369873, 3.101160764694214, "ty 2013, Salt Lake City, 2013. As of April 3, 2014: https://www.utcourts.gov/annualreport/2013-CourtsAnnual.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCourt Governance,\u201d last modified January 27, 2014a. As of April 3, 2014: http://www.utcourts.gov/knowcts/adm/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cCourt Organizati"]
[13.800539016723633, 4.779012203216553, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.637056350708008, 4.76381778717041, " in this report was sponsored by the Israel Ministry of Public Security and the Younes and Soraya Nazarian Family Foundation with additional funding from the Rosalinde and Arthur Gilbert Foundation, the Diane and Guilford Glazer Fund, and Mr. Stanley"]
[13.363524436950684, 4.761726379394531, " of benchmarking the police against other police organizations, performance measurement, and deterrence and crime prevention. This document reports the outcome of the resulting two-year project.\nThe project was jointly funded by the government of the"]
[12.742226600646973, 5.068520545959473, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgments............................................................. xxv Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.728948593139648, 5.082528591156006, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Focus Group Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Participants Identified What They"]
[12.721208572387695, 5.0811944007873535, " . . . . . . . . . Using Volunteers Has Many Potential Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Countries Use Volunteers in a Variety of Ways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EffectivenessofVolunteersIsU"]
[12.731943130493164, 5.064344882965088, "..................................... 77\nFigures\n S.1. Conceptual Model of Effective Policing in 21st-Century Israel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n1.1. Conceptual Model of Effective Policing in 21st-Century Israel. . . "]
[12.727940559387207, 5.070963382720947, "r the last several decades, and the police, their governmental partners, and the public desire that policing services keep pace with these changes. To that end, the Min- istry of Public Security, the Ministry of Finance, and the Israel Police enliste"]
[12.730359077453613, 5.066053867340088, "improving the over- all effectiveness of the Israel Police. Relevant tasks included interviews with key informants, a systematic analysis of media content, and focus groups with diverse communities of Israeli citizens. Findings from these analyses re"]
[12.722885131835938, 5.053619384765625, " problem-solving, and restructur- ing or realigning the organization to better address the other two components.\n\u2022 Problem-oriented policing emphasizes new and preventive approaches. A problem-solving method widely used by U.S. police agencies is the"]
[12.723156929016113, 5.07340145111084, " to implementing proce- dural justice, we group the actions the Israel Police can take into two broad areas:\n\u2022 Demonstrate fair and just procedures: All citizens are treated according to established procedures, regardless of who they are and regardle"]
[12.721726417541504, 5.075595855712891, "f interactions between police and the public to flag and investigate episodes of unprofes- sional or unwanted behavior. Successful transformation of policing cultures requires changes to training and to the assessment of officer performance. For exam"]
[12.710169792175293, 5.079895973205566, "ct evaluations. These arrangements include independent civilian complaint review boards, as in New York City; the establishment of government offices of independent police oversight, as in Los Angeles; hiring a civilian lawyer to serve as the chief o"]
[12.705894470214844, 5.080493450164795, "uated continually.\nApply a strategic perspective to police personnel require- ments. Police staffing should be in accordance with the goals that Israel expects its police to achieve, the missions they are asked to carry out, and the activities they e"]
[12.720174789428711, 5.0708088874816895, "ake steps to administer procedures\nin a fair, unbiased, and transparent way\nShort-Term Actions\nReview and standardize policies and procedures\nChange policies and procedures that are biased\nReview training and ensure that police standardize their proc"]
[12.726672172546387, 5.08335542678833, "ael to lend his experience in framing this project.\nThis report benefited considerably from detailed and insight- ful formal reviews by RAND colleague Ryan A. Brown, Badi Hasisi of Hebrew University, and Ronald Weitzer of George Washington University"]
[12.726395606994629, 5.078009128570557, "nal police. Approximately 36,000 volunteers are on the official rolls, although many do no more than the mandatory two half-shifts per month.5 The police have a system of command that corresponds to that of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), with the c"]
[12.728547096252441, 5.070798873901367, "nd about the Israel Police. It was agreed that bring- ing analysis to several aspects of the policing problem might provide a means by which the police themselves could move to the next level in taking an active and leading role in addressing public "]
[12.724183082580566, 5.071841239929199, "t\n\u2022 deterrence of violent crime and crime prevention.\nWithin each of these areas, several specific tasks were selected. The central question for the effort as a whole was: \u201cWhat must the police do to provide effective policing to 21st-century Israel?"]
[12.730975151062012, 5.074828624725342, "e police judge policing outcomes to be successful according to formal measures of policing, public acceptance and recognition of these outcomes are needed for the police to be deemed effective by the citizenry they serve. Thus, even if the crime rate"]
[12.727884292602539, 5.076229095458984, "r 21st-Century Israel\n\u2022 ChapterFourprovidesrecommendationsforenhancingtheeffec- tiveness of the Israel Police.\n\u2022 Chapter Five provides our conclusions.\nChAPTER TwO\nUnderstanding Public Perceptions of the Israel Police\n In this chapter, we examine pub"]
[12.72564697265625, 5.081841945648193, " cameras for this purpose.\nIn this chapter, we provide an overview of what we learned about public perceptions from these studies and discuss the implications for the Israel Police.\nKey Informant Interviews\nInterviews with key informants provide a wi"]
[12.730070114135742, 5.075081825256348, "fy main themes so interview notes were neither formally coded nor subjected to formal analysis.\n 12 Effective Policing for 21st-Century Israel\nMedia Analysis\nMedia analysis can shed light on how the discussion of an issue is framed, whether a certain"]
[12.733407020568848, 5.070811748504639, "Zman Krayot, Yediot Ha\u2019Negev, Yediot Hadera, Yediot Ha\u2019Mifratz, Kol Ha\u2019Ir\nMakor Rishon, Olam Katan\nHa\u2019Mevaser, Misphacha\u2014Chadashot Shel Ha\u2019Tsibur Ha\u2019Haredi, Yated Ne\u2019eman, Ha\u2019Modia, Ha\u2019Machane Ha\u2019Haredi, Ba\u2019Kehila, Ha\u2019Eda\nAl-Iam, Al-Akhbar, Al-Arabi,"]
[12.731683731079102, 5.073092460632324, "t of articles. The media analysis identified the major themes underlying the reporting on police-related news and examined their recurrence and variance in different types of papers. The themes identified in the papers echoed those described in the k"]
[12.734313011169434, 5.071068286895752, " but the religious and Haredi papers. All stories referred to incidents in which police were in error (e.g., not showing up at crime scenes, lying, stealing arms). In the Arab papers, police \u201cfailures\u201d typically involved Arab citizens or Palestinians"]
[12.730257034301758, 5.075730800628662, "ss was primarily focused on its communities\u2019 issues, paying special attention to police handling of sensitive cases and cooperation with the community. The religious papers covered a broad range of topics, including renewal, change, and improvement o"]
[12.727669715881348, 5.07470703125, ", some com- mentary in Arab papers acknowledged growing police involvement in combating crime in their sector but criticized the manner of that involvement.\nConclusion\nClearly, the police can have only limited effect on underlying sectarian biases in"]
[12.728946685791016, 5.080690383911133, "a, Jerusalem, and Haifa, which account for 17 percent of the population; (3) villages in both the north and the south. In all, we conducted 28 focus groups, each comprising six to eight interviewees and a trained interviewer who conducted the discuss"]
[12.732656478881836, 5.0662150382995605, "ael\nOlim main groups was that the treatment people receive from the police is largely determined by the specific officer with whom they interact. Similarly, olim8 and Arab respondents suggested that police behave differently with citizens depending o"]
[12.726689338684082, 5.074370861053467, "entified Desired Changes\nFocus groups also identified the types of improvements they would like to see, as shown in Table 2.5. Among the most desired improvements were to see the police be more respectful and more empathetic, to make citizens feel sa"]
[12.779179573059082, 5.0257182121276855, "h the research team to filter out clips judged to pose possible legal questions either for the police or for privacy protection. This creates an unknown bias in the final sample of clips. One-half of the resulting sample of clips were from traffic st"]
[12.741841316223145, 5.097146987915039, "ficer as working to resolve the problem in fewer than half of all clips (43 percent), and coders judged that the police were trying to resolve the problem in only 60 percent of the clips. Citizens were judged to be satisfied in just one-third of the "]
[12.728652954101562, 5.076720714569092, "teers as well as trends in handling emergency calls.1\nBenchmarking the Israel Police Against U.S. Police Practices\nThe Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Finance, and the Israel Police have sought to identify international benchmarks that a"]
[12.726747512817383, 5.075549125671387, "on size squared4\n\u2013 percentage of population under age 18\n\u2013 percentage of male population under age 18 \u2013 percentage of population over age 65\n\u2022 crimerates \u2013 homicide \u2013 robbery \u2013 assault\n\u2013 burglary \u2013 auto theft \u2013 theft.\nWe identified the weighted combi"]
[12.727696418762207, 5.078172206878662, "ectively) are\n5 Data on U.S. force characteristics were drawn from the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics dataset collected by the U.S. Department of Justice (2007). Note that this data set does not provide a breakdown according"]
[12.72037410736084, 5.078866958618164, "formed by less-expensive civilian staff.6\n6 Some of the number who would be considered sworn officers in the United States would be shacham in Israel. These would cost considerably less than either civilian employees or professional sworn officers. T"]
[12.72349739074707, 5.058831214904785, "her there are aspects of the U.S. approach that might be appropriately adopted for the Israeli context.\nApproaches to Policing in Minority Communities\nThe research on policing in general, and on the policing of minor- ity communities in particular, h"]
[12.732755661010742, 5.034124374389648, "licing minorities or policing in diverse societies (Stenning, 2003; Ben-Porat and Yuval, 2011):\n\u2022 diversification of the police force (which involves changing pat- terns of recruitment)\n\u2022 cultural sensitivity training for police officers\n\u2022 formal ant"]
[12.727445602416992, 5.046881198883057, "ned either the content or the teaching style in police diversity training (Birzer, 2003; Blakemore et al., 1995).\nMuch of the support for reforms to address minority policing is anecdotal. There is no research on policies that lead to racial discrimi"]
[12.706925392150879, 5.096644878387451, "ization so that it can better carry out the first two components. Community partnerships can range from collaboration with other government agencies, the media, and service providers to more-effective inclusion of the business community.\nUnderstandin"]
[12.634040832519531, 5.18712854385376, "cing (reactive) duties. This, in effect, produces a specialist commu- nity police. Maguire and Wells (2009) indicates that, while generalized community policing has been widely advocated by policing reformers, U.S. police departments appear to have b"]
[12.507028579711914, 3.8234057426452637, "th pre-existing community infrastructures\u201d (p. 789).\nProblem-Oriented Policing\nIn problem-oriented policing, the unit of concern is the defined \u201cprob- lem\u201d that has been identified as being important to the public or in achieving policing missions. P"]
[12.726295471191406, 5.048961162567139, "may displace crime to other loca- tions or times where it is less damaging, or it may deter the crime, lead- ing to less of it overall.\nDeterrence\nThere are three main forms of deterrence: general, focused, and spe- cific. Deterrent policing intersec"]
[12.720991134643555, 5.081336498260498, "heavily upon police volunteers as\n8 Specific deterrence efforts often involve collaboration with other parts of the criminal justice system, such as probation and parole. In contrast, police can typically implement focused deterrence by themselves. S"]
[12.721970558166504, 5.083048343658447, "s can be especially valuable in assisting with commu- nity engagement and community policing interventions.\nCountries Use Volunteers in a Variety of Ways\nThe review found that models for how to use volunteers are quite diverse across the eight countr"]
[12.719112396240234, 5.086299419403076, "- gests that some departments, such as in Denmark, England, Wales, Canada, Brandenburg (Germany), and Australia, have relatively high ratios of volunteers in relation to regular police (ranging from 1:1.78 in Denmark\u2019s Police Home Guard to 1:18.40 in"]
[12.720640182495117, 5.082890033721924, "e indis- tinguishable from the uniformed police. As a result, volunteers\u2019 actions may be just as important as those of regular police in shaping public attitudes. In this way, ineffective engagement and response or miscon- duct, such as excessive for"]
[12.721632957458496, 5.065235614776611, "ability for police performance. We also advocate reduc- ing the use of general deterrence and using more focused deterrence. This shift in deterrence posture would need to be based on specific, struc- tured changes within the organization. These stra"]
[12.720071792602539, 5.061620235443115, "ny differ- ent variants of procedural justice in policing and the broader criminal\nRecommendations for Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Israel Police 53\nFigure 4.1\nConceptual Model of Effective Policing in 21st-Century Israel, with Recommendations\n"]
[12.720779418945312, 5.07695198059082, "ached the issue of proce- dural justice in different ways. Some have provided structured training and established procedures to maintain standards for police behavior in interacting with citizens. Some have conducted reviews of policies and procedure"]
[12.725430488586426, 5.071813583374023, " outcome patterns reveal unprofes- sional or unwanted behavior\n\u2022 Develop a performance monitoring system to evaluate individual police on competence, responsiveness, manners, and fairness\n  56 Effective Policing for 21st-Century Israel\nnity residents"]
[12.72352409362793, 5.074643611907959, "ides detailed information on the nature and character- istics of face-to-face contacts between police and the public, including the reason for and outcome of the contact.\nRecommendation: The Israel Police or an independent research entity should cond"]
[12.7252779006958, 5.076889991760254, "ffective than emphasizing personal ethics or morality\u201d (Klockars et al., 2005, p. 1). This survey has been used extensively by U.S. and non-U.S. police departments widely viewed as in need of reform (Davis et al., 2010).\nRecommendation: The Israel Po"]
[12.721635818481445, 5.078579902648926, "to rate the competence and professionalism routinely exhibited by individual officers. Moreover, simply knowing that interactions may be subject to later video review and assessment can have a powerful effect on officer behavior.\nRecommendation: The "]
[12.72169303894043, 5.080175399780273, "transparency through use of civilian partners to provide credible oversight of police statements and actions\n    Recommendations for Enhancing the Effectiveness of the Israel Police 61\nachievements, point to improving trends, or explain how police ar"]
[12.718140602111816, 5.088128089904785, " have found themselves in situations that led the public to become suspicious that the management of police behavior and performance was not sufficiently rigorous or candid to ensure the expected level of service. There is good reason to find similar"]
[12.73212718963623, 5.048739433288574, "orting Staff Are Trained in Interacting with the Public\nEnsuring that police officers and supporting personnel interact with the public in a way that supports procedural justice requires setting and maintaining high standards of professionalism and p"]
[12.688180923461914, 5.116623878479004, "acham are held, and the high levels of responsibility they are given. Shacham and volunteers may detract from the professional image and performance standards the Israel Police strives to maintain. Several steps should be taken to make\nRecommendation"]
[12.714574813842773, 5.090940475463867, "rvi- sion, performance feedback, and accountability, as well as rewards for model behavior. Regardless of the level of direct supervision, all volun- teers need to be held accountable for their actions. For all volunteers, the Israel Police should co"]
[12.719130516052246, 5.066709995269775, "ed and the need to mobilize in the face of national emergencies. Similarly, we have no basis for judging the appropriate level and role of volunteers in car- rying out the broad range of policing missions in Israel. But the police would be well serve"]
[12.725174903869629, 5.069285869598389, "ning\nRecommendation\n\u2022 Design focused deterrence interventions and reduce reli- ance on procedures that are rooted in general deterrence theories\n\u2022 Develop a best practices database for focused deterrence methods and procedures in Israel\n    Recommend"]
[12.714811325073242, 5.067925453186035, "Table 4.5 shows both immediate and longer-term actions for cre- ating a procedural justice model. The steps are derived directly from our recommendations. Table 4.6 does the same for focused deterrence.\nTable 4.5\nSteps for Adopting a Procedural Justi"]
[12.719210624694824, 5.069592475891113, "on, but also in terms of the cooperation the police receive in pursuing investigations, the respect officers are accorded as they perform their duties, and the quality of officers and staff who can be recruited to the force.\nThis report has provided "]
[12.727744102478027, 5.0315399169921875, "bstantial change in the culture of the organization and the extent of integration across different divisions and between the field and headquarters leadership.\nFigure 5.1 shows how the emphases on procedural justice and a focused deterrence program m"]
[12.73046588897705, 5.0558342933654785, "tion, 2009, pp. 133\u2013143.\nBen-Porat, Guy, and Fanny Yuval, \u201cMinorities in Democracy and Policing Policy: From Alienation to Cooperation,\u201d Policing and Society, Vol. 22, No. 2, November 2011.\nBirzer Michael L., \u201cThe Theory of Andragogy Applied to Polic"]
[12.731586456298828, 5.065454006195068, " 14, No. 1, 2001, pp. 59\u201374.\nGould, Larry, \u201cCan an Old Dog Be Taught New Tricks? Teaching Cultural Diversity to Police Officers,\u201d Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1997, pp. 339\u2013356.\nGraber, Doris"]
[12.665557861328125, 5.148099899291992, " \u201cPolicing and Community Safety Partnerships,\u201d web page, 2012. As of January 10, 2013: http://www.nipolicingboard.org.uk/index/our-work/policing_and_community_ safety_partnerships.htm\nPelfrey, William V., Jr., \u201cThe Inchoate Nature of Community Polici"]
[12.711434364318848, 5.1685872077941895, "Vol. 48, No. 6, 2008, pp. 778\u2013797.\nTyler, Tom R., \u201cEnhancing Police Legitimacy,\u201d Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 593, No. 1, 2004, pp. 84\u201399.\nTyler, Tom R., and Cheryl J. Wakslak, \u201cProfiling and Police Legitimacy:"]
[13.75100040435791, 4.8506598472595215, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[19.01412010192871, 15.40648078918457, "to other TRIA lines, policy limits and terrorism exclusions are not an option in WC. Insur- ers facing limited risk-management options in WC might be forced to decline WC coverage for all risks to avoid catastrophe exposure, whereas insurers could li"]
[19.012493133544922, 15.40816593170166, " residual markets. Residual market policies are often more expensive than ordinary WC policies. TRIA expiration could thus have adverse impacts on labor incomes and employment even in the absence of another terror attack, though the magnitude of thes"]
[19.015037536621094, 15.40504264831543, "nce of TRIA has again become a pressing policy question.\nWorkers\u2019 compensation (WC) insurance, which provides medical and indemnity benefits to victims of on-the-job injuries and illnesses, is the largest single P&C line covered by TRIA on the basis "]
[18.979637145996094, 15.43795108795166, "nsable if they are determined to be work- related or to \u201carise out of the employment,\u201d but the causal con- nection between employment and injury may seem more tenu- ous for terrorism than for more ordinary types of workplace injuries. To better under"]
[19.023134231567383, 15.401658058166504, "irma-\ntion of the positional versus increased risk doctrine.10 This view may be prudent, given that the issues at stake have never been litigated in the context of a mass terrorism event. In keeping with the stated perception of our interviewees, we "]
[19.016502380371094, 15.404200553894043, " whether WC insurers are willing or able to do so is an open question.14\nThe reluctance of property insurers to cover terrorism in the wake of 9/11 illustrates the influence that catastrophe risk can have on insurers if ample reinsurance is not avail"]
[19.014816284179688, 15.406786918640137, "markets.\nBroadly speaking, the first four responses in this list are compatible with insurers continuing to cover nonterrorism risks while either limiting their catastrophe exposure or demanding greater financial rewards for bearing terrorism risk. T"]
[19.01358985900879, 15.406423568725586, "the absence of\nthis cap. Insofar as exposure to tail risk drives insurer decisions about terrorism coverage, the possibility of NBCR losses may be an important influence on WC market reactions to TRIA expiration.\nmuch greater reinsurance capacity, in"]
[19.009960174560547, 15.410115242004395, " greatest concern to our interviewees was the tail risk created\nby NBCR exposure: Reinsurers are free to choose whether to include NBCR coverage, while primary insurers cannot exclude any occupational hazards from a WC policy. Even reinsurance indust"]
[19.01432991027832, 15.406206130981445, "from looking at rate filing regimes. The effective stringency of rate regulation depends both on the system that is in place and the behavior\nof state insurance regulators in implementing that regulation. Rate regulation that explicitly promotes insu"]
[19.011791229248047, 15.408648490905762, "gh changes in insurer underwriting decisions. Absent a dramatic increase in the provision of affordable reinsurance, insurers may tighten underwriting standards against terror risk and decline coverage to high-risk accounts.\nGiven the deep uncertaint"]
[19.01115608215332, 15.408120155334473, " their own.34 While investment banks and media companies housed in skyscrapers clearly fall into this group, some of our interviewees noted that hospitals, universi- ties, or corporate campuses could raise similar concerns even in suburban or rural s"]
[19.00917625427246, 15.410896301269531, "cymakers to assess market impacts if the hoped-for expan- sion of reinsurance markets fails to materialize. If that indeed turns out to be the case, then it is reasonable to expect insurers to reduce the amount of WC coverage that they write. We now "]
[19.009157180786133, 15.4107666015625, "wide residual market share between 3.5 percent and 11.5 percent since 2000. Residual markets can grow dramatically when there are disruptions in the voluntary market, however. For example, market share of the California State Compensa- tion Insurance"]
[19.009496688842773, 15.410502433776855, " three states perceived to face high terror risk: Illinois, California, and New York. We chose these three states because each exemplifies a different set of residual market mechanisms. Illinois has an assigned-risk pool operated by NCCI, California "]
[19.009592056274414, 15.410059928894043, "e ability to justify post-attack rate increases through changes to more subjective elements of a rate filing, such as underwriting and contingency factors, but there is generally no provision for recoupment of pool losses. Illinois has a use and file"]
[19.008705139160156, 15.41096019744873, "on mechanism that would apply if SCIF exhausted its policyholder surplus.\nAlthough SCIF is publicly chartered, it is legally classified as a public enterprise fund and cannot draw on the credit of the state budget. Resolution of a SCIF insolvency mig"]
[19.008747100830078, 15.411109924316406, "y fund expenses are in use in other states. In some states, guaranty fund assessments may be recouped through rates and premi- ums. The distributional effects of this arrangement are similar to the effects of surcharges, since the costs are borne by "]
[19.00946044921875, 15.410638809204102, "ish between the short- run and long-run incidence of tail risk. Also, for simplicity we do not discuss losses that are covered by private reinsurance or below the TRIA deductible.69 Based on extreme event predic- tions from the RMS terrorism model us"]
[19.00914192199707, 15.410945892333984, " policyholders in the state that is attacked to the extent that capital depletion for insurers operat- ing in the state leads to higher premiums.\nClassification of the risk-bearing structure in the state-fund states is more complicated because it gen"]
[19.008594512939453, 15.410844802856445, "signed-risk states because within- state recoupment will be mediated by the behavior of insur- ance markets. To the extent that insurers replenish capital with statewide rate increases, the tail risk will also be spread broadly throughout the state t"]
[19.01297378540039, 15.407071113586426, "duce their role in financing terrorism losses.\nThus, TRIA expiration could have the effect of redistribut- ing risk such that the burden of catastrophic losses is confined within the state that is attacked to a greater extent, adding to the challenge"]
[19.012929916381836, 15.407506942749023, "related reasons\u2014 would be compensable under the doctrines that cover employment- related assaults (Larson and Larson, 2008). This basis for compensa- bility is clearly narrower than positional risk, and the indiscriminate character of many terrorism "]
[19.016063690185547, 15.405011177062988, "spec- tives on Terrorism Risk Insurance in the United States, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-573-CCRMC, 2014, pp. 10\u201312. As of April 22, 2014: www.rand.org/t/RR573.\n14 Natural catastrophes seldom lead to mass casualties in the work- place"]
[19.01409339904785, 15.406722068786621, " see J. E. Smith, testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services, September 19, 2013. For testimony on model-\ning improvements, see Driscoll, 2013. For testimony on insurance- linked securities, see John Seo, testi"]
[19.013635635375977, 15.407652854919434, "to tiers of terrorism risk yields roughly $1 billion of additional premium per year across all states. (This calculation uses the surcharges to data on covered wages by state reported in National Academy of Social Insurance, 2013.)\n30 Dwight M. Jaffe"]
[19.009002685546875, 15.411148071289062, "urance company before investment returns. Even though a combined ratio above 100 percent means that an insurer is spending more on losses and expenses than it collects\nin premium, it does not imply that the company is unprofitable after investment re"]
[19.0087833404541, 15.411635398864746, "se in low-risk states during the year between 9/11 and when TRIA was passed in 2002. We found that growth was slightly higher in markets contain- ing cities with high perceived terrorism risk than in markets without high perceived terrorism risk. How"]
[19.008941650390625, 15.41196346282959, "with insurers: Some small WC insurers have expertise in par- ticular industries, which can help limit WC costs through special- ized safety programs and claims management practices. Any benefits from this type of industry specialization are generally"]
[19.007434844970703, 15.41196346282959, "e Report, 2012.\n54 SCIF\u2019s TRIA deductible was calculated on the basis of its 2011 direct earned premium (KPMG, State Compensation Insurance Fund: Statutory Basis Financial Statements, 2012).\n55 State Compensation Insurance Fund, 2012.\n56 The impact o"]
[19.00894546508789, 15.411285400390625, "reports that 29 of the 47 non-monopolistic states (and 7 of the 14 state fund states) have a separate guaranty fund account for WC (personal communication with NCIGF, February 20, 2014).\n62 The cost of capital associated with delayed recoupment of th"]
[19.018112182617188, 15.401688575744629, " revenues.\n73 See companion studies for arguments to this effect: Willis and Al- Shahery, 2014; Tom LaTourrette and Noreen Clancy, The Impact on Federal Spending of Allowing the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act to Expire, Santa Monica, Calif: RAND Corpor"]
[11.415308952331543, 17.609785079956055, "hank them for their time. Valuable feedback and comments were provided by RAND colleagues Paul Heaton, Henry Willis, Tom LaTourrette, and Peter Huckfeldt. Frank Neuhauser, execu- tive director of the Center for the Study of Social Insurance at the Un"]
[13.819552421569824, 4.765961170196533, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[9.556778907775879, 19.026124954223633, " documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research "]
[9.035877227783203, 19.20942497253418, " RAND Center for Health and Safety in the Workplace, see http://www.rand.org/jie/centers/workplace-health-safety.html or contact the director (chsw@rand.org).\n iii\nContents\nPreface......................................................................"]
[9.029808044433594, 19.211212158203125, "Table 3.1. Summary of Selected Policies Used by Other WC Programs for \u201cInpatient Only\u201d Procedures............................................................................................................................. 23 Table 4.1. Overview of A"]
[9.070034980773926, 19.19184112548828, " Data........................................................................................................................ 56 Table 6.2. Comparison of Average Length of Stay and Charges for All MS-DRG 473 WC\nInpatients to WC Inpatients Assigned to"]
[9.036133766174316, 19.20842933654785, "ital outpatient surgeries to surgeries performed in both hospital outpatient and ASC settings. The Medicare- designated \u201cinpatient only\u201d procedures include high volume WC procedures such as such as multi-level spinal fusions and hip and knee replacem"]
[9.018913269042969, 19.215591430664062, "typically performed in an inpatient setting? What factors does Medicare consider in assessing whether a procedure can be safely performed in an outpatient setting? To answer these questions, we assembled information on the health and safety requireme"]
[9.034028053283691, 19.209169387817383, "e is available regarding patient selection criteria for ambulatory surgery and the outcomes when ambulatory surgery is performed.\nTo explore potential fee schedule options, we selected certain cervical spinal fusion codes that are Medicare \u201cinpatient"]
[9.045153617858887, 19.193300247192383, "ady considered an ambulatory procedure,1 separately reported codes that are often incidental to a primary code that is already considered an ambulatory procedure, and \u201cinpatient only\u201d procedures that are classified into the same Medicare DRG as proce"]
[9.025487899780273, 19.212940216064453, "nal conditions before an \u201cinpatient only\u201d procedure is performed in an ASC setting:\n\u2022 The provider has determined that the patient is likely to require less than a 24-hour stay and has assured that the patient\u2019s post-discharge needs will be appropria"]
[9.023635864257812, 19.212419509887695, " have significantly different ASC facility costs, while the use of instrumentation could add significantly to the cost, depending on surgeon preferences.\nDiscussion\nCurrent OMFS policies require that the prior authorization process for performing an "]
[9.042430877685547, 19.20215606689453, "e similar to those used in California. Colorado\u2019s fee schedule covers the spinal fusion codes in an ambulatory setting but sets the allowance at the same rate as the ambulatory surgery facility fee for spinal procedures that Medicare already covers i"]
[9.02346134185791, 19.213850021362305, " of whether an \u201cinpatient only\u201d procedure might be appropriately performed in an ASC setting.\nxviii\nAcknowledgments\nWe are appreciative of the support that we received throughout this study from our project officers, Chris Bailey and Irina Nemirovsky"]
[9.087246894836426, 19.18400001525879, "ich are physician owned.\nThe Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation (DWC) in the Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) is responsible for administration of the WC program. The Division maintains an Official Medical Fee Schedule (OMFS) for medical servi"]
[9.031838417053223, 19.20965003967285, "DRG) to which the patient is assigned. The MS-DRG payment covers the average cost of all services provided by the hospital during an inpatient stay. For surgical procedures, this would include the operating and recovery costs, room and board costs, a"]
[9.017641067504883, 19.21583366394043, "C on physician-owned ASCs, from CMS on Medicare-certified ASCs, and from the accrediting organizations on accredited physician-owned ASCs. We also gathered information on the number of ASCs by licensure, accreditation, and certification status. Final"]
[9.021592140197754, 19.21343994140625, "., a commercial database of healthcare claims contributed by health plans. The WCIS and FAIR Health physician data elements include the setting in which surgical procedures are being performed in California. The services reported as being performed i"]
[9.022318840026855, 19.213720321655273, " summarizes the policies adopted by a sample of other WC programs. These policies inform what criteria DIR might consider in deciding whether to remove certain procedures from the \u201cinpatient only\u201d list for WC patients.\n\u2022 Chapter Four reports on our d"]
[9.018518447875977, 19.215259552001953, "r certification requirements\nThe CDPH regulates non-physician-owned \u201csurgical clinics\u201d by requiring licensure. Section 1204(b)(1) of the Health and Safety code defines a \u201csurgical clinic\u201d as a clinic (or organized health facility) that provides ambul"]
[9.017894744873047, 19.216211318969727, "ient settings have a large degree of autonomy in performing a wide range of procedures, some state laws concerning patient safety do place regulations on their operation. For example, the Donda West Law requires patients to receive an appropriate phy"]
[9.017670631408691, 19.216556549072266, "reditation, and Certification\nThis section contrasts the standards required for licensure, accreditation, and certification, broken into key survey components, or standards that we believe are particularly relevant when\n6 Phone conversation with CDPH"]
[9.01790714263916, 19.215652465820312, "gment. Material risks could include risks with a high degree of likelihood, but a low degree of severity, as well as those with a very low degree of likelihood, but a high degree of severity\n\u2022 Treatment alternatives, including the attendant material "]
[9.01953125, 19.214811325073242, "aturely or are discharged to another care setting requiring clinical supervision; however, ASCs frequently doing this could lose Medicare certification because surveyors review all extended-stay cases to determine whether prior to the surgery it was "]
[9.016719818115234, 19.217060089111328, ", to a hospital, of patients requiring emergency medical care beyond the capabilities of the ASC\n\u2022 Hospital must be local\n\u2022 Must have written transfer agreement\nwith hospital\n\u2022 All physicians performing surgery in\nthe ASC have admitting privileges at"]
[9.017741203308105, 19.216598510742188, "cs administered by (1) a \u2022 qualified anesthesiologist, OR (2) a physician qualified to administer anesthesia, a CRNA, or an anesthesiologist\u2019s assistant\n(410.69(b)), or a supervised trainee in\nan approved educational program \u2022 Physician supervision o"]
[9.019967079162598, 19.215843200683594, "ber of licensed ASCs, accredited ASCs, Medicare-certified ASCs, as well as an unduplicated count of the total number of ASCs (because the categories are not mutually exclusive). The purpose was to provide context for how many ASCs operate in Californ"]
[9.022192001342773, 19.21379852294922, "rocedures should be provided in an ambulatory setting only if the following conditions are met:\n\u2022 The provider has determined that the patient is likely to require less than a 24-hour stay and has assured that the patient\u2019s post-discharge needs will "]
[9.020167350769043, 19.214481353759766, " be expected to pose a significant risk to patient safety. Significant risk procedures are those that generally result in extensive blood loss, require major or prolonged invasion of body cavities, or directly involve major blood vessels.\n9 Some phys"]
[9.022074699401855, 19.212528228759766, " surgical procedure can be removed from the \u201cinpatient only\u201d list (Box 3.1). While multiple criteria exist, not all have to be met for a procedure to be removed, and any number of criteria may be used when reviewing the potential removal of a procedu"]
[9.028820037841797, 19.210168838500977, "on- inpatient setting.\nPolicies on ASC Procedures Adopted by Other WC Programs\nWe investigated the procedures that selected states use to determine what surgical procedures are covered in an ASC setting (Table 3.1). We used a convenience sample of st"]
[9.02782154083252, 19.21099090576172, "ic policies\nPolicies for procedures that are not covered by the general coverage policy\nNone specified.\nFor other services without a Medicare rate, a negotiated payment amount is to be determined based on reasonable method that identifies a similar e"]
[9.008416175842285, 19.218921661376953, "vely, a particular class of ASCs (e.g., Medicare certified and/or state licensed) are generally equipped to provide the services to the WC population.\n2. The procedure is similar to other surgical codes that are currently eligible for a facility fee."]
[9.025836944580078, 19.2116756439209, "inistrative Data Sources\n       Our first objective was to identify high-volume WC procedures that are \u201cinpatient only\u201d but might be potential candidates for being performed in an ambulatory setting. We used Addendum B of the Medicare hospital outpat"]
[9.032784461975098, 19.207748413085938, " the 23 procedures that were performed at least 100 times in the WCIS data. We focus our remaining analyses on this set of procedures. The study procedures account for 83 percent of the \u201cinpatient only\u201d procedures in the WCIS data. Most study procedu"]
[9.032569885253906, 19.207666397094727, "d, cauda equine and/or nerve root\nEach additional segment\nTotal for WCIS High-Volume Procedures\nAll\nCPT Code\nNumber of Procedures by\nPercent of Total Procedures Performed in Ambulatory Settings\nDescription\n      NOTE: High-volume defined as procedure"]
[9.034317016601562, 19.207324981689453, "gery \u2013 structural\n     22214\n 22558\nOsteotomy of spine, 1 vertebral segment, lumbar\n  Anterior lumbar spine fusion \u2013 single interspace\n    +22585\nAdditional spinal fusion interspace\n     22600\nNeck spine fusion, 1 level, posterior or\n  posterolateral"]
[9.031854629516602, 19.20811653137207, "tient settings (1.0 percent).\nTable 4.4. Proportion of Ambulatory Surgical Procedures with \u201cInpatient Only\u201d Status in 2011 OSHPD and FAIR Health Data for Privately Insured Patients Ages 18\u201364\nby Setting\nN%\nOSHPD 147,383 62 0 1,505,565 4,158          "]
[9.03531551361084, 19.206867218017578, "roach with decompression of spinal cord, cauda equine and/or nerve root\n+63091 Each additional segment\n     0\n       32\ninpatient hospital, hospital outpatient, and ASC (Table 4.6).11 Only one procedure (CPT 63082) was reported as being done in ambul"]
[9.033185958862305, 19.207502365112305, "s Performed in the Inpatient Setting on WC Patients\nTo explore the characteristics of \u201cinpatient only\u201d procedures performed in the inpatient setting on WC patients, we analyzed the OSHPD inpatient data for 2011. We focused on the study procedures ide"]
[9.044474601745605, 19.203386306762695, "ft for spinal surgery \u2013 structural\n22558 \u2013 Anterior lumbar spine fusion \u2013 single interspace\n77.7x Excision of bone for graft\n8106 Lumbar and lumbosacral fusion, anterior technique\n8136 Refusion of lumbar anterior\nMDC 8 MS-DRGs 498\u2013 499 if femur; othe"]
[9.031761169433594, 19.208276748657227, "0\nMS-DRGs 515\u2013517\n       8199 Joint structure operation NEC\n8199 Joint structure operation NEC\n8151 Total hip replacement 8514 Total knee Replacement\n7789 Partial Ostectomy NEC 7799 Complete Ostectomy NEC\n            27487 \u2013 Revision of total knee ar"]
[9.056381225585938, 19.190900802612305, " procedures, the average length of stay was three days or longer and, with\n37\nthe exception of ICD-8133 (Cervical refusions), less than 10 percent of the stays involved either a same day discharge or a one-night stay. For comparison, ICD Code 8102 (O"]
[9.023722648620605, 19.211938858032227, ". While there are also minor differences between those that had autografts and/or interbody cages, the average length of stay is four days, and the percentage of stays that are shorter than two days is relatively low.\nTable 4.10. Comparison of Length"]
[9.005974769592285, 19.21942901611328, "volving multi-level fusions, autografts, or instrumentation. When screening search hits for papers of interest, we also reviewed articles that touched on issues discussed and analyzed in this report. These issues include postoperative length of stay "]
[8.998865127563477, 19.223621368408203, "s were identified that examined patient outcomes for hip and knee replacements conducted in either the hospital outpatient setting or freestanding surgical clinic setting. Given the available evidence we can only conclude that at least for some patie"]
[8.997055053710938, 19.22441291809082, "ting for knee replacements remain and require further study:\n\u201cShould this [minimally invasive outpatient total knee arthroplasty] be done, and if so, should this only be done only at specialized, high-volume centers or can this be done in a community"]
[8.991327285766602, 19.227489471435547, "stay; readmission rate; causes of readmission\nKey Results\nNine of ten discharged day after surgery; one discharged four days after surgery due to bowel obstruction\nImplication(s) for Ambulatory Setting, and Key Limitations\nSingle-night stay may be en"]
[9.006258964538574, 19.2203311920166, "atal complications occur? J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89:27-32.\nIntervention / Purpose, Outcomes, and Setting\nPlease see entry in \u201cTotal Hip Replacements\u201d section below\nKey Results\nPlease see entry in \u201cTotal Hip Replacements\u201d section below\nImplication"]
[8.99952220916748, 19.223655700683594, "em\nReasons for overnight stay: desire to remain hospitalized due to postoperative pain; nausea\nOnly one patient readmitted in first three months\nImplication(s) for Ambulatory Setting, and Key Limitations\nBenefit for patients entirely psychological (n"]
[9.015379905700684, 19.216148376464844, " hospital outpatient setting but does not cover autografts, multi-level fusions (other than certain lumbar fusions), or instrumentation used in these procedures. Further, cervical disc arthroplasty is covered, but lumbar disc arthroplasty is consider"]
[9.001907348632812, 19.22298240661621, " 16, and 24 hours after surgery. The nurse also administered 3 doses of intravenous antibiotic therapy in the home.\nKey Results\nMean (range) time in hours: ASC 4.98 (1.83\u2013 8.77), operating room 1.49 (0.87\u20132.20), procedure 0.87 (0.37\u20131.68), recovery r"]
[9.00541877746582, 19.22174835205078, "al outpatient settingmaybeappropriate;however not all patients appropriate for outpatient setting\nOptimal criteria (e.g., age, comorbidities) for determining appropriate setting for patient unknown\nSingle center, small sample, non- experimental desig"]
[9.01307201385498, 19.221254348754883, "xists for whom inpatient setting is most appropriate option\nPatients not randomized to inpatient or outpatient setting (selection bias likely)\n            53\n    Citation\nTrahan et al.\nFeasibility of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion as an outp"]
[9.026703834533691, 19.207189559936523, "n ambulatory setting could meet two objectives: 1) reduce WC medical expenditures, and 2) increase worker choice regarding where services are delivered. Ideally, the fee schedule amount should be neutral with respect to where the services are deliver"]
[9.049840927124023, 19.201019287109375, "een where the ambulatory surgery is performed and where it would otherwise be provided on an inpatient basis. Unlike the inpatient rates, the OMFS for ambulatory surgery facility services adjusts only for differences in hospital wage levels across ge"]
[9.043221473693848, 19.20294189453125, "ent rate, the payment should be based on the MS-DRG to which most candidates for ambulatory surgery would otherwise be assigned. In the case of the cervical spinal fusions, 80 percent of the WC discharges were assigned to MS-DRG 473 (Cervical spinal "]
[9.052300453186035, 19.19904899597168, "s that would not be applicable when the services are provided in an ambulatory setting. Analysis of the Medicare data file used to establish the 2014 MS-DRG relative weights indicates that the surgery charges (operating/recovery room, anesthesia, med"]
[9.041516304016113, 19.204204559326172, " for hospital outpatient surgery.\nA study involving 102 single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedures performed at a single institution investigated the extent to which surgeon choices affected the hardware costs. The study found th"]
[9.080896377563477, 19.173734664916992, " the allowance:\nOption 1: Base the allowance on the Medicare inpatient rate\n1a. 85 percent of the Medicare rate (as suggested by SB 863)\n1b. 82 percent of the Medicare rate (which is based on short-stay discharges) 1c. 88 percent of the Medicare rate"]
[9.05137825012207, 19.197458267211914, "nce 2004, while the Medicare updates for inflation have been reduced for policy adjustments. The inpatient rate for DRG 473 equals the standard OMFS rate multiplied by the MS-DRG 2014 relative weight ($6,414.72 \u00d7 2.2458 = $14,406.18). We used a simil"]
[9.046358108520508, 19.202016830444336, "ed should be minimal. The \u201cinpatient only\u201d allowance should be reserved for surgeries involving spinal hardware.\nA number of other issues would need to be addressed if a DRG-based OMFS allowance were established for \u201cinpatient only\u201d procedures. Littl"]
[9.028104782104492, 19.211212158203125, "e outpatient services, the incentives would be neutral with respect to where the services are provided, and payment policies for post-discharge would not be needed. The drawback to this approach is that it is unlikely to provide a reasonable allowanc"]
[9.0225191116333, 19.21380043029785, "ly patients who are likely to require less than a 24-hour stay, assuring appropriate post- discharge arrangements are made, and providing the patient with written disclosure of any financial interests between the ASC and the physician (Table 2.1).\nIt"]
[9.032654762268066, 19.206066131591797, "rature suggests that two-level cervical fusions and the use of instrumentation for one- or two-level fusions can be performed safely on an outpatient basis. Further, the OSHPD inpatient data indicate that a substantial percentage of patients with cer"]
[9.029378890991211, 19.209243774414062, "ying for \u201cinpatient only\u201d procedures in an ASC setting. Our data analyses and review of the literature do not provide strong support for removing any procedures from the \u201cinpatient only\u201d list with the possible exception of procedures related to anter"]
[9.027420043945312, 19.21164321899414, "he-board pricing methodology. This is because the appropriate allowance might depend on individual circumstances. We considered whether it would be appropriate to remove selected procedures from the \u201cinpatient only\u201d list but not establish an OMFS all"]
[9.024888038635254, 19.21204948425293, "ces might be appropriate for other than device costs, which should not vary by setting.\nOur recommendations reflect the principle that the safety of the injured worker is of paramount concern and that any cost efficiencies are secondary. They are gui"]
[9.349499702453613, 19.101932525634766, "cedure that is subject to the multiple procedure discounting rules E= a procedure that is not covered by the Medicare program.\nThe APC to which covered outpatient procedures are assigned is also shown. The relevant APCs and the estimated 2014 Medicar"]
[9.038384437561035, 19.204626083374023, "\nT 0208 T 0208 T 0208 T 0208\n0x 0 1x 4 0x 7x 0\n                                                                                                        C\nC\nC\nC\nC\nT 0208 C\n5\n7 108 87 11\n35 31\nx x\nx x x\nx x x\n                                            "]
[9.058075904846191, 19.1956729888916, "ation device C\nCerv artific diskectomy\nLumbar artif diskectomy C\nC C C C C C C C\n                                                                                                T 0050\n                        T 0208\n                72\n         CPT Sta"]
[9.0383882522583, 19.205137252807617, "63285\n63286\n63287\n63290\n63295\n63300\n63301\n63302\nDescription\nRemove vert body dcmprn lmbr Remove vertebral body add-on Incise spinal cord tract(s) Drainage of spinal cyst Drainage of spinal cyst\nRevise spinal cord ligaments Revise spinal cord ligament"]
[9.038012504577637, 19.205453872680664, "n 22840 - Insert spine fixation device\n11 11\n8 7\n19 18\n    22841 - Insert spine fixation device 22842 - Insert spine fixation device 22845 - Insert spine fixation device 22846 - Insert spine fixation device 22849 - Reinsert spinal fixation 22850 - Re"]
[9.05775260925293, 19.194459915161133, "9904.htm#4\nCalifornia Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Workers\u2019 Compensation, \u201cOfficial Medical Fee Schedule\u2013Hospital Outpatient Departments and Ambulatory Surgical Centers,\u201d effective April 1, 2013a, b. As of October 24, 2013: http://"]
[9.013083457946777, 19.217538833618164, "\u201cTotal hip arthroplasty as a one-night-stay procedure using an ambulatory continuous psoas compartment nerve block: a prospective feasibility study,\u201d Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, March-April 2006, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 113\u2013118.\n78\nKolisek, Fr"]
[9.044384956359863, 19.201034545898438, "s not associated with increased readmission rates in a national Medicare sample,\u201d Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, January 2012, Vol. 470, No. 1, pp. 166\u2013171.\nUnited HealthCare, Total Artificial Disc Replacement for the Spine, Medical Poli"]
[13.797780990600586, 4.784505367279053, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[16.714767456054688, -1.2954556941986084, "rily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.\nSupport RAND\u2014make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html\nR\u00ae is a registered trademark.\nCover image: Police car equipped with mobile ANPR produced"]
[13.834261894226074, 4.349568843841553, "Program, which addresses all aspects of public safety and the criminal justice system, including violence, policing, corrections, courts and criminal law, substance abuse, occupational safety, and public integrity. Program research is supported by go"]
[16.724699020385742, -1.3195030689239502, "................................... 10 CostConsiderations................................................................................. 11 BenefitsandChallenges............................................................................. 13\nBenefi"]
[16.730100631713867, -1.3164024353027344, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ConstitutionallyRelevantDimensions ......................................................... 46 Conclu"]
[16.731273651123047, -1.3171898126602173, ". . . . . . . . . . . 64 Police Departments Need to Link LPR Systems to \u201cEffective\u201d Data Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64\nEffective Implementation Frequently Requires Cooperation with Other Agencies . . . . . . . . . . 65 Ensure\u201cSuccessful\u201dImple"]
[16.722686767578125, -1.3245177268981934, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 7.1. Notional Large-Scale, Integrated Departmental LPR Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\nTables\n3.1. Statistical Criteria for Selected Departments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[16.727712631225586, -1.3196845054626465, "have scrutinized their personnel and staffing and have developed system\nxi\nxii License Plate Readers for Law Enforcement: Opportunities and Obstacles\ntrainings for patrol officers and investigators. Those that have grappled with the tech- nology\u2019s is"]
[16.729694366455078, -1.319151520729065, "nformation and struggle even now just to share and to store it. Tech- nology to deal with these issues can be daunting; because many departments tapped grants that once were plentiful to buy their systems, they did not plan for repairing, maintaining"]
[16.731693267822266, -1.3198941946029663, "s in modern information technology. Recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions on individuals\u2019 locational privacy have conflicted with or left key questions unanswered. Many issues regarding use of this technology remain to be resolved by the courts. In the"]
[16.720443725585938, -1.320093035697937, "AND. We are especially grateful for assistance provided by the profes- sional staff of seven police departments in the United States. We do not name them here due to confidentiality of our sources. We thank our anonymous National Institute of Justice"]
[16.725383758544922, -1.3216416835784912, "lerts the offi- cer and, in some cases, always displays a photo so an operator quickly can identify the suspect vehicle.\n1 Al Baker, \u201cCamera Scans of Car Plates Are Reshaping Police Inquiries,\u201d New York Times, 11 April 2012.\n2 Office of Richard A. Br"]
[16.72624969482422, -1.3165545463562012, "gnition Technology (LPR): Impact Evaluation and Community Assessment, Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason Univer- sity, Fairfax, VA, 2010; David J. Roberts and Meghann Casanova, Automated License Plate Recognition (ALPR) Use by Law E"]
[16.728483200073242, -1.322407603263855, "ND believes that these findings overall will add value to the discussion on this technology\u2019s utility. To encourage interviewees\u2019 frank discussion of issues, RAND does not identify departments participating in this report.\nThe comprehensive nature of"]
[16.7280330657959, -1.3186144828796387, "versely, systems that have limited access to data and discard records in a short time period limit the types of uses for which LPR is relevant and do not provide the ability to query past records for ongoing or past investigations. Figure 1.1 illustr"]
[16.723051071166992, -1.322995901107788, "as aimed at criminals on the roads, allowing police to intercept them and terrorist elements. The project was deemed a success, with more than 46,000 arrests resulting from plate recognition.3 As a result of Project Laser, the Home Office invested si"]
[16.725603103637695, -1.3228774070739746, "ctivity associated with warrant hotlists. LPR can also be used in a reactive manner for more serious or longer-term criminal activity, such as murder, narcotics, or kidnapping, if a license plate is identified and added to a relevant hotlist. This ca"]
[16.72696876525879, -1.3177659511566162, " parking scofflaws who owed more than $20,000 to the city.16\nThe technology can also identify persons of interest if the system is linked to rel- evant databases. It can be especially useful in flagging and arresting wanted suspects. A police officer"]
[16.7292537689209, -1.31853449344635, "tments, providing them with a greater knowledge base from which to develop new, data-driven strategies.\u201d22 Ozer continued:\nAnother aspect of LPR technology is the collection of timely and accurate data about criminals and non-criminals. This feature "]
[16.730911254882812, -1.3235737085342407, "lance capabilities or information-sharing with non-equipped vehicles; these cost more. Mobile LPR systems, which do not require extensive infrastructure to support, cost much less than fixed sites for the most part. Fixed sites can cost more because "]
[16.73253059387207, -1.31517493724823, "g asset- forfeiture funds, resources from private insurers, and routine agency budget sources.35 This type of funding may become more common as grants disappear. Given the sys- tems\u2019 benefits, many departments will strive to keep them running through"]
[16.728050231933594, -1.31833016872406, " in the vicinity of a crime scene, as previously mentioned, and their data can help to develop witness lists: Investigators can save time by not needing to spend long periods on time-consuming, door-to-door searches in neighbor- hoods seeking to lear"]
[16.722440719604492, -1.320541501045227, "nts get maximum functionality for cost.\nThe LPR systems rely on timely data available to them for comparative readings. Databases can provide information on stolen vehicles, traffic offenses, and wanted and missing persons. Although all departments c"]
[16.73843002319336, -1.3082228899002075, "st spots like parades, festivals, and driving under the influence (DUI) check-\n47 Roberts and Casanova, p. 27.\n48 Roberts and Casanova, p. 26.\n49 \u201cNo License to Steal.\u201d\n50 Bruce Taylor, Christopher Koper, and Daniel Woods, \u201cCombating Vehicle Theft in"]
[16.73674201965332, -1.3031138181686401, "ups to demand access to official procedures and data and some legislative efforts to ban this technology\u2019s use.\nThe technology also raises concerns focusing on whether its stored data are \u201cper- sonally identifiable information (PII),\u201d an especially s"]
[16.73830795288086, -1.2958359718322754, " for the Utilization of License Plate Readers, Alexandria, VA, 2009, p. 9.\n62 Drivers Privacy Protection Act, 18 U.S.C. sec. 2721 et seq.\n63 IACP, p. 10.\n64 Ben Eisler, \u201cACLU Concerned Automatic License Plate Readers May Invade Privacy,\u201d WJLA.com, 30"]
[16.733339309692383, -1.314545750617981, "eventing the information being used for nefarious purposes.\nFigure 1.1 in Chapter One illustrates the usefulness of LPR systems based on data retention and access to external databases. This taxonomy can be applied to privacy concerns. As noted above"]
[16.730615615844727, -1.320151925086975, "tion on individuals\u2019 movements and lifestyles, and some privacy advocates and legislators argue that access to these data without probable cause can lead to law-enforcement abuse.77 As one California legis- lator stated recently, \u201cShould a cop who th"]
[16.733673095703125, -1.3183767795562744, "it would be protected, the introduced legislation would bar LPR systems until privacy and access issues can be resolved.85\nOthers fret about private companies putting up plate readers to acquire simi- larly large amounts of data about individuals; ac"]
[16.71823501586914, -1.3214818239212036, "ographic and crime-rate statistics to select specific departments. We took care to ensure that each end of the statistical spectrum for each selection criteria was represented, as is described below.\nStudy Population Categorization Scheme\nRAND conduc"]
[16.724525451660156, -1.326153039932251, "uld use their LPR systems.\nBorder Locations\nWe also examined how this technology is used on both the northern and southern U.S. borders. These departments operate in unique environments with high international vehicle traffic from Canada and Mexico; "]
[16.729036331176758, -1.3214805126190186, "ments in the sample. Instead, we used Census per capita income data for each jurisdiction. Specific budget data for each department would have been ideal to determine the funding support for LPR systems. Lacking such data, per capita income at least "]
[16.699392318725586, -1.3201932907104492, " Ratea\nTheft Ratea\nRecent Adopter\nNorthern Border\nSouthern Border\nPer\nSworn Capita Violent Property Vehicle\n 201,165\n267\n26,100\n307.5\n2,730.7\n152.5\nA\nA\nA\nB\nB\nM\nN\nN\nN\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nN\nN\nN\nM\nA\nA\nB\nB\nB\nY\nN\nN\nB\nB\nB\nA\nA\nM\nN\nN\nN\nA\nA\nB\nA\nA\nA\nY\nN\nN\nA\nA\nB\nA\nM\nA\n"]
[16.731353759765625, -1.320072054862976, "    28 License Plate Readers for Law Enforcement: Opportunities and Obstacles\nLPR use. RAND gathered information on all the study topics and uncovered valuable themes concerning this technology and its uses, as we describe in Chapter Six. These theme"]
[16.717548370361328, -1.3280261754989624, "forcement: Opportunities and Obstacles\nproperty crime rate. Its rates of vehicles theft are at median levels. In contrast, Big City is larger, with a population of roughly 300,000, plus more residents in suburban areas outside city limits. Its police"]
[16.723299026489258, -1.325447678565979, "ess several dozen more mobile and fixed cameras from suburban and county police in its area. Big City participates in an integrated, regional law-enforcement cooperative that funds various crime-fighting initiatives, and it has been a principal drive"]
[16.69590187072754, -1.3487694263458252, "om an outside agency prevents the increased levels of cooperation evident in larger areas that cooperate regionally. Further analytic study would be useful here to determine whether the RAND observations, made from in-depth information gathered about"]
[16.685604095458984, -1.3648960590362549, "e system\u2019s most important targets are suspended registrations and lapsed insurance and parking infractions; a smaller portion of its alerts is for recovery of stolen vehicles.\nThe interaction of LPR systems is low among North Town, U.S. federal autho"]
[16.735614776611328, -1.3343440294265747, "es, but these data are pro- vided to the National Insurance Crime Bureau (NICB) and city authorities can access the information there, meaning that information from in-bound Border Patrol cam- eras is available to them. There does not appear to be an"]
[16.70064353942871, -1.3558893203735352, "y, and (3) Cluster County.\nDMV-Enabled Cluster County is a county-level jurisdiction with access to data from the DMV. With a population of roughly 1 million, DMV-Enabled Cluster County borders both Cluster City and Cluster County and has a significa"]
[16.761253356933594, -1.3559633493423462, "is more effective in sharing information: It can electronically connect its license plate reader system data to several nearby agen- cies but not to the DMV. This real-time passing of information cuts the time needed for officers outside Cluster Coun"]
[16.733779907226562, -1.3098156452178955, "ents to standardize their policies. If they resolve their blocks to data sharing, it still is conceivable that the department with the longest retention policy could share personally identifiable information with other departments; this would negate "]
[16.738571166992188, -1.2901357412338257, "overnment. Indeed, the checks and balances of the federal structure of our govern- ment were designed to minimize this risk. But the loss of locational privacy via LPR technology could also occur at a local or regional level. A handful of a system\u2019s "]
[16.749191284179688, -1.187863826751709, " seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment should be excluded from admission at trial, an application of the exclusionary rule\u2014a penalty to deter law enforcement from violating the Constitu- tion. Second, in Mapp v. Ohio,6 the Supreme Court held th"]
[16.749069213867188, -1.2176637649536133, "at the government did not trespass within the telephone booth was irrelevant. The court held that:\n[T]he Government\u2019s activities in electronically listening to and recording the peti- tioner\u2019s words violated the privacy upon which he justifiably reli"]
[16.746326446533203, -1.2581909894943237, "ents from one place to another.\u201d15 The defendant argued that \u201ctwenty-four hour surveillance of any citizen of this country will be possible, without judicial knowledge or supervision.\u201d The court noted that \u201cif such dragnet type law-enforcement practi"]
[16.74191665649414, -1.2731118202209473, "mayor published a concurring opinion in which she argued that \u201cthe Katz reasonable-expectation-of-privacy test augmented, but did not displace or dimin- ish, the common-law trespassory test that preceded it.\u201d18\nDespite the court\u2019s divergent opinions,"]
[16.743831634521484, -1.2886079549789429, "Given the rapid adoption by law enforcement of these systems, as chronicled by this report, it is almost certain that defendants will bring Fourth Amendment litigation challenging the use of this technology. Such litigation likely will reach the Supr"]
[16.740156173706055, -1.2983434200286865, "tatute; under- taken on a case-by-case basis in the investigation of a particular violation, misde- meanor, or felony; or other relatively narrow exceptions.23\nThe state of Maine also has specifically prohibited the general use of \u201cautomated license "]
[16.7415771484375, -1.2969708442687988, " 2013, letter,26 Attorney General Kenneth T. Cuccinelli opined that the Data Act restricted license plate readers\u2019 use by the government. The Opinion Letter first noted that data collected using such systems fell under the Data Act\u2019s defi- nition of "]
[16.73568344116211, -1.3052752017974854, " scours the informa- tion collected by multiple plate readers for patterns consistent with criminal activity. Would such use be deemed passive or active? Or suppose that the system is set up to provide alerts about not just to cars tied directly to c"]
[16.746437072753906, -1.285555362701416, "l scru- tiny; the more open-ended and pervasive law-enforcement use of it is, the less likely its use will survive Fourth Amendment scrutiny.\nWe can identify several dimensions along which law-enforcement use of the tech- nology might vary and which "]
[16.74903678894043, -1.2864084243774414, "used defen- dants have considerable interests in vigorously advocating for their privacy rights, they represent a relatively atypical fraction of the U.S. population. Moreover, the fact pat- terns that arise in criminal litigation do not span the gam"]
[16.666645050048828, -1.2704293727874756, "\u0301 des auto- routes Paris-Rhin-Rho\u0302ne (SAPR).\n ChaPtER SIx\nCommon Themes and Challenges in LPR Use\n An important characteristic of RAND\u2019s research was the analysis of case study data from multiple perspectives. We present our findings as themes that s"]
[16.726226806640625, -1.3234795331954956, "so great, whether agencies have access to state motor vehicle department data had a strong influence on their activity with plate reader systems. These data are the source of the vast majority of system alerts, say agencies with access to the informa"]
[16.73131561279297, -1.3182251453399658, "tistics on plate reader sys- tems; this requires yet more time and staffing commitment.\nFostering the necessary dedication and enthusiasm by administrative staff required, in turn, commitment and resources from agency leadership. Leadership com- mitm"]
[16.731647491455078, -1.3225177526474, " dominated by two large suppliers and most agencies within a given regional area generally use a single supplier. Some agencies successfully shared data with neighbors. This suggests that technical interoperability may not hamper cooperation, especia"]
[16.72963523864746, -1.320867896080017, " can be problematic, forcing agencies to conduct cost-benefit analyses when acquiring new LPR systems and equipment. In the case of LPR technology for agencies in our sample, they did not need to come up with big sums from their own budgets because m"]
[16.728567123413086, -1.3266788721084595, "aders for Law Enforcement: Opportunities and Obstacles\nand expand their plate system. With tight budgets the likely norm for a time, spread- ing costs and developing strategies to raise revenues to maintain LPR systems are likely efforts for many dep"]
[16.731401443481445, -1.3249216079711914, "he database, and this expedited the passage of information to the field. Several agencies actively were developing means for direct access to their neighbors\u2019 system servers, though this access has been limited until now.\nLPR data generally have not "]
[16.723684310913086, -1.327353596687317, "tify investigators, etc.). Several agen- cies encountered challenges in securing sites for fixed plate-reader cameras, co-locating them with existing infrastructure and working with local electric companies or private property owners to power their s"]
[16.73503875732422, -1.309518575668335, "dvantage of the cameras. Therefore, camera cars often were assigned to younger, more technologically enthusiastic officers, who used the equipment more frequently.\nSpecial procedures for using system information as evidence did not appear wide- sprea"]
[16.7313289642334, -1.3164736032485962, "or prin- ciples related to privacy per se. For the time being, data storage was often limited more by technical and financial constraints than privacy concerns (see above), although such constraints have been rapidly eroding as data storage becomes m"]
[16.72455596923828, -1.3240000009536743, "e if they need to target resources there.\nSeveral departments said the number of jailable offenses derived from traffic stops increases when plate-reader technology is in use. Few agencies have performed quan- titative analysis to prove this, but one"]
[16.727209091186523, -1.3212136030197144, " homes as \u201c111-1111\u201d plates. Most agencies require alert verification via mobile terminals or confirming calls to dispatch before officers act.\nCommon themes and Challenges in LPR use 59\nChaPtER SEvEn\nAgency Lessons Learned\n Here are a number of agen"]
[16.73090171813965, -1.3178880214691162, "p period was usually much less than one full-time equivalent (FTE) staffer. There were added demands for staff time for system upgrades or work on underlying operating LPR systems. Agencies considered it to be significantly more work to imple- ment t"]
[16.731388092041016, -1.3169043064117432, "uring overtime work to look for vehicles with out- standing traffic warrants. The revenue generated to the municipal court from this type of work could pay for the cost of LPR systems. It is similarly possible that a state can increase its revenue re"]
[16.725231170654297, -1.3173707723617554, "ments Need to Link LPR Systems to \u201cEffective\u201d Data Sources\nThis technology\u2019s utility depends on the quality and integration of the IT infrastruc- ture that enables it, feeds it information, and distributes its results. It can be crucial how well the "]
[16.73090934753418, -1.3182039260864258, " jurisdictions to arrange for hotlist updates to be maintained and pushed out. Personnel in one locality interviewed noted that a local police department with exceptional IT talent had worked with the state to create the computer code necessary to pe"]
[16.7294979095459, -1.3198447227478027, "-how about its purchase, setup, training, and maintenance, especially in the first year or two of opera- tions. This specialist in some cases was not the system\u2019s sole champion but may have been joined by the police chief, who may have realized the n"]
[16.73050308227539, -1.3175439834594727, "g how officers should use and manage LPR data. One agency suggested that officers should not have access to the data without proper training. Another stated that officers seemed to learn more about the technology when a training course used case stud"]
[16.75994110107422, -1.2892436981201172, " to acquire software licenses and facilitate mobile \u201csmart phone\u201d applications.\nWhile cloud-based IT is gaining undeniable momentum in private and public- sector applications, it poses some risks, which most likely vary from vendor to vendor. The sec"]
[16.75353240966797, -1.343031406402588, "onses came from different survey populations, the numbers reflect the keen interest by police forces to tap this technology.\nRAND\u2019s research on LPR systems sought to go beyond usage statistics. We framed the technology\u2019s environment in reviews of lit"]
[16.73097038269043, -1.3229702711105347, "otential boons.\nLPR systems\u2019 utility is dependent on database access and data retention policies and practices. Agencies work with hotlists built with data from multiple sources; the more sources, the more effective the results are. But access to man"]
[16.769880294799805, -1.355987310409546, "alogous to an officer\u2019s keeping an eye out for a specific car or plate associated with a particular crime; the more its use is seen as general surveillance, the more likely courts will find it problematic.\nWe regard as inevitable, particularly with t"]
[16.728553771972656, -1.3184430599212646, "they also poten- tially have simple solutions: sharing hotlist or LPR data among law-enforcement juris- dictions often requires new, formal agreements, and developing such agreements has created a considerable barrier. Instead, agencies should forgo "]
[16.726985931396484, -1.3269007205963135, " strategically about integrating the systems into the agency\u2019s day-to-day operations. Departments should expect and be prepared for significant initial effort to set up their systems, as well as a long learning curve to see their full use. The proces"]
[16.677871704101562, -1.3657578229904175, "rns and trends, LPR proponents clearly must build and spread needed information and tools. This would empower agencies to deploy the technology so that it brings the most value in these times of tight budgets, allowing law enforcement to target its r"]
[16.712121963500977, -1.3346537351608276, "other agency/department. Server data can be accessed by investigators and civil- ian analysts.\nNational and state criminal hotlist data (from the FBI\u2019s NCIC) are updated to LPR units twice daily. State motor vehicle department data (registration info"]
[16.72035789489746, -1.3160507678985596, " hit about a sex offender but might want it if the match is near a school. This capability is unavailable now.\n\u2022 Because security concerns generally do not allow law-enforcement agencies to provide remote access to their computers, system troubleshoo"]
[16.696168899536133, -1.3544636964797974, "ng scofflaws (vehicles with more than two out- standing parking tickets), and to identify out-of-state vehicles that need to be registered locally. The public works units alert police about hits on vehicles associated with police matters (e.g., stole"]
[16.71625518798828, -1.3333557844161987, "s and alerts) are stored for two years, and there are no time limits on keeping information that is part of an active investigation and that may be saved as part of a case file.\nInteroperability/Information-Sharing Cost Issues\nThis agency does not sh"]
[16.719829559326172, -1.3311941623687744, " population it serves, and below the median in crime rates.\nUse Cases\nThis agency primarily uses its system to recover stolen cars, although it also applies it in other ways, too, including to locate wanted persons, such as suspects in an active case"]
[16.72186279296875, -1.3322266340255737, "s. All system alerts must be verified with dispatch to ensure they are still valid before an offi- cer may act on them.\nInteroperability/Information-Sharing Cost Issues\nData sharing is a challenge for this agency, which now shares with only a few oth"]
[16.726041793823242, -1.3289530277252197, "facing camera for each unit. These rear-facing cameras were added because this agency is near a border with a state that does not require front license plates. The agency hopes to acquire some covert, portable units for surveillance use.\nIts system i"]
[16.71553611755371, -1.340831995010376, " department, headquarters for a large plate-reader regional cooperative with 84 agencies in it, itself has four fixed and 109 mobile plate-reader units. The regional cooperative (including the department) has a total of 134 mobile and 14 fixed units."]
[16.71385383605957, -1.3415566682815552, " many agencies experienced problems with the vendor\u2019s customer service.\nThis agency considers it important to train on how to use the system data, as well as on how officers on patrol should approach a motorist whose vehicle comes up on a system hit;"]
[16.719802856445312, -1.3364700078964233, "for border security. The agency bought one plate reader unit with the grant, found it beneficial, and then sought more: units for 12 cars, eight trailers, and three portable systems. The purchase price included a vendor system warranty for three year"]
[16.707719802856445, -1.3478800058364868, "to get more senior officers to use the plate reader system whose units often are mounted in the newest cars, which are assigned to them. The department hopes to buy portable systems that can be checked out by more- junior, IT-savvy officers who want "]
[16.723791122436523, -1.333398461341858, "uy fixed units, which may create greater privacy concerns.\nOther Issues/Findings\n\u2022 This department makes no secret of its system but does not publicize its use, con- sidering it \u201cjust another tool\u201d and not wanting \u201ccriminals\u201d to learn how officers go"]
[16.758333206176758, -1.2969787120819092, "or, who is a part of the traffic division and is the main point of access to the data. The typical analytic use by this department is to help identify suspects, as opposed to locating or building cases against suspects identified by some other means."]
[16.730012893676758, -1.323641061782837, "rmation separately. That is because its plate reader cameras incorrectly identified certain out-of-state/ country plates. The cameras cannot differentiate plates from different states and coun- tries. Because its area has many tourists, the departmen"]
[16.730609893798828, -1.3224958181381226, "urgh, PA and I\u2019ll be facilitating the interview today.\nWe are conducting these interviews so that we will have a better understanding of how your agency uses License Plate Reader technology for analytical activities, such as mining previously obtaine"]
[16.7302303314209, -1.3212865591049194, "mory jogger protocol first; if interviewee answers \u201cmany times,\u201d start with a general question and come back to case studies at the end.]\nCase Studies\n\u2022 Can you give me an account of the last time LPR was used for an analytical activity? Can you prov"]
[16.7321720123291, -1.3224238157272339, "the capital investment?\n\u2022 Are there maintenance, training, data storage, and/or upgrade costs?\n\u2022 Are there any differences in cost between LPR administration at the local law-\nenforcement and LPR administration at the interagency level?\nInterview Pro"]
[16.73574447631836, -1.322361707687378, "\n\u2022 Number of times LPR is used? By individual investigations?\n\u2022 Is it possible to rank LPR as an investigative tool compared to other investigative\nmethods and tools?\nChallenges\nTell me about any other challenges that you have not mentioned in regard"]
[16.726768493652344, -1.3183788061141968, "anning Services Research and Development, Columbus, OH, 2005.\n\u201cAutomatic License Plate Reader Helps Jersey Police Fight Crime,\u201d Homeland Security News Wire, 22 March 2011. As of 6 May 2014:\nhttp://www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com/ automatic-license-p"]
[16.72698402404785, -1.3196725845336914, "ite/license-plate-recognition-databases%E2%80%94good-for-cops- or-invasion-of-privacy/\n\u201cHigh-Tech License Plate Readers Aid Police but Raise Ethical Issues,\u201d The Tennessean, 6 May 2012. As of 6 May 2014:\nhttp://w w w.wbir.com/news/local/story.aspx?st"]
[16.727230072021484, -1.3198049068450928, "hter in Death of Roommate\u2019s Friend,\u201d Press Release, 4 November 2012. As of 6 May 2014:\nhttp://w w w.queensda.org/newpressreleases/2011/november/zeledon,%20luis_11_03_2011_ple.pdf\nOzer, Murat M., Assessing the Effectiveness of the Cincinnati Police De"]
[16.735380172729492, -1.3183226585388184, "2008. As of 6 May 2014: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/01/AR2008080103570_pf.html\nLaw enforcement agencies across the country have quickly been adopting a new technol- ogy to combat auto theft and other crimes: automated"]
[13.796545028686523, 4.776054859161377, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[12.553850173950195, 3.7028887271881104, "ents and sponsors.\nSupport RAND\u2014make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html\nR\u00ae is a registered trademark.\nCover images: courtesy of the International Association of Crime Analysts. \u00a9 Copyright 2014 RAND Corpor"]
[12.434048652648926, 3.866011381149292, "D is evaluating predictive policing strategies conducted by the SPD and the Chicago Police Department (contract #2009-IJ-CX-K114). This report is one product from Phase II.\nThe RAND Safety and Justice Program\nThe research reported here was conducted "]
[12.31130313873291, 3.811255931854248, " . . . . . . . . .\nChAPTer TwO\nPILOT Process evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[12.280320167541504, 3.8402798175811768, "............................................................ 29\nIdentifying Control and Treatment Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 TestingtheMatch-GroupBalance............"]
[12.251317977905273, 3.8470826148986816, " . . . . . . . . . 16\n2.3. Example District Prediction Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19\n3.1. SPD Districts and Control and Treatment (Experimental) Groups . . . . . . . . ."]
[12.281577110290527, 3.827133893966675, ". . . . . . . . . . . . 46\n4.4. Summary of Cost Savings Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47\nA.1. Pairwise Correlation of Group-Level Officer Man-Hours and PropertyCrime....."]
[12.306790351867676, 3.803548574447632, "activities and expected effects of PILOT, as well as the assumptions describing how the activities lead to the impacts in the intervention context.\nix\nx Evaluation of the Shreveport Predictive Policing Experiment\n Program Prediction Prevention Interm"]
[12.31785774230957, 3.807008981704712, "he maps to help inform daily decisions of which of the predicted hot spots to target with available resources. Plotted data included locations of recent crimes, 911 calls, field interviews, and recently targeted hot spots.\nPrevention Model\nAs propose"]
[12.23841667175293, 3.8142664432525635, "s largely on their own. The resulting interventions all did assign overtime resources to predicted hot spots, as required. However, the strat- egies and levels of effort employed varied widely by district and over time. One com- mand devoted many mor"]
[12.28947925567627, 3.8279948234558105, "olation (and suspicious activity) perceived as preceding property crime by individuals with serious and/or multiple priors; individuals with warrants.\nTwo patrol cars, each with two officers; one dedicated to driving and one to looking for suspicious"]
[12.26911449432373, 3.846586227416992, "(of persons with prior criminal histories, who were not in good standing with their community supervisor, etc.).\nSelective recruitment of officers expressing interest and demonstrating specific skills; continued compliance with the elements above was"]
[12.328482627868652, 3.790475845336914, ", if the three districts of the control group used fewer man-hours on average to achieve the same level of public safety as the three districts of the treatment group). There does not appear to be a reason to presume that such differences exist. Furt"]
[12.352598190307617, 3.780647039413452, "ers at the Shreveport Police Department for the strong encouragement and assistance that they provided to support this evaluation. We are grateful to Rob Davis and Greg Ridgeway for contributions and advice in the early stages of this research. We wo"]
[12.282544136047363, 3.8396756649017334, "1\n2 Evaluation of the Shreveport Predictive Policing Experiment\nThe underlying theory of PILOT is that signs of community disorder (and other indi- cators) are precursors of more-serious criminal activity, in this case property crime. By focusing res"]
[12.291228294372559, 3.8146231174468994, "cted\n3 Squares of this size were chosen since they were approximately block sized.\n  Program Prediction Prevention Intermediate Final\nLogic Model for the Shreveport Predictive Policing Experiment\nFigure 1.1\nTheory Models Models Outcomes Outcomes\nNOTE"]
[12.266605377197266, 3.8518290519714355, "ich clusters of property crimes had already occurred\u2014that is, hot spots derived from conventional crime-mapping techniques rather than from a predictive model. In addition, the only permitted special operations targeting property crime in the experim"]
[12.25678825378418, 3.8626556396484375, "elated special operations in the control group. While the treatment group could not have spent more than the NIJ grant amount allocated to overtime operations, it could have spent less during the experimental period. This could occur because the gran"]
[12.282418251037598, 3.8585257530212402, " implementers, or partici- pants necessary to attain project goal.\n9. Implementation\u2014the extent to which the program is implemented as designed.\n10. Initial use\u2014the extent to which a participant conducts activities specified in the\nmaterials.\n11. Con"]
[12.38361930847168, 3.6717052459716797, "s described by the SPD (Reno and Reilly, 2013), forecasted monthly changes in crime at the district and beat levels. The models were evaluated on their accuracy in predicting \u201cexcep- tional increases\u201d\u2014cases in which \u201cthe monthly seasonal percentage c"]
[12.333706855773926, 3.760174036026001, "cted the logistic regression model, which iden- tified cells at high risk of crime in the coming month using the following seven input variables:\n\u2022 Presence of residents on probation or parole\n\u2022 Previous six months of tactical crime (the six types of"]
[12.272725105285645, 3.845106363296509, "he PILOT treatment varied across commands over time. There were three police commands involved in the trial by virtue of managing the control areas, treatment areas, or both:\n\u2022 Command 1: District A and B (both treatment groups)\n\u2022 Command 2: District"]
[12.279861450195312, 3.846337080001831, "d/or serious prior convictions.\nOfficers reported that PILOT changed the amount of recent information pro- vided per case. This occurred because PILOT officers at a crime scene asked more ques- tions of victims, their neighbors, and individuals in th"]
[12.277754783630371, 3.844633102416992, "targeted Staffing\u2014directed patrol\nStaffing\u2014support\nDirected patrol\u2014field interviews\nDirected patrol\u2014responses to property crimes in PILOT action areas\nCollection and analysis Situational awareness\nDecisionmaking\nKey criteria\nHuman resources policies\n"]
[12.263591766357422, 3.8505499362945557, "d money (e.g., fuel) to drive to another hot spot and ask questions. The overtime incentives to participate in PILOT operations competed with\nother, more preferable overtime funds available to officers. Another practical problem arose: for the office"]
[12.521817207336426, 3.584624767303467, "istricts not included in the trial, the crime analyst continued to provide typical crime statistics and bulletins of interest, and the information technology (IT) specialist continued to provide technical support. The usual crime statistics include b"]
[12.267596244812012, 3.854429244995117, "port, as funded by the NIJ.\nSummary\nThe intervention carried out in two of the treatment districts (both under one com- mand, Command 1) may be considered more comprehensive and intensive. Officers were instructed to stop persons violating ordinances"]
[12.337875366210938, 3.7953410148620605, "w officers actually used the situational awareness details to develop strategies for locations. We just have anec- dotal reports from command and field personnel that the daily maps were useful in selecting focus areas for the day.\nExamples of the tw"]
[12.289043426513672, 3.835542917251587, "trict A submitting up to 163 cards, District B submitting up to 15 cards, and District C submitting a maximum of 103 cards.\nProgram Dosage\nIn terms of the rate at which the predictive model was provided to officers (dosage), initially, the predictive"]
[12.260282516479492, 3.851969003677368, " and B typically were officers from those districts, whereas in Dis- trict C, PILOT operations were typically conducted by officers recruited from outside the district. The predictive analytics team pointed out that this resulted in officers operatin"]
[12.251631736755371, 3.863720655441284, "l and the crime analysts stated that having fewer available officers at both command and tactical levels degraded the command\u2019s ability to conduct effective PILOT operations. In District C, based on interviews, the drop-off appears to be due to insuf"]
[12.268138885498047, 3.8442137241363525, "revention model activities\nMonthly deployment meetings\nDaily roll call maps and FIs\nIntelligence-led activities (deployed according to maps)\n* Activities differed.\nTreatment Compliance\nPredictive Analytics\nTeam Command 1\nYes N/A\nN/A No\nYes Yes N/A Ye"]
[12.258913040161133, 3.8617160320281982, "with officers with the same frequency.\nControl groups were not exposed to the prevention model and did not receive maps or the same collected intelligence. However, they may have been exposed to the prediction models, since the SPD has COMPSTAT-style"]
[12.263832092285156, 3.8508780002593994, "\nOfficers in all districts reported that the key challenge of PILOT was to recruit officers. The PILOT strategy required gathering more information than usual; typically, offi- cers have to be available to respond to calls, so they do not have the ti"]
[12.299399375915527, 3.818824529647827, "rs in District A and B commented that the most positive outcome of PILOT was an improvement in relationships with residents. Prior to PILOT, officers felt that residents of areas with crime spikes had negative percep- tions of the police and thus pro"]
[12.333596229553223, 3.7975783348083496, "ts of PILOT officers, such as identifying patterns and working in teams, were instrumental in gathering relevant and timely informa- tion. Officers also reported that the maps made it easier to link a strategy with a loca- tion and with specific info"]
[12.197063446044922, 3.908328056335449, " the control group. The second randomization selected Dis- trict B for treatment and District E for the control group. Within groups, experimental\n1 For this study, the districts have been relabeled with letters rather than their actual numbers for t"]
[12.248801231384277, 3.837515354156494, "on of the Shreveport Predictive Policing Experiment\nGiven that the SPD implemented an RCT, we performed a series of statistical tests that compared control and treatment groups. For robustness, we also tested the difference between the crime change i"]
[12.257657051086426, 3.8336474895477295, "meaning that PILOT did not reduce property crime. Since these statistics were derived from a RCT, it can be con- cluded that there is no statistical evidence that PILOT as implemented reduced crime or any of its subtypes.\nExploratory Analyses\nThere w"]
[12.249371528625488, 3.836740732192993, "in terms of changes in crime from the previous year. The results in the last two columns of the table confirm previous findings that PILOT had no overall effect on crime. The table provides results from an analysis of the short run (in the last colum"]
[12.266149520874023, 3.825455665588379, "n as the first four months because of a lagged effect of police force labor on crime; this is not incompatible with the theory-driven approach, since one would expect a delay in the decrease of crime for increases in manpower from previous research ("]
[12.254416465759277, 3.8336398601531982, "g from Figure 3.4 is that in Command 1, year-over-year crime drops occurred in September and October, despite the fact that the labor hours devoted to the intervention fell from close to 800 to just over 300 hours per month. One pos- sibility for the"]
[12.250139236450195, 3.8370444774627686, "ontrol group) and \u22120.041 (treatment group). Test 2 and 3: \u03b1 error probability = .05. Test 1: \u03b2/\u03b1 ratio = 6. \u03b1 is the level of significance used in the test, and \u03b2/\u03b1 is a measure of sensitivity to specificity.\nficult to detect anything other than a ve"]
[12.270773887634277, 3.862637996673584, "conduct special operations for the expected increase in criminal activity rather than recent past crime surges.\nOne aspect of predictive policing that receives less attention, however, is the costs associated with implementing a prediction and preven"]
[12.254348754882812, 3.862999677658081, "ncurred if not for implementing PILOT.\nFor this assumption to be valid, one key condition must hold: control districts operate the same as the treatment districts in the absence of the intervention. There- fore, using their resource utilization for t"]
[12.213483810424805, 3.901179552078247, " large changes annually in overtime man-hours. On the other hand, it is the case that there would have been an upper bound on the labor resources over the full period.\nTable 4.1 presents an overview of the key assumptions and data used for the CSA, b"]
[12.209603309631348, 3.896383285522461, "\n\u2022 Same as treatment group\n\u2022 Literature estimates for police vehicle cost per mile\n\u2022 Hours worked based on SPD data, with assumed range of hours traveled by job class\n\u2022 Same as control group\n\u2022 Literature estimates for police miles traveled per\n In ad"]
[12.229260444641113, 3.8744630813598633, "imates suggest that the total labor expenses in the control group are $195,500 to $204,500. Regarding analyst and administrative labor, no additional labor was used for PILOT, since the control group did not receive the treatment and as was described"]
[12.2418212890625, 3.8632726669311523, "that compares the minimum, maximum, and best estimates of labor and equipment expenses for the treatment and control groups. Results show that PILOT cost approximately $13,000 to $20,000 less than the status quo. In other words, the treatment group s"]
[12.279021263122559, 3.842399835586548, "esents evidence from a process, outcome, and cost evaluation of a seven-month field trial implemented in Shreveport, Louisiana, in 2012. The policing strategy\u2014PILOT\u2014included a prediction and a prevention model aimed to reduce residential, auto-relate"]
[12.321876525878906, 3.800919771194458, " in where and how interventions were conducted.\nA final possibility is that the PILOT preventative interventions are insufficient to generate additional crime reductions. As noted, the lack of monthly meetings meant that preventive measures within pr"]
[12.506914138793945, 3.604597806930542, " spots come from predictive algo- rithms or crime mapping. Below are some potential elements to include in future pre- dictive policing experiments:\n\u2022 Test the differences between predictive maps and hot spots maps. What are the mathematical differen"]
[12.276878356933594, 3.8248956203460693, "tial predictions, but adding additional information that would be more useful than traditional hot spots. The results from Shreveport do provide one intriguing possibility. As noted, declines in crime rates in Command 1 continued for two months after"]
[12.258357048034668, 3.83284330368042, "ions and thus low power to detect an association, yet there may be a pattern in which up to a point (e.g., nonlinear effect) increasing man-hours is associated with reductions in crime in the following month.\nTesting for simple correlation and consid"]
[12.202759742736816, 3.9047441482543945, " a whole. Table A.2 presents the number of hours in total and by job class, where available. As seen in the table, the control and treatment group used approximately 6,000 hours and 5,230 hours, respectively, for property crime\u2013 related special opera"]
[12.21221923828125, 3.89726185798645, "532\n$62,221 $1,076 $14,712 $9,849 $22,495 $33,764 $167,649\n By job class\nProbationary police 948 officer\nOfficer 2,148\nCorporal I\nCorporal II\nCorporal III\nCorporal IV\nSergeant 776\nTotal 5,233\nNOTE: Any differences are due to rounding. a Overtime rate"]
[12.223875999450684, 3.872027635574341, "ted average.\nopportunity cost. The next assumption was that only ranks between probationary offi- cer and corporal were in the field. Given reports of altering numbers of person-vehicle teams of one person, one car and two people, one car, a rate of "]
[12.550237655639648, 3.5275847911834717, "isk:\n\u2022 The analyst uses the tool to identify correlations between crime risk and the pres- ence of a number of hypothesized geospatial risk factors.\n\u2022 For the most-correlated factors, the tool then counts the number of factors pres- ent in each cell,"]
[12.338363647460938, 3.8083877563476562, "o Estimate the Effects of Police on Crime: Reply.\u201d American Economic Review, Vol. 92, pp. 1244\u20131250.\nLinnan, L., and A. Steckler. 2002. \u201cProcess Evaluation for Public Health Interventions and Research: An Overview.\u201d In Process Evaluation for Public H"]
[13.630975723266602, 4.284567356109619, " null effect. In addition, it is likely that the predictive policing program did not cost any more than the status quo.\n   NSaAfeTtyIOanNdAJuLstSicEeCPrUoRgrIaTmY RESEARCH DIVISION\nwww.rand.org\n$27.95\n52795\nISBN-10 0-8330-8691-X ISBN-13 978-0-8330-86"]
[13.790895462036133, 4.785161972045898, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.803058624267578, 4.704700946807861, "tribute.html.\nRAND\u00ae is a registered trademark.\nDesign and cover image: Bernhard Moosbauer, exsample.org\nPhoto credits: Inside front cover and page i, pages xvi-1, 4-5, 12-13, 28-29, 34-35, 56-57, 72-73, 82-83, 88-89, 92-93, 104-105, and inside back c"]
[1.9416675567626953, 8.664752006530762, "ion in understanding the differences in mobility levels between countries.\n2. Applying these nine factors for predicting mobility levels in the BRIC countries provides a solid ground for taking a future-oriented perspective on the mobility of people "]
[1.917623519897461, 8.737972259521484, "in the RAND Transportation, Space, and Technology Program, which addresses topics relating to transportation systems, space exploration, information and telecom- munication technologies, nano- and biotechnologies, and other aspects of science and tec"]
[1.9500032663345337, 8.652154922485352, "ia, India, and China 57 Workshop Results 58\n Chapter Seven Conclusions 73 Relationship Between Factors and Automobility 74 Policy Implications 76 Relevance with Regard to Existing Work 77 Suggestions for Future Research 78\n Appendix A Data Sources 83"]
[1.9555124044418335, 8.643214225769043, " in the \u201cevolutionary paths\u201d of mobi- lity in different countries\u2014that is, why do countries at similar levels of economic development vary so much in the amount and mode of travel? And more importantly, what can this understanding tell us about the p"]
[1.9554061889648438, 8.6455659866333, " has the highest, so those formed the outer limits of VKT among developed countries. We also selected Germany as a typical European country, as well as Australia, which is similar to the United States in many respects but has markedly lower VKT per c"]
[1.9565656185150146, 8.640036582946777, "r the OECD countries over time and how much they might change in the future for the BRIC countries. At a workshop, experts representing\nthe eight countries rated the situation at the beginning and end of the motorization period for each of the nine f"]
[1.951648473739624, 8.646730422973633, "igure S.2. Automobility Scores and Forecasts of Long-Term Travel Saturation Levels\nSOURCE: Project workshop (see Chapter Six). NOTE: Rounded to nearest 100.\n             Implications and Observations\nWe draw three main policy implications from this w"]
[1.9540114402770996, 8.642393112182617, "del results can be more accurate. We could consider different factors and other countries.\n\u203a We could look at vehicle ownership or other forms of mobility. The qualitative-quantitative methodology developed for this report could be useful in addressi"]
[1.9551734924316406, 8.641983032226562, " with three questions:\n\u203a First, what factors besides economic development affect automobility? We see very different paths of mobility in countries with similar levels of income, so this question seeks to understand what other factors are in play.\n\u203a "]
[1.9476799964904785, 8.650179862976074, "ns seven chapters. Chapter Two explores the idea of evolutionary paths of mobility and whether and how this evolution in developed countries may prefigure a similar evolution in large developing countries. That chapter also defines our key analytical"]
[1.942566990852356, 8.666990280151367, "s in which people travel or in the amount of travel using different modes. For example, one country might move quickly into personal vehicle ownership and thus higher rates of driving when rising income levels make vehicles affordable to a large numb"]
[1.9573373794555664, 8.638609886169434, "ountries was limited, for reasons discussed in Chapter Three. Therefore, we focused our research on explaining the use of personal vehicles.\nA key contributor to high levels of automobility is economic development (Dargay and Gately, 1999). It is dif"]
[1.9548604488372803, 8.641345977783203, "nt concepts in thinking about evolution of automobility: the speed of growth and the saturation level. The speed of growth is defined as the rate of change in the level of annual VKT. This is indicated by the slope of a line; the steeper the slope, t"]
[1.9547834396362305, 8.640196800231934, "velopment since the 1960s but has low automobility. In our view, the influence of rapid GDP growth on saturation levels has been mitigated by other factors, such as land use. Therefore, GDP growth has only a contributing, not a direct, influence on l"]
[1.960213303565979, 8.638059616088867, "s to fit the model to the data. Conducting such work for Brazil, Russia, India, and China\u2014the BRIC countries\u2014would require developing detailed estimates of future GDP per capita growth and experimenting with various curves to determine the most reaso"]
[1.9586000442504883, 8.63407039642334, "ied eight countries to study. Four are developed countries that represent different evolutionary paths of mobility: Australia, Germany, Japan, and the United States. The other four are large developing countries, the BRIC countries.\n\u203a Third, we selec"]
[1.9600216150283813, 8.696681022644043, "p comparisons. No indicator is perfect or captures every important aspect.\nMobility is generally measured in two ways: distances traveled and number of trips taken. Although there are good reasons to use each depending on the issue to be studied, for"]
[1.9596790075302124, 8.642461776733398, "cle. So, although helpful as a measure of vehicle travel, it cannot easily be used to measure personal travel.\nVehicle ownership information also tends to be readily available. In most countries, vehicle owners are required to register their vehicles"]
[1.9567803144454956, 8.626605987548828, "For the developed-country comparison, we used data compiled by BITRE (2012b). This was published shortly after we began our work. Because it covers several countries of interest, we used it for VKT and vehicle ownership, as shown in Figure 2.1 in Cha"]
[1.956906795501709, 8.643216133117676, "all others. For GDP per capita, Bolt and van Zanden, 2013.\n  Turkey\nIndia China\nBrazil\nRussia\nItaly\nSpain\nGermany\nJapan\nUK\nFrance Belgium Netherlands\nAustralia\nCanada Switzerland\nFinland\nSweden Norway\nDenmark\nUnited States\n         Personal vehicles "]
[1.945580005645752, 8.655662536621094, " countries, using GDP per capita and all motorized travel. They found a clear pattern of four clusters, with very similar patterns in the four European countries that they studied (France, Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). Canada and Australi"]
[1.9531090259552002, 8.646770477294922, "ch for the selection of developing countries. The BRIC countries are all large developing countries with the potential to contribute significantly to global carbon emissions and markets for auto- mobile ownership (China is currently the world\u2019s large"]
[1.953216552734375, 8.643808364868164, "dies form the basis of the discussions in Chapter Four.\n21\n 3 The TRID database integrates the content of two major databases: OECD\u2019s Joint Transport Research Centre\u2019s International Transport Research Documentation (ITRD) database and the Transportat"]
[1.9408836364746094, 8.670492172241211, "ous factors are those that transportation policymakers cannot change or over which they have very limited control. For example, whether a country has a strong domestic car industry depends on variables ranging from historical precedent to a skilled w"]
[1.9543792009353638, 8.644107818603516, "DEVELOPING COUNTRIES_STUDy mETHODOLOGy\nTwo factors we discussed at length but ultimately decided not to use are technology and geographic size. New technology can potentially encourage mobility by making travel faster or easier. For example, the adve"]
[1.9543898105621338, 8.649068832397461, "ure 3.4, we concluded that the period of intermediate economic development is key to the evolution of automobility in the study countries. At very low levels of GDP per capita (generally, below $5,000), personal vehicles are affordable only to small,"]
[1.9603383541107178, 8.628759384155273, " scores describe historical conditions at the start and end points of the motorization period. For the BRIC study countries, the factor scores describe forecasted future conditions during the next decades, when the countries are expected to reach the"]
[1.9563413858413696, 8.64201545715332, "beginning and end of the motorization period. We began by asking the experts from each BRIC country to comment on their own countries, but the entire group then discussed the factor scores. Factor weights were established in a general discussion. Aft"]
[1.915009617805481, 8.718430519104004, "ds were in poor condition when railroads were introduced in the 1850s, and a lack of funding meant that many roads declined in quality. From about 1880 to 1930, rail was the dominant mode, with roads and tram services often built to serve the rail ne"]
[1.9079786539077759, 8.715763092041016, "ilroad network but a fairly poor road system. Urban rail systems were introduced in the early 1900s. Although much early work on automotive technology was carried out in Germany, the German auto industry was one of the smallest in Europe before World"]
[1.914445161819458, 8.705761909484863, " mObILITy DEVELOPmENT IN FOUR OECD COUNTRIES\n Japan\nJapan represents a path of high personal income but relatively low vehicle travel per person. In the mid-1800s, when Japan was a largely feudal state, there was a very limited road network and no ra"]
[1.887565016746521, 8.745530128479004, " of its oil from the Middle East. One response was to begin manufacturing more fuel-efficient vehicles, which paved the way into the lucrative U.S. market. Although the Japanese auto industry remains important, driving and vehicle ownership have leve"]
[1.923175573348999, 8.700689315795898, " the widespread entry of women into the workforce.\nAlthough vehicle ownership and vehicular travel remain the highest in the world, some of these trends have been tempered recently. Both have not only leveled off but also declined since the mid-2000s"]
[1.908882737159729, 8.719749450683594, "ing World War II, some roads were improved for military purposes, while others deteriorated; after the war, the national government assisted the states with rebuilding (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1974). However, a system of national highways, n"]
[1.9140615463256836, 8.705987930297852, "ple.\n United States\nIn the United States, the demand for paved roads dates back to the 1880s. Many rural roads were unpaved and nearly impassible, and bicyclists rallied behind the \u201cgood roads\u201d movement to advocate for paved roads. The U.S. governmen"]
[1.9100182056427002, 8.701177597045898, "alent market price, differing by up to $0.15 or more per liter (in 1989\u20131990 Australian dollars), but, subsequently, they have tracked very closely (BITRE, 2012a, Figure 1.2). As of 2010, fuel taxes make up about 40 percent of the cost of gasoline (B"]
[1.9351534843444824, 8.682037353515625, "8 percent of the pump price of gasoline was tax, and 1 liter cost only $0.73 (in 2010 U.S. dollars) (BITRE, 2012b, Appendix A, Per Cent Tax Table).\n 3 Although inflation was generally low during this time, this is an unusually low rate of increase (4"]
[1.9214271306991577, 8.696413040161133, " tax benefits for home-to-work trips longer than 6 km and low interest rates for auto loans resulted in increased ownership of vehicles. Motorcycles and motor scooters were initially popular, but, eventually, car ownership rose with incomes (Baron, 1"]
[1.9094793796539307, 8.727679252624512, "OUR OECD COUNTRIES\nLack of Alternatives to Driving\nThis factor considers the availability of alternative transportation modes, with a focus on public transportation and, in particular, rail. (Data on bus systems and nonmotorized modes are less readil"]
[1.9052824974060059, 8.726951599121094, "ty via rail. Even as car ownership expanded enormously in the 1960s and 1970s, rail systems continued to grow; six new subway systems were built from 1950 through the 1980s (Aoki, 1993b). Only 4 percent of Japanese say they have no access to transit,"]
[0.6993271112442017, 7.472717761993408, "(1) the share of the population in the age range 15 to 64, beginning in 1950 (OECD, undated; see Figure 5.3); (2) the percentage of that age cohort who actively participate in the labor force, beginning in 1980 (World Bank, 2013); and (3) the overall"]
[1.8448268175125122, 8.660122871398926, "tively low, decreasing from 63 to 60 percent from 1980 to 2010. Women\u2019s labor-force participation remained essentially stable, increasing from 48 to 50 percent during this period.\n United States\nThe share of population between 15 and 64 years of age "]
[1.9029699563980103, 8.693981170654297, "icant amount of oil, and, at the time of the 1973 oil shock, Japan imported 80 percent of its oil from the Middle East (JAMA, undated). Japan produces only 136,000 barrels of oil per day, 3 percent of the 4.5 million barrels it consumes. Consumption "]
[1.9044486284255981, 8.698670387268066, "ore than 2 million in 1960 (Pratten and Silberston, 1967). Currently, Germany produces more than 6 million vehicles per year, making it the world\u2019s fourth-largest manufacturer (BTS, undated, Table 1-23). The auto industry is the country\u2019s largest emp"]
[1.8324928283691406, 8.876578330993652, "Spatial Dispersion\nThis factor includes both the degree of urbanization and densities within urban areas. Data on the density of urban areas in 2000 are taken from Angel et al.\u2019s Atlas of Urban Expansion (2010, Table 3); see Figure 5.6. Australia has"]
[1.923112154006958, 8.714895248413086, "ended streetcar lines out to suburban areas to create transportation for new housing developments. Suburbanization was also abetted in the 1950s and 1960s with the creation of a national interstate system that brought not only residents but also empl"]
[1.9323675632476807, 8.670075416564941, " only 45 percent of survey respondents were concerned about climate change. On the car-culture scoring, Australia was second-highest, with a 1.2. Experts rated Australia as the highest of the four countries on the car as personal living space and for"]
[1.9648005962371826, 8.62894344329834, "s of mobility, as well as long-term travel saturation rates, as measured in VKT per capita.\n  58 THE FUTURE OF DRIVING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES_FUTURE mObILITy PaTHS OF bRazIL, RUSSIa, INDIa, aND CHINa\nWorkshop Results\nAt the workshop, each of the eig"]
[1.9566295146942139, 8.639565467834473, "onal stakeholders in the field of mobility products and services. These study countries are Germany, the United States, and the BRIC countries; each country is represented by a group of up to three experts. The program includes expert workshops and o"]
[1.956565260887146, 8.640813827514648, "ic car industry suggest about how prominent the industry might be when the country enters the motorization period at $5,000 per capita? This information was summari- zed for side-by-side comparison between countries.\nWe developed a system for assigni"]
[1.961106777191162, 8.640625953674316, "troduced factor weights on a three-point scale (on which 3 represents the strongest influence on automobility and 1 the lowest) to capture the variance of influence across factors. We developed the factor weights based on expert judgment at the works"]
[1.9521434307098389, 8.644213676452637, "ING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES_FUTURE mObILITy PaTHS OF bRazIL, RUSSIa, INDIa, aND CHINa\nTable 6.1. Factor Scores, Factor Weights, and automobility Scores for Eight Countries\n           Country\nGood Car Infrastructure (3)\nInexpensive Fuel (2) Pro-Car Po"]
[1.944745421409607, 8.662796020507812, "     Exogenous factors -1.5 are disadvantagous\nfor automobility\nChina\n2000s - 2030s\n1.5 Exogenous factors are advantagous\nfor automobility\n     India\n2010s - 2040s\nJapan\n1960s - 1990s\nGermany\n1950s - 2000s\n-1.5\nTransport policy factors are disadvanta"]
[1.9471290111541748, 8.663423538208008, "the increasing affordability of fuel and the extension of the car infrastructure were kept in check by tougher regulation and expansion of non-car alternatives. This was not the case in Australia and the United States, where policies contributed to i"]
[1.9562993049621582, 8.63709545135498, "s of GDP and is generic across countries (\u03b1 = \u20135.495). The resulting country-specific saturation levels \u03b3 are shown at the right of Figure 6.5. Further details of the models are presented in Appendix D.\n67\n 68 THE FUTURE OF DRIVING IN DEVELOPING COUN"]
[1.955797553062439, 8.640822410583496, "y scores derived from expert elicitation for each OECD country explained the forecasted saturation levels. On a simple scatter plot, there appeared to be a linear relationship; that is, as the automobility score rose, so did a country\u2019s estimated sat"]
[1.945076823234558, 8.665430068969727, "\nsaturation level = 6,400 km automobility score = \u20130.51\nbrazil\nsaturation level = 11,300 km automobility score = 0.23\nUnited States\nsaturation level = 16,300 km automobility score = 0.87\ny = 6,000*AS + 9,959\nR2 = 0.86\n(based on OECD countries)\n      "]
[1.9663578271865845, 8.623516082763672, "ies that discourage car travel and infrastructure that supports alternatives to driving. Although the exogenous factors are far less responsive to policy interventions, the link between VKT and GDP can be manipulated by levers associated with the pol"]
[1.9381029605865479, 8.651861190795898, "recent studies, see Committee for the Study on the Relationships Among Development Patterns, Vehicle Miles Traveled, and Energy Consumption, 2009).\nHow Can We Assess the Influence of These Factors?\nWe developed automobility scores to summarize the in"]
[1.959130048751831, 8.640631675720215, "e in the near-term future will have a major impact. Using our methodology, we forecast long-term saturation levels in China and India well below those in the United States (7,000 and 7,800 VKT per capita versus 16,300 VKT per capita). Russia and Braz"]
[1.9591090679168701, 8.63397216796875, "for fuel more expensive than the market price, discourage excessive driving, and encourage alternatives to driving. This suggests that policymakers can steer some elements of travel demand if desired. Although rising incomes tend to encourage driving"]
[1.956697940826416, 8.639606475830078, "er, when we used a single generic growth term for the four countries, we found the resulting saturation levels to be much less reasonable. Given what we know about the growth rates in the OECD countries, we could examine how different growth assumpti"]
[1.95879328250885, 8.64355182647705, "given the difficulty of collecting data, we decided to focus exclusively on VKT as the only measure of mobility. However, with appropriate data, we think that the methodology developed here would be helpful for addressing those other mobility topics "]
[1.957342267036438, 8.649168968200684, " company, compiles data on vehicle ownership and VKT. Data are available only from 1995 forward. ProgTrans was selected for the stage of the project in which we were identifying study countries and thus needed a data source with multiple countries. I"]
[1.9663914442062378, 8.652166366577148, "tained from the Historical Statistics of Japan, Table 12-10 (Japan Statistics Bureau, 2012b). Later years were obtained from the 2010 and 2012 Japan Statistical Yearbook (Japan Statistics Bureau, 2010, 2012a), Table 12-5 in each. Vehicle ownership in"]
[1.9421967267990112, 8.673545837402344, "ureau, 2000); for 2000 through 2008, we used \u201cTable 1, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009\u201d (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009).\n Fuel Prices\nWe used both internati"]
[1.9528682231903076, 8.647457122802734, "t German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin\n   Japan Toshiyuki Yamamoto Nagoya University\n   India Ashish Verma Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore\n   Senathipathi Velmurugan Central Road Research Institute, Delhi\n   Subhamay Gangopadhyay Cen"]
[1.9368870258331299, 8.668119430541992, "y (and in the midterm future), there has been substantial investment in road infrastructure.\n                                                                          Inexpensive Fuel\nThis factor describes whether fuel is inexpensive relative to inco"]
[1.9150199890136719, 8.714430809020996, " fleet turnover. \u2022 Taxes on car ownership are high.\nUnited States:\n\u2022 There was little regulation in the past.\n\u2022 Funding allocation historically favored roads over transit. \u2022 Today, there are stricter CAFE standards.\n bRIC countries\nbrazil:\n\u2022 Governme"]
[1.8645315170288086, 8.625694274902344, "nd the development.\n                                                                           98 9 8\n    Active Population\nThis factor describes the share of population in a life situation with high mobility rates. This includes both demographic eff"]
[1.9272788763046265, 8.656100273132324, "l).\n\u2022 Brazil: Since 1980, consumption has doubled and production\nhas increased tenfold; the projected production increase is 40%.\n\u2022 China: Since 1980, consumption has increased fivefold and production doubled; the projected production increase is 20%"]
[1.935031771659851, 8.66952133178711, "ct Sheet and Expert Observations\nPopulation density in urban areas (people per hectare), 2000\n 18 Australia\nOECD countries\naustralia:\n32 Germany\n56\nJapan\n20 United States\n35\nBrazil\n97\nChina\n94\nIndia\n41\nRussia\nFigure C.8. Fact Sheet, Expert Observatio"]
[1.953819990158081, 8.642080307006836, "n, we relied exclusively on expert judgment. Favorability of car culture was assessed in a separate flag scoring exercise in which experts scored the factors 1 through 7 separately. The fact sheet at hand reports the most-significant findings from th"]
[1.9602231979370117, 8.641027450561523, "\n   106 THE FUTURE OF DRIVING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES_ESTImaTING THE PaRamETERS FOR a GOmPERTz mODEL OF VEHICLE-KILOmETERS TRaVELED PER CaPITa\nIn this study, we used nonlinear regression to estimate a Gompertz function to explain the growth of VKT pe"]
[1.9593247175216675, 8.716878890991211, "_reports/RR443-1.html\nangel, Shlomo, Jason Parent, Daniel L. Civco, and alejandro m. blei, Atlas of Urban Expansion, Cambridge, Mass.: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2010. As of March 26, 2013: http://www.lincolninst.edu/subcenters/atlas-urban-exp"]
[1.9398844242095947, 8.688603401184082, "ect Working Paper 4, January 2013. As of March 25, 2014: http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/ abstract.htm?id=4\nbrinkhoff, Thomas, \u201cMajor Agglomerations of the World,\u201d City Population, January 11, 2013; referenced July 17, 2012. As of March"]
[1.9495022296905518, 8.663525581359863, "org/Publications/Blurbs/162093.aspx\nDargay, Joyce, and Dermot Gately, \u201cIncome\u2019s Effect on Car and Vehicle Ownership, Worldwide: 1960\u20132015,\u201d Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 33, No. 2, February 1999, pp. 101\u2013138.\nDargay, Joyce"]
[1.9592775106430054, 8.670258522033691, "\nFHWa\u2014See Federal Highway Administration.\nFlath, David, Regulation, Distribution Efficiency, and Retail Density, Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 9450, January 2003. As of March 25, 2014: http://www.nber.org/paper"]
[1.9605916738510132, 8.63724136352539, "apan automobile manufacturers association, \u201cJapan\u2019s Auto\nIndustry,\u201d undated; referenced March 25, 2013.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Motor Vehicle Statistics of Japan 2011, Tokyo, c. 2011. As of March 26, 2014: http://jama.org/motor-vehicle-statistics-of-japan-2011/\nJapan m"]
[1.942343831062317, 8.677526473999023, ", 2011.\nKojima, Katsumi, Takao Goto, and Kazusei Kato, \u201cChanges in Traffic Safety Policies and Regulations in Japan (1950\u20132010),\u201d in International Exchange Department Planning Committee for FY2011, Changes in Traffic Safety Policies and Regulations i"]
[1.9500250816345215, 8.652470588684082, "Wage or Population of Japan Then?\u201d MeasuringWorth, 2012. As of June 3, 2013: http://www.measuringworth.com/japandata/\nOrganisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, \u201cOECD.StatExtracts: Short-Term Labour Market Statistics,\u201d undated; reference"]
[1.9507787227630615, 8.605094909667969, "77/tyndallfinalreport.pdf\nStatistics Canada, \u201cTable 051-0001, Estimates of Population, by Age Group and Sex for July 1, Canada, Provinces and Territories,\u201d modified November 25, 2013; referenced January 7, 2014. As of March 26, 2014: http://www5.stat"]
[1.9503363370895386, 8.653796195983887, "tical Report 2, 2011.\nAs of June 13, 2013: http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/statistics/ StatPapers/SP201102.pdf\nWilliams, Barbara T., These Old Houses: 2001, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Pol"]
[1.967452883720398, 8.651866912841797, "apita for 22 Countries, 1963\u20132008 8\nDiagram of Study Methodology 14 GDP Per Capita and Personal Vehicle Ownership per 1,000 People, 2008 18 GDP Per Capita and Vehicle-Kilometers Traveled Per Capita, 2008 19 Motorization Rates and GDP Per Capita Growt"]
[1.963448166847229, 8.692299842834473, "cumentation\nTRIS Transportation Research Information Services\nViz Verkehr in Zahlen\nVKT vehicle-kilometers traveled\nVmT vehicle-miles traveled\n   116\n   117\n www.rand.org\nRR-636-ifmo 9 780833 086044\n$59.95\nISBN-10 0-8330-8604-9 ISBN-13 978-0-8330-860"]
[17.475181579589844, 8.19864273071289, "  CORPORATION\nLos Angeles County\nJuvenile Justice Crime\nPrevention Act\nFiscal Year 2012\u20132013 Report\nTerry Fain, Susan Turner, Sarah Michal Greathouse\n ELECTRONIC COPIES OF RAND RESEARCH ARE PROVIDED FOR PERSONAL USE; POSTING TO A NONRAND WEB SITE IS "]
[17.42529296875, 8.152905464172363, "es be measured for locally identified service needs. JJCPA programs were first implemented in the summer and fall of 2001 and are now in their 13th year of funding.\nThe RAND Corporation received funding from the Los Angeles County Probation Departmen"]
[17.385730743408203, 8.125459671020508, "alif.: RAND Corporation, WR-218-LACPD, February 2005\n\u2022 Susan Turner, Terry Fain, and Amber Sehgal, Validation of the Risk and Resiliency Assess- ment Tool for Juveniles in the Los Angeles County Probation System, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporatio"]
[18.058757781982422, 9.396162033081055, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Overview of Recent Changes and Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[18.087974548339844, 9.451807022094727, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Housing-Based Day Supervision Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n.. 7\n.. 9 .. 9 . 10 . 12 . 15 . 18\n"]
[15.088927268981934, 5.80894660949707, "..................................................... Costs for Youth Substance Abuse Intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Costs for Young Women at Risk and "]
[18.0545654296875, 9.32257080078125, "tcomes of Simple Comparisons Between Cohorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Difference-in-Differences Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[18.04938507080078, 9.32675552368164, "...................................................................\n. . 83 . . 83 . . 83\n. . 85\nContents vii\n. .\n97 99\n101\n103 117 121\n123\nFigures\n 2.1. Outcomes for Mental Health Screening, Assessment, and Treatment, FY 2012\u20132013 . .\n2.2. Outcomes f"]
[18.067188262939453, 9.350903511047363, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.16. Outcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk Middle School\nYouth, by Cluster, FY 2012\u20132013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[18.048858642578125, 9.31809139251709, "\nxxv xxvi\n. . 10\n. . 11 . .12 . . 15 . . 17 . . 21\n2.7. Means, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Intervals for Outcomes for Youth Substance Abuse...............................................................................................\n2.8. Means, Odd"]
[18.24712562561035, 9.83292293548584, "ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.6. Juvenile Justice Costs for the Gender-Specific Community Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.7. Juvenile Justice Costs for the High-Risk/High-Need Program . . . . . ."]
[18.088085174560547, 9.357986450195312, " for Mental Health Screening, Assessment, and Treatment, FY2012\u20132013....................................................................................\nE.2. Outcomes for Special Needs Court, FY 2012\u20132013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[17.920730590820312, 8.979704856872559, "chool\nYouth, FY 2012\u20132013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118\nF.5. Outcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk Middl"]
[17.71172332763672, 8.47933292388916, "e responsibility of the BSCC, for- merly called the Corrections Standards Authority (CSA), the successor to BOC. The BSCC is required to submit annual reports to the California state legislature measuring the success of JJCPA. The legislation identif"]
[17.727359771728516, 8.596009254455566, " youth receiving Probation services. If no appropriate comparison group could be identified, a pre-post measurement design was used. Generally, outcomes for program participants are measured for a six-month period after starting the program (for comm"]
[17.741788864135742, 8.742878913879395, "given youth is counted as a participant within each program from which he or she receives services and may therefore be counted more than once.\nTable S.1 lists the JJCPA programs in each initiative in FY 2012\u20132013 and the number of participants who r"]
[17.66013526916504, 9.044378280639648, "n program is determined by who received services during the fiscal year, which goes from July 1, 2012, to June 30, 2013. To allow a six-month eligibility period for recidivism, however, the number for whom outcomes are reported uses a reference perio"]
[17.538949966430664, 9.024547576904297, "t, and camp.\n\u2022 Several programs had smaller samples for supplemental outcomes than for big six out-\ncomes.\n\u2022 This report is based on officially recorded outcome data only and makes no attempt to\nevaluate the quality of program implementation.\nIn the "]
[17.81386947631836, 9.012961387634277, "he six months following program entry than at the time of program entry. HB housing-project crime rates were lower in FY 2012\u20132013 than in FY 2011\u20132012, but significance testing between the two rates is not possible because they are the universe of e"]
[17.712604522705078, 9.122479438781738, "es of Simple Comparisons Between Cohorts\nThe BSCC mandates that, for seven Los Angeles County JJCPA programs (MH, YSA, GSCOMM/YWAR, HRHN, SBHS-AR, SBMS-AR, and IOW), outcomes are to be evalu- ated by comparing the current cohort\u2019s results with those "]
[18.095664978027344, 9.568655014038086, "the results of difference-in-differences analyses for the seven JJCPA programs that used the previous year\u2019s cohort as a comparison group.\nTable S.4\nResults of Difference-in-Differences Analyses for Programs That Used the Previous Year\u2019s Cohort as a "]
[18.23689842224121, 9.819450378417969, "e total budget for each program, the number of youth served in FY 2012\u20132013, and the cost per program participant. Overall, the cost per youth in the Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative in FY 2012\u20132013 was $527, whereas the Enhanced Services t"]
[18.234045028686523, 9.819412231445312, "ch program and to allow comparisons for program participants in the six months after entering JJCPA programs versus the prior six months.\nTotal Cost of Programs and Initiatives\nTable S.6 shows the mean baseline and follow-up costs per participant in "]
[18.231781005859375, 9.818078994750977, "et the relatively high initial investment made in program costs. We are not able to extend the time frame to measure changes, however, because not enough time has elapsed to allow us to obtain data beyond a six-month period. With a longer follow-up p"]
[17.742189407348633, 8.563996315002441, "limitations in our assessment of the JJCPA pro- gram in Los Angeles County. As discussed in Chapter One, the current evaluation uses quasi- experimental designs to test the effectiveness of JJCPA programs. Quasi-experimental designs construct compari"]
[17.57308006286621, 8.312207221984863, "nnual basis and to report outcomes to the BSCC annually.\nSummary xxvii\nAcknowledgments\n We are grateful to Laura J. Hickman of Portland State University and RAND, Jodi Lane of the University of Florida, and Brian A. Jackson and Tom LaTourrette of RAN"]
[17.618698120117188, 8.376690864562988, "an Association YSA Youth Substance Abuse Intervention YWAR Young Women at Risk\nAbbreviations xxxiii\nCHAPTER ONE\nBackground and Methodology\nThe Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act\nIn 2000, the California state legislature passed the Schiff-Cardenas "]
[17.699865341186523, 8.466382026672363, ", (2) arrests, (3) probation violations, (4) incarcerations, (5) successful completion of restitution, and (6) successful completion of community service. Each county can also request that supplemental outcomes be measured for locally identified serv"]
[17.766056060791016, 8.55634593963623, "t include various school- and community-based resources.\nThis coordinated strategy allows JJCPA school-based and other JJCPA DPOs to closely supervise and support youth in the context of the school environment and the community, providing a continuum"]
[17.819292068481445, 8.582000732421875, " to use a historical comparison group. If neither a contemporaneous nor a historical comparison group can be identified, program youth them- selves can constitute the comparison group, and their behavior after intervention can be com- pared with that"]
[17.841367721557617, 8.745320320129395, "ation in identifying an appro- priate initial comparison group for the High-Risk/High-Need (HRHN) program, for which outcomes were reported for the first time in FY 2005\u20132006. These comparison groups were selected by Probation, matching comparison-gr"]
[17.730457305908203, 8.681690216064453, "nce-of-means test) to assess whether the differences in outcomes between JJCPA youth and comparison-group youth are statistically significant, i.e., whether we can assert with a reasonable degree of certainty that the difference in outcomes between t"]
[17.7208194732666, 8.782634735107422, "ypothesis.\n2 For programs based in juvenile halls, the big six outcomes are measured for the six months after the youth returns to the community, rather than from program start.\nBackground and Methodology 5\n 6 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crim"]
[17.672988891601562, 9.065611839294434, "lity of a binary outcome, the odds ratio for that outcome is defined as p (1\u2212 p). Logistic regres- sion analysis predicts the logarithm of the odds ratio as a linear combination of exogenous variables. The difference-in- differences analysis involves"]
[17.68562126159668, 8.499119758605957, "for the previous year\u2019s cohort using the revised definition.\nOrganization of This Report\nThe remainder of this report focuses specifically on JJCPA programs in Los Angeles County in FY 2012\u20132013. Chapter Two details JJCPA programs and presents brief "]
[17.760677337646484, 8.693804740905762, "vement in fights). Overall, in FY 2012\u20132013, 27,546 youth received JJCPA services in Los Angeles County. Of these, 10,973 (39.8 percent) were at risk and 16,573 (60.2 percent) were on probation. Youth in one or more JJCPA programs receive services, o"]
[17.740556716918945, 8.871087074279785, "onth eligibility period for recidivism, however, the number for whom outcomes are reported uses a reference period of January 1, 2012, through December 31, 2013. The youth whose outcomes can be reported during the fiscal year must enter the program i"]
[17.556547164916992, 8.92574405670166, "ee pro- grams within the Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative: MH, SNC, and MST.\nYouth in the Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative were evaluated based on com- parison with an appropriate group for each program. Detailed statistics for FY"]
[17.423931121826172, 8.785374641418457, "tic environment with inten- sive mental health and other ancillary services for juvenile hall minors.\nOn entry into juvenile hall, detained minors are screened by professional staff from DMH. The staff employs the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instru"]
[17.569507598876953, 8.973005294799805, "ce system. For juveniles who do not pose a danger to public safety, community-based treatment is likely to be a better option than detention.\nComparison Group and Reference Period\nAlthough everyone who enters a juvenile hall is tested, only a subset\u2014"]
[17.658525466918945, 9.092719078063965, " cluster and gender were not available for MH participants for FY 2012\u20132013.\nDifference-in-Differences Analyses\nAs noted in Chapter One, we include difference-in-differences analyses for all JJCPA programs that use the previous year\u2019s cohort as a com"]
[17.144323348999023, 7.7293243408203125, "d with mental health problems and increase the number of juveniles who receive appropriate mental health treatment.\nThis program initiates a comprehensive, judicially monitored program of individualized mental health treatment and rehabilitation serv"]
[17.176759719848633, 7.764213562011719, "rcent for two high-quality randomized studies (Wilson, Mitchell, and Mackenzie, 2006).\nAlthough initially founded to treat adults, the drug court model quickly expanded to include juvenile drug courts. Between 1995 and 2001, more than 140 juvenile dr"]
[17.36587142944336, 8.914698600769043, " their cases were not deemed sufficiently serious. SNC and comparison-group youth showed comparable demographic distributions, as indicated in Table 2.5. None of the differences between the two groups was statistically significant.\nFor SNC participan"]
[17.32647132873535, 8.909767150878906, "youth are embedded. MST strives to promote behavior change in a youth\u2019s natural environment, using the strengths of each system (e.g., family, peers, school, neighborhood, indigenous support network) to facilitate change. Within a context of support "]
[17.34817123413086, 8.886305809020996, "her rates of completion of probation, than Hispanic com- parison-group youth. MST youth of other ethnicities, which made up about 25 percent of the sample, showed no comparable improvements in these outcomes versus comparison-group youth of the same "]
[17.567564010620117, 9.017383575439453, "gram represent 91 percent of all youth in the Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative for whom big six outcomes were reported, the results for the initia- tive as a whole will necessarily be primarily influenced by those for the MH program. Echo- "]
[17.440282821655273, 9.115516662597656, "p Community Transition Program (CCTP), Intensive Gang Supervision, and school-based DPOs to a community-based provider for a comprehensive assessment. A central focus of this programming is to ensure that high-risk\nTable 2.6\nPrograms in the Enhanced "]
[17.44778823852539, 9.164880752563477, "nstration of the desired behavior and consistent reward of incre- mental steps toward achieving it. Therapeutic activities include fulfilling specific assignments, rehearsing desired behaviors, and recording and reviewing progress, with praise and pr"]
[17.555355072021484, 9.145522117614746, "7.4 percent who tested positive in the six months before program entry. This difference is not statistically significant.\nCluster and gender data were not available for YSA participants from FY 2012\u20132013. For details on big six and supplemental outco"]
[17.54357147216797, 9.03311824798584, "0.50 1.44\n18.50 \u20130.45\nOdds Ratio\n0.744 0.506 0.660\n0.644 0.636\n1.650\n95% CI\n0.409\u20131.354 0.191\u20131.341 0.082\u20135.285\n0.285\u20131.455 0.077\u20135.274\n0.460\u20135.918\n      NOTE: Diff \u2013 Diff gives the percentage change of the current year compared with value in that co"]
[17.4699764251709, 8.658513069152832, "998):\n\u2022 Prevention services aim to eliminate or minimize behaviors or environmental factors that increase girls\u2019 risk of delinquency (Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1993). Pri- mary prevention focuses on helping girls to develop the knowledge"]
[17.56212615966797, 8.946699142456055, "ment in school, neighborhood of residence, and lack of availability of community-based programs, increased the risk of delinquency for both sexes.\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2012\u20132013 Outcome Measures 27\nSome additional factors had more effect on "]
[17.532041549682617, 9.114989280700684, "r this program because it uses the previous year\u2019s program participants as a comparison group. For each of the big six outcomes in the GSCOMM program (including YWAR), Table 2.8 shows the baseline and follow-up means, the odds ratio of the interactio"]
[17.26630210876465, 9.061656951904297, "ss domains\u2014family, peer, school, and neighborhood) and incor- porates the phase model of Functional Family Therapy (FFT). Additionally, such programs as MST and multidimensional-treatment foster care (MTFC) place a strong emphasis on skill training f"]
[17.187389373779297, 8.780046463012695, "1998).\n\u2022 FFT: FFT is a family-based prevention and intervention program that has been applied\nsuccessfully in a variety of contexts to treat a range of these high-risk youth and their families. It was developed to serve adolescents and families who l"]
[17.316905975341797, 9.083351135253906, "tensive supervision is likely to uncover numerous technical violations and program infractions. The IAP model indi- cates the need for a range of graduated sanctions tied directly and proportionately to the seriousness of the violation instead of rel"]
[17.378023147583008, 9.13554573059082, " components are based on many of the design elements in JOB- START and the recommended practices listed above.\nNot all HRHN participants receive all of the above-listed services. DPOs who supervise HRHN probationers and CBOs that provide services for"]
[17.483306884765625, 9.124123573303223, "lyses for the HRHN program. For each of the big six outcomes in the HRHN program, Table 2.9 shows the baseline and follow-up means, the odds ratio of the interaction term year \u00d7 post in the logistic regression, and 95-percent CI for the odds ratio.\nD"]
[17.546703338623047, 9.109084129333496, "h the six months before\nchange of the current year compared with\nthe previous year. A negative\n34 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2012\u20132013 Report\nentering. One of the two supplemental outcome measures for YSA, t"]
[18.080339431762695, 8.940033912658691, "y noted, all of the outcome differences listed were statistically significant (p < 0.05), meaning that the performance of JJCPA youth was significantly different from that of comparison-\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2012\u20132013 Outcome Measures 35\nTab"]
[17.869686126708984, 8.673175811767578, "es) did not meet this requirement, so Fisher\u2019s exact test was used for those with very small cell sizes. For programs that used a pre-post evaluation, McNemar\u2019s test was used to determine significance for arrests and incarcerations. For pre-post com-"]
[18.188602447509766, 9.012884140014648, "anagement interventions.\nAlso consistent with the what-works research is the school-based probation supervision program\u2019s call for case-management interventions that\n\u2022 assess the probationer\u2019s strengths and risk factors\n\u2022 employ strength-based case-m"]
[18.16059684753418, 9.006393432617188, "in the group. i i i\n 38 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2012\u20132013 Report\nPROB youth, by definition, are not. This could potentially put comparison-group youth at higher risk for negative outcomes.\nThe big six ref"]
[18.200956344604492, 9.010069847106934, "ble F.2 in Appendix F. More detail on big six outcomes by cluster are in Table G.1 in Appendix G. In this program, youth from cluster 2 had higher arrest, incarceration, and probation-violation rates than youth in other clusters. Youth in clus- ter 2"]
[18.222793579101562, 9.029216766357422, "re compared at program entry and at six months thereafter.\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for Middle School Probationers\nFor outcome analyses, we examined 62 school-based middle school probationers and 308 com- parison-group youth. C"]
[18.19068717956543, 9.043475151062012, "son Group and Reference Period for School-Based Probation Supervision for At- Risk High School Youth\nThe comparison group for SBHS-AR consists of 694 participants in the program whose out- comes were calculated during the previous year (FY 2011\u20132012)"]
[18.236915588378906, 9.014622688293457, "oup members (%)\n35 30 25 20 15 10\n5 0\n      Arrest\nIncarceration\nCompletion of probation\nNOTE: A missing bar for a cluster indicates that no one in the cluster had the indicated outcome.\nentering (7.3 percent versus 25.9 percent). Mean strength score"]
[18.2263240814209, 9.025702476501465, "and comparison-group youth, big six outcomes were measured during the six months following entry into the program. For supplemental school outcomes\u2014 attendance, suspensions, and expulsions\u2014program participants were compared in the term before program"]
[18.19780158996582, 9.03330135345459, "ut one at-risk participant in the school-based middle school program. As Figure 2.16 indicates, cluster 2 had the highest rate of both arrests and incarcerations, while cluster 1 had no arrests or incarcerations. More-complete details are in Table G."]
[18.032230377197266, 8.847210884094238, "uld not be computed because the baseline for the previous year\u2019s cohort was 0. Diff \u2013 Diff gives the percentage change of the current year compared with the previous year. A negative value in that column indicates a reduction, while a positive value "]
[18.084922790527344, 9.043158531188965, "-\nCurrent JJCPA Programs and FY 2012\u20132013 Outcome Measures 49\nFigure 2.15\nOutcomes for School-Based Probation Supervision for At-Risk Middle School Youth, FY 2012\u20132013\n 100 90 80 70 60 Group members (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0\nArrest\nIncarceration\nSchool at"]
[17.994361877441406, 8.863631248474121, "eline for the current year was 0. Diff \u2013 Diff gives the percentage change of the current year compared with the previous year. A negative value in that column indicates a reduction, while a positive value shows an increase.\ntruancy.14 Because those s"]
[17.85611343383789, 8.696081161499023, "on and City of Los Angeles Department of Recre- ation and Parks agencies collaborate with Probation Department DPOs in providing super- vision and individualized treatment services for at-risk and probationer youth. The program strives to reduce juve"]
[17.847951889038086, 8.733528137207031, "search.\nComparison Group and Reference Period\nA pre-post design was used to evaluate the PARKS program. Because all PARKS participants were at-risk youth, the pre-post design is less problematic here than with other programs that include probationers"]
[17.779516220092773, 8.925457000732422, " probationers and at-risk youth and their families. HB DPOs employ strength-based case-management interventions based on the MST and FFT models. The HB program and case-management interventions are designed to empower parents with the skills, resourc"]
[17.699161529541016, 9.196040153503418, "lemental outcomes were school attendance and housing- project crime rate. Attendance was measured in the last academic period before program entry and in the first complete academic period after program entry. Housing-project crime rates were measure"]
[17.68225860595703, 9.214330673217773, "   Baseline Program youth\n             56 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2012\u20132013 Report\nthe participating youth and provide activities consistent with resiliency research. The program activities involve\n\u2022 clea"]
[17.681394577026367, 9.194746971130371, " outcome, juvenile hall behavior violations, was measured by the number of special incident reports (SIRs) in the first 30 days of the program and in the last 30 days of the program or during month 6 of the program, whichever came first.\nOutcomes\nFor"]
[17.751628875732422, 9.177713394165039, "Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2012\u20132013 Report\nTable 2.17\nMeans, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Intervals for Outcomes for Inside-Out Writers\n   Mean: Current Year (%)\nOutcome Baseline Follow-Up\nArrest 49.28 32.82\nInc"]
[18.19183921813965, 9.738530158996582, "9\n0.823\u20131.425\n    43.95 25.58 17.81 18.48 1.97 13.03\n7.88 13.88 1.38 8.05\n21.10 13.27\n  change of the current year compared with the previous year. A negative\nCHAPTER THREE\nJuvenile Justice Costs for JJCPA Participants\nIn this chapter, we present ana"]
[18.24195671081543, 9.816079139709473, "xit for the hall stay during which program services were received.\n  59\n60 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2012\u20132013 Report\nsavings could result if at-risk youth are deterred from future offending, but data to ma"]
[18.28145980834961, 9.875346183776855, "t estimates in this chapter include arrests during the six-month eligibility period mandated for big six outcomes, the number of program youth will match the number used to report outcomes to the BSCC, not the total number served during the fiscal ye"]
[18.401987075805664, 10.003729820251465, " fee of $35. To adjust for inflation, we have converted the $2,181.33 cost of an LAPD arrest in 2014 to $2,133.14 in 2012 dollars.\nEstimates of arrest costs were provided by the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department (LASD) in response to a request "]
[18.385637283325195, 9.9928617477417, "ment, not a cost-increase adjustment, so our court cost is still likely an underestimate.\n As of the date of this writing, the most-recent available data for computing court costs come from 2009. The Judicial Council of California (2010) reports that"]
[18.301437377929688, 9.94247055053711, " Health Services Initiative\nOur cost comparisons involve estimates of program and other juvenile justice costs during the six months after starting the program (follow-up) versus those in the six months before start- ing (baseline). In the case of pr"]
[18.3249454498291, 9.980667114257812, "834 0.67 1,401 9.72 5,358\nCamp 402.88 Day\nCourt 3,796.31 Appear.\nTotal 13,695\nNOTE: A positive number in a difference column\nbeginning the program than in the six months before beginning. A negative number indicates that the cost was higher after ent"]
[18.326601028442383, 9.984764099121094, " 0.79\nFollow-Up\nMedian Mean ($) ($)\n3,983 4,905 1,137 1,292 976 0 5,826 0\n665 0 3,014 0 15,601 8,301\nDifference ($)\nMean Median\n\u20133,983 \u20134,905 \u2013207 \u201379 43 0 \u20132,711 0\n1,113 0 547 3,796 \u20135,198 \u20133,212\n       1,778 3,561\n   indicates that the cost was low"]
[18.323524475097656, 9.984827995300293, "uding Young Women at Risk)\nJuvenile Justice Costs for JJCPA Participants 67\n    Baseline\nMedian Units Mean ($) ($)\n0.00 0 0 17.67 127 0 0.07 144 0 1.30 716 0\nCamp 402.88 Day\nCourt 3,796.31 Appear.\nTotal 1,767 0\nFollow-Up\nMean ($)\n1,254 160 79 275\n58 "]
[18.334535598754883, 9.997655868530273, " IOW participants is therefore defined as the six months after release from the hall, and the baseline period is the six months before entering the hall.\nWe also included school attendance as a contributor of total cost for the four school-based prog"]
[18.32889175415039, 9.99787425994873, "31 Appear. 0.76 Attendance Vari. Day\nTotal\nMedian ($)\n0 126 2,103 0\n0 3,796\n5,968\nUnits\n154.69 137.76 0.31 3.53\n0.00\n0.52 10.97\nMedian ($)\n1,591 1,292 0 0\n0\n0 \u2013282 2,884\nMean\n\u20131,367 \u2013664 1,119 1,022\n1,592 919 387 2,821\nMedian\n\u20131,591 \u20131,166 2,103 0\n0 "]
[18.33480453491211, 9.991930961608887, "7\n1.99 14 0.06 131 0.38 207\n0.00 0 0.03 115 6.06 \u2013214\n1,526\nMedian ($)\n1,352 0 0 0\n0\n0 \u2013247 1,352\nDifference ($)\nMean Median\n\u20131,167 \u20131,352 \u20133 0 \u201365 0 \u2013188 0\n0 0 \u201345 0 214 247\n\u20131,360 \u20131,352\nCamp 402.88Day Court 3,796.31 Appear. Attendance Vari. Day To"]
[18.331296920776367, 9.989001274108887, "des $1,469 in program costs. As Table 3.13 indicates, supervision juvenile hall, camp, and court costs were also slightly higher in the follow-up period than in the baseline. With overall total costs averaging only $345 per youth in the baseline peri"]
[18.249582290649414, 9.84141731262207, "s\nTable 3.16 shows the mean baseline and follow-up costs per participant in each JJCPA program in FY 2012\u20132013. Weighted averages are also shown for each initiative. It should be noted that the costs for each initiative are largely driven by the cost"]
[18.237110137939453, 9.829808235168457, "e are not able to extend the time frame to measure changes, however, because not enough time has elapsed to allow us to obtain data beyond a six-month period. With a longer follow-up period, the initial program costs may be offset by reductions in su"]
[18.229795455932617, 9.817218780517578, " Initiative\nthe mean cost was lower in the six months after A negative number indicates that the mean cost\nFor each of the three FY 2012\u20132013 initiatives, Table 3.17 shows the mean net cost for each juvenile justice cost\u2014i.e., the mean difference bet"]
[17.903390884399414, 9.07469654083252, "ntegral part of many JJCPA programs and can reasonably be expected to be somewhat higher in the follow-up period than in the baseline\u2014in fact, we define program costs as zero in the baseline, guaranteeing that program costs will be greater in the fol"]
[17.55315399169922, 9.012283325195312, "l.\n77\n78 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2012\u20132013 Report\nOutcomes\nBecause youth in the MH program represent 91 percent of all youth in the Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative for whom big six outcomes wer"]
[17.77880859375, 9.028703689575195, " statistical samples.\nHistorical and Contemporaneous Comparison Groups and Pre-Post Comparisons\nThree of the four programs that used contemporaneous comparison groups (SNC, MST, and SBMS-PROB) were quite small. SNC and MST participants were not signi"]
[17.714067459106445, 9.109601974487305, "erforming at least as well in the current year as in the prior year. As Table 4.1 indicates, the FY 2012\u20132013 cohort equaled or surpassed the performance of the FY 2011\u20132012 cohort in 31 of 34 outcomes. In two outcomes, the current year\u2019s cohort perf"]
[17.705326080322266, 9.107207298278809, " cohorts. NA = not applicable.\ndifference-in-differences analyses for the seven JJCPA programs that used the previous year\u2019s cohort as a comparison group.\nAmong the programs that used the previous year\u2019s cohort as a comparison group, a suc- cessful o"]
[17.93663215637207, 9.075271606445312, "cent) SBHS participants reported school attendance, and 1,635 (65.0 percent) were tested for strengths and risks. In the MH program, by contrast, only 92 of 1,324 (7.0 percent) who received mental health treatment reported BSI scores. These program-t"]
[17.79827880859375, 8.575028419494629, " and then compare the performance of the treatment population with that of the comparison group. Such com- parison groups are always vulnerable to the criticism that they are somehow not comparable to the program group such that observed differences "]
[17.63098907470703, 8.411482810974121, " to evaluate \u201cwhat works\u201d in the treatment process. Because we do not have the data, we are unable to report on implemen- tation measures or what was delivered.\nThis is the 12th year of RAND\u2019s JJCPA evaluation findings. Over the years, the strength a"]
[16.510984420776367, 8.694002151489258, "ld, and Carmenita (ABC) Unified School District (USD) Services\nAsian American Drug Abuse Program (AADAP)\nDescription\nIndividual and family counseling, tutoring, and after-school services\nIndividual and family counseling, supportive services, and subs"]
[16.509668350219727, 8.695420265197754, "s; anger-management counseling; tutoring; and community services\nNo-cost and low-cost legal representation for a wide array of issues, including landlord/tenant disputes, substandard housing, veteran benefits, kinship care, elder abuse, patient right"]
[16.51129913330078, 8.69434642791748, "ohol counseling\nFaith-based youth after-school literacy and tutoring, family support services, and meeting space\nSubstance abuse treatment program, school-based services, mentoring, tutoring, and community services\nAnger management and drug and alcoh"]
[16.509376525878906, 8.69485092163086, "lth services\nCommunity-service hours\nIndividual, group, and family counseling and parenting classes\nSubstance abuse treatment, workforce readiness, health and mental health care, tutoring, study skills, and educational support\nIndividual, family, and"]
[16.509231567382812, 8.696260452270508, "roup home, foster care, family reunification, mental health, and family support services\nCrisis intervention and mental health services\nCounseling\nSubstance abuse services and individual, family, and group counseling\nFamily preservation in-home outre"]
[16.510072708129883, 8.696133613586426, "onal youth basketball initiative, launched by the National Basketball Association and the Women\u2019s National Basketball Association, to connect players, parents, and coaches\nFamily-preservation services, in-home case management to help families mobiliz"]
[16.508670806884766, 8.69493293762207, "l services and representation for low-income clients\nDrug and alcohol counseling and treatment, drug testing\nIndividual and family counseling\nIndividual and family counseling, anger management, and parenting classes\nParenting classes and individual c"]
[16.509920120239258, 8.695792198181152, "ing, including testing, individual and group counseling, and community services\nTreatment, prevention, and disciplinary components to alter negative behavior, specifically for at-risk youth, overseen by Baldwin Park Police personnel\nParenting classes"]
[16.510465621948242, 8.69859504699707, "ndent bookstore in an effort to promote arts enrichment and literacy in the culturally neglected northeast San Fernando Valley and beyond\nCounseling and parenting classes\nCommunity Providers of JJCPA Program Services 93\n    94 Los Angeles County Juve"]
[17.705018997192383, 8.573443412780762, "A\nYouth Opportunity Movement Youth Speak Collective\nDescription\nEmployment and workforce readiness\nSubstance abuse counseling; individual, group, and family counseling; parenting classes; anger-management counseling and tutoring; and mental health co"]
[18.07683753967285, 8.91474723815918, " Weights for treatment-group youth are defined to be 1. These weights are then used to compare the mean values of the two groups on each of the independent variables. If the treatment and comparison groups show similar mean values when weights are ap"]
[17.70457649230957, 8.568778991699219, "4. incarceration: Similar to arrest, incarceration is a valid indicator of delinquency and recidivism. However, incarceration can also be used as a sanction for case-management purposes, and courts often impose incarceration as a sanction to get the "]
[17.462966918945312, 9.449891090393066, "Home-based HRHN, male\nHRHN employment Home-based HRHN, male HRHN employment Substance abuse treatment\nGender specific Home-based HRHN, female\nFFT and MST FFT\nHome-based HRHN, male\nCluster\n3 1,5 5\n4 3 1 4 2, 4\n1,5\n1,5 2\n2 2, 5 2\n4 3 2\n4 4\n2, 4 2\n3\n   "]
[17.506694793701172, 9.518109321594238, "tatistical testing is not possible if one of the measures is 0.\nBSCC-Mandated and Supplemental Outcomes for Individual JJCPA Programs, FY 2012\u20132013 105\nTable E.3\nOutcomes for Multisystemic Therapy, FY 2012\u20132013\n     BSCC-Mandated Outcome Number\nArres"]
[17.51704216003418, 9.531952857971191, " Outcome Number Percentage\nArrest 19 2.97 Incarceration 3 0.47\nSample Size\n   639\n   639\n    83\n    63\n    67\n83\nNumber\n25 3 27 30 21\n6\nComparison\nPercentage Sample Size\n3.34 748\n0.40 748 23.08 117 34.09 88 22.58 93\n5.17 116\nFollow-Up\nMean Sample Siz"]
[17.50718116760254, 9.537625312805176, ",671\n2,047\nSample Size\n1,618 1,347 1,245 1,635 1,635\n   Completion of probation\nCompletion of restitution\nCompletion of community service\nProbation violation\nBSCC Supplemental Outcome\nSchool attendance School suspensions School expulsions Strength sc"]
[17.507152557373047, 9.542798042297363, "d Outcome\nArrest\nIncarceration\nCompletion of probation\nCompletion of restitution\nCompletion of community service\nProbation violation\nBSCC Supplemental Outcome\nSchool attendance School suspensions School expulsions Strength score Barrier score\nNumber\n"]
[17.509212493896484, 9.552229881286621, "Completion of community service\nProbation violation\nBSCC Supplemental Outcome\nSchool absences\nNumber\n3 0\nBaseline\nPercentage Sample Size\n0.10 3,144 0.00 3,144\nFollow-Up\nNumber Percentage\n8 0.25 3 0.10 NA NA NA\nNA\nSample Size\n3,144 3,144\n   NA NA NA\nN"]
[17.51093864440918, 9.543498992919922, "plicable.\na Difference is statistically significant (p < 0.05).\nBSCC-Mandated and Supplemental Outcomes for Individual JJCPA Programs, FY 2012\u20132013 115\nTable E.14\nOutcomes for Inside-Out Writers, FY 2012\u20132013\n   BSCC-Mandated Outcome\nArrest\nIncarcera"]
[17.56218910217285, 9.516419410705566, "community service 2 Probation violation 0\nFemales\nPercentage\n20.00 6.67 22.22 50.00 28.57 0.00\nSample Size\n15 15 9 4 7 9\nMales\nNumber Percentage Sample Size\n8 17.02 47 4 8.51 47 2 5.00 40 8 25.81 31 2 6.45 31 2 5.00 40\n     Table F.4\nOutcomes for Sch"]
[17.77530860900879, 9.344308853149414, "13\n45.45 11 11.11 9\n15.38 13\n12.50 8 12.50 8 0.00 6 0.00 4 0.00 5\n0.00 6\n0.00 3\n0.00 3 33.33 3 100.00 3 33.33 3\n0.00 3\nCompletion of probation Completion of restitution\nCompletion of community service\nProbation violation\n20.00 5 40.00 5 33.33 3\n0.00 "]
[17.3173828125, 8.116662979125977, "ssembly, 2000. BJS\u2014See Bureau of Justice Statistics.\nBoard of State and Community Corrections, Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: March 2014 Annual Report, Sacramento, Calif., March 2014. As of July 2, 2014: http://www.bscc.ca.gov/downloads/JJCPA"]
[17.119779586791992, 7.983095645904541, "nd Emerging Responses,\u201d OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Vol. 7, No. 1, April 2000, pp. 3\u201313. As of July 2, 2014: https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/jjjnl_2000_4/youth.html\nCocozza, Joseph J., and Kristin A. Stainbrook, The Ohio Linkages Project: Final"]
[17.2363338470459, 8.04218578338623, "90.\nFain, Terry, Sarah Michal Greathouse, Susan F. Turner, and H. Dawn Weinberg, \u201cEffectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy for Minority Youth: Outcomes over 8 Years in Los Angeles County,\u201d OJJDP Journal of Juvenile Justice, Vol. 3, No. 2, Spring 2014, "]
[17.102745056152344, 7.969876766204834, "o, Thomas, and Richard Barnum, Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, Version 2: MAYSI-2\u2014User\u2019s\nManual and Technical Report, Sarasota, Fla.: Professional Resource Press, 2006.\nHammond, Sarah, Mental Health Needs of Juvenile Offenders, Washington, "]
[17.114070892333984, 7.955284118652344, "T. Cullen, and Paul Gendreau, \u201cBeyond Correctional Quackery: Professionalism and the Possibility of Effective Treatment,\u201d Federal Probation, Vol. 66, No. 2, September 2002, pp. 43\u201349. As of April 9, 2014: http://www.uscourts.gov/viewer.aspx?doc=/usco"]
[17.12429428100586, 7.961742401123047, ". 2012:4, 2012. As of July 3, 2014:\nhttp://www.campbellcollaboration.org/lib/download/2356/\nMulvey, Edward P., and Anne E. Brodsky, \u201cSecondary Prevention of Delinquency: More Than Promises from the Past?\u201d paper presented at the 98th Annual Convention"]
[17.281831741333008, 8.040432929992676, "ity of Colorado, Boulder, July 1994.\nTurner, Susan, and Terry Fain, \u201cValidation of the Risk and Resiliency Assessment Tool for Juveniles in the Los Angeles County Probation System,\u201d Federal Probation, Vol. 70, No. 2, September 2006, pp. 49\u201355. As of "]
[17.161754608154297, 8.080723762512207, "Peggy Giordano, Denise C. Gottfredson, Allison A. Payne, Barry C. Feld, and Meda Chesney-Lind, Causes and Correlates of Girls\u2019 Delinquency, Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Bulletin NCJ 226358, April 2010. As of"]
[-2.242194652557373, 1.098918080329895, "  CORPORATION\nShining a Light on State Campaign Finance\nAn Evaluation of the Impact of the National Institute on Money in State Politics\nGeoffrey McGovern, Michael D. Greenberg\n ELECTRONIC COPIES OF RAND RESEARCH ARE PROVIDED FOR PERSONAL USE; POSTIN"]
[11.376769065856934, 17.56765365600586, " Civil Justice\nThe RAND Institute for Civil Justice (ICJ) is dedicated to improving the civil justice system by supplying policymakers and the public with rigorous and nonpartisan research. Its studies identify trends in litigation and inform policy "]
[-2.2419416904449463, 1.0992571115493774, "...............................6 A Word on the Value of the Institute\u2019s Data ........................................................................................8 Describing the Formal Logic of the Institute: From Data to Users..................."]
[-2.241905450820923, 1.099137544631958, " Graphic of the Activist View of Impact ................................................................16 3.2. A Simple Graphic of the Ecological View of Impact............................................................17\nTable\n2.1. \u201cMy District\u201d T"]
[-2.241950750350952, 1.0995142459869385, " established legal framework for campaign finance disclosure in the United States. In principle, the Institute\u2019s data can help to encourage greater awareness, transparency, and accountability in the political system. The\n ix\nInstitute has been collec"]
[-2.2418696880340576, 1.099295973777771, " as an advocate for campaign finance reform or other direct policy changes\u2014we adopt the \u201cecological view\u201d as our preferred approach for guiding an impact evaluation. This focuses the attention of the report on the uptake and use of Institute data and"]
[-2.2420990467071533, 1.099108099937439, "oth at the state level and nationally. The users we interviewed see the Institute as the gold standard resource for data on money in state politics. Indeed, the Institute has been a driving force behind informed public discussion of state campaign fi"]
[-2.240314483642578, 1.1007214784622192, "nowledgments\nThis report would not have been possible without the contributions of several professionals at the National Institute on Money in State Politics; input from the academic, journalistic, and advocacy sectors; and support and assistance fro"]
[-2.240217447280884, 1.100813388824463, "et of controversial campaign finance reforms established under the McCain-Feingold law, voiced concern over \u201cthe actual corruption threatened by large financial contributions and the eroding of public confidence in the electoral process through the a"]
[-2.241027593612671, 1.0999891757965088, "al speech; and disclosure permits citizens and shareholders to react to the speech of corporate entities in a proper way. This transparency enables the electorate to make informed decisions and give proper weight to different speakers and messages.4\n"]
[-2.2419593334198, 1.0990654230117798, "udents and the public at large.\u201d9\nIn 2013, the Institute hired RAND to conduct an evaluation of the impact of the Institute\u2019s data, research, and outreach activities. As described in Section 2, RAND previously conducted a study on the Institute\u2019s dat"]
[-2.241547107696533, 1.099738597869873, "flow of political money at the state level would have had to contact each states\u2019 election official, to obtain copies of the relevant [hardcopy] disclosure forms. As a practical matter, the distributed and analog nature of state campaign finance reco"]
[-2.2405197620391846, 1.100061058998108, "a staff of 26, are financed mainly through foundation generosity. Major foundation support in 2013 came from the Bauman Foundation, the California Endowment, the Energy Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Hewlett Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation"]
[-2.242180109024048, 1.0985661745071411, "stry Influence allows users to look at 130 industry sectors and to evaluate giving patterns within and across states.\n\u2022 The Legislative Committee Action Tool (L-CAT) attempts to link campaign contributions with legislative outcomes.\n\u2022 Other tools and"]
[-2.2425827980041504, 1.098008394241333, "the Institute is limited to the extent that the states are limited or inconsistent in the amount of information that must be disclosed. Likewise, if states fail to enforce their own laws to ensure compliance with disclosure rules, the Institute is li"]
[-2.2408833503723145, 1.100459098815918, " the public campaigns toward greater electoral transparency, as evinced by the creation and operations of the FEC, as discussed in Section 1 and earlier in this section.\nThe potential and actual ability to contribute to an informed electorate, an emp"]
[-2.241978883743286, 1.0992538928985596, "Center for Responsive Politics, Brief on Citizens United v FEC, 2009 WL 2365228, July 31, 2009.\n 9\nIf the Institute had spent the last decade compiling data that did not have the potential to unlock new insight, understanding, and clarity about the s"]
[-2.2421014308929443, 1.0991287231445312, "-authored analyses, drawing on the data. The Institute\u2019s \u201ccustomers\u201d include a variety of stakeholders that seek access to campaign finance data, with journalists, academics, and public interest groups being some of the most obvious users. A correspo"]
[-2.2419793605804443, 1.0992177724838257, "d search of social science publications on the academic journal database JSTOR revealed about two dozen scholarly articles, mostly in the field of political science, that cite the Institute or use its data as part of their quantitative analyses (this"]
[-2.2419700622558594, 1.098890781402588, "ercount the degree to which Institute reports and data have been used. Journalists are using the Institute for information, context, and background that do not show up in their copy but is nonetheless essential to the content-generating process.\nTrac"]
[-2.2420427799224854, 1.0988997220993042, "g and facilitating access to state campaign finance information, the Institute aims to make that information more useful and, ultimately, to encourage others in sustained examination of the role and effect of money in politics. The degree to which th"]
[-2.24220609664917, 1.0995209217071533, "13.\n26 For example, some staff we spoke with suggested that the Institute\u2019s impact closely corresponds with its data repository function. Consequently, they suggested improving impact by expanding the data that the Institute collects, by improving th"]
[-2.2425081729888916, 1.098573923110962, " more like an advocacy group that pursued an agenda in a specific public policy area (for example, like the Sierra Club or the National Rifle Association), we could more conventionally assess the degree to which lobbying and public awareness raising "]
[-2.2422800064086914, 1.0983914136886597, "late to impact), we provide more detailed recommendations in Section 5.\nSome preliminary comments are due regarding our process for identifying and selecting candidates for interviews. By design, we focused only on users of the Institute\u2019s data and r"]
[-2.242496967315674, 1.098493218421936, "28 We think that the ways the Institute\u2019s data could be transmitted to the voting public might include intermediaries, such as the media (discussed below), and voter education efforts, such as Project Vote Smart or the League of Women Voters.29 These"]
[-2.242753028869629, 1.0973891019821167, "luation. That is beyond the scope of our effort. We focused on users of the Institute\u2019s data to understand why they are using the data and how they viewed the experience. Overall, each of the journalists with whom we spoke was very appreciative of th"]
[-2.2424819469451904, 1.0977598428726196, " Cooper noted that the \u201cnew guys all link to Nate Silver and the like, so they can better spend their resources elsewhere; any expectation that these news organizations are going to have the capability to\n20\nanalyze the data in a timely way is unreal"]
[-2.2421252727508545, 1.0985032320022583, "t to say that using other states\u2019 data as a point of reference is unlikely. Knowing whether a neighboring or similar state experiences similar patters of giving to political campaigns can add to a richer and more informative story. We mean only to su"]
[-2.2421395778656006, 1.0985839366912842, "o use when reporting on issues of campaign finance in the states. Suggestions for greater impact in the community were distinctly in the direction of new and social media strategies, coupled with digested data.34\nThe Academic Communities\nThe academic"]
[-2.2420547008514404, 1.0990864038467407, "wn argued that the likelihood of winning is what attracts money, not the other way around. Campaign donors, he argued, are strategic in their use of donations, directing their support to candidates that are already of high quality and likely to win t"]
[-2.241774082183838, 1.0996043682098389, "lation pending before committees.40 Others have targeted search results, such as the amount of money above $50 given in the state of Texas for electoral contests for the Supreme Court of Texas.41 And still others come from advocacy organizations that"]
[-2.242325782775879, 1.0989181995391846, "dangered Balance Between Impartial Courts and Judicial Election Campaigns,\u201d Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics, Vol. 21, No. 4, Fall 2008, pp. 1229\u20131258.\n 24\nBeyond the political science and legal literature, fewer articles appear to cite the Institu"]
[-2.242318630218506, 1.0986775159835815, " and then performed statistical analysis, the Institute\u2019s data are already coded in many ways.\n43 Deniz Igan, Prachi Mishra, and Thierry Tressel, \u201cA Fistful of Dollars: Lobbying and the Financial Crisis,\u201d NBER Macroeconomics Annual, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2"]
[-2.2419495582580566, 1.0992343425750732, "n peer-reviewed journals. However, not all relevant academic fields are publishing analyses informed by the Institute\u2019s data; the main users are the political and legal communities.\nThe Advocacy and Research Groups\nThe last category of Institute data"]
[-2.241520643234253, 1.0992639064788818, "nstitute when there is a very specific need for linking campaign finance with state policy.53 Rather than the partnership model (Sunlight), the Justice Policy Institute is using the Institute as a resource that informs their specific policy needs.54 "]
[-2.2415661811828613, 1.0992590188980103, "n collecting data from every state election office). Freed and his staff use the database itself, looking into corporate spending in the states. The result of their research and advocacy is the adoption of political donation disclosure and corporate "]
[-2.242063045501709, 1.0986829996109009, "e that provides secondary and tertiary users with a wealth of information that they can then use to bolster their own policy- motivated and knowledge-generating activities.\nTaking this perspective from ecology, we focused on identifying and interview"]
[-2.2423927783966064, 1.0984817743301392, "ons that loosely track \u201cimpact.\u201d We have assumed, from the beginning of this research, that this broader community of interest was an important intended audience for this work.\nAs we reported earlier, we believe that impact assessment for a data reso"]
[-2.2422502040863037, 1.098311424255371, "the advent of more information and more powerful computing comes a set of challenges that need to be overcome before users are aware of, interested in, and able to use the data for their purposes. These three challenges to big data presently face the"]
[-2.242441177368164, 1.0980104207992554, "treme end, some users who are interested in untangling the systemic role money plays in state politics would need to be able to perform very sophisticated statistical analyses to wrest the insights that are potentially locked within the Institute\u2019s d"]
[-2.2425777912139893, 1.0978554487228394, " communities has a natural affinity for the type of information the Institute has gathered, yet their needs when using the data and the paths they take to the Institute itself can vary dramatically. Keeping the multiple customer base in mind will be "]
[-2.2424392700195312, 1.0980175733566284, " data sources, suggesting that there is demand for this type of information from state agencies. For example, see Idaho Secretary of State Election Division, website, undated; Montana Commissioner of Political Practices, \u201cPolitical Practices\u2014General "]
[-2.242614984512329, 1.0977336168289185, "may be more productive to partner more formally with the communication and journalism schools for annual symposia and training courses.\nThe Academic Community Is a Permanent Audience for the Database\nThe group with the highest level of awareness, int"]
[-2.2423925399780273, 1.098097324371338, "e financial supporters are attracted to the blossoms, but not to the root, there is a risk that the data resource will not survive. Data gathering is not a flashy business; but it is essential to the informed debate that the advocacy groups and their"]
[-2.2416510581970215, 1.099785566329956, "irkland, Virginia Gray, David Lowery, Jennifer Sykes, and Mary Deason, \u201cMediated Density: The Indirect Relationship Between U.S. State Public Policy and PACs,\u201d State Politics & Policy Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4, December 2011, pp. 440\u2013459.\nBrandeis, L"]
[-2.240341901779175, 1.100606918334961, "lection Commission, website, undated. As of July 21, 2014:\nhttp://www.fec.gov\nFiveThirtyEight, website, undated. As of July 24, 2014: http://fivethirtyeight.com/\nGreenfield, Victoria, Valerie L. Williams, and Elisa Eiseman, Using Logic Models for Str"]
[-2.2400412559509277, 1.1007187366485596, "mber 2014,\u201d 2014. As of July 29, 2014:\nhttp://www.marinlwv.org/election_nov2014/\nLowery, David, and Virginia Gray, \u201cThe Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch, or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States,\u201d American Journal o"]
[-2.24111270904541, 1.100124478340149, "4:\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/03/opinion/how-not-to-enforce-campaign-laws.html?_r=0\nSenior, Jennifer S., \u201cExpanding the Court\u2019s First Amendment Accessibility Framework for Analyzing Ballot Initiative Circulator Regulations,\u201d University of Chicago"]
[13.4142427444458, 3.2196271419525146, "  CORPORATION\nPolice Department Investments in Information Technology Systems\nChallenges Assessing Their Payoff\nBrian A. Jackson, Victoria A. Greenfield, Andrew R. Morral, and John S. Hollywood\nIn the wake of the economic downturn that began in 2007 "]
[13.3963041305542, 3.235215187072754, "s on\nlaw enforcement performance can benefit from the results of the logic modeling and exploratory analysis. Specifically, it is important to collect data not just on department acquisition of IT systems, but also on how the systems are used and the"]
[13.424488067626953, 3.234036684036255, "t closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs) in stores, meaning that it took hours or longer to disseminate images of crimes and criminals. Now, officers use their phones to record the video displays and can relay those images immediately.\nSuch novel applica"]
[13.595102310180664, 3.0624797344207764, "paths forward and to inform law enforcement executives in making IT decisions.\nPoliCe Use oF inFormATion TeChnology\nTo do their jobs effectively, law enforcement professionals at\nall levels depend on information. According to Brown (2001,\np. 352), \u201cb"]
[13.510698318481445, 3.1471164226531982, "ith the benefits one might expect from IT. The size and complexity of the area that a law enforce- ment organization protects will presumably shape the value of computerized hotspot identification\u2014which could be a more difficult analytic task for a l"]
[13.417725563049316, 3.22373104095459, "p. 27). Video conferencing was also highlighted as a form of information and communication technology that reduced the time required for officers to appear at hearings and even substituted for physically transporting inmates to judicial proceedings ("]
[13.404213905334473, 3.2121400833129883, "tool kit as to mismanagement by developers and users of IT.\u201d Many of the studies that followed his review and assessment have, more or less effectively, attempted to address these deficiencies.\nBroadly speaking, the literature tells a story about the"]
[13.411236763000488, 3.221168041229248, "rtment investments in IT and improvements in clearance rates, crime rates, or other productivity measures. However, when organizational characteristics and management practices are included in the analysis, they did find expected productivity effects"]
[13.411660194396973, 3.221520185470581, " as a component of policing requires both identifying the range of ways it can contribute to different police goals and determin- ing effective ways to measure those varied contributions.\n6 These complications affect the assessment of IT in other sec"]
[13.416498184204102, 3.247239589691162, "t al. (2009).8 They employ a framework that takes the mission of a program or organization as a foundation and then charts the path from inputs to activities and outputs and, eventually, to outcomes. In effect, the mission statement serves as a guide"]
[13.400274276733398, 3.234598159790039, "s dis- patch, personnel management, surveillance, and in-service training. Specific types of IT investments hypothesized to support these functions include:\n- Administrative systems, including records management\n- Communications systems, including co"]
[13.387661933898926, 3.2241246700286865, "ow they are intended to be used. We think of planning inputs as those drawn into decisions about allocating resources to activities. As a practical matter, it may be difficult to draw clear distinctions in either a box or real life. For example, some"]
[13.419678688049316, 3.189279079437256, "h and wellness services\nResource assignments, employee appraisals, determinations, records (e.g., case, employee, complaint, and audit), skills and competencies, and health and well-being\n Improvements in safety, security, and quality of life\n  Proac"]
[13.404191970825195, 3.2200558185577393, " we pro- ceed to the right of the model, the department can be expected to have less and less control over how events unfold; neverthe- less, we suggest the possibility of monitoring and evaluation, even in this region, as means of strengthening the "]
[13.382246017456055, 3.2307746410369873, "\nAs a result, better evaluation of IT in law enforcement agencies is not just about matching IT tools to tasks; it must also consider whether the department or departments being evaluated are actually undertaking particular tasks. In the literature, "]
[13.464265823364258, 3.315337896347046, "typal mission statement: \u201cTo improve quality of life by protect-\ning life and property; detecting, solving, and reducing crime; reducing fear of crime; and enhancing safety in cooperation with community.\u201d\nBelow are the mission statements that we sele"]
[13.444815635681152, 3.245448112487793, "licing.\u201d (http://www.police.co.nassau.ny.us/VisionMission.aspx)\n\u2022 Sacramento Police Department: \u201cThe mission of the Sacramento Police Department is to work in partnership with the Com- munity to protect life and property, solve neighborhood problems,"]
[13.386037826538086, 3.221407413482666, "uld even be expected from particular IT investments, given departmental strategies and officer allocation decisions.\neffects of multiple changes in IT or practice were mistakenly ascribed to only one system or if offsetting effects in different parts"]
[13.35680866241455, 3.2245848178863525, "to reconcile these findings is to run causality effects in reverse\u2014that is, arguing that these technologies were purchased in response to increasing crime or problems clear- ing crimes rather than being associated with crime increasing after they wer"]
[13.419746398925781, 3.235419273376465, "ctivities. A depart- ment that was not doing community policing\u2014or that had a community-policing unit in name only\u2014might buy the same system and would get little or no benefit from it. Our team sought to build measures for different elements of react"]
[13.42466926574707, 3.2382335662841797, "on, Erik, \u201cThe Productivity Paradox of Information Technology: Review and Assessment,\u201d Communications of the ACM, Vol. 36, No. 12, 1993, pp. 66\u201377.\nBrynjolfsson, Erik, and Lorin Hitt, \u201cInformation Technology as a Factor of Production: The Role of Dif"]
[13.483348846435547, 3.3276143074035645, " tance, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, March 2008.\nGreenfield, Victoria A., Valerie Williams, and Elisa Eiseman,\nUsing Logic Models for Strategic Planning and Evaluation: Application to the National Center for Injury Preventi"]
[13.421789169311523, 3.252946376800537, "hnology and Its Impact on Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence from Gov- ernment and Private Data Sources, 1977\u20131993,\u201d The Cana- dian Journal of Economics, Vol. 32, No. 2, 1999, pp. 335\u2013362.\nLichtenberg, Frank R., \u201cThe Output Contributions of Computer E"]
[13.453031539916992, 3.3678646087646484, "06, Philadel- phia, Pa.: Temple University, 2008. As of August 21, 2014: http://www.threatanalysis.com/misc/ CCTV%20-%20Philly.pdf\nReaves, Brian A., \u201cLocal Police Departments, 2007,\u201d Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 231174, December 2010.\nSanthaman,"]
[13.803275108337402, 4.28886079788208, "his report\nWith declining revenues over the past five years, cities and states in the United States have sought to limit the growth, and in many cases reduce the budgets, of their police forces. This budget tightening has presented police chiefs and "]
[13.821803092956543, 4.6403374671936035, ", see http://www.rand.org/safety-justice or contact the director at sj@rand.org.\nLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property "]
[15.526077270507812, 8.083919525146484, "  CORPORATION\nDoes San Francisco\u2019s Community Justice Center Reduce Criminal Recidivism?\nBeau Kilmer and Jesse Sussell\nSUMMARY \u25a0 The community court model is a novel approach for processing criminal offenders. The goals of community courts are largely"]
[15.53709602355957, 8.084053039550781, "case processing at the CJC and Hall of Justice (and subsequent service utilization) into future analyses.\n 1. INTRODUCTION\nThe community court model is a novel alternative approach for processing criminal offenders. The first community court opened i"]
[15.518400192260742, 8.090700149536133, "tchment area borders.9 There are guidelines as to which cases are eligible to be heard at the CJC: for example, theft, drug possession, and disorderly conduct are explicitly eli- gible, while felony violence, drunk driving, and cases involving guns a"]
[15.535543441772461, 8.081192970275879, "tive at accomplishing this goal is an open question.13 We are unaware of attempts to evaluate community courts using ran- domized controlled experiments; thus, published evaluations rely on inferior approaches that require various assumptions. Table "]
[15.523921012878418, 8.087051391601562, "es (race, age, etc.) are added to the econometric models, no factors remain which are correlated with both the outcome variable (a proxy for recidivism) and the treatment status (whether or not the individual was processed by the community court). To"]
[15.555583000183105, 8.092598915100098, " occurs after each offender\u2019s first visit to the court. The treatment plan is created by a provider from the San Francisco Department of Public Health (DPH) and is tailored to individual offender needs and criminal behavior. All treatment plans requi"]
[15.526541709899902, 8.089688301086426, "n in the CJC is also optional for defendants. At any point they can leave the program and resume traditional criminal justice processing at the HOJ. This poses a challenge for researchers attempting to estimate the causal effect of the CJC on a varie"]
[15.513317108154297, 8.090311050415039, "data on arrests for new charges, the CMS extract also contained records for \u201crearrests\u201d\u2014probation revocation or parole violation events related to prior arrests. The CMS extract contained records of out-of-jurisdiction warrant arrests (when individua"]
[15.512887954711914, 8.090178489685059, " within the state. We matched CMS records to CADOJ records using name, date of birth (DOB), and, when available, Social Security number (SSN). In addi- tion, we used a \u201cfuzzy\u201d matching procedure that allowed for close and partial matches, meaning for"]
[15.513082504272461, 8.093052864074707, "\n34.0\n34.8\nMale\n77.1%\n79.8%\n78.4%\n77.9%\nArrest class\nOther\n15.4%\n23.4%\n24.3%\n21.0%\nViolent: felony\n10.3%\n13.2%\n17.5%\n14.9%\nViolent: nonfelony\n6.1%\n8.5%\n9.3%\n8.1%\nDrug: sale\n17.2%\n2.9%\n7.6%\n11.1%\nDrug: possession\n14.7%\n4.7%\n7.1%\n9.9%\nTheft\n14.0%\n10.1%"]
[15.514311790466309, 8.091014862060547, "rticular sensitivity analysis.\nOur DD model is constructed from an indicator variable which identifies whether a charge-eligible arrest occurred inside or outside of the CJC catchment area, an indicator variable which identifies whether the arrest oc"]
[15.512561798095703, 8.090056419372559, "a jointly) is modeled, and \u03b3 is the estimate of the treatment effect.\nBecause eligibility for the CJC is determined not just by geographic eligibility but also by charge eligibility, we subset our analysis to those cases so classified. Developing thi"]
[15.515711784362793, 8.090043067932129, " within any of the included districts will be more likely to equally affect those inside and outside of the catchment area, consistent with the key assumption of the research design.\nThe research design we describe here produces estimates of the Inte"]
[15.510139465332031, 8.089300155639648, "individuals who bench warrant following their initial arrest (by failing to appear at a hearing), and individuals who violate probation following case adjudication at the HOJ.\nWithin our analytic sample (see Table A1 in the online appendix) and in th"]
[15.507345199584961, 8.093673706054688, "t area it is lower. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the CJC has a reduced rearrest rate.\n5.3 Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) Regression Results\nOur main model results are displayed in Table 4. The group of results columns on the le"]
[15.506175994873047, 8.089247703552246, "to add charges to the initial arrest, but for administrative reasons inserted those charges into a new arrest. This could occur (for example) if identification following a fingerprinting procedure allowed the DA to associate an offender with a previo"]
[15.517585754394531, 8.094274520874023, "rs\n   \u20130.068*** (\u20133.415)\n 0.115*** (7.795)\n  0.003 (0.158)\n  Yes\n  Yes\n  Yes\n  Yes\n No\n  \u20130.038\n(\u20130.668)\n 13,570\n  0.166\n (2) + Month FE\n   \u20130.069** (\u20133.112)\n  0.182*** (10.686)\n   0.033 (1.624)\n   Yes\n  No\n  No\n  No\n  No\n  0.463***\n(22.385)\n 13,570\n"]
[15.49793815612793, 8.088521957397461, "iduals will be cited for loitering but not for felony assault. However, it also conveys information about law enforcement perceptions about the arrestee: the office of the district attorney will occasionally issue \u201cdo not cite\u201d orders for chronic re-"]
[15.519309997558594, 8.0918550491333, "th slightly smaller in absolute value (\u20130.029, t=\u20132.10). When the entire\nFigure 5: Areas for Sensitivity Analysis Control Groups\u2014Concentric Circles Around CJC Catchment Area Centroid (each circle = 2,000 feet)\n  RAND RR735-5\ncity is used as a control"]
[15.51681900024414, 8.091988563537598, "t only offset an increase but actually decreased recidivism might be chal- lenged if there were another intervention in the post-period that affected only the CJC or control areas; however, we are not aware of any other interventions (police or other"]
[15.52624797821045, 8.084936141967773, "Center for Court Innovation summarized that the Midtown Community Court had \u201cmixed recidivism impacts; no clear effect on individual offender recidivism.\u201d36 Table 1 also highlights how the evalu- ation of the Red Hook CJC (RHCJC) exploited a natural "]
[15.52450942993164, 8.08529281616211, "tp://www.courtinnovation.org/research/community-courts-around-world?mode=4&url=research%2F4%2Farticle\n3. M. S. Frazer, The Impact of the Community Court Model on Defendant Perceptions of Fairness: A Case Study at the Red Hook Justice Center, New York"]
[15.524151802062988, 8.091569900512695, "t That Has Succeeded,\u201d Connecticut Law Review, Vol. 34, 2001, p. 123; and Frazer, 2006).\n14 Westat, East of the River Community Court (ERCC) Evaluation, Rockville, Md., July 2012. 15 Westat, 2012.\n16 CJC, 2012.\n17 Online appendix to this report may b"]
[15.508749961853027, 8.090106010437012, "ue new rearrests. So the indicator for recidivism (the outcome variable) is equal to 1 if either of the following occur in the year subsequent to the initial arrest: (a) any new arrest or street citation, or (b) any bench war- rant arrest occurring t"]
[15.526899337768555, 8.086068153381348, "ervision (rather than committing a new crime), they can no longer be returned to State prison but must be sanctioned in local (county) jail or community alternatives, including house arrest, drug treatment, or flash incarceration.\n34 Model includes d"]
[13.830739974975586, 4.4533305168151855, "the data required to conduct the analyses. We are also indebted to the CJC staff, CJC Advisory Board, CMS Committee, SFPD, and others for addressing our numerous inquiries and steering us down the correct path. We thank Layla Parast for reviewing ear"]
[13.792513847351074, 4.7837982177734375, "TIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY\nThe RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research "]
[3.045609474182129, 1.4077726602554321, " The Changing Role of Criminal Law\nin Controlling Corporate Behavior James M. Anderson, Ivan Waggoner\n CORPORATION\nFor more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr412\n  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available "]
[3.0827383995056152, 1.3763238191604614, " 19, 1977.\n iii\niv The Changing Role of Criminal Law in Controlling Corporate Behavior\nregulation, risk management, and insurance. The institute builds on a long tradition of RAND Corporation research characterized by an interdisciplinary, empirical "]
[3.0443129539489746, 1.4094374179840088, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion........................................................................\nCHAPTER THREE\nRecent History: A Shift to Reforming Corporations from Within. . . . The Traditional Approach: Prosecuting the Corporati"]
[3.0436785221099854, 1.4086536169052124, "lar Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . .......\n4.7. Prosecution Data on Securities Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......\n4.8. Federal Prosecutions for Lending Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......\n4.9. Federal Prosecutions for"]
[3.045220375061035, 1.40781569480896, "to benefit themselves, e.g., embezzlement.\nix\nx The Changing Role of Criminal Law in Controlling Corporate Behavior\nTo address the question of the proper role of criminal sanctions, we (1) describe the current state of the use of criminal sanctions i"]
[3.0445477962493896, 1.4079896211624146, "rate monitors as a condition of probation, after the corporation was convicted. Over time, however, compliance programs and acquiescence to restructuring moved up in the criminal process to become criteria on which a decision to prosecute was made. T"]
[3.043879985809326, 1.4087482690811157, "ions (Brandon L. Garrett and Jon Ashley, \u201cFederal Organizational Plea Agreements,\u201d Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia School of Law, undated).\n    Sentencing Commission data\nGarrett data\n       Corporations\n  prosecuting offenders to encour"]
[3.0446410179138184, 1.4082684516906738, "ral consequences. Federal agencies are increasing debarment and suspension proceedings in an effort to minimize waste and fraud. The result is the huge increase in DPAs and NPAs, which lack some of the key benefits of public law. Typically, these agr"]
[3.045081377029419, 1.4077095985412598, "fendant has to be reviewed by an appropriate federal judge, so should these agree- ments be reviewed for fairness and to ensure that they are in the public interest. This practice would provide some assurance that the agree- ments are genuinely in th"]
[3.045915126800537, 1.4069632291793823, "of ICJ during this project and Pamela Calig for her able administration of the project. We thank Jennifer H. Arlen for her helpful comments on the project and Joseph W. Doherty and Ingrid V. Eagly for their assistance, as well as the UCLA-RAND Center"]
[3.053124189376831, 1.3994603157043457, "tury Together with Some Origi- nal Matter, London: J. Hatchard and Son, 1844, p. 268) quotes the passage as \u201cCorpora- tions have neither bodies to be punished, nor souls to be condemned; they therefore do as they like.\u201d Another version of this quotat"]
[3.0438554286956787, 1.4093332290649414, "4\u201335) and Frederick Pollock (\u201cHas the Common Law Received the Fiction Theory of Corporations?\u201d Law Quarterly Review, Vol. 27, No. 2, 1911, pp. 219\u2013235).\n4 For example, a recent headline in the New York Times reads, \u201cE-Mails Imply JPMorgan Knew Some M"]
[3.045351982116699, 1.4068610668182373, "ent grew in part out of perceptions that large corporations face little scrutiny for actions that harmed millions.11\nGenerally, consternation about the role of criminal law in con- trolling behavior in the corporate context is not a new set of concer"]
[3.0455222129821777, 1.4076945781707764, "orporate Criminal Liability\nThis report addresses the criminal liability of both corporations and individuals acting within these corporations. Corporations may be criminally liable for the crimes of their employees and agents. The agents and employe"]
[3.045358180999756, 1.4069703817367554, "e criteria used to prosecute and the sen- tencing consequences. Typically, these include the strength of the case, the extent and history of misconduct, whether there is a compliance program, the corporation\u2019s cooperation with the investigation, the "]
[3.0449435710906982, 1.4074313640594482, "s issue, we first con- ducted legal research on the origins and development of criminal lia- bility for corporations, vicarious liability for employers for the acts of their employees, and the evolution of the requirement of criminal intent. As noted"]
[3.0441055297851562, 1.4088129997253418, "identify whether a defendant is an individual or a corporation.\nCivil-Case Data\nThe civil-case data contain similar information to that in the criminal cases, such as the district in which the dispute was disposed, the con- trolling circuit, and dock"]
[3.028348922729492, 1.4252129793167114, "ately, the data col- lected by the Sentencing Commission are incomplete and thus not a full representation of all federal criminal cases involving organizations. Several studies have noted important omissions of large companies that were not included"]
[3.0502195358276367, 1.4118036031723022, "e to provide suitable information that can be used to identify individual cases.27\nTRACFED\nThis data set is compiled by the Transactional Records Access Clearing- house (TRAC), a research center at Syracuse University. TRACFED is an online data wareh"]
[3.0448555946350098, 1.4083659648895264, "e supplying government agency. If a dis- crepancy cannot be resolved, the data are flagged to alert the user. A federal judge ordered DOJ to disclose information containing the name of the defendant corporation to TRAC (TRAC, \u201cDepartment of Justice O"]
[3.0630266666412354, 1.3896212577819824, "riminal Justice, Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2013, pp. 4\u20139.\n2 Roman law addressed the problem of criminal behavior on the part of corporations by simply discouraging corporations. Noting that Trajan refused to incorporate even a small company of firefight"]
[3.0518460273742676, 1.4015182256698608, "id Criminal Law Come to Be Applied to Corporate Behavior? 17\nfor these inactions.8 But the question of whether a corporation could be held liable for actions that were directly inconsistent with its charter remained unresolved until Regina v. Great N"]
[3.0495338439941406, 1.4036033153533936, "if they do an act within the scope of their corporate powers it is legal, and they are not answerable for the consequences. If the act be not within the range of their corporate powers, they had no right to do it; it was not one of the objects for wh"]
[3.0520927906036377, 1.4005597829818726, "s interests, savors strongly of the injustice of condemning them unheard.19\nThe idea that the corporation itself might have an independent stake and standing in the outcome of proceedings against an individ- ual is not an argument often made today.\nA"]
[3.0512938499450684, 1.4001675844192505, "68 (1892); Southern Express Co. v. State, 1 Ga. App. 700 (1907).\n22 Joel Prentiss Bishop, Commentaries on the Criminal Law, 3rd ed., 1865, \u00a7 506.\n How Did Criminal Law Come to Be Applied to Corporate Behavior? 21\nwords, of crime\u2014as an individual man "]
[3.0519251823425293, 1.4002923965454102, " the statute deprive the corporation of the presumption of innocence\u2014a presumption which is part of due process in crimi- nal prosecutions.29\nThe Court also considered the arguments that any criminal action committed by the corporation would be ultra"]
[3.0668299198150635, 1.384076476097107, " true enough, but neither the doctrine of ultra vires, nor the difficulty of imputing intent or motive, should be regarded any longer to determine the result.33\nOn Hand\u2019s reasoning, because corporations had long been found to have committed intention"]
[3.0509064197540283, 1.4041037559509277, "n Restraint of Trade, Section 7, \u201cPerson\u201d or \u201cPersons\u201d Defined, 1976; U.S. Code, Title 15, Commerce and Trade, Chapter 2A, Securities and Trust Indentures, Subchapter I, Domes- tic Securities, Section 77b, Definitions\u2014Promotion of Efficiency, Competi"]
[3.049360990524292, 1.4060938358306885, "uction of Bridges, Piers, etc.\u2014Removal of Structures, 1976; U.S. Code, Title 33, Naviga- tion and Navigable Waters, Chapter 9, Protection of Navigable Waters and of Harbor and River Improvements Generally, Subchapter I, In General, Section 411, Penal"]
[3.0649943351745605, 1.3873838186264038, " Title 7, Agriculture, Chapter 19, Cotton Statistics and Estimates, Section 473c-3, Liability of Principal for Act of Agent, 1976.\n41 For example, Boson v. Sandford was a case in which the plaintiffs urged that the ship owners were liable for the neg"]
[3.0548384189605713, 1.3971952199935913, "ible for the acts of another, even though such other be his agent or servant, unless something more than the mere relation of master and servant is shown, but there are many exceptions to the rule.50\nSimilarly, in 1912, vicarious criminal liability w"]
[3.0756921768188477, 1.3763748407363892, "f canon law brought a religious cast to the evaluation of the defendant\u2019s mental state:54 \u201cUnder the pervasive influence of the Church, the teaching of the penitential books that punishment should be dependent upon moral guilt gave powerful impetus t"]
[3.054793119430542, 1.3972225189208984, "ntly punishing those who have been guilty of no moral wrong.\u201d58 He summarized criminal liability as follows:\nIn the characteristic type of substantive crime acts are rendered criminal because they are done under circumstances in which they will proba"]
[3.0566511154174805, 1.3951351642608643, " the passen- gers and civil remedies were ineffective (because the carriers were too poor to sue) (Holmes, 1881, p. 40); see also Holmes, 1881, p. 50 (\u201c[T]he tests of [criminal] liability are external, and independent of the degree of evil in the par"]
[3.0546233654022217, 1.3975006341934204, "us penalizes the transaction though con- sciousness of wrongdoing be totally wanting,\u201d it found that Congress balanced this hardship against that of the \u201cinnocent public who are wholly helpless.\u201d67\nThe dissent, in contrast, noted that \u201cit is a fundam"]
[3.0562052726745605, 1.3956953287124634, "olumes and varieties unheard of came to subject the wayfarer to intol- erable casualty risks if owners and drivers were not to observe new cares and uniformities of conduct. Congestion of cities and crowding of quarters called for health and welfare "]
[3.055471420288086, 1.3972147703170776, "te Behavior\nannounced a \u201cfrontal attack\u201d on strict criminal liability for serious offenses.77 Building on Jackson\u2019s distinction, the MPC also adopted a division between \u201cpublic welfare offenses,\u201d which did not require mens rea, and traditional crimes"]
[3.0508980751037598, 1.403069019317627, "Penalties, 1976; U.S. Code, Title 15, Commerce and Trade, Chapter 2B, Secu- rities Exchanges, Section 78dd-1, Prohibited Foreign Trade Practices by Issuers, 1976; U.S.\n How Did Criminal Law Come to Be Applied to Corporate Behavior? 37\nThese new laws "]
[3.052212715148926, 1.3995027542114258, "rict criminal liability, and our resistance often takes the form of reinterpreting the applicable doctrine to introduce a limited measure of culpability\u201d); see also Kathleen F. Brickey, \u201cCriminal Liability of Corporate Officers for Strict Liabil- ity"]
[3.051656723022461, 1.3997914791107178, "ate context must require a showing of criminal intent is inconsistent with this history.\nThird, the underlying motivation for the development of both vicarious individual liability and corporate liability was pragmatic. As Professor Kathleen F. Brick"]
[3.0451488494873047, 1.407474160194397, "tional requirements of proving crimi- nal intent that made this possible. We noted that, \u201cwhether wisely or not\u201d (in Justice Jackson\u2019s phrase), Congress has passed many laws that included criminal penalties without requiring criminal intent. We now t"]
[3.0460968017578125, 1.40679132938385, "ective tools to reform errant corporations, their profusion calls for increased scrutiny and an appreciation of their disadvantages.\nThe Traditional Approach: Prosecuting the Corporation, Not Individuals\nPrior to the 1990s, DOJ focused relatively mor"]
[3.044787645339966, 1.408292531967163, "ishment: An Update on Sentencing Practice in the Federal Courts, 1988\u20131990,\u201d Boston University Law Review, Vol. 71, No. 2, March 1991, pp. 247\u2013280, p. 268.\n3 Cohen, 1991, pp. 254\u2013256.\n4 Graham v. Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co., 188 A.2d 125, 130 (Del. 1963)"]
[3.043088674545288, 1.409062147140503, " manifested by the enactment of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations from 1991 that put a new emphasis on (1) impos- ing structural changes on convicted organizations, (2) increasing fines, (3) prosecuting individuals, and (4) prosecut"]
[3.0414133071899414, 1.411317229270935, "sing the same sanctions that were set out in the statute as applicable to individ- ual defendants. The deterrent effect, however, of a $10,000 fine is likely to be substantially greater for an individual defendant than for a large or even midsized co"]
[3.0414490699768066, 1.4110389947891235, "ficiently. See generally Stith and Cabranes, 1998, pp. 38\u201348.\n 48 The Changing Role of Criminal Law in Controlling Corporate Behavior\nwhite-collar criminals were much less likely to go to prison than non\u2013white-collar criminals who stole similar amoun"]
[3.039363384246826, 1.409251093864441, "ent, some felt that the guidelines did not go far enough in reducing penal- ties for firms with compliance programs. Arlen, for example, argued that criminal liability still resulted in \u201cenormous negative consequences . . . as a result of collateral "]
[3.0446009635925293, 1.4077458381652832, "te prosecu- tions. These new directions in policy both help explain some of the variation that we observe in corporate prosecutions and, at times, prove controversial as a matter of procedural law.\nHolder Memorandum\nThe first steps toward the increas"]
[3.045214891433716, 1.4066938161849976, "pretrial diversion programs, as well as an effective way to reform corporations from within.\nAlthough neither the potentially expansive scope of corporate liability based on the actions of employees of the organization nor the use of pretrial diversi"]
[3.0444891452789307, 1.4072799682617188, "ber 2001, Enron was having serious difficulties. Its CEO, Jeffrey Skilling, abruptly resigned on August 14, and Michael C.\n30 A joint defense agreement allows information to be shared between two parties (e.g., a defendant corporation and an individu"]
[3.043736219406128, 1.4085060358047485, "ials felt that such an admission would be just as destructive as an indictment or guilty plea, and they believed that they had broken no law.36 Instead, they decided to take the case to trial.\nIn March 2002, Andersen was indicted in the Southern Dist"]
[3.0429465770721436, 1.407915472984314, " Andersen as a result of flaws in the jury instruction that removed a vital element of mens rea, whether the defendant realized that the document destruc- tion was wrongful. The Court noted that it was not illegal to per- suade a person to withhold d"]
[3.0448355674743652, 1.4063365459442139, "he glass tower, and all of the people inside. They\u2014the mahogany and all of them\u2014are responsible for the oil spill, the price-fixing, and the illegal campaign contributions. To superstitious people, villains need not breath; they may include Exxon and"]
[3.0456418991088867, 1.4066119194030762, "rating.47 It also affirmatively stated that it was not DOJ policy to encourage\n45 Paul J. McNulty, deputy attorney general, \u201cPrinciples of Federal Prosecution of Busi- ness Organizations,\u201d memorandum to heads of department components and U.S. Attorne"]
[3.0454249382019043, 1.4071948528289795, "tes Attorneys\u2019 Manual, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Jus- tice, 1997, \u00a7 9-28.710.\n49 Filip,2008,\u00a79-2200.\n Recent History: A Shift to Reforming Corporations from Within 59\npossibly substantial consequences to a corporation\u2019s employ- ees, invest"]
[3.0454025268554688, 1.4064773321151733, "y from doing business with governmen- tal entities if it is indicted. This may also lead to enormous pressure on the corporation to avoid indictment.\nRichard A. Epstein has decried what he calls the \u201cgrand inversion.\u201d54 He argues that the effective p"]
[3.044658899307251, 1.407193899154663, "ch he or she has no control. Unleashing hard-to-predict reputa- tional and other collateral consequences that may or may not match the prosecutor\u2019s estimates can be problematic, with the Arthur Andersen LLP v. United States prosecution being an excel"]
[3.0447182655334473, 1.4068992137908936, "to retain independent research firms to advise their customers. In another settlement, he required mutual funds to lower their fees. Similarly, while serving as U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey, Chris Christie negotiated a DPA agreement w"]
[3.0416505336761475, 1.4093965291976929, "ysis of the relative institutional expertise and structures of prosecutors and regu- latory agencies reveals that federally mandated structural reforms are most likely to be effective if the task of designing and imposing structural reforms is left e"]
[3.0434916019439697, 1.4092893600463867, "irectly manage or direct SEP funds\u201d (John Peter Suarez, assistant administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, \u201cGuidance Concerning the Use of Third Parties in the Performance of Supplemental Environmental\n Recent History: A Shift to Re"]
[3.045358896255493, 1.4067047834396362, " criticism because they can sometimes require the dismissal of particular unindicted employees. Critics have argued that, in this instance, prosecutors are usurping the role of the board of directors, particularly for those employees who have not bee"]
[3.04362416267395, 1.4082828760147095, "nly after a corporation was con- victed. Over time, however, the importance of compliance programs and restructuring moved up in the criminal process and became a cri- terion on which a decision to prosecute was made.\nIn the wake of the Arthur Anders"]
[3.0436511039733887, 1.4086012840270996, "clining since the mid-1990s.\nOverall Trend: Declining Prosecutions\nFirst, the number of corporations convicted in federal courts appears to have declined in the past decade, while use of DPAs and NPAs has increased. Second, there has been an overall "]
[3.042133331298828, 1.4095158576965332, " to bring charges against a corporation or an individual defendant.\nData from the Sentencing Commission show an overall increase in the number of convictions involving both corporations and individ- uals guilty of the same offense. As Figure 4.3 show"]
[3.0441465377807617, 1.408163070678711, "12-4.4\n2006 2007\n2008 2009 2010\nYear\nTrends in Prosecutions of Corporations and Individuals 75\nFigure 4.5\nDeferred-Prosecution and Nonprosecution Agreements from 1992 to 2010\n     Agreements obtained\n40 30 20 10\n0\n1992 1994\n    SOURCE: Garrett and As"]
[3.04490327835083, 1.407996416091919, "\u2013957.\n10 Garrett, 2007, pp. 938\u2013957. Garrett hoped that his data would serve as a foundation for prosecutors, scholars, and others who may be interested in assessing these agreements\u2019 effectiveness (Garrett, 2007, p. 937). To date, however, no study "]
[3.0450990200042725, 1.4090957641601562, "osecution involves the filing of a charge against an individual or organiza- tion. One of the developments we discuss is an increase in prosecutorial activity that does not result in the filing of a charge (e.g., negotiating a DPA or NPA). This is no"]
[13.728257179260254, 4.033211708068848, "Charges filed\n        1998 2000 2002 2004 2006\nYear\n2008 2010\n Terminated, 2005, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, March 8, 2011l; BJS, Federal Justice Statistics Program: Defendants in Federal Crim- ina"]
[3.050668954849243, 1.4104727506637573, "Federal Justice Statistics Program: Suspects in Federal Criminal Matters Concluded, 2004, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, March 8, 2011z; BJS, Federal Justice Statistics Program: Suspects in Federal Cr"]
[3.046929359436035, 1.4062482118606567, "mes, Chapter 47, Fraud and False Statements, Section 1014, Loan and Credit Applications Generally\u2014Renewals and Discounts, Crop Insurance, 1976.\n13 A referral for prosecution represents a case investigated by an agency and referred to the U.S. Attorne"]
[3.0444281101226807, 1.4089959859848022, "minal Law in Controlling Corporate Behavior\ntutions.18 Referrals and the number of charges filed by U.S. Attorneys have declined since a mid-1990s spike in prosecution activity, as shown in Figure 4.12. This spike was probably related to the aftermat"]
[3.045316696166992, 1.4087046384811401, ".13\n    EOUSA\n Referrals Charges filed\n      Prosecutorial activity\nProsecutorial activity\n1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010\nYear\n    TRACFED\n Referrals Charges filed\n          1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010\nYear\n80\n60\n40\n20\n0\n1994 1996\n80\n60\n40"]
[3.043062925338745, 1.408976435661316, "han in 2004.24\nThe Garrett data appear to corroborate Gibson Dunn\u2019s findings that FCPA prosecutions are on the rise (see Figure 4.16). His database shows an increase in the number of defendants convicted in federal courts for violating the FCPA. The "]
[3.04475474357605, 1.408087134361267, "t the 26th National Con- ference on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Washington, D.C., November 8, 2011.\n Trends in Prosecutions of Corporations and Individuals 93\nDebarments\nGovernment agencies use debarment and suspension to ensure that they cont"]
[3.0467114448547363, 1.4061541557312012, "ance in the use of civil law over criminal law, or vice\nversa, depends on the context.\n\u2022 Enforcement of SOX and the FCPA have increased.\nDebarment actions have dramatically increased. We see an increase in DPAs and NPAs following the prosecution of A"]
[3.0451467037200928, 1.4073421955108643, " struc- tural reform. At first, this occurred as a condition of probation after a corporation was convicted, but gradually the incentives to having a robust compliance program have increased and are often relevant to the decision as to whether to pro"]
[3.0590810775756836, 1.3906124830245972, "useful tool to discover and deter criminal activity by individuals within organizations, the kind of moral condemnation that is usually associated with a criminal penalty is not typically useful in thinking about the culpability of a large entity. An"]
[3.04758358001709, 1.403332233428955, "ate corporate governance incentives, we should think carefully about whether the benefits outweigh the costs. The instinct to punish \u201cbad\u201d corporations can prevent us from conducting this analysis.\nSimilarly, we should carefully scrutinize the tempta"]
[3.0452723503112793, 1.4074132442474365, "They must also recognize the risk of collateral damage to innocent parties. Although this is always a risk in criminal law\u2014defendants often have innocent families who are deeply dam- aged by the state\u2019s action\u2014the diffusion of harm to innocent partie"]
[3.043123245239258, 1.4086025953292847, "he more- political, elected executive branches.\nDebarment provisions that automatically require a licensing agency or an entity of government to refuse to do business or refuse to license a corporation upon the corporations\u2019 indictment or conviction "]
[3.044238567352295, 1.408441185951233, "Wall Street Journal Washington Wire, May 14, 2013; see\nConclusions and Policy Implications 103\n 104 The Changing Role of Criminal Law in Controlling Corporate Behavior\nthe new chair of the SEC, Mary Jo White, has recently announced that, at least in "]
[3.0455169677734375, 1.4068769216537476, "nally criminal enforce- ment already resembles a civil system (albeit one with a very power- ful regulatory authority). Formal criminal proceedings are very rare, almost no one is incarcerated, and the most common outcome is some kind of company-fund"]
[3.0447280406951904, 1.4081124067306519, "serve the expressive power that criminal sanctions should possess.\nReferences\n Abrams, Norman, \u201cCriminal Liability of Corporate Officers for Strict Liability Offenses\u2014A Comment on Dotterweich and Park,\u201d UCLA Law Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, February 1981,"]
[3.043173313140869, 1.4089986085891724, " General Economic Crime Sentence Increases Following Sarbanes-Oxley: Letter of Frank Bowman to U.S. Sentencing Commission,\u201d Federal Sentencing Reporter, Vol. 15, No. 4, April 2003a, pp. 284\u2013290.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cEditor\u2019s Observations: The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and"]
[3.0456020832061768, 1.4071671962738037, "rred and Non Prosecution Agreements, Washington, D.C., December 28, 2005. As of September 18, 2014: http://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/deferredreport.htm\nCuomo, Anthony A., \u201cMens Rea and Status Criminality,\u201d Southern California Law Review, Vol. 40"]
[3.045034885406494, 1.4081038236618042, "ersity of Virginia School of Law, undated. As of October 22, 2014: http://lib.law.virginia.edu/Garrett/plea_agreements/home.php\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cFederal Organizational Prosecution Agreements,\u201d last updated October 27, 2014. As of October 27, 2014: http://lib.la"]
[3.046374559402466, 1.4081171751022339, "ction_873_report1.pdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Report by the Interagency Suspension and Debarment Committee on Federal Agency Suspension and Disbarment Activities, c. 2012. As of September 30, 2014: https://isdc.sites.usa.gov/files/2014/02/ isdc_section_873_fy_2011_repo"]
[3.0472049713134766, 1.4058301448822021, "1, 46 N.W. 735 (1890).\nPeople v. John H. Woodbury Dermatological Institute, 192 N.Y. 454 (1908).\nPeople v. Roby, 52 Mich. 577, 18 N.W. 365 (1884).\nPeople ex rel. Price v. Sheffield Farms-Slawson-Decker Co., 225 N.Y. 25, 121 N.E. 474 (Ct. App. N.Y. 19"]
[3.0451691150665283, 1.4079821109771729, "eptember 20, 2014: http://www.shearman.com/files/Publication/ bb1a7bff-ad52-4cf9-88b9-9d99e001dd5f/Presentation/ PublicationAttachment/590a9fc7-2617-41fc-9aef-04727f927e07/ FCPA-Digest-Jan2012.pdf\nShepherd, William, \u201cA Country Overburdened by Too Man"]
[3.0468525886535645, 1.406246542930603, ").\n\u201cThe Kindness of Cronies,\u201d New York Times, editorial, May 25, 2008. As of September 20, 2014: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/opinion/25sun3.html\nThe King v. Inhabitants of Clifton, 101 Eng. Rep. 280 (K.B. 1794).\nThe Queen v. Birmingham & Glouce"]
[3.050818920135498, 1.4039863348007202, "20, Dumping or Destruction of Interstate Produce, Section 491, Destruction or Dumping of Farm Produce Received in Interstate Commerce by Commission Merchants, etc.; Penalty, 1976.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Title 7, Agriculture, Chapter 21, Tobacco Statistics, Section 503"]
[3.0493929386138916, 1.4058109521865845, "mitted, 1976.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Title 15, Commerce and Trade, Chapter 53, Toxic Substances Control, Subchapter I, Control of Toxic Substances, Section 2614, Prohibited Acts, 1976.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Title 15, Commerce and Trade, Chapter 53, Toxic Substances Control, Subchapter"]
[3.0502188205718994, 1.4040940999984741, "eat and Dairy Products, Subchapter I, Examination of Animals, Meats, and Meat and Dairy Products, Section 90, 1976.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Title 21, Food and Drugs, Chapter 9, Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, Subchapter II, Definitions, Section 321, Definitions; "]
[3.047555446624756, 1.4095391035079956, "avigable Waters and of Harbor and River Improvements Generally, Subchapter III, New York Harbor, Harbor of Hampton Roads, and Harbor of Baltimore, Section 449, Disposition of Dredged Matter; Persons Liable; Penalty, 1976.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Title 33, Navigation an"]
[13.733933448791504, 4.041795253753662, "014: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/24084\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Federal Justice Statistics Program: Defendants in Federal Criminal Cases: Terminated, 2000, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, March 8, 20"]
[13.731184005737305, 4.02874755859375, "uded, 1995, Ann Arbor, Mich.: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, March 8, 2011q. As of October 27, 2014: http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/studies/24006\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Federal Justice Statistics Program: Suspects in Federal "]
[13.728494644165039, 4.025383949279785, "nter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, March 8, 2011aa. As of October 27, 2014:\nhttp://w w w.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsr web/NACJD/studies/24193\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Federal Justice Statistics Program: Suspects in Federal Criminal Matters Concluded,"]
[3.045227527618408, 1.4074997901916504, "nnual Report, c. 2009. As of September 20, 2014: http://www.ussc.gov/research-and-publications/annual-reports-sourcebooks/2009/ annual-report-2009\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Federal Sentencing Guidelines Manual, Washington, D.C., 2011. As of September 29, 2014: http://www"]
[13.79124927520752, 4.792366027832031, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.797423362731934, 4.686066627502441, "ND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html).\n RAND OFFICES\nSANTA MON"]
[1.7999852895736694, 6.998671531677246, "sts are in touch with political, social, economic, and technological developments in and around the region.\nKrishna B. Kumar, a senior economist at RAND and the director of its Labor and Popu- lation unit, is the principal investigator of this study."]
[1.7979484796524048, 6.999037742614746, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ValueAddition...............................................................................................\nChAPTer FOur\nPolicy Implications and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[1.7986483573913574, 6.996227264404297, "3.9. Country Rankings for Components of the NRI Usage Sub-Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.10. Country Scores for the World Bank\u2019s Knowledge Economy Index andKnowledgeIndex......................................................"]
[1.7991610765457153, 6.997787952423096, " his model by the variety of intermediate goods used in production) is the engine of growth. Though the models are intended to isolate the effects of human capital and technology, in reality knowl- edge is likely to be embodied in both technologies a"]
[1.7986781597137451, 6.997074127197266, "e economy performance, as this will allow the GCC countries to learn lessons from the experience of other countries.\nIn particular, we have used a variety of indicators, such as the International Telecommu- nication Union\u2019s (ITU\u2019s) ICT Development In"]
[1.7987524271011353, 6.996602535247803, "\n In Chapter Two of this report, we present a simple framework of the various constituents of the knowledge economy. In Chapter Three, we assess the performance of GCC countries in these areas in a cross-country context based on the above-mentioned i"]
[1.7993762493133545, 7.000025749206543, " capital such as brands), universities (fundamental research), think tanks and applied research institutes (applied research), and the government (processes related to governance and regulation), which we collectively call orga- nizational capital.6 "]
[1.7989925146102905, 6.999427795410156, "lack and Lynch (2005) for a recent reference.\n7 See Sobel (2002) for a discussion and a critical perspective on social capital.\n these pillars into a single index that can be compared across countries and sub-indices that can be compared within a cou"]
[1.7992569208145142, 6.997654438018799, "ries tend to display significant income inequalities, and (2) they tend to have a relatively large expatriate population (which means that using either the total population or national population as a reference population in any per capita statistics"]
[1.8004180192947388, 6.998019695281982, "ts of the use of ICTs. Wireless infrastructure offers mobility; associates devices with people, not places; and appears to funda- mentally change what ICT is capable of providing to innovators and users.\n in the table, ranging from 124.2 percent in B"]
[1.798674464225769, 6.997289657592773, " much as 89.6 percent in Qatar (which has the highest figure in the table). A similar picture emerges for households with Internet, ranging from 27.7 percent in Oman to 84 percent in Qatar, but Korea outperforms all other countries with 96.8 percent "]
[1.7990059852600098, 6.997938632965088, "ixed telephone, mobile cellular and fixed broadband Internet services\u2014and computed as a percentage of average Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. As a comprehensive benchmarking tool, the IPB monitors the relative price of ICT services and provid"]
[1.7987759113311768, 6.999201774597168, " ItU, 2011a.\nSub IDI\u2014Access Rank\n17\n14 115 20 10\n65\n7 23\nSub IDI\u2014Use Rank\n4 18 124 23 1\n50\n11 17\nSub IDI\u2014Skills Rank\n1 35 116 27 2\n92\n36 12\n  Bahrain\n 45\n 36\n 47\n 51\n Kuwait\nOman\n60\n60\n54\n86\nQatar\n44\n28\n42\n98\nSaudi arabia\n46\n43\n44\n67\nUnited arab emir"]
[1.7987772226333618, 6.998353958129883, "in enrollment and ICT indicators is particularly stark for the UAE, as shown in Figure 3.4. Even though education data are not available for all years, the uneven and generally lower slopes of their trends relative to the ICT trend is readily apparen"]
[1.7987115383148193, 6.996888160705566, "ent or service), and a lack of ICT skills are often cited as the top barriers to ICT uptake or reasons for not having an Internet connection at home (European Commission, 2009). A recent U.S. Federal Communi- cations Commission (FCC) survey also high"]
[1.7984200716018677, 6.996922492980957, "y within individual sectors, this is masked at the aggregate level by a movement into industries in which the economy is less productive.\nTable 3.5\nBarriers Limiting Internet/PC Use by Residents\u2014Qatar, 2008\nBarrier to ICT Adoption\nhigh cost of Intern"]
[1.7983647584915161, 6.997189521789551, "When all available countries are included, instead of only the GCC countries and the countries used for comparison in this paper, Qatar too drops below the trend line. Also note that we do not control for other factors beyond per capita income that c"]
[1.7989425659179688, 6.997007369995117, " NRI is based on 71 variables spread over three sub-indices: environment, readiness, and usage. These variables are a combination of quantitative data collected by international orga- nizations and data from the Executive Opinion Survey, conducted an"]
[1.7973532676696777, 6.996944427490234, "and engineers).\nSOUrCe: weF/InSeaD, 2011.\n environment and infrastructure categories.8 The infrastructure component of this sub-index includes human capital, which explains why the infrastructure performance of GCC countries is worse here than on ind"]
[1.7984216213226318, 6.995952129364014, "d by developing new applica- tions, new products and services, and new ways of delivering them.\nCould it be that GCC countries are too highly focused on the hydrocarbon sector and government services, and that ICT usage for knowledge addition is cons"]
[1.798455834388733, 6.996084690093994, "e the readiness sub-index, however, the government usage ranking is worse for most countries, espe- cially Saudi Arabia and the UAE.11\nAgain, it is particularly worrying that GCC countries perform relatively worse in the business component of this in"]
[1.7984123229980469, 6.994683742523193, "into account, which are crucial for being able to exploit the benefits of ICT and maximize its impact on economic growth and development. Indeed, the KEI takes into account whether the environment is conducive to using knowledge effectively for econo"]
[1.7992029190063477, 6.997018814086914, "\u201cprotecting investors,\u201d and \u201cenforcing contracts.\u201d This is very worrying, as these factors are all key to developing entrepreneurship and a dynamic business environment in which the knowledge economy can prosper.\nValue Addition\nA symptom of the imbal"]
[1.7984881401062012, 6.996273040771484, "4 9.4 22 France 8.4 8.6\nEconomic Incentive\nRegime Innovation Education ICT\n9.3 9.7 9.8 8.7 7.7 8.7 9.0 8.3 3.5 4.2 2.2 2.5 9.3 9.1 9.1 8.7 6.0 8.6 8.1 8.6\n6.1 6.8 4.2 7.1\n9.2 9.2 8.5 9.5 9.0 9.5 8.7 8.8\n 49\n Bahrain\n 6.0\n 5.8\n 6.8\n 4.3\n 5.8\n 7.3\n 109"]
[1.7988991737365723, 6.998076915740967, "se complementary factors. In Chapter Three, we presented data to support this theme by examining KBE indices developed by various organizations, focusing on the compo- nents of these indices. Without these complementary inputs and a balanced knowledg"]
[1.7992740869522095, 6.998764991760254, "ward the energy and real-estate sectors (van Welsum, 2011). It is therefore important to further liberalize the fixed, mobile, and Internet and broadband markets and roll out high-speed broadband networks. This should be accompanied by complementary "]
[1.7980488538742065, 6.99910831451416, "nsa, Chanont, and Adrian Peralta-Alva, \u201cThe U.S. Financial Sector\u2019s Value Added: Trends Now and Then,\u201d National Economic Trends, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, June 2009.\nBasu, Susanto, and David N. Weil, \u201cAppropriate Technology and Growth,\u201d The "]
[1.7987648248672485, 6.9974870681762695, "tudy No. 1: Market Openness, Trade Liberalisation and Innovation Capacity in the Finnish Telecom Equipment Industry,\u201d OECD Trade Policy Working Paper No. 73, 2008.\nLightfoot, Michael, \u201cPromoting the Knowledge Economy in the Arab World,\u201d SAGE Open, Au"]
[1.798887014389038, 6.997543811798096, "epublic of Korea: Transition to a Knowledge-Based Economy, Report No. 20346-KO, Washington, D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, June 29, 2000.\nWorld Bank, Korea as a Knowledge Economy: Evolutionary Process "]
[13.794746398925781, 4.7884979248046875, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.783672332763672, 4.755155086517334, "and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/pub"]
[-0.2940202057361603, 12.772721290588379, " at eeed@rand.org.\n iii\nContents\nPreface............................................................................................................................................ iii About This Document ............................................."]
[-0.12473510950803757, 12.396596908569336, " .......................................................................................... 6 Vulnerability Analysis .............................................................................................................................. 8 Chap"]
[-0.10200582444667816, 12.422901153564453, "ient Would Response Packages Be to Future Climate Change? ........................................... 37 What Are Key Trade-Offs Among Response Packages? ....................................................................... 39 How Does This Analysi"]
[-0.1391735076904297, 12.40261459350586, ".............................................................. 28\nFigure 4.4. Vulnerable Urban and Agricultural Supply Outcomes Across Scenarios Under\nthe Current Management Baseline...................................................................."]
[-0.18581898510456085, 12.46097469329834, "ine.................... 29\nTable 4.2. Summary Table for the Hot and Dry Vulnerability Scenario Identified for the\nTotal Vulnerability Metric .................................................................................................... 31\nTable"]
[-0.14533619582653046, 12.497437477111816, "y and cost, by using trends based on historical statistics of hydrology and best-estimate forecasts of other important factors, such as demand, regulatory conditions, and the likely increases in new\n1 SWAN serves as the voluntary technical advisory g"]
[-0.09125068038702011, 12.411232948303223, "eeting in-stream flow requirements (IFRs). The WEAP model evaluated the current management baseline and five other response packages made up of different water-management strategies. The proof-of-concept analysis considers the notional costs of these"]
[-0.14663976430892944, 12.39622974395752, "nts that are to the left of the agricultural supply reliability threshold and below the urban supply reliability threshold (i.e., the shaded area) are vulnerable. In addition to those within the shaded area, some points above the shaded region in the"]
[-0.13017915189266205, 12.42799186706543, "five response packages\u2014those in which agricultural efficiency improves to the greatest extent. Urban supply reliability also improves the most for the three response packages in which agricultural efficiency improves the most\u2014 declining to less than "]
[-0.1101352870464325, 12.467774391174316, ", nor does it demonstrate all aspects of RDM. The analysis under way for the CWP Update 2013 will address some but not all of these issues. Specifically, it will evaluate a larger set of scenarios to span a wider range of plausible future conditions,"]
[-0.14424549043178558, 12.476875305175781, "ing environment\n xxi\nChapter One. Introduction\nCalifornia faces significant challenges in ensuring that its water resources successfully meet diverse needs across the state in the coming decades. Escalating needs due to population and economic growth"]
[-0.2059071809053421, 12.56794261932373, "rth Lahontan Sacramento River\nSan Francisco Bay\nSan Joaquin River\nCentral Coast\nTulare Lake\nSouth Lahontan\nSOURCE: DWR.\nNOTE: Red area indicates the connected portion of the North Coast hydrologic region. The blue, green, and orange/brown areas corre"]
[-0.34830614924430847, 12.716032028198242, "ology and best-estimate forecasts of other important factors, such as demand, regulatory conditions, and the likely increases in new supply from investments. Given increasing recognition that the past is no longer a good predictor of future climate a"]
[-0.3918134272098541, 12.733016014099121, "vironmental Protection Agency, and the World Bank (Lempert, Kalra, et al., forthcoming).\n  5\nRDM offers a novel approach to understanding the vulnerabilities of proposed strategies and identifying factors under the planners\u2019 and resource managers\u2019 co"]
[-0.4107876718044281, 12.708251953125, "ng Analysis\nThe RDM process begins at the top of Figure 2.1 with a participatory scoping activity in which stakeholders and decisionmakers define their objectives and metrics, strategies that could be used to meet these objectives, the uncertainties "]
[-0.40711310505867004, 12.6880521774292, " can usefully be considered to be decision-relevant scenarios in a decision support process because they focus decisionmakers\u2019 attention on the uncertain future conditions most important to the challenges they face and help facilitate discussions reg"]
[-0.39421066641807556, 12.675370216369629, "lly, for a decision analysis, scenario discovery can thus reduce the number of individual futures that need to be simulated to evaluate trade-offs among different decisions.\n9\nChapter Three. Scope of the Proof-of-Concept Analysis\nThis chapter outline"]
[-0.06596323102712631, 12.459162712097168, "ed in the Study\n  Uncertainties or Scenario Factors (X)\nDemographic and land-use scenarios, which describe changes in\n\u2022 population\n\u2022 household factors\n\u2022 employment factors\n\u2022 climate sequences, which describe changes\nin temperature and precipitation\nR"]
[0.012741063721477985, 12.448254585266113, "esent major demographic and land-use trends; and (3) evaluate the effects of water- management responses. The model includes 86 demand nodes, which are grouped into four broad categories: agriculture, urban, managed wetlands, and IFRs. The model atte"]
[0.058513037860393524, 12.602602005004883, "arch Center for Global Change medium-\nresolution (miroc32med) global climate model (Japan)\n\u2022 Max Planck Institute ECHAM5 GCM (MPI-ECHAM5) (Germany)\n\u2022 National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model,\nversion 3.0 (NCAR-CCSM3) (U"]
[0.06612099707126617, 12.377544403076172, "nsive Growth (Figure 3.1). Each has a different pattern in population, land use, irrigated crop area, environmental requirements, and water conservation.\nFigure 3.1. Demographic and Land-Use Scenarios from the California Water Plan Update 2009\nSOURCE"]
[0.03688038885593414, 12.318927764892578, "otal reservoir storage reaches a low in 2046. Once again, results in other cases differ significantly.8\n 8 Similar graphics have been generated in an accompanying interactive workbook for a variety of other outcomes. 16\nFigure 3.2. Annual Supply, Dem"]
[0.05999453738331795, 12.38476848602295, "d municipal water*\nSurface storage: CALFED and state Surface storage: regional and local\n    NOTE: Asterisks indicate strategies evaluated in this analysis. CALFED = California Bay-Delta Program.\nThe proof-of-concept analysis considered an even small"]
[0.022478196769952774, 12.373163223266602, "mates of the area of irrigated landscaping, the required water use for landscaping, and the evapotranspiration requirements of the total landscape over time. Increased efficiency was modeled using the same process as for agricultural water-use effici"]
[-0.0029468382708728313, 12.38624095916748, "o increase linearly between 2005 and 2020, with exception of conjunctive use, which was modeled to be completely effective all at once at 2020.\nTable 3.5 summarizes the current management baseline and five different response packages that reflect inc"]
[-0.10040326416492462, 12.422176361083984, "reases\nThis response package represents the combination of increases in both previous management strategies.\nAggressive Infrastructure\nThis response package represents further increases in use of recycled water and in conjunctive management. The high"]
[0.00841271597892046, 12.357057571411133, " supply results (across the 39 scenarios) in Figure 4.1 shows slightly declining supply and demand and that total agricultural demand is generally larger than supply during all time periods\u2014the median amount is about 10 percent higher in the first de"]
[-0.15025915205478668, 12.389177322387695, " reliability, leading to fewer missed IFRs (bigger symbols) but at the expense of urban supply reliability.\n 27\nFigure 4.3. Urban and Agricultural Supply Reliability Across Scenarios Under the Current Management Baseline\nNOTE: Each symbol shows resul"]
[-0.15694786608219147, 12.380956649780273, "bility (75 percent). As measured by the total vulnerability metric, the current management baseline is vulnerable in 15 of the 39 scenarios (38 percent).\nTable 4.1. Percentage of Vulnerable Futures in the Current Management Baseline\n  Performance Met"]
[-0.16143415868282318, 12.391115188598633, "ation\n\u2022 temperature and precipitation in summer months\n\u2022 temperature and precipitation in winter months\n\u2022 temperature and precipitation from 2040 to 2050.\nWe next use the PRIM algorithm (see Chapter Two) to define a decision-relevant scenario that le"]
[-0.18814092874526978, 12.367753028869629, "lnerable. Note that the Hot and Dry composite scenario does not describe 25 percent of the vulnerable outcomes. Because there are only 12 unique climate sequences used to generate 36 futures, each combination of temperature trend and change in precip"]
[-0.14361892640590668, 12.388714790344238, "d reduce vulnerabilities. Figure 5.1 shows, as an example, how the Increased Efficiency response package improves urban and agricultural supply reliability results across the futures evaluated for Chapter Four and, in some cases, converts the outcome"]
[-0.07981108129024506, 12.355123519897461, "    53\n         27\n         27\n         27\nOutside the Hot and Dry Composite Scenario\n26 4 4 0 0 0\n      The implementation of response packages will also change the nature of conditions to which the system is resilient. Figure 5.3 illustrates this e"]
[-0.13480612635612488, 12.394484519958496, "st response packages\u2014Increased Efficiency, Moderate Increases, and Aggressive Infrastructure\u2014are all equally effective at reducing the number of vulnerable futures. These response packages have identical levels of efficiency with which water would be"]
[-0.16462795436382294, 12.445197105407715, "itments response package would be the most cost-effective. If the likelihood were between 12 and 37 percent, however, the Increased Efficiency response package would be the most cost-effective. Lastly, if likelihoods were greater than 37 percent, the"]
[-0.15132075548171997, 12.491764068603516, "ckages and did not consider the value of outcomes beyond the reductions in vulnerabilities. It also did not demonstrate how iteration through the RDM steps could help identify increasingly robust response packages.\nIts treatment of future climate unc"]
[-0.45574116706848145, 13.158645629882812, "to, Calif.: August 2006. As of May 10, 2013: http://www.calwater.ca.gov/content/Documents/library/WUE/2006_WUE_Public_Final.pdf\nCalifornia Department of Water Resources, California Water Plan Update 2009: Integrated Water Management, Bulletin 160-09,"]
[-0.5084428191184998, 13.254876136779785, "ew Analytic Method for Finding Policy-Relevant Scenarios,\u201d Global Environmental Change Part A: Human and Policy Dimensions, Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2007, pp. 73\u201385. As of May 10, 2013: http://www.rand.org/pubs/reprints/RP1244.html\nGroves, David G., "]
[-0.5657422542572021, 13.3023042678833, " 15, No. 22, November 2002, pp. 3237\u20133251.\nMeans, Edward III, Maryline Laugier, Jennifer Daw, Laurna Kaatz, and Marc Waage, Decision Support Planning Methods: Incorporating Climate Change Uncertainties into Water Planning, San Francisco, Calif.: Wate"]
[13.795538902282715, 4.766171455383301, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.770788192749023, 4.317771911621094, " and analysis. RAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.\nSupport RAND\u2014make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html\nR\u00ae is a registered trademark.\n\u00a9 Copyrig"]
[13.503778457641602, 4.157165050506592, "re protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmen- tal and natural resource policy.\nQuestions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, John Hollywood (John_Hollywood@rand.org). For more i"]
[15.052770614624023, 5.768002510070801, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Police Operation"]
[12.518441200256348, 3.58829402923584, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Training and Testing a Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.626851081848145, 3.5227694511413574, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nashville, Tennessee: Integrating Crime and Traffic Crash Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Baltimore, Maryland: Crash-Crime Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[12.651947021484375, 3.5197291374206543, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Assessment Instruments for Domestic Violence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Risk Assessment Instruments for Mental Health . . . . . "]
[12.63192367553711, 3.5240530967712402, "perations\nPredictivePolicingPitfalls ......................................................................... 118 Pitfall 1: Focusing on Prediction Accuracy Instead of Tactical Utility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Pitfall 2: Relying "]
[12.54234790802002, 3.564582586288452, " Using Nearest Neighbor Hierarchical\nClustering................................................................................\n2.3. Baltimore County Robberies, 1996\u20131997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[12.665519714355469, 3.498353958129883, "Situational Awareness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n. . .\nix\n. 21\n23 . 25\n. 25 28 .29 34 . 35 . 47 48 50 . 52 54 .58\n. 59\n60 .62 .63\n66 104 117 120 121 128 130\nx Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Fore"]
[12.672691345214844, 3.5144295692443848, " of this research was to develop a reference guide for departments interested in predictive policing, providing assessments of both the most promising technical tools for making predictions and the most promising tactical approaches for acting on the"]
[12.612346649169922, 3.532707691192627, "offenders, perpetrators\u2019 iden- tities, and victims, respectively. We found a near one-to-one correspondence between conventional crime analysis and investigative methods and the more recent \u201cpredictive analytics\u201d methods that mathematically extend or"]
[12.566021919250488, 3.5240015983581543, "hot spot identification)\nBasic regression models created in a spreadsheet program\nAssumption of increased risk in areas immediately surrounding a recent crime\nGraphing/mapping the frequency of crimes in a given area by time/date (or specific events)\n"]
[12.645123481750488, 3.5171589851379395, "marizes methods to identify groups\u2014and, in some cases, individuals\u2014who are likely to become victims of crime. These methods mirror those used to predict where and when crimes will occur, as well as some of the methods used to predict who is most like"]
[12.621639251708984, 3.539034843444824, " against the predicted crime (or help solve past crimes). The type of intervention will vary with the situation and the department charged with intervening. Figure S.1 shows three broad types of interventions (lower right of figure). They are, from s"]
[12.655600547790527, 3.508333206176758, "ound as if the computer can foretell the future. Although much news coverage promotes the meme that predictive policing is a crystal ball, these algorithms predict the risk of future events, not the events themselves. The com- puter, as a tool, can d"]
[12.58549690246582, 3.535569906234741, "eries that are as \u201caccurate\u201d as possible (i.e., to design an analysis in which as many future crimes as possible fall inside areas predicted to be high-risk, thus confirming that these areas are high-risk). One way to accomplish this is to designate "]
[12.634681701660156, 3.5367937088012695, "e very act of labeling areas and people as worthy of further law enforcement attention inherently raises concerns about civil liberties and privacy rights . Labeling areas as \u201cat-risk\u201d appears to pose fewer problems because, in that case, individuals"]
[12.67382526397705, 3.5017638206481934, "ting infor- mation the system can provide; and, of course, the types of analyses and predictions the system can support and under what conditions.\nAdvice for Vendors and Developers\nThe list of questions for purchasers doubles as guidance on desired c"]
[12.626630783081055, 3.544248104095459, "olicing approaches employed in their departments: the Metropolitan Nashville Police Department in Nashville, Tennessee; the Vancouver Police Department in Vancouver, British Columbia; the Glendale Police Department in Glendale, Arizona; the East Oran"]
[12.644371032714844, 3.5020806789398193, "sk terrain modeling\nSARA Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment (model)\nSASSI Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory SEATS Signal Extraction in ARIMA Time Series SOM self-organizing map\nSPCS State Plane Coordinate System\nSPSS Statistical Pa"]
[12.665212631225586, 3.5016324520111084, "to make predictions in support of crime prevention. These tools greatly increase police departments\u2019 reliance on information technology (IT) to collect, maintain, and ana- lyze those data sets, however.\nThese analytical tools, and the IT that support"]
[12.684652328491211, 3.473862886428833, "ort of math can\u2019t be done . . . but humans are not nearly as random as we think. . . . In a sense, crime is just a physical process, and if you can explain how offenders move and how they mix with their victims, you can understand an incredible amoun"]
[12.669355392456055, 3.513916492462158, "luding community-oriented policing and intelligence-led policing.5\nIn 2008, Chief Bratton worked closely with the acting director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, James H. Burch II, and the acting director of the National Institute of Justice (NI"]
[12.657415390014648, 3.511173963546753, "ong others, have covered PredPol specifically and predictive policing in general.9 Much of the coverage implied (or directly stated) that the software could literally predict where crime would occur and used as an example the arrest of two suspects i"]
[12.690926551818848, 3.413304567337036, "nd crime mapping, and it developed the Crime Mapping Research Center to respond to that need. Later renamed the Mapping and Analysis for Public Safety program, it serves as a vehicle for the NIJ to provide research, training, and periodic conferences"]
[12.674322128295898, 3.489884853363037, " of both the most promising technical tools for making predictions and the most promising tactical approaches to act on those predictions. More broadly, this guide is intended to put predictive policing in the context of other modern, proactive polic"]
[12.651144981384277, 3.509683609008789, "tified promising practices (technical and operational) for each \u201cnode\u201d in the taxonomy. We also identified some overall pitfalls (and mitigations) and policy issues that need to be addressed.\nThe Nature of Predictive Policing: This Is Not Minority Re"]
[12.654159545898438, 3.490814447402954, "n assessing predictive methods, we found a near one-to-one correspondence between conventional crime analysis and investigative methods and the more recent \u201cpredictive analytics\u201d methods that mathematically extend or automate the earlier methods. The"]
[12.609784126281738, 3.5089733600616455, "edictive Technologies: Predicting Crimes\n   Problem\nIdentify areas at increased risk\nUsing historical crime data\nUsing a range of additional data (e.g., 911 calls, economics)\nAccounting for increased risk from a recent crime\nDetermine when areas will"]
[12.64412784576416, 3.5175015926361084, "ith other crimes)\nLocating areas both near and between crimes in a series\nManual requests and review of sensor data\nPredictive Analytics (large data demand and high complexity)\nComputer-assisted queries and analysis of intelligence and other database"]
[12.674939155578613, 3.496690034866333, " in such incidents are, by definition, at risk\nPredictive Analytics (large data demand and high complexity)\nAdvanced models to identify crime types by hot spot; risk terrain analysis\nAdvanced crime-mapping tools to generate crime locations and identi"]
[12.587983131408691, 3.515211582183838, "s for combining data from disparate sources to form a cohesive picture of high-risk places, individuals, and groups. We address some specific technical methods for making sense of noisy and conflicting data in Chapter Four.\nAnalysis\nChapters Two thro"]
[12.6200590133667, 3.536336898803711, "ying it out\u2014from the command level to tactical officers\u2014will need information to execute the intervention successfully. Thus, a critical part of any intervention plan is providing information that creates the needed situational awareness among office"]
[12.564817428588867, 3.5304715633392334, "tegic approaches). Although this is true for addressing the questions of when, where, what, and who, the methods used will differ with the context and the goal:\n\u2022 Hot spot analysis, statistical regression, data mining, and near-repeat methods are gen"]
[12.562883377075195, 3.540613889694214, "s examined here, existing techniques were adapted to support predictive policing. For example, classical statistical methods can be used to produce heat maps, which are simple, color-coded grids depicting the intensity of crime activity in a given ar"]
[12.524306297302246, 3.576206684112549, "ependent on the initial data set and the partition- ing of the map. Nevertheless, our discussion here begins by illustrating some simple approaches using grid mapping. We then focus on two more mathematically rigorous hot spot methods: covering ellip"]
[12.53891372680664, 3.5437560081481934, "ime risk or natural variation over the six months of data (i.e., \u201cbad luck\u201d in those months).\nTypically, grid maps are prepared using GIS programs, but this is not always nec- essary. Figure 2.1 was actually prepared using Excel.4\n4 For this analysis"]
[12.522089958190918, 3.5561983585357666, "ering ellipses and, in this case, convex hulls.\nWhile using the two-step approach will generally reveal in the densest hot spots of significance, the elliptical clustering method has two major deficiencies:\n\u2022 These methods require the number of cover"]
[12.538104057312012, 3.551882743835449, "ains only appropriate occurrences of crime.\nSingle and Dual Kernel Density Estimation\nKernel density estimation (KDE) is another approach for identifying hot spots. The intuitive idea is to spread out each crime\u2019s expected contribution to future crim"]
[12.513869285583496, 3.5803568363189697, "nal Terrorist Groups,\u201d Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 55, No. 4, April 2004.\n7 Readers who are interested in a more mathematical discussion of KDE can refer to Walter Zucchini, Applied Smoothing Techniques, Part 1: Kernel Density E"]
[12.5219144821167, 3.5661802291870117, "his approach will result in less compact crime hot spots than will using ellipses followed by taking the convex hull. That may not be a significant problem, however, depending on the selection of a basis function. (Specifically, basis functions with "]
[12.516633033752441, 3.5253822803497314, "rom sophisticated math- ematical analyses, making it easier for police officers to access the information they need to understand the current situation and determine how to respond. One crime analyst put it this way: \u201cThe output from the dashboard is"]
[12.545223236083984, 3.554377555847168, "hematic Quadrat Map of Vehicle Crimes\nGreater than 15 10\u201315\n5\u201310\n1\u20135\nNo crime\nSOURCE: Eck et al., 2005, p. 25, Exhibit 10.\nRAND RR233-2.5\n12 Eck et al., 2005, pp. 25\u201326.\n   the polygons more so than a real underlying risk. Analysts can choose whether"]
[12.589255332946777, 3.5549097061157227, "plus one-fourth the disorderly conduct calls last month plus some constant number). The model is called linear because, geometrically, these methods fit a line or plane to the relationship between the output and input variables. These methods can als"]
[12.599061012268066, 3.5367159843444824, "les that are (1) not well correlated with the output variable to begin with or (2) too highly correlated with the output variable. The analyst adjusts the filtering criteria and otherwise experiments with different variables to find a model with good"]
[12.581259727478027, 3.5326004028320312, " allow ana- lytical policing to move from reactive to proactive, but care should be taken to ensure the predictive models remain relevant. When some types or targets of crime cease to be profitable, the system may evolve in response, and new leading "]
[12.577864646911621, 3.5131545066833496, "lude not just robbery histo- ries but also the histories of five other Part 1 crimes and leading indicators, including disorderly conduct and suspicious activity calls. The disorderly conduct and suspicious activity calls have been further categorize"]
[12.59051513671875, 3.532785415649414, "egression (e.g., \u201cWe predict an average of 1.24 robberies here next month\u201d).\n\u2022 Clustering methods subdivide records into groups in which the records are \u201csimi- lar\u201d mathematically. These models make predictions by stating that a future situ- ation wi"]
[12.587750434875488, 3.5303943157196045, "egorical value). A continuous variable in this case will be any numerical value that can take any value within a range (e.g., property value, temperature).\nOne also can choose techniques of varying complexity. At one extreme, there are simple methods"]
[12.597997665405273, 3.5294299125671387, "e of primary interest for predictive policing: regression, clustering, and classification. Regression methods were introduced earlier; here, we just mention that there are techniques within this family that are much more complicated than the basic me"]
[12.566494941711426, 3.5052266120910645, "ster perpetrators of serious sexual assaults using a technique called a self-organizing map (SOM).27 The SOM clusters observations with similar traits to form related groups. The authors were able to identify crimes commit- ted by the same individual"]
[12.593040466308594, 3.5351080894470215, "), given that a record has been assigned to a particular category (e.g., the \u201chigh-risk\u201d category).\nAs mentioned, these data mining techniques include comparatively simple meth- ods, such as decision-tree algorithms, which run quickly and produce hum"]
[12.599371910095215, 3.5352890491485596, "either the average or plurality vote.33\nThese more complicated methods do offer the potential of improved accuracy, though it is far from guaranteed that they will perform much better on any particu- lar problem.34 They also usually have good running"]
[12.576178550720215, 3.516847848892212, "study could be duplicated to identify leading indica- tors to be fed into a regression model.\nTraining and Testing a Model\nIt is worth noting that verifying the accuracy of a predictive model is usually a two- step process. Especially if there are ma"]
[12.565502166748047, 3.5057642459869385, "ctim.\nTo take advantage of this effect, Mohler et al. developed a \u201cself-exciting process,\u201d or \u201cearthquake modeling\u201d algorithm.38 This algorithm has been widely reported on by the media, as discussed in Chapter One. Although this algorithm uses sophis"]
[12.55318546295166, 3.4467008113861084, "ffe at Temple Univer- sity with a grant from the NIJ and is freely available.43 The calculator software is based on the concept of \u201ccommunicability\u201d of risk to nearby locations for a short amount of time. The method builds on a space-time clustering "]
[12.55081558227539, 3.540543794631958, "le heuristic version of near-repeat meth- ods: Mark areas that have just seen a crime, especially a burglary, as being at elevated risk of another similar crime in the near future. This technique appears to work best with burglaries; other types of c"]
[12.528726577758789, 3.562276840209961, "ries and the number of days the offender waits until the next offense. A forecast of snow might herald an increase in traffic collisions at specific intersections, especially if it is expected to occur during specific time frames.\nConsiderations of t"]
[12.54218864440918, 3.5496106147766113, "y 2007 to November 2009).\nPreparing the heat maps involved simply creating new variables for the hour and day of the weeks in which the crimes reportedly occurred. We used pivot table features in Excel to create the tables showing the numbers of crim"]
[12.513795852661133, 3.57177996635437, "sions of regression models on grids; the input data include probabilities that each grid cell had a particular spatiotemporal feature at a particular time. Here, a \u201cspatiotemporal feature\u201d can be a prior crime, general attribute (e.g., socioeconomic "]
[12.548957824707031, 3.549189329147339, "ntry. The important seasonal factor is calculated by finding the quarterly average across all five years of data. Finally, the seasonally adjusted pat- tern is calculated by subtracting the quarterly seasonal factor from the original series for the c"]
[12.533759117126465, 3.55367112159729, " for this family of methods, including \u201cgeospatial predictive modeling,\u201d which we find to be overly general. Risk terrain analysis is a bit more specific and descriptive of what these methods do.\n likely subject to high crime in the near future. Howe"]
[12.554924011230469, 3.52595591545105, ", eds., Risk Terrain Modeling Compendium for Crime Analysis, Rutgers Center on Public Security, Newark, N.J.: Rutgers Center on Public Security, 2011.\n54 Joel M. Caplan, Leslie W. Kennedy, and Joel Miller, \u201cRisk Terrain Modeling: Brokering Criminolog"]
[12.557685852050781, 3.556306838989258, "sk based on geographic attributes rather than merely extrapolate prior crime histories. Operationally, this means that these methods can predict new hot spots that are similar to other hot spots. The idea is that, even though the newly predicted hot "]
[12.555021286010742, 3.5367846488952637, " spot. For example, Figure 2.13 flags the most heavily populated areas of Washington, D.C. As for factors, the earlier caution about how the appearance of a predictive element in a model does not equal causation applies here, too. Note that many geos"]
[12.614965438842773, 3.5548250675201416, "s and the data supporting the forecasts. Examples of the latter might include recent crime locations and descriptions, major call locations and descriptions, locations of crime attractors, reports on persons of interest in an area, and recent field i"]
[12.517874717712402, 3.634538412094116, "of local problems and conditions.3\nFigure 3.1\nEvidence-Based Policing Matrix\nResults key: Non-significant finding Successful intervention Mixed results\nHarmful intervention\nY: Specificity of prevention mechanism General Focused\nIndividuals\nSOURCE: Cr"]
[12.490046501159668, 3.6373085975646973, "t spots that saw multiple robberies. These would include the four street blocks immedi- ately adjacent to the Metro station, which collectively saw 11 robberies over the period studied. Also of interest are Columbia Road NW and several adjacent stree"]
[12.44553279876709, 3.67472505569458, ". This latter requirement stemmed from Koper\u2019s finding that reductions in crime last for about two hours after the previous visit.\nThe results of the test were rather dramatic. Part 1 crime rates during the 90-day test were compared with the same cri"]
[12.518956184387207, 3.603029251098633, " the city, and the hot spot was reduced from the entire east end to 14 stores. Crime-specific intervention strategies could then be focused on understanding why these stores were robbed repeatedly.\nFigure 3.5\nConvenience Store Robberies in Chula Vist"]
[12.356842994689941, 3.7495436668395996, "s were largely basic statistical tools that could be suitable for a large fraction of departments.\nShreveport, Louisiana: Predictive Intelligence\u2013Led Operational Targeting\nThe Shreveport Police Department is conducting an NIJ-funded experiment origin"]
[12.459599494934082, 3.6804239749908447, "usively, as practitioners preferred to focus on smaller spots. Predictive maps were updated monthly.\nStaff in Districts 7 and 8 responded to the predictions by dispatching dedicated teams (two two-person cars plus a sergeant) for focused patrols in t"]
[12.580926895141602, 3.5493083000183105, " over the controls while PILOT was running in Districts 7 and 8.\nMemphis, Tennessee: Crime Reduction Utilizing Statistical History\nSerious and violent crime was a problem in Memphis, Tennessee. In April 2009, Forbes Magazine ranked Memphis one of the"]
[12.593771934509277, 3.5445985794067383, "phis to counteract a sharp spike in gang-related gun violence, using IBM\u2019s SPSS. Speaking about the program, John Williams of the Memphis Police Department said, \u201ccriminals leave a footprint,\u201d adding that the SPSS software licensed by the Blue CRUSH "]
[12.545975685119629, 3.590256690979004, "r metropolitan-area motels. Informed by Blue CRUSH data, the department tasked undercover units to investigate the motels. The investigation revealed drug sales, drug use, prostitution, underage prostitution, robberies, and a homicide. \u201cOperation Hea"]
[12.524968147277832, 3.6036455631256104, "h rates of violations, specifically those leading to traffic collisions. The theory also posits that the traffic crime will attract other types of crime without persistent enforcement.19 The theory has led to a series of police interventions known as"]
[12.564708709716797, 3.5935251712799072, "hville,\u201d Geography and Public Safety, Vol. 2, No. 3, June 2010.\n22 Scott Silverii, \u201cChanging the Culture and History of Policing,\u201d Law Enforcement Today, October 9, 2012.\n goals, identifying hot spots, and deploying tactics during a series of compara"]
[12.556167602539062, 3.556272268295288, "of this success to the program\u2019s high-quality data, good analysis, and a department-wide emphasis on fighting crime\n23 As mentioned earlier, the FBI UCR system collects data on serious crimes, such as murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible r"]
[12.515436172485352, 3.600562572479248, ", Baltimore County crime analysts mapped instances of burglaries, robberies, and auto theft alongside the detailed crash and crime hot spots from the first phase of the proj- ect. For each overlapping area, they used a kernel density function to depi"]
[12.441203117370605, 3.6663568019866943, "n the immediate area.\nThe AHS software looked for clusters of two or more IED events in small, user- specified areas (typically circles up to a 100-m radius) over a period of one to several weeks, with the time frame selected empirically to suit a pa"]
[12.51280689239502, 3.6081364154815674, "reported to be considerably better than what the units could achieve on their own.\nMinneapolis, Minnesota: Micro Crime Hot Spots\n\u201cThe little kids\u2019 playground was the gang hangout,\u201d remarked North Minneapolis Peavey Park employee Jeanie Kneath. Gang a"]
[12.580680847167969, 3.5862340927124023, ", effectively forecasting the next robbery using data on the prior robberies. It has also developed evidence-based strategies to predict the criminal activities and robbery targets of spe- cific suspects recently released from prison. This individual"]
[13.867712020874023, 5.911687850952148, "ed the social fabric between neighbors, but it also opened new avenues for criminal opportunities. Clusters of foreclosed homes left abandoned are targets for vandalism and squatting; as homes fall into disrepair, quality of life in the neighborhood "]
[12.61423110961914, 3.531669855117798, "ti- mately, the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department had identified a problem using geospatial data analysis and exposed the underlying community trends; it then success- fully partnered with community organizations to address both components.\nCri"]
[12.534294128417969, 3.6409695148468018, " and one involving alcohol.\nThe DWI Resource Center was founded in Albuquerque to reduce the social and economic costs associated with driving while intoxicated (DWI) through research and outreach. In 2005, the DWI Resource Center developed a sequenc"]
[12.57243824005127, 3.604762554168701, "government agencies, some organizations have a greater capability to use the resource than do others. In 1997, Hartford, Connecticut, was one of 12 cities to be awarded a Comprehensive Communities Program grant by the U.S. Department of Justice, Bure"]
[12.63386058807373, 3.5607850551605225, "ive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations\nPolice Actions\nThis chapter focused on the police intervention portion of the prediction-led polic- ing business process and, in some cases, criminal responses. The Center for "]
[12.654609680175781, 3.491562843322754, "ely suspects in crimes of interest.\nThere are two important caveats involving predictions regarding potential offend- ers. The first is that, compared with predictions related to spatiotemporal crime tech- niques, methods for making predictions invol"]
[12.643036842346191, 3.4945228099823, "ave yet to be resolved.\n1 The film, based on the sci-fi novella by Philip K. Dick, was released in 2002. The story is set in 2054 and revolves around the activities of a recently established law enforcement agency known as PreCrime. The agency employ"]
[16.76171875, -1.1656944751739502, "der the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution\nDiscussions of this nature\u2014about the balance between personal privacy and the state\u2019s need to maintain public safety\u2014are not new, but they have become increasingly important with advances in technolog"]
[13.559799194335938, 3.0088489055633545, "ty data as the potential basis for public-private partnerships similar to those the government maintains with major banks, airlines, and other organizations to protect against national security threats (e.g., identifying people who are financing terr"]
[13.626437187194824, 3.0327911376953125, "count when developing or using any intelligence system.12 The NCISP also recommended that state agencies consider the Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Units\u2019 (LEIU\u2019s) Intelligence File Guidelines as a model for maintaining intelligence dat"]
[13.635494232177734, 2.988548517227173, "a retains ownership and control over its data. Thus, the program clearly defines the system controls and centralizes responsibility for policies governing data dissemi- nation and privacy.\n\u2022 Clear standards for classification: Only data classified as"]
[13.503067016601562, 3.0037481784820557, "aws in the United States, Canada, Europe, and other regions are structured around the widely accepted Fair Information Practice Principles. These principles were first established by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1973. The "]
[12.78900146484375, 3.424593687057495, "ble for complying with measures which give effect to the principles stated above.16\nThe State of California has developed privacy laws based, in part, on the Fair Information Practice Principles, and it has used the framework to develop many state- s"]
[12.722381591796875, 3.5026466846466064, ", if met, triggers addi- tional screening) or positive (i.e., if all indicators are met, secondary screening can be minimized). Index or scoring methods typically characterize a risk level by summing indicator scores or by computing risk as the produ"]
[12.77077579498291, 3.552617311477661, "or law enforcement are not yet certain, but it appears that some of these methods might help in building a case for monitoring a given individual or group more closely. Some of the more sophisticated mathematical methods are not likely to be universa"]
[12.786030769348145, 3.581759452819824, "e. According to Dawn Clausius, a police intelligence analyst with the Olathe, Kansas, Police Depart- ment, these assessments may hold \u201cmountains of untapped data for predictive polic- ing efforts.\u201d22 Behavioral patterns from the LSI-R might be integr"]
[12.79030704498291, 3.572277545928955, "ers include the Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory (SASSI), the Beck Depression Inven- tory\u2013II (BDI-II), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory\u20132 (MMPI-2), the Addictions Severity Index (ASI), the Hare Psychopathy Checklist\u2013Revised ("]
[12.805648803710938, 3.6121397018432617, "el characteristics of the same population of offenders would return the same results. Low inter-rater reliability indicates that vari- ous raters do not agree and that the scale is defective or the raters need to be retrained. Implementation of the L"]
[12.829907417297363, 3.603134870529175, "struments should complement a series of other carefully and clinically informed appraisals and should not be used as a substitute for them when making an assessment about a prisoner.27\nJames Austin has published a useful paper on proper and improper "]
[12.865670204162598, 3.6171176433563232, "appropriate and applicable to the criminal element in their community.\nQuebec, Canada: Assessing Criminogenic Risks of Gang Members\nA great threat to public safety in Quebec is the presence of street gangs. Juvenile pros- titution networks, drug traf"]
[12.64291763305664, 3.5253982543945312, " Koehler, and Richard Rosenfeld, \u201cThe Prediction of Violence and Homicide in Young Men,\u201d Journal of Consult- ing and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 73, No. 6, 2005.\n 96 Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations\nhomic"]
[12.657785415649414, 3.525007963180542, ". Wilson, Susan C. Smith, John D. Markovic, and James L. LeBeau, Geospatial Technology Working Group Meeting Report on Predictive Policing, Scottsdale, Ariz., October 2009.\n Using Predictions to Support Investigations of Potential Offenders 97\nbery) "]
[12.66939926147461, 3.5205600261688232, "and Patricia L. Brantingham, Organized Crime Detection in Co-offending Networks, working paper, Burnaby, B.C.: Simon Fraser University, c. 2011.\n36 Jay S. Albanese, \u201cRisk Assessment in Organized Crime: Developing a Market and Product-Based Model to D"]
[12.740815162658691, 3.540755271911621, "kov shares several useful case studies of policing methods that use risk assessment methods to analyze organized crime. Like Zoutendijk, Tusikov concluded that there is ambiguity in the definitions and analysis\n38 Stephen Schneider, Predicting Crime:"]
[12.718833923339844, 3.548999071121216, "nvolved may immediately call a domestic violence counselor to guide\n41 Natasha Tusikov, \u201cMeasuring Organised Crime\u2013Related Harms: Exploring Five Policing Methods,\u201d Crime, Law, and Social Change, Vol. 57, No. 1, February 2012.\n42 For example, if A is "]
[12.731470108032227, 3.5656442642211914, "ier in this chapter, are much more rigid in their design but may be more statistically reliable and valid.46\nAccording to Campbell\u2019s research, women who have been threatened with a gun are 20 times more likely to be murdered, and women who have been "]
[12.696698188781738, 3.497446060180664, " section, we review several methods currently in use to \u201cpredict\u201d who likely com- mitted recent crimes of interest. The common approach is to assemble the available clues\u2014pieces of data both about the crime and about past perpetrators in the area\u2014 an"]
[12.569345474243164, 3.4442267417907715, " areas frequented by the subject and the types of crimes committed, can inform behavioral and appropriate responses to target the person or the activity.\nAnchor Point Analysis, or Geographic Profiling\nGeographic profiling is an analytic tool that det"]
[12.566544532775879, 3.4218552112579346, "cations to find the offender with the goal of locating him or her sooner rather than later.\nIt is important to note that one does not necessarily need specialized computer software to do a basic geospatial profiling analysis. Analysts can do reasonab"]
[12.622466087341309, 3.5492730140686035, "lly those with progressive analysts, responses to this information are often lackluster. Police agencies are unsure what to do with a forecast that \u201cJohn Smith, a known dry- wall burglar, is likely to strike again this month in one of six possible ta"]
[12.767862319946289, 3.4661238193511963, "S tracking databases to see whether any tracked offenders were in the immediate vicinity of a crime. Facial recog- nition software, as it improves, will add yet another potential source to identify perpe- trators who commit crimes in front of surveil"]
[12.675649642944336, 3.5295722484588623, "igence information and whose car matched the vehicle description.51\n\u2022 The Baltimore Police Department was faced with a homicide victim who was also a known gang member, with the only clue being a surveillance video that showed the likely perpetrators"]
[12.683696746826172, 3.5532033443450928, "GPS tracking devices.\n\u2022 Interventions led by community or other nonprofit organizations are also in use. For example, Cure Violence (formerly Chicago Ceasefire) is widely known for intervening with individuals at high risk of involvement in gang-rela"]
[12.715088844299316, 3.5199925899505615, "t be the start of a longer-term decline in the national prison population. One of the proposed reasons is that better use of data and analytic tools to predict the potential for additional criminal behavior can improve a case management system\u2019s abil"]
[17.666107177734375, 8.439431190490723, "f the 85,000 youth remained arrest-free. \u201cWe are hoping that the use of predictive analytics will essentially put us out of business, with first- offending juveniles never returning to the incarceration system,\u201d said Mark Greenwald of the Florida Dep"]
[12.572549819946289, 3.505021095275879, "ity\u2019s School of Criminology in British Columbia, and he founded a section of the Vancou- ver Police Department focused on these crime analysis methods. The concept of using geospatial and other tactical information to construct behavioral patterns ha"]
[12.610013961791992, 3.453969955444336, ".\n64 Grierson, 2003.\n 112 Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations\nhis or her home area, but there will be a buffer of some distance around the resting site to maintain a safe distance from the site of the crim"]
[12.5892333984375, 3.4625296592712402, "rime Mapping and the Crimestat Program,\u201d Geographical Analysis, Vol. 38, No. 1, January 2006; David Canter, Toby Coffey, Malcolm Huntley, and Christopher Missen, \u201cPredicting Serial Killers\u2019 Home Base Using a Decision Support System,\u201d Journal of Quant"]
[12.627568244934082, 3.5165481567382812, "ness of these methods.\nPredictive Policing Myths\nAs a term of art, predictive policing is relatively new, but it has received substantial attention. Therefore, it is important to dispel some commonly repeated myths about the field. Whether by reporte"]
[12.546256065368652, 3.5573551654815674, "owing in advance exactly which grid cells will have the most crime\u2014equivalent to a crystal ball), and nothing (choosing locations to focus on at random).2\nAs shown, for vehicle thefts, the regression model did noticeably better than simple hot spot m"]
[12.639691352844238, 3.504244327545166, "icing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations\nIn addition to cognitive processes, these functions require a great deal of social interaction to maintain accurate contextual knowledge of the crime environment, col- laborate with p"]
[12.601412773132324, 3.5158958435058594, " Developers, and Policymakers 119\nrange from data deficiencies to assessment flaws and a failure to adequately evaluate the techniques used. In a recent article for the National Institute of Justice Journal, former RAND colleague Greg Ridgeway discus"]
[12.557982444763184, 3.5410077571868896, "nging to what you learned in statistics 101 (getting beyond statistics models); (3) assuming that one method works well for all problems; (4) trying to interpret too much (focus on accuracy and not trans- parency); (5) forsaking model simplicity for "]
[12.548815727233887, 3.547161102294922, "y, standardized by the total study-area density. See Ned Levine, \u201cThe \u2018Hottest\u2019 Part of a Hotspot: Comments on \u2018The Utility of Hotspot Mapping for Predicting Spatial Patterns of Crime,\u2019\u201d Security Journal, Vol. 21, No. 4, October 2008.\n Rock Creek Par"]
[12.598360061645508, 3.5416414737701416, "re has been some improvement, however.\nWhen applying techniques, such as regression or any of the data mining variants, using common sense to vet the factors incorporated into the model will help avoid spu- rious relationships. It also is important t"]
[12.607107162475586, 3.518786907196045, "he understanding that police responses to the predictions may have an effect on the outcomes.\nOn the intervention effectiveness side, for example, once a hot spot has been iden- tified and an intervention has been employed, follow-on analysis can be "]
[12.633708953857422, 3.5185084342956543, "as being at risk of recidivism. What should be done with a prediction that a parolee has a high risk of reoffending when that prediction\u2014while much better than chance\u2014is still far from definitive? The common answer to date has been that, because most"]
[12.740915298461914, 3.4423069953918457, "advanced tools, such as the NIJ-sponsored CrimeStat series.\nLarger agencies with large volumes of incident and intelligence data to be ana- lyzed and shared with many officers will want to consider more sophisticated\u2014and therefore more costly\u2014systems"]
[12.692854881286621, 3.4833321571350098, "lete suite of predictive policing tools might work together to create shared situational awareness.\nA Developer\u2019s Guide to Predictive Policing\nHere, we present findings for developers and vendors to help assist their technical and marketing efforts.\n"]
[12.7333345413208, 3.4878804683685303, "into the high hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars, plus annual maintenance fees of tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars. These costs are simply not affordable for most departments.\nThat said, we do understand that the investment in devel"]
[12.685994148254395, 3.4679040908813477, "efs and commanders was necessary for the success of predictive policing initiatives. \u201cMar- keting\u201d efforts promoting the value of predictive products, combined with good prod- ucts that genuinely help solve cases or prevent crimes (and publicizing th"]
[12.709104537963867, 3.4236016273498535, "perations. That said, the architecture shown in Figure 5.5 has been tailored specifically to law enforcement based on our interviews and reviews of the types of systems currently being used. For more informa- tion on the original COINCOP concept, see"]
[12.603349685668945, 3.424483060836792, "e.\n\u2022 Network analytics tools: These tools show (and calculate) relationships between entities and events. Chapter Four discussed how queries across social network data can help identify suspects. Social network analytics can also help command- ers an"]
[12.63996696472168, 3.6030426025390625, "ary\nHPP call for service previous op day\nOther\nProwler/suspicious person Suspicious activity Tactical patrol\nTraffic stop\nTargeted crime probability prediction\nMedium to high High\nSeptember 25, 2012\n134 Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecast"]
[12.474868774414062, 3.74751615524292, "and focused deterrence policing approaches are built on the idea that relatively small numbers of offenders are responsible for or connected to large numbers of crimes. These strategies target key offenders, dis- couraging them from committing crimes"]
[12.573382377624512, 3.621365547180176, "ample of police departments\u2019 efforts to build on community relationships was trying to talk with as many people as possible\u2014not to stop and frisk them but to explain that the police were trying to reduce crime in the area. Officers then asked\n17 Eliz"]
[12.69115924835205, 3.4762890338897705, " systems. However, the key for agencies of all sizes is to think of the tools as providing situational awareness rather than crystal balls. The sys- tems should help agencies understand the where, when, and who of crime and identify the specific prob"]
[13.916919708251953, 4.199090957641602, "s taught electrical engineering and computer sciences at The George Washington University, statistics at George Mason University, and mathematics at the U.S. Mili- tary Academy at West Point.\nBrian McInnis\nBrian McInnis (M.P.P. education policy, Peab"]
[12.801529884338379, 3.515472173690796, "d Cor- rections Technology Center\u2019s Information and Geospatial Technologies Center. His recent research has focused on improving information collection and analysis meth- ods to prevent acts of violence, ranging from violent crime to terrorism and in"]
[12.710161209106445, 3.4841184616088867, " Charlie, and Colleen McCue, \u201cPredictive Policing: What Can We Learn from Wal-Mart and Amazon About Fighting Crime in a Recession?\u201d The Police Chief, November 2009.\n141\n142 Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operati"]
[12.726273536682129, 3.4876585006713867, "iminology, Vol. 44, No. 5, 2004, pp. 641\u2013658.\nBushman, Brad J., Morgan C. Wang, and Craig A. Anderson, \u201cIs the Curve Relating Temperature to Aggression Linear or Curvilinear? Assaults and Temperature in Minneapolis Reexamined,\u201d Journal of Personality"]
[12.702567100524902, 3.4849491119384766, " of Chiefs of Police Law Enforcement Information Management Conference, Indianapolis, Ind., May 23, 2012.\nCity of Cincinnati, \u201cNeighborhood Enhancement Program,\u201d web page, undated. As of August 6, 2013:\nhttp://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/community-developm"]
[12.732308387756348, 3.4588210582733154, "013:\nhttp://geographicprofiling.com/products/rigel-profiler\nEsri, \u201cArcGIS for Desktop,\u201d web page, undated. As of August 6, 2013: http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcgis-for-desktop\nEstivill-Castro, Vladimir, and Ickjai Lee, \u201cData Mining Techniques"]
[12.781108856201172, 3.487374782562256, " a Smarter Planet: A Smarter Planet Blog, April 14, 2010. As of August 6, 2013: http://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2010/04/improving-juvenile-justice-for-the-state-of-florida.html\nGrierson, Bruce, \u201cThe Hound of the Data Points,\u201d Popular Science, March 21"]
[12.732876777648926, 3.497535467147827, " Law Enforcement Information Management Conference, Indianapolis, Ind., May 22, 2012.\nHeaton, Brian, \u201cPredictive Policing a Success in Santa Cruz, Calif.,\u201d Government Technology, October 8, 2012. As of August 6, 2013: http://www.govtech.com/public-sa"]
[12.76129150390625, 3.4752886295318604, "lace: Units of Analysis in Geographic Criminology, New York: Springer, 2009, pp. 171\u2013198.\nKanable, Rebecca, \u201cDig into Data Mining,\u201d Officer.com, April 12, 2007. As of August 6, 2013: http://www.officer.com/article/10250000/dig-into-data-mining\nKatran"]
[12.75253677368164, 3.4731955528259277, "in Java,\u201d homepage, undated. As of August 6, 2013:\nhttp://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/ml/weka\nMarshall, Mark A., \u201cN-DEx: The National Information Sharing Imperative,\u201d The Police Chief, Vol. 73, No. 6, 2006.\nMaryland Network Against Domestic Violence, \u201cWhat "]
[12.782236099243164, 3.47541880607605, "ce Datasheet,\u201d Atlanta, Ga., 2012. As of August 6, 2013: http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/yv-datasheet-a.pdf\nNational Criminal Justice Association, Justice Information Privacy Guideline: Developing, Drafting and Assessing Privacy Policy for "]
[12.794083595275879, 3.454935073852539, "\u201cLocal Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics: Distributional Issues and an Application,\u201d Geographical Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 4, October 2005, pp. 286\u2013306.\nOrganisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, \u201cOECD Guidelines on the Protection of Priv"]
[12.895304679870605, 3.507772445678711, "rticle_archive/results/details?id=1530\nPolice Executive Research Forum, How Are Innovations in Technology Transforming Policing? Washington, D.C, January 2012. As of August 6, 2013: http://policeforum.org/library/critical-issues-in-policing-series/Te"]
[12.75307846069336, 3.4606339931488037, " \u201cStopping Crime Before It Starts,\u201d Los Angeles Times, August 21, 2010. As of August 6, 2013:\nhttp://articles.latimes.com/2010/aug/21/local/la-me-predictcrime-20100427-1\nSAS, \u201cSAS 9.4,\u201d web page, undated. As of August 6, 2013: http://www.sas.com/soft"]
[12.689864158630371, 3.510066270828247, "opment Activity in Sub-National Terrorist Groups,\u201d Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 55, No. 4, April 2004, pp. 361\u2013374.\nSun, Key, Correctional Counseling: A Cognitive Growth Perspective, 2nd ed., Burlington, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett"]
[12.800310134887695, 3.465955972671509, "August 6, 2013: http://www.crimesolutions.gov/TopicDetails.aspx?ID=25\nValentino-DeVries, Jennifer, \u201cHow Technology Is Testing the Fourth Amendment,\u201d Wall Street Journal, September 21, 2011. As of August 6, 2013: http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/09/21"]
[12.671794891357422, 3.5156078338623047, "blic Safety, Vol. 2, No. 3, June 2010.\nYale University, Department of Statistics, \u201cLinear Regression,\u201d supplemental course materials, September 16, 1997. As of August 6, 2013:\nhttp://w w w.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/linreg.htm\nZetter, Kim, \u201cU."]
[13.78878402709961, 4.787224769592285, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[4.0911383628845215, 11.252001762390137, "s and sponsors.\nSupport RAND\u2014make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html\nR\u00ae is a registered trademark.\n\u00a9 Copyright 2013 RAND Corporation\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. Th"]
[4.095660209655762, 11.25003719329834, ", regulators, financial ser- vices executives, accounting professionals and standard-setters, members of the business com- munity, and other stakeholders with broad interests in accounting standards, valuation, risk management, systemic risk, and the"]
[4.096680164337158, 11.253464698791504, ".................................................................... 4\nOrganization of This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[4.09859561920166, 11.247061729431152, "er FOur\nAccounting Standards and Prudential regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bank Prudential Regulators and Capital Requirements: The Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[4.09704065322876, 11.253427505493164, "DC Crisis: Why Did Forbearance Succeed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . What Role Did HCA Play in Forbearance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[4.098471164703369, 11.247907638549805, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Prudential Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70\nAPP"]
[4.100008964538574, 11.252206802368164, "idity pricing. Valuation of an asset based on degree of liquidity in a thinly traded market, rather than on the asset\u2019s future earning power.\nLiquidity pricing model. An economic model that seeks to explain the influence of valu- ation accounting on "]
[4.0989861488342285, 11.250880241394043, "oth the financial system and its underlying accounting information more robust.\nStudy Purpose and Methods\nThe purpose of this study was broadly to investigate FVA and HCA policy issues and evidence in the wake of the financial crisis, and to explore "]
[4.106611251831055, 11.249338150024414, "to sell assets into the illiquid market to fulfill their own regulatory capital constraints. The theoretical result is the spread of risk across otherwise independent institutions, contributing to an accelerating spiral of devaluation that could culm"]
[4.099746227264404, 11.251444816589355, "generic ways in which valuation approaches can be associated with systemic risk, an additional focal point of our study involved the observation that both FVA and HCA approaches are capable of generating poor-quality information when implemented poor"]
[4.0981831550598145, 11.252376556396484, " FVA caused the 2008 crisis and which of FVA or HCA is the \u201cbetter\u201d accounting approach are not the most useful questions to focus on. Based on our reading of the avail- able empirical evidence, we conclude that FVA was probably not a primary driver "]
[4.097977638244629, 11.25135612487793, "hile reducing related risks to the financial system.\nGovernance\n\u2022 Policymakers should consider new steps to strengthen institutional governance and control mechanisms that in turn support higher-quality FVA and HCA practices within financial firms. T"]
[4.096953868865967, 11.250414848327637, "ernance that support the valuation process, or on the quality and recency of any reference market prices used in FVA.\n\u2022 Policymakers and standard-setters should consider adding disclosure requirements to address situations in which market power and o"]
[4.066739082336426, 11.23465633392334, "institutions, while imposing some common baseline assumptions on related practice.\n4 Basel III is a global, voluntary regulatory standard on bank capital adequacy. See Basel Committee on Banking Supervi- sion (2010).\n Acknowledgments\nWe would like to"]
[4.095439434051514, 11.251707077026367, "g standards are also deeply tied to the prudential regulation of finan- cial institutions (including banks) and, by extension, to assessing the adequacy of bank capital reserves. In sum, FVA and HCA are of central importance both to investors and reg"]
[4.098356246948242, 11.25184440612793, " would be more robust to these sorts of problems involving distorted market prices and financial risk.\nThe counterarguments made in favor of FVA are numerous. Advocates of FVA have sug- gested that fair value actually provides more transparency in ba"]
[4.096080303192139, 11.252425193786621, " the potential to destabilize an entire financial system or market, as opposed to the simple risk of insolvency for any single financial institution or bank within the system. The crisis of 2008 is notably an example of a \u201csystemic event,\u201d in which t"]
[4.101921558380127, 11.247917175292969, "s banks\u2019 portfolios of loans, have to be viewed in this context. As we will endeavor to show, many of the concerns that have been raised in the recent debate over FVA are only peripherally connected to systemic risk issues.\n8 Known in finance as \u201cpru"]
[4.09966516494751, 11.25163459777832, "ncome analysts (5); current and former government officials (7); current and former representatives from professional accounting organizations and standard-setting groups (6); accounting and finance executives at a range of bank (8) and nonbank finan"]
[4.088623523712158, 11.247901916503906, "over FVA and HCA\nThe purpose of standardized accounting is to provide sufficient financial information to inves- tors, shareholders, creditors, managers, and others, so that each can make meaningful assess- ments about the value and sustainability of"]
[4.092702865600586, 11.251185417175293, "VA in recent years.\n  7\n8 Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and Systemic Risk\n2009, responding to [then] proposed revisions to the FVA standards. We heard similarly strong sentiments about FVA and HCA expressed in our interviews, by "]
[4.097005367279053, 11.253565788269043, "atile, less responsive to liquidity shock, less vulnerable to specula- tive run-up in asset prices, and less assumption-dependent than is sometimes the case for FVA valuation. For these reasons, HCA may provide particularly useful information in pric"]
[4.095427513122559, 11.251358985900879, "mselves (in tracking their own status and managing portfolio risk), contractual counterparties (in assessing the solvency of their partners in finan- cial transactions), and equity analysts and economists (in assessing the financial status and risk o"]
[4.096884727478027, 11.251399040222168, " generally more consistent with promoting investor welfare. Others, however, have disputed those argu- ments, particularly by challenging whether FVA, as applied to nonliquid, nontrading assets, really does provide much incremental transparency.6\nReg"]
[4.09730863571167, 11.253105163574219, "on non-market-traded assets involved many more embedded and opaque assumptions, making it more difficult for him to know how much confidence to put in the numbers. Another analyst observed that it is difficult for an outsider to assess how \u201cgood\u201d the"]
[4.098804950714111, 11.256584167480469, "n FVA clearly offers the relevant answer for what the value of the assets are at any given point in time. But for another firm that holds similar investments, but in which there is no intent to sell the assets at all, then the liquidation value of th"]
[4.1252923011779785, 11.267003059387207, "isagreement between partisans of FVA and HCA often involves their perspectives on volatility in asset prices, and their views on whether or not such volatility itself provides useful information for understanding asset (and firm) values. Because FVA "]
[4.104130744934082, 11.25346565246582, "its hold-to-maturity assets, then day-to-day fluctuations in the value of the assets become far less rel- evant. It\u2019s only when a forced liquidation of assets is threatened that spot market prices abruptly become the relevant metric for understanding"]
[4.095448970794678, 11.255531311035156, "lid under GAAP.\u201d Another respondent said, \u201cAuditing firms are often not particularly strong in evaluating the models used in determining fair value for illiquid assets. Often, those models are much better understood by the firms and banks that apply "]
[4.096573352813721, 11.25424861907959, "that banks are often overly reluctant when it comes to writing other-than-temporary impairments onto their books, and that bank examiners who are called upon to review the books of insolvent institutions often find serious deficiencies in accounting "]
[4.097670078277588, 11.251771926879883, "les\u201d (FASB, no date-a).\n17 The difference in views was illustrated in the comments of two people we spoke to. One asserted that CDO values broadly fell by 60 percent or more at the height of the financial crisis but had mostly recovered back to par v"]
[4.098525524139404, 11.25302791595459, " interviewees related a version of this story. Yet this perspective raises several questions. What is \u201csystemic risk\u201d in this context? What is the implication of suggesting that FVA causes, or contributes to, systemic risk? In context, is it sufficie"]
[4.089690685272217, 11.261092185974121, "ising . . . a system.\n\u2022 The potential for a modest economic shock to induce substantial volatility in asset prices, significant reductions in corporate liquidity, potential bankruptcies, and effi- ciency losses.\n\u2022 The risk that a default by one marke"]
[4.0980401039123535, 11.254526138305664, "tial to \u201cinfect\u201d French and German banks. But this is not the definition for \u201ccontagion\u201d that we intend here. To the extent that French and German banks themselves hold Greek debt, then the French and German institutions are directly exposed to relat"]
[4.10546350479126, 11.26204776763916, "y-driven.\nOur interviews and the popular press notably provide several examples of possible liquid- ity pricing witnessed during the 2008 financial crisis. For example, in July of 2007, AAA-rated super-senior tranches of collateralized debt obligatio"]
[4.103755474090576, 11.261565208435059, "way poorly aligned with fundamental values.\nThe Theoretical Relationship Between FVA, Liquidity Pricing, and Risk Contagion: The Industrial Bonds Example\nSo how does FVA relate to liquidity pricing and risk contagion in economic models? A simpli- fie"]
[4.119509220123291, 11.232138633728027, "odels) suggests that FVA can indeed be a unique vector for risk contagion in some cir-\n9 See, e.g., discussion in Adrian and Shin (2008).\n cumstances, at least under appropriate model assumptions. Those assumptions notably include the occurrence of l"]
[4.093844890594482, 11.248153686523438, " long-run assets until maturity (i.e., in the final time period specified by the model).\nPut another way, the key result of the AC model framework is a contagion of risk that drives bankruptcy within the banking sector, and which would not have occur"]
[4.102615833282471, 11.249773025512695, "uring a period of acute illiquidity, such that assets that were previously marked to market may instead\n10 Again, a question that arises in passing is, Under what circumstances might there be \u201cno short-term liquid market for selling\u201d an asset (or in "]
[4.129157543182373, 11.281249046325684, "quidity pricing, represent a strong exercise in logic: An attempt to formulate a set of well-defined conditions under which FVA itself might serve to drive systemically important risk contagion effects. The fact that the AC model succeeds in doing th"]
[4.107882499694824, 11.259627342224121, "at whether SFAS 157-4 represented a \u201cgood\u201d policy response at the height of the crisis is difficult to assess. In principle, more flexible application of FVA standards during a liquidity crunch might help to prevent some asset sales and a procyclical"]
[4.109550952911377, 11.259519577026367, "pairments as being other than temporary, has strong implications for risk management and valuation practice within financial institutions. It also has broader implications for systemic risk.\nHCA does not drive contagion of risk via eroding asset pric"]
[4.09429407119751, 11.248933792114258, "eoretical case is much in line with what actually happened to many financial institutions during the S&L crisis of the 1980s. By exten- sion, FVA practice may be superior to HCA as a valuation mechanism in some circumstances but not others, or for so"]
[4.1035027503967285, 11.241862297058105, "tagion among banks might be best addressed through a modification of accounting standards, a modification of prudential regulatory requirements, or perhaps both.1 These two structural elements of the financial system are tied together, particularly i"]
[4.097082138061523, 11.244383811950684, "l financed to meet their obligations to their creditors.\nTwo related points deserve mention. First is that the prudential regulation of banks gener- ally applies to depository institutions (i.e., commercial banks) and to bank-holding companies (conso"]
[4.108035564422607, 11.241070747375488, "n FVA standards and bank capital requirements to consider, such that only some categories of bank assets (e.g., trading securities) but not others (e.g., loans held to maturity) are typically subject to FVA treatment and related markdowns.7 In theory"]
[4.10762882232666, 11.237276077270508, "preferred stock and some other types of subordinated debt issued by the bank, which also have a relatively low priority for repayment in insolvency.9 Taken together, Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital represent the portion of value in a bank\u2019s assets that cor"]
[4.106062889099121, 11.239789009094238, "should occur.\n10 Elliott (2009a, 2009b, 2010).\n11 One of our interview respondents told us that the details of this process tend to be far more complicated than is sug-\ngested by a simple summary of risk-weights by broad asset categories.\n12 The FRBC"]
[4.158426284790039, 11.189895629882812, "dmati et al. (2010).\nAccounting Standards and prudential Regulation 31\n      Banks with total assets < $10 billion Banks with total assets > $10 billion\n  1234134123412341234\n2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Calendar quarters and years\n 32 Fair Value Account"]
[4.11436653137207, 11.240405082702637, "rather than through seeking new equity. See Admati et al. (2010); Elliott (2009a, 2009b); Roberts (2010).\n    How Can Banks Respond to an FVA-Induced Capital Shortfall?\nThe situation becomes more complicated when we consider a decline in the value of"]
[4.1196370124816895, 11.236891746520996, " $99\n          34 Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and Systemic Risk\nTable 4.4\nBank Responds to Loss of CDO Value by Selling Loans\nBank Responds to Loss of Value by Selling Loans ($9), Reducing Liabilities ($9)\n   Assets\nCDO Loans\nt"]
[4.116175174713135, 11.235952377319336, "mortgage-backed assets at \u201cfire sale\u201d prices during the 2008 crisis.\nBut as we mentioned above, there are a host of practical reasons why banks would prefer to avoid recapitalizing, when the opportunity to sell assets is available as an alternative ("]
[4.124995708465576, 11.226587295532227, " bank capital requirements involve calculations based on risk- weighted assets and favor less risky types of assets in the portfolio (e.g., cash) over more risky ones (e.g., loans), there may be additional pressure on banks to preferentially liquidat"]
[4.099592685699463, 11.252275466918945, "s, under conditions of liquidity pricing. However, HCA does pose the problems of risk accumulation and of concealing unrecognized but other-than-temporary losses in the value of assets that nominally appear unchanged on bank balance sheets. This latt"]
[4.109204292297363, 11.241353034973145, "icacy of prudential regulation for banks. There are some important and subtle implications for risk oversight here. To offer one example, earlier in this chapter we discussed the fact that a bank could respond to a sudden shortfall in its regulatory "]
[4.115081787109375, 11.226190567016602, "ontribut-\n25 In fact, the recent Basel III round of reforms to international bank capital standards did focus specifically on the latter point, and on increasing and strengthening institutional capital reserves. See overview discussion in Basel Commi"]
[4.117008209228516, 11.234854698181152, "FVA by look- ing at changes in regulatory capital levels during the crisis, across a sample of large banking institutions. Importantly, large banking institutions tend to utilize FVA for a larger portion of their asset books and balance sheets, in pa"]
[4.112464427947998, 11.238868713378906, "rite-downs. However, the observed effects were reportedly quite small, and did not appear to manifest on an industry-wide basis. Put another way, according to Badertscher et al., although a distressed bank may sometimes be forced to sell assets due t"]
[4.110362529754639, 11.240559577941895, "ccounting Standards and prudential Regulation 39\n 40 Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and Systemic Risk\ntheir regulatory capital constraints). In short, Bowen et al.\u2019s findings mainly indicate that for banks during the crisis, chang"]
[4.112828731536865, 11.240238189697266, "and regulatory capital requirements specifically accommodate concerns about liquidity risk by declining to apply FVA and market pricing for important categories of bank assets. Moreover, recent real- world experience seems to support the same conclus"]
[4.103500843048096, 11.249645233154297, "- tion provided by banks, and suspicions about embedded and unacknowledged credit risks associated with their assets, may indeed have contributed to illiquidity and to the freeze-up in markets.33 In turn, loss of liquidity had very significant impact"]
[4.113080978393555, 11.249117851257324, " regulators and is an appropriate yardstick for determining asset values. But when immediate liquidation is not contemplated or necessary, and when market illiquidity causes asset prices to deviate from underlying fundamental values, then FVA itself "]
[4.081260681152344, 11.246023178100586, "(LDC) debt crisis of the 1970s. We selected these two cases, in part, because several of our interview respondents specifically pointed them out to us and talked about the similarities and differences between these episodes and the 2008 crisis. We al"]
[4.0975823402404785, 11.252701759338379, "n anticipated5 and the losses reduced. While some elements of this story are indeed accurate, a careful reading of the history of the S&L crisis does not support the superiority of one accounting approach over the other. Instead, it suggests the limi"]
[4.096165657043457, 11.250192642211914, "or depositors from other types of institutions (such as banks). Unlike the thrifts, the banks did not face statutory inter- est rate caps and could offer much higher rates of return to depositors. The effects of competi- tion on the S&L industry, and"]
[4.125217914581299, 11.23996353149414, "among S&L regulators.9 Prior to the 1980s, there were relatively few failures among thrifts, and those failures were not particularly costly to resolve. As a result, supervisory oversight of the thrifts was decentralized and generally did not examine"]
[4.093723297119141, 11.253705978393555, "997).\n11 This was an argument eerily parallel to some of the more recent arguments concerning FVA in the 2008 crisis, in set- ting out reasons why superficial accounting losses on paper weren\u2019t in fact \u201creal.\u201d In the S&L context, one of our interview"]
[4.099434852600098, 11.255814552307129, "Fund. (p. 5)\nThe GAO concluded that abuses in bank accounting practices, and particularly in the recognition of other-than-temporary impairments to assets, had contributed significantly to the failure of early warning mechanisms among prudential regu"]
[4.100528240203857, 11.251005172729492, "ticular argues that S&L regulators during the 1980s were far less independent than FDIC or other federal bank regulators. Political appointees in the Reagan administration reportedly pushed for deregulation and forbearance toward S&Ls, while simultan"]
[4.0946550369262695, 11.2494535446167, "billion were in various degrees of default to lenders. For U.S. banks, the crisis was largest in connection with loans to Latin American and Caribbean countries. Sixteen of those countries (including Mexico, Brazil, Ven- ezuela, and Argentina) owed U"]
[4.094429016113281, 11.25062084197998, "e evolution of this aspect of the LDC crisis, in the context of historical financial and banking crisis episodes more broadly, see Reinhart and Rogoff (2008).\n26 World Bank World Debt Tables.\n 50 Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and"]
[4.093554496765137, 11.248040199279785, "essful outcome in the case of the S&Ls? The answer likely does not lie in the role of the accounting standards. In both cases, evidence accumulated that the fair value of bank loans was actually far lower than that reported to regulators. The primary"]
[4.097023010253906, 11.251336097717285, "ut down banks that would otherwise have been insolvent if forced immedi- ately to mark their LDC loans to reflect current prices and actual impairment. The argument presented to us on behalf of this regulatory strategy was that the Federal Reserve an"]
[4.097565174102783, 11.254522323608398, "ckly, so as to limit the losses ultimately incurred?33 And ex post, will regulatory forbearance help in developing a viable debt restructuring plan for the Eurozone, or will it instead involve allowing further accumulation of bad loan assets, possibl"]
[4.078548431396484, 11.265233039855957, "of the Greek government. See, e.g., discussion in Story, Thomas, and Shwartz (2010).\n Lessons from Historical episodes Involving Accounting Standards, Systemic Risk, and Financial Crisis 53\nregulators have in responding post-crisis. The LDC episode, "]
[4.100597381591797, 11.251472473144531, "in asset valuations, and contagion.\nIn the course of our interviews, respondents raised a series of concerns connected to the implementation of FVA and HCA and to problems in institutional governance and controls that can limit the fidelity of FVA an"]
[4.10015344619751, 11.25114631652832, "after the 2008 financial crisis (Senior Supervisors Group, 2008, 2009). The Senior Supervisors Group (SSG)1 published multiple reports summarizing institutional risk management lessons learned from the crisis, based on intensive interviewing and roun"]
[4.100443363189697, 11.252567291259766, "inesses actually performed relatively well through the crisis, in part because they carried out their respective valuation approaches effectively and carefully. By con- trast, firms that violated the integrity of their own valuation processes, regard"]
[4.092369556427002, 11.257818222045898, " specified in GAAP per ASC 820.\n 58 Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and Systemic Risk\nAnother interview respondent told us that oversight for mark-to-model approaches in FVA fre- quently involves auditors who are substantially less"]
[4.099971771240234, 11.252942085266113, "though that probably represents only a small fraction of all instances in which FVA is used under ordinary circumstances,5 in a situation where acute liquidity pricing arguably obtains, the problems potentially become much larger,6 and the\n4 With reg"]
[4.127954006195068, 11.266312599182129, "d in which similar assets can be held in both places but subject to different forms of accounting treatment, the results can be both complex and perverse. One of our interview respondents suggested that a financial services firm that mixes its busine"]
[4.136884689331055, 11.292309761047363, "ond the risks inherent to either of FVA or HCA taken alone. Second, the combination of the two accounting approaches has important institutional risk management and arbitrage implications to it, which again go beyond the risks associated with either "]
[4.105004787445068, 11.255349159240723, " under specified circumstances. See discussion in Renders (2009). Here again, to the extent that assets can be moved between FVA and HCA treatment based on exigent circumstances and shifting investor intent, then concerns may arise about accounting t"]
[4.108946800231934, 11.259782791137695, "res offer the best estimate of what assets are worth in liquidation, and therefore provide an appropriately conservative yardstick for gauging firm value. None of these arguments is con- clusive, and they focus more directly on institutional risk tha"]
[4.087996959686279, 11.28266429901123, "ional participants who either own, or have the means and interest to acquire, a particular asset. Whenever ownership of a financial asset is concentrated in the hands of only a few players, those players may have a disproportionate effect on price, t"]
[4.10092306137085, 11.251642227172852, "d to reflect any other than temporary impairment.\n Implementation and Risk: the Challenges to Doing FVA and HCA well 63\nation approach generates. These issues illustrate the challenge involved in implementing either of FVA or HCA well, together with "]
[4.099069118499756, 11.251496315002441, "ciple. On a somewhat different note, the over- sight of prudential regulators in examining FVA and HCA information offers another possible lever for strengthening the valuation process. As one of our interview respondents noted, the prudential regula"]
[4.09913444519043, 11.252174377441406, ", what seems most clear is that both FVA and HCA can produce useful information, that both approaches can be vulnerable to producing misinformation when not applied rigorously, and that both are capable of contributing to systemic risk under some cir"]
[4.099636077880859, 11.252427101135254, "f acute market illiquidity raise basic questions about how FVA prices are supposed to be calculated, while HCA struggles because accounting for other-than-temporary impairment presumes that there is an objective way to distinguish between (transient)"]
[4.10404634475708, 11.24733829498291, "r, advo- cates on both sides acknowledged that each of FVA and HCA could be appropriate and useful in some circumstances. It gradually became clear to us that at least some of the debate (on both sides) tends to involve straw man\u2013type arguments. In p"]
[4.100465774536133, 11.250504493713379, "tive regulatory intervention afterward to help financial institutions recover and restructure themselves. In both cases, the role of prudential regulators in monitoring accounting informa- tion, applying capital requirements, overseeing financial ins"]
[4.101151466369629, 11.25001049041748, "ve leverage points that could help in strengthening the system. In the list that follows, we break these options down into the categories of institutional governance, accounting standard setting, and prudential regulation.\nGovernance\n\u2022 Policymakers s"]
[4.100599765777588, 11.250685691833496, "quired concerning the mechanics of valuation for either approach in financial statements.\n\u2022 Policymakers should clarify whether financial statements really are required to disclose suf- ficient detail about FVA mechanics to allow users of financial s"]
[4.114476680755615, 11.237114906311035, ". These kinds of concerns could be made directly transparent to the users of financial statements, given basic disclosures describing the extent to which concentrated ownership of an asset (or of a relevant category of assets) applies on the part of "]
[4.095771312713623, 11.250718116760254, "an be used to investigate and help buttress the fidelity of valuation across institu- tions, while imposing some common baseline assumptions on related practice. Regulators should consider whether and how prudential oversight of institutional valuati"]
[4.094517707824707, 11.254389762878418, " See, e.g., Isaac (2009).\n  73\n74 Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and Systemic Risk\nall companies publicly traded on a U.S. stock exchange must file quarterly financial statements prepared consistent with GAAP standards. Thus, even"]
[4.095911026000977, 11.252906799316406, "ed at SFAS 133); and ASC 825 (\u201cFinancial Instruments,\u201d formerly codified at SFAS 159).\n4 To clarify, FASB standards defining GAAP do not seek to exhaustively enumerate all the specific situations where HCA applies. Instead, an HCA approach is implici"]
[4.097113132476807, 11.250022888183594, " of market illiquidity. Complementary guidance was simultaneously issued by FASB to address ambiguities in impairment accounting given similar illiquidity for securities either held-to-maturity or available for sale.\nHow Does Historical Cost Accounti"]
[4.099279403686523, 11.244609832763672, "gests that in 2006, the typical bank held a far smaller percentage of its balance sheet in FVA-denominated assets than did the 50 banks actually examined by the SEC.5 Figure A.1 shows our \u201cfair value\u201d measure for selected large institutions in 2006, "]
[4.094822883605957, 11.249641418457031, "r things) would eliminate the need for non-U.S. companies registered in the United States to reconcile their IFRS financial statements with GAAP requirements.6 The IFRS convergence process has now been ongoing for more than five years, and has made s"]
[4.093380451202393, 11.24665355682373, "te IFRS convergence, and the likelihood that the GAAP framework will continue to shift as a result of the IFRS convergence process.\n6 See discussion in IASB and FASB (2006).\n7 See discussion in IASB and FASB (2011).\n8 Journal of Accountancy (2011).\n "]
[4.08272123336792, 11.240593910217285, "lity in the banking sector. GAAP standards that define FVA and HCA are also notably tied to a series of deeper disagreements and philosophi- cal arguments about financial information, which in turn have contributed to a long-running dispute about the"]
[4.0843939781188965, 11.253195762634277, ", \u201cThe Economic Consequences of Relaxing Fair Value Accounting and Impairment Rules on Banks During the Financial Crisis of 2008\u20132009,\u201d working paper, 2010.\nBreeden, Richard C., \u201cThumbs on the Scale: The Role that Accounting Practices Played in the S"]
[4.0886735916137695, 11.255095481872559, "rnal of Finance, Vol. 60, No. 2, 2005, pp. 615\u2013647.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cFear of Fire Sales and the Credit Squeeze,\u201d National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 14925, April 2009. As of August 7, 2013:\nhttp://w w w.nber.org/papers/w14925\nDixon, Lloyd, Noreen"]
[4.087375164031982, 11.250718116760254, " B l o b S e r v e r ? b l o b c o l = u r l d a t a & b l o b t a b l e = M u n g o B l o b s & b l o b k e y = i d & b l o b w h e r e =117 5 8 2 0918856&blobheader=application%2Fpdf\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Recognition and Presentation of Other-Than-Temporary Impairm"]
[4.085600852966309, 11.251197814941406, "-to-Market Now!\u201d Forbes.com, September 29, 2008. As of August 7, 2013:\nhttp://www.forbes.com/2008/09/29/mark-to-market-oped-cx_ng_0929gingrich.html\nGoldman Sachs, \u201cComment Letter to FASB re: Accounting for Financial Instruments and Revisions to the A"]
[4.084930419921875, 11.251253128051758, ", Vol. 34, 2009, pp. 826\u2013834.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cDid Fair Value Accounting Contribute to the Financial Crisis?\u201d Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2010, pp. 93\u2013118.\nMcLean, Bethany, and Joe Nocera, All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the"]
[4.084860801696777, 11.25163745880127, "or Innocent Victim: Exploring the Links Between Fair Value Accounting, Bank Regulatory Capital and the Recent Financial Crisis,\u201d Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, Working Paper No. QAU10-01, 2010.\nShearer, Jana, \u201cMark-to-Market: Delivering the Financia"]
[4.100277900695801, 11.251049041748047, "s in triggering the crisis. This report investigates and clarifies the relationship between these two accounting approaches and risks to the financial system. The authors examine the risk implications of FVA and HCA in the various situations in which"]
[13.797789573669434, 4.809988021850586, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[-0.4156595468521118, 12.069984436035156, "t www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html\nR\u00ae is a registered trademark.\nCover image: Hoover Dam Water Electricity Power Station, \u00a9 malajscy/Fotolia. The cover image shows the current low level of the Lake Mead reservoir and two of the four water intake t"]
[-0.41995733976364136, 12.078849792480469, "o Reclamation with respect to implementa- tion of the Basin Study based on the analysis presented in this report. The intended audience includes the participants and stakeholders of the Basin Study as well as water policymakers, managers, and stakeho"]
[15.055033683776855, 5.774432182312012, " River Basin Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 RAND\u2019s Role in the Basin Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[-0.4181627631187439, 12.101696968078613, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nSimulating the Colorado River System (R) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[-0.41602835059165955, 12.0929536819458, "ns Included in the Portfolios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65\nreferences ...................................................................................................."]
[-0.39593225717544556, 12.107088088989258, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11\n3.1. Distribution of Annual Colorado River Streamflow (2012\u20132060)\nfor Each Basin Study Supply Scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[-0.42368847131729126, 12.090886116027832, "45 46 . 47\nvii\nviii\nAdapting to a Changing Colorado River\n5.5. Percentage of Traces in Which Five Options Are Implemented by Year for\nPortfolio D (Common Options). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[-0.40971240401268005, 12.090906143188477, "................\n3.5. Performance Metrics and Vulnerability Thresholds for the Two Water-Deliveries Metrics Used in This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "]
[-0.4221235513687134, 12.080944061279297, "new hydrologic regime for which past data and experience are not an adequate guide for future river conditions. Climate simulations applied in the Colorado River Basin Study (Basin Study) are generally consistent in indicating that the entire Basin w"]
[-0.4226628839969635, 12.079550743103027, "enarios to determine how much they could improve Basin outcomes\n\u2022 analyzed the results from the system simulations to identify key trade-offs among the portfolios.\nThis report summarizes RAND\u2019s contribution to the Basin Study (the Colorado River Basi"]
[-0.39446577429771423, 12.08111572265625, "volve over the study\u2019s 49-year time horizon (2012\u20132060).\nThe Basin Study Team developed four supply scenarios based on different sources of future streamflow estimates. Each scenario is composed of many different 2012\u20132060 time series of streamflows\u2014"]
[-0.4283766746520996, 12.089424133300781, "wn in Table S.1). It also evaluated a wide array of different supply-augmenta- tion and demand-reduction options that could improve system performance and reduce vul- nerabilities. Such options were organized into eight categories: (1) agricultural c"]
[-0.4016691744327545, 12.09200668334961, " the lettered names (Reclamation, 2012f, 2012h).\nSimulating the Colorado River System and Performance Metrics (R and M)\nThe Basin Study used the Colorado River Simulation System (CRSS), Reclamation\u2019s long-term planning model, to simulate the Colorado"]
[-0.38976991176605225, 12.100249290466309, "external conditions lead to those projected vulnerabilities. Using RDM vulnerability analysis techniques and statistical summaries of streamflow at Lee Ferry, we looked for a set of future conditions that best captures the vulnerable traces. We find "]
[-0.4146803021430969, 12.089200973510742, "lio B (Reliability Focus) in reducing vulner- abilities. For the Lower Basin Reliability metric\u2014Lake Mead Pool Elevation\u2014implementing the portfolios significantly reduces the number of years in which the Basin goals are not met. Even in the most stre"]
[-0.42622053623199463, 12.092123985290527, "imilar costs.\nHowever, when we focus on traces corresponding to the two vulnerable conditions, we see some differences across the portfolios. First, in the Low Historical Supply conditions (the middle band in the figure), we see that the portfolio wi"]
[-0.4277956783771515, 12.08908462524414, "der-derived portfolios (Portfolios B and C), options always or frequently implemented in this portfolio as soon as they are available can be considered both near-term and high priority.\nFigure S.3 summarizes how frequently options from Portfolio D (C"]
[-0.4224953055381775, 12.093606948852539, "d in response to changing conditions.\nSummary xix\nxx\nAdapting to a Changing Colorado River\nFigure S.3\nPercentage of Traces in Which Options Are Implemented and Associated Implementation Delay for Portfolio D (Common Options)\nNOTE: Ag = agricultural; "]
[-0.44343140721321106, 12.04104995727539, " performance and other attributes of additional approaches alongside the adaptive options evaluated for the Basin Study would support the successful implementation of a robust, adaptive strategy.\nSummary xxi\nAcknowledgments\n The authors are grateful "]
[-0.41048136353492737, 12.079854011535645, "the water-management model in response to emerging vulnerabilities\na description of uncertain future parameters pertaining to, for example, supply, demand, and reservoir operations\na specific approach, in terms of the types of options used, for addre"]
[-0.39168307185173035, 12.084449768066406, "was signed, water was used primarily for agricul- tural development, and specific allocations of water within the states were still loosely defined.\n1 An acre-foot (af) is the volume of water that covers one acre to a depth of a foot: 43,560 cubic fe"]
[-0.4042447507381439, 12.082405090332031, "ear, water not used in the Upper Basin has been avail- able for redistribution to Lower Basin states such as California and Nevada that have in the past requested more water than legally allocated by the Law of the River (Glennon and Pearce, 2007). S"]
[-0.40432092547416687, 12.083410263061523, " ens to alter the characteristics of basin hydrology and to reduce long-term average river flows, further threatening sustainable river use.\nA growing body of literature suggests that the Colorado River system is now\u2014or soon will be\u2014operating in a ne"]
[-0.41254398226737976, 12.077313423156738, "palan et al., 2009; Wildman and Forde, 2012).\nThe second part of Figure 1.2 captures the substantial uncertainty about projected water demand and supply out to the year 2063. As the figure shows, uncertainty in supply (the wider blue band) is much gr"]
[-0.3862999677658081, 12.073593139648438, "analysis to grapple with future uncertainty at this scale, yielding a large number of potential scenarios to consider and options to evaluate. To meet this challenge, Reclamation and the Basin States asked research- ers from the RAND Corporation to j"]
[-0.41942885518074036, 12.103774070739746, "with the Basin Study Team and state partners to complete this analysis. We use only a small subset of the study results here to tell the story of emerging water supply vulnerability and possible actions to reduce vulnerability. For example, although "]
[-0.3638455867767334, 12.514791488647461, "certainty has implications for the kind of long-term planning needed. Specifically, as managers and users of the Colorado River plan over the coming decades, they need to move beyond the traditional prediction-based approaches that work well when the"]
[-0.40419965982437134, 12.754199981689453, "es, 2003). This approach has been used in a number of real-world applications, including energy resources, flood risk management, national defense, and water management (Popper et al., 2009; Dixon et al., 2007; Lempert and Groves, 2010).1 When applie"]
[-0.4194352626800537, 12.731446266174316, "R242-2.2\n2 The approach to identifying key vulnerabilities uses statistical \u201cscenario discovery\u201d algorithms (Bryant and Lempert, 2010; Groves and Lempert, 2007). The terms \u201cscenario discovery\u201d and \u201cvulnerability analysis\u201d are synonymous.\n   12 Adapti"]
[-0.45721733570098877, 12.641249656677246, "s\u201d\u2014that would make a strategy vul- nerable to not meeting its objectives. Such decision-relevant scenarios focus decision makers\u2019 attention on the uncertain future conditions most important to the challenges they face and help facilitate discussions "]
[-0.32331305742263794, 12.455683708190918, " very unlikely, then the reduction in the corresponding vulnerabilities may not be worth the cost or effort. On the other hand, the vulnerable conditions identified may be viewed as plausible or very likely, lending support for a strategy designed to"]
[-0.37889552116394043, 12.274133682250977, "elp structure the analysis of options and strategies to alleviate the possible Basin imbalances.\nThis chapter uses the XLRM framework introduced in Chapter Two to describe the decision-structuring step of RDM (Step 1 of Figure 2.2) as applied in the "]
[-0.3821435570716858, 12.096553802490234, "demand ranges from 13.8 maf (Slow Growth demand scenario) to 15.6 maf (Rapid Growth demand scenario).\nTable 3.2\nDemand Scenario Storylines, Scenarios, Descriptions, and Statistics\n   Storyline and Scenario\nCurrent Projected [CRBS A]a\nSlow Growth [CRB"]
[-0.381294846534729, 12.094372749328613, "erry:3\n\u2022 annual mean (2012\u20132060)\n\u2022 trend (2012\u20132060)\n\u2022 variance (2012\u20132060)\n\u2022 annual mean of driest N-year period (examined five-, eight-, and ten-year periods)\n\u2022 year of driest N-year period (examined five-, eight-, and ten-year periods)\n\u2022 annual me"]
[-0.3867272138595581, 12.106258392333984, "rical and Future Climate scenarios:4\n\u2022 change in temperature from 1950 to 1999 historical baseline (degrees F)\n\u2022 change in precipitation from 1950 to 1999 historical baseline (percent)\n\u2022 variance in temperature and precipitation (2012\u20132060)\n\u2022 annualp"]
[-0.3128513991832733, 12.134132385253906, "re Changes Across Traces (left) and Precipitation Changes Across Traces (right) for the Historical and Future Climate Scenarios\n  Mean Change in Temperature from Historical Baseline (1950\u20131999) [Degrees Fahrenheit]\n2\n0\n4\nHistorical Future Climate Sup"]
[-0.4092133045196533, 12.078534126281738, "scaled GCM Projected)\n112 total 1,959\n  5 For the vulnerability analysis, the Historical, Paleo/Historical Blend, and Future Climate scenarios were replicated so that they were the same size as the Paleo scenario (14,928 records). For the analysis of"]
[-0.4066160023212433, 12.088558197021484, "e 3.4 many times for this study. First, the traces were evaluated to identify the vulnerabilities of the baseline man- agement of the system (described in Chapter Four). Next, they were evaluated for each of the four portfolios discussed above (descr"]
[-0.4009473919868469, 12.093382835388184, "\u2014if this provision were threatened by low flows over a ten-year period. A \u201cLee Ferry Deficit\u201d is the amount of curtailment that would be necessary in such an event. The Basin Study used the methods described in this report to look at six primary wate"]
[-0.4444781243801117, 12.075057983398438, "ons\u2014about 80\u2014accord- ing to rough estimates of option yield, availability, and 16 other criteria, including technical feasibility, permitting risk, legal risk, policy risk, and energy intensity.7 The Basin Study Team assigned each project a score bet"]
[-0.4386502206325531, 12.087313652038574, "y and Demand\n7 The study team was unable to analyze each option individually using more detailed criteria for the purposes of prioritiz- ing options within a portfolio. As described below, however, the portfolios are evaluated not on these criteria, "]
[-0.42651399970054626, 12.082706451416016, "options and an Upper Basin water bank (not represented in the table, as it does not increase yield of the system\u2014it only reallocates it).\nFigure 3.6\nSchematic Representing Options Included in Each of the Four Portfolios\n RAND RR242-3.6\nTable 3.6\nDesc"]
[-0.40353673696517944, 12.088334083557129, "ch of the six water delivery indicator metrics (Table 3.8). Signposts specify a set of observable system conditions and thresholds that indicate vulnerabilities are developing. During a simulation, CRSS monitors the signpost conditions: If any thresh"]
[-0.40935346484184265, 12.083000183105469, "lorado River Basin 29\nFigure 3.7\nSimulated Lake Mead Pool Elevation Over Time Without Options (red) and With Options Implemented by a Simple Dynamic Portfolio\n RAND RR242-3.7\nChAPtER FoUR\nFuture Vulnerabilities to Colorado Basin Water Deliveries\nIntr"]
[-0.39460256695747375, 12.095190048217773, "elivery reliability metrics in this analysis: Lee Ferry Deficit (Upper Basin Reliability) and Lake Mead Pool Elevation below 1,000 feet msl (Lower Basin Reliability). A Lee Ferry Deficit occurs in the CRSS simulations when the ten-year sum of flows a"]
[-0.3698233366012573, 12.11492919921875, "y times. Figure 4.1 shows these results in three separate time periods over the 49-year horizon: 2012 through 2026, 2027 through 2040, and 2041 through 2060. The end of the first time period was selected to coincide with the expiration date of the 20"]
[-0.42739397287368774, 12.065661430358887, "bove, in the study simulations, the Upper Basin experiences a Lee Ferry Deficit in 19 percent of traces by the last 20 years of the simulation. In mining those simulations in the vulnerability analysis, we first sought to answer the question: what fu"]
[-0.3676682710647583, 12.134742736816406, "ons encompasses most but not all of the vulnerable traces, which is why some of the vulnerable traces (red Xs) appear outside of the boundaries.\nFigure 4.2 shows that, despite the evident correlation between long-term low flows and acute drought flow"]
[-0.2796630561351776, 12.227741241455078, "apture 92 percent of all traces where objectives are not met (coverage). Once again, only two input parameters are needed to describe such vulnerable conditions, leading them to be easily understood and interpreted.\nFigure 4.3 shows a scatterplot of "]
[-0.3885717988014221, 12.102124214172363, "streamflow and climate vulnerable conditions identify nearly the same set of traces. Overall, 95 percent of traces are categorized in the same manner\u2014in or out of vulnerable conditions\u2014across the two types of vulnerable conditions. Thus, even though "]
[-0.39527174830436707, 12.094389915466309, "ditions (density). The conditions also describe 86 percent of all traces that lead to unacceptable results (coverage). And, as was true in the two Upper Basin sets of conditions, only two input parameters are needed to describe such vulnerable condi-"]
[-0.3817535936832428, 12.097254753112793, "center and right of the graph). In a warming climate, Lower Basin objectives are most often met only in traces that are at least 4 percent wetter than the historical average, while the large majority of traces that are drier include at least one year"]
[-0.39951831102371216, 12.095146179199219, "s a result, in subsequent chapters we will refer to these collectively as Low Historical Supply, and for convenience, we will use the streamflow-defined conditions to illustrate potential vulnerability reduction when new invest- ment options are test"]
[-0.42784804105758667, 12.083906173706055, "f this feature, CRSS calculated a unique sequence of options to be implemented for each of the 23,508 traces comprising the demand, supply, and reservoir options scenarios. In this chapter, we present the effects of the portfolios on improving perfor"]
[-0.40303048491477966, 12.090723991394043, "ty metric: Lake Mead Pool Elevation. Similar to the Upper Basin results, the implementation of the portfolios sig- nificantly reduces the number of years in which the Basin goals are not met. Even in the most stressing Declining Supply vulnerable con"]
[-0.4175605773925781, 12.081531524658203, "l). This translates to a nearly complete elimination of unmet goals for climate conditions similar to his- torical conditions (Figure 5.4, bottom panel), while further restricting the temperature and pre- cipitation range from the climate scenario in"]
[-0.42979195713996887, 12.083389282226562, "ions Are Implemented by Year for Portfolio D (Common Options)\nNOTE: Large options are disaggregated into 200 taf/year \u201csteps\u201d to represent likely project phasing.\nRAND RR242-5.5\ngests that in many plausible futures, there is a need for substantial ad"]
[-0.43220189213752747, 12.077682495117188, "uce the amount of Colorado River exported to these regions.\nLocal supply options capture local water sources that would otherwise go unused\noptions that increase water conservation in the municipal and industrial sectors and reduces demand for Colora"]
[-0.4304855167865753, 12.08416748046875, "-offs among the four portfolios. First, there is little difference between portfolios when looking across all traces evaluated. That is, the range in vulnerability reduction and costs overlap significantly for all the portfolios (Figure 5.8, top pane"]
[-0.45902734994888306, 12.06161880493164, "to identify those options most fre- quently implemented across many or most traces. Next, we reviewed the costs incurred when implementing options included in different portfolios. Costs could be high when vulnerable conditions emerge, with Portfolio"]
[-0.45455026626586914, 12.075888633728027, "ent strategy. Instead, the Basin Study presents key trade-offs among portfolios in terms of costs and vulnerability reduction, and highlights which options are most needed and when. The report concludes by describing a range of near-term steps to be "]
[-0.41649144887924194, 12.086649894714355, "s consistent with the two key vulnerable conditions\u2014Low Historical Supply and Declining Supply\u2014more options are needed, and with less delay. The middle panel of Figure 6.1 shows that for the Low Historical Supply vulnerable conditions, the urgency of"]
[-0.4157126545906067, 12.091747283935547, "e easier to discern whether the future climate is going continue to deviate from the historical record, drawing from new climate models or higher resolution regional climate projections (e.g., Seager et al. [2012]). In particular, additional advances"]
[-0.41052475571632385, 12.07972526550293, "y modeled by CRSS within the time available to complete the study. As suggested by the Basin Study, evaluating these additional options in the coming months could further improve the ability for the portfolios to address supply and demand imbalances."]
[-0.232016921043396, 12.36188793182373, "od (PRIM) (Friedman and Fisher, 1999) to identify the uncertain external conditions that lead the system to not meet key objectives. The uncertain external condi- tions are statistical or numerical characterizations of the futures evaluated in Step 2"]
[-0.29896870255470276, 12.303496360778809, "three of the four vulnerable simulations (75 percent coverage)\u2014and three of the four simulations described by the definition are vulnerable (75 percent density). The other vulnerability definitions shown in Table A.1 show the trade-off between covera"]
[-0.36735814809799194, 12.129802703857422, "ditions\nNOTES: Red lines are simulations that do not meet goals and are included in the vulnerable conditions. Yellow lines are those that do meet goals and are included in the vulnerable conditions. Thin gray lines are simulations that meet the Lake"]
[-0.46190908551216125, 12.051098823547363, "Portfolio Analysis\n   Option Type\nAgricultural Conservation\nDesalination\nEnergy water Use Efficiency\nImport\nLocal Supply\nM&I Conservation\nReuse\nDescription\noptions that increase water conservation in the agriculture sector and reduce demand for Color"]
[-0.4183739125728607, 12.085623741149902, " control improves supply by reducing dust accumulation on snow that can lead to earlier snowmelt and more evaporative moisture losses. weather modification consists of cloud seeding, or adding silver iodide to the atmosphere to serve as condensation "]
[-0.5047406554222107, 13.315593719482422, "hew Hoover, and Jordan Ostwald, Coastal Louisiana Risk Assessment Model, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-1259- CPRA, 2012. As of August 4, 2013:\nhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR1259.html\nFriedman, Jerome H., and Nicholas I. Fi"]
[-0.41297635436058044, 12.079244613647461, "per_012110.pdf\nMeko, David M., Connie A. Woodhouse, Christopher A. Baisan, Troy Knight, Jeffrey J. Lukas, Malcolm K. Hughes, and Matthew W. Salzer, \u201cMedieval Drought in the Upper Colorado River Basin,\u201d Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 34, No. 10, 2"]
[-0.40993326902389526, 12.072064399719238, "a t e 1 7 8 7. h t m l\nSimon, Herbert A., \u201cRational Choice and the Structure of the Environment,\u201d Psychological Review, Vol. 63, No. 2, 1956, pp. 129\u2013138.\nStockton, C. W., and G. C. Jacoby, \u201cLong-Term Surface-Water Supply and Streamflow Trends in the"]
[-0.4120824635028839, 12.072036743164062, "erior, 2012f. As of December 31, 2012: http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/programs/crbstudy/finalreport/Technical%20Report%20F%20-%20 Development%20of%20Options%20and%20Stategies/TR-F_Devlpmnt_of_Ops_and_Strats_FINAL_ Dec2012.pdf\nReferences 69\n70 Adapting"]
[-0.42416927218437195, 12.074674606323242, "uld improve basin outcomes; and analyzing the results from the system simulations to identify key tradeoffs among the portfolios. This report describes RAND\u2019s contribution to the Basin Study, focusing on the methodologies used to identify vulnerabili"]
[13.788883209228516, 4.788639545440674, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.778358459472656, 4.789789199829102, "ed. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our r"]
[-0.23105363547801971, 12.556925773620605, "................................................................................................... ix Summary ........................................................................................................................................ xi"]
[-0.20234620571136475, 12.48391056060791, "............................................................................................................. 14 Uncertainties (X) ......................................................................................................................."]
[-0.07944261282682419, 12.45825481414795, "ing................................................................ 5 Figure 3-1: Location of EID Service Area in California .............................................................. 10 Figure 3-2: Major Regions Within EID Service Area ........."]
[-0.22676756978034973, 12.434768676757812, "gions........ 33\n vii\nFigure 4-9: \u201cUARP Supplies Not Available or Drying Climate\u201d Vulnerable Conditions for Eastern Region ...................................................................................................................... 34 Figur"]
[-0.2274594008922577, 12.517325401306152, ".......................... 38 Table 4-4: Vulnerable Conditions with Strategies for Eastern Region......................................... 40 Table 4-5: Percentage of Futures in Which Each Strategy Is Vulnerable .................................... 4"]
[-0.24437111616134644, 12.515076637268066, "hat are readily available and develop simple assumptions to explore uncertainty that is often ignored in\n1 The study team included researchers from RAND Corporation and the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI). Staff from EID provided data, advice, "]
[-0.20126299560070038, 12.467819213867188, "ics\nAvailability of new supplies\nRelationships or Systems Model (R)\nWater planning model of EID\nResults\nManagement Strategies or Levers (L)\n2010 Urban Water Management Plan Additional Management Strategies\n  \u2022 \u2022\nAdditional urban water use efficiency "]
[-0.2247898429632187, 12.438935279846191, "erable?\nIn order to focus the analysis on outcomes that would not meet EID broad planning goals, we defined a vulnerability threshold of 90 percent\u2014reliability outcomes less than this threshold for either region indicate a vulnerability. Through iter"]
[-0.21916840970516205, 12.445796966552734, "not reduce the vulnerabilities in the Western Regions, but in the Eastern Region it does reduce vulnerabilities when UARP supplies are available from 69 percent to 46 percent of futures. Increasing efficiency and constructing the Alder Reservoir prov"]
[-0.1858353167772293, 12.494140625, "ncertainties. In this case, the study considers uncertainty about future climate and hydrologic conditions, urban growth rates, and success in developing a new, large water supply. The approach can be easily expanded to consider many more uncertainti"]
[-0.22635143995285034, 12.631906509399414, "er rates they must charge their customers, they seek solutions that will ensure reliable future supply of water but that are not overly costly. In some instances, this approach does not guarantee that needs will be completely met under all future con"]
[-0.35138314962387085, 12.654292106628418, "he veracity of any particular estimate (Groves and Lempert, 2007; Lempert, Popper, and Bankes, 2003). Instead, it supports a systematic exploration of plausible climate effects and impacts, identifying vulnerabilities\u2014or the specific scenario conditi"]
[-0.3909170627593994, 12.736638069152832, "es\nFigure 2-1 illustrates the steps of an emerging paradigm for addressing climate change in long-term natural resource plans (National Academy of Sciences: Committee on America\u2019s Climate Choices, 2011). It describes a series of iterative steps in wh"]
[-0.40750357508659363, 12.739208221435547, " and refine strategies that are increasingly robust. Final decisions among strategies are made by considering a few robust choices and weighing their remaining vulnerabilities. More information on RDM and descriptions of its application to a variety "]
[-0.40706101059913635, 12.694144248962402, "\n 5\nstrategy or strategies that might reduce these vulnerabilities (Step 4). Based on this tradeoff analysis, decision makers may decide on a robust strategy, or they may decide that none of the strategies under consideration is sufficiently robust a"]
[-0.3436843156814575, 12.631218910217285, "n conditions used to define the scenario serves as a proxy for interpretability. The smaller the number of parameters, the higher the interpretability.\nThese three measures are generally in tension with one another. For instance, increasing density m"]
[-0.20033931732177734, 12.49715518951416, " 3-1: Location of EID Service Area in California\nSOURCE: Map courtesy of EID.\nEID was constituted in 1925, largely to meet the water supply needs of agricultural interests in the watershed. In earlier years, EID relied upon a network of old mining di"]
[-0.1788642406463623, 12.482580184936523, "es. The Integrated Water Resources Master Plan and Wastewater Facilities Master Plan (hereafter the Master Plan) (El Dorado Irrigation District, 2013) identifies a number of different strategies including developing additional programs that increase "]
[-0.33134496212005615, 12.646013259887695, "rn how to incorporate climate change into their long-term planning efforts. This report summarizes this collaboration.\nThe work proceeded in two phases. The first phase was conducted from the fall of 2009 through the spring of 2011. During this time,"]
[-0.2752869427204132, 12.55698013305664, "h presented here has been reviewed by the Master Plan analysis team but has not been endorsed or yet assimilated into EID planning processes or documents.\nXLRM Framework for Structuring Uncertainty Analysis\nThe following subsections describe the scop"]
[-0.026986729353666306, 12.445167541503906, " gradually over time as people and businesses move into the service area, and temperature and precipitation factors, which vary weekly.\nThe hydrologic component of the WEAP EID model was calibrated and validated to the naturalized flows on the South "]
[-0.00562666030600667, 12.480829238891602, "Climate Scenarios\nUncertain future climate conditions are represented by diverse sequences of temperature and precipitation applied to geographically disaggregated catchment areas in the water management model. As described below, the WEAP applicatio"]
[-0.07391563057899475, 12.470370292663574, "graphics, economic growth, resource use and energy systems, and cultural factors. There is a de-emphasis on globalization, reflected in heterogeneity of economic growth rates and rates and directions of technological change. These and other factors i"]
[-0.19455263018608093, 12.451554298400879, "n demand because of a variety of operational constraints and instream flow requirements represented by the model.\nThis analysis considers a baseline strategy or current plan, consistent with the 2010 UWMP. It also considers three additional managemen"]
[-0.2214532047510147, 12.456518173217773, "n of the agreement with SMUD, allows for a portion of the Eastern Region to receive supply from UARP, a potential major new supply source for EID. EID now expects for this supply to be available to only the Western Regions.\n   22\nassumed that increas"]
[-0.20438452064990997, 12.465707778930664, "conditions is EID\u2019s current plan most vulnerable? (Step 3)\n\u2022 How can EID\u2019s vulnerabilities be reduced through additional management options?\n(Steps 2 and 3)\n\u2022 What are the key tradeoffs among EID\u2019s strategies for reducing its vulnerability? (Step 4)\n"]
[-0.10172061622142792, 12.384328842163086, "ent plan across the 52 futures defined in Table 3-5.\nFigure 4-3 summarizes unmet demand over all futures for the Western Regions (top panels) and the Eastern Region (bottom panels) across the 2020-2050 time period. The horizontal black lines indicate"]
[-0.21359053254127502, 12.436962127685547, "Regions to about\n10 percent (assuming an 85-percent reliability threshold), and to 0 percent for the Eastern Region, (assuming a 90-percent reliability threshold). The most favorable climate and demand assumptions, however, lead reliability to exceed"]
[-0.22098654508590698, 12.412849426269531, " all futures lead to poor outcomes. We next perform a statistical analysis of the simulation results to understand which external conditions lead to vulnerabilities. This information is useful in three ways:\n\u2022 to guide the exploration of additional s"]
[-0.22901396453380585, 12.423256874084473, "l the vulnerable outcomes (100-percent coverage) and none of the non-vulnerable outcomes (100-percent density) (Table 4-1). Figure 4-8 shows the definition of these vulnerable conditions graphically in terms of precipitation and temperature (horizont"]
[-0.2186824530363083, 12.458407402038574, "n the historical record.\nHow Can EID\u2019s Vulnerabilities Be Reduced Through Additional Management Options?\nThe preceding subsection analyzed how well EID\u2019s current plan would perform across a wide range of futures. This subsection analyzes EID\u2019s additi"]
[-0.22071689367294312, 12.443726539611816, "he Increase Efficiency and Construct Alder Reservoir strategies for the Western and Eastern Regions, respectively. Table 4-3 and Table 4-4 define the vulnerable conditions for the same strategies.\nIn the Western Regions, increasing efficiency improve"]
[-0.21967743337154388, 12.439981460571289, "ities in Eastern Region for EID Strategies\n 39\nTable 4-4: Vulnerable Conditions with Strategies for Eastern Region\n   Strategy\nCurrent plan\nIncrease Efficiency Only\nIncrease Efficiency and Construct Alder Reservoir\nDefinition of Vulnerable Conditions"]
[-0.2835162580013275, 12.491247177124023, " tradeoff information (see Lempert and Groves, 2010).\n13 There is one climate scenario, A2 CNRM-CM3, which is vulnerable even with the additional strategies implemented (see Figure 4-7 and Figure 4-12).\n14 The Construct Alder Reservoir Only strategy "]
[-0.21364125609397888, 12.434237480163574, "ve assessment of how likely the key vulnerable conditions are. The 20-percent robustness threshold was set to demonstrate one possible way for EID to balance between investing to eliminate all possibilities of incurring a vulnerable outcome with the "]
[-0.22338524460792542, 12.4437894821167, "the robustness threshold. For subjective probabilities greater than\n20 percent but less than 25 percent, the current plan strategy would lead to higher than 20 percent expected vulnerabilities and the Increase Efficiency Only strategy would be the le"]
[-0.2532825469970703, 12.516472816467285, "al determination about strategy. In this analysis, how much additional investment is needed in conservation or the construction of a new reservoir depends upon the likelihood EID might ascribe to either not successfully obtaining additional supplies "]
[-0.3937997817993164, 12.73320198059082, "ing a planning activity using RDM.\nFigure 5-1: Simple Recipe for Augmenting a Planning Process with Robust Decision Making\nImplementing these steps requires more extensive scoping, additional modeling, and new analyses of results than what is needed "]
[-0.5154310464859009, 13.27752685546875, " Water Plan Update 2013: Plan of Study,\u201d 2012b. As of March 14, 2013: http://www.waterplan.water.ca.gov/docs/cwpu2013/ae/future_scenarios-plan_of-study.pdf\n 51\nDeser, Clara, Reto Knutti, Susan Solomon, and Adam S. Phillips, \u201cCommunication of the Role"]
[-0.6661128997802734, 13.326559066772461, "cenovic, Daniel Sarewitz, and Michael Schlesinger, \u201cCharacterizing Climate-Change Uncertainties for Decision-Makers: An Editorial Essay,\u201d Climatic Change, Vol. 65, No. 1, 2004, pp. 1\u20139.\nLempert, Robert J., and Steven W. Popper, \u201cHigh-Performance Gove"]
[-0.6247486472129822, 13.31721019744873, "tional Academies Press, 2011. As of March 15, 2013: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12781\nNational Research Council, Informing Decisions in a Changing Climate, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, 2009. As of April 30, 2012: http"]
[13.764344215393066, 4.813601970672607, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[2.9913604259490967, 16.473051071166992, "t www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html\nR\u00ae is a registered trademark.\nCover image: A man walks through flood waters to survey damage from Hurricane Sandy in the New Dorp Beach neighborhood of the Staten Island borough of New York, November 1, 2012 (Reu"]
[2.995473861694336, 16.456056594848633, "silient New York,\u201d June 2013.\n iii\niv Flood Insurance in New York City Following Hurricane Sandy\ntion and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resources policy.\nQuestions or comments about this report and"]
[2.9737558364868164, 16.459430694580078, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flood Insurance Claims and Payments for Hurricane Sandy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . National Flood Insurance Program Claims and Payments . . . . "]
[2.9232137203216553, 16.522172927856445, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Landlords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nCHAPTER SIX\nIssues"]
[2.9390757083892822, 16.463342666625977, "ctures in the High-Risk Zones of the 2007 Flood Insurance\nRate Map on One- to Four-Family Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.6. Take-Up of National Flood Insurance Program Policies for One- to Fou"]
[2.8773393630981445, 16.51746940612793, ". . . . . . . . .\n4.4. Take-Up of National Flood Insurance Program Policies for One- to Four- Family Structures in the High-Risk Zones Added by the Preliminary Work Map, by Mortgage Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[2.9710047245025635, 16.413188934326172, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93\nC.1. Distance from Base Flood Elevation to Ground Level in High-Risk Areas\nof the Preliminary Work Map, 61,668 Parcels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96\nC.2. Se"]
[2.9174132347106934, 16.443021774291992, "mulated billions of dollars of cost overruns since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, on a stronger financial footing by moving toward more risk-based premiums.\nThe first of these changes, the Biggert-Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 (BW-12) (Pub. L"]
[2.952507734298706, 16.45982551574707, " (RAMPP), \u201cPreliminary Work Map Data,\u201d June 18, 2013.\nNOTE: Areas subject to riverine flooding are not included.\nRAND RR328-S.1\nProportion of Residences and Businesses with Flood Insurance\nWe estimate that 55 percent of the one- to four-family homes "]
[2.987241506576538, 16.420238494873047, "due to Hurricane Sandy were roughly half those for Hurricane Katrina. This figure does not include NFIP claim payments and is likely dominated by\nwind-related losses. Even though claim payments were substantial, Hurricane Sandy\u2019s impact on the overal"]
[2.876477003097534, 16.45235824584961, "n of the new flood map, assuming that it is similar to the preliminary map that has not yet been formally adopted. In some cases, premiums increased by $1,000 to $2,000 per year. As stipu-\nSummary xv\nxvi\nFlood Insurance in New York City Following Hur"]
[2.889633893966675, 16.58075523376465, "r own homes, as well as on renters and landlords.\nHomeowners\nCost increases of this size would pose economic hardships for many households in the city. About 37 percent of households living in owner-occupied units in the floodplain earn less than $75"]
[2.967395067214966, 16.611373901367188, "and stabilization policies in New York and how these policies would change over time.\nPolicy Options to Consider in Response to Premium Increases\nNew York City is considering a range of options that could provide residents with some relief in the cos"]
[3.003070592880249, 16.625518798828125, "tructures from some areas when property owners are willing to sell.\n\u2022 Work with FEMA and the New York State Department of Financial Services to increase the take-up rate. Higher take-up rates mean that more resources are available for recovery after "]
[3.0041816234588623, 16.466581344604492, "ence and speed its recovery by taking steps to mitigate the risk of flood damage and to increase flood insurance coverage for its residents and businesses. To achieve these goals, the city needs to work with FEMA and other agencies to collect better "]
[2.948700189590454, 16.493114471435547, " Christopher H. Perini of Verisk Analyt- ics; Martin Koles of M. Koles and Associates; Danielle McHeffey and Kirsten Squires of Maran Corporate Risk Associates; Robert P. Hartwig of the Insurance Industry\nxxi\nxxii Flood Insurance in New York City Fol"]
[2.9637303352355957, 16.454179763793945, "t-backed National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which has been operating at a loss in recent years. These developments will provide a more accurate basis for assessing flood risk and setting premiums that reflect those risks. But they will also imp"]
[2.8679800033569336, 16.47650909423828, "ap for New York City so property owners could rebuild based on this updated information, but it approximated flood risk information. In June 2013, that map was then superseded by the Preliminary Work Map (PWM) that incorporated more-refined wave mode"]
[3.028923988342285, 16.45406723022461, "s to mitigate flood risk that will also lower their premiums.\nStudy Purpose\nAs a government, New York City is concerned with ensuring that its residents and their property are safe. When events like Hurricane Sandy hit and residents incur damages, th"]
[3.048264741897583, 16.462915420532227, "rk City after Hurricane Sandy as of Feb- ruary 2013. To estimate insured losses, we drew on data collected by the insurance industry.\nTo describe the structures and residents at risk in current and future flood zones, we used geospatial (geographic i"]
[2.9561851024627686, 16.451555252075195, "es, the number of structures in high-risk flood zones, and the take-up rate for flood insurance for both residences and businesses on the eve of Hurricane Sandy. It also examines the typical prices of flood insurance in New York City pre\u2013Hurricane Sa"]
[2.950704574584961, 16.451574325561523, "are associated with one- to four-family dwellings, most residential hous- ing units are in multifamily structures or mixed commercial and residential proper- ties. Even in densely populated New York City, roughly 60 percent of the parcels and\nBrookly"]
[2.8970861434936523, 16.562345504760742, " is one property parcel that is classified as single-family homes. However, the Breezy Point parcel includes 1,897 structures and 1,885 residential units, each of which is a single-family home. Even though some parcels have a large number of structur"]
[2.9367706775665283, 16.493274688720703, "res with flood insurance compared with the proportion without, on the eve of Hurricane Sandy in the high-risk areas of New York City. The share of the total number of structures with flood insurance is also referred to as the take-up rate. We first d"]
[2.957041025161743, 16.463397979736328, "olicy with the address of the parcel to which the policy was assigned. We randomly sampled 491 of the 25,916 NFIP policies in New York City as of October 31, 2012 (1.9 percent). For residential parcels, the address on the NFIP policy matched the parc"]
[2.9085299968719482, 16.479402542114258, "rcel. That would not be the case at Breezy Point, for example, where the number of NFIP policies is far smaller than the number of structures on the parcel (1,897). The 55-percent take-up rate estimate lies approximately in the middle of the 49- to 6"]
[2.9119529724121094, 16.509052276611328, "r- cent of owner-occupied housing units in the high-risk areas of the 2007 FIRM have mortgages, substantially below the 77-percent figure. The two figures are not neces- sarily inconsistent, however, because the CoreLogic data include properties that"]
[2.9163930416107178, 16.546337127685547, "se parcels for which property taxes were paid by a mortgage service company, thus indicating that a mortgage was attached to the property. Mortgages may exist on other parcels but would not be flagged in the New York City data. These include properti"]
[2.8800010681152344, 16.481351852416992, "ypes of flood coverage available.)\nInterviews with informed industry sources suggest that flood insurance take-up among large commercial firms is very high, estimated at 80\u201390 percent. These take- up rates apply regardless of whether insured structur"]
[2.8143749237060547, 16.48924446105957, "ty as of October 2012 and the amount of coverage purchased. The analysis is based on the 25,916 residential and commercial NFIP policies in force in New York City as of October 31, 2012.13 The findings provide a base against which to assess the chang"]
[2.8993849754333496, 16.48601531982422, "    Structure Location and Construction Date\nIn high-risk flood zone of 2007 FIRM Pre-FIRM\nPost-FIRM\nOutside high-risk flood zone of 2007 FIRM\nPre-FIRM\nPost-FIRM All policies\nNumber\n11,217 8,034 3,183\n11,199\n8,779\n2,420 22,416a\nAverage Premium (dolla"]
[2.9433963298797607, 16.45699119567871, "were matched with the pertinent NFIP policy and linked with the appropriate property parcel using the meth- ods described in Chapter Two.\nAs of February 2013, the NFIP had received 16,264 claims for losses in New York City attributed to Hurricane San"]
[2.9724528789520264, 16.437225341796875, "ge was $10,000 or less on 10 percent of closed claims and $25,000 or less on 29 percent of closed claims.\nChanges in the maximum policy limits on building coverage have also been pro- posed over the years. Table 3.4 provides some insight into the con"]
[2.942265272140503, 16.454282760620117, " Following Hurricane Sandy\nTable 3.3\nNumber of Closed National Flood Insurance Program Claims in New York City for Hurricane Sandy, by Amount of Building Damage, as of February 28, 2013\n Building Damage ($)\n0 to 5,000\n5,001 to 10,000\n10,001 to 25,000"]
[2.9305202960968018, 16.45733642578125, " expensive. Whether policyholders would find basement coverage attractive at actuarially fair rates is an open question. (More information on the basement coverage provided by the NFIP is given in Appendix A.)\nComplaints were widespread among those w"]
[2.8952112197875977, 16.43384552001953, " its floor below ground level (subgrade) on all sides\u201d (NFIP, \u201cResources: Glossary,\u201d last updated September 26, 2013b). This definition appears straightforward, although perhaps not what many would like it to be.\n6 See Office of the Governor, \u201cGovern"]
[2.98695969581604, 16.40040397644043, "l properties that had private flood insurance that included business-interruption coverage, for many, the business-interruption coverage was never triggered because the loss did not occur on their own premises. This came as a sur- prise to many prope"]
[2.9847474098205566, 16.42746925354004, "st be adjusted by a certified flood damage adjuster, but these adjusters are more common in areas that experience frequent hurricanes and other flood-related events. As a consequence, the adjusters for Hurricane Sandy tended to come from the South. A"]
[2.9754371643066406, 16.42430305480957, "f the observations by the insurers and insurance brokers about Hurricane San- dy\u2019s impact on insurance pricing are consistent with the conclusion reached by Advisen in its January 2013 white paper.7 Advisen concluded that Hurricane Sandy will, at wor"]
[2.9773807525634766, 16.429407119750977, "e changed. Members are asked to characterize the premium changes for similar coverage that is renewed with the same carrier or moved to a new carrier during the quarter. Results from two quarters prior to Hurricane Sandy through two quarters post\u2013Hur"]
[3.0043861865997314, 16.418020248413086, "ate Department of Financial Services. If the coverage they seek is not available from admitted insurers, individuals and businesses can turn to the nonadmitted (or surplus-lines) insurers for coverage.\n   32 Flood Insurance in New York City Following"]
[2.884351968765259, 16.450376510620117, "ly to keep them aggressive and the marketplace competitive for the near future.\n10 RMS\u2019s North Atlantic Hurricane Model predicts hurricane landfall rates and the associated damage. Ver- sion 11 was released in 2011, and Version 13 was released in the"]
[2.7940266132354736, 16.478002548217773, "e affected by changes summarized in the first three changes. Another 580,000 (13 percent) will be affected when an insured property is sold or the policy lapses (the last change).4\nAs shown in Table 2.4 in Chapter Two, a high percentage of structures"]
[2.7913506031036377, 16.47722053527832, "e considered severe-loss or repetitive-loss properties. Esti- mates of the turnover of structures in New York City\u2019s high-risk areas have not been developed, although the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) analysis of BW-12 assumes that betw"]
[2.7908003330230713, 16.49212646484375, "e Subsidies\n Subsidized Premium Paid Prior Zone Elevation to BW-12a\nAE \u20131 2,922 AE 0 2,922 VE \u20131 6,016 VE 0 6,016\nFull-Risk Premium Paid After BW-12 Phased Inb\n5,090 1,722 9,530 7,094\nDifference\n2,168 \u20131,200 3,514 1,078\n  SOURCE: Torrent Technologies"]
[2.8887827396392822, 16.450233459472656, "te the new FIRM will become effective in New York City is unknown; it depends on the number of appeals submitted that need to be resolved. A target date may be early 2015.\nThe coastal floodplain study was performed using the latest storm-surge modeli"]
[2.869882583618164, 16.46653175354004, "ing the ABFEs would not only help reduce future flood risk but also help avoid paying higher flood insurance premiums when the new map became effective, especially because, as discussed in the section on rate grandfathering later in this chapter, the"]
[2.8751943111419678, 16.446090698242188, "isk of Coastal Flooding\n2013 high-risk areas that were high risk in the 2007 flood map\n2013 high-risk areas that were not high risk in the 2007 flood map\nBronx\nStaten Island\nManhattan\nSOURCES: FEMA Map Service Center data for 2007; RAMPP, \u201cPreliminar"]
[2.9105043411254883, 16.48509407043457, "-up rates are very low regardless of whether there is a mortgage on the property (see Table 4.4). This is not surprising because households outside the high- risk areas of the 2007 FIRM have not been told they are at risk of flooding and face no MPR "]
[2.9172427654266357, 16.519319534301758, "ot have flood insurance Take-up rate (percentage)\nNOTE: Structure counts are rounded to the nearest hundred. a Excludes areas subject to riverine flooding.\n2007 FIRM\n25,800 55 72 68 21\n18,500 12,600 5,900 68 7,200 1,500 5,700 21 25,800 14,100 11,600 "]
[2.84748911857605, 16.472978591918945, "er than 3.1 feet. The changes in Brooklyn, Man- hattan, and Queens are similar, with larger increases on Staten Island. The BFE in the Bronx changed little on average, with approximately as many parcels showing an increase in BFE as those showing dec"]
[2.756866455078125, 16.479650497436523, "current FIRM for future rating when the new FIRM becomes effective so long as the policyholder maintains the policy. Examples of affected map changes include buildings newly mapped into a high-risk area (e.g., Zone X to Zone A), mapped from a high- t"]
[2.7270925045013428, 16.510313034057617, "d risk. These areas outside of known floodplains are shown as B, C, or X zones on a FIRM. To be eligible for a PRP, a structure must also meet certain loss history requirements. For example, there cannot be three or more flood insurance claim payment"]
[2.75335693359375, 16.50176239013672, " a range of cases to illustrate the potential effect of map changes on NFIP premiums paid by property owners in New York City. For a given structure elevation, the NFIP premium depends importantly on whether the building has a basement. (Recall that "]
[2.77683162689209, 16.49102783203125, "d not be surprising to see NFIP premiums of $3,700 to $15,900 for the same structure once it is reclassified as being in a high-risk area.\nCases 4 through 7 apply to a pre-FIRM one- to four-family structure with base- ment that remains in the high-ri"]
[2.7757277488708496, 16.488466262817383, " Situation\n\u20134 9,995\n    Table 4.8\u2014Continued\nCurrent Situation\na Lowest Floor Relative to BFE Zone (feet)\nCase Basement\nRemains in Zone AE, primary residence, currently insured\nRemains in Zone AE, currently not insured\nRemapped from Zone AE to Zone VE"]
[2.7834548950195312, 16.472291946411133, "side high-risk zones to inside high-risk zones\nRemain in high-risk zones All post-FIRM structures\nInsured as of October 2012\n400\n3,200 3,600\nNot Insured as of October 2012\n2,100\n1,900 4,100\nTotal\n2,500\n5,200 7,700\n    NOTE: Insurance status is based "]
[2.7816622257232666, 16.485641479492188, "h-risk areas. Because these structures were outside the high-risk zones when constructed, it would not be surprising to see structures with large negative elevations under the new FIRM. As can be seen, cases in which premiums rise by $2,000 to $7,500"]
[2.8777658939361572, 16.58152961730957, "to more accurately reflect risk may lead to large increases in flood insurance premi- ums for households in New York City. The increases will depend on the location and characteristics of the structure and, in some cases, whether there is flood insur"]
[2.8323187828063965, 16.558835983276367, "ir data.5\nThe premium-increase example presented here assumes that the property owner must purchase flood insurance. The effect of increased premiums might be less on structures for which the purchase of flood insurance is voluntary.6 However, even i"]
[3.0501620769500732, 16.730365753173828, "sented in Chapter Four, which amounts to 5\u201310 percent of median household income. The percentage of median income is even higher when one considers the full premium rather than just the increase from an initial level. For comparison, national census "]
[2.960747480392456, 16.624998092651367, " 14\nHigh-RiskZones High-RiskZones\n  Race (% of population)\nWhite 44 Black 25 Asian 13 Other 18\nHouseholds below poverty line (%)b\nEducation (% of population greater than 25 years old)\nLess than high school degree High school degree\nSome college\nBache"]
[2.8796181678771973, 16.54850959777832, "ffect\u2014particularly for pre-FIRM structures and properties subject to grandfathering\u2014will depend on how FEMA implements certain provisions of BW-12.\nRenters of Residential Housing Units\nRenters account for approximately two-thirds of the households li"]
[2.912738561630249, 16.605623245239258, "cant rent increases that do occur could have adverse effects on the renter population. As shown in Table 5.1, approximately one-third of households living in rental units in New York City\u2019s high-risk areas earn less than $25,000 per year. Rent increa"]
[2.9565141201019287, 16.600536346435547, "more accurately reflect risk. The risk-based premiums can create incentives for property owners and government planners to take appropriate measures to reduce risk. They also put the cost of living in high-risk areas on those who own property in thos"]
[2.8843259811401367, 16.55754280090332, "s would occur. The most important piece of missing information is the elevation of structures in the high-risk areas of the PWM. Structure elevation relative to BFE is currently available for relatively few structures in the high- risk areas of the P"]
[3.0206470489501953, 16.65677833557129, "gent must submit the policy to the insurer administering the NFIP policy or to FEMA to determine the rate, rather than quickly pull it off a rate table. Submitting a policy for rating can cause delay and may depend on subjective assessments. Conseque"]
[2.9899373054504395, 16.565759658813477, "ation on businesses, individuals, and neighborhoods. The reports, even once produced, will not necessarily address the unique concerns of major metropolitan areas, such as New York City, so it is important for New York City to understand how various "]
[3.0102362632751465, 16.572561264038086, "uctible for lower-income house- holds should an event occur.10 The actuarial costs of a policy are a function of the deductible, the limit, and the risk of an event. By increasing the deductible above the $5,000 limit currently allowed on residential"]
[2.953242778778076, 16.46714973449707, " weather events are real, and it is just a matter of time before another catastrophic storm strikes the eastern seaboard. But if the city takes steps to mitigate the risk of flood damage and increase flood insurance coverage for its residents and bus"]
[2.9808080196380615, 16.49753189086914, "c.\nPersonal property on premises\nPersonal property off premises\nAdditional living expenses\nPercentage of Insured Value\n10\n50\n10 (or $1,000, whichever is greater) 20\n    Perils\nSOURCE: New York State Department of Financial Services,\n\u201cHomeowners Resou"]
[2.9807159900665283, 16.447650909423828, "NWS declaration)\nHurricane declaration by NWS anywhere in the state (within 12 hours before and 12 hours after)\nHurricane declaration by NWS anywhere in the state or a contiguous state\nBackground on Flood Insurance 71\n Trigger\n 72 Flood Insurance in "]
[2.9467921257019043, 16.471887588500977, "ails to fix it in a reasonable time frame.2\nIn most cases, a landlord\u2019s insurance does not cover a tenant\u2019s personal property. Thus, tenants are liable for their own property damages and losses. Renters face the additional risk of paying for injuries"]
[2.941617965698242, 16.42236328125, "ew York City as a result of Hurricane Sandy, but we are not sure about the total number of renters\u2019 ALE claims due to Hur- ricane Sandy.\nPremiums\nThe price of renter\u2019s insurance varies depending on the New York City neighborhood, the amount of person"]
[2.9882705211639404, 16.44525146484375, "mpensation cov- erage for employees. The condo association and the building owner typically work together to shop for coverage and, between the two, ensure that everything is covered. There is not a standard separation between what the building owner"]
[3.02276349067688, 16.410390853881836, "itate efficient access to participating private-market insurance companies to cover personal residential property risks located in coastal areas. NYPIUA insures the dwelling, and private insurers cover contents. Insurance companies voluntarily partic"]
[2.9475347995758057, 16.466341018676758, "typical homeowner\u2019s policy. NYPIUA issues basic coverage policies using the standard deductible published by the Insurance Services Office for its dwelling program. The basic coverage protects property against loss caused by fire, lightning, windstor"]
[2.9479665756225586, 16.487409591674805, "he producer, NYPIUA will provide building coverage on a repair or replacement-cost basis.\nNational Flood Insurance Program\nBackground on the National Flood Insurance Program\nFlooding is a major source of loss to individuals and businesses in the Unit"]
[2.928679943084717, 16.53553581237793, "unity participating in the NFIP. Loans on homes in SFHAs sold to government-sponsored enterprises, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, are also subject to this MPR. The act prohibits federal agencies from providing financial assistance for acquisitio"]
[2.84224534034729, 16.50657844543457, "tal areas. Chapter Four discusses the changes resulting from BW-12 in more detail.\nNational Flood Insurance Premium Coverage Types\nFor residential buildings and individual condominium units, the NFIP offers a max- imum $250,000 in structure coverage "]
[2.854916572570801, 16.522544860839844, "for the building if the limit is at least 80 percent of the condo- minium\u2019s replacement cost (or the maximum limits allowed, whichever is smaller); otherwise, a co-insurance penalty will be applied at the time of loss. The RCBAP does not cover the co"]
[2.827716827392578, 16.47257423400879, "he high-risk flood zones begin with A or V.\nTable A.6 provides example premiums for a set limit of coverage ($200,000 in building and $80,000 in contents) for a single-family primary residence. The examples vary by flood zone, elevation, and pre- and"]
[2.7970097064971924, 16.465274810791016, "ea with a temporarily increased flood risk due to the building or restoration of a flood-control system (such as a levee or a dam). MPRs for flood insurance will apply, but rates will not exceed the rates for unnumbered A zones if the structure is bu"]
[2.8078527450561523, 16.51848602294922, "r more 2\n0\n\u20131\n4 or more 2\n0\n\u20131\nAnnual Flood Insurance Premium ($)b\n388c 2,643\n597 1,236 2,763\n462\n570 1,636 5,042\n5,554 7,648\n2,090 3,254 6,898 9,282\n4,110 5,414 8,130\n10,486\nBackground on Flood Insurance 85\n   a Pre-FIRM = construction on or before "]
[2.8250844478607178, 16.474332809448242, "\u2022 air-conditioning units, portable or window type\n\u2022 clothes washers and dryers\n\u2022 food freezers, other than walk-in\n\u2022 food in any freezer.\nWith a PRP, contents located entirely in a basement are not eligible for contents- only coverage.\nElevating elec"]
[2.8460352420806885, 16.514387130737305, "e very high\n25 Casualty includes liability coverage.\nBackground on Flood Insurance 87\n 88 Flood Insurance in New York City Following Hurricane Sandy\nuptake of flood insurance among these firms. Large firms tend to have these policies regardless of wh"]
[2.8677053451538086, 16.48014259338379, "urance related to the flooding event (the standard business- interruption coverage would exclude flood damage).\nThe smaller firms in this middle market (between $50,000 and $200,000 in pre- miums per year) may not carry any flood insurance, and those"]
[2.9162890911102295, 16.526506423950195, "urance coverage for losses over $500,000.\nBackground on Flood Insurance 89\n 90 Flood Insurance in New York City Following Hurricane Sandy\nwhat is called the excess market primarily provided by surplus line carriers. According to those we interviewed,"]
[2.9416449069976807, 16.45389175415039, "Barrier Resources Act, October 18, 1982. The CBRA removed the federal gov- ernment from financial involvement associated with building and development in undeveloped portions of des- ignated coastal barriers. CBRA banned the sale of NFIP flood insura"]
[2.8161871433258057, 16.465375900268555, "mily Structures with Mortgages in the High-Risk Zones of the Preliminary Work Map (as of October 31, 2012)\n    Structure\nStructures with mortgages (based on 34,018 parcels)\nTake-up rate for structures with mortgages (based on 26,695 parcels)\nTake-up "]
[2.8227150440216064, 16.47452735900879, "ed.\n95\n96 Flood Insurance in New York City Following Hurricane Sandy\nTable C.1\nDistance from Base Flood Elevation to Ground Level in High-Risk Areas of the Preliminary Work Map, 61,668 Parcels\nAverage Distance in Parcel\nfrom BFE to Ground Level (feet"]
[3.0366852283477783, 16.406097412109375, " It Comes to Coverage for Flood,\u201d Northbrook, Ill., press release, March 21, 2013. As of April 23, 2013: http://www.allstatenewsroom.com/channels/News-Releases/releases/ survey-shows-a-large-knowledge-gap-amongst-americans-when-it-comes-to-coverage-f"]
[3.005504846572876, 16.439424514770508, "ing Tests,\u201d Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Vol. 2, February 28, 2013.\nFederal Emergency Management Agency, \u201cNational Flood Insurance Program: Program Description,\u201d August 1, 2002. As of October 11, 2013:\nh t t p : / / w w w . f e m a . g o "]
[3.0739705562591553, 16.374149322509766, "on-the-road-recovery-press-briefing.html\nIndependent Insurance Agents and Brokers of New York, \u201cCoastal Markets Assistance Program (C-MAP), Agents\u2019 and Brokers\u2019 Guide to Insuring Coastal Property,\u201d May 2009.\nKousky, Carolyn, and Howard Kunreuther, \u201cA"]
[3.022347927093506, 16.428987503051758, "nters.htm\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, New York State Homeowners Coverage: Approved Independent Mandatory Hurricane Deductibles: Revised as of 3/20/2013, March 2013a.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cHomeowners Resource Center,\u201d updated April 8, 2013. As of October 11, 2013: http://www.dfs.ny.gov/con"]
[2.9887535572052, 16.46145248413086, "hington, D.C., GAO-13-607, July 3, 2013. As of October 11, 2013:\nhttp://w w w.gao.gov/products/GAO-13-607\nU.S. Statute 61-193, Housing and Rent Act of 1947, June 30, 1947.\nWatt, Richard, Francisco J. Va\u0301zquez, and Ignacio Moreno, \u201cAn Experiment on Ra"]
[13.793761253356934, 4.790439605712891, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.823434829711914, 4.66398811340332, "rohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any o"]
[6.8578925132751465, -1.1827795505523682, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Abbreviations................................................................................................... xv\nChAPter One Introduction................."]
[6.8571929931640625, -1.1837756633758545, "........ Washington State Healthy Youth Survey of 10th and 12th Graders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington State Treatment Admissions from SCOPE-WA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[6.867424011230469, -1.1744545698165894, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insights from the Cannabis Consumption Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n. 31 . 31 . 31 . 32 . 32 . 32 . 35 . 35 . 35 . 37 ."]
[6.862556457519531, -1.1782960891723633, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.5. Gender of Marijuana Users, NSDUH 2010/2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n4.6. Income Distribution of Marijuana Users, NSDUH 2010/2011. . . . . . . . "]
[6.816625118255615, -1.2256665229797363, "13 (Unadjusted for Survey Undercounting/Misreporting). . . . . . . . . . .\n3.6. County-Level Estimates of Past-Month Marijuana Users and Marijuana\nConsumption, by Rank in 2013 (Unadjusted for Survey Undercounting/\nMisreporting)......................."]
[6.867705345153809, -1.1747859716415405, "sights from this report include the following:\n\u2022 The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) reports that for 2010 and 2011 the average number of individuals in Washington who used marijuana or hashish in the past month was 556,000, with a 95-"]
[6.896841526031494, -1.15127432346344, "cknowledgments\n We are deeply indebted to Susan Andrzejewski, Steve Davenport, Mark Kleiman, and the larger BOTEC I-502 team for their insights and suggestions. We could not have conducted this analysis without the support of Sharon Foster, Rick Garz"]
[6.885140895843506, -1.1609854698181152, "hile marijuana remains illegal under federal law, the U.S. Department of Justice announced in August 2013 that\u2014for now\u2014it would not block the implementation of state legalization in Washington and other states with \u201cstrong and effective regulatory an"]
[6.873388767242432, -1.1701997518539429, "d used; it also presented them with scaled pictures of marijuana buds and ground material to improve the accuracy of their responses about weights consumed. It also included multiple questions that sought to get at the issue of sharing.\nThis report i"]
[6.857455253601074, -1.183126449584961, "t is computed separately for different types of users and then summed (weight- ing by the numbers of each type of user) to obtain the overall market estimate.1 Information about the first two values is readily available from government surveys, cavea"]
[6.935100078582764, -1.1100643873214722, "blishes state-level prevalence information, it has historically been difficult to obtain information about other marijuana variables at the state level. Fortunately, there have been two recent advances. First, SAMHSA now allows researchers to generat"]
[6.855628967285156, -1.1849919557571411, "ays in the past month (e.g., Cohen, 1999; Zhang, Friedmann, & Gerstein, 2003; Robbins et al., 2006).\nTrends in Prevalence Since 2010/2011\nOur task is to estimate consumption throughout 2013, but the analysis was done during 2013, and the most recent "]
[6.866886615753174, -1.175300121307373, " Washington and elsewhere, users may now be more likely to report their use on surveys. Whether this occurs is an empirical question (see Fendrich & Rosenbaum, 2003), but if it does, the decrease observed for 10th graders in Washington between 2010 a"]
[6.873425483703613, -1.1680636405944824, " to 2013 of between 5 percent and 15 per-\nSize of the Marijuana Market in Washington in 2013 7\n8 Before the Grand Opening: Measuring Washington State\u2019s Marijuana Market\ncent, with a middle estimate of 10 percent. While this parameter is impossible to"]
[6.887691497802734, -1.155769944190979, " per day of use, while those who used one to three days in the previous month con- sumed 1.7 joints per day of use (Table 2.1). However, these figures are likely inflated since survey respondents could not report using less than one joint. Marijuana "]
[6.889059543609619, -1.1538748741149902, "a from seven European Union countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and United Kingdom), Caulkins and Kilmer (2013) estimate consumption of 35 grams per month for those using 20 or more times per month. Similar to w"]
[6.875153064727783, -1.1657134294509888, "nd grams consumed per use day.\nThe web survey created to generate these European data (van Laar et al., 2013) motivated some of the questions included in our CCS (see Appendix A for detailed information about the survey).6 Namely, the use of picture "]
[6.84806489944458, -1.1929785013198853, "pondent grew their own marijuana, whether the respondent had a medical access card, and whether the respondent had a college degree. (The first two predicted greater amounts consumed per day of use; having a college degree predicted lower quantities "]
[6.865675926208496, -1.1749496459960938, "no med\ntypical Grams per Use Day Weighted mean\nWeighted Winsorized mean\n37.5% 19.0% 26.3%\n1.89 1.59\n  nOte: these figures are based on a\nIn Scenarios 2, 4, and 6, the \u201ccollege grad\u201d and \u201cless than college grad\u201d groups were merged, hence a single perc"]
[6.863545894622803, -1.1777968406677246, "e military).\n2. Use by people who are in the sampling frame but nonetheless are not surveyed (e.g., because they were never home or refused to answer).\n3. Misreporting of past-month use by people who are successfully surveyed.\n4. Misreporting of quan"]
[6.855560302734375, -1.1851013898849487, "ton\nSubstance use treatment admissions for marijuana in Washington\npast-month use by 12th graders nationwide\nCharacteristics of daily and near-daily marijuana users, use patterns, and expenditures in Washington\n   figure by two to three, since survey"]
[6.862498760223389, -1.1787606477737427, "Washington marijuana users in calendar year 2013. Estimates also assume a 3 percent increase in sales beginning in 2015 to account for population growth and inflation. Frequency of consumption is estimated using the pattern contained in the United Na"]
[6.857759952545166, -1.183092474937439, "that many of these \u201cincreases\u201d could not possibly be real and are likely to be artifacts of the changes in the survey procedures. A key finding was that the increases in rates of lifetime use were inconsistent with rates of new use. For example, NHSD"]
[6.8525776863098145, -1.1876466274261475, "te\u2019s counties, we employ data from several sources. Ideally, we would like to capture the heavy marijuana users well, as they account for a very large share of the total market.\nThe following section presents information about data sources; the subse"]
[6.832296371459961, -1.2052818536758423, "eems to be an overall upward trend, even that weighted average may tend to underestimate current prevalence.\nWe chose to employ a third method to project the current and future prevalence from the past data. We passed a linear regression line through"]
[6.85173225402832, -1.1881961822509766, "State University is in Pullman. So it would seem somewhat nai\u0308ve to presume that marijuana demand in Stevens County matches that in Whitman County. It might make more sense to focus not on total population but rather on the number of 15\u201334 year-olds,"]
[6.821911334991455, -1.2183326482772827, "r heavy use, as most people admitted for substance abuse treatment for marijuana are heavy users.\nThere is significant geographic variation in reported marijuana-related treatment admis- sions that may not be tied directly to use, but rather to count"]
[6.80769157409668, -1.2319337129592896, "rs based on each series at the region level for a time period. (1) Region total number of past-month usersi =\nPrevalencei \u00d7 Population 12 and overi\n   l\na\nl\nl\nBellingham W\nSan Juan Island\nW\nm\nS S\nt\ne\nh\nh\nk\ny r\nk\nr\na\na\na\na\nt\nt\ng\ng\nc\nc\ni\ni\nt\no\no\nm\n nP\n"]
[6.820227146148682, -1.2197308540344238, "month use, treatment admissions with marijuana as a primary substance, and treatment admissions with a marijuana as a secondary substance.\nWe investigate placing various weights on each of these series. (e.g., putting 100-percent weight on total popu"]
[6.83275032043457, -1.2059452533721924, " 1 total* 100\nShare of Region 1 Total and Weighted Average Share of Region\u2019s Users\n  population (%)\n15\u201334 Year Olds (%)\n2.3 7.4 4.1 0.7\n10.4 0.8 3.7 1.0 56.3 3.6 9.8\n100\nprimary tx (%)\n0.6 11.2 4.4 1.3 6.2 0.8 5.2 1.3\n62.0 4.7 2.3\n100\nSecondary tx (%"]
[6.842171669006348, -1.1971567869186401, "helan\n21 Walla Walla\n22 Jefferson\n23 Okanogan\n24 Kittitas\n25 Whitman\n26 Douglas\n27 Stevens\n28 pacific\n5,982 5,594 5,040 5,038 4,045 2,789 2,747 2,698 2,676 2,499 2,278 2,225 1,806\n29 San Juan\n30 asotin 1,479\n31 Klickitat 1,333\n32 Skamania 1,106\n33 ad"]
[6.844090461730957, -1.1946605443954468, " .20 .20\n  King\nKitsap 24,827 pierce 67,149 Clallam 8,923 Clark 37,503 Cowlitz 11,074 Grays harbor 8,592 Jefferson 2,903 Lewis 7,346 Mason 6,044 pacific 2,418 Skamania 1,229 thurston 23,736 Wahkiakum 414\nState totals 610,000\nnOte: Some state totals d"]
[6.8349504470825195, -1.2047584056854248, "he Grand Opening: Measuring Washington State\u2019s Marijuana Market\nTable 4.1\nPast-Month Marijuana Use, Percentage of the Population, NSDUH 2010\u20132011\nState\n26 or Older Est.\n26 or Older 95% CI\n26 or Older 95% CI\n  12 or Older Est.\n 12 or Older (95% CI (lo"]
[6.816311836242676, -1.2185988426208496, "nation. While past-year users in Washington approximately match the national age distribution and past-month users in Washington are slightly older than the national average, they are slightly younger than in Oregon (see Figure 4.2).\nRace and Ethnici"]
[6.844205856323242, -1.1945143938064575, " heavy use than other races or ethnicities. Overall, the rates of heavy use appear higher across each race and ethnicity in Washington than seen nationally.\nFigure 4.3\nRace and Ethnicity (Excluding White Non-Hispanic) of Marijuana Users, NSDUH 2010/2"]
[6.846945762634277, -1.192488431930542, "010/2011\n              Gender\nFemale Male\n      Percentage\n100\n 90\n 80\n 70\n 60\n 50\n 40\n 30\n 20\n 10\n  0\n              USA Washington\nPast-year, not past-month user\nUSA Washington\nPast-month, non-heavy user\nUSA Washington\nHeavy user (21\u201330 days per mon"]
[6.842634201049805, -1.1970168352127075, "oints. Oregon shows similar uncertainty.\nOther illegal drug use\nNo other illegal drug use in past month\nOther illegal drug use in past month\n 38 Before the Grand Opening: Measuring Washington State\u2019s Marijuana Market\nFigure 4.8\nPast-Month Tobacco Use"]
[6.839289665222168, -1.2003415822982788, "sampling artifact rather than reflecting actual state-to-state differences.\nWe also looked at how acquisition methods varied among past-month heavy and non- heavy users (Figure 4.11). Due to small counts for other categories, we include only the two "]
[6.843546390533447, -1.1963002681732178, "HSA, n.d.).\nRAND RR466-4.13\nInsights from Seattle\u2019s Youth Risk Behavior Survey\n                Percentage\n       Oregon\n       Source\nUnspecified (other)\nSomeone just met/did not know\nRelative/ family member\nFriend\n            Percentage\n       The Y"]
[6.839719295501709, -1.2000267505645752, " significant mortality and morbidity during both youth and adulthood. These include: behaviors that result in unintentional injuries and violence; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to HIV infection; other sexua"]
[6.848789691925049, -1.1931978464126587, "Product (Percentage)\n Past-Month Use Days\n 1\u20133 4\u201310\n96.6 95.2 21.6 28.5 18.2 29.7 60.2 72.3\n5.1 15.7\n7.4 12.9 11.4 22.5\nBud\nhash resin\nhash oil\nedibles\nBeverages\nLotion\nKif 5.0 4.5\n11\u201320 21\u201330 Total\n98.4 98.8 98.0 41.8 63.9 50.9 38.5 58.2 46.8 79.9 8"]
[6.854481220245361, -1.1859863996505737, "1 the average number of individuals in Wash- ington who used marijuana or hashish in the past month was 556,000, with a 95-percent confidence interval of 475,000\u2013650,000. NSDUH excludes some populations from its sampling frame and self-report surveys"]
[6.894969463348389, -1.1507576704025269, "ate level in the United States. Inasmuch as more than a few states may be considering legalizing marijuana in the near future, there will be cause to replicate this analysis in other states, and comparisons across states are likely to be insightful.\n"]
[6.988221168518066, -1.0838075876235962, " D.C.: Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy.\nAbt Associates. (2012). What America\u2019s users spend on illegal drugs, 2000\u20132006. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Pol"]
[6.912037372589111, -1.1350799798965454, "l 26). Table GPS-10: Frequency of use of cannabis amongst users in the last 30 days in national general population surveys. Retrieved November 18, 2013, from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/stats13/gpstab10a\n49\n50 Before the Grand Opening: Measuring Wash"]
[7.04514741897583, -1.028042197227478, "n press). What America\u2019s users spend on illegal drugs: 2000\u20132010. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy.\nKilmer, B., & Pacula, R. (2009). Estimating the size of the global drug market: A demand-si"]
[6.881763458251953, -1.1634395122528076, "g marijuana. Retrieved November 18, 2013 from http://www.people-press.org/2013/04/04/majority-now-supports-legalizing-marijuana/\nPriceOfWeed.com. (2013). Washington weed prices. web page. Retreived May 29, 2013, from http://www.priceofweed.com/prices"]
[6.9972076416015625, -1.0668716430664062, "-based state estimates. Retrieved November 25, 2013, from http://www.samhsa.gov/data/NSDUH/2k11State/NSDUHsaeMethodology2011.htm\nSubstance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (n.d.). Restricted-use Data Analysis System. Retrieved Novembe"]
[7.011845588684082, -1.0564020872116089, "Journal of Drug Policy, 23(6), 436\u2013441.\nWilkins, C., Reilly, J., Pledger, M., & Casswell, S. (2005). Estimating the dollar value of the illicit market for cannabis in New Zealand. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24(3), 227\u2013234.\nWilkins, C., & Sweetur, P. (2"]
[13.783802032470703, 4.790904998779297, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[13.778094291687012, 4.792356491088867, "licy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND\u2019s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors.\nSupport RAND\u2014make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute.html"]
[-0.5431264042854309, 4.040159702301025, "comments about this report should be sent to the project leader, Henry Willis (Henry_Willis@rand.org). For more information about the Environ- ment, Energy, and Economic Development Program, see http://www.rand.org/energy or contact the director at e"]
[15.059675216674805, 5.776532173156738, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Affected Populations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[-0.5459506511688232, 4.037482261657715, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nChAPTer FOur\nextrapolating existing evidence to Pittsburgh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analysis of Key "]
[-0.5435176491737366, 4.0401291847229, "g the Particulate Matter Standard on Key Health Endpoints in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....\nS.2. Annual Effect of Meeting the Ozone Standard on Key Health Endpoints\nin the Pittsburgh Metropolit"]
[-0.552578330039978, 4.031002998352051, ". . . . .\nA.5. Literature on Air Quality Regulations and Firm Location Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . .\nxiv . xv xvi . . 5 38 . 39 40 . 41\n. 41\n42\n44 . 45\n48 . 52 . 53\n56 .58 .62\nix\nx Links Between Air Quality and Economic Growth: Implications for P"]
[-0.5424457788467407, 4.040679454803467, "rough other channels. This report examines the relationship between air quality and economic growth through three pathways:\n\u2022 Pathway 1: health and related workforce issues and costs. This effect links air quality to the health of the local populatio"]
[-0.5437231659889221, 4.040000915527344, " would be associated with improving air quality to meet the NAAQS. For pathway 3, the fact that areas that fail to meet the NAAQS face more-stringent air quality regulations, which, in turn, affect business location and operation decisions, was consi"]
[-0.5740422606468201, 4.009460926055908, "A, 2013i).\nMeeting the NAAQS for PM2.5 would include improvements in a health-related metric that may be particularly salient to local business: work-loss days. In addition, meeting the NAAQS for ozone would reduce school-loss days, which, in turn, r"]
[-0.5434871315956116, 4.039992332458496, "nd, it should be noted that coming into com-\nxvi Links Between Air Quality and Economic Growth: Implications for Pittsburgh\nTable S.3\nEstimated Effect of Not Being in Attainment on Regulated Industry Outcomes in the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistica"]
[-0.5419521927833557, 4.041959762573242, "ulated industries do face costs associated with improving air quality, meeting the NAAQS can make it easier for businesses in regulated indus- tries to locate and operate in the Pittsburgh region in the long run. In the Pitts- burgh region, being des"]
[-0.5435225367546082, 4.040220260620117, "uspended particulates VNA Voronoi neighbor averaging VOC volatile organic compound\nWLD work-loss day\nWTP willingness to pay\nCHAPTER ONE\nIntroduction\n Historically, Pittsburgh was a stronghold of the iron and steel industries in the United States and "]
[-0.54742431640625, 4.036281585693359, " required to develop plans, known as State Implementation Plans, for improving air quality in nonattainment areas and for preventing degradation in attainment areas. Nonattainment area plans must typically include more-stringent control measures for "]
[-0.5562346577644348, 4.0269293785095215, "wanna\nCarbon\nHancock\nBrooke Ohio\nMarshall\n0 20\nMiles\nCambria\nBlair\nBerks\nCecil\nPittsburgh\u2013Beaver Valley, Pa.\nErie\nCrawford\nWarren\nForest\nMcKean\nElk\nPotter\nCentre\nHuntingdon\nFulton\nTioga\nLycoming\nUnion Snyder\nJuniata Perry\nCumberland\nAdams\nBradford\nSu"]
[-0.5477219820022583, 4.0361785888671875, "n, Pa. Pittsburgh\u2013Beaver Valley, Pa.\n0 25 50 75 Miles\nLancaster, Pa.\nPhiladelphia-Wilmington, Pa.-N.J.-Del.\nCambria\nBlair\nMifflin Juniata Perry\nPittsburgh\u2013Beaver Valley, Pa. Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, Pa.\nHuntingdon\nCentre\nUnion\nFranklin\nJohnstown,"]
[-0.5432911515235901, 4.0414204597473145, " size of fine PM is a concern because of the particles\u2019 ability to penetrate deeply into the lungs. Major PM2.5 sources include fuel combustion from motor vehicles, diesel-powered vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes (EPA, 2009).\nHazardou"]
[-0.5419979691505432, 4.041214466094971, " vehicle inspections; and indirect costs, such as productivity losses. Despite some controversy over the exact nature of the costs and benefits, the total value of benefits from major clean air legislation has been shown to exceed the costs substanti"]
[-0.5446845889091492, 4.038415431976318, "nfluence economic growth through its influence on firm and individual decisions, and it sum- marizes our assessment of the existing literature for each of those channels. In Chapter Four, we present the results of our extrapolation of existing result"]
[-0.5438672304153442, 4.039499759674072, " Economic Growth: Implications for Pittsburgh\n\u2022 \u2022\n(air quality OR air pollution OR clean air) AND (tourism OR recreation)\n(air quality OR air pollution OR clean air) AND (housing prices OR willingness to pay OR hedonic).\nWe tried a variety of permuta"]
[-0.544485867023468, 4.039126396179199, "o summarize our findings from the literature.\nLimitations\nA key limitation of our literature review is that we may have missed relevant articles, despite our search of various databases. In addition, because we did not conduct a full systematic revie"]
[-0.5449765920639038, 4.038294792175293, "holders, the interviewees are not meant to be representative of the local Pittsburgh or national population. Interviewee responses may have been shaped by personal experience and attitudes about air quality and economic develop- ment. As such, we did"]
[-0.5457258820533752, 4.037416934967041, "te of endpoint J in the affected population, Pop J . Because \u03b2 J is small, Equation 1 can be linearized and expressed as the following:\n\u0394OJ =\u03b2J \u00d7O0J \u00d7\u0394C\u00d7PopJ.\n(2)\nLinear and logistic are other forms that are commonly assumed to describe the pollutant"]
[-0.5492458343505859, 4.033940315246582, " may not be representative of the MSA, they are likely to be closer to the SLD rate due to respiratory illness.\nAir Pollution Exposure\nSelecting Monitor Data and Spatial Interpolation\nBenMAP 4.0 includes monitor values for PM2.5 and ozone from 2000 t"]
[-0.4990830421447754, 4.0849609375, "concentrations are assumed to be unaffected by any air pollution control strategy and are therefore not adjusted using reduction methods. We assumed a constant background of 3 \u03bcg/m3 for PM2.5 yearly and daily standard metrics and backgrounds of 0, 40"]
[-0.54544597864151, 4.0378546714782715, " Growth: Implications for Pittsburgh\nbetween 5 and 17 years old in the Pittsburgh MSA, while the affected population for WLDs includes adults between ages 18 and 64.\nEconomic Valuation\nTo estimate the economic benefits of improved health outcomes, we"]
[-0.5479111075401306, 4.0355329513549805, "me instead.\n take into account meteorology (temperature, humidity), terrain, precursor emissions, or other factors that an air quality model can incorporate. It is possible that our results do not capture the full range of benefits because numerous s"]
[-0.541009783744812, 4.04198694229126, "\nMethodology 17\n18 Links Between Air Quality and Economic Growth: Implications for Pittsburgh\nvalues of establishments, employment, and output. These studies identify the effects of nonattainment status by comparing counties that are in attainment wi"]
[-0.5396043658256531, 4.043816566467285, "rent sense of the magnitude of the effect.\n5 Because of data privacy issues, the census does not provide average payroll data for certain industries at the MSA level.\n 1987, Greenstone controls for plant-specific characteristics and identifies the ef"]
[-0.5400243401527405, 4.043034553527832, "nal level. To the extent that these industries have a larger or smaller share of major emitters in the Pittsburgh region than they have nationally, the effects may be larger or smaller. We examined the extent to which this could be a concern using EP"]
[-0.5432910323143005, 4.040126323699951, "he three key ways in which local air quality could influence local economic growth. This framework was largely based on our review of relevant literature but also informed by our stakeholder interviews. For each of these effects, we then summarize ou"]
[-0.5397429466247559, 4.044273853302002, "have long-run impacts via the size or productivity of the workforce. Workforce productivity, in turn, may affect economic growth directly or may be a factor in business location decisions (Figure 3.1).2\nAir Quality and Health\nAn extensive body of evi"]
[-0.5391818284988403, 4.045547008514404, " (1984) show that a one-standard- deviation increase in TSP is associated with a 10-percent increase in WLDs. Ostro (1987) confirms that increased PM concentrations are associated with more restricted- activity days and WLDs, although the effects var"]
[-0.5399303436279297, 4.044339179992676, "Chen et al., 2000; Currie et al., 2007; Peters et al., 1997).\nSchool absenteeism may affect the workforce in two ways: by requiring parents to take days off work to care for their children and by affecting long-term educa- tional attainment (and thus"]
[-0.5392982959747314, 4.044973373413086, "was no discernible difference in school performance as mea- sured by reading, math, and language test scores, grade-point averages, grade promo- tion, or class rank of graduating students. Moonie et al. (2008) study an urban African American populati"]
[-0.542397141456604, 4.0418477058410645, "rtality have a positive impact on long-run national gross domestic product (GDP) by providing more labor to the workforce (EPA, 2011a).5 A strength of this type of model is that it does allow a projection of the impact of air quality improvements on "]
[-0.5253108143806458, 4.0580644607543945, "ecisions\nAir quality\nQuality of life\n   Quality of environment\n        Health effects\n    People\u2019s decisions about where to live\nBusiness\ndecisions about where to invest and grow\nPopulation size and workforce quality\nOutdoor recreation\n       Access "]
[-0.5407356023788452, 4.042840480804443, "ld would be willing to pay $149\u2013185 (in 1982\u20131984 dollars) for a 1-\u03bcg/m3 reduction in PM.\nAlthough Banzhaf and Walsh (2008) find evidence that people do \u201cvote with their feet\u201d for cleaner air, they point out, \u201cgiven constraints on mobility related to"]
[-0.5432044863700867, 4.040186405181885, "y-of-life factors. Although quality-of-life factors were considered less important than economic factors, quality of air and water was one of the top-ranked quality-of-life factors, which also included the educational system, cost of living, housing,"]
[-0.5398431420326233, 4.043718338012695, "- ducted during the late 1990s, and many of these studies find that regulations do deter businesses from locating in an area. In contrast, the first wave took place during the late 1980s and early 1990s and typically provided little support for the h"]
[-0.537626326084137, 4.046207427978516, "ect compliance costs of the Clean Air Act Amendments range from about $20 billion (in 2006 dollars) in 2000 to $65 billion in 2020 (EPA, 2011a). To some extent, cost projec- tions should be cautiously interpreted because there is empirical evidence ("]
[-0.5354219675064087, 4.047956466674805, " followed by TSP and SO2; in contrast, carbon monoxide nonattainment status is associated with an increase in productivity. The effects also vary by industry; for ozone and carbon mon- oxide, effects are positive for some industries and negative for "]
[-0.5375285148620605, 4.045446395874023, "because regulations may require more inputs for the same amount of output, thereby increasing employment; a factor-shift effect because activities required by envi- ronmental regulations may be more or less labor-intensive than other activities, whic"]
[-0.5355106592178345, 4.047317981719971, "other parts of the United States; they conclude that, although the regulations raised costs among affected refineries, there was no statistically significant effect on employment. Morgenstern, Pizer, and Shih (2002) examine the relationship between e"]
[-0.5371142029762268, 4.046027183532715, "th 35\napproach is to consider potential job gains in the pollution control sector. These gains are often assumed to be short term and are reported in terms of job-years. A broader version of this approach examines changes in employment that may be in"]
[-0.545369565486908, 4.039253234863281, "d result in 46,000 one-time job-years gained in the pollution control sector. It also estimates that the rules will lead to 5,950 ongoing net job-years gained due to various changes in other sectors (3,890 job-years gained due to demand for pollution"]
[-0.547522783279419, 4.035959243774414, " of the Pittsburgh region\u2019s nonattainment status on establishments, employment, and output in pollution-intensive industries.\nAnalysis of Key Health Endpoints\nWe estimated the effects that reducing PM2.5 and ozone concentrations in the Pitts- burgh M"]
[-0.5471580028533936, 4.0365118980407715, "s on EPA\u2019s selection of epidemiological studies available in BenMAP.\n2 Specifically, Monte Carlo simulation methods were used\u20145,000 draws were specified where, at each iteration, a value was chosen at random from the distribution of results and used "]
[-0.5430923104286194, 4.0406389236450195, "at reductions in PM2.5 are associated with approximately 13,000 to 15,000 fewer WLDs per year. Given a median wage rate of $131.60 per day for the Pittsburgh MSA, this translates into a value between $1.7 mil- lion and $1.9 million per year.\nFor ozon"]
[-0.541297972202301, 4.042603015899658, "ool-Loss Days: Public School Medical Leave and Sickness Incidence Rate\n   Background Level (ppb)\n40 20 40 20\nNumber\n4,301 6,688 4,310 6,694\nStandard\nDeviation Amount\nStandard Deviation\nHourly Background Level (ppb)\n0\n0 40 20\nSLDs Avoided (baseline SL"]
[-0.5390613675117493, 4.0441131591796875, "Confidence Interval\n[0.26, 0.83]\n[0.007, 0.38]\n[0.27, 1.60] [4.23, 9.54]\nInterval\n[0.04, 0.14]\n[0.002, 0.13]\n[0.021, 0.12] [0.05, 0.11]\n[\u20130.046, 0.04] Not applicable\nPittsburgh MSA\n6\n3\n13 85\n46 153\nValue\n0.55 0.20\n0.94 6.89\n    \u2014a \u2014a\n8.6 Not applicab"]
[-0.544156014919281, 4.040164947509766, " 10-percent level. The effect of being out of attainment for TSP is 2.4 percent lower employment in pollution-intensive industries, but the result is not statistically significant.\nThe \u201cEmployment in Relevant Industries in the Pittsburgh MSA\u201d column "]
[-0.5426577925682068, 4.041658878326416, "n.\nTable 4.8 presents results for output. Greenstone\u2019s estimated percentage change\nin output associated with nonattainment status for each pollutant is shown in the first \u201cValue\u201d column, with associated 90-percent confidence intervals in the first \u201c9"]
[-0.5439392924308777, 4.040397644042969, "fect\u201d) by employment in Pittsburgh (\u201cValue of Shipments in Relevant Industries in the Pittsburgh MSA\u201d). The second \u201c90% Con- fidence Interval\u201d column presents the 90-percent confidence intervals associated with these extrapolations. Being designated "]
[-0.5440486073493958, 4.0388922691345215, "ociated with a value of approximately $128 million. These values are driven primarily by reduced premature mortality.\nWe then performed a more detailed examination of the value associated with two health endpoints that may be particularly salient for"]
[-0.5475183129310608, 4.036258220672607, "ations, and others interested in air quality and local growth in the Pittsburgh region and elsewhere.\nOur findings suggest that local policymakers and others concerned with improv- ing air quality in Pittsburgh may find it worthwhile to consider seve"]
[-0.5403038859367371, 4.043602466583252, "mic Growth: Implications for Pittsburgh\n               Literature on Work-Loss Days\nTable A.1\nMain Findings\nMain Methods, of Evidence Assumptions, and Types\nKey Outcome\nRegulation Key Pollutant or\nStudy Date and Location\nAuthor and Year Published\nReq"]
[-0.539298951625824, 4.04485559463501, "scertainment through potential sources sensitivity analyses of bias, such as\nSchool absenteeism\n2 10 Ozone, NO , PM\n1996, California\nGilliland et al., 2001\n  54 Links Between Air Quality and Economic Growth: Implications for Pittsburgh\n  Main Finding"]
[-0.5396378040313721, 4.0435471534729, " of Evidence Assumptions, and Types\nKey Outcome\nRegulation Key Pollutant or\nStudy Date and Location\nAuthor and Year Published\nbut higher attendance at recreational site. Higher attendance at one site associated with lower concentrations are Higher ox"]
[-0.5416843891143799, 4.041805267333984, "outdoor facilities Attendance at three\nSmog alerts for ozone\n1989\u20131997, California\nNeidell, 2006\nhigher life satisfaction concentrations are associated with measures. Longitudinal regression Lower NO and lead and time fixed effects of life satisfacti"]
[-0.5522383451461792, 4.0296950340271, "ittsburgh\n  Main Findings\nMain Methods, of Evidence Assumptions, and Types\nKey Outcome\nRegulation Key Pollutant or\nStudy Date and Location\nTable A.4\u2014Continued Author and Year Published\nrespondents; \u201cimportant to plant operation\u201d by 30% of respondents"]
[-0.54327392578125, 4.039966583251953, "n Air Quality and Economic Growth: Implications for Pittsburgh\n        Literature on Air Quality Regulations and Firm Location Decisions\nTable A.5\nMain Findings\nMain Methods, of Evidence Assumptions, and Types\nKey Outcome\nRegulation Key Pollutant or\n"]
[-0.5404841899871826, 4.043226718902588, ".5\u2014Continued\nNumber of new plants in pollution-intensive industries\nNonattainment status for ozone\nState 1980\u20131990, New York\nFredriksson, et al., 2003 List, Millimet,\nPlant modifications and closures\nNonattainment status for ozone\nState 1980\u20131990, Ne"]
[-0.5400262475013733, 4.043476581573486, "d $19.9 billion in 2000, is estimated to be 2006 dollars).\nEstimated direct costs using a combination measures and least- cost optimization of per-unit cost measures\nthe 1990 Clean Air Act Direct cost estimates of compliance with Amendments\n2 10 VOC,"]
[-0.5395735502243042, 4.043929100036621, "s Research and development\nEnvironmental expenditures compliance\n1974\u20131991, United States\nJaffe and Palmer, 1997\nenvironmental regulations the productivity slowdown accounted for 8\u201316% of to productivity, of the 1970s. With respect\nmanufacturing firm"]
[-0.5308499932289124, 4.05239725112915, "penditures. Controls employment on air of manufacturing Panel regression pollution abatement and fixed effects earnings and\nemployment in an MSA Manufacturing earnings and\nexpenditures in an Air pollution abatement MSA\n1974\u20131982, United States\nDuffy-"]
[-0.5416173934936523, 4.041520118713379, "th firms, community organizations, government agencies, and other local stakeholders to understand how Allegheny County\u2019s air quality, or its nonattainment status, might affect the decisions that firms and individuals make, for example, with respect "]
[-0.5414730310440063, 4.041484832763672, "ision? Did air quality directly, or environmental regulations to achieve better air quality, play any role?\nDay-to-Day Operations and Employment\nWe would also like to discuss the extent to which air quality may affect firms\u2019 day-to- day operations or"]
[-0.5465537309646606, 4.036252021789551, "buy a home? If so, are there specific types of residents who are most concerned about air quality issues?\nDo new residents with children ever express concerns about the effect of air qual- ity on child health, school absences, or other issues?\nWhat a"]
[-0.5812937617301941, 4.001115798950195, "C\nSite Selection Process\n This appendix summarizes our discussions with site selection firms regarding the pro- cess they use to help firms select new sites.\nOverview of the Site Selection Process\nThe firms we interviewed indicated that they often be"]
[-0.5458835363388062, 4.037237167358398, "inment areas, particularly those that are considered \u201csevere\u201d nonattainment areas or those that are not working to address their air quality issues. The decision would be for strategic reasons (for example, because of reputational issues for the com-"]
[-0.5467904806137085, 4.037329196929932, "centered not on additional costs but rather on the increased length of time and uncertainty surrounding permitting and offset issues.1\nOur discussions with site selection firms indicated that the screening process is affected by many factors, particu"]
[-0.5416316390037537, 4.042111873626709, "\n9 4 228 109\n7 4 186 89 10 2 221 45 8 2 181 37 49 11 268,339 128,482 40 9 217,846 104,312 733 286 19 11 590 231 15 9 4,003 293 474 35 3,240 237 384 28 267,267 121,288\n220,526 98,105 487,793\n  SOURCE: Authors\u2019 calculations using EPA\u2019s BenMAP software,"]
[-0.5394890904426575, 4.044188022613525, "\u201d Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol. 58, No. 1, July 2009, pp. 1\u201314.\nBecker, Randy A., \u201cAir Pollution Abatement Costs Under the Clean Air Act: Evidence from the PACE Survey,\u201d Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol"]
[-0.5402970314025879, 4.043430328369141, "hael K., and Henry Solomon, \u201cAir Pollution and Recreational Behavior,\u201d Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 100, No. 1, 1976, pp. 149\u2013150.\nChay, Kenneth Y., and Michael Greenstone, \u201cDoes Air Quality Matter? Evidence from the Housing Market,\u201d Journal of"]
[-0.534182608127594, 4.049731731414795, "n Economic Review, Vol. 102, No. 7, December 2012, pp. 3652\u20133673.\nGray, Wayne B., and Ronald J. Shadbegian, Pollution Abatement Costs, Regulation, and Plant-Level Productivity, Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 4994"]
[-0.5270711183547974, 4.057531833648682, "dam B., and Karen Palmer, \u201cEnvironmental Regulation and Innovation: A Panel Data Study,\u201d Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 79, No. 4, November 1997, pp. 610\u2013619.\nJaffe, Adam B., Steven R. Peterson, Paul R. Portney, and Robert N. Stavins, \u201cEnvi"]
[-0.5390337109565735, 4.045063495635986, "y Using the Life Satisfaction Approach,\u201d Economic Journal, Vol. 119, No. 536, March 2009, pp. 482\u2013515.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cLife Satisfaction and Transboundary Air Pollution,\u201d Economics Letters, Vol. 107, No. 1, April 2010, pp. 4\u20136.\nMalecki, Edward J., and Susan L."]
[-0.5389285087585449, 4.045091152191162, "the Medical Sciences, Vol. 321, No. 3, April 2001, pp. 178\u2013180.\nNeuzil, Kathleen M., Cynthia Hohlbein, and Yuwei Zhu, \u201cIllness Among Schoolchildren During Influenza Season: Effect on School Absenteeism, Parental Absenteeism from Work, and Secondary I"]
[-0.5394508242607117, 4.044291019439697, "n of the Environment- Competitiveness Relationship,\u201d Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1995, pp. 97\u2013118.\nPublic Law 88-206, Clean Air Act, December 17, 1963. As of November 5, 2013: http://w w w.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-77/pdf/STATUTE"]
[-0.5417505502700806, 4.04210901260376, "cbp/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAmerican FactFinder,\u201d undated; referenced November 2012c. As of November 5, 2013: http://factfinder2.census.gov/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNorth American Industry Classification System: Concordances,\u201d last revised September 13, 2013; referenced August 2, 2013"]
[-0.5472528338432312, 4.03645133972168, " July 31, 2013d. As of November 6, 2013:\nhttp://www.epa.gov/airquality/greenbook/\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cAbout Air Toxics,\u201d last updated August 8, 2013e. As of November 13, 2013: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/allabout.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cDesign Values in Areas Previously Designa"]
[-0.5843909382820129, 4.002780914306641, "n and $488 million, respectively. Although regulated industries do face costs associated with improving air quality, meeting the NAAQS can make it easier for businesses in regulated industries to locate and operate in the Pittsburgh region in the lon"]
[13.79068660736084, 4.797460556030273, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[17.430095672607422, 8.153645515441895, "w.rand.org/publications/permissions.html).\nRAND OFFICES\nSANTA MONICA, CA \u2022 WASHINGTON, DC\nPITTSBURGH, PA \u2022 NEW ORLEANS, LA \u2022 JACKSON, MS \u2022 BOSTON, MA DOHA, QA \u2022 CAMBRIDGE, UK \u2022 BRUSSELS, BE\nwww.rand.org\n Preface\n In 2000, the California state legisla"]
[17.388151168823242, 8.128657341003418, " Report, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corpora- tion, TR-832-LACPD, September 2010b\niii\niv\nLos Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report\n\u2022 Terry Fain, Susan Turner, and Greg Ridgeway, Los Angeles County Juvenile "]
[18.060821533203125, 9.370378494262695, "................................................................. xi Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[18.09421157836914, 9.476161003112793, "nced Services to High-Risk/High-Need Youth. . . . . . The Youth Substance Abuse Intervention Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gender-SpecificCommunityProgram..........."]
[18.19939422607422, 9.704590797424316, " . . . 59 CourtCosts................................................................................................... 60 SavingsResultingfromImprovedSchoolAttendance.................................................. 60 Costs Not Included in These E"]
[18.04718780517578, 9.333742141723633, ". . . . . . . . . . . . Costs for Inside-Out Writers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Total Cost of Programs and Initiatives "]
[18.06913948059082, 9.349690437316895, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......\nE. Board of State and Community Corrections\u2013Mandated and Supplemental\nOutcomes for Individual JJCPA Programs, FY 20"]
[18.033544540405273, 9.296378135681152, "3 27 . 32 38 38 .39 . 41 42 42 44 44 . 47 . 47 . 51 . 53 . 55\nix\nTables\n S.1. Programs in the Three JJCPA FY 2011\u20132012 Initiatives and Number of Youth WhoReceivedServices......................................................................... xviii\n"]
[18.067649841308594, 9.322525978088379, "School At-Risk Participants in FY 2011\u20132012 with Those in FY 2010\u20132011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n2.14. Means, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Int"]
[18.228588104248047, 9.830992698669434, ".............................................\n3.13. Juvenile Justice Costs for Abolish Chronic Truancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.14. Juvenile Justice Costs for After-School Enrichment and Supe"]
[17.919713973999023, 8.935049057006836, "Chronic Truancy, FY 2011\u20132012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111\nE.12. Outcomes for After-School Enrichment and Supervision, FY 2011\u20132012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111\nE.13. Outcomes for Housing-Based Day S"]
[17.695802688598633, 8.465516090393066, "rd of State and Community Corrections (BSCC), formerly called the Corrections Standards Authority (CSA), formed in July 2005 by merging the BOC and the Commission on Peace Officer Stan- dards and Training (CPOST). BSCC is required to submit annual re"]
[17.754337310791016, 8.666035652160645, "no appropriate comparison group could be identified, a pre/post measurement design was used. Generally, outcomes for program participants are measured for a six-month period after starting the program (for community programs) or after release into th"]
[17.580135345458984, 8.910778999328613, "ram youth and those not accepted into the program but deemed comparable to program youth, are weak designs, and such comparisons should be interpreted with this weakness in mind. In particular, pre/ post comparisons for probation-related outcomes, su"]
[17.79638671875, 8.951356887817383, "luding Young Women at Risk)\nHigh Risk/High Need Youth\nEnhanced School- and Community-Based Services\nSchool-Based Probation Supervision for Probationers and At-Risk Youth\nAbolish Chronic Truancy\nAfter-School Enrichment and Supervision Housing-Based Da"]
[17.818090438842773, 8.991297721862793, "comparison 5,038 Pre/post comparison 869 Pre/post comparison 60\nFY 2010\u20132011 IOW 1,400 participants\n NOTE: The number of participants in a given program is determined by who received services during the fiscal year, which goes from July 1, 2011, to J"]
[17.725969314575195, 9.172216415405273, "AR and SBMS-AR cohorts had no sig- nificant differences in rates of arrest or incarceration. The FY 2011\u20132012 cohort of HRHN participants had significantly higher rates of completion of probation, completion of restitu- tion, and completion of commun"]
[18.186819076538086, 9.725701332092285, "re not comparable, then a difference-in-differences analysis is more informative than a simple comparison between the two cohorts.\nOut of 34 outcomes for the seven programs that used the prior year\u2019s cohort as a compari- son group (six outcomes for G"]
[18.17547607421875, 9.736359596252441, "gibility period mandated for big six outcomes, the number of program youth matches the number used to report outcomes to BSCC, not the total number served during the fiscal year.\nSummary xxi\n xxii Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention "]
[18.160213470458984, 9.721414566040039, "53\n\u20133,532\n1,943\n23,912\n21,744\n22,828\n20,339\n18,253\nIOW 19,296\n\u20133,321\n23,887\n12,823\n12,387\n12,605\n9,470\n9,097\nAll programs 9,283\n\u20136,432\n44 126\n36,664 16,380\n\u20131,995\n254\n14,997\n\u20131,156\n748\n2,345\n8,470\n1,779\n16,014\n\u201327\n12,275\n5,749\n5,352\n5,550\n5,726\n5,321"]
[18.233564376831055, 9.819008827209473, "h initiative, which targets a large number of at-risk youth, saw the bulk of its expenses in program costs, whereas costs for juvenile hall, camp, and court were lower in the six months after entering the program, with camp costs averaging $6,073 les"]
[17.679990768432617, 8.473846435546875, "m youth had data available for supplementary measures, calling into question the appropriateness of any findings based on such a small subsample. RAND will continue to work with Probation to increase the amount of data available for supplemental outc"]
[17.53455924987793, 8.345020294189453, " Assessment of Functioning\nGED General Educational Development Test\nxxix\nxxx Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report\nGIS Gang Intervention Services\nGSCOMM Gender-Specific Community\nHB Housing-Based Day S"]
[17.68882942199707, 8.427165031433105, " services, drug and alcohol abuse treatment, and youth service resources in a collaborative manner, using information sharing to coordinate strategy and provide data for measuring program success (AB 1913, 2000).\nJJCPA provided funds to counties to a"]
[17.679290771484375, 8.448575019836426, " change of adult and juvenile probationers. In FY 2011\u20132012, the state allocated approximately $23.7 million to Los Angeles County for JJCPA programs and services. JJCPA funding represents roughly 15 per- cent of field expenditures for juvenile justi"]
[17.8206844329834, 8.566341400146484, ", evaluations are often done using quasi-experimental designs, in which a comparison group is chosen to match the characteristics of the treatment group as closely as possible.\nClearly, the more similar comparison groups are to their program groups, "]
[17.814083099365234, 8.668525695800781, "program youth and those not accepted into the program but deemed comparable to program youth, are weak designs, and results from such comparisons should be interpreted with this weakness in mind. In particular, pre/post comparisons for probation-rela"]
[17.73952865600586, 8.725519180297852, "lly consisted of youth who otherwise qualified for the program but were not accepted because of language difficulties or lack of Medicaid coverage needed to cover the cost of program participation. SNC near misses failed to qualify for inclusion in S"]
[17.74921226501465, 8.646791458129883, "would be for no program youth to be arrested, incarcerated, or in viola- tion of probation and for all to complete probation and (if applicable) community service and restitution. However, because, for most JJCPA programs, the big six outcomes are me"]
[17.689855575561523, 9.048624992370605, "ental Health Services initiative, in recogni- tion of the fact that most SNC participants have significant mental health issues. This move of SNC from one initiative to another was simply a reorganization and does not imply any change within the SNC "]
[17.670814514160156, 8.539003372192383, "onclude that the current year\u2019s cohort had a more favorable outcome (i.e., improved more), while an upper bound of the CI less than 1 indicates a less favorable outcome (i.e., improved less).\nA difference-in-differences analysis for each big six outc"]
[17.759958267211914, 8.607575416564941, "r families (AB 1913, 2000). Although BSCC does not require details about the characteristics of JJCPA participants, many participants are fairly high risk because the program specifically targets youth who live or attend school in 85 high-risk areas "]
[17.84505844116211, 8.923046112060547, "ased Probation Supervision for Probationers and At-Risk Youth SBHS-PROB\nSBMS-PROB SBHS-AR SBMS-AR\nAbolish Chronic Truancy ACT After-School Enrichment and Supervision PARKS Housing-Based Day Supervision HB Inside-Out Writers IOW\nTotal\nParticipants\n8,5"]
[17.565637588500977, 8.901004791259766, "oups for SBHS-PROB and SBMS-PROB were statistically matched to program participants. Outcomes for MH were reported only for youth who received treatment.\nmental health issues were addressed in Los Angeles County in FY 2011\u20132012 by three pro- grams wi"]
[17.4635009765625, 8.79525375366211, "eferred for a more comprehensive assessment.\nIn addition to providing screening, assessment, and treatment services for newly detained youth entering juvenile hall, MH is designed to provide a therapeutic environment with inten- sive mental health an"]
[17.553098678588867, 8.969156265258789, ").\nComparison Group and Reference Period\nAlthough everyone who enters a juvenile hall is tested, only a subset\u2014typically 20 to 25 percent\u2014require mental health treatment. In FY 2008\u20132009, we were able, for the first time, to identify individuals who "]
[17.678762435913086, 9.146728515625, "seline and follow-up means, the odds ratio of the interaction term year \u00d7 post in the logistic regression, and 95-percent CI for the odds ratio. These results differ from the findings of a simple comparison in incar- ceration rates, for which the FY "]
[17.145933151245117, 7.701694965362549, "designated and staffed to super- vise juvenile offenders who suffer from diagnosed axis I (serious) mental illness, organic brain impairment, or developmental disabilities. The Juvenile Mental Health Court processes its cases under the guidelines of "]
[17.15941047668457, 7.751011371612549, "at 50 to 65 percent of drug court graduates stopped using drugs (NIJ, 1995). According to DOJ, \u201c[t]he drug court innovation set the stage for other special court approaches, including mental health courts, by providing a model for active judicial pro"]
[17.329132080078125, 8.930280685424805, "arily because their cases were not deemed sufficiently \u201cserious.\u201d SNC and comparison-group youth showed roughly comparable demographic distributions, as indi- cated in Table 2.5. None of the differences between the two groups was statistically signif"]
[17.3199462890625, 8.89729118347168, "s the key set- tings, or systems, within which youth are embedded. MST strives to promote behavior change in a youth\u2019s natural environment, using the strengths of each system (e.g., family, peers, school, neighborhood, indigenous support network) to "]
[17.349950790405273, 8.926011085510254, "epartment staff, and RAND staff. A large majority (69.1 percent) of MST program youth were Hispanic. For the compari- son group, we have no data on race and ethnicity. The two groups had similar gender distri- butions, with males making up 77.2 perce"]
[17.59189796447754, 9.078878402709961, " compared with the six months before entering the program.\nThe difference-in-differences analyses for MH agreed with the results of a simple compar- ison between the two cohorts, with two exceptions: (1) incarcerations, for which the FY 2010\u2013 2011 co"]
[17.42824363708496, 9.139755249023438, " 22 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report\nprovider within the first 36 hours following release from the camp facility. If the assessment indicates the need for treatment, the substance abuse treatment "]
[17.4845027923584, 9.174015045166016, "he goal of performing at least as well in the current year as in the previ- ous year. Big six outcomes for both program and comparison groups were measured for the six months following program entry.\nSupplemental outcomes for this program were measur"]
[17.588375091552734, 9.06873893737793, "use Outcomes\n   Mean: Current Year (%)\nMean: Previous Year (%)\n  Outcome Baseline\nArrest 37.78\nIncarceration 7.10\nCompletion 1.31 of probation\nCompletion 15.17 of restitution\nCompletion 0.55 of community\nservice\nProbation 7.87 violation\nFollow-Up\n22."]
[17.492916107177734, 8.614391326904297, ", have grown up in poverty, were victims of neglect or abuse (emotional, physical, or sexual), or have grown up in neighborhoods with high crime rates.\nThe outcomes for this program are based on pre- and posttest comparisons. The program goals are\n\u2022 "]
[17.568328857421875, 9.026249885559082, "e for girls to talk and to conduct emotionally safe, comforting, challenging, nurturing conversations within ongoing relationships\n\u2022 opportunities for girls to develop relationships of trust and interdependence with other women already present in the"]
[17.35881996154785, 9.1351957321167, "tio of the interaction term year \u00d7 post in the logistic regression, and 95-percent CI for the odds ratio. We were unable to compare the two groups for completion of commu- nity service because the baseline for both cohorts was 0. For all other big si"]
[17.27153778076172, 9.094280242919922, "e modeling by adults in the probationer\u2019s social environment.\nThe HRHN program consists of two components: a home-based component and a job- based component. A given individual may receive services from either component or from both. As the program n"]
[17.19807243347168, 8.781795501708984, "ved by helping professionals as not motivated to change.\n\u2022 MTFC. MTFC provides adolescents who are seriously delinquent and in need of out- of-home foster care with close supervision, fair and consistent limits, predictable con- sequences for rule br"]
[17.31885528564453, 9.106433868408203, "sanctioning schemes. At the same time, the model points to a need to reinforce the youth\u2019s progress consistently via a graduated system of meaningful rewards.\n\u2013 creation of links with community resources and social networks. This element of case mana"]
[17.43301010131836, 9.128508567810059, "ased component, scores on a scale measuring family relations were measured at program entry and six months later or upon program exit, whichever came first.\nOutcomes\nFor outcome analyses, we examined 1,779 HRHN participants from FY 2011\u20132012 and 2,18"]
[17.532669067382812, 9.148346900939941, "hat the FY 2011\u2013\n32 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report\nFigure 2.6\nHigh Risk/High Need Outcomes, FY 2011\u20132012\n NOTE: A star indicates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two"]
[17.88490104675293, 8.931702613830566, " Community- Based Services\nThe school-based programs are at the core of this initiative and have as their main objective the reduction of crime and delinquency in 85 high-risk neighborhoods, by targeting school- based probation supervision and servic"]
[17.888376235961914, 8.712102890014648, "le School and High School Probationers and At-Risk Youth\nThe School-Based Probation Supervision program is designed to provide more-effective supervision of probationers, increase the chances of school success for these youth, and pro- mote campus an"]
[17.901430130004883, 8.725931167602539, "es for caseload youth.\nAdditionally, school-based DPOs work with school campus police and officials, as well as local law enforcement, to establish safety collaborations (a planned approach to enhanced school safety). Further, the DPOs work with the "]
[18.21575164794922, 9.023297309875488, "k (%)\nWhite (%)\nHispanic (%)\nOther race or ethnicity (%) Instant offense (%)\nViolent Property Drug\nGang order (%)\nProbation began 2011 (%) Probation began 2012 (%)\nSBHS-PROB Comparison-Group Participants Youth (weighted)\n15.8a 15.8 79.0 78.8 21.1 20."]
[18.23457145690918, 9.033462524414062, " percentage of school days attended (from 63.0 percent to 93.0 per- cent) and a significant decrease in suspensions (from 22.6 percent to 8.2 percent) and in expulsions (from 3.6 percent to 0.7 percent) in the term after entering the program compared"]
[18.244369506835938, 9.035202980041504, "ne probationers from FY 2010\u20132011 and FY 2011\u20132012, the computed weights yield an effective sample size of 274 comparison-group youth. As Table 2.12 shows, the two groups were approximately matched when the appropriate weights are used for the compar"]
[18.21154022216797, 9.029863357543945, "tly more likely than comparison-group youth to complete probation (11.4 percent versus 2.2 percent). The two groups did not differ significantly in rates of arrest, incarceration, successful completion of restitution, or probation violations. Differe"]
[18.220937728881836, 9.025938034057617, "g was not possible for differences in expulsion rates because there were too few expulsions in both the baseline and follow-up periods. FY 2011\u20132012 and FY 2010\u20132011 SBHS-AR youth showed virtually identical arrest and incarceration rates. Pro- bation"]
[18.238569259643555, 9.013936042785645, "n could not be computed because the baseline for both cohorts was 0. Findings from the difference-in-differences analyses for this program were consistent with those using a simple comparison of the two cohorts.\nComparison Group and Reference Period "]
[18.231054306030273, 9.019950866699219, "gram com- pared with the term immediately before entering. Expulsion rates were lower in the academic period following program entry, but there were too few to allow statistical testing. Differences in arrest rates were not statistically significant,"]
[18.022682189941406, 8.812418937683105, " cohort demonstrate outcomes that are statistically no different from those of the previous year\u2019s cohort.\nAbolish Chronic Truancy\nACT is a Los Angeles County District Attorney\u2019s Office program that targets chronic truants in selected elementary scho"]
[18.02246856689453, 8.834600448608398, "g of truant students are provided.\nOJJDP documents several programs that have been found to be effective in reducing truancy. Operation Save Kids, a program in 12 elementary schools and two high schools in Peoria, Arizona, was a documented success. A"]
[17.870954513549805, 8.701529502868652, "Probation outcomes were not applicable because the program serves only at-risk youth. For more details, see Table E.11 in Appendix E. Cluster and gender data were not available for ACT.\nAfter-School Enrichment and Supervision Program\nCounty of Los An"]
[17.77448272705078, 8.667967796325684, "e approach popularized by Hawkins and Catalano (1992) identifies critical risk and protective factors in various domains. Ostensibly, the more risk factors to which a child is exposed, the greater the chance of the child\u2019s developing delin- quent beh"]
[17.82703399658203, 8.903425216674805, "E. Cluster and gender data were not available for this program.\nHousing-Based Day Supervision Program\nThe HB program provides day, evening, and weekend supervision and services for probation- ers, at-risk youth, and their families who are residents i"]
[17.818025588989258, 9.078362464904785, "hinking, and problem solv- ing; (3) employ credentialed staff; (4) employ treatment decisions that are based on research; and (5) have program staff who understand the principles of effective interventions (Latessa, Cullen, and Gendreau, 2002).\nThe H"]
[17.675548553466797, 9.214377403259277, "iting to incarcerated youth to discourage youth violence, building in its place a spirit of honest introspection, respect for others (values), and alternative ways of learning (skill-building activities). The participants\u2019 writings are distributed to"]
[17.65920066833496, 9.220524787902832, " A supplemental outcome, juvenile hall behavior violations, was measured by the number of special incident reports (SIRs) in the first 30 days of the program and in the last 30 days of the program, or during month 6 of the program, whichever came fir"]
[17.74835968017578, 9.208847045898438, "Y 2011\u20132012\nNOTE: A star indicates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two groups.\n 56 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report\nTable 2.17\nMeans, Odds Ratios, and Confidence Inte"]
[18.243032455444336, 9.822887420654297, " costs for the courts, plus DA and public-defender costs.\nIn school-based programs, these costs might also be offset by savings resulting from increased attendance following program entry, compared with attendance prior to program entry. Our analyses"]
[18.241453170776367, 9.82326889038086, "get ($)\n4,606,784 3,218,666 336,808 1,051,310 6,179,342 788,626 794,623 4,596,093 12,947,579 7,098,869 169,566 1,517,446 1,413,413 310,845 1,598,613 641,038 197,789 23,733,705\n Enhanced Mental Health Services MH\nMST\nEnhanced Services to High-Risk/Hig"]
[18.37873649597168, 9.984078407287598, "ision was estimated to cost $7.18 per day (Harris, 2012). The estimated rates of hall and camp stays have increased markedly since our previous estimate in 2004. These increases are due to DOJ mandates and multiyear employee benefit increases approve"]
[18.378246307373047, 9.985288619995117, "office.4 Using the Bureau of Labor Statistics\u2019 CPI Inflation Cal- culator (Bureau of Labor Statistics, undated), we have converted this to 2011 dollars, resulting in an estimate of $935.23 per case disposed.5\nIn FY 2011\u20132012, the Los Angeles County P"]
[18.292158126831055, 9.910649299621582, "ohen, and Wiersema, 1996). Other estimates can include nonmar- ket goods, such as environmental quality, or the effects that crime rates can have on property values (Heaton, 2010). Because we restrict our estimates to only measurable juvenile justice"]
[18.349679946899414, 10.001144409179688, " the follow-up ($22,877) than in the baseline ($12,187).\nCosts for Special Needs Court\nAs Table 3.3 indicates, juvenile hall costs for SNC youth decreased markedly in the six months after program entry compared with the six months before (an average "]
[18.359844207763672, 10.023411750793457, "ering. Appear. = appearance.\nTable 3.4\nJuvenile Justice Costs for Multisystemic Therapy\n       Unit Area Cost ($)\nProgram 50.70\nSupervision 7.18\nArrest 936.42\nJuvenile 526.75 hall\nCamp 329.61 Court 3,704.18 Total\nUnit Units\nDay 0.00\nDay 134.70 Arrest"]
[18.328277587890625, 9.991868019104004, "pant) was offset by savings in juvenile hall, court, and especially camp costs. Reduced camp costs ($11,514 in the baseline, $2,075 in the follow-up) produced considerable savings. HRHN participants also showed savings in the follow-up period, compar"]
[18.333789825439453, 9.985754013061523, " Community- Based Services Initiative\nAs with the other FY 2011\u20132012 initiatives, we compared baseline and follow-up costs for each program. Baseline and follow-up periods were based on program start dates for all programs in this initiative except I"]
[18.328617095947266, 9.989337921142578, " not enough to offset increases in program, supervi- sion, and juvenile hall costs.\n7 For participants in the school-based programs for whom we did not have attendance data, we assumed that a comparison of their baseline and follow-up attendance prod"]
[18.32286262512207, 9.986988067626953, "rogram. Although program costs were relatively modest compared with those for other JJCPA programs, they nonetheless made up the lion\u2019s share ($1,124) of the program\u2019s total cost. No program participants were in camp during either baseline or follow-"]
[18.33242416381836, 9.985593795776367, "ts for these participants were very low in the baseline period ($99) because few were involved in the juvenile justice system, and follow-up costs were relatively low as well ($496), producing an overall net cost of $397 per youth.\nCosts for Abolish "]
[18.34803009033203, 9.974700927734375, "n\n    Baseline\nMedian Units Mean ($) ($)\n0.00 0 0 7.30 52 0 0.03 26 0 0.52 273 0\nCamp\nCourt\nTotal 753 0\nFollow-Up\nMedian Mean ($) ($)\n688 344 62 0 4 0 65 0\n127 0\n192 0 1,138 710\nDifference ($)\nMean Median\n\u2013688 \u2013344 \u201310 0 22 0 208 0\n54 0\n30 0 \u2013385 \u201371"]
[18.235759735107422, 9.823376655578613, "ogram in FY 2011\u20132012. Weighted averages are also shown for each initiative. It should be noted that the costs for each initiative are largely driven by the costs of the program or programs in that initiative that serve the most participants. Thus, M"]
[18.23552894592285, 9.827534675598145, "-AR 99 ACT 6 PARKS 753 HB 809 IOW 19,296\nAll programs 9,283\n11,944\n11,845 32,184 6,093 15,569\n9,070 671 22,424 5,321\n9,062 5,247 27 13 1 404 306 18,253 9,097\n12,624\n12,528 54,654 10,002\n17,133\n12,677 1,206 24,804 5,726\n9,983 8,700 251 185 10 1,103 1,"]
[18.221323013305664, 9.804076194763184, "ering. As one might expect, there are noticeable differences in mean costs among the three initiatives. The Enhanced Mental Health Services initiative, which serves only probationers, showed lower arrest costs but much higher camp, juvenile hall, and"]
[17.610881805419922, 9.01107120513916, "uvenile hall, camp, and court costs, by contrast, are driven primarily by the behavior of youth rather than by the programs. Taken together, these findings indicate that JJCPA programs and supervision are demonstratively affecting the behavior of man"]
[17.796737670898438, 9.000351905822754, "nce in rates between\n 75\n76 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report\nthe two periods measured. HB housing-project crime rates were lower in FY 2011\u20132012 than in FY 2010\u20132011, but significance testing betw"]
[17.730117797851562, 9.136853218078613, "nce period after starting the program than in the comparable period before beginning the program. School attendance, in particular, improved markedly for those programs that used attendance as a supplemental outcome measure. For these programs, schoo"]
[17.707883834838867, 9.117942810058594, "h MH and IOW, the two cohorts differed significantly (p < 0.05) in baseline arrest rates. This implies that the two cohorts had different profiles with respect to arrests. For HRHN, there was no significant difference in baseline arrest rates for the"]
[17.979753494262695, 9.428470611572266, "hat mea- sured school attendance, we also included a benefit (saving) of improved attendance. Although the overall total juvenile justice cost per youth may not be completely accurate because of the limitation of our estimates, putting a value on eac"]
[17.807870864868164, 8.535621643066406, "on design would involve random assignment to either the program group or comparison group. Another strong design would compare program youth with those on a waiting list to get into the program. Neither of these scenarios is possible for JJCPA, which"]
[17.685543060302734, 8.46468734741211, "f WI 602 (designation of a youth as a ward of the court) as an incarceration. In order to make incarceration rates of the FY 2010\u20132011 cohort compatible with those of the FY 2011\u20132012 cohort, we have calculated incarceration rates for both cohorts, e"]
[16.513015747070312, 8.696671485900879, "DIX A\nCommunity Providers of JJCPA Program Services\n Table A.1\nCommunity Providers of Services to JJCPA Program Participants\n  Program\n10-20 Club\nAble Family Support Treatment Center\nAbout-Face\nAction Family Counseling\nAction Group\nAlcoholics Anonymo"]
[16.511558532714844, 8.695504188537598, "\nDescription\nProvide gang intervention and prevention services\nParenting classes, individual and family counseling\nCounseling, drug testing, community services\nIndividual and group counseling, community services, anger management Individual and famil"]
[16.510602951049805, 8.697339057922363, "ring, anger management, peer discussion groups, community services\nDrug and alcohol counseling\nIndividual and family counseling\nIndividual and family counseling, community services\nSchool-based mental health services, family preservation, family supp"]
[16.51468276977539, 8.696004867553711, "rvices to individuals with developmental disabilities and their families\nParent and individual counseling, drug intervention, mental health\nComprehensive therapeutic treatment in anger management, individual and family counseling\nChild and Family Cou"]
[16.52826690673828, 8.69540023803711, "girls everywhere fulfill their potential and gain valuable skills to ensure their future success\nTeen counseling Community-service hours Individual and family counseling\nHomework assistance; arts and crafts; Smart Moves programs; sports, fitness, and"]
[16.510101318359375, 8.695785522460938, "er-school programs, job training\nIndividual and family counseling, community services, job training, parenting classes\nSubstance abuse treatment\nAssistance to low-income families to resolve their children\u2019s education issues and gain access to an appr"]
[16.509906768798828, 8.69545841217041, "ces Substance abuse counseling, school campus (four- to six-month program)\nSchool-based mentoring program at John Muir High School in Pasadena Community-service hours\n12-step substance abuse treatment and counseling\nDrug and alcohol counseling and tr"]
[16.50457763671875, 8.694175720214844, "ommunity resources and linkages, community service, family preservation services and DCFS, life skills workshops, parenting, and volunteer programs\nCommunity-service hours, enrichment activities\nIndividual and family counseling, alcohol and drug prev"]
[16.531423568725586, 8.688790321350098, "stance abuse services; individual, family, and group counseling\nIntensive 12-week youth and family program designed to \u201cshock\u201d participants\u2019 consciences and awaken them to the realities of prison life\nArts workshops, events, and a culturally focused "]
[17.631895065307617, 8.526074409484863, "s\nCommunity-service hours\nDMH and Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department collaboration for mothers reentering the community from jail\nEmployment, workforce readiness\n    Table A.1\u2014Continued Program\nWorld Literacy Crusade\nWraparound Services\nDescript"]
[18.090431213378906, 8.915082931518555, "e treatment group or the comparison group. The independent variables are those on which the two groups are to be matched. Weights for the comparison groups are the predicted value of the dependent variable. Weights for treatment-group youth are defin"]
[17.70732879638672, 8.579938888549805, "nd qualifier.\n3. violation of probation: As with arrests, violations are a key indicator of recidivism and delinquency. However, they represent subsequent sustained petitions only and do not necessarily prevent successful completion of probation.\n4. "]
[17.508527755737305, 9.5139741897583, "03a 868 20.05 868 4.74 844 11.72 512 3.38 385\n19.43 844\nFollow-Up\nMean Sample Size\n48.07a 133\n   Completion of probation\nCompletion of restitution\nCompletion of community service\nProbation violation\nBSCC Supplemental Outcome\nBSI score\n118 111 46\n301\n"]
[17.492753982543945, 9.515470504760742, "gram and were agreed on by MST staff, Probation Department staff, and RAND staff. The MST team identified these cases. Mandated outcomes are measured at six months after program entry (treatment group) and at six months after MST qualification (compa"]
[17.519580841064453, 9.50273609161377, "gram entry and at six months after program entry or at program exit, whichever comes first.\n106 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report\nTable E.6\nOutcomes for High Risk/High Need, FY 2011\u20132012\n   BSCC-Ma"]
[17.52912139892578, 9.50241470336914, "ter program entry. Strength and risk outcomes are measured at program entry and six months after program entry or at program exit, whichever comes first.\n108 Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2011\u20132012 Report\nTable"]
[17.523494720458984, 9.505212783813477, "e last complete academic period before program entry and at the first complete academic period after program entry. Strength and barrier outcomes are measured at program entry and six months after program entry or at program exit, whichever comes fir"]
[17.51681137084961, 9.528985977172852, "\n4\nBaseline\nPercentage Sample Size\n2.42 869 0.69 869 n.a.\nn.a.\nn.a.\nn.a.\nBaseline\nMean Sample Size\n0.46 869\nNumbera\n4 0\nNumbera\n0\nFollow-Up\nPercentage Sample Size\n0.46 869 0.00 869 n.a.\nn.a.\nn.a.\nn.a.\nFollow-Up\nMean Sample Size\n0.00 869\n           a "]
[17.523895263671875, 9.507115364074707, "ts whose outcomes were reported for the previous fiscal year (FY 2010\u20132011). Mandated outcomes are measured at six months after juvenile hall exit. The supplemental outcome is measured in the first month of the program and at six months after program"]
[17.583093643188477, 9.496994972229004, "tage\n3 1.02 0 0.00 n.a.\nn.a. n.a.\nn.a.\nSample Size\n294 294\nNumber\n8 1\nMales\nPercentage Sample Size\n3.05 262 0.38 262 n.a.\nn.a.\nn.a. n.a.\n     NOTE: Gender was unknown for four youth in this program.\nBoard of State and Community Corrections\u2013Mandated O"]
[17.645671844482422, 9.476628303527832, " 5\nOutcome %N%N%N%N%N\n               Arrest 0.74 136 Incarceration 0.00 136\nCompletion of n.a. probation\nCompletion of n.a. restitution\nCompletion n.a. of community\nservice\nProbation n.a. violation\n3.54 113 0.88 113 n.a.\nn.a. n.a.\nn.a.\n1.20 83 0.00 8"]
[17.310585021972656, 8.079785346984863, " and Arrest Rate, Los Angeles County,\u201d Statistics: Juvenile Misdemeanor Arrests, 2000\u20132009, Table 4C, undated (b). As of February 21, 2013: http://stats.doj.ca.gov/cjsc_stats/prof09/19/4C.htm\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cTotal Law Enforcement Dispositions of Adult and Juve"]
[17.28868293762207, 8.064103126525879, "8 Report, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, TR-746-LACPD, January 2010a. As of February 21, 2013:\nhttp://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR746.html\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Los Angeles County Juvenile Justice Crime Prevention Act: Fiscal Year 2008\u20132009 Report,"]
[17.145082473754883, 7.991674900054932, "Abuse Prevention,\u201d Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 112, No. 1, July 1992, pp. 64\u2013105.\nHeaton, Paul, Hidden in Plain Sight: What Cost-of-Crime Research Can Tell Us About Investing in Police, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, OP-279-ISEC, 2010. As o"]
[17.246557235717773, 8.060269355773926, "ch Unified School District, Adopted Budget, Fiscal Year 2011\u201312, June 20, 2011. As of February 21, 2013:\nhttp://www.lbusd.k12.ca.us/Main_Offices/Business_Services/pdf/ FY12%20Adopted%20Budget%20Book.pdf\nLos Angeles County Public Defender staff, telep"]
[17.338642120361328, 8.094267845153809, "eral Probation, September 2006, pp. 49\u201355.\nTurner, Susan, Terry Fain, John MacDonald, and Amber Sehgal, with Jitahadi Imara, Felicia Cotton, Davida Davies, and Apryl Harris of the Los Angeles County Probation Department, Los Angeles County Juvenile J"]
[13.792643547058105, 4.768373966217041, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[15.53348445892334, 6.347569465637207, "cing, Monitoring, Apprehending, Registering, and Tracking. Points of view or opinions in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice.\n Library of Congress"]
[15.58230209350586, 6.369753837585449, " pro- vision to improve education in U.S. prisons and jails. The Bureau of Justice Assistance, with guidance from the Office of Vocational and Adult Education, competitively awarded a project to the RAND Corporation in 2010. We asked RAND to comprehe"]
[15.61536979675293, 6.402827739715576, "ucation U.S. Department of Education\nPreface\n The Second Chance Act of 2007 (Public Law 110-199) represented a historic piece of legisla- tion designed to improve outcomes for and provide a comprehensive response to the increasing number of individua"]
[13.903059959411621, 4.3850812911987305, "y, and environmental and natural resource policy.\nQuestions or comments about this report should be sent to the project leaders, Lois M. Davis, Ph.D. (Lois_Davis@rand.org) and Robert Bozick, Ph.D. (Robert_Bozick@rand.org). For more information about "]
[15.096850395202637, 5.824721813201904, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Study\u2019sObjectiveandScope.................................................................................... 8\nStudy\u2019s Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[15.5391206741333, 6.501257419586182, ". . . . . . . . Introduction.................................................................................................... MeasuringRecidivism......................................................................................... Results: Est"]
[15.115144729614258, 5.86702823638916, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\nCHAPTER FIVE\nThe Relationship Between Computer-Assisted Instruction and Academic Performance . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."]
[15.384464263916016, 6.476533889770508, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67\nB. Scientific Review Team Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71\nC. Meta-Analysis Diagnostic Tests. ."]
[15.555224418640137, 6.46935510635376, ". .\n3.4. Estimates of the Effect of Correctional Education Participation on the Odds of Recidivating, by Instructional Delivery Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n3.5. Inputs into the Cost"]
[15.575179100036621, 6.459237098693848, " return to communities upon release. The SCA\u2019s grant programs are funded and administered by the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) within the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). In 2010, funding was set aside, for the first time under the SCA, to conduc"]
[15.557151794433594, 6.473165512084961, "ring the direct costs of correctional education with those of re-incarceration to place our recidivism findings into a broader context.\nResults\nRelationship Between Correctional Education Programs and Recidivism\nOur meta-analytic findings provide add"]
[15.534719467163086, 6.526518821716309, " in our ability to detect a statistically signif- icant difference between program participants and nonparticipants in postrelease employment. Still, our results suggest a positive association between correctional education and postrelease employment"]
[15.610284805297852, 6.473857402801514, "ics. However, there was no statistically significant difference in test scores between the different methods of instruction, and given that the confidence intervals included zero for both reading and mathematics, we could not rule out the possibility"]
[15.592203140258789, 6.4375319480896, ".6 percentage points to break even. In fact, as noted, our meta- analytic findings show that participation in correctional education programs is associated with a 13 percentage-point reduction in the risk of reincarceration three years after release "]
[15.6112060546875, 6.405384540557861, "inform such policy questions. Also, researchers and program evaluators need to strive to implement rigorous research designs to examine questions related to potential bias and program dosage and to measure both proximal and distal outcomes. Funding g"]
[15.55572509765625, 6.461937427520752, "r study would have not been possible. Staff from the RAND library worked tirelessly to locate and procure all documents needed for our study: Tomiko Envela, Brooke Hyatt, and Sachi Yagyu. A team of doctoral students in the Pardee RAND Graduate School"]
[15.598495483398438, 6.423838138580322, " This important piece of legislation was designed to improve outcomes for individuals who are incarcerated, most of whom will ultimately return to communities upon release. The Second Chance Act\u2019s grant programs are funded and administered by the Off"]
[15.587007522583008, 6.402359485626221, "rcerated individuals\u2019 reentry back into society and who must carefully consider how they will allocate resources in a fiscally constrained environment. Our findings will inform them about whether there is an association between correctional education"]
[15.582262992858887, 6.410197734832764, "ay for them to complete basic secondary educa- tion (Harlow, 2003). In 2004, 32 percent of state prisoners had earned a GED compared with 5 percent of the general population, whereas only 16.5 percent of state prisoners had a high school diploma comp"]
[15.583846092224121, 6.42728328704834, "ease employment (Pager, 2003). Holzer, Raphael, and Stoll (2003) conducted a series of surveys of employers in four major U.S. cities and found that employers were much more averse to hiring ex-offenders than in hiring any other disadvantaged group. "]
[15.613415718078613, 6.393606662750244, "ondary, and vocational training programs all showed a modest decline (Crayton and Neusteter, 2008). In 2004, 52 percent of state prison inmates reported having participated in a correctional education program since admission to a correc- tional facil"]
[15.553936004638672, 6.467548370361328, "w, there have been three major published meta-analyses that meet these criteria: Wilson, Gallagher, and MacKenzie (2000); MacKenzie (2006); and Aos, Miller, and Drake (2006).3 These studies differ in their parameters, methods, and conclusions. We rev"]
[15.5072603225708, 6.519510746002197, "tinson, and Wilks study, which is important to acknowledge because of its seminal role in the field, we discuss only meta-analyses of adult correctional education programs, because their methods, findings, and conclusions are most relevant for provid"]
[15.507824897766113, 6.610689163208008, "oadly covered the time since the Lipton study was released.\nThe Wilson, Gallagher, and MacKenzie study attempted to improve on two limitations of Lipton\u2019s work: (1) The Lipton study did not address the magnitude of differences in out- comes between t"]
[15.525489807128906, 6.511228561401367, "similar treatment and comparison groups and with limited and/or no controls for differences; and Level 1 indicates a study with no separate com- parison group. Wilson and colleagues included only studies that received at least a Level 2 rating and th"]
[15.551846504211426, 6.4656081199646, "yment.\nAos, Miller, and Drake (2006)\nAlso in 2006, Steve Aos, Marna Miller, and Elizabeth Drake of the Washington State Institute for Public Policy conducted a meta-analysis of 571 offender rehabilitation programs for adults and for juveniles, rangin"]
[15.505271911621094, 6.516298294067383, " examine whether participating in a correctional education program is associated with an increase in labor force participation and whether participating in a correctional education program with a computer-assisted instruc- tional component is associa"]
[15.488216400146484, 6.5656418800354, "r each study\u2019s Maryland SMS rating in their meta-analysis, and the MacKenzie and Aos analyses reviewed only studies that earned at least a Level 3 rating on the Maryland SMS. In our analysis, we pay special attention to those studies receiving a high"]
[15.565812110900879, 6.460757255554199, "ompletion, behavior while incarcerated, and progress on individual plans and goals. We were limited in our ability to examine these more proximal outcomes because of the limited number of studies examining these indicators.\nThe correctional education"]
[15.52474594116211, 6.518588542938232, "divism and the results of a supplementary cost analysis. Chapter Four presents the meta-analytic results for exploring the relationship between correctional education and employment. In Chapter Five, we present the meta-analytic results for computer-"]
[15.515861511230469, 6.529815196990967, "tion described in the previous chapter (Wilson, Gallagher, and MacKenzie, 2000; MacKenzie, 2006; and Aos, Miller, and Drake, 2006), we evaluated the strength of the causal inferences warranted by each study and used these evidence ratings to test the"]
[15.56222152709961, 6.512941837310791, " 267)\nDuplicate documents (n = 22)\nNot primary empirical research on correctional education (n = 845)\n Documents procured for full text review (n = 229)\nRecidivism outcomes (n = 50)\nEmployment outcomes (n = 18)\nTest score outcomes (n = 4)\n  171 studi"]
[15.5571928024292, 6.489597320556641, "identified, 845 were not primary empirical studies of correctional education and 267 were primary empirical studies of correctional education. Of the 267 primary empirical studies, we were unable to locate 16 documents, and an additional 22 documents"]
[15.485575675964355, 6.5254998207092285, "ha- bilitation, and anger management programs\u2014were also excluded.\nThe study needed to measure the effectiveness of the program using an eligible outcome measure, which for our meta-analysis include recidivism, employment, and achievement test scores."]
[15.529608726501465, 6.521908760070801, " locatable primary empirical studies of correctional education and their status with respect to the three eligibility criteria are reported in Appendix E. Those 58 studies deemed eligible for meta-analysis were then subjected to a formal scientific r"]
[15.520407676696777, 6.540485858917236, "he main worksheets of the two independent reviews were merged into a single, reconciled review. A project team member then examined each review, referring back to the material in the original document to reconcile items on which the two independent r"]
[15.607623100280762, 6.704419136047363, "ven by the types of individuals who elect to participate in the pro- gram rather than by the causal effect of the program itself. This problem is typically referred to as selection bias. To minimize concerns about selection bias, some researchers adv"]
[15.523128509521484, 6.60850715637207, "nd matching treated to comparison cases based on these fitted probabilities, or propensity scores (McCaffrey, Ridgeway, and Morral, 2004; Rosenbaum and Rubin, 1983; Rubin, 1997). Matching or weighting on observed characteristics helps ensure that the"]
[15.496403694152832, 6.62370491027832, "and comparison groups that may not be well controlled for; and Level 1 is a study with no separate comparison group that does not receive the treatment. As noted in Chapter One, the Wilson, Gallagher, and MacKenzie (2000) meta-analysis was restricted"]
[15.499371528625488, 6.600244522094727, "the groups are small. For this reason and because it improves the precision of the treatment effect estimate, research- ers often adjust for any observed baseline differences even in the case of random assignment.\n5 The WWC rating scheme maintains ne"]
[15.498563766479492, 6.6138834953308105, "on is simply the total share of baseline participants lost to the study; differential attrition is the percentage- point difference in the attrition rates of the treatment and comparison groups. Because the concerns about attrition pertain to disrupt"]
[15.51779556274414, 6.648943901062012, "s, baseline educational level, and time to data collection\nTreatment and comparison groups are matched on 1\u20132 variables other than gender, and/or there are statistical controls for at least some baseline differences between groups other than gender\n "]
[15.451742172241211, 6.642435073852539, "ecidivism outcomes and that are relevant to an educational intervention: namely, age, prior offenses, and baseline educational level. (This also requires that standard deviations of the base- line characteristics be reported in the studies.) Moreover"]
[15.48009967803955, 6.589725017547607, "rison group con- sisting of inmates who did not receive the treatment.8\nAlthough we classify all studies included in our meta-analysis on both the WWC rating scheme and the Maryland SMS, we organize most of our analyses around the Maryland SMS becaus"]
[15.49079704284668, 6.589343070983887, " the WWC rating scheme.9 The majority of studies are of recidivism and employment and the majority of effect sizes come from Level 2 and Level 3 studies on the Maryland SMS and Do Not Meet Standards according to the WWC rating scheme\u2014suggesting that,"]
[15.488409996032715, 6.548867225646973, " subpopulations.\nRandom-effects models are an appropriate technique for meta-analysis when there is sub- stantial heterogeneity in effect size estimates across the different subpopulations, as is the case in our review of correctional education progr"]
[15.486196517944336, 6.528141975402832, "reater chance than small studies of obtaining a statistically significant result, if the popula- tion effect size is equal in those studies. If there is no publication bias, the average effect size estimate of the smaller studies in our pool of eligi"]
[15.494647979736328, 6.534310817718506, "ach of these dimensions below in turn.\n\u2022 Definition of recidivism. Recidivism is defined a number of ways, including reoffending, rearrest, reconviction, reincarceration, technical parole violation, and successful comple- tion of parole. In our pool "]
[15.448491096496582, 6.548644542694092, "ng treatment group members divided by the odds of recidivating among comparison group members. Odds ratios greater than 1 indicate that the treatment group had a higher rate of recidivism, and odds ratios less than 1 indicate that the comparison grou"]
[15.482751846313477, 6.541629791259766, "tional Education and Recidivism\nThe Overall Relationship Between Correctional Education and Recidivism\nTo assess the relationship between correctional education and recidivism, we first graphed the odds ratios for each of the 71 effect size estimates"]
[15.490584373474121, 6.540179252624512, "that across 32 years of empirical studies on the effects of correctional education with analyses ranging in methodological quality and rigor, on average, the odds of recidivating among inmates receiving correctional education are 64 percent of the od"]
[15.488713264465332, 6.547634124755859, "0.40 , 1.10 ] 0.63 [ 0.54 , 0.74 ] 0.79 [ 0.67 , 0.93 ] 0.80 [ 0.68 , 0.95 ] 0.68 [ 0.32 , 1.42 ] 1.00 [ 0.58 , 1.74 ] 0.25 [ 0.19 , 0.32 ] 0.27 [ 0.12 , 0.59 ] 0.80 [ 0.75 , 0.86 ] 0.45 [ 0.34 , 0.59 ] 0.80 [ 0.73 , 0.88 ] 0.31 [ 0.11 , 0.89 ] 0.66 "]
[15.474838256835938, 6.572023868560791, "of the odds of recidivating among comparison group members.\nAlthough Level 5 on the Maryland SMS reflects the most stringent research design, the estimate is less informative, because it is based on only one program and, hence, is restricted in its b"]
[15.496055603027344, 6.538466930389404, "in each group are equally effective. For example, it is possible that the estimates for the lower-level studies are inflated by selection bias and that the estimates for the higher-level studies generalize only to particular types of higher-quality p"]
[15.551202774047852, 6.4823527336120605, " 1 percent of inmates recidivated, and education programs prevented all recidivism, we would need to treat 100 inmates to expect to stop one inmate from recidivating. At the other extreme, if the recidivism\n Recidivism Base Rate Source\nP. A. Langan a"]
[15.495196342468262, 6.555845260620117, "es, resulting in a positive average effect across studies, it is important to note that the esti- mates are heterogeneous. That is, some are more positive than others, and a few are null or\nTable 3.2\nRisk Difference and Number Needed to Treat Based o"]
[15.520892143249512, 6.522861003875732, "ocational program in which participants were exposed only to an occupationally focused curriculum with complementary job training\nTable 3.3\nEstimates of the Effect of Correctional Education Participation on the Odds of Recidivating, by Program Type\n*"]
[15.530982971191406, 6.505769729614258, "ional education may be an effective way to prevent recidivism for prisoners across the spectrum of ability and academic preparedness.\nIt is worth noting that the U.S. Department of Justice (Harlow, 2003) reports that approximately 68 percent of inmat"]
[15.606001853942871, 6.460838317871094, "2 17 7 13\n  *p < 0.05.\nNOTE: n is the number of studies and k is the number of effect size estimates.\nmental needs). Although we do not find a statistically significant effect for programs that use certified teachers, this is based on a single study."]
[15.607200622558594, 6.437819480895996, " using information from The Three States Study, which assessed the relationship between correctional programs and recidivism in Maryland, Minnesota, and Ohio for approximately 3,170 inmates (Steurer, Smith, and Tracy, 2003). We also used data from th"]
[15.652292251586914, 6.415257930755615, "tes) or $0.97 million (using upper-bound estimates). Thus, the costs of providing education to this group of 100 inmates would range from $140,000 to $174,000. This translates as a per inmate cost ranging from $1,400 to $1,744, suggesting that provid"]
[15.579216003417969, 6.472151756286621, ", we assumed that the effect of correctional education programs after three years is equal to zero. However, these programs may have a \u201cprotective effect,\u201d diminishing the odds of reincarceration for some years after release.\nFor ease of calculation,"]
[15.620613098144531, 6.459595203399658, "hat is, the median number of crimes committed that were not caught or prosecuted.\n 40 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education\n(2006)\u2014all of which document that correctional education participants have lower rates of recidivism than non"]
[15.517613410949707, 6.525926113128662, " Relationship Between Correctional Education and Employment\nIntroduction\nThis chapter presents the results from our meta-analysis where employment is the outcome. We first describe how we defined and measured employment across the 18 eligible studies"]
[15.486191749572754, 6.559981346130371, "sible. As such, our employment measure comprises of a wide range of slightly different measures and thus should not be interpreted as any of the individual measures that make it up. Details on how each of the 18 studies defined and operationalized em"]
[15.48424243927002, 6.549360275268555, ".715 / (1 \u2013 0.715) = 2.51; in other words, the odds of a treatment group member obtaining employment are 2.51 to 1. The odds for the comparison group are 0.666 / (1 \u2013 0.666) = 1.99; in other words, the odds of a comparison group member obtaining empl"]
[15.513710975646973, 6.539187908172607, "ostrelease among inmates receiving correctional education are 13 percent higher\n44 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education\nthan the odds of obtaining employment postrelease among inmates not receiving correctional education.\nAs with ou"]
[15.531856536865234, 6.538421630859375, "na 1.48* 1.04 1.13*\n95% Confidence Interval\nna 1.28 to 1.72 0.99 to 1.09 1.07 to 1.20\nn k\nna na 1 1 10 12 18 22\n  *p < 0.05.\nNOTE: n is the number of studies, k is the number of effect size estimates, and na is not applicable.\n 2\nThe only study with "]
[15.553916931152344, 6.491842746734619, "tional education programs should be more adept than traditional academic edu- cation programs at imparting labor market skills, awarding industry-recognized credentials, and connecting inmates with prospective employers. Therefore, we examine whether"]
[15.492973327636719, 6.538902759552002, "ent (Pager, 2003), it is possible the reliance on administrative records may understate employment gains made by correctional education participants. These limitations were over- come in studies that relied on surveys to parole officers (n = 5) or su"]
[15.503223419189453, 6.576253414154053, "te this limitation, our findings align with those produced in the meta-analysis by Wilson and col- leagues (2000), which also found improved odds of employment among correctional education participants.\nCHAPTER FIVE\nThe Relationship Between Computer-"]
[15.520029067993164, 6.56808614730835, "teacher and covering similar content areas; in the Diem and Fairweather (1980)\n 49\n50 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education\nstudy, the traditional classroom instruction was said to include \u201clecture, rote recitation, and some team tea"]
[15.459074974060059, 6.612160682678223, "mathematics and reading. These are policy-relevant measures, since they are building-block skills for other content areas, and they are the two subjects that states are required to measure annually in public schools under the federal No Child Left Be"]
[15.48046875, 6.582605838775635, " however, all of the test scores are reported in grade equivalents or in forms that can be easily converted to grade equivalents, so we use these as our common metric, thereby avoiding the need to use standard deviation units for different tests (Bag"]
[15.458518981933594, 6.605007171630859, "ove the sixth-grade level. In the studies that include both reading and mathematics estimates, there is complete overlap between the samples of reading and mathematics test-takers, meaning that the estimates for each content area are not independent "]
[15.491198539733887, 6.581313133239746, "d beyond the scales of the figures.\n Figure 5.1\nReading Effect Estimates\nFirst Author (Year)\nBatchelder (2000a)\nMcKane (1996a)\nMcKane (1996b)\nMcKane (1996c)\nDiem (1980a)\nMeyer (1983a)\nPooled Effect (Random Effects Model)\nDifference\n[95% Confidence In"]
[15.511038780212402, 6.567897796630859, "ges from \u20130.13 to 0.79 grade levels. As is true for reading, the fact that zero falls within the confidence interval means that the result is not statistically significant at the 5 percent level. We therefore fail to reject the null hypothesis that c"]
[15.4852933883667, 6.596280574798584, "05.\nContent Area\nReading\nReading\u2014low baseline\nReading\u2014medium baseline Reading\u2014high baseline\nReading PLATO Reading PLATO Mathematics AIMS Mathematics PLATO Mathematics PLATO\nEffect 95% Confidence Estimate Interval\n1 \u20130.82 to 2.82\n1.18 \u20130.81 to 3.17 \u20130"]
[15.523921012878418, 6.551120758056641, "on, our ability to generalize about any given intervention is quite limited.\nSummary\nOur meta-analyses of six reading effect estimates and three mathematics effect estimates from four studies suggest that the effect of computer-assisted instruction o"]
[15.539809226989746, 6.493476867675781, "llagher, and MacKenzie (2000), Aos, Miller, and Drake (2006), and MacKenzie (2006) and provides further support to the assertion that correctional education participants have lower rates of recidivism than nonparticipants.\nGiven the high percentage o"]
[15.530069351196289, 6.542168140411377, "cipated in vocational training. In comparison, individuals who participated in academic programs (combining ABE, high school/GED, and postsecondary education programs) had only 8 percent higher odds of obtaining postrelease employment than individual"]
[15.687859535217285, 6.496007442474365, " The current positive (though not statistically significant) result, the potential cost-effectiveness of computer-assisted technology, and the fact that the technology is getting better suggest that its use in this context could be promising.\nState p"]
[15.619999885559082, 6.411156177520752, "ns 59\n 60 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education\nin prison produced some of the largest net economic benefits for adult programs (Aos, Miller, and Drake, 2006).\nLast, in considering the above findings, it is important to keep in mind "]
[15.579852104187012, 6.458410739898682, "bled them to begin modestly rebuilding programs (personal communication, Correctional Education Association [CEA] Leadership Forum, 2012). That said, a reduced funding environment will likely be true for correctional education programs for the near f"]
[15.520084381103516, 6.577566623687744, "al education participants may be more motivated, have a stronger internal locus of control, be more proactive about planning for their postrelease futures, etc.\u2014all of which could affect why participants do better, independent of the effect of the pr"]
[15.533980369567871, 6.603176593780518, "g an RD approach, assigning inmates to the treatment group would be based on a strict cut-point from a continuous measure that is judiciously applied to every inmate. For example, scores on the TABE may be used to select inmates to participate in a c"]
[15.51961898803711, 6.546710968017578, "much larger number of variables than one can typically achieve with a manual matching procedure (Rosenbaum and Rubin, 1983).\nIn addition, identifying the appropriate comparison groups is important (Gaes, 2008). Many of the studies reviewed in our met"]
[15.541751861572266, 6.507081985473633, "ectional education partici- pants and nonparticipants. This crude categorization undoubtedly masked variation in expo- sure to the program among participants. For example, some inmates may have been enrolled for a year; others may have been enrolled "]
[15.589181900024414, 6.443943500518799, "ch as changes in moti- vation, literacy gains, development of concrete skills, or academic progress versus academic achievement.\nThe overwhelming number of studies we reviewed used recidivism as the major indicator, which is understandable given its "]
[15.625653266906738, 6.401002883911133, "ctional education. As noted above, the 2008 recession affected correctional education programs leading to major changes in the number of programs offered, the sizes of classes, the modes of delivery, and the number of inmates who participate in these"]
[15.5973482131958, 6.424606800079346, "lusion in our analysis, we conducted a search for the phrases \u201ccorrectional education\u201d and \u201cprisoner education.\u201d Additionally, we conducted a search using every potential combination of the following:\n1. Academic Term AND Correctional Term\n2. Vocatio"]
[15.671477317810059, 6.346107482910156, "vros, Adult Offender Education Programs, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, Office of Development, Testing, and Dissemination, 1981.\nG. G. Gaes, \u201cThe Impact of Prison Education Programs on Post Release Outcom"]
[15.587828636169434, 6.432082653045654, " of Correctional Education, Vol. 53, No.1, 2002, pp. 13\u201319.\nDocument Identification Parameters and Sources 69\n70 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education\nJ. S. Vacca, \u201cEducated Prisoners Are Less Likely to Return to Prison,\u201d Journal of "]
[15.429320335388184, 6.565418720245361, "ic, which represents the percentage of variation across studies that is due to heterogeneity, rather than random varia- tion. In this meta-analysis, the value of I2 is 92 percent, indicating considerable amounts of heterogeneity.\nThe funnel plot, sho"]
[15.436783790588379, 6.551373481750488, "cidivism\nTable C.1.\nLeave-One-Out Analysis for Studies of Recidivism\n1.00 2.72\nUpper 95% Confidence Interval\n0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.70 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.69\n First Author (Year)\nAdams (1994a) Adams (1994b) Adams (1994c) Allen (2"]
[15.445597648620605, 6.55753231048584, "f heterogene- ity is reflected in the I2 statistic, which is 90 percent, only slightly lower than for recidivism, again indicating that there is a great deal of heterogeneity between the studies. The funnel plot (Figure C.2) shows that there is a pos"]
[15.424017906188965, 6.601324558258057, "ly significant, regardless of whether the regression test (p = 0.196) or rank test (p = 0.180) was used.\nThe leave-one-out analysis is presented in Table C.3. It shows that the pooled estimate across math and reading, which is 0.15 grade level equiva"]
[15.589181900024414, 6.397358417510986, "rectional Education and Recidivism: A Meta-Analysis of Research Conducted 1990\u20131999,\u201d Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, University of Cincinnati, 2003.\nComprehensive Adult Student Assessment System (CASAS), Technical Manual, San Diego, Calif.: 1996."]
[15.602513313293457, 6.396098613739014, "ce Statistics, NCJ 239972, November 2012.\nGordon, H. R. D. and B. Weldon, \u201cThe Impact of Career and Technical Education Programs on Adult Offenders: Learning Behind Bars,\u201d Journal of Correctional Education, Vol. 54, No. 4, 2003, pp. 200\u2013209.\nGreenber"]
[15.592721939086914, 6.352651119232178, "vism of Prisoners Released in 1994, NCJ 193427, 2002.\nLangenbach, M., et al., \u201cTelevised Instruction in Oklahoma Prisons: A Study of Recidivism and Disciplinary Actions,\u201d Journal of Correctional Education, Vol. 41, No. 2, June 1990, pp. 87\u201394.\nLattim"]
[15.602388381958008, 6.421191215515137, "ucation, 2002.\nMcKane, P. F., and B. A. Greene, \u201cThe Use of Theory-Based Computer-Assisted Instruction in Correctional Centers to Enhance the Reading Skills of Reading-Disadvantaged Adults,\u201d Journal of Educational Computing Research, Vol. 15, No. 4, "]
[15.612168312072754, 6.355338096618652, "nd David F. Weiman, eds., Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in Post-Industrial America, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007, pp. 257\u2013303.\nSaylor, W. G., and G. G. Gaes. \u201cPrep: Training Inmates through Industrial Work Pa"]
[15.590147018432617, 6.422239780426025, "ation as Prison Reform: A Meta-Analysis,\u201d unpublished dissertation, Baton Route, La.: Louisiana State University, 2000.\nWertz, J., Cuts in Inmate Education May Cost Oklahoma Taxpayers Later, StateImpact Oklahoma, June 27, 2012.\nWestern, B., J. R. Kli"]
[13.793389320373535, 4.795481204986572, "  CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND\nTRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY\nTERRORIS"]
[11.301050186157227, 4.65406608581543, "rmation on reprint and linking permissions, please see the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html).\n RAND OFFICES\nSANTA MONICA, CA \u2022 WASHINGTON, DC\nPITTSBURGH, PA \u2022 NEW ORLEANS, LA \u2022 JACKSON, MS \u2022 BOSTON, MA DOHA, QA \u2022 CAMBR"]
[11.291910171508789, 4.665011882781982, "ses of CPI Revenue .......................................... 60 References ......................................................................... 63\niv\nFigures\nFigure 4.1. Dallas Crime Trends, 2004\u20132011 ..........................................."]
[11.297688484191895, 4.66844367980957, "ss community to solve complex policing problems.\nThis evaluation was commissioned by the Communities Foundation of Texas to examine the four-year history of the Institute and make recommendations to enhance its effectiveness and sustainability. Using"]
[11.2948637008667, 4.669774532318115, " police services (Kim and Mauborgne, 2003; Bratton and Knobler, 1998).\nThe explosion in technology and communication has made it essential that police managers keep current with new developments and that organizations have the flexibility to change a"]
[11.299260139465332, 4.67548131942749, "otional process. It was also intended to partner the DPD with local academics, the business community, and national experts in developing solutions to complex policing problems (e.g., patrol allocation, hot-spot policing, intelligence-led policing) a"]
[11.293052673339844, 4.66826868057251, "ms\nThe Institute planned to bring a variety of resources to bear on solving complex problems for the Dallas Police Department. Senior DPD staff taking courses through the Institute would be assigned class projects that analyze and propose solutions t"]
[11.292420387268066, 4.6732683181762695, "ed an interrupted class design (six one-week sessions spaced over six months), course participants were not away from their assignments for extended periods of time as is normally the case with staff development courses for mid- and upper-level polic"]
[11.293264389038086, 4.6686015129089355, "e ranks?\n\u2022 Have the participants in CPI courses benefitted from the instruction? Has the experience affected their career goals or their interest in continuing a career at DPD?\n\u2022 Has the proportion of officers with degrees in the various ranks increa"]
[11.292448043823242, 4.668240547180176, "d expenses in order to sustain itself.\nThe remainder of this report is organized into five sections. Section 2 describes the staff development efforts of the Institute, including a formal evaluation of one of the Institute\u2019s leadership courses and tr"]
[11.275633811950684, 4.6543402671813965, "CPI to create new courses and has used CPI to coordinate the department\u2019s strategic planning process and to help expand the department\u2019s use of social media. (These will be discussed below.)\nLieutenants\u2019 Course\nThe 2011 lieutenants\u2019 course had 16 DPD"]
[11.290311813354492, 4.668702602386475, "students submit for grading a written document outlining their proposed solution to the problem.\nPart of the original vision for CPI was to have lieutenants solve actual problems from their current work environment. Although this idea was scrapped in"]
[11.279202461242676, 4.662005424499512, " for non- commissioned staff included a case study designed to reinforce the lessons learned in the class lectures and encouraged frank discussion between students about how classroom principles\n8\n applied to their jobs at DPD. As in the sergeants\u2019 c"]
[11.298336029052734, 4.681550025939941, "\u2022 novel uses of video, including vetting of commercial burglar alarms prior to responding and capturing all police- citizen interactions\n\u2022 working effectively with the media and learning to work with social media to get ahead of rapidly breaking news"]
[11.312637329101562, 4.692927360534668, "nclude \u201cCreates environment of respect in unit\u201d and \u201cModels positive values.\u201d\n10\n\u2022 Managing relationships with the larger organization\nExamples include \u201cSuggests ways to improve departmental policies and procedures\u201d and \u201cHas good working relationship"]
[11.326495170593262, 4.712303161621094, "web survey was the initial assessment of lieutenants taking the course: That administration was conducted in person by RAND staff in the course setting.\nTable 2.1 lays out the various groups who participated in the survey, the timing of the assessmen"]
[11.312247276306152, 4.690096855163574, "   Alpha\n   Mean\n   Std. Deviation\n Mentoring Inspirational leadership\nPromoting external relationships Problem solving\nManaging personnel\nBusiness acumen\n      Promoting a climate of integrity and professionalism\n   0.92\n  4.10\n  0.89\n  Managing rel"]
[11.323482513427734, 4.695669651031494, "owever, the responses of subordinates showed the opposite trend: Subordinates tended to rate the abilities of their lieutenants less favorably after the course had been completed relative to before.\nBased on this analysis, we decided to conduct indiv"]
[11.350566864013672, 4.714899063110352, " Comparisons Between Post-Course Experimental Cases and Control Cases\n        Experimental Pre-Course Assessment\n   Experimental Post-Course Assessment\n     Control Group Assessment\n   Increase: Experimental Post- Course vs. Experimental Pre- Course\n"]
[11.290508270263672, 4.670604705810547, "e CFT by RAND was to track the careers of a cohort of ten DPD officers. We decided that participants in the first CPI lieutenants\u2019 course would be an ideal group for this purpose. The group consisted of relatively young officers, only two of whom had"]
[11.289556503295898, 4.664597034454346, "positive experience expressed by the lieutenants, reservations were expressed by three respondents about applying principles from the course on the job. These centered around a perception that the principles of communicating openly and seeking input "]
[11.290719985961914, 4.665009498596191, "fort. In effect, CPI\u2019s executive director has been left to coordinate the work of two UT-Dallas PhD students who are supported on fellowships by the Institute, as well as research efforts of regular CPI junior staff. The failure to fill the research "]
[11.291461944580078, 4.6667327880859375, "umber of followers from 7,000 to 12,000. In addition, DPD is now connecting with Dallas residents through a series of Next Door websites through which communities share information and events\n\u2022 Assessing officer wait times (at varying times of day an"]
[11.292033195495605, 4.665523052215576, "allas?\nA chief interest of CFT in funding CPI was to enhance the public safety of Dallas citizens. One of the ideas embedded in the proposal to CFT was to assign participants in the lieutenants\u2019 class the task of developing and testing solutions to s"]
[11.345778465270996, 4.614063739776611, "studies will then be accessible by investigators and/or become part of investigator training\n\u2022 An incident command system will promote communication across bureaus, removing a major obstacle to investigation efforts\n\u2022 Require cover sheets from availa"]
[11.293878555297852, 4.665832042694092, "riority each subgoal would receive and to make up a timetable for its achievement.\nThe four working groups, constituting the entire DPD command staff, have come together twice annually for two-day sessions to describe their goals, priorities, and tim"]
[11.285857200622559, 4.669035911560059, "rform well in new assignments\u2014especially excelling in problem-solving because of CPI training. According to the chief, \u201cCPI has made DPD a learning organization\u201d and has helped prepare the command staff for the DPD\u2019s current strategic planning proces"]
[11.289864540100098, 4.668183326721191, "ted and develops a criminal justice major.\nA new Executive Master of Science in Justice Administration and Leadership at UT-Dallas has recruited 18 DPD officers into the program, and provides credits toward the degree for CPI courses (6 hours for the"]
[11.292008399963379, 4.6689677238464355, "es not apply to civil service positions, e.g., sergeants being promoted to lieutenant). Moreover, the new DPD strategic plan includes a goal of partnering with local universities to create advanced degree programs for DPD officers.\nWe made a formal c"]
[11.286276817321777, 4.668505668640137, "g educational activities conducted for outside agencies:\n\u2022 Conducted leadership training session and strategic planning workshop for Irving Police Department\n\u2022 Developed performance measures for Tarrant County 911 district 28\n\u2022 Partnered with the Ins"]
[11.288296699523926, 4.668227195739746, "te. We reasoned that, since these were all individuals who knew CPI well, they would be the most likely to be inclined to send their own staffs there for training. We asked them if they had sent officers to CPI, if\n29\nthey had used other staff develo"]
[11.288594245910645, 4.666650295257568, "ACP) to partner with that agency on U.S. Department of State grants and on providing a local site for IACP to conduct regional training classes, and IACP had agreed to partner with CPI. Unfortunately, according to the current CPI Director Smith, thes"]
[11.296778678894043, 4.669070720672607, "ns to the Foundation. We begin with a look at four other police leadership training programs, each using a different business model. From these four programs, we abstract lessons that may be useful to CPI. This is followed by a formal analysis of CPI"]
[11.302453994750977, 4.665445804595947, "ts, business content (no criminal justice courses)\n\u2022 Classes every other Friday and Saturday, 8 hours/day\n\u2022 Modest revenues from professional development noncredit\ncourses\n\u2022 Developing on-line master\u2019s program\n      Business model\n     \u2022 Program run "]
[11.292635917663574, 4.665681838989258, "pproximately $25,000 from professional development courses.\nSouthern Policing Institute\nThe Southern Police Institute (SPI) was created in 1949 through the combined efforts of the University of Louisville and the Louisville Department of Public Safet"]
[11.294089317321777, 4.668752670288086, "IP) grew out of a 1980 National Institute of Justice executive meeting on policing. Within a year, PERF, in partnership with the Kennedy School of Government, was awarded a Ford Foundation grant to develop and deliver a training session that would ev"]
[11.294595718383789, 4.669260501861572, "duate credits that can be applied toward degrees at NSU or elsewhere. Students attend a four-hour class once per week for 17 weeks and interact with professors online to complete assignments and discussions\u2014a hybrid program with both formal instructi"]
[11.290804862976074, 4.665160179138184, "ire and emergency response staff; other southern Florida law enforcement agencies\n\u2022 Tuition reimbursed for Broward County participants\n  Lessons Learned from Other Programs\n(1) Develop a Good Regional Reputation\nPerhaps the single most frequently giv"]
[11.291844367980957, 4.666326522827148, "ers to act as guest faculty in leadership program and give public presentations publicized to regional departments; (b) publish and distribute an electronic newsletter on current policing topics; (c) host regional conferences on topics of interest to"]
[11.291563987731934, 4.66081428527832, "eral arts and business\u2014not criminal justice\u2014courses.\n Take-away for CPI:\n\u2022 Expand core leadership training to other public safety organizations in Dallas and in the region.\n 40\n(4) Keep Costs Low\nSMIP has a 20-percent FTE director and hires Harvard p"]
[11.289878845214844, 4.659590244293213, "ursement program. The Hopkins model is different: The program acts as a cost center at the university.\n41\nThat is, tuition (again reduced from the normal Hopkins rate) goes directly to the program, which pays a \u201ctax\u201d to the university for office spac"]
[11.29039192199707, 4.658081531524658, "ability absent any changes in current activities, we begin by analyzing current operating expenses. We forecast endowment income through 2017, including the infusion of capital beginning at the end of 2013. We then analyze any additional revenue sour"]
[11.289939880371094, 4.658100128173828, " 2011 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. As of August 20, 2013:\nhttp://www.nacubo.org/Research/NACUBO- Commonfund_Study_of_Endowments/Public_NCSE_Tables.html\n11 Inflation estimates based on PCE index used for federal budgeting analysis (Table 2-1"]
[11.28785514831543, 4.658722400665283, "too high to be sustained absent new revenue sources. Even with new revenue sources, the existing spending is high and fixed\u2014that is, it does not change with revenue streams or enrollment, making it particularly difficult to sustain. We propose reduct"]
[11.2885103225708, 4.657461166381836, "nd research grants.\nEstimating Revenue Requirements. To determine revenue needs, we estimate the alternative revenue required without any additional cost reductions. Current expenses are around $700,000\u2013$800,000 per year, which we propose lowering to"]
[11.287503242492676, 4.657984256744385, "e is able to secure.\nWe propose an initial target of $20,000 in their first two years, with the target of reaching $250,000 and revenue neutrality by 2017. We estimate an X + Y percent*(Grant) model for salary of the research director, with an initia"]
[11.287670135498047, 4.662107467651367, "Institute was one of identifying the best and brightest officers early in their careers and allowing those with ambition to volunteer for CPI courses to sharpen their skills and accelerate career advancement. Under the current chief, the range of cou"]
[11.288729667663574, 4.662206172943115, "nt agencies. These forums, where topical concerns of chiefs are discussed and debated, could also be filmed and edited and distributed or used in future courses. Another idea that has been put forward to promote CPI as a regional resource is to creat"]
[11.28823184967041, 4.662216663360596, "erienced and credentialed researcher. The UT-Dallas connection is needed, not just to create a research director line, but also to lend its reputation and credentials to grant applications\u2014a reputation and credentials that the fledgling UNT-Dallas wi"]
[11.379284858703613, 4.768449783325195, "letely voluntary and will not affect your standing with the department. The information you provide will be held confidential by the RAND Corporation; it will not be divulged to anyone in the Dallas Police Department. Your responses will be merged wi"]
[11.287729263305664, 4.657543659210205, "ps consensus among competing views\nBusiness Acumen\nShows understanding of the budget process\nApplies small business practices to running unit Identifies and cultivates unit\u2019s customers\n                Takes time to analyze problems before taking acti"]
[11.288564682006836, 4.658085823059082, "sed revenue from degree and nondegree courses, research grants, and consulting\u2014will result in financial sustainability by 2015 under the low growth scenario for endowment income. Under no option will CPI be sustainable by 2017 if endowment income is "]
[17.476728439331055, 5.704752445220947, "CORPORATIONResearch Report\nDIONNE BARNES-PROBY, CELIA J. GOMEZ, MONICA WILLIAMS, MATT STRAWN, ISABEL LEAMON \nPrograms for Incarcerated \nParents\nPreliminary Findings from a Pilot Survey\nThe prison population in the United \nStates grew drastically in t"]
[17.47541046142578, 5.703869819641113, "lack and Latinx communities. For example, Black Americans represent 40 percent of the prison population (Sawyer and Wagner, 2020), despite only comprising roughly 13 percent of the U.S. population. Although less likely than Black people to be incarce"]
[17.447166442871094, 5.706072807312012, "d challenges were staff burnout and limited funds.3\nAbbreviations\nABE adult basic education\nACE adverse childhood experience\nCOVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019\nDOC Department of Corrections\nGED General Educational Development\nMRT Moral Reconation Ther"]
[17.47174644470215, 5.700963020324707, "d separation and lack of contact resulting from incarceration. Parental incar-ceration has also been classified as an adverse child-hood experience (ACE), and it increases the risk of these children having additional ACEs (Axelson and Boch, 2019). Yo"]
[17.47804832458496, 5.7043328285217285, "ates that Black and Hispanic children whose fathers are in prison are more likely to exhibit externalizing behavior problems than White children are (Craigie, 2011). Studies have also found that paternal incarceration is a risk factor for homelessnes"]
[17.482789993286133, 5.702879905700684, " carceral facilities \nexpanded considerably in the twenty-first century, largely because of the passage of the Second Chance Act of 2007. But expansion started in 2004, pre-ceding the Second Chance Act legislation (Loper, 5\nClarke, and Dallaire, 2019"]
[17.48546600341797, 5.7008514404296875, " and Dallaire, 2019). There is little information on typical instructor credentials or background.\nAside from offering parenting education, \nprograms might provide visitation opportunities, enable remote communication, facilitate parent-child reading"]
[17.4863224029541, 5.701977252960205, "en\u2019s self-esteem and mental health (Purvis, 2013). \nRacial and Gender \nResponsiveness in Programming\nThere is a dearth of research on how parental incar -\nceration and parenting program outcomes vary \naccording to parent and child race, ethnicity, ge"]
[17.484947204589844, 5.703678607940674, "rograms exist nationally, how they are imple-mented, and the extent to which incarcerated parents participate. Among the programs documented, the interventions historically focus on the needs of incar-cerated mothers, and few DOCs provide programs fo"]
[17.486820220947266, 5.70278787612915, "t survey development and field-ing and (2) interpret the survey findings.\nHow This Report Is Organized\nThe next section details the study design for the proj-ect and is followed by a discussion of the study results in terms of the research questions."]
[17.483745574951172, 5.702724933624268, "g sources)\n\u2022 st\nrengths of program implementation (as \nmeasured by program administrators\u2019 perceptions)\n\u2022\n ch\nallenges of program implementation \n(as measured by program administrators\u2019 perceptions).\nA complete copy of the survey is available in \nApp"]
[17.987865447998047, 4.450730323791504, "f Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, 1994.10\nonline processes and calling states that met the inclu -\nsion criteria. We primarily chose those states with a \n30-day process and used those with a 60-day process as "]
[17.458850860595703, 5.693192958831787, "sponse rate from Montana\u2019s two facilities to 67 percent ( n = 6) of Iowa\u2019s nine facilities.\nIn Table 3, we present information on key char-\nacteristics of the 43 facilities in the sample, both collectively and disaggregated by state. The facili-ties\u2019"]
[17.47852897644043, 5.7093186378479, "ve. Kentucky and Montana collected data on three mutually exclusive categories only: Black , White , and other ; no data on residents\u2019 Hispanic status were reported. In Vermont, data on race were col-\nlected separately from data on residents\u2019 Hispani"]
[17.488182067871094, 5.701703071594238, " begin, we wanted to know the number of parent-\ning programs typically offered at the correctional facilities in our sample. For the survey, we defined a parenting program as a structured set of activi-ties, services, supports, and resources intended"]
[17.48343276977539, 5.7026047706604, " facilities without programs; Montana was the only state for which all sampled facilities in the state (two in total) reported offering programs for incarcerated parents. We gave the respondents at these facilities the opportunity to describe any ser"]
[17.48824691772461, 5.701696872711182, "reak the cycle of recidivism by developing pro-fathering attitudes, knowledge, and skills, along with strategies to prepare fathers for release\u201d (National Fatherhood Initiative, undated). As indicated by the program names, some programs are specifica"]
[17.488567352294922, 5.70161247253418, "y and life stability fol -\nlowing incarceration (e.g., housing resources)\n\u2022 di\nrect supports for children \u2014resources or \nactivities directly administered to the children of incarcerated parents (e.g., peer support groups for the children of parents e"]
[17.492107391357422, 5.6977219581604, "he programs. Nor do we know how time or resources are split across the different components. For this reason, it is difficult to provide more detail about how the components are brought together to form a coherent program. Although we cannot describe"]
[17.48819923400879, 5.699464797973633, "ord themselves reading a book and then send the record-ing to their child.\nProgram administrators who completed the \nsurvey reported that these sorts of activities are ben-eficial to the parents who participate. As one admin-istrator wrote in a free "]
[17.485837936401367, 5.69896936416626, "risons showed that all states have some provision or policy that allows for visita-tion at their facilities (Boudin, Stutz, and \n Li\nttman, \n2013). The literature suggests regular visitation is one effective strategy to sustain the parent-child relat"]
[17.485824584960938, 5.696557521820068, "ideo visits, given the general suspension of in-person visits. Data from TABLE 8\nVisitation Supports\nVisitation SupportsNumber of \nProgramsPercentage \nof Programs\nEnhanced visitation 11 25.0\nSeparate child visitation area 11 25.0\nVideo or virtual vis"]
[17.455665588378906, 5.69509744644165, "rator explained that their program has \u201c[w]orkshops or courses on reentering the child\u2019s life after release.\u201d Six programs reported that staff work with participants on planning for housing after release, and five programs reported working with parti"]
[17.487844467163086, 5.700343132019043, "urces\nWe also report details on program implementation, including participant characteristics, program struc -\nture, staff characteristics, and program resources.\nProgram Participation and Eligibility \nWe attempted to collect data on the number of pa"]
[17.490154266357422, 5.699734687805176, " = 4) offered only one-on-one meetings. \nAlthough the length of program sessions varied by program, most sessions ranged in length from more than 30 minutes to more than an hour.TABLE 9\nProgram Structure\nProgram Structure Number of Programs Percentag"]
[17.48982810974121, 5.699174404144287, "te DOC.\n7 Ten program \nadministrators did not know how the programs were funded. This might indicate that the administrators who responded to the survey did not have access to information about program finances.\nWe also asked several questions about "]
[17.490236282348633, 5.7002105712890625, "blets, and smartphones). The \u201cother materials and resources\u201d category reflects different kinds of mate-rials that respondents did not feel fit in any of the existing categories, including materials for children (e.g., books, art supplies for visits),"]
[17.490205764770508, 5.700231075286865, "that make programs gender responsive ( n = 6), such as \ngender roles, men\u2019s health, and masculinity. Admin-istrators representing two programs in the sample described being attentive to the needs of parents who identify as gay, bisexual, transgender,"]
[17.47343635559082, 5.702789783477783, "gram \nmaterials, space, equipment)36 81.8\nStaff skills 25 56.8\nBuy-in from the facility staff 25 56.8\nBuy-in from the state DOC 23 52.3\nAdequate funding 20 45.5\nNOTE: Response choices were not mutually exclusive.24\nAdministrators from 36 percent of t"]
[17.482337951660156, 5.701662540435791, "tion practices used. In addition, the report provides perspectives on how these programs are performing. To our knowl -\nedge, this is the first study to directly inquire about efforts to respond to the distinct and diverse needs of incarcerated paren"]
[17.48270034790039, 5.701718330383301, "l., 2004). Because facilities in our sample appeared to rely heavily on national programs, we recommend that programs consider adapting their curricula to provide education that explicitly equips parents to address the unique social, emotional, and b"]
[17.48635482788086, 5.699232578277588, "vey might not possess a depth of knowledge about all aspects of the program. In addi-tion, some programs might not systematically col-lect the information we requested. Future efforts to collect information about program implementation should ensure "]
[17.480113983154297, 5.703460216522217, "med most important from our review of the field\u2019s literature, we faced some limitations in our data collection. For example, a survey is not an effective tool to request detailed information on why  the programs are structured in \na particular way. A"]
[17.467777252197266, 5.701303958892822, "ishing, 2019, pp. 37\u201352. Notes\n1 We intended to target states in which the percentage of \nchildren with at least one incarcerated parent was above the \nnational average; however, we ultimately included two states that were just below the average beca"]
[17.479087829589844, 5.705018997192383, "ispanic residents because of the differences in how the data were collected across the states. In Indiana and Iowa, Hispanic  was one of four mutually exclusive race and \nethnicity categories. In Kentucky, Hispanic  was not included as \na category. I"]
[17.46989631652832, 5.7007927894592285, " 222\u2013244.\nHeffernan, Esther, \u201cThe Alderson Years,\u201d Federal Prisons \nJournal, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1992, pp. 20\u201326. \nHicks, Danielle L., Erin B. Comartin, and Sheryl Kubiak, \n\u201cTransition Planning from Jail; Treatment Engagement, Continuity of Care, and Rear"]
[17.476055145263672, 5.704147815704346, "d Douglas W. Young, \u201cSpecialized Prisons and Services: Results from a National Survey,\u201d Prison Journal, Vol. 87, No. 1, March 2007, pp. 58\u201385. \nDallaire, Danielle H., Rebecca J. Shlafer, Lorie S. Goshin, \nAllison Hollihan, Julie Poehlmann-Tynan, J. M"]
[17.47637176513672, 5.704525947570801, "ld and Family Studies, Vol. 26, No. 12, 2017, pp. 3247\u20133265.\nTurney, Kristin, and Rebecca Goodsell, \u201cParental Incarceration \nand Children\u2019s Wellbeing,\u201d Future of Children, Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 2018, pp. 147\u2013164.\nU.S. Census Bureau , \u201cQuickFacts: Po"]
[17.479150772094727, 5.702075481414795, "ps://nrccfi.camden.rutgers.edu/resources/directory/  \nnational-programs/\nNellis, Ashley, The Color of Justice: Racial and Ethnic Disparity \nin State Prisons , Washington, D.C.: Sentencing Project, October \n2021. \nNewman, Claire, Cathrine Fowler, and "]
[13.84146499633789, 4.585121154785156, "ell-being of children, youth, and their families. Gomez holds an Ed.D. in human devel -\nopment and education.\nMonica Williams  is a postdoctoral research fellow at RAND with a focus on criminology and criminal justice. She has \nexamined aging in U.S."]
[17.476293563842773, 5.702452659606934, "another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.\nFor more information on this publication, \nvisit www.rand.org/t/RRA1412-1.\n\u00a9 2022 RAND Cor"]
[13.848599433898926, 4.621252536773682, "\nPhoto credits\np. 1: Lucy Nicholson/Reuters/Alamy Stock Photo | p. 5: Lucy Nicholson/Reuters/Alamy Stock Photo | p. 19: Mario Anzuoni/Reuters/Alamy Stock Photo | p. 25: Algerina Perna/Baltimore Sun/TNS/Alamy Live News.www.rand.orgCORPORATION"]
[15.428337097167969, 1.334573745727539, "Amplifying the Speakers\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs for Law Enforcement \nPublic Information Officers\nMichael J. D. Vermeer, Jeremy D. Barnum, Siara I. Sitar, Dulani Woods,  \nBrian A. Jackson\nEXECUTIVE SUMMARY\nThe role of public information office"]
[15.438177108764648, 1.322518229484558, "ished guidance and training for executives should \nincorporate information on characteristics of effective PIOs, appropriate PIO roles and responsibilities (espe-\ncially in small or midsized agencies), and bene\ufb01ts and \ntrade-offs when hiring sworn or"]
[15.437058448791504, 1.3229635953903198, " wide variety of benefits to an agency \nbeyond just disseminating information to the public. Participants described how PIOs can be used to improve internal communication, improve recruiting, engage the community to guide policy and strategy, gather "]
[15.439385414123535, 1.319908618927002, "macy.\nSocial media has been and continues to be an important \ntool for policing agencies in this respect, especially in the con-\ntext of crisis communications. A significant body of literature addresses the utility of social media in crisis communica"]
[15.441421508789062, 1.3207401037216187, "y social media); responding to media and public requests; assessing public opinion of the agency; and, in general, serv-ing as liaJsons between the agency, other governmental enti-\nties, the media, and the community (Bureau of Labor Statis-tics, 2021"]
[15.436851501464844, 1.3228135108947754, "tively write and speak in public (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021; Roberts, 2019). Additionally, this shift not only places individuals with experience communicating complex ideas in suitable positions but also may help increase public trust. Many a"]
[15.35804557800293, 1.436267375946045, "eparing for the workshop, RAND \nand PERF reviewed literature relevant to the use of PIOs in law enforcement and the challenges agencies face. This litera-ture review helped both to inform the initial scope and sub-ject matter of the engagement and to"]
[15.363252639770508, 1.4082837104797363, "eme, and the final needs were sorted into those same themes.\nFollowing the discussion in each theme, experts partici-\npated in a ranking exercise to identify the most-important needs. Results were then clustered into top, middle, and bot-tom tiers th"]
[15.28581714630127, 1.4803447723388672, "sociated needs\n\u2022 sharing information and building trust , with six associ-\nated needs\n\u2022 public communications staff development , with five \nassociated needs.\nFollowing the prioritization session (described in greater \ndetail in the appendix), we sor"]
[15.440489768981934, 1.3178449869155884, "rs to provide input.\naHave national organizations create regionally focused case studies identifying potential pitfalls and effective strategies for public communications speci\ufb01cally related to protests, civil unrest, and other challenging events. In"]
[15.44149112701416, 1.3174251317977905, " agencies may not understand what \nexpertise and qualities make for a good PIO, especially with respect to differences between large and small agencies and the bene\ufb01ts, trade-offs, and return on investment of using sworn versus civilian staff in the "]
[15.440739631652832, 1.3186445236206055, "m or Opportunity Potential Solution\nSharing information and building trust\nPIO of\ufb01ces are often reactive rather than proactive, \ncommunicating how departments are addressing ongoing, predictable, or long-standing issues of concern to their communitie"]
[15.434857368469238, 1.323730707168579, "g an event, \nand it is critical that messaging and strategy are shared across all partners to demonstrate a consistent, professional response to all stakeholders in the community and munici-pal government. \nParticipants noted that many departments ar"]
[15.438064575195312, 1.3213969469070435, "ive PIO can bring to the agency, nor what qualities make a PIO effective. Participants identified two high-priority needs to address these issues, both of which were related to creation and dissemination of best practices and training for police exec"]
[15.440018653869629, 1.3193621635437012, "ieve leadership\u2019s intention in agency strategy. \nMany of the benefits that the participants described require \nbuy-in from leadership; however, a PIO cannot be effective without integration into the culture of the agency. As one person noted, \u201cthe me"]
[15.439790725708008, 1.3193199634552002, " noted that an officer can be effective, but the officer needs to be dedicated to the role. The individual will need to invest in long-term relationships and partnerships, practice and train in certain skills (e.g., avoiding the use of police jargon)"]
[15.441036224365234, 1.3187967538833618, "described how, because of either inadequate \ntools or simple inattention, agencies often have an insufficient understanding of ongoing or long-standing issues affecting their communities. When policing incidents happen locally, in nearby communities,"]
[15.441608428955078, 1.3184696435928345, ", the PIO needs to have a plan to consistently and transparently share gathered data with the community to show how the agency is open and responsive to community concerns. For this strategy to work, agency leadership also needs to have a commitment "]
[15.431588172912598, 1.32778000831604, "d on how agencies invest in their public communications staff and on how agen-cies can ensure that these staff receive the training and develop-\nment they need to be effective. Some participants lamented that \ntraining for PIOs and other public commu"]
[15.44416332244873, 1.3151122331619263, "of consistency in the chosen strategy, saying, \u201chow we receive messages and who we receive them from is such a common \noccurrence we don\u2019t think about it, but you have to be ruth-lessly consistent with message across all platforms.\u201d Participants also"]
[15.339669227600098, 1.4666540622711182, "tion and improve trust in their communities, PIOs may provide an invaluable resource, if they are given the tools that they need to succeed. This report is meant to identify some of the most-pressing needs for PIOs and serve as an initial guide for h"]
[14.941255569458008, 1.9810429811477661, "and experience of the mod-erators has the potential to influence which questions they pose to the group and how they phrase those questions. This could also introduce bias that could influence the findings.\nIdentification and Prioritization of Needs\n"]
[14.892967224121094, 1.9055521488189697, " and potential solutions described by the participants in the separate interviews into a single summarized list. In advance of the first meeting of the virtual workshop, panelists were provided with the summarized list of issues and needs.\nVirtual Se"]
[14.805122375488281, 1.7814052104949951, "within the polling system\u2019s interface. If there was significant disagreement among the panel (the degree of disagreement was determined by our visual inspection of the histogram), then the participants were asked to verbally discuss or explain their "]
[14.784159660339355, 1.700790524482727, "cipants had the option to indicate whether each problem and need pairing should be voted up or down on the list. A stylized mockup of this form is provided in Table A.1.\nWe then tallied the participants\u2019 responses and applied \nthose votes to produce "]
[14.815762519836426, 1.6870019435882568, "Door, use of Facebook Live, rapid engagements with local news).2\u00a0\u00a0\nIssue:  Many agencies simply are not consistently communicating with their communities at all. Without \nproactively establishing those relationships, problems are not seen and potenti"]
[14.767516136169434, 1.6634811162948608, "rease by one tier  if its modified expected value was \nhigher than the highest expected value score in its initial tier. And a need could decrease by one tier  if its modified expected \nvalue was lower than the lowest expected value in its initial ti"]
[15.439533233642578, 1.3209117650985718, " and effective strategies for public communications speci\ufb01cally related to protests, civil unrest, and other challenging events. Include recommendations on\n\u2022 merging communications plans with tactical plans\u2022 communicating clear goals for police respo"]
[15.444161415100098, 1.3154752254486084, "to better buy-in from line staff on engagement strategy and improved morale.1\nWhen staf\ufb01ng the of\ufb01ce, agencies may not \nunderstand what expertise and qualities make for a good PIO, especially with respect to differences between large and small agenci"]
[15.440913200378418, 1.3196314573287964, " These could be promoted or disseminated through existing \nregional, state, and national organizations and associations.1\nMany agencies do not have consistent, \ncomprehensive communications strategies that \ncoordinate messaging across multiple channe"]
[15.444698333740234, 1.3147035837173462, "guidance for building rap-port between sworn and nonsworn staff, and include aspects of public communications in of\ufb01cer training).2\nMany agency leaders still do not understand \nthe full value and potential of an effective PIO. They do not understand "]
[15.443110466003418, 1.3171478509902954, " actions, and much more. This represents a lost opportunity for PIOs to build trust with communities.\u2022 Perform research to inform guidance for agencies on structuring \nof\ufb01ces to give PIOs direct access to agency leadership. Examine \nPIOs\u2019 level of co"]
[15.43074893951416, 1.3286465406417847, "inated messaging approaches. Create regional training opportunities that provide recommendations and guidance for law enforcement PIOs to also form partnerships with non-law-enforce-ment PIOs and of\ufb01ces with similar roles to coordinate messaging.\n\u2022 D"]
[12.749874114990234, 5.060145854949951, " refers to an individual\u2019s perception of treatment in \na decisionmaking process, especially with respect to fairness and the individual\u2019s agency and dignity in the process. Mazerolle et al., 2013, describes four essential components of procedural jus"]
[13.891077041625977, 3.678670883178711, "ion for Improving Relationships Between Police and the Public,\u201d Policing: An International Journal , Vol. 44, \nNo. 5, 2021, pp. 786\u2013799.\nHollywood, John S., Dulani Woods, Andrew Lauland, Sean\u00a0E. \nGoodison, Thomas J. Wilson, and Brian A. Jackson, Usin"]
[13.848690032958984, 4.152385711669922, "ation, RR-820-NIJ, 2015. As of February 22, 2020: \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR820.html\nLee, Murray, and Alyce McGovern, \u201cProcedural Justice and \nSimulated Policing: The Medium and the Message,\u201d Journal of \nPolicing, Intelligence, an"]
[13.925196647644043, 4.183558464050293, "w York, and the anonymous reviewers from the U.S. Department of Justice .25About the Authors\nMichael J. D. Vermeer  is a physical scientist at RAND. He is a technologist researching science and technology policy in criminal justice, \nhomeland securit"]
[13.885709762573242, 4.22318696975708, "This report is one product of that effort. In April 2021, RAND conducted an expert workshop on law enforcement public informati on of\ufb01cers \n(PIOs). This report describes the proceedings of that workshop, the topics considered, the needs that the pane"]
[13.868073463439941, 4.60416316986084, "blication of our research \ufb01ndings and recommendations, disclos ure of the source \nof funding of published research, and policies to ensure intellectual independence. For more information, visit www.rand.org/ab out/principles.\nLimited Print and Electr"]
[13.005187034606934, 4.2654595375061035, "Reducing Deaths in Law \nEnforcement Custody\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs for the Criminal \nJustice System\nDuren Banks, Michael G. Planty, Madison Fann, Lynn Langton, Dulani Woods, \nMichael J. D. Vermeer, Brian A. Jackson\nEXECUTIVE SUMMARY\nCongress"]
[12.99661922454834, 4.257884979248047, "s or critical incidents that occur \nin law enforcement custody should be developed to provide necessary context to understand law enforce-\nment\u2019s role.\nData and reporting\n\u2022 Challenges that law enforcement agencies (LEAs) and \nother reporting entities"]
[12.988003730773926, 4.270873546600342, "rticipation, including allocating resources to data providers, leveraging information already collected by those agencies, and other-wise incentivizing participation\n\u2022 leveraging existing reporting platforms and coordinating \nacross providers to crea"]
[12.984004974365234, 4.274007320404053, "ore, many experts in the public safety, criminology, public health, and public policy fields have called for a national data collection that provides comprehensive and reliable informa-tion about deaths that occur in law enforcement custody (e.g., Ko"]
[12.98874282836914, 4.262849807739258, " in the United States by more than 50 percent (Banks, Couzens, and Planty, 2015). The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2002. NVDRS collects data from \ndeath cer"]
[12.980942726135254, 4.279984951019287, " deaths that occur during federal arrest, detention, and ABBREVIATIONS\nARD Arrest-Related Deaths\nBJA Bureau of Justice AssistanceBJS Bureau of Justice StatisticsCDC Centers for Disease Control and PreventionCOVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019DCRA Death"]
[12.983872413635254, 4.26959753036499, "tional \nsettings (Russo et al., 2017). BJS reports that approximately \n1,000 inmates die in U.S. jail facilities each year. Most of \nthese deaths are due to illness (46 percent of deaths in 2018) or \nsuicide (30 percent of deaths in 2018). In 2018, a"]
[12.993302345275879, 4.270672798156738, "lections in recent \nyears to fill the gap in official government statistics on deaths in law enforcement custody; their findings also support the ARD program estimates. For example, The Washington Post  reported \nthat police shot and killed 1,055 peo"]
[12.992795944213867, 4.265059947967529, " of knowledge surrounding these deaths; information needs of practitioners, policymakers, and the public; and opportunities to improve policies and practices that may prevent or reduce deaths occur-ring in law enforcement custody while also ensuring "]
[13.017170906066895, 4.2251763343811035, "cers, individuals in law enforcement custody, and the public. \nAs an initial step in the development of the engagement, \nRTI staff reviewed relevant literature (e.g., scientific studies, \ntechnical reports) on the challenges of collecting comprehen-\n"]
[14.65615463256836, 2.2435271739959717, "kshop participants were given an opportunity to review the rankings of needs following the workshop and vote to move needs up or down in terms of importance. For a more detailed description of the prioritization methodology that we employed, includin"]
[13.015101432800293, 4.212912559509277, " the context surrounding all incidents that could  result in fatali-\nties, including all incidents in which law enforcement deploy deadly force and deaths occurring in law enforcement custody that meet other inclusionary criteria described in DCRA: a"]
[12.988113403320312, 4.262563228607178, "Data providers or gatekeepers are concerned about disclosing \nactive case information, respecting individual privacy, and releasing personal identi\ufb01able information (PII). Local laws and regulations often dictate what information can be released and "]
[12.985607147216797, 4.277778148651123, "itional resources, require-\nments, alternate data collection strategies, and other reinforce-ment would certainly be needed to implement a comprehensive data collection on all fatal law enforcement incidents.\nParticipants concurred that the national "]
[12.980473518371582, 4.282660961151123, "ry practices \nand prosecutorial decisionmaking in response to of\ufb01cer use of force and deaths that occur in law enforcement custody.\na\u2022 Conduct additional research into investigatory practices \nfor deaths in law enforcement custody and prosecutorial r"]
[12.989069938659668, 4.2668232917785645, "p participants \ndetermined that there was no need to start from scratch with a new data collection; instead, they recommended focusing on understanding and addressing the challenges to participating in existing data collections. Participants also dis"]
[12.995353698730469, 4.237217903137207, "le, are collected by both the FBI\u2019s National Use-of-Force Data Collection and the BJA\u2019s deaths in custody program, and they may also be reportable to state and local systems. \nLEAs may also find reporting to be challenging because \nof their concern a"]
[12.958216667175293, 4.3254194259643555, "ch of those factors may be addressed by changes to law enforcement training or policy. Although many train-ing programs and policies designed to prevent fatal incidents are in place, there is no rigorous evidence on whether any of these programs redu"]
[12.975802421569824, 4.289395332336426, "sed alternate data collection strategies (GAO, 2021). The FBI\u2019s National Use-of-Force Data Collection may be discontinued by December 2022 if participation in the current data collection approach remains insufficient.\n3 GAO further \nrecommended that "]
[14.945965766906738, 2.139004945755005, "le individu-als through existing professional and social networks (e.g., LinkedIn) and by reviewing literature published on the topic. We then extend an invitation to those individuals and provide a brief description of the workshop\u2019s focus areas.\nFo"]
[14.95175838470459, 1.9534385204315186, "ew technology or tool in the sector that had not been used before). After identifying and refining the needs, we used a vot-ing process based on the Delphi method to elicit prioritization information from the group about the identified needs (RAND Co"]
[14.809255599975586, 1.7882405519485474, "are portion of Zoom using Microsoft PowerPoint slides that were edited in real time to incorporate participant revisions and comments.\nOnce the group reached consensus on a group of needs, we \nconducted a real-time voting prioritization exercise usin"]
[14.632149696350098, 1.9733624458312988, "t product across all of the respon-dents and used that as the group\u2019s collective expected value score for the need.\nWe clustered the resulting expected value scores into three \ntiers using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. The algorithm we used wa"]
[14.623672485351562, 1.934424877166748, " \nand build data collection models that address or leverage them.\n\u2022 Provide for persistent mandates, incentives, resources \n(including training), communication, stakeholder engage-ment (e.g., with other LEAs, advocates, policymakers) to institutional"]
[12.987436294555664, 4.2765302658081055, "ion.\n\u2022 De\ufb01ne the lead agency for reporting purposes.\u2022 Develop and implement protections that address privacy \nconcerns. Specify appropriate uses of the data for disclo-sure and research purposes and provide education for data providers about appropri"]
[12.984718322753906, 4.277721881866455, " information about deaths that occur in law enforcement custody.\n\u2022 Provide incentives and accountability for participating in \nthe FBI\u2019s National Use-of-Force Data Collection and other national data collections with public reporting.2\nThere is a lack"]
[12.979629516601562, 4.284351825714111, "is intervention models and programs.\u2022 Build a research and knowledge base to support the \ndevelopment of training and policies on alternative mental health crisis response models and assess the impact of such models on use of force.Table A.1\u2014Continue"]
[12.995648384094238, 4.283742904663086, "nts occur-\nring in law enforcement custody and adopt the de\ufb01nition described in DCRA.Table A.1\u2014Continued19Problem or Opportunity Potential Solution Tier\nData and reporting\nData providers or gatekeepers are concerned about \ndisclosing active case info"]
[12.975916862487793, 4.286190986633301, "officer discharges a firearm at or in the direction of a person.\n3  OMB stipulated that if the FBI did not achieve 60-percent partici-\npation by the end of 2022, the FBI was to end the data collection effort and explore alternatives for collecting la"]
[12.995562553405762, 4.2526960372924805, "elated Deaths in United States Vital Statistics and News-Media-Based Data Sources: A Capture-Recapture Analysis,\u201d PLOS Medicine , Vol. 14, \nNo. 10, October 2017. \nGAO\u2014 See U.S. Government Accountability Office.\nGBD 2019 Police Violence US Subnational"]
[13.897676467895508, 4.171999454498291, ", and Brian A. Jackson, \nCaring for Those in Custody: Identifying High-Priority Needs to Reduce Mortality in Correctional Facilities , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND \nCorporation, RR-1967-NIJ, 2017. As of February 2, 2022: https://www.rand.org/pubs/resea"]
[13.918441772460938, 4.166627883911133, "I in 2017 , he served as deputy director at the Bureau of Justice Statistics, overseeing multip le national data \ncollection projects on victimization and law enforcement issues. He holds a Ph.D. in justice, law, and society; public administ ration; "]
[13.92188549041748, 4.050374984741211, " research effort, called the Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiativ e, is a component of \nthe Criminal Justice Requirements & Resources Consortium (RRC) and is intended to support innovation within the criminal justic e enterprise. For \nmore infor"]
[13.8766450881958, 4.588886260986328, "tment of Justice. The opinions, \ufb01ndings, conclusions, and recommen-dations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily re\ufb02ect those of the Depart-ment of Justice, the RAND Corporation, or the organizations represen"]
[15.7239990234375, 3.724296808242798, "Leveraging Technology to Support \nPrisoner Reentry\nJoe Russo, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, and Brian A. Jackson\nEXECUTIVE SUM MARY\nHigh recidivism rates among justice-involved individuals are \na persistent challenge for the corrections sector"]
[15.695459365844727, 3.677288770675659, " institutions can apply for and secure IDs prior to release.\nCoordination and continuity of care\u2022\n Im\nplementation guides should be developed that \nhighlight effective strategies for obtaining funding to establish automated solutions to support coord"]
[15.723316192626953, 3.728954792022705, "ion efforts. Correctional agencies also require guidance to effectively collaborate with relevant agencies to provide incarcerated individuals with documenta-tion of identification prior to release. The participants recom-mended the development of in"]
[15.630975723266602, 4.250881195068359, "ames, 2015). Indeed, each year, more than 600,000 individuals are released from state and federal prisons (Carson, 2020), and another 4.9 million cycle through local jails (Bertram and Jones, 2019). Some of these individuals will be on probation or p"]
[15.642651557922363, 6.2390217781066895, "justice-involved individuals have significant educational deficits and are more than twice as likely to have not completed high school compared with the general population (Harlow, 2003). Low levels of education, limited work experience, a lack of ma"]
[15.73706340789795, 3.714421272277832, "itizens on community supervision must comply with their conditions of release. Therefore, in addition to addressing the needs of return-ing citizens, the sector has the obligation to protect the public by monitoring compliance with these conditions a"]
[15.886006355285645, 3.473310947418213, "e.g., instruction, legal counsel, counseling, medical or mental health treatment) while providing the institution with additional benefits, such as less-frequent movement and decreased risk of contraband introduc-tion. Furthermore, by using teleprese"]
[15.697628021240234, 3.657423973083496, "ounseling, medical or mental health treatment).5mated reminders could be sent to the supervisee about impor-\ntant events, such as court dates and treatment appointments. The supervising officer and the supervisee also could share documents (e.g., con"]
[15.702961921691895, 3.7154572010040283, "t situations, incarcerated indi -\nviduals can practice parenting skills in an immersive and safe environment.\nScenarios are also available for specific interventions. For \nexample, one application used by the Catalan Justice Depart-ment is designed t"]
[15.606014251708984, 6.427928924560547, ". A meta-analysis of previous studies revealed that, on average, incarcerated individuals who participated in cor-rectional education programs had 43-percent lower odds of recidivating compared with those who did not participate (Davis et\u00a0al., 2014)."]
[15.724947929382324, 3.7025516033172607, "ily and loved ones via messaging, phone calls, and/or video visits. They also can access a variety of content. Some content, such as books, television shows, movies, and games, is for entertainment purposes, while other content focuses on programming"]
[15.040054321289062, 2.3229377269744873, "stages. During the initial stage, project staff conducted individual interviews with each participant via a web-conferencing application. The length of the interviews ranged between 45 and 60 minutes.\nThe purpose of the interviews was to gather parti"]
[15.404549598693848, 3.0870425701141357, "anizational \nissues\n6Coordination/\n continuity\n      of care\n      3Equity\n issues\n2\nFigure 2. Breakdown of the 11 High-Priority Needs, by Theme\nNumber of high-priority needs\n0123456\nCoordination/\ncontinuity of careOrganizational\nissuesTransitional\ns"]
[15.749696731567383, 3.7068188190460205, "logy can play an important role in correctional education.\u2022\n Re\nsearch the impacts of technology-facilitated educational delivery models on \nkey outcomes.\nTransitional services\nIt can be challenging to provide incarcerated individuals with the identi"]
[15.721429824829102, 3.704486846923828, ", whenever possible, be structured in modules that can be com-pleted in a relatively short period of time. This is particularly important in jail settings, where the average length of stay is 26\u00a0days (Zeng and Minton, 2021).Problem or Opportunity Ass"]
[15.770377159118652, 3.593508005142212, "ns (e.g., it can be difficult to read body language). Furthermore, facilita-tion of virtual group sessions can pose unique challenges for staff (e.g., it is challenging to monitor participant engagement). According to participants, a greater evidence"]
[15.712922096252441, 3.679088830947876, " capacity to create VR content. Given that most content would be useful for any agency across the country, the participants called for an examination of the feasibility of developing a publicly funded national repository of corrections-specific VR co"]
[15.72911262512207, 3.747889280319214, "2). Identification is often required to access social services in the community, apply for benefits, obtain housing, or apply for a job; however, after a period of incarceration, many individuals might not have such documents as a birth certificate o"]
[15.764999389648438, 3.679374933242798, "s have learned to live without their loved ones, and the transition period can be stressful for all concerned because roles and dynamics might have changed. The participants recognized that telepresence tools can allow more-frequent interactions than"]
[15.728455543518066, 3.703693389892578, "es, gaming), which keeps them occupied and could lower the risk of misbehavior. Other agencies stress the efficiencies of automating administrative processes (e.g., order-ing from commissary, filing grievances, requesting medical appointments), which"]
[15.724668502807617, 3.7016713619232178, "s release via community-based providers and Adult Probation community resource centers. The participants reported believing that the field could benefit from the success in Allegheny County and other jurisdic-tions and recommended the development of "]
[15.721070289611816, 3.6663317680358887, " the sector is recognizing that returning citizens need access to technology at each stage of the reentry process; at the same time, the security risks of such access to technology need to be minimized. This is critical to providing access to the bes"]
[15.056517601013184, 2.3385372161865234, " development of pilot programs to support evaluation research to identify best practices for content development and implementation in cor-rectional settings and to determine the impact of VR-based interventions on key outcomes. Relatedly, the partic"]
[14.972259521484375, 2.165937662124634, "e topic and scope have been determined, we recruit participants first by identifying knowledgeable indi-viduals through existing professional and social networks (e.g., LinkedIn) and by reviewing literature published on the topic. We then extend an i"]
[14.95840835571289, 1.9625656604766846, "estment, we fol-lowed a process similar to one that we used in previous PCJNI workshops (see, for example, Jackson et al., 2015; Jackson et al., 2016, and references therein). Participants discussed and refined problems and identified potential solut"]
[14.898077011108398, 1.9033663272857666, "wo-hour virtual meetings using Zoom, a virtual meeting platform. The meetings were con-figured such that the participants could see each other\u2019s video feeds and collaborate to refine and edit the consolidated needs.\nAt the end of the discussion of ea"]
[14.793587684631348, 1.764553427696228, " question and dimension at the end of each topic area.\nPost-Session Prioritization\nOnce the participants had completed this rating process for all of the topic areas, we put the needs into a single prioritized list. We ordered the list by calculating"]
[14.782182693481445, 1.7158838510513306, " previous work (Hollywood et al., 2016). Specifically, if every panel member voted \u201cup\u201d for a need that was at the bottom of the list, then the collective effect of those votes should be to move the need to the top. (The opposite would happen if ever"]
[14.785908699035645, 1.7050093412399292, "ccur because, for example, when the final expected value score for a need that was originally \n19in Tier 3 falls just below the boundary value for Tier 1, that \nneed\u2019s final score could be higher than that of some other needs in the item\u2019s new tier ("]
[15.724602699279785, 3.699183464050293, "idential facilities; however, some cannot afford a device and/or monthly plan payments.Need:  Explore such strategies as public-private partnerships with cellular providers to \ngive free or low-cost devices and services to returning citizens and maxi"]
[15.729374885559082, 3.6994788646698, "on.\u2022\n Re\nsearch the impacts of technology-facilitated educational delivery \nmodels on key outcomes.\nTransitional services\nIt can be challenging to provide incarcerated individuals with the identification they will need upon release.\u2022\n De\nvelop best p"]
[15.706583023071289, 3.688277006149292, " De\nvelop best practices and effective strategies for ensuring inclusivity; \nthese strategies should account for diversity among both service provid-ers and the target population (e.g., individuals with disabilities, non-English speakers, cultural di"]
[15.720520973205566, 3.668304920196533, "deliver services.\u2022\n De\nvelop implementation guides that identify the issues agencies need to \nconsider (e.g., initial costs, ongoing maintenance and upgrades) when retrofitting institutions and/or planning new institution design.23Issue or Problem As"]
[15.73048210144043, 3.7012758255004883, "f efficiencies and reduce workload. \nProgramming\nTechnology can be leveraged to better prepare incarcerated individuals for job opportunities.\u2022\n Co\nnduct demonstration projects and case studies for public-private part -\nnerships that allow individual"]
[15.363945007324219, 3.2995002269744873, "are, and frustration for individuals.\u2022\n As\nsess the viability of common, generic, validated, and gender  -s\nensitive \nand culturally sensitive assessment or case-planning tools (static, dynamic, protective factors) used by stakeholders in a geographi"]
[15.697022438049316, 3.795682668685913, " refers generally to a category \nof technologies that allow an individual to experience their presence \nin an immersive, digitally rendered environment. \nReferences\nAddison, Dionne, \u201cCan Virtual Reality Really Work in the Real World of Corrections, R"]
[15.606111526489258, 6.092921733856201, "Virtual Reality for Reentry \nand Other Programs,\u201d Prison Legal News , July 2, 2019.\nDavis, Lois M., Jennifer L. Steele, Robert Bozick, Malcolm V. Williams, Susan Turner, Jeremy N. V. Miles, Jessica Saunders, and Paul S. Steinberg, How Effective Is Co"]
[15.588197708129883, 6.248403072357178, "tion Program in \nOregon,\u201d webpage, August 3, 2021. As of August 12, 2021: https://education.ket.org/news/outstanding-corrections-education-program-in-oregon/\nLake, Jaboa, \u201cPreventing and Removing Barriers to Housing Security \nfor People with Criminal"]
[15.666534423828125, 3.8358960151672363, "l Protocol for Evaluating Virtual Reality Job Interview Training Among Returning Citizens Preparing for Community Re-Entry,\u201d Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, Vol.\u00a019, September 2020.\nTanaka, Kurtis, and Danielle Cooper, Advancing Technolo"]
[13.918368339538574, 4.182033538818359, "rt, Joe also became affiliated with ViaPath Technologies, a commercial entity that provides a variety of technologies and services meant to support reentry for incarcerated indi -\nviduals, their support networks, correctional agencies, and returning "]
[13.898849487304688, 4.261196136474609, "t be of interest are\n\u2022\n Jo\ne Russo, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Dulani Woods, and Brian A. Jackson, Community Supervision in a Digital World: Challenges \nand Opportunities , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-A108-10, 2021\n\u2022 Jo\ne Russo, Dulani Woo"]
[13.868548393249512, 4.538919448852539, "-12.This publication was made possible by Award Number 2018-75-CX-K006, awarded by the National Institute of \nJustice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommen -\ndations expressed in th"]
[0.260468453168869, -0.7594163417816162, "Sex Trafficking and Substance Use\nIdentifying High-Priority Needs Within the Criminal \nJustice System \nLynn Langton, Michael G. Planty, Duren Ba nks, Amanda R. Witwer, Dulani Woods, \nMichael J. D. Vermeer, Brian A. Jackson\nEXECUTIVE SUMMARY\nA better "]
[0.2607085108757019, -0.7590885162353516, "eer support, and \nsurvivor-led services should be developed that incor-porate harm reduction strategies and recognize that relapse can be a part of the process of overcoming an addiction and exiting traf\ufb01cking.\nCriminal justice response\u2022 Feedback and"]
[0.26081201434135437, -0.7591302394866943, "ognize and identify trafficking victims as victims. This need to change mindsets regarding trafficking and SUDs is particularly important when it comes to communities of color, where systemic bias results in greater criminaliza-tion of behaviors asso"]
[0.260305792093277, -0.7584626078605652, "Ds, in turn, create issues in accessing and maintaining vic-tim services and assistance from criminal justice agencies. \nThis report begins by describing the nexus between sex \ntrafficking and substance use in the United States; summariz-ing what is "]
[0.25977450609207153, -0.7590644359588623, " such act has not attained 18\u00a0years of age\u201d (Public Law\u00a0106-386, 2000, Section\u00a0103(8 and 9)). 3health, and beauty locations; and pornography. The primary \nrisk factor identified for sex trafficking victims was an SUD. \nThe intersection between sex tr"]
[0.2519785761833191, -0.7671370506286621, "ricted or limited access to services and quality treatment, and receive unfavor-able treatment within the criminal justice system (Farrell et\u00a0al., 2019; Price, Nelson, and Macias-Konstantopoulos, 2019). If a victim does enter into a treatment program"]
[0.26074424386024475, -0.7599305510520935, "that limit their ability to meet the needs of \nvictims with co-occurring SUDs. \nThe intersection of sex trafficking and substance use pres-\nents many challenges to effective responses from the criminal legal system and victim services. Major challeng"]
[0.2584342062473297, -0.7603414058685303, "th SUDs are often arrested \nand charged with crimes related to their victimization. \n \u2013 Victims with SUDs often present problems with recall \nand cooperation necessary for developing trafficking cases. \n \u2013 Prosecutors and judges are often not trained"]
[0.2591131329536438, -0.7598223686218262, "urt program coordinators, judges, statewide trafficking task force members, and researchers. Several participants had lived experiences, enabling them to speak directly to the perspectives of sex trafficking victims with SUDs. All experts had a speci"]
[0.2603185474872589, -0.7592533826828003, ", five were related to better \nidentification and screening of victims, including better educa-tion, training, and tools to assist first responders and members of the community on how to recognize and respond to a poten-tial victim of sex trafficking"]
[0.2647554278373718, -0.7557203769683838, " likely to be identi\ufb01ed.\nSex traf\ufb01cking victims with SUDs are often frequent \nusers of emergency services and are seen as hostile and uncooperative by \ufb01rst responders because of their addiction and trauma.Develop and implement training for law enforc"]
[0.26025065779685974, -0.7596191763877869, "or other \nvictimizations they have experienced to law enforcement because they do not trust criminal justice actors\u2014particularly after an arrest.Seek feedback and guidance from advocates, including those \nwith lived experience, on how to make crimina"]
[0.2598230540752411, -0.7624531388282776, "lp address victim needs without setting them up for failure.\nTraf\ufb01cking victims often lack the stability for long-term \nparticipation in criminal justice cases, and traf\ufb01ckers use SUDs to manipulate victims and keep them from participating.Establish "]
[0.25981605052948, -0.7621164917945862, "s described the relationship \nbetween trafficking victims and the traffickers as a form of \nStockholm syndrome.\n5\nParticipants noted that the failure to understand sex traf-\nficking victims\u2019 lack of choice is particularly problematic in communities o"]
[0.2601127624511719, -0.7599563598632812, "community better understand the problem and the signs. Participants noted the value of partnering with bar associations, police academies, and court systems to conduct training for prosecutors, law enforcement, and judges, respec-tively. Others raise"]
[0.2582642138004303, -0.7608959078788757, ". They noted that many victim service programs have thresholds or requirements for participation that traffick-ing victims are unable to meet. For example, if victims have used or are using drugs, they are ineligible to participate in \ncertain housin"]
[0.2604680061340332, -0.7597826719284058, "overy, others expressed that the first priority should be to get victims medication-assisted treatment for SUDs. They explained that, because someone under the influence of drugs will not be able to make decisions about their treatment, addressing th"]
[0.2603769600391388, -0.7599930167198181, "nesses and challenges in collecting evidence, traffickers are often prosecuted for lesser offenses, such as drug, gun, and soliciting offenses. Often, these are minor charges that carry light sentences. Participants noted the need to imple-12ment tra"]
[0.26070255041122437, -0.7598332166671753, "tting \nvictims necessary support, services, and treatment. \nCONCLUSION\nSex trafficking victimization and SUDs are often co-occurring. Traffickers may exploit individuals\u2019 existing SUDs to coerce them into sex trafficking, or they may facilitate SUDs "]
[14.96173095703125, 2.020047187805176, " \nunbiased, representative results from experts and practitioners in the field. However, several limitations could affect the find-ings. The process typically elicits opinions from a relatively small group of experts. To limit the effect of group siz"]
[14.873104095458984, 1.9038608074188232, "esis of the indi-vidual interview input\n3. a final voting stage, after the last interactive session, in \nwhich participants provided their final assessment of the \nrankings of the different needs.\nInterviews\nDuring the interviews, we asked practition"]
[14.794942855834961, 1.8159053325653076, "cipant.\nFor the probability of success  dimension, participants were \ninstructed to treat the 1\u20139 scale as a percentage chance that the need could be met and broadly implemented successfully. \nThat is, they could assign the need\u2019s chance of success b"]
[14.788912773132324, 1.7286109924316406, "much attention in the short term (unless, for example, they can be addressed with existing technology or approaches that can be readily and cheaply adapted to the identified need).\nBecause the participants initially rated the needs one topic \narea at"]
[14.776891708374023, 1.672333836555481, "rget education toward treatment and service providers and members of \nthe criminal justice community to help reduce the notion that victims with SUDs are manipulative and to help with understanding the full impacts of trauma.3\nIssue:  Certain busines"]
[14.77841854095459, 1.6802436113357544, "eds resulted in numerical separations between tiers that were less clear than the separations that resulted when we used the clustering algorithm in the initial tiering. This can occur because, for example, when the final expected value score for a n"]
[0.26037922501564026, -0.7598598599433899, "re less likely to be identi\ufb01ed.\nSex traf\ufb01cking victims with SUDs are often frequent \nusers of emergency services and are seen as hostile and uncooperative by \ufb01rst responders because of their addiction and trauma.Develop and implement training for law"]
[0.26064953207969666, -0.7599071860313416, "nd support, assist victims when needed, and help victims navigate processes.1\nTraf\ufb01cking victims might not report the traf\ufb01cking or \nother victimizations they have experienced to law enforcement because they do not trust criminal justice actors\u2014parti"]
[0.25989577174186707, -0.7623356580734253, "ation-sharing barriers (following the models of gang, fraud, and drug task forces).\nParticularly when SUDs are involved, sex traf\ufb01cking \nvictims might be unwilling or unable to engage in traditional court or problem-solving courts.Develop policies to"]
[0.2605268955230713, -0.760303258895874, "ailability of programs and shelters for these victims.2\nJuvenile and adult victims present different challenges \nand require different services to treat SUDs and trauma (e.g., issues related to needing a guardian present to talk with the minor, lengt"]
[0.26078811287879944, -0.7601105570793152, "les around participation that are dif\ufb01cult for victims with SUDs and complex trauma to meet.Increase the availability of low-barrier, wraparound programs \nthat are speci\ufb01c to traf\ufb01cking victims and offer victims both choice and voice in the treatment"]
[0.26081812381744385, -0.7600628733634949, "tatus and \nsentencing considerations when someone is initially identi\ufb01ed as an offender.\nTraf\ufb01cking victims often lack the stability for long-term \nparticipation in criminal justice cases, and traf\ufb01ckers use SUDs to manipulate victims and keep them f"]
[0.2603188157081604, -0.7613291144371033, "ent service delivery approaches for justice- and community-based entities, in terms of the ability to address the nexus between traf\ufb01cking and SUDs with survivor-centered, quality, timely, connected, safe, and accessible services.\nThere is often a di"]
[0.2594471871852875, -0.7643626928329468, "ions on what defense attorneys are able to do in terms of undermining or attacking victims\u2019 credibility. This could also increase victims\u2019 likelihood of participation in the long term.Table A.2\u2014Continued23NOTES\n1   The Substance Abuse and Mental Heal"]
[13.888710021972656, 3.8253579139709473, " Journal of Public Health , Vol.\u00a0109, No.\u00a02, February 2019, \npp.\u00a0289\u2013295. \nGoodison, Sean E., Michael J. D. Vermeer, Jeremy D. Barnum, \nDulani Woods, and Brian\u00a0A. Jackson, Law Enforcement E\ufb00orts to \nFight the Opioid Crisis: Convening Police Leaders, "]
[17.065805435180664, 7.957453727722168, "8\u2013663.\nLambert, Laura, \u201cStockholm Syndrome,\u201d Encyclopedia Britannica, \nundated. As of October\u00a026, 2021: https://www.britannica.com/science/Stockholm-syndrome\nLove, Hanna, Jeanette Hussemann, Lilly Yu, Evelyn McCoy, \nand Colleen Owens, Justice in Thei"]
[13.925558090209961, 4.222633361816406, "reports/RRA108-3.html25Acknowledgments\nThe authors would like to acknowledge the participation and assistance of the members, listed in the report, of the workshop on  sex traf\ufb01cking \nand substance use. This effort would not have been possible withou"]
[13.91510009765625, 4.187108516693115, "in public policy. \nDulani Woods  is a quantitative analyst adept at data acquisition, transformation, visualization, and analysis. His research typically focus es \non justice and homeland security policy. He began his career as a Coast Guard of\ufb01cer o"]
[13.902565002441406, 4.225941181182861, "t be of interest are\n\u2022 Sean E. Goodison, Michael J. D. Vermeer, Jeremy D. Barnum, Dulani Woods, and Brian\u00a0A. Jackson, Law Enforcement \nEfforts to Fight the Opioid Crisis: Convening Police Leaders, Multidisciplinary Partners, and Researchers to Identi"]
[8.617743492126465, 4.052934646606445, "THIRD EDITION\nThe\nScience\nof Gun\nPolicy\nA Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence \non the Effects of Gun Policies in the United States\nRosanna Smart, Andrew R. Morral, Rajeev Ramchand,  Amanda Charbonneau, \nJhacova Williams, Sierra Smucker, Samantha "]
[8.639910697937012, 4.02642297744751, "tion of our research findings and recommendations, \ndisclosure of the source of funding of published research, and policies to ensure intellectual independence. \nFor more information, visit www.rand.org/about/research-integrity.\nRAND\u2019s publications d"]
[8.64974594116211, 4.004755973815918, "rinciples that sometimes drive policy disagreements. Rather, our focus is strictly \non the empirical effects of policies on the eight outcomes specified in this report. All of our \nresources are publicly available on the project website at www.rand.o"]
[8.640782356262207, 4.026220798492432, "tin Lee, Emily Hoch, and Kyleanne Hunter. \nAlso within RAND, we wish to acknowledge the exceptional support we received from \nour research librarians, Roberta Shanman and Sachi Yagyu; our publication editor, Blair \nSmith; and members of RAND\u2019s Office"]
[8.368791580200195, 4.148003578186035, "ng and permitting requirements \n8. waiting periods\n9. firearm safety training requirements \n10. lost or stolen firearm reporting requirements \n11. firearm sales reporting, recording, and registration requirements \n12. bans on the sale of assault weap"]
[8.736066818237305, 4.064352989196777, " (a \nrequirement for a causal effect) and that studies include a control group or comparison group \n(to demonstrate that the purported causal effect was not found among those who were not \nexposed to the policy).\nFor studies that met our inclusion cr"]
[8.671974182128906, 4.065306186676025, "concerning the effects the laws are likely to produce. \nTable\u00a0S.1 summarizes our evidence ratings for all policy and outcome pairings. Several \noutcomes show multiple ratings, and these correspond to different characterizations of the \nspecific polic"]
[8.029556274414062, 4.336036205291748, " \nProhibited PossessorsExtreme Risk Protection \nOrdersBack-\nground \nChecks Licensing and Permitting \nRequirementsWaiting PeriodsFirearm Safety Training \nRequirementsLost or Stolen Firearm \nReporting RequirementsFirearm Sales Reporting, \nRecording, an"]
[7.941153049468994, 4.3414177894592285, "rt term\uf0e9 L\nNOTE: I = inconclusive; L = limited; M = moderate; S = supportive. When we identified no studies meeting eligibility criteria, cells are blank. \uf0e9 = the policy increases the outcome; \u00ea = the \npolicy decreases the outcome. K\u201312 = kindergarte"]
[7.937398910522461, 4.561675071716309, " gun use means that we do not have a way of directly estimating how the benefits of \nthese laws (in terms of the number of child lives saved) compares with the possible costs (in \nterms of forgone opportunities for self-defense). \nIn the section that"]
[7.754877090454102, 4.291881561279297, " laws establishing firearm prohibitions \nfor individuals subject to domestic violence restraining orders decrease total and firearm-\nrelated intimate partner homicides, and there is limited evidence that laws prescribing a \nmechanism for ensuring the"]
[8.002561569213867, 4.244845390319824, "on laws, waiting-period laws, permit-to-purchase \nlaws, and child-access prevention laws.\nConclusion 8.  There is limited evidence that laws prohibiting the purchase or possession \nof guns by individuals with histories of adjudicated mental illness o"]
[8.51481819152832, 4.129617691040039, "going program of research fund -\ning. This could include investments in firearm research portfolios not only at the Cen -\nters for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health but also \nat the National Institute of Justice and"]
[8.510641098022461, 4.165762901306152, "asonable compromise \nbetween cost and the public\u2019s need for more-detailed information. Release of the data \nfrom this expansion of the National Crime Victimization Survey should be a priority, \nhowever, because the expansion began six years ago. In a"]
[8.520721435546875, 4.119781970977783, "lly and legally feasible, at least in \nsome places. This decision meant that none of the policies we examined would dramatically \nincrease or decrease the stock of guns or gun ownership rates in ways that might produce \nmore readily detectable effect"]
[8.594825744628906, 4.076074600219727, "Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun PoliciesxviiiRAND Corporation, The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on \nthe Effects of Gun Policies in the United States , San"]
[7.921051502227783, 4.335638523101807, "s Firearms  .................................................................................... 53\nCHAPTER THREE\nMinimum Age Requirements  .......................................................................... 55\nState Implementation of Minimum "]
[8.066716194152832, 4.239063262939453, "........ 115\nEffects on Mass Shootings  .......................................................................... 119\nOutcomes Without Studies Examining the Effects of Firearm-Surrender Laws  ............ 121\nChapter Six References  ................"]
[7.891179084777832, 4.073205947875977, ".............................................. 189\nState Implementation of Waiting Periods  ......................................................... 192\nEffects on Suicide  ............................................................................"]
[8.162343978881836, 4.396690368652344, "e Sale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity Magazines  ........................ 227\nState Implementation of Bans on the Sale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity \nMagazines  ............................................................................"]
[8.088913917541504, 4.382676601409912, "............................................... 282\nCHAPTER SEVENTEEN\nChild-Access Prevention Laws  ....................................................................... 285\nState Implementation of Child-Access Prevention Laws ....................."]
[8.115777969360352, 4.320403575897217, ".......................................................................... 377\nChapter Twenty References  ......................................................................... 378\nPART E\nSummary of Findings and Recommendations  .................."]
[8.162158012390137, 4.313623428344727, "hootings  .............................................. 108\n 6.1. Incidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Firearm-Surrender  \nLaws on Violent Crime  ................................................................... 117\n 6.2. Incidence "]
[8.21688175201416, 4.400182723999023, "............................................. 232\n 14.2. Incidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Assault Weapon Bans  \non Violent Crime  ......................................................................... 235\n 14.3. Incidence Rate R"]
[8.482207298278809, 4.535900115966797, "tios Associated with the Effect of Concealed-Carry Laws  \non Mass Shootings  ........................................................................ 353\n 18.6. Incidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Concealed-Carry Laws  \non the Gun Ind"]
[8.52296257019043, 4.108964920043945, "o-thirds of these deaths are suicides (Kochanek et al., \n2019). Another 50,000 to 150,000 Americans per year receive care in a hospital for a nonfatal \ngun injury (Schnippel et al., 2021; Kaufman et al., 2021; Avraham, Frangos, and DiMaggio, \n2018).2"]
[8.597090721130371, 4.07663106918335, "orporation, \n2018), which synthesized the available scientific data on the effects of 13\u00a0classes of firearm \npolicies on firearm deaths, violent crime, the gun industry, participation in hunting and sport \nshooting, and other outcomes. It built and e"]
[8.630563735961914, 4.044565200805664, "igat -\ning the effects of a law are unavailable. Typically, therefore, we cannot conclude that a lack of \nevidence is evidence that a policy has no effect or even a small effect. We can conclude only \nthat we do not yet know what the policy\u2019s effects"]
[8.492135047912598, 4.14056921005249, " Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies6that have been used to shape how guns are used in the United States, and research is avail -\nable on the effectiveness of other approaches, such as public information campaigns, safety \nand train"]
[8.3224515914917, 4.227937698364258, "and suicide attempts. From a societal perspective, the most important of these out -\ncomes is total suicide; that is, the goal is to reduce the total number of suicide deaths regard -\nless of the method used in the suicide attempt. In many cases, how"]
[8.294053077697754, 4.175913333892822, "justed rate standardizes the crude (observed) suicide rate to allow comparisons across time \nthat are not confounded by changes in the age distribution of the population. Nevertheless, the crude rate \nand the absolute number of suicides have both inc"]
[8.329814910888672, 4.2614054679870605, "onneg -\nligent manslaughter, 36.4\u00a0percent of robberies, and 27.6\u00a0percent of aggravated assaults in 2019 \n(FBI, 2022b). Although the Uniform Crime Reporting Summary Reporting System has been \na key source of crime data for decades, 2020 marked its fin"]
[8.344998359680176, 4.231522083282471, "h examining nonfatal unintentional injuries. There \nwere close to 21\u00a0million unintentional injury discharges from emergency rooms in 2020, of \nwhich 29,317 (less than 1\u00a0percent) were caused by a firearm (CDC, 2022c).4 These reports \nomit injuries tha"]
[12.952661514282227, 4.300983905792236, "s more broadly.\nPolice Shootings\nPolice shootings of civilians have triggered fierce debates locally and nationally about when \nuse of lethal force is appropriate and whether it is being used disproportionately against \nminorities. Although the FBI h"]
[8.498348236083984, 4.144970893859863, " typically has been measured in the empirical literature using self-reports \non surveys of gun owners, although some studies have used firearm deaths coded as justifi -\nable homicides to investigate subsets of defensive gun use. Although there are so"]
[8.408621788024902, 4.2016425132751465, "es, 2022). The literature on defensive \ngun use and the challenges of defining and measuring such use were reviewed in the first edi -\ntion of this report (see RAND Corporation, 2018, Chapter\u00a0Twenty-Three). \nHunting and Recreation\nFederal statistics "]
[8.597475051879883, 4.0500407218933105, "ut 1\u00a0percent were held by importers \n(Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 2021).\nOrganization of This Report\nThe report is organized into five parts. Part\u00a0A introduces the project scope and objectives in \nChapter\u00a0One and the methods "]
[8.339920997619629, 4.242031574249268, ", Catherine, and David Hemenway, \u201cToo Many or Too Few Unintentional Firearm \nDeaths in Official US Mortality Data?\u201d Accident Analysis and Prevention , Vol.\u00a043, No.\u00a03, 2011, \npp.\u00a0724\u2013731.\nBarber, C., D. Hemenway, J. Hochstadt, and D. Azrael, \u201cUnderest"]
[8.365711212158203, 4.260930061340332, " , \nVol. 25, No. 3, 2006a, pp. 691\u2013735.\nCramer, Clayton E., \u201cWhy the FBI\u2019s Justifiable Homicide Statistics Are a Misleading Measure \nof Defensive Gun Use,\u201d University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy , Vol.\u00a027, 2016, \npp.\u00a0505\u2013514.\nDoucette"]
[8.306295394897461, 4.24805212020874, " \nEpidemiology , Vol.\u00a02, No.\u00a026, 2015a. \nHodur, Nancy M., F. Larry Leistritz, and Kara L. Wolfe, \u201cDeveloping the Nature-Based Tourism \nSector in Southwestern North Dakota,\u201d Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social \nSciences , Vol.\u00a018, S"]
[8.407200813293457, 4.23612642288208, " Fears of Gun \nControl Subside , Los Angeles, Calif., IBISWorld Industry Report 33299a: Guns and Ammunition \nManufacturing in the U.S., June 2017. \nLuo, Michael, and Mike McIntire, \u201cChildren and Guns: The Hidden Toll,\u201d New York Times , \nSeptember\u00a028,"]
[8.590192794799805, 4.080574989318848, "h Coding with an Intent-Based Classification Approach,\u201d Pediatrics , Vol.\u00a0111, \nNo.\u00a04, 2003, pp.\u00a0741\u2013744.The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies18Schildkraut, Jaclyn, H. Jaymi Elsass, a"]
[8.615010261535645, 4.0598602294921875, "cies\nThe third edition of this report updates our review of evidence for the effects of the 18 policies \nincluded in the second edition. Our approach to selecting these policies, which is described \nin greater detail in Smart et al. (2020), was guide"]
[8.679784774780273, 4.048035144805908, "restricting our \nevaluation to state policies, we exclude local interventions (e.g., problem-oriented policing, \nfocused deterrence strategies) that have been evaluated in prior meta-analyses (Braga, Papa -\nchristos, and Hureau, 2014; Braga and Weisb"]
[8.580066680908203, 4.083553314208984, "\u2022 gun OR guns OR firearm* OR handgun* OR shotgun* OR rifle* OR longgun* OR \nmachinegun* OR \u201cmachine gun*\u201d OR pistol* OR \u201cautomatic weapon\u201d OR \u201cassault \nweapon\u201d OR \u201csemi-automatic weapon*\u201d OR \u201cautomatic weapons\u201d OR \u201cassault weapons\u201d \nOR \u201csemiautomatic"]
[8.820337295532227, 3.9442076683044434, "\nWorldCat Catalog of books, web resources, and other material worldwide.\nScopus An abstract and citation database with links to full-text content, covering \npeer-reviewed research and web sources in scientific, technical, medical, and social \nscience"]
[8.728293418884277, 4.055026054382324, "ectional analysis or leveraged the time-series \nnature of the analyzed data). Thus, we established hierarchical selection criteria that were less \nrestrictive at the stage of title and abstract review. We developed all criteria using our research \nqu"]
[8.651764869689941, 4.007994174957275, "onal Firearms Agreement in Australia, see RAND Corporation, 2018, \nChapter\u00a0Twenty-Four).\nFull-Text Review\nNext, we used full-text review to ensure that the studies included thus far did not meet any of \nthe first set of exclusion criteria and to excl"]
[8.791938781738281, 4.088559150695801, "vide all three types of evidence. Such a design can demon -\nstrate that the policy preceded the change in the outcome of interest, and it can rule out a \nwider range of potential confounds, including historical time trends and the time-invariant \ncha"]
[8.806285858154297, 4.131850719451904, "trength of state child-access prevention laws \nusing a scale. This scale does not, however, combine the effects of multiple different law classes as we have \ndefined them, so we consider the study in our synthesis of evidence for the effect of child-"]
[8.763608932495117, 4.091863632202148, "esearch syntheses. \nFor instance, in the main chapters of this report and the previous editions, we do not note \nwhen papers provided no goodness-of-fit tests or other statistical evidence to justify their \ncovariate selections. We also do not focus "]
[8.74150276184082, 4.07589054107666, "un policies \nwe studied. Indeed, in many cases, knowledgeable analysts disagree on even the direction of \nthe effects expected from the policies (Smart, Morral, and Schell, 2021). Thus, we discount \neffects when the underlying study had methodologica"]
[8.784937858581543, 4.099621295928955, "ses with low statistical power results in an uncom -\nfortably high probability that effects found to be statistically significant at p\u00a0<\u00a00.05 are in the \nwrong direction and all effects have exaggerated effect sizes (Gelman and Carlin, 2014). If \nwe "]
[8.7206392288208, 4.0642852783203125, "ale describing the strength of available evidence: \n1. No studies. This designation was made when no studies meeting our inclusion criteria \nevaluated the policy\u2019s effect on the outcome. \n2. Inconclusive evidence. This designation was made when studi"]
[8.622637748718262, 4.132750511169434, "s, some studies published updates to earlier works that expanded the time \nframe of the analysis, corrected errors, or applied more-advanced statistical methods to a \nnearly identical data set. In these cases, we do not treat both the earlier and lat"]
[8.608543395996094, 4.133940696716309, "alla et al. (2014)\n46 Gius (2014)\n47 Gius (2015a)\n48 Gius (2015b)\n49 Gius (2015c)\n50 Gius (2016)\n51 Gius (2017)\n52 Gius (2018)\n53 Gius (2019a)\n54 Gius (2019b)\n55 Gius (2020a)\n56 Gius (2020b)\n57 Glaeser and Glendon (1998)\n58 Grambsch (2008)\n59 Guettab"]
[8.68481159210205, 4.160480499267578, "n (2014)Table 2.3\u2014ContinuedMethods35results; in addition, the estimated effects of policies in the two papers were identical for the \nestimates of interest to us in this review. Table\u00a02.4 lists the superseded studies and their super -\nseding versions"]
[8.346503257751465, 4.271431922912598, "40, \n141, 143, 15052, 68, 96, \n14776 26\nLicensing and \npermitting \nrequirements3, 24, 97, \n105, 14625, 26, 38, 51, \n61, 75, 97, 105, \n127, 135, 145, \n15118, 96, 147 137 19Methods37Policy Suicide Violent Crime Unintentional \nInjuries and \nDeathsMass \n"]
[8.822879791259766, 4.180975914001465, "., \n2015; Guettabi and Munasib, 2018; Kagawa et al., 2018; Kivisto and Phalen, 2018; Rudolph \net al., 2015), we inferred approximate standard errors from the p -value associated with a per -\nmutation test presented to demonstrate the likely statistic"]
[8.33491039276123, 4.335366725921631, "tings,\u201d Journal of Law and Economics , Vol.\u00a061, No.\u00a03, August 2018, pp.\u00a0489\u2013524.\nAnderson, D. Mark, Joseph J. Sabia, and Erdal Tekin, Child Access Prevention Laws and Juvenile \nFirearm-Related Homicides , Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic"]
[8.404451370239258, 4.314164638519287, "nomic Inquiry , Vol.\u00a036, No.\u00a02, 1998, pp.\u00a0258\u2013265.\nBenson, Bruce L., and Brent D. Mast, \u201cPrivately Produced General Deterrence,\u201d Journal of Law \nand Economics , Vol.\u00a044, No.\u00a0S2, 2001, pp.\u00a0725\u2013746.\nBlack, Dan A., and Daniel S. Nagin, \u201cDo Right-to-Carr"]
[8.290380477905273, 4.29095983505249, "ffect of the Brady Act on Gun Violence,\u201d in B.\u00a0Harcourt, \ned., Guns, Crime, and Punishment in America , New York: New York University Press, 2003, \npp.\u00a0283\u2013298.The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S"]
[8.354248046875, 4.308666229248047, "u Kalesan, Kristin A. Goss, and Michael Siegel, \n\u201cState Intimate Partner Violence\u2013Related Firearm Laws and Intimate Partner Homicide Rates in \nthe United States, 1991 to 2015,\u201d Annals of Internal Medicine , Vol.\u00a0167, No.\u00a08, 2017, pp.\u00a0536\u2013543. \nDonohu"]
[8.39786148071289, 4.320821285247803, " the Frequency of Mass Shootings and Firearms Homicide,\u201d Justice Quarterly , \nVol. 38, No. 5, 2021, pp. 892\u2013915.\nGelman, Andrew, and John Carlin, \u201cPower Calculations: Assessing Type S (Sign) and Type M \n(Magnitude) Errors,\u201d Perspectives on Psychologi"]
[8.423598289489746, 4.317384719848633, " No.\u00a02, May 1998, pp.\u00a0458\u2013462.\nGoodman-Bacon, Andrew, \u201cDifference-in-Differences with Variation in Treatment Timing,\u201d \nJournal of Econometrics , Vol. 225, No. 2, December 2021, pp. 254\u2013277.\nGrambsch, P., \u201cRegression to the Mean, Murder Rates, and Sha"]
[8.278653144836426, 4.287351608276367, "ichard C. Fording, \u201cThe Effect of State Gun Laws on Youth Suicide \nby Firearm: 1981\u20132017,\u201d Suicide and Life\u2010Threatening Behavior , Vol. 51, No. 2, April 2021, \npp. 368\u2013377.\nKaufman, Elinore J., Christopher N. Morrison, Erik J. Olson, David K. Humphre"]
[8.398884773254395, 4.317383289337158, ",\u201d \nHomicide Studies , Vol.\u00a09, No.\u00a04, 2005, pp.\u00a0292\u2013323.\nLa Valle, James M., \u201cRebuilding at Gunpoint: A City-Level Re-Estimation of the Brady Law and \nRTC Laws in the Wake of Hurricane Katrina,\u201d Criminal Justice Policy Review , Vol.\u00a018, No.\u00a04, \n2007,"]
[8.401384353637695, 4.327047348022461, "nces , Vol.\u00a0114, No.\u00a046, 2017, pp.\u00a012162\u201312165. \nLudwig, Jens, \u201cConcealed-Gun-Carrying Laws and Violent Crime: Evidence from State Panel \nData,\u201d International Review of Law and Economics , Vol.\u00a018, No.\u00a03, 1998, pp.\u00a0239\u2013254.\nLudwig, J., and P. J. Cook"]
[8.381103515625, 4.328413963317871, "he Debate on Shall-Issue Laws, Continued,\u201d Econ Journal Watch , Vol.\u00a06, No.\u00a02, 2009, \npp.\u00a0203\u2013217. \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cThe Impact of Right-to-Carry Laws: A Critique of the 2014 Version of Aneja, Donohue, \nand Zhang,\u201d Econ Journal Watch , Vol.\u00a015, No.\u00a01, January 2"]
[8.33974552154541, 4.284694671630859, "th Rates,\u201d Injury Prevention , Vol.\u00a011, \nNo.\u00a02, 2005, pp.\u00a077\u201383.\nRoth, Jeffrey A., and Christopher S. Koper, Impact Evaluation of the Public Safety and \nRecreational Firearms Use Protection Act of 1994: Final Report , Washington, D.C.: Urban \nInstitu"]
[8.321757316589355, 4.259350299835205, "W. Cronin, \nZiming Xuan, and David Hemenway, \u201cThe Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide Rates in \nSuburban and Rural Areas Compared to Large Cities in the United States, 1991\u20132016,\u201d Journal of \nRural Health , Vol. 36, No. 2, 2020b, pp. 255\u2013265.\nSi"]
[7.806999683380127, 4.29408073425293, ", E. R., and J. A. Mercy, \u201cDisarming Batterers: The Impact of Domestic Violence Firearms \nLaws,\u201d in Jens Ludwig and Philip J. Cook, eds., Evaluating Gun Policy: Effects on Crime and \nViolence , Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003, pp."]
[7.737618923187256, 4.592421531677246, "ditions for the possession and purchase of firearms include certain criminal histories (e.g., \nconviction of a felony, conviction of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence, or status as \na fugitive from justice), criteria related to mental illness "]
[7.715984344482422, 4.626749515533447, " young people\u2014and therefore \nreduce the gun violence and unintentional shootings they commit. \nFirearm homicides and violent crimes disproportionately involve individuals under age \n21, both as perpetrators and as victims. Indeed, in 2020, arrest rat"]
[7.763952732086182, 4.602168560028076, "te -\nmute, and Claire, 2008; Shah et\u00a0al., 2000; Grossman, Reay, and Baker, 1999). Indeed, a 2019 \nstudy using high-quality data from the Violent Death Reporting System indicated that rifles \nand shotguns were used in more than half of suicides among "]
[7.747341156005859, 4.6199235916137695, " a significant issue. A 2015 survey suggests that up to 7\u00a0percent (4.6\u00a0million) of \nU.S. children (defined as those aged\u00a017 or younger) reside in homes where at least one firearm \nis stored loaded and unlocked, a much higher estimate than reported in"]
[7.704845428466797, 4.627172946929932, "inimum age laws on these outcomes are \ndriven by the relevant age group affected by the policy. For outcomes of violent crime and \nnon-self-inflicted injury, causal analyses could be improved with data that reported the age of The Science of Gun Poli"]
[7.841150283813477, 4.551506519317627, "See Calif. Penal Code \u00a7 27505; Conn. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 29-34(b); Del. Code Ann. Tit. 24, \u00a7\u00a7 901, 903; Fla. \nStat. \u00a7\u00a0790.065(13); Hawaii Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 134-2(d); 430 Ill. Comp. Stat. 65/4(a); Ia. Code \u00a7 724.22(1), \n(2); Md. Ann. Code Art. 27 \u00a7\u00a0 5-134(b)"]
[7.74329948425293, 4.609817981719971, "505; Fla. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a0790.22; \nHawaii Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 134-2; Ill. Comp. Stat. 65/3, 65/4; 13 Vt. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 4020(a). Although Hawaii\u2019s law \nis silent about sales, the state requires permits for all purchases, and permits are issued only to those"]
[7.667013645172119, 4.6151957511901855, " (2004) examined the effect of state-level \nchanges in minimum purchase and possession age laws on suicide rates among those \naged 14\u201317 and 18\u201320. The authors used negative binomial regression models that employed \ngeneralized estimating equations a"]
[7.689894199371338, 4.627246379852295, " Additional analyses among boys \nand young men stratified by age group (0\u201319 and 20\u201324) suggested no statistically significant \neffects, although both point estimates are negative and slightly stronger among males aged \n20\u201324. \nUsing a similar empiri"]
[7.715545654296875, 4.661850929260254, " laws, which guarantee the right to a concealed-carry permit for all citizens who are The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies62find suggestive effects consistent with minimum possession"]
[7.713742256164551, 4.624543190002441, "ond approach used a difference-in-differences model to examine tempo -\nral trends in states that changed their minimum age requirements relative to states with no \npolicy change. The authors used a linear regression model that included state and year"]
[7.706311225891113, 4.586925983428955, "e of less than 1.00 indicates that the law appears to reduce the \noutcome. For example, if the effect size for the effect of background checks on suicides \nwere 0.92, we would expect the suicide rate to fall to 0.92 times the rate prior to passage of"]
[7.7097978591918945, 4.616476535797119, " than federal law requires were associated with reductions in firearm suicides \namong those 24 and younger. Finally, Raifman et al. (2020) reported that laws requiring a \nminimum age of 21 for all handgun purchases were associated with significant re"]
[7.701961517333984, 4.636331081390381, " suicides among those aged 24 \nand younger.Evidence for this\nrelationship is\ninconclusive.Higher minimum age \nrequirements for purchasing\na /f_irearm have\nuncertain\neffects on total\nsuicides.\nEvidence for this\nrelationship is\nmoderate.Minimum age req"]
[7.718529224395752, 4.619288921356201, "ession by \njuveniles also established waiting periods and background checks, and other federal policy \npassed in 1994 created major crime reduction programs (the Violent Crime Control and Law \nEnforcement Act). If states that had not passed minimum a"]
[7.709908485412598, 4.643574237823486, "he observed reduction in firearm homicides could be due to the \nlaw or to other events occurring in Connecticut around the same time the law passed. \nSiegel et al. (2019) estimated the effects of minimum age laws for handgun possession \non state homi"]
[7.697409152984619, 4.646740913391113, " with others in this figure. IRR values \nmarked with blue squares indicate that methodological concerns are discussed in the text. Green \ncircles indicate that we identified no significant methodological concerns. See Appendix B for details.\nEvidence"]
[7.6470723152160645, 4.687200546264648, "g the effect of laws requiring either minimum \nage to purchase or minimum age to possess a firearm. Gius (2015b) found a suggestive effect \nconsistent with minimum possession \nage laws decreasing unintentional fire-\narm deaths among those aged 19 or "]
[7.687833786010742, 4.639607906341553, "e minimum age requirements \nexamined in Luca, Malhotra, and Poliquin (2016).\nConclusions\nWe identified one qualifying study exam-\nining how minimum age requirements \nfor purchasing a firearm affect the inci-\ndence of mass shootings. Luca, Malhotra, \n"]
[8.05493450164795, 4.444929599761963, "Homicide Data Table\u00a03: Murder Offenders, by \nAge, Sex, Race, and Ethnicity, 2018,\u201d webpage, Crime in the United States 2018, 2019a. As of \nNovember\u00a018, 2019: \nhttps://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2018/crime-in-the-u.s.-2018/tables/  \nexpanded-homicid"]
[8.12873363494873, 4.407243251800537, "lic Law 117-159, Bipartisan Safer Communities Act, June 25, 2022.\nPuzzanchera, C., G. Chamberlin, and W. Kang, \u201cEasy Access to the FBI\u2019s Supplementary \nHomicide Reports: 1980\u20132020,\u201d Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 2021. \nRaifma"]
[7.8486175537109375, 4.300960540771484, "renson, \u201cRecreational Gun Use by California Adolescents,\u201d Health \nEducation and Behavior , Vol.\u00a032, No.\u00a06, 2005, pp.\u00a0751\u2013766.\nWatkins, Adam M., Beth M. Huebner, and Scott H. Decker, \u201cPatterns of Gun Acquisition, \nCarrying, and Use Among Juvenile and "]
[7.83913516998291, 4.168926239013672, "tting harm to others or to themselves.\nEpidemiological evidence suggests that a diagnosis of mental illness alone has little rela -\ntion to risk of interpersonal violence (Swanson et al., 2015); in particular, studies estimate \nthat between 2\u00a0percent"]
[7.808769702911377, 4.2092204093933105, "reviously expressed for 15 cases (11.3\u00a0percent), and informal concerns about the shooter\u2019s \nmental health had been previously expressed for 13 additional cases (9.8\u00a0percent). Although \nmass public shooters are more likely to have a psychotic disorder"]
[7.817058563232422, 4.119565010070801, " opportunities \nfor defensive gun use. At the same time, such an expansion may decrease violent crime, mass \nshootings, and suicides carried out by this population.\nIndeed, evidence supports that expanding prohibitions associated with mental illness "]
[7.850456237792969, 4.162378787994385, "pter\u00a0Eight (on background checks). The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies82State Implementation of Prohibitions Associated with Mental \nIllness\nAs of January 1, 2021, 35 states and the"]
[7.84232759475708, 4.17978048324585, "Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 393; Mass. \nGen. Laws Ann. \u00a7 129B; Minn. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 624.713; N.J. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 2C:39-7; N.D. Cent. Code \u00a7 62.1-02-01; \nWash. Rev. Code \u00a7 941.040; Wisc. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 941.29, 51.20, 54.10.\n6 Mo. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 571.070.\n7 Mich. Comp. L"]
[7.841946601867676, 4.15695333480835, " significant behavioral, emotional, \nor mental disorder\u201d (Hawaii Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 134-7). California has a long list of disqualifiers, including \nthreats of physical violence, various lengths of detention, and court-ordered evaluation and counseling"]
[7.82368278503418, 4.097954273223877, " rates among individuals in Flor -\nida with a disqualifying mental health condition relative to individuals diagnosed with a seri -\nous mental illness but not prohibited from purchasing a firearm. They found no significant \ndifference between suicide"]
[7.837640762329102, 4.080768585205078, "nd FIGURE 4.1\nIncidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Mental Health\u2013Related \nProhibitions on Suicide\nNOTE: IRR values marked with blue squares indicate that methodological concerns are discussed in the \ntext. See Appendix B for details.\nE"]
[7.839306354522705, 4.078024864196777, "f arrest both before and after the NICS reporting change, but the \nmagnitude of the decrease following NICS reporting was smaller than the reduction seen in \nthe \u201ctreated\u201d group with a disqualifying condition. However, no statistical tests were pro -"]
[7.832079887390137, 4.137529373168945, "ence that some \nstate or federal mental health\u2013related pro-\nhibitions on gun ownership reduce violent \ncrime . Evidence for the effect of these pro-\nhibitions on total homicides and firearm \nhomicides specifically is inconclusive.\nOutcomes Without St"]
[8.076425552368164, 4.197709083557129, "ities, 2009\u20132015\u2014Statistical Tables , \nWashington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, NCJ 250632, 2017.\nHughes, Karen, Mark A. Bellis, Lisa Jones, Sara Wood, Geoff Bates, Lindsay Eckley, Ellie \nMcCoy, Christopher Mikton, "]
[7.788880348205566, 4.166779041290283, "es , Rockville, Md., 2022. \nSwanson, Jeffrey W., \u201cMental Disorder, Substance Abuse, and Community Violence: An \nEpidemiological Approach,\u201d in J. Monahan and H. Steadman, eds., Violence and Mental \nDisorder , Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press"]
[7.6615891456604, 4.315335750579834, " firearm while subject \nto a nontemporary restraining order protecting an intimate partner or the child of an inti -\nmate partner (Vigdor and Mercy, 2006). Subsequently, in 1996, the Lautenberg Amendment \n(Pub.\u00a0L.\u00a0104-208) to the Gun Control Act of 1"]
[7.6307806968688965, 4.320770740509033, "itted by a spouse is nearly equal to the proportion committed \nby a boyfriend or girlfriend (Cooper and Smith, 2011; Sabri, Campbell, and Messing, 2021). \nAlthough it is possible that some of these unmarried partners were cohabitants (and thus \nwould"]
[7.689218521118164, 4.287121295928955, "e the defendant was alleged to have threatened to kill the plaintiff. Furthermore, when \nfirearms are ordered surrendered, there is often no clear procedure for enforcing such orders \n(Frattaroli, Zeoli, and Webster, 2021). For more information about"]
[7.7186279296875, 4.303483009338379, "Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies94or more individuals, not including the offender, murdered with firearms in one incident) \nfrom 1999 to 2013 found that 40\u00a0percent involved familicide; additionally, about 20\u00a0percent \nof all mass public sh"]
[7.664239883422852, 4.307793617248535, "ers \nto have a material effect on gun sales or the gun industry. \nTo understand the potential effect size of these policies, it would be helpful to have infor -\nmation on the size of the affected population and the extent to which the laws succeed in"]
[7.689809322357178, 4.34006929397583, "Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 586-3, 134-7(f); Ill. Stat. Ch. 725 \u00a7\u00a7 5/112A-14(14.5), \n5/112A-17.5(b); Me. Stat. 19 \u00a7 4006; Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 209A, \u00a7\u00a7 3B, 4; Mich. Comp. Laws Serv. \u00a7\u00a7 28.422, \n552.14, 600.2950, 600.2950a; Mont. Code \u00a7\u00a7 40-15-201(2), 40-15-102(1), "]
[7.675079345703125, 4.327846050262451, " further than just prohibiting possession of firearms by individuals sub -\nject to DVROs. Twenty-three states require (or allow judges to require) individuals to sur -\n6 Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minn"]
[7.732194423675537, 4.264078140258789, "et our inclusion criteria and examined how prohibitions on \ngun possession associated with a domestic violence conviction affected suicide. Using data \nfrom 1995 to 2004, Andr\u00e9s and Hempstead (2011) assessed the association of men\u2019s suicide \nrates wi"]
[7.776984691619873, 4.124820709228516, "is -\ndemeanors, Sen and Panjamapirom (2012) examined the effect of whether a state, in its back -\nground check process, checks on restraining orders and misdemeanors. Controlling for year \nand census subregion fixed effects, baseline state suicide ra"]
[7.679220199584961, 4.29721736907959, ") focused \non workplace homicides. The state laws that were analyzed in our included literature for this \nclass of policies primarily cover firearm prohibitions associated with DVROs and domes-\ntic violence misdemeanors, although two studies also ana"]
[7.652744770050049, 4.312597751617432, " mechanism for requiring that they surrender all firearms. \nUsing a linear model controlling for state and year fixed effects, state-specific linear trends, \nand a host of state-level covariates, the author identified the effect of the federal law by"]
[7.668380260467529, 4.285512447357178, "e negative relationship of DVRO policies with intimate partner homicide rates \nwas suggestive in the absence of firearm relinquishment provisions but was large and statis -\ntically significant in the presence of relinquishment requirements, indicatin"]
[7.6522369384765625, 4.289701461791992, "nificantly reduced rates of total and firearm homicide rates. State back -\nground checks on misdemeanor offenses showed uncertain effects (see Figure\u00a05.2). However, \n14 Zeoli et al. (2018) also estimated the effects of the federal DVRO-related prohib"]
[7.6927995681762695, 4.287333965301514, "ntile was \nassociated with a 5.3-percent reduction in workplace homicides between 2011 and 2017. The \ngamma regression model used to generate this estimate included year fixed effects and six \ndemographic and economic covariates. The model did not in"]
[7.665525913238525, 4.2934794425964355, "e text. Green circles indicate that we \nidentified no significant methodological concerns. See Appendix B for details. DV = domestic violence. \nIPH = intimate partner homicide.Figure 5.2\u2014Continued\nProhibitions Associated with Domestic Violence\n105qui"]
[7.680502891540527, 4.285895347595215, "s on /f_irearm-\nrelated intimate \npartner homicides.The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\n106stalking convictions influence firearm-\nrelated intimate partner homicides , and\nthere is "]
[7.663269996643066, 4.308525562286377, "n mass shootings that involved a domestic relationship and those that did not.16 \nAmong the 14 types of policies included in the study were four related to domestic violence: \nfirearm prohibitions for subjects of DVROs that include ex parte orders, f"]
[7.893621444702148, 4.353074073791504, "ates, 1995\u20132004,\u201d Health Policy , Vol.\u00a0101, No.\u00a01, \n2011, pp.\u00a095\u2013103.\nCampbell, J. C., D. Webster, J. Kozio-McLain, C. Block, D. Campbell, M. A. Curry, F. Gary, \nN. Glass, J. McFarlane, C. Sachs, P. Sharps, Y. Ulrich, S. A. Wilt, J. Manganello, X. Xu"]
[7.839881420135498, 4.3052167892456055, "ap in State Domestic Violence Gun Laws,\u201d Kentucky Law Journal , Vol.\u00a091, \nNo.\u00a04, 2003, pp.\u00a0935\u2013955.\nHemenway, David, Deborah Azrael, Andrew Conner, and Matthew Miller, \u201cVariation in Rates \nof Fatal Police Shootings Across U.S. States: The Role of Fir"]
[7.846508979797363, 4.317492485046387, "w , Vol.\u00a075, No.\u00a02, 1999, pp.\u00a0365\u2013390.\nPublic Law 90-618, Gun Control Act of 1968, October\u00a022, 1968.\nPublic Law 103-322, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 1994.\nPublic Law 104-208, Section 658, Gun Ban for Individuals Convicted o"]
[7.64433479309082, 4.273779392242432, "ster, Shannon Frattaroli, Barbara E. Claire, and Garen\u00a0J. \nWintemute, \u201cRemoving Guns from Batterers: Findings from a Pilot Survey of Domestic \nViolence Restraining Order Recipients in California,\u201d Violence Against Women , Vol.\u00a019, No.\u00a05, \n2013, pp.\u00a06"]
[7.627164363861084, 4.30601167678833, "fenders \npresent an especially elevated risk of violence to their partners. For this reason, state firearm-\nsurrender laws often focus on domestic violence offenders at the time they are convicted of \nsuch crimes. \nAlthough firearm-surrender laws exi"]
[7.683591842651367, 4.298153877258301, "l may also transfer possession to \na licensed dealer for storage. See also Calif. Fam. Code \u00a7 6389. The individual shall surrender fire -\narms for the period of the protective order.\n\u2022 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 29036k. The individual has two business d"]
[7.636927604675293, 4.379245281219482, "ix \nstudies focus on surrender laws related to domestic violence. Vigdor and Mercy (2006) exam -\nined how intimate partner homicide is affected by laws that allow law enforcement officers \nto confiscate firearms at the scene of alleged domestic viole"]
[7.660530090332031, 4.327466011047363, "724.26; La. \nCode Crim. P. Title XXXV, Art. 1001(A)(1), (2); 2018 Md. Chap. 251; Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 140, \u00a7\u00a7 129B, \n129D; Minn. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 2242; Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a0 202.361; N.J. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 2C:25-27; N.Y. Crim. \nProc. Law \u00a7 370.25; 2019 Ore."]
[7.655600547790527, 4.293385982513428, "ng the firearm ownership of newly \nprohibited possessors and requiring that they surrender all firearms. That mechanism, \nrequiring the defendant to attest to having disposed of all their firearms, is a relatively weak \nversion of a surrender law. Ra"]
[7.595843315124512, 4.3006367683410645, "und only uncertain effects of these laws on \nintimate partner homicides committed by any means, as well as uncertain effects for fire-\narm intimate partner homicides of women. Zeoli and Webster (2010), D\u00edez et\u00a0al. (2017), and \nZeoli et al. (2018) als"]
[7.708110809326172, 4.3056535720825195, "ntified homicides between 1984 and \n2017 that involved four or more firearm \nfatalities (excluding offender fatalities and \ndrug- or gang-related shootings) using the Federal Bureau of Investigation\u2019s Supplementary \nHomicide Reports and two additiona"]
[7.651489734649658, 4.293763160705566, " by prohibited possessors affect \nmass shootings .Evidence for this\nrelationship is\ninconclusive.Firearm-surrender laws\nhave\nuncertain\neffects on mass\nshootings.FIGURE 6.2\nIncidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Firearm-Surrender Laws on "]
[7.566503047943115, 4.273648738861084, "Vol.\u00a027, \nNo. 2, 2021, pp. 145\u2013149.\nRaissian, Kerri M., \u201cHold Your Fire: Did the 1996 Federal Gun Control Act Expansion Reduce \nDomestic Homicides?\u201d Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , Vol.\u00a035, No.\u00a01, Winter 2016, \npp.\u00a067\u201393. \nSorenson, Susan"]
[7.412120342254639, 4.2919020652771, "0 million to support state and local implementation of ERPOs; the U.S. Depart -\nment of Justice had previously published model ERPO legislation (U.S. Department of Jus -\ntice, 2021). Currently, state lawmakers have adopted a wide range of legislation"]
[7.419400691986084, 4.287593364715576, "he respondent possesses. If a respondent does not return firearms in his or her possession \nonce the order is served, the court may issue a warrant to authorize law enforcement officials \nto retrieve the weapons.\nERPO laws are designed to respond to "]
[7.422709941864014, 4.284789562225342, "he first year of Colorado\u2019s 2020 ERPO law (Barnard et al., 2021). \nBetween 2006 and 2013, 58 ERPOs were served per year in Indiana; between 1999 and 2013, \n51\u00a0orders were served per year in Connecticut (Kapoor et al., 2018). In contrast, in the first"]
[7.42357063293457, 4.286819934844971, "of the high-risk individual\u2019s behav -\nior, we could expect that a higher percentage of at-risk individuals would have their firearms \nremoved for their safety or to prevent violent crimes. In addition, laws that allow for ex parte The Science of Gun "]
[7.433570384979248, 4.284238338470459, "rtion \nof firearm suicides to total suicides, the authors estimated that an additional 72\u00a0suicide deaths \nwould have occurred in the absence of the gun removal. Researchers found similar results \nin a study of persons subjected to gun seizure in Mari"]
[7.443241596221924, 4.279878616333008, "Colo. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 13-14.5-104; Del. Code Ann. Tit. \n10, \u00a7 7701, 7704 (family and household members can petition for non-emergency orders); Hawaii Rev. Stat. \nAnn. \u00a7 134-C; 430 Ill. Comp. Stat. 67/35, 67/40; Md. Code Ann., Pub. Safety \u00a7\u00a05-601(E)(2); "]
[7.417827606201172, 4.282674789428711, "inia Tech \nmass shooting in 2007.\nBased on the 1999 enactment date of Connecticut\u2019s ERPO law, the analyses showed \nsmall and uncertain effects on firearm suicide rates and on nonfirearm suicide rates (see \nFigure\u00a0 7.1).13 Defining the postinterventio"]
[7.405893325805664, 4.274744033813477, "o isolate the cause of any observed change to the pas-\nsage of the law versus to other co-occurring factors, and the study may have had limited \npower to detect meaningful effects.\nFigure\u00a07.1 displays the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and CIs associat"]
[7.451208114624023, 4.280864715576172, " of ERPOs on murder rates generated mixed findings. \nSpecifically, Gius (2020b) found a possible reduction in total and firearm murder rates in \nConnecticut but a possible increase in firearm murder rates in Indiana. Given the contradic-\ntory evidenc"]
[7.554165840148926, 4.277723789215088, "B. Shev, Christopher E. Knoepke, and Garen J. Wintemute, \u201cGun Violence Restraining \nOrders in California, 2016\u20132018: Case Details and Respondent Mortality,\u201d Injury Prevention , \n2022.\nRoskam, Kelly, and Vicka Chaplin, \u201cThe Gun Violence Restraining Or"]
[7.970916748046875, 4.231535911560059, "l W. Webster, \u201cUse of Extreme Risk Protection Orders to Reduce Gun \nViolence in Oregon,\u201d Criminology and Public Policy , Vol. 20, No. 2, May 2021, pp. 243\u2013261.135PART C\nEvidence for the Effects of Policies \nRegulating Firearm Sales and Transfers\nPart"]
[7.939335346221924, 4.1627726554870605, "r transfers of firearms (such as gifts). Several states \nhave expanded this federal requirement to mandate that background checks be conducted for \nall firearm sales and transfers, including those between private parties. Such laws are referred \nto a"]
[7.890854835510254, 4.113765716552734, "ent firearm without \nundergoing a background check (Hepburn, Azrael, and Miller, 2022). For firearms purchased \nthrough private sources, 66\u00a0percent were acquired without a background check; this percent -\nage was higher in states without comprehensiv"]
[7.877768516540527, 4.1002278327941895, "tion, 2018, Chapter\u00a0Nineteen), it is unclear the extent to Background Checks139which related disqualifying indicators assessed in the background check process (e.g., prior \nfelony convictions, adjudicated mental health problems) adequately proxy for "]
[7.895057678222656, 4.196929931640625, "cs of crimi -\nnal offenders or suicide victims beyond age, gender, and race/ethnicity. (The National Violent \nDeath Reporting System is an important exception, when that information is known.) In \nsome cases (e.g., restraining orders), an individual "]
[7.836984634399414, 4.236740589141846, "166.435; R.I. Gen. Laws \u00a7 11-47-35; \n13\u00a0Vt. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 4019; Wash. Rev. Code Ann. \u00a7 9.41.113; D.C. Code Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 7-2502.01, 7-2502.03.\n3 Calif. Penal Code \u00a7\u00a7\u00a027545, 27875; Colo. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 18-12-112; 24\u00a0Del. Code \u00a7\u00a0904A; Nev. Rev. Stat. Ann. \n\u00a7 20"]
[7.814579963684082, 3.9726638793945312, "1977 to 2014, Luca, \nMalhotra, and Poliquin (2017) evaluated the effects of background check and waiting-period \nlaws on suicide rates among adults aged 21 or older. Their analysis was based on log-linear \nmodels adjusting for national trends, state "]
[7.8756818771362305, 4.046135902404785, " (or total \nsuicides) appear on both sides of the model equation, which can lead to biased law effect esti -\nmates (National Research Council, 2004). Results from these models revealed only uncertain \neffects of background check laws on overall and f"]
[7.861843109130859, 4.060408115386963, "rovide strong evidence on the \neffects of background checks. \nMcCourt et al. (2020) examined the effects of point-of-sale background check laws in \nPennsylvania (1995) and Maryland (1996) relative to synthetic control states , defined as those \nwitho"]
[7.8652520179748535, 4.060919284820557, "tes changed this policy during the study time frame that these \neffects cannot persuasively be attributed to the background check policy as opposed to other \nfactors affecting suicides in the states around the same time their laws changed. Checks for"]
[7.857755184173584, 4.05100679397583, " concerns are discussed in the \ntext. Green circles indicate that we identified no significant methodological concerns. See Appendix B \nfor details.Figure 8.1\u2014Continued\nThe Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effec"]
[7.872513771057129, 4.045161247253418, "d checks have\nuncertain\neffects on total\nsuicides.\nEvidence for this\nrelationship is\ninconclusive.Background checks have\nuncertain\neffects on /f_irearm\nsuicides.Background Checks147Effects on Violent Crime\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nOf studies that "]
[7.823973178863525, 4.011713981628418, "effects of background checks specifically (separate from wait -\ning periods, which were also imposed by the Brady Act) by comparing five of 32 states that were required to \nimplement background checks but that did not experience a change in their wai"]
[7.848424434661865, 4.0323686599731445, "te Sales\nLott (2010) examined how state-required background checks for private sales affect violent \ncrime. Detailed results that include coefficients and test statistics were available for only one \nspecification and for the outcome of homicide (Lot"]
[7.856388568878174, 4.045205116271973, "e background \ncheck requirements, the authors\u2019 models instead showed that the permitting requirements \nsignificantly reduced firearm homicides by 11\u00a0 percent, while having uncertain effects on \nnonfirearm homicides (see Chapter\u00a0Nine). Because the aut"]
[7.861879825592041, 4.042870044708252, "ckground check or \npermit-to-purchase policies over the entire study period, only between seven and 11 states \nwere available to inform the constructed counterfactual; this leads to worse pre-intervention \nfit and increases the likelihood that any es"]
[7.871972560882568, 4.027940273284912, "r after \nthe law\u2019s implementation and thereafter, a portion of the law effect will be captured by the Background Checks151lagged outcome term.13 Using a similar specification but with one additional year of data, \nKaufman et al. (2020) found a signif"]
[7.8624091148376465, 4.022156715393066, "und check policies as \nopposed to other factors affecting homicides in the states around the same time their laws \nchanged. Additionally, the authors did not appear to make any adjustments to account for \nserial correlation and thus likely overstated"]
[7.812376499176025, 4.094722270965576, " merged administrative records \nfrom public health and criminal justice agencies to evaluate how changes in state reporting \nof gun-disqualifying mental health records to the NICS affected violent crime arrest rates for \nindividuals with a disqualify"]
[7.833240985870361, 4.0310797691345215, "ent data for us to calculate IRRs and CIs for the effect size of interest, so these are not \ndisplayed in the figure. The Swanson et al. (2016) estimate in the figure is the change from \nbefore and after the NICS reporting requirements for legally di"]
[7.8558125495910645, 4.0524797439575195, "le, so the \neffect sizes from this study are not directly comparable with others in this figure. IRR values marked \nwith blue squares indicate that methodological concerns are discussed in the text. Green circles \nindicate that we identified no signi"]
[7.838406085968018, 4.022610664367676, "on homicides or murders. \nLott (2010) and Zeoli et al. (2018) found \nuncertain effects of such laws. Siegel et al. \n(2020b) found uncertain effects for uni-\nversal background checks in rural areas, \nbut a significant 12-percent reduction in \nhomicide"]
[7.8768534660339355, 4.008148670196533, "ewed in the next Evidence for this\nrelationship is\nmoderate.Universal background\ncheck laws may\ndecrease\ntotal homicides.The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\n158chapter on permitting"]
[7.888708591461182, 4.037891387939453, "states that may be correlated with both the presence of background check laws and the Evidence for this\nrelationship is\nlimited.Universal background\ncheck laws may \ndecrease\n/f_irearm homicides.Background Checks159incidence of school shootings limits"]
[7.892539978027344, 4.083782196044922, "or permitting were associated with significant 50- to 60-percent \nreductions in mass shooting incidence and fatalities; in contrast, laws requiring point-of-sale \nbackground checks had only uncertain effects on mass shootings. However, as with most \n"]
[7.85093879699707, 4.015813827514648, "ee (FFL) drop -\nout rates between 1994 and 1998, comparing dropout rates in states without a background \ncheck system in place prior to the 1994 Brady Act with states that did have background check \nrequirements in place prior to the federal law (Kop"]
[7.846418380737305, 4.022686958312988, "dustry.\nOutcomes Without Studies Examining the Effects of \nBackground Checks\nWe did not identify any studies that met our inclusion criteria and examined the effects of \nbackground check policies on the following outcomes:\n\u2022 unintentional injuries an"]
[8.103787422180176, 4.096418380737305, "022. \nEverytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, \u201cMass Shootings in the United States: 2009\u20132020,\u201d \nwebpage, June\u00a04, 2021. As of August\u00a018, 2022: \nhttp://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis/\nGius, Mark, \u201cThe Effects of State and Federal"]
[8.210874557495117, 4.173252105712891, ",\u201d Health and Social Work , Vol. 44, No. 4, 2019, \npp. 232\u2013240.\nKopel, D. B., \u201cBackground Checks for Firearms Sales and Loans: Law, History, and Policy,\u201d \nHarvard Journal on Legislation , Vol.\u00a053, 2016, pp.\u00a0303\u2013367.\nKoper, Christopher S., \u201cFederal Le"]
[8.264680862426758, 4.254993438720703, " \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA243-1.html\nSen, B., and A. Panjamapirom, \u201cState Background Checks for Gun Purchase and Firearm \nDeaths: An Exploratory Study,\u201d  Preventive Medicine , Vol.\u00a055, No.\u00a04, 2012, pp.\u00a0346\u2013350.\nSiegel, Michael, "]
[7.99420690536499, 4.293135166168213, "Shootings in the United States,\u201d Criminology and Public Policy , Vol.\u00a019, \nNo. 1, 2020, pp. 171\u2013212.\nWebster, Daniel W., Jon S. Vernick, and Maria T. Bulzacchelli, \u201cEffects of State-Level Firearm \nSeller Accountability Policies on Firearm Trafficking"]
[7.976911544799805, 4.316887855529785, " risk of inflict -\ning harm on themselves or others.\nAs with comprehensive background check laws, by restricting access to firearms for indi -\nviduals presumed to present greater risk of misusing those firearms, licensing and permit -\nting requiremen"]
[8.002127647399902, 4.343471527099609, "or more firearms loaded and unlocked, compared with 26\u00a0percent of individuals who \nwere not trained doing so (Berrigan et al., 2019). These results suggest that existing trainings \nmay not reduce unsafe firearm storage. Similarly, a 1995 survey found"]
[7.975106239318848, 4.249438762664795, "n homicide rates.2 Specifically, if permit-to-purchase laws restrict \ntrafficking operations from in-state retailers, one should observe a larger share of crime guns \noriginating from out-of-state sources after law passage, as well as a reduction in "]
[7.848545074462891, 4.3107829093933105, "s or months \nonly,13 while those issued in other states may last years.14 In New Jersey, firearm identification \ncards are required for rifles and shotguns and remain valid indefinitely, unless the issuing or \nother law enforcement agency identifies "]
[7.968050956726074, 4.340404987335205, "ach purchase, though with some differences.17 For example, Hawaii requires a permit for \neach handgun purchase but allows multiple long-gun purchases under a single permit.\nSome of the aforementioned jurisdictions have also extended their licensing a"]
[7.956145286560059, 4.342784881591797, "icy were positive and significant for men aged\u00a015\u201324. \nHowever, the study models had a ratio of estimated parameters to observations of about one \nto seven, the authors did not appear to adjust standard errors to account for serial correla -\ntion, an"]
[7.976344585418701, 4.341604232788086, "ates showed a suggestive 33-percent decrease in firearm \nsuicides relative to the synthetic control for Connecticut\u2019s permit-to-purchase law enact -\nment and a suggestive 24-percent increase in firearm suicides following Missouri\u2019s repeal of \npermit-"]
[7.979732990264893, 4.299604415893555, "ant \nincrease in suicides and firearm suicides among those aged 18\u201320. Andr\u00e9s and Hempstead \n(2011) found mixed results, with permitting requirements resulting in significantly lower \nrates of suicide among men aged 45 or older but significantly high"]
[7.960372447967529, 4.282957553863525, " homicide rate was \n19Although La Valle (2013) includes license-to-own and permit-to-purchase regulations as covariates in \nhis models for total and firearm homicide rates, no states enacted or repealed such laws during the period \nof study (based on"]
[8.006814002990723, 4.28868293762207, "dolph et al. (2015) found a significant decrease in firearm homicides \n(and no statistically significant effect on nonfirearm homicides) from the implementation of \na permit-to-purchase law in Connecticut that strengthened background check requiremen"]
[8.0215425491333, 4.288332462310791, "ed policy units, the \nclustering adjustment to the standard errors in this study likely resulted in underestimated \nstandard errors and unreliable CIs (Cameron, Gelbach, and Miller, 2008; Schell, Griffin, and \nMorral, 2018). \nFour state-level studies"]
[7.975927829742432, 4.292396545410156, "tudies (Crifasi et al., 2018b; Siegel et al., 2020b) considered the effects of \npermit-to-purchase laws in urban areas specifically. Crifasi et al. (2018b) used county-level \ndata to estimate the effects of permit-to-purchase laws on firearm and nonf"]
[7.953801155090332, 4.2870774269104, "i\u2019s permit-to-purchase law \nwas associated with a significant increase in firearm homicides. McCourt et al. (2020) found Licensing and Permitting Requirements179FIGURE 9.2\nIncidence Rate Ratios Associated with the Effect of Licensing and Permitting \n"]
[7.9564385414123535, 4.289878845214844, "this law. There-\nfore, although we believe that there is evi-\ndence that permit-to-purchase laws were \nassociated with reductions in total and \nfirearm homicides in three states, we are \nnot yet confident that other states can \nexpect similar results"]
[8.106302261352539, 4.565406799316406, "and rare) outcome likely violated model \nassumptions and rendered the results unreliable. The authors\u2019 estimated linear probability \nmodel can yield predicted probabilities of active shooting incidence that extend far outside \nthe definitional 0 to 1"]
[7.979766845703125, 4.324122428894043, "\nempirical studies of mass shootings, incidents and fatalities are quite sparsely represented in \nthe data used for these models (i.e., incidents occurred at a rate of less than 0.4 per state-year, \nand fewer than two deaths occurred per state-year)."]
[7.981866836547852, 4.290417194366455, "arameters to observations of approximately one to four, and the study provided no \nadditional evidence to demonstrate appropriateness of model fit. Therefore, in accordance \nwith our review methodology, we discount the evidence provided by this analy"]
[8.3042631149292, 4.309294700622559, "h, John H., and Forrest D. Nelson, Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models , Beverly \nHills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1984.\nAndr\u00e9s, Antonio Rodr\u00edguez, and Katherine Hempstead, \u201cGun Control and Suicide: The Impact \nof State Firearm Regulations "]
[8.267170906066895, 4.281383514404297, "K., Keshia M. Pollack, and Daniel W. Webster, \u201cEffects of State-Level Policy \nChanges on Homicide and Nonfatal Shootings of Law Enforcement Officers,\u201d Injury Prevention , \nVol.\u00a022, No.\u00a04, 2016, pp.\u00a0274\u2013278. The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synth"]
[8.275754928588867, 4.257266998291016, "ensing, Point-of-Sale \nBackground Check Laws, and Firearm Homicide and Suicide in 4 US States, 1985\u20132017,\u201d \nAmerican Journal of Public Health , Vol. 110, No. 10, October 2020, pp. 1546\u20131552.\nRudolph, K. E., E. A. Stuart, J. S. Vernick, and D. W. Webs"]
[7.742361545562744, 3.9612574577331543, "ors of \nDomestic Violence and Their Associations with Intimate Partner Homicide,\u201d American Journal \nof Epidemiology , Vol.\u00a0187, No.\u00a011, 2018, pp.\u00a02365\u20132371.189CHAPTER TEN\nWaiting Periods\nThe Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (the Brady Act), whic"]
[7.694209575653076, 3.8990325927734375, " found that, \nalthough almost no firearm suicides were committed by this population during the state\u2019s The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies19015-day waiting period, the most elevated"]
[7.838997840881348, 4.076766490936279, "ferred from federally licensed firearm dealers to prohibited persons because of delays in NICS \nbackground checks that exceeded three business days (Criminal Justice Information Services \nDivision, 2022). Often, these delays result from missing data "]
[7.6761040687561035, 3.900784730911255, "etion of the background check within the requisite three-day period (Buchanan et al., \n2018). However, the small sample of mass shooting cases explored in this analysis makes gener -\nalizations about the association of waiting periods and mass shooti"]
[7.707683086395264, 3.934915065765381, "2021, four states and the District of Columbia impose a waiting period to \npurchase any firearm.3 Five other states impose waiting periods for certain classes of fire -\narms.4 The length of waiting periods varies by state. For example, California and"]
[7.664982318878174, 3.878121852874756, "18 unaffected states (plus the District of Columbia), the \nstates implementing and those not implementing waiting periods saw uncertain reductions \nin suicide and firearm suicide rates. A subgroup analysis found a significant 9-percent reduc -\ntion i"]
[7.7054314613342285, 3.9183387756347656, "ting-period law might have reduced suicide attempts by other lethal means. The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies194mates were similar in their more-parsimonious specifications. Using "]
[7.692052841186523, 3.9154698848724365, "th signif-\nicant negative effects on firearm suicide \nrates; effects on total suicide rates were \nnegative and suggestive (Edwards et al., \n2018) or significant (Luca, Malhotra, and \nPoliquin, 2017), depending on the study. \nGiven that both studies ("]
[7.669286251068115, 3.8922221660614014, "al before and after trends in states that enact waiting-period policies. In these \npreferred specifications, models generally showed that states that enacted waiting periods \ntypically had lower rates of law enforcement officer deaths both before and"]
[7.681699752807617, 3.906802177429199, "\nification but covering a longer time frame (1977 to 2014) found that waiting periods resulted Waiting Periods197in large and significant reductions in total and firearm homicide rates among adults aged\u00a021 \nor older (Luca, Malhotra, and Poliquin, 201"]
[7.686076641082764, 3.913172483444214, "wait-\ning period (Roberts, 2009): A waiting \nperiod of two to seven days significantly \nreduced firearm-related intimate part-\nner homicide, 24-hour waiting periods \nproduced suggestive declines in firearm-\ninvolved intimate partner homicides, and \nw"]
[7.686376094818115, 3.9158990383148193, "ng periods: the number of days that purchasers \nmust wait before accepting delivery of a handgun and the number of days before accepting \ndelivery of a long gun. The authors\u2019 regression analysis covered 1989\u20132014 and included con -\ntrols for time-inv"]
[7.685213088989258, 3.9104597568511963, "ngs.\nWaiting Periods201Effects on the Gun Industry\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nTwo studies met our inclusion criteria and assessed how waiting periods influence the gun \nindustry or gun ownership. Brauer, Montolio, and Trujillo-Baute (2017) estimated"]
[7.634492874145508, 3.8601996898651123, "t study also found uncer-\ntain effects of waiting periods on a proxy \nmeasure for firearm demand (NICS back-\nground check rates), consistent with find-\nings of another study that indicated that \nwaiting periods had an uncertain rela-\ntionship with ov"]
[8.2452974319458, 4.2144975662231445, "ent of Justice, \nFederal Bureau of Investigation, 2020. \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) Section: 2020\u20132021 \nOperations Report , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of \nInvestigation, 2022. \nCumm"]
[8.28023910522461, 4.276520252227783, "ber, \u201cSuicide Mortality in the United States: The Importance of \nAttending to Method in Understanding Population-Level Disparities in the Burden of Suicide,\u201d \nAnnual Review of Public Health , Vol.\u00a033, 2012, pp.\u00a0393\u2013408.\nMiller, M., D. Hemenway, and D"]
[8.062984466552734, 4.372555255889893, "ire \ngun purchasers or those requesting concealed-carry permits to show proof of formal safety \ntraining on how to safely store, use, and maintain weapons. Public support for requiring \nconcealed-carry applicants to pass a test demonstrating safe and"]
[8.060663223266602, 4.388650417327881, "(see Chapter\u00a0Seventeen, on child-access pre -\nvention laws). And the motivations of the individuals who receive firearm training could affect \nthe overall impact of the training programs. For example, some states require individuals to \nattend safety"]
[8.0989408493042, 4.371898174285889, "e \nsignificantly more likely to report safe storage behaviors, although this does not provide good \nevidence that the trainings cause more safe storage. Overall, it is likely that the effect of a \ngun safety training course on firearm practices will "]
[8.12519359588623, 4.462403297424316, ". 140 \u00a7 131P. \n3 D.C. Stat. \u00a7\u00a7 7-2502.03(a), 7-2502.06(a).\n4 Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 29-28(b); Hawaii Rev. Stat. \u00a7 134-2(g); Md. Code, Pub. Safety, \u00a7 5-117.1(d); R.I. \nGen. Laws 1956 \u00a7 11-47-35.\n5 Wash. Rev. Code Ann. \u00a7 9.41.090.\n6 For example, under"]
[8.094930648803711, 4.41622257232666, " Jersey, Rhode Island, and the District \nof Columbia. See Calif. Penal Code \u00a7 26165; Conn. Gen. Stat. \u00a7 29-28(b) (Connecticut does not distinguish \nbetween open- and concealed-carry permits); Del. Code Ann. Tit. 11, \u00a7 1441(a); Hawaii Rev. Stat. Ann. "]
[8.078048706054688, 4.375880718231201, "ls used by Lott (2010) \nspecified training requirements using three separate variables that cannot be combined to \ngenerate an overall or average effect, we do not present these estimates in a figure.\nTwo other studies (Crifasi, Pollack, and Webster,"]
[8.131880760192871, 4.399068355560303, "or concealed carry, this study could not isolate the effects of firearm safety \ntraining requirements. Thus, we do not present these estimates in a figure.\nConclusions\nThe one study that provided evidence for the effect of safety training requirement"]
[8.24483585357666, 4.2677202224731445, "fe, Gary Vercruysse, Julie Wynne, and \nAndrew Tang, \u201cRepeal of the Concealed Weapons Law and Its Impact on Gun-Related Injuries \nand Deaths,\u201d Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery , Vol.\u00a076, No.\u00a03, 2014, pp.\u00a0569\u2013575.\nHemenway, David, Steven Raushe"]
[8.078683853149414, 4.200859546661377, "e firearms stolen were not recovered (Lang -\nton, 2012). Annual estimates of guns stolen for the 2010 to 2014 period were similar, at just \nmore than 251,000, with about 75\u00a0percent of theft incidents reported to police (Cook, 2018). \nData from police"]
[8.005837440490723, 4.218334674835205, "illegal firearm trafficking, causal inference could be strengthened by examining \ncrime gun trace data, as well as changes in homicide or violent crime rates. Specifically, if \nthese laws restrict trafficking operations from in-state sources, one sho"]
[7.975022792816162, 4.196130752563477, "s); N.Y. Penal Law \u00a7 400.10 (within 24\u00a0hours); Ohio Rev. Code \u00a7 923.20 (report \n\u201cforthwith\u201d); R.I. Gen. Laws \u00a7 11-47-48.1 (within 24 hours); Va. H.B. 9 \u00a7 18.2-287.5 (within 48 hours); D.C. \nCode Ann. \u00a7 7-2502.08 (report \u201cimmediately\u201d).\n4 Md. Ann. Cod"]
[8.001435279846191, 4.216948509216309, "on system , which we define as a recordkeeping \nsystem controlled by a government agency that both stores the names of current owners of \neach firearm of a specific class and requires that these records are updated after firearms are \ntransferred to "]
[8.086029052734375, 4.239968299865723, "ehaviors and firearm violence. For example, some researchers have \nbeen granted access to information from the California Department of Justice Dealer Record \nof Sale database, which contains records of legal handgun transfers that have occurred sinc"]
[7.959062576293945, 4.230398178100586, "tifying and arresting suspects in firearm-related crimes, including violent and \nproperty crimes, and firearm trafficking crimes. In California and other states that use these \nrecords to identify prohibited possessors with weapons, data on firearm-i"]
[7.977272033691406, 4.263918876647949, "nd, Michigan, and New Jersey. See Md. Code Ann., Pub. Safety \u00a7\u00a7 5-101, 5-120, 5-145, Md. Code \nRegs. 29.03.01.09(D); Mich. Comp. Laws \u00a7\u00a7 28.422(5), 28.422a(2), 750.232; N.J. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 2C:58-2b, \n2C:58-3h. In addition, Pennsylvania and Washington "]
[8.04378604888916, 4.285338401794434, "aws \u00a7\u00a7 28.422, 28.422a; N.J. Stat. Ann. \n\u00a7 2C:58-2; N.Y. Penal Law \u00a7 400.00; 18 Pa. Cons. Stat. \u00a7 6111.\n14 Wash. Rev. Code Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 9.41.110(9), 9.41.129.\n15 Calif. Penal Code \u00a7\u00a7 28100,\u00a028160, 11106(a)(1), 11106(b)(1); Hawaii Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a7 134-3("]
[8.015218734741211, 4.275657653808594, "nd Wade, 2016), and \nwe discounted that study\u2019s evidence for \nmethodological reasons. Considering this \none study, we find inconclusive evidence \nfor the effect of firearm sales reporting, \nrecording, and registration requirements \non mass shootings "]
[8.342077255249023, 4.2328338623046875, "ing, recording, and registration requirements and the following outcomes:\n\u2022 suicide\n\u2022 violent crime\n\u2022 unintentional injuries and deaths\n\u2022 police shootings\n\u2022 defensive gun use\n\u2022 hunting and recreation.The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of"]
[8.254765510559082, 4.410396099090576, " Medicine , Vol. 166, No. 10, 2017, pp. 698\u2013706.\nStuddert, David M., Yifan Zhang, Sonja A. Swanson, Lea Prince, Jonathan A. Rodden, Erin\u00a0E. \nHolsinger, Matthew J. Spittal, Garen J. Wintemute, and Matthew Miller, \u201cHandgun Ownership \nand Suicide in Cal"]
[8.254315376281738, 4.433213710784912, "t weapons  include \na specific list of firearm models (e.g., TEC-DC9, Beretta Ar70 [SC-70], Colt AR-15), as well as semiauto -\nmatic firearms that have at least two of a designated list of features (27 C.F.R. 478.11). In contrast, fully \nautomatic we"]
[8.27019214630127, 4.411026954650879, "sed disproportionately in mass public \nshootings and killings of law enforcement officers compared with murders overall. However, \nthese incidents are relatively rare. Data on mass shootings or active shooter events suggest \nthat 10 to 30\u00a0 percent of"]
[8.300634384155273, 4.463271617889404, " relative \ndemand for these items, the availability of nonbanned weapons that serve as close substitutes, \nand the costs of modifying existing weapon types to meet the requirements of the ban, to \nname a few. A nationwide ban could also impact the in"]
[8.230693817138672, 4.39705228805542, "nly \nspecific features. The laws that list specific banned models are similar jurisdiction to jurisdic -\ntion, although the lists are not generally identical.\nCalifornia is an example of a state that has a list of banned weapons, including rifles, sh"]
[8.25814437866211, 4.422104835510254, "earm features, not specified \nmodels of firearms.11 \nIn addition to definitional differences, the laws are distinct in other ways\u2014notably, their \ntreatment of grandfathered weapons. For example, the District of Columbia does not allow \ngrandfathering"]
[8.261756896972656, 4.4553351402282715, " bans with firearm and total suicides. Estimates for the \neffects of state assault weapon bans were based on policy changes in only three states with at \nleast three years of post- and pre-policy data, likely resulting in inaccurate estimates of unce"]
[8.243988037109375, 4.452767848968506, "nd Marvell, 2018b). Using a log-linear model with two-way fixed effects, the authors \nused a hybrid policy specification to estimate the joint effect of law passage on the levels and \ntrends in firearm homicide rates, controlling for state-level soci"]
[8.25387191772461, 4.430736064910889, " two states with changes to their laws and at least three \nyears of data before and after implementation of the changes, so the effects of this index are \nnot well identified in this model. In addition, it seems unlikely that the six socioeconomic \nv"]
[8.323575973510742, 4.4317731857299805, "ffects on Mass Shootings\nResearch Synthesis Findings\nWe identified six studies that met our inclusion criteria and estimated the effects of state or \nfederal assault weapon bans on multiple-victim shooting incidents or casualties. Two of these \n(Klar"]
[8.269756317138672, 4.44443416595459, "; mass shooting deaths are included \nin both the numerator and the denominator. Furthermore, the use of firearm homicides as a comparison \ngroup has obvious methodological problems, given that the assault weapon ban (as well as other 1994 legis -\nlat"]
[8.237953186035156, 4.530178546905518, "gazine restrictions from 1990 to 2017. They used logistic regression for mass \nshooting incidents and negative binomial models for counts of deaths in models with state \nfixed effects, a continuous term for year to account for temporal trends, and st"]
[8.292508125305176, 4.5129828453063965, "epresent implausible effect \nsizes, for some of the gun policies that we are studying.22 This indicates a serious model mis -\nspecification (Cox and Snell, 1989; Aldrich and Nelson, 1984) and prevents us from interpret -\ning the estimated coefficient"]
[8.2589693069458, 4.430661201477051, "ate assault weapon bans on the annual incidence of mass shootings. Blau, \nGorry, and Wade (2016) found that the bans significantly reduced the annual incidence of \nmass shootings. Webster et al. (2020) found uncertain evidence of state assault weapon"]
[8.30395221710205, 4.454092502593994, " and 1995, but prices returned \nto pre-ban levels for the remainder of the study period. In contrast, the price of comparison \nrifles remained constant over the same time frame. \nKoper (2004) also examined manufacturer production of banned and compar"]
[8.28420639038086, 4.3631205558776855, "tical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies242Outcomes Without Studies Examining the Effects of Bans on \nthe Sale of Assault Weapons and High-Capacity Magazines\nWe did not identify any research that met our inclusion crit"]
[8.30897045135498, 4.3500871658325195, "-homicide-data-table-15.xls\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cTable\u00a028: Law Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed, Type of Weapon, 2010\u20132019,\u201d \nwebpage, Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, 2020d. As of August 31, 2022: \nhttps://ucr.fbi.gov/leoka/2019/tables/table-2"]
[8.272109985351562, 4.3517351150512695, "ffrey A. Roth, \u201cThe Impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapon \nBan on Gun Violence Outcomes: An Assessment of Multiple Outcome Measures and Some \nLessons for Policy Evaluation,\u201d  Journal of Quantitative Criminology , Vol.\u00a017, No.\u00a01, 2001, \npp.\u00a033\u201374."]
[8.175239562988281, 4.494995594024658, "es,\u201d in Rajeev \nRamchand and Jessica Saunders, eds., Contemporary Issues in Gun Policy: Essays from the \nRAND Gun Policy in America Project, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-A243-2, \n2021, pp. 1\u201330. As of August 31, 2022: \nhttps://www.rand."]
[8.172810554504395, 4.475168228149414, "ting low-quality guns generally focus on handguns because they \nare so commonly preferred by criminals. Using a nationally representative survey of crime \nvictims, the Bureau of Justice Statistics found that, in 2011, handguns were used in 73\u00a0percent"]
[8.151759147644043, 4.503342628479004, "rearms \noverall, plausibly lowering criminal access to such products if cost constraints are binding \nfor these individuals. Indeed, several studies have documented the high proportion of low-\nquality and inexpensive handguns used in crimes (Vernick,"]
[8.157626152038574, 4.504090785980225, "lue, a study in Boston suggested that these \ntypes of weapons face the most exorbitant mark-ups in the illicit market (Hureau and Braga, \n2018), indicating that there is a fixed cost of criminal-market transactions for well-known \nlow-quality handgun"]
[8.153677940368652, 4.508395195007324, "otings. Between 2000 and 2016, 31\u00a0percent of mass \nshooting victims were shot by handguns (Sarani et al., 2019). Further research is needed to \nassess whether low-quality handgun regulations would reduce access to firearms among pos -\nsible mass shoo"]
[8.161359786987305, 4.470218181610107, "produced without quality regula -\ntions (Kurtzleben, 2015). In 2018, after several deaths were linked to misfiring Remington firearms, some \n7.5\u00a0million owners of the relevant gun models filed a class-action suit alleging that the guns can fire with "]
[8.110065460205078, 4.445199012756348, "00, 31905; Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. 140 \u00a7 123; 9 N.Y. CRR 482.6.\n5 Hawaii Rev. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 134-15; 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. 5/24-3(A)(h); Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. 140 \u00a7\u00a0 123; \nMinn. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 624.712; 9 N.Y. CRR 482.5.\n6 Calif. Ann. Penal Code \u00a7 32015; Md. C"]
[8.234794616699219, 4.46837043762207, " significant 6-percent decrease in overall suicide rates and a 13-percent reduction \nin the firearm suicide rate. However, because these estimates were based on law changes in \njust three states, standard errors for the estimates are likely underesti"]
[8.207860946655273, 4.449047565460205, "erences model to examine \nhow the passage (in 1988) and implementation (in 1990) of Maryland\u2019s ban on low-quality \nhandguns influenced firearm homicide rates. The authors controlled for firearm homicide \nrates in Pennsylvania and Virginia to account "]
[8.199860572814941, 4.481665134429932, "ing the model may have been overfit and its \nassociated effect estimates and significance levels may be inaccurate. \nCovering a later period, from 1999 to 2012, Webster, Crifasi, and Vernick (2014) also pro -\nduced estimates of the effects of low-qua"]
[8.18218994140625, 4.468400001525879, "s. One additional study meeting our inclusion criteria was discounted \non methodological grounds (Webster, Vernick, and Hepburn, 2002). Two studies found an \nuncertain effect (Rosengart et al., 2005; Siegel et al., 2019), and two studies found that t"]
[8.202312469482422, 4.461092472076416, "urthermore, \nwith only 15 observations, the ratio of estimated parameters to observations was less than \none to five, which is below the threshold for contributing to our summary of available evi-\ndence (as explained in Chapter\u00a0Two). \nConclusions\nOne"]
[8.298869132995605, 4.262813091278076, " Gun Trafficking and Criminal Gun Use , Washington, D.C.: \nNational Institute of Justice, 2003.\nKoper, Christopher S., \u201cCrime Gun Risk Factors: Buyer, Seller, Firearm, and Transaction \nCharacteristics Associated with Gun Trafficking and Criminal Gun "]
[8.279553413391113, 4.3598246574401855, "a M. Hepburn, \u201cEffects of Maryland\u2019s Law Banning \n\u2018Saturday Night Special\u2019 Handguns on Homicides,\u201d American Journal of Epidemiology , Vol.\u00a0155, \nNo.\u00a05, 2002, pp.\u00a0406\u2013412.\nWebster, Daniel W., Jon S. Vernick, Emma E. McGinty, and Ted Alcorn, \u201cPreventin"]
[8.075037956237793, 5.114006042480469, "263CHAPTER SIXTEEN\nStand-Your-Ground Laws\nSelf-defense has long been available as a criminal defense for fatal and nonfatal confronta -\ntions. Traditionally, this defense imposes a duty to retreat before using force if safe retreat \nis available. Sta"]
[8.082406997680664, 5.12521505355835, " \nstand-your-ground policies in both their treated groups (states with the statute) and their The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies264comparison groups (states with stand-your-ground "]
[8.079806327819824, 5.107725143432617, "cClellan \nand Tekin, 2017; Cheng and Hoekstra, 2013).\nThere is likely to be little effect of stand-your-ground laws on hunting or recreational gun \nuse. However, should these policies encourage more individuals to obtain or carry firearms, \nwe might "]
[8.07979679107666, 4.864305019378662, "ma, Alaska, Arizona, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, \nMissouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South \nCarolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia, "]
[8.043183326721191, 4.984731197357178, " those of Florida and Utah,8 \nsometimes with distinct features. A few other laws strayed further from the Florida and Utah \nstatutes; for instance, Mississippi\u2019s law uses the term felony  rather than the narrower forcible \nfelony .9 Other states do n"]
[7.930613994598389, 4.725671768188477, "2\u201d; or a crime against someone who is \u201cin the process of unlaw -\nfully and forcefully entering, or has unlawfully and forcefully entered, a dwelling, residence, business prop -\nerty, or occupied vehicle, or federally licensed nuclear power facility, "]
[8.071432113647461, 5.112832069396973, "d Connecticut, it applies in the home or workplace.17\nSome states exclude specific situations from applying under the stand-your-ground doc -\ntrine. In Louisiana, it \u201cshall not apply when the person committing the homicide is engaged, \nat the time of"]
[8.074195861816406, 5.120930194854736, "9terfactual trends after states passed stand-your-ground laws. Because their analysis of sui -\ncide rates was intended as a falsification test, the authors examined the effect of stand-your-\nground laws on firearm suicide rates only among the three s"]
[8.07357406616211, 5.116178512573242, " in total suicide rates associated \nwith these laws. Therefore, available stud-\nies provide inconclusive evidence for the \neffect of stand-your-ground laws on total \nsuicides and firearm suicides.\nEffects on Violent Crime\nResearch Synthesis Findings\n"]
[8.075018882751465, 5.112667560577393, " arrive at these results used a large \nnumber of estimated parameters relative to observations (a\u00a0ratio of about one to eight), mean -\ning the model may have been overfit, and thus its estimates of the laws\u2019 effects may not gen -\neralize to other imp"]
[8.073917388916016, 5.120694637298584, "980\u20132011) to estimate the effects of stand-\nyour-ground laws on murders, robberies, rapes, and aggravated assaults. Using a log-linear \nmodel with controls for state, time, and 11 time-varying state effects, the author found that \nthese laws were ass"]
[8.071737289428711, 5.1244120597839355, " -\ntive and uncertain for small urban areas. However, because not every urbanization designa -\ntion exists in every state (e.g., South Dakota has no county that is designated as a central city), \nthese stratified models were identifying effects from "]
[8.085322380065918, 5.094050884246826, "data sets (Levy et al., 2020). Using descriptive statistics without consideration of potential con -\nfounds or temporal effects, the authors compared homicide rates in the periods before (2000\u20132004) and \nduring the time that 22 states implemented a s"]
[8.076850891113281, 5.115808486938477, "am -\nined the effects of these laws in urban counties (large central metro and fringe metro). They \nestimated Poisson regression models to understand how several state gun policies related to \nfirearm and nonfirearm homicide rates. They controlled fo"]
[8.070357322692871, 5.121149063110352, "ic effect sizes but no average effect of the law, we do not display their estimates \nhere. And although McClellan and Tekin (2017) noted the marginal effects of stand-your-\nground laws on total homicides and stated that those estimates were statistic"]
[8.073531150817871, 5.116537570953369, "earm homicides or firearm mur-\nders (Gius, 2016; Munasib, Kostandini, \nand Jordan, 2018; Webster, Crifasi, and \nVernick, 2014; Siegel et al., 2019; Siegel \net al., 2020b; Knopov et al., 2019; Schell \net al., 2020), and one found uncertain \neffects on"]
[8.101795196533203, 5.077033519744873, "ility model can yield predicted probabilities of active shoot-\ning incidence that extend far outside the definitional 0 to 1 range of a probability, depending \non the particular combination of policies present in a given state. Moreover, the estimate"]
[8.07392692565918, 5.123406410217285, "de, ranging from an uncertain 28-percent rise to a \nsignificant 57-percent rise, depending on the model specification. However, given the rela-\ntively short time frame studied and the large set of controls, the ratio of estimated parameters \nto obser"]
[8.079283714294434, 5.127382278442383, "013). We do not plot results from McClellan and Tekin \n(2017) because the study is excluded from consideration on methodological grounds. We do \nnot plot results from Levy et al. (2020) because the paper does not provide standard errors or \nCIs descr"]
[8.075331687927246, 5.120464324951172, "2014). The author found that stand-your-ground laws were associated with \nsignificant increases in the number of NICS background checks and significant declines Evidence for this\nrelationship is\ninconclusive.Stand-your-ground laws have\nuncertain\neffe"]
[8.115496635437012, 5.0536394119262695, "lysis,\u201d Social Science Journal , Vol.\u00a053, No.\u00a03, 2016, pp.\u00a0329\u2013338.\nGuettabi, Mouhcine, and Abdul Munasib, \u201cStand Your Ground Laws, Homicides and Gun \nDeaths,\u201d Regional Studies , Vol.\u00a052, No.\u00a09, 2018, pp.\u00a01250\u20131260.\nHemenway, David, Chloe Shawah, and"]
[8.318124771118164, 4.327056407928467, "e/do-stand-your-ground-laws-worsen-racial-disparitiesThe Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies284Sabbath, Erika L., Summer Sherburne Hawkins, and Christopher F. Baum, \u201cState-Level Changes"]
[7.8993682861328125, 4.718184471130371, " 2022; see also Berrigan et al., 2019). Child-access \nprevention (CAP) laws allow prosecutors to bring charges against adults who intentionally \nor carelessly allow children to have unsupervised access to firearms. CAP laws aim to reduce \nunintention"]
[7.885403156280518, 4.703258991241455, "as adult offenders, with more than 80\u00a0per -\ncent citing a friend, family member, or the black market as the source of the weapon (Webster \net\u00a0al., 2002; LaFree and Birbeck, 1998). \nConceptually, the effects of CAP laws may extend beyond those age gro"]
[7.883786678314209, 4.763278484344482, "rmine suicide risk. Further Child-Access Prevention Laws287research is needed to better understand the relationship among mental health, suicide risk, \nfirearm ownership, and firearm behaviors. \nSince 2003, only one individual-level study provided in"]
[7.884405136108398, 4.745719909667969, "this possibly indicates \nthat associations found between CAP laws and safe storage could be attributable to other \ncorrelated factors, such as individual-level characteristics (e.g., the number and types of fire -\narms owned by survey respondents) or"]
[7.872084617614746, 4.730855464935303, "ional \ndeaths by firearm have been shown to suffer from a range of coding errors, especially for chil -\ndren (Rockett, Kapusta, and Coben, 2014; Barber and Hemenway, 2011; Barber et al., 2002). \nThese errors do not necessarily undermine the validity "]
[7.864679336547852, 4.682757377624512, "rim. Law \n\u00a7\u00a04-104; N.J. Stat. Ann. 2C: 58-15; Tex. Penal Code Ann. \u00a7 46.13.\n7 California, Hawaii, Massachusetts, and the District of Columbia. Calif. Penal Code \u00a7 25200 (the child \nmust carry the unloaded gun off the premises for liability to attach)"]
[7.847836494445801, 4.68997859954834, "ose for negligent storage, such as that the firearm was in a locked container21 or had been \nrendered inoperable.22 Other exceptions include that the individual carried the firearm or it \nwas close enough to be easily retrieved,23 the defendant had n"]
[7.782414436340332, 4.640408039093018, "16,30 \nand in another four states, a minor is under age 14.31\nIn eight states and the District of Columbia, the act of negligent storage of a firearm is a \nmisdemeanor.32 In Massachusetts, negligent storage is a felony. In nine other states, negligen"]
[7.876981258392334, 4.761586666107178, "\n34 California, Nevada, Utah, and the District of Columbia. \n35 Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, and Indiana.The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies292Tennessee makes it a felony for par"]
[7.890848636627197, 4.7574944496154785, "o effect. These \nfindings were sensitive to the authors\u2019 choices about model specifications: An alternatively \nspecified and worse-fitting model yielded uncertain effects.36 The authors also found that \nCAP laws were associated with reductions in rat"]
[7.8896284103393555, 4.755073547363281, ", 2021); \n(2)\u00a0for many CAP states, the synthetic control consists of only one or two states; (3) effect size \nmagnitudes are not provided; and (4) conventional methods of inference for synthetic control \napproaches are not used.\nUsing data from 1980 "]
[7.8867034912109375, 4.759350299835205, "prohibiting reckless provision of guns to \nchildren. They examined CAP law effects on nonfatal self-inflicted gun injuries recorded in \nthe Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Self-inflicted gun injuries include suicide attempts \nand unintentional inj"]
[7.879316329956055, 4.75996732711792, "om 1991 to 2016. Specifically, \nthe authors distinguished among three types of negligent storage CAP laws: those imposing \npenalties if (1)\u00a0a child could access the firearm, (2)\u00a0a child did access a firearm, and (3)\u00a0a child \naccessed and used a firea"]
[7.881950378417969, 4.760304927825928, "tions also were sig -\nnificantly associated with the number of state provisions concerning negligent storage and \nsafety locks and the number of laws imposing criminal liability based on the age of children. The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synt"]
[7.906802177429199, 4.762624263763428, "sociated with reductions in \nsuicides among those aged 14\u201317 and those aged 18\u201320. \nWe conclude that available research \noffers moderate evidence that child-access \nprevention laws reduce total suicides \namong young people and inconclusive evi-\ndence"]
[7.884003639221191, 4.759982109069824, " strengths, and the \nfact that effects are found across mul-\ntiple data sets, we conclude that there is \nsupportive evidence that child-access pre-\nvention laws reduce firearm self-injuries \namong young people (including firearm Evidence for this\nrel"]
[7.9057745933532715, 4.778862476348877, "ge from reckless endangerment CAP laws, negligent storage laws \nsignificantly predicted reduced homicide numbers, while the effects of reckless endanger -\nment laws on homicides were uncertain. They also found only uncertain evidence for the \neffects"]
[7.888034343719482, 4.772235870361328, "of CAP laws on fire -\narm homicide rates among victims ages 14 and under from 1991 to 2016. Specifically, the \nauthors distinguished among three types of negligent storage CAP laws: those imposing pen -\nalties if (1) a child could access the firearm,"]
[7.891251087188721, 4.758613109588623, "ve been overfit.\nSabbath, Hawkins, and Baum (2020) found that an increase in regulations regarding fire -\narm storage related to restricting minors\u2019 access was associated with significantly reduced \nworkplace homicide rates. Specifically, they estima"]
[7.891759872436523, 4.751818656921387, "d-access prevention laws reduce firearm homi-\ncides or firearm assault injuries among young people.\nThree studies examined the effects of \nCAP laws on overall homicide rates or \nother violent crime outcomes. Lott and \nWhitley (2001) found that these "]
[7.880384922027588, 4.760195255279541, " CIs may be invalid; furthermore, no adjust -\nment was made for clustered standard errors, so the standard errors and significance values \nreported in the paper were unreliable. \nHepburn et al. (2006) examined the relationship between CAP laws and un"]
[7.874967575073242, 4.763847351074219, "me frame; thus, identification in both specifications was driven largely by changes \nin state laws regarding negligent storage. The findings were generally confirmed in a second \nanalysis adding more control states (states without a change in CAP law"]
[7.892612457275391, 4.759459495544434, "eover, both the child accessed  and child could access laws had only one state \nimplementing each law, with a full three years of pre- and post-implementation data available \nin the study time frame, meaning that these effects may not be reliably est"]
[7.88610315322876, 4.764978408813477, "d hospitalizations, DeSim-\none, Markowitz, and Xu (2013) found that \nCAP laws significantly reduced unin-\ntentional firearm injuries among those \naged 17 or younger and among those aged \n18 or older. \nConsidering the relative strengths of \nthese stud"]
[7.895297050476074, 4.757195472717285, "odels weighted by \nstate population and controlling for a large set of state-level time-varying covariates, state \nfixed effects, national trends, and state-specific linear trends, the authors found uncertain \nassociations between CAP laws and the li"]
[7.915346622467041, 4.7463555335998535, " indicate some issues with model overfit. Furthermore, a linear model does not appear to \ncorrespond to the distributional features of the authors\u2019 outcome variable, which limits the \ninference that can be drawn from this single study. \nFigure\u00a017.5 d"]
[8.335003852844238, 4.246915817260742, "l, Deborah, and Matthew Miller, \u201cReducing Suicide Without Affecting Underlying Mental \nHealth: Theoretical Underpinnings and a Review of the Evidence Base Lining the Availability \nof Lethal Means and Suicide,\u201d in Rory C. O\u2019Connor and Jane Pirkis, eds"]
[8.313496589660645, 4.269421100616455, "\u00a04, 2002, pp.\u00a0407\u2013416.\nCook, Philip J., Ariadne E. Rivera-Aguirre, Magdalena Cerd\u00e1, and Garen Wintemute, \u201cConstant \nLethality of Gunshot Injuries from Firearm Assault: United States, 2003\u20132012,\u201d American \nJournal of Public Health , Vol.\u00a0107, No.\u00a08, 2"]
[8.185174942016602, 4.351664066314697, "isto, Aaron J., Katherine L. Kivisto, Erica Gurnell, Peter Phalen, and Bradley Ray, \n\u201cAdolescent Suicide, Household Firearm Ownership, and the Effects of Child Access Prevention \nLaws,\u201d Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiat"]
[8.188005447387695, 4.315634250640869, "ler, \u201cParent and Adolescent Reports of \nAdolescent Access to Household Firearms in the United States,\u201d JAMA Network Open , Vol.\u00a04, \nNo. 3, March 9, 2021, e210989.Child-Access Prevention Laws317Schell, Terry L., Matthew Cefalu, Beth Ann Griffin, Rosan"]
[8.483945846557617, 4.642813682556152, "t from specifying classes of people who are prohibited from possessing any type of fire -\narm, federal law imposes no restrictions on who may carry a concealed weapon in public, \nalthough it specifically grants concealed-carry rights to active and re"]
[8.51488971710205, 4.635813236236572, "2015 (Rowhani-The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies320Rahbar et al., 2017) and was more than 21.5\u00a0million in 2021 (Lott, Moody, and Wang, 2021), \nwith substantial variation across sta"]
[8.549137115478516, 4.662316799163818, "llings, 2022; Donohue et al., \n2022). Differences in concealed-carry policies may also prompt changes in law enforcement \nbehavior, for example, through reallocating officer effort (e.g., processing permit applica -\ntions). Changes in police expectat"]
[8.535443305969238, 4.647371768951416, "me frame that found an increase in police \nshootings that was associated with permitless-carry laws (Doucette et al., 2022).\n3 Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hamp -\nshire, North Dakota, Oklahoma,"]
[8.593145370483398, 4.649935722351074, "ide rates, but they found suggestive effects consistent with a reduction in total sui -\ncide rates (see Figure\u00a018.1). Nevertheless, the statistical model had an unfavorable ratio of \ncovariates to observations (less than one to eight), meaning the mo"]
[8.601454734802246, 4.64857292175293, " 1977 to 2014 to evaluate the effects \nof various firearm laws on suicide rates among adults aged 21 or older. Although the authors\u2019 \nfocus was on background check and waiting-period laws, they included model specifications \nthat additionally control"]
[8.597086906433105, 4.674038410186768, "fects of shall-\nissue laws on total suicide rates and firearm suicide rates. These estimates were associated \nwith an 83-percent and 90-percent probability that shall-issue laws increase total and firearm \nsuicides, respectively. \nFigure\u00a018.1 display"]
[8.632320404052734, 4.653425693511963, "ts\u2014one by the \nNational Research Council (NRC), a part of the National Academy of Sciences (NRC, 2004), \nand one by the Community Preventive Services Task Force, established by the U.S. Depart-\nment of Health and Human Services (Hahn et al., 2005)\u2014ev"]
[8.656451225280762, 4.679145812988281, "ed that the findings in Lott (2000) persisted \neven when analyzing the subset of counties with minimal error in crime statistics. After \nreviewing this exchange, the NRC panel disagreed with Lott and Whitley that the origi -\nnal effects reported by L"]
[8.663810729980469, 4.684614658355713, "ies\nDonohue (2003)a Mixed; effects were sensitive to model specifications and data\nHelland and Tabarrok (2004) Increase in property crime, auto thefts, and larcenies\na These studies are treated in this report as being superseded by later studies by t"]
[8.64177417755127, 4.674259185791016, "missing data changed abruptly in the \nearly 1990s, making data from the earlier part of the series not comparable with later data, \naccording to the National Archive of Criminal Justice Data (undated). Nevertheless, several \nanalyses have continued t"]
[8.69788932800293, 4.703961372375488, ", reestimated their models after adding many more demographic control vari -\nables, robbery and assault rates, and a lagged outcome as a predictor meant to capture unmea -\nsured state differences associated with crime rates. Moody et al. (2014) offer"]
[8.659738540649414, 4.687111854553223, "ty-level demographic and \neconomic covariates, the authors found that shall-issue laws were associated with a signifi -\ncant increase in firearm homicide rates. Specifically, after implementing these laws, counties \nwould be expected to see 1.07 time"]
[8.677308082580566, 4.683850288391113, "may be unreliable.\nMartin and Legault (2005) demonstrated that Lott (2000) used incorrect state crime rate \nestimates that differed substantially from official FBI state estimates. They replicated Lott \n(2000)\u2019s model despite misgivings about its spe"]
[8.665096282958984, 4.6856560707092285, "g that homicides declined significantly after implementation of shall-issue \nlaws, but he did not provide test statistics or sufficient description to clarify what specific \neffect was observed. The author also included coefficients and their statist"]
[8.681990623474121, 4.6961669921875, "ng the model may have been overfit, and thus its estimates and \ntheir apparent statistical significance could provide little generalizable information about the \ntrue causal effects of shall-issue laws. \nGius (2014) examined the effect of shall-issue"]
[8.697762489318848, 4.696726322174072, " \n(Aneja, Donohue, and Zhang, 2011). Foremost, the studies critiqued the decision to treat \nmodels without state-specific trends as the preferred ones.10 Thus, Moody et al. (2014) reesti -\nmated the hybrid models in Aneja, Donohue, and Zhang (2014), "]
[8.677905082702637, 4.6746039390563965, "ribed an assessment of the effects of shall-\nissue laws that relies on constructing synthetic controls for each state that implemented a \nshall-issue law. Synthetic controls are weighted combinations of states that never implemented \nthe law or that "]
[8.665226936340332, 4.712205410003662, "me frame and estimating effects \nfor both the transition from no issue to shall issue and from may issue to shall issue, found \na suggestive effect that the transition from no-issue to shall-issue laws caused a reduction in \nrobbery rates but uncerta"]
[8.632688522338867, 4.673791885375977, "ain analyses. However, even with the increased uncertainty around \nthe effect sizes, the estimated effects of shall-issue laws on total and firearm homicide rates \nremained positive and statistically significant. Similar results were found by Fridel "]
[8.618391990661621, 4.657118320465088, "tation) the effect was assessed. However, for both outcomes showing signifi -\ncant effects, the study\u2019s models had an unfavorable ratio of estimated parameters to observa -\ntions (about one to three for murder rates and one to nine for robbery rates)"]
[8.612784385681152, 4.651389122009277, "ffects, except when the outcome \nwas measured as police deaths per full-time equivalent officer; in that case, shall-issue laws \nled to a negative shift in trend that was statistically significant. However, this model had an \nunfavorable ratio of est"]
[8.667730331420898, 4.689414024353027, "ault, and rape) using panel data from 1980 to 2000 for \n189 large U.S. cities. The authors clustered the standard errors at the state level, addressed \ncoding errors in previous research, allowed for a time trend in the effect of shall-issue laws, \na"]
[8.556927680969238, 4.669376850128174, "32-percent increase in the firearm homicide rate, while may-issue laws were associated with a \nsignificant 33-percent reduction in the firearm homicide rate. (No estimates for unweighted \ndata with inter-censal years were provided.) The diametric fin"]
[8.682281494140625, 4.700538158416748, "2  See, for instance, the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Bruen , \n2022, which classifies Hawaii as among the few remaining states with a may-issue licensing regime. \n13  Nonurban areas  are defined as citie"]
[8.636367797851562, 4.67751407623291, "sue laws led to significantly higher \nrates of murder and assault; estimated effects on robbery rates were suggestive but also con -\nsistent with an increase following the passage of shall-issue laws. However, the analyses had a \nratio of estimated p"]
[8.600360870361328, 4.333632469177246, "ratio of estimated parameters to observations of less than \none to five and thus serious potential issues with model overfit. We exclude estimates from \nSmith and Petrocelli (2019) because of the aforementioned concerns with their study results, \nand"]
[8.642308235168457, 4.682455062866211, "h richer evidence \nbase to draw on, including studies that raise serious methodological concerns and several \nthat did not raise as many concerns among our methodology review team. Therefore, to focus \nthis review on the best available evidence, we d"]
[8.585973739624023, 4.698892116546631, "ive evidence for the effect of permitless-carry laws on total homicides .\nFirearm homicides . Ten of the 22 studies examined the effects of shall-issue laws on fire -\narm homicides, one examined effects of the laws on fatal assaults of law enforcemen"]
[8.64122200012207, 4.68204927444458, "two with data \nextending past 2000 (Hamill et al., 2019; Kendall and Tamura, 2010), found only uncertain \neffects of shall-issue laws on assault (Hamill et al., 2019; Kendall and Tamura, 2010; Helland \nand Tabarrok, 2004; Plassmann and Whitley, 2003)"]
[8.61539077758789, 4.688093185424805, "laws. In an \nordinary-least-squares regression controlling for arrest rates, population density, and socio-\neconomic characteristics, shall-issue laws had uncertain effects on unintentional handgun \ndeaths and suggestive effects consistent with incre"]
[8.637308120727539, 4.665299892425537, "ed with blue squares indicate that methodological concerns are discussed in the \ntext. See Appendix B for details.\nThe Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies\n350Conclusions\nWe identified t"]
[8.625411987304688, 4.673755168914795, "criminal activity or in which fewer than three of the \nfatally injured victims were not related to the shooter (e.g., family, romantic partner). Finally, Blau, Gorry, Evidence for this\nrelationship is\ninconclusive.Shall-issue concealed-carry\nlaws hav"]
[8.61267375946045, 4.673365116119385, "impact of shall-issue concealed-\ncarry laws on a binary indicator for whether a mass shooting occurred in a given state-year. \nControlling for time-invariant state characteristics, national trends, and a host of other state-\nlevel gun policies, as we"]
[8.643120765686035, 4.686379432678223, "rry laws had an uncertain relationship \nwith the number of school shooting victims (see Figure\u00a018.5). Given the relatively rare nature \nof this outcome, these analyses may have been underpowered to detect an effect. These analy -\nses also did not inc"]
[8.613792419433594, 4.686439037322998, "cealed-carry laws . We identified seven qualifying studies that examined the \neffect of shall-issue laws on mass shooting outcomes. Lott (2003) found that shall-issue laws \nwere associated with significant reduc-\ntions in multiple-victim shooting inc"]
[8.441286087036133, 4.5878424644470215, "round checks for handgun sales, long gun sales, and \nthe proportion of sales that are handguns. This study used linear regression models that \nincluded state-level fixed effects and excluded the potentially problematic control for the \nratio of firea"]
[8.55432415008545, 4.6462297439575195, "outcomes. One study \n(Ginwalla et al., 2014) found that allowing permitless carry in Arizona was correlated with \nsignificant increases in NICS background checks relative to the national trend. One study \n(Steidley, 2019) found that shall-issue and p"]
[8.402082443237305, 4.337057590484619, "on Laws on Crime,\u201d \nInternational Review of Law and Economics , Vol.\u00a047, 2016, pp.\u00a076\u201383.\nBartley, William Alan, and Mark A. Cohen, \u201cThe Effect of Concealed Weapons Laws: An \nExtreme Bound Analysis,\u201d Economic Inquiry , Vol.\u00a036, No.\u00a02, 1998, pp.\u00a0258\u20132"]
[8.422126770019531, 4.34619665145874, " No.\u00a02, June 2019, pp.\u00a0198\u2013247.\nDonohue, John J., Samuel V. Cai, Matthew V. Bondy, and Philip J. Cook, More Guns, More \nUnintended Consequences: The Effects of Right-to-Carry on Criminal Behavior and Policing in \nUS Cities , Cambridge, Mass.: Nationa"]
[8.474687576293945, 4.322944641113281, ", March 2019a, pp. 3\u20139.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cUsing the Synthetic Control Method to Determine the Effects of Concealed Carry Laws \non State-Level Murder Rates,\u201d International Review of Law and Economics , Vol. 57, March 2019b.\nGoodman-Bacon, Andrew, \u201cDifference-in-D"]
[8.406414031982422, 4.3377299308776855, "Justice , Vol.\u00a024, \nNo.\u00a01, 2008, pp.\u00a04\u201317.\nLott, John R., Jr., \u201cThe Concealed-Handgun Debate,\u201d Journal of Legal Studies , Vol.\u00a027, No.\u00a01, \nJanuary 1998a, pp.\u00a0221\u2013243.\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun-Control Laws , 1st ed., Chi"]
[8.42091178894043, 4.325004577636719, "egault, \u201cSystematic Measurement Error with State-Level \nCrime Data: Evidence from the \u2018More Guns Less Crime\u2019 Debate,\u201d Journal of Research in Crime \nand Delinquency , Vol.\u00a042, No.\u00a02, May\u00a02005, pp.\u00a0187\u2013210. \nMoody, Carlisle E., \u201cTesting for the Effects"]
[8.348296165466309, 4.2754950523376465, "nal Justice , Vol.\u00a025, No.\u00a01, 2009, pp.\u00a067\u201388.\nRosengart, M., P. Cummings, A. Nathens, P. Heagerty, R. Maier, and F. Rivara, \u201cAn Evaluation \nof State Firearm Regulations and Homicide and Suicide Death Rates,\u201d Injury Prevention , Vol.\u00a011, \nNo.\u00a02, 2005"]
[8.351990699768066, 4.286197185516357, "Smart, Rosanna, Terry L. Schell, Matthew Cefalu, and Andrew R. Morral, \u201cImpact on \nNonfirearm Deaths of Firearm Laws Affecting Firearm Deaths: A Systematic Review and \nMeta-Analysis,\u201d American Journal of Public Health , Vol. 110, No. 10, October 2020"]
[8.336594581604004, 4.591750621795654, "rt -\nment of Veterans Affairs (38 C.F.R. 1.218) or the U.S. Postal Service (39 C.F.R. 232.1). Two fed -\neral laws restrict guns in or around schools offering elementary or secondary education. The \nGun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 prohibits most fir"]
[8.332606315612793, 4.586061000823975, "ese areas. There is debate \nover the extent to which perpetrators target gun-free zones. One analysis of 133 mass shoot -\ning events between 2009 and 2016 found that 10\u00a0percent of incidents occurred in designated \ngun-free zones (Everytown for Gun Sa"]
[8.163585662841797, 4.6326494216918945, "ina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Car -\nolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, \nand Wyoming. See Ala. Code 1975 \u00a7 13A-11-61.2; Alaska Stat. Ann."]
[8.348163604736328, 4.65977668762207, "as of restaurants (Miss. Code Ann. \u00a7 45-9-101(13); Mo. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 571.107.1(7)). Finally, \nIllinois, Louisiana, and some other states prohibit open carry but allow concealed carry. Like Kentucky \nand others, Illinois\u2019s law does not apply in restaur"]
[8.30335521697998, 4.583302021026611, " Ida. Code Ann. \u00a7 18-3309; Kan. Stat. Ann. \u00a7 75-7c20 (concealed weapons shall not be prohibited \nunless adequate security measures are in place to ensure that no weapons are permitted); La. Rev. Stat. Ann. \n\u00a7\u00a0 40:1379.3(c); Miss. Ann. Code \u00a7\u00a7 97-37-7"]
[8.335240364074707, 4.554413795471191, "32.1, Conduct on Postal Property.\nCrime Prevention Research Center, \u201cUpdated: Mass Public Shootings Keep Occurring in Gun-\nFree Zones: 94% of Attacks Since 1950,\u201d June\u00a015, 2018a. \nEverytown for Gun Safety Support Fund, \u201cMass Shootings in the United S"]
[8.35988998413086, 4.574267387390137, "onsult and Politico, 2022).\nAs discussed in Chapter\u00a0Nineteen (on gun-free zones), two federal laws restrict who may \ncarry guns in or around schools offering kindergarten through grade 12 (K\u201312) education: \nthe Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 (18\u00a0 "]
[8.363903999328613, 4.595421314239502, "nts between 2014 \nand 2018 that involved a firearm brought to a school by a law enforcement officer or that \ninvolved a teacher improperly discharging or losing control of a weapon (Foley and Fenn, \n2018). This compares with around 20 active-shooter "]
[8.355314254760742, 4.600773334503174, "adults to carry weapons on K\u201312 campuses could create a new demand for specialized \ntraining or practice. However, surveys suggest that most teachers are opposed to bringing \nguns into schools, so uptake on teacher firearm certification may be low (B"]
[8.320598602294922, 4.597716331481934, " Code Ann. \u00a7 37.0811; Utah Code Ann. \u00a7\u00a076-10-505.5; \nKnicely, 2018; Wyo. Stat. Ann. \u00a7\u00a021-3-132.The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies376nel but also no laws explicitly prohibiting it, "]
[8.356413841247559, 4.612252712249756, "da. Code Ann. \u00a7 18-3302D(g); Miss. Code. Ann. \u00a7 97-37-17.Laws Allowing Armed Staff in K\u201312 Schools377Outcomes Without Studies Examining the Effects of Laws \nAllowing Armed Staff in K\u201312 Schools\nWe did not identify any studies that met our inclusion c"]
[8.355734825134277, 4.317052364349365, "search Center, April\u00a025, 2019. \nMarjory Stoneman Douglas High School Public Safety Commission, Initial Report Submitted to \nthe Governor, Speaker of the House of Representatives and Senate President , January\u00a02, 2019. \nMorning Consult and Politico, N"]
[8.68177604675293, 4.056032657623291, "iety in general and individual stake -\nholder groups in particular, and other issues central to the acceptability of any policy. These \nscientific questions about what is true and knowable do not supersede questions of individual \nrights or Second Am"]
[8.651846885681152, 4.039295196533203, "effect. Even when multiple studies fail to find a significant effect, it is not correct that this \nimplies that the policy has no effect. Instead, the effects may simply be too small to reliably \ndetect, or the data available to assess the policy\u2019s e"]
[7.96326208114624, 4.5929365158081055, "f such laws on \ntotal suicides among young people. Looking across the columns, it is apparent that research \ninto five outcomes is either unavailable or almost entirely inconclusive. It is noteworthy \nthat three of these five outcomes\u2014defensive gun u"]
[8.154949188232422, 4.405539035797119, "CAP laws and the other two The Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S. Gun Policies386TABLE 21.1\nStrength of Evidence Across Gun Policies and Outcomes\nOutcomeMinimum Age \nRequirementsProhibitions Associ"]
[7.933252811431885, 4.361104965209961, "gistration Requirements Bans on the Sale of \nAssault Weapons and \nHigh-Capacity MagazinesBans on Low-Quality \nHandgunsStand-Your-Ground LawsChild-Access Prevention \nLawsConcealed-\nCarry LawsGun-Free ZonesLaws Allowing Armed Staff \nin K\u201312 Schools \nPu"]
[7.876789569854736, 4.7673492431640625, "talities and limited evidence that bans on high-capacity magazines reduce mass \nshootings and fatalities. \ni We found inconclusive evidence for the effects of may-issue, shall-issue, and permitless-carry laws on firearm purchases. Table 21.1\u2014Continue"]
[8.074009895324707, 5.095516204833984, "tively promote safe storage prac -\ntices, particularly if storage devices (e.g., gun locks) are provided along with the counseling \n(RAND Corporation, 2018, Chapter\u00a0Twenty). \nConclusion 2.  There is supportive evidence that stand-your-ground laws are"]
[8.521873474121094, 4.709171295166016, "e prevalence with which legal and illegal \ncarriage of firearms occurs in states with permissive concealed-carry laws. For instance, \nRowhani-Rahbar et al. (2017) found that in states with more-restrictive may-issue laws, only \n9\u00a0percent of handgun o"]
[7.7759222984313965, 4.282015323638916, "categories of gun violence in the United \nStates. Half of all women who died by homicide in the United States in 2016 and for whom \nrelationship with the perpetrator was known were killed by a current or former intimate \npartner (Ertl et al., 2019). "]
[7.720879077911377, 4.608516693115234, "ter purchase or acquisition \nof a firearm (Studdert et al., 2020). Although federal laws restrict the age at which young \npeople may purchase firearms from a federally licensed firearms dealer or possess handguns, \nmany states have adopted more-strin"]
[7.81450080871582, 4.099029064178467, " been reluctant to share those \nrecords for use in the FBI\u2019s National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), the \nfederal database used for background checks. Although most states have laws allowing for the \nvoluntary sharing of some mental"]
[8.367205619812012, 4.270951271057129, "arm reporting requirements or laws allowing armed staff in K\u201312 schools. Only \ninconclusive evidence exists for the effects of gun-free zones; extreme risk protection orders \nor \u201cred-flag\u201d laws; firearm safety training requirements; firearm sales rep"]
[8.48376750946045, 4.134917736053467, "ating a \nfield that is growing but underdeveloped. Before 1996, the federal government supported a \nmodest program of research examining firearm violence and policy. In the early 1990s, the \nCDC was sponsoring millions of dollars of research on firea"]
[8.512252807617188, 4.139772415161133, "ing \ncessation, HIV/AIDS, or traffic safety. \n\u2022 Recommendation 10 . To improve the development of firearm violence prevention strate -\ngies, the federal government should commit to an ongoing program of research fund -The Science of Gun Policy: A Cri"]
[8.505840301513672, 4.130084991455078, "nform the trade-offs between this outcome and the potential public safety \nbenefits. Triangulating FBI information on justifiable homicides with other data sources that \ncapture aspects of defensive gun use (e.g., Gun Violence Archive, the National C"]
[8.471230506896973, 4.11410665512085, " the ways that gun owners store and use their weap -\nons. Therefore, gun ownership and use are the behaviors through which laws may affect such \noutcomes as firearm suicide, firearm homicide, hunting and recreation, and firearm sales. \nIn the absence"]
[8.58903980255127, 4.180648326873779, "were acquired, and other key details are omitted from these reports. \nAlthough some researchers have been able to work with detailed trace data from individual \npolice departments or, rarely, whole states, trace data have not been available on a nati"]
[12.955992698669434, 4.1291985511779785, "ment agencies, NIBRS was designed to collect \nincident-level information about crimes reported to police. It officially launched in the mid-\n1980s, but by the early 2000s, only 16\u00a0percent of the U.S. population was served by a law \nenforcement agency"]
[8.470734596252441, 4.1564435958862305, " \n(BJS) has explored options for generating such estimates through the National Crime Victim -\nization Survey (BJS, 2017b). In 2016, BJS began expanding the survey panel to generate reli -\nable estimates for 22 states that account for 79\u00a0percent of t"]
[8.473271369934082, 4.152082443237305, "a set must be purchased separately. \nThis expense represents a serious access barrier for most researchers interested in analyz -\ning state firearm injuries over time. Recently, however, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization \nProject has released a red"]
[8.727142333984375, 4.05588436126709, "estimates of the effects of gun \npolicies on various outcomes, and the computing power that researchers need to implement \nthe increasingly demanding modeling requirements has more than kept pace with the dif -\n1 See, for instance, Healthcare Cost an"]
[8.742180824279785, 4.058265686035156, "been found to contain errors that could affect results. \n\u2022 Poorly justified models of the time course of a policy\u2019s effects. Statistical models of the \neffects of a policy impose assumptions about the period during which the effects of the \npolicy wi"]
[8.555937767028809, 4.111791610717773, "e \nmore readily detectable effects on public safety, health, and industry outcomes. The United \nStates has a large stock of privately owned guns in circulation\u2014estimated to be somewhere \nbetween 265\u00a0million and 393\u00a0million firearms (Karp, 2018; Azrae"]
[8.33387279510498, 4.265543460845947, "See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.\nCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, \u201cUnderlying Cause of Death, 2018\u20132020, Single \nRace,\u201d WONDER data system, undated-c. As of September 18, 2022:  \nhttps://wonder.cdc.gov/ucd-icd10-expanded.htm"]
[8.352810859680176, 4.267213821411133, ": Murder Victims, by \nWeapon, 2015\u20132019,\u201d webpage, Crime in the United States 2019, 2020b. As of August 31, 2022:  \nhttps://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-u.s.-2019/tables/  \nexpanded-homicide-data-table-8.xls\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cExpanded Homicide "]
[8.320901870727539, 4.251474857330322, " of Human Resources , Vol.\u00a052, No.\u00a03, 2017, pp.\u00a0621\u2013653.\nMercy, James A., Robin Ikeda, and Kenneth E. Powell, \u201cFirearm-Related Injury Surveillance: \nAn Overview of Progress and the Challenges Ahead,\u201d American Journal of Preventive Medicine , \nVol.\u00a015"]
[8.483787536621094, 4.174272060394287, "ica, Calif.: RAND \nCorporation, RR-2685-RC, 2018. As of October\u00a01, 2019: \nhttps://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2685.html\nSchell, Terry L., Rosanna Smart, and Andrew R. Morral, Suggestions for Estimating the Effects \nof State Gun Policies: Com"]
[8.576070785522461, 4.393199443817139, "ystem\nNIS Nationwide Inpatient Sample\nNRC National Research Council\nNVDRS National Violent Death Reporting System\nSHR Supplementary Homicide Report411APPENDIX A\nChanges from the Second Edition of This \nReport\nIn addition to updating our 2020 review t"]
[8.025260925292969, 4.319427490234375, "udy (Crifasi et al., 2018b). We have \nthus updated the results from this study, as well as the associated estimates in the forest \nplots, using the revised numbers provided in the erratum. These changes affected the specific \nstudy estimates for viol"]
[7.932737350463867, 4.349897384643555, "f-injuries (including suicide attempts and self-injuries that were not the result \nof suicide attempts) among young people\n \u2013revised: moderate evidence that child-access prevention laws reduce total suicides \namong young people; supportive evidence t"]
[7.8636980056762695, 4.325386047363281, " surrender \nlaws, in combination with prohibitions related to violent offenses, reduce total inti -\nmate partner homicides; and limited evidence that surrender laws, in combination \nwith prohibitions related to violent offenses, reduce firearm-relate"]
[7.90498161315918, 4.351774215698242, "\nfirearm suicides among \npeople aged 20 or younger\nPossessing: Inconclusive \nevidence for total and firearm \nsuicides8 Purchasing: Inconclusive \nevidence for total suicides; \nmoderate evidence decreasing \nfirearm suicides among people \nunder age 25\nP"]
[7.908779144287109, 4.319473743438721, "ve \nevidence for total and firearm \nsuicides\nShall issue: Inconclusive \nevidence for total and firearm \nsuicides\nGun-free zones 0 No studies 0 No studies \nLaws allowing \narmed staff in K\u201312 \nschools0 No studies 0 No studiesTable A.1\u2014ContinuedChanges "]
[7.883778095245361, 4.301207065582275, "timate partner \nhomicides; limited evidence that \nsurrender laws, in combination \nwith prohibitions related to violent \noffenses, reduce firearm-related \nintimate partner homicidesThe Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence o"]
[7.944499969482422, 4.331666469573975, "icides, robberies, and \nrapes8 Supportive evidence for \ndecreasing assaults (all ages) and \nfirearm homicides among young \npeople; inconclusive evidence for \nviolent crime, firearm homicides, \nrobberies, and rapes\nConcealed-carry \nlaws42 Shall issue:"]
[7.984808921813965, 4.3223958015441895, "ontinued\nTABLE A.4\nChanges to the Number of Studies and Conclusions, Mass Shootings\nPolicyOriginal Review Updated 2022 Review\nNo. of \nStudies ConclusionNo. of \nStudies Conclusion\nMinimum age \nrequirements1 Purchasing: Inconclusive 1 Purchasing: Incon"]
[8.135621070861816, 4.320464611053467, "ts0 No studies 0 No studies\nBans on the sale of assault \nweapons and high-capacity \nmagazines0 No studies 0 No studies\nBans on low-quality \nhandguns0 No studies 0 No studies\nStand-your-ground laws 2 Inconclusive 3 Inconclusive\nChild-access prevention"]
[8.410399436950684, 4.193301200866699, "onclusive \nfor firearm purchases\nGun-free zones 0 No studies 0 No studies\nLaws allowing armed \nstaff in K\u201312 schools0 No studies 0 No studiesTable A.6\u2014ContinuedThe Science of Gun Policy: A Critical Synthesis of Research Evidence on the Effects of U.S"]
[15.708924293518066, 3.968259811401367, "CORPORATIONBuilding a High-Quality \nCorrectional Workforce\nIdentifying Challenges and Needs\nJoe Russo, Dulani Woods, George B. Drake, Brian A. Jackson \nOn behalf of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the \nRAND Corporation manages the Priority C"]
[15.7935209274292, 4.01950740814209, "required to ensure that training \ncurricula are adequate, consistent, relevant, realistic, and delivered in an effective manner.\n\u2022\n Th\nere is a need for standards to control excessive \nworkloads, which can lead to both staff turnover and inadequate m"]
[15.771586418151855, 4.036539077758789, " who account for 34\n p\nercent of the workforce and \nchange jobs at a rate more than three times that of nonmillen-nials (Adkins, 2016). Turnover is expensive, and it is estimated that millennial turnover alone costs the U.S. economy more than $30\n b\n"]
[15.777901649475098, 4.04867696762085, "to \nattract a sufficient pool of quality candidates, the realities of corrections work (e.g., work hours, environment, com-pensation), and the strategies required to find candidates who meet the existing and future needs of the organization2Panel Mem"]
[15.764013290405273, 4.019834518432617, " term used in our work for a specific requirement, tied \nto either solving a problem or taking advantage of an opportu-nity for better performance in the justice system, which would help the U.S. corrections sector to better address its workforce iss"]
[14.817764282226562, 1.8001888990402222, "sed on its expected benefit (how important they thought it was for the need to be met) and two measures of the probability of success of actually meeting the need (tech-nical and operational feasibility). \nDuring the second round of the process, to h"]
[15.77688217163086, 4.044188499450684, "eds. This consolidation resulted in 64 final needs. (See Figure\n 2 f\nor a \nbreakdown of these needs by theme and Table  1 f\nor the top-tier \nneeds across all themes.) \nWe acknowledge that the needs identified and the priorities \nassigned to them are\u2014"]
[15.77755355834961, 4.047516345977783, "he most important work-\nforce issue in the pre-workshop questionnaire. Not surprisingly, this topic generated the most discussion during the workshop, \n2 Vacancy rates are typically calculated based on the number of \nunfilled positions derived throug"]
[15.745636940002441, 4.01891565322876, "for staffing ratios and examine such strategies as capped caseloads to allow agencies to meet these standards.\nFunding levels dedicated to educating and training the correctional workforce lag behind those for other comparable fields, most notably la"]
[15.76278018951416, 4.024466037750244, "gencies have adopted a \u201cno news is good news\u201d stance with respect to the media. Furthermore, there has been very little effort to share (nonsensitive) information with the public about policy; the challenges faced; and, most impor-tantly, how the sec"]
[15.774736404418945, 4.052394390106201, "f the sector. The panelists reported that the perpetuation of these negative stereotypes undermines the sector and its ability to recruit new talent. They therefore identified a need for the development of best practices for such stakeholders as the "]
[15.78016185760498, 4.094884395599365, "this can be waived with work experience or military service (\u201cCor-rectional Officer Education and Training,\u201d 2013). Interestingly, some states have modified educational requirements based, in part, on the labor market. For example, in 1987, the Color"]
[15.774012565612793, 4.084510803222656, "ze evidence-based programming and recognize and leverage the potential of corrections officers as key components of the behavioral change process could be more attractive to a wider group of candidates, allowing agen-cies to enforce competency standa"]
[15.778495788574219, 4.077916145324707, "ons officer\u2019s family for food stamps (Mitch-ell, 2014). Similarly, new parole officers in New Jersey receive $57,000 annually, whereas their counterparts in Louisiana earn just over $30,000 (New Jersey Civil Service Commission, 2016; Rico, 2017). Com"]
[15.775912284851074, 4.0600457191467285, "ition, agency, and geographic area and proposed the establishment of a federal minimum wage for correctional occupations that organizations can exceed, as appropriate. \nRetirement benefits are another important aspect of \ncompensation. Historically, "]
[15.77441120147705, 4.05686616897583, "compensation. The \nHigh school students with \ncollege aspirations (and considering eventual repayment of student loans) could be dissuaded from careers in corrections. 11panelists reported believing that creative incentives\u2014such as \nfree or subsidize"]
[15.783352851867676, 4.060306072235107, "ining agreements ensure that existing staff have priority over new hires with respect to desired posts and schedules. The panelists recognized the importance of rewarding staff for their service, but they also acknowledged that the status quo present"]
[15.77154541015625, 4.046900272369385, "he costs, benefits, and efficacy of providing such incentives as transportation and housing assistance.\nThe entertainment industry shapes public perception of corrections through fictional or \u201creality TV\u201d productions, but the image portrayed is often"]
[15.776578903198242, 4.056743621826172, "the panelists suggested, the corrections sector is not capitalizing on these innovations. Panelists recom-mended an assessment of the costs and benefits of migrating jurisdiction-based hiring platforms to commercial platforms that allow organizations"]
[15.820361137390137, 4.108753204345703, "e of \nparaprofessional or part-time staff to perform lower-level work functions.Examine the feasibility and benefits of developing paraprofessional positions and expanding part-time opportunities.\nWork schedules for corrections staff are typically in"]
[15.773775100708008, 4.051876068115234, "still longer than for other occupations. Some of the challenges identified are information technology\u2013related because many agencies struggle with outdated systems. Panelists noted the need to examine the costs and benefits of upgrading these systems "]
[15.780997276306152, 4.048012733459473, "ality and amount of training really required to prepare new staff to perform well. The panelists noted that all agencies continuously seek additional funding to support their operations; however, these efforts might be more success-ful if there were "]
[15.77126693725586, 4.057228088378906, ". This is perhaps not surprising, given that each state generally sets its own standards and each agency must operate within its unique resource constraints. The problem, according to the panelists, is that many new hires coming into the sector are i"]
[15.777847290039062, 4.06152868270874, "w staff is a signifi-\ncant expense. For example, the Ohio Department of Reha-bilitation and Corrections has estimated that the cost to train a parole officer is $16,000 (Stinchcomb, McCampbell, and Layman, 2006). Panelists discussed ways to mitigate "]
[15.744729995727539, 4.016021251678467, "s can occur because of lack of trust in staff to use judg-ment to make appropriate decisions. The result is that most training tends to be framed in absolutes while being effective in the field requires navigating numerous shades of gray. Staff must "]
[15.772467613220215, 4.0384840965271, "esources are often too costly for smaller agencies. Encourage government and industry organizations to invest in training platforms and develop content that agencies can access at little or no cost.\nFunding limitations can result in a training pipeli"]
[15.769667625427246, 4.058514595031738, "paration for these challenges and called on agencies to examine and improve their organizational cultures while providing better training and support to these individu-als. Panelists identified a particular organizational dynamic that can hamper the "]
[15.76562213897705, 4.059118270874023, "ed individuals to the agency, and many of these 19strategies have a role in preventing turnover, but maintaining \na high-quality workforce requires long-term commitment to organizational issues that affect job satisfaction and improve retention (Stin"]
[15.733470916748047, 4.100240707397461, "ly underresourced agen-cies inevitably burden their staff through exce ssive workloads. \nThis condition can result in role overload, which occurs when staff are overwhelmed by the demands of the job. For commu-nity supervision staff, this typically t"]
[15.776957511901855, 4.059182643890381, "decisionmaking increased the stress levels of jail staff. Conversely, employee participation in decisionmaking was linked to lower levels of work stress (Slate, Vogel, and Johnson, 2001). The panelists called for the development of best practices for"]
[15.767664909362793, 4.045489311218262, "ction with supervisors (Stohr, Self, and Lovrich, 1992) with negative attitudes and turnover intention. Furthermore, corrections officers who do not feel supported by their supervisors might be more likely to have attitudes that are conducive to inst"]
[15.774633407592773, 4.057639122009277, " a variety of negative outcomes and can hinder an organization\u2019s ability to retain staff. Assess and validate existing standards for staffing ratios, and examine such strategies as capped caseloads to allow agencies to meet these standards.\n2 Increas"]
[15.774740219116211, 4.053241729736328, "inue to perform the requisite duties. This issue will become increasingly salient as the general population ages and, as a result, works longer. Indeed, BLS reports that the labor force participation rate for the 65-and-older age group is projected t"]
[15.786487579345703, 4.061715126037598, "ould create tension in the workplace among those who are not selected. To combat this, staff must perceive the process to be fair. Panelists suggested that agencies clearly specify the training, experience, education requirements, and competencies de"]
[15.77833366394043, 4.048806190490723, "ne such approach, promoted by the panelists, is the establishment of a national correctional academy that would provide high-quality, standardized management-level training to staff from agencies across the country. The general concept was first intr"]
[15.774100303649902, 4.052318096160889, "ced. These factors can deter staff from seeking advancement and, in some cases, have prompted senior staff to request voluntary demotions to improve their compensation and benefit packages (Lord, 2012). \nThese particular issues are not as prevalent i"]
[15.776107788085938, 4.0484938621521, "elop a national correctional academy for management-level training.\nCorrectional agencies are often passive or reactive with respect to preparing staff for promotion and leadership opportunities, often waiting until reassignment is urgently needed.As"]
[15.78577709197998, 4.035366535186768, "ly supports and rewards positive behavior but also encourages the reporting of misconduct when it occurs is likely to have fewer and less significant problems than an agency without this type of culture. Staff must be encouraged to hold each other ac"]
[15.780584335327148, 4.046481132507324, "t, if only after the fact. They identified the need to develop best practices for such processes as exit interviews with staff and offenders because, in light of their pending separation, they might be more likely to report mis-conduct they have witn"]
[15.763148307800293, 4.024768352508545, " to locate and perform comparative analyses on because of the lack of standard definitions of terms.Create processes for annual reports that reflect the state of the entire correctional workforce.\nInsufficient data exist on the reasons that correctio"]
[15.777688980102539, 4.047821044921875, " professionalism, according to the panelists. This condition is most evident in corrections officers. The panelists called for the reevaluation of existing or the creation of new competency standards for various correctional positions. These competen"]
[15.289132118225098, 3.2985265254974365, "shers to review and revise these documents in order to maintain relevance.\nFinal Thought\nThe mission of the corrections sector is, to be certain, challeng-ing and complex under the best of conditions. Human capital is critical to this mission. That t"]
[14.864596366882324, 1.8459068536758423, "associated need using a 1-to-9 scale for the following dimensions: (1)\n i\nmportance, (2)  t\nechnical \nfeasibility, and (3)  o\nperational feasibility. For the importance \ndimension, participants were instructed that 1 was a \u201clow\u201d score and 9 was a \u201chi"]
[14.773270606994629, 1.7347501516342163, "within-cluster variance when determining the breaks between tiers. The choice of three tiers is arbitrary but was made in part to remain consis -\ntent across the set of technology workshops conducted for NIJ as a part of the PCJNI effort. Also, the c"]
[15.727227210998535, 4.1442155838012695, "utional Corrections: Recruitment and Retention Evaluation (Update) , \nGreenville, N.C.: East Carolina University, February 10, 2017.\nBrainard, Keith, and Alex Brown, Spotlight on Significant Reforms \nto State Retirement Systems , Lexington, Ky.: Nati"]
[15.666693687438965, 4.1753950119018555, " 2, No. 4, 1985, pp.\n 5\n05\u2013533.\nDews, Fred, \u201c11 Facts About the Millennial Generation,\u201d Brookings Institution blog, June 2, 2014. As of June 22, 2018: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2014/06/02/  \n11-facts-about-the-millennial-generation"]
[15.630120277404785, 4.183162212371826, " of June 26, 2018: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR820.html\nJacobs, James B., and Kerry T. Cooperman, \u201cA Proposed National \nCorrections College,\u201d New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers, \u00a02012. As of June 23, 2018:"]
[15.747082710266113, 4.160116672515869, "ly , Vol. 5, No. 2, Spring 2001.\nMassachusetts Public Employee Retirement Administration Commission, \u201cMandatory Retirement,\u201d webpage, 2017. As of December 6, 2017: http://www.mass.gov/perac/forms-pubs/retirement-guides/  \nprior-employee-7.html\nMatz, "]
[15.715768814086914, 4.152198791503906, "General Social Survey,\u201d Chicago, Ill.: National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, October 2014.\nSnell, Ronald K., Changes in Age and Service Requirements for Normal \nRetirement in State Retirement Plans, 2009\u20132011 , Washington, D."]
[13.976590156555176, 4.16471004486084, "Eric G. Lambert, \u201cRates and Patterns of Law Enforcement Turnover: A Research Note,\u201d Criminal Justice Policy Review , Vol. 26, No. 4, June 1, 2015, pp.\n 3\n45\u2013370.\nWorley, Robert Michael, and Vidisha Barua Worley, \u201cGames Guards Play: A Self-Report Stud"]
[13.913259506225586, 4.211306095123291, " Institute\u2019s Farming Systems Trial. He began his career as a Coast Guard officer on afloat and ashore assignments in Miami, Florida; New London, Connecticut; and Baltimore, Maryland.\nGeorge Drake  is an independent consultant and subcontractor to the"]
[13.849538803100586, 4.616760730743408, "ation, visit  \nwww.rand.org/t/RR2386.\nThe RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help \nmake communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is non"]
[0.19303151965141296, 14.243488311767578, "Building Resilience in an \nUrban Coastal Environment\nIntegrated, Science-Based Planning in \nJamaica Bay, New York\nJordan R. Fischbach, Debra Knopman, Heather Smith, Philip Orton,  \nEric Sanderson, Kim Fisher, Nerissa Moray, Adam Friedberg, Adam Parri"]
[0.18503867089748383, 14.237369537353516, "ort was also intended to complement the ongoing East Rockaway Inlet to Rockaway Inlet and Jamaica Bay Reformulation Study (Reformulation Study) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), authorized in the 2013 Sandy Supple-mental Appropriations bil"]
[0.1891195923089981, 14.236133575439453, "d Analy  sis t\no Support Planning  ............................................................................. 3\nRole of the Institute and Approach to Engagement  ................................................................ 3\nApproach to Analy "]
[0.2078169733285904, 14.241353988647461, ".................... 67\nFindings  .................................................................................................................... 67\nConclusions and Next Steps  ...................................................................."]
[0.23440603911876678, 14.263041496276855, ".............................. 38\n5\n.5. Map o\nf Land Converting to Open  Wa\nter in  Fu\nture Scenarios  .......................................... 39\n5\n.6. Map o\nf Increase in Monthly Tidal Flood Depths by Scenario,  \nDeveloped Areas  ................"]
[0.22573214769363403, 14.252312660217285, "......................... 62\n6\n.11. Ch\nange in Bottom-  La\nyer Time Above DO Threshold with Concept 1 (top)  \nand Concept 2 (bottom)  .................................................................................................. 63\n6\n.12. Su\nmmar"]
[0.2117801457643509, 14.245783805847168, "ata Sources  ...................................................................................... 77\nC\n.1. Res\ntoration Sensitivity Tests  ............................................................................................. 81\nC\n.2. Ec\nosy"]
[0.2040429413318634, 14.240944862365723, " \nBay in the pres  en\nt, considered to be 2016 when the modeling work commenced, and 25 and \n50\u00a0years in the  fu\nture, corresponding to the years 2041 and 2066.\nAs part of the stakeholder engagement pro  ce\nss, the research team employed an approach "]
[0.20081983506679535, 14.239448547363281, "asters) can also be damaging, with similar but milder hazards coinciding with multiple high-\n ti\nde occur -\nrences. Over the past  ce\nntury, sea levels around New York City, and specifically in Jamaica Bay, \nhave risen by more than a foot, and the Ne"]
[0.20821619033813477, 14.236947059631348, "ients, oxygen, pathogens, CSOs, and the  wa\nter quality dynamics of the Bay, as affected \nby both rainfall and wastewater flows from the surrounding watershed as well as Bay hydro -\ndynamics.\nNot all  th\nese pro  ce\nsses could be captured in this fir"]
[0.21601200103759766, 14.243468284606934, "lity\nModeling\n[ECOM/JEM]\nDO, Chlorophyll,\nFecal coliform\n[JEM]Residence Time\n[sECOM 3-D]\nWater quality\nmetrics3-D\nHydrodynamics &\nCirculation\n[sECOM 3-D]Summary    xv\nsen ta tions of the full range of relevant pro  ce sses within Jamaica Bay, especia"]
[0.2219509780406952, 14.247001647949219, "re frequent inundation. The High scenario remains an extreme, low probability projection at this time, but \n th\nese probabilities should be expected to change as the science on global ice \nsheet dynamics and sea level change continues to evolve.\nResu"]
[0.223637655377388, 14.250113487243652, "rea increases except in Year 50 High sce -\nnario. The percentage change in asset exposure  un der Concept 2 is similar in magnitude to \nConcept 1 (including the barrier across the inlet), suggesting that nature-  ba sed inlet narrowing \ncould have co"]
[0.19835743308067322, 14.237380027770996, "e by the existence of the Institute, \nwithout which a study of this type would have been even more difficult. Indeed, the Bay\u2019s \n\u201c hu\nman\u201d ecosystem of communities, jurisdictions, and governance arrangements is as complex \nas its \u201cnatu  ra\nl\u201d ecosyst"]
[0.20200049877166748, 14.249089241027832, "members of the \nInstitute\u2019s Public Agency Committee and Stakeholder Advisory Committee (PAC and SAC, respectively), as well as other meeting and workshop participants who contributed their time, expertise, and unique perspectives on Jamaica Bay\u2019s \n f"]
[0.19985462725162506, 14.242648124694824, ", 2011; Sanderson, 2016). Jamaica Bay also includes abundant natu\n ra\nl resources and recreational opportunities for residents and \nvisitors (City of New York, Office of Long-  Te\nrm Planning and Sustainability [OLTPS], and \nSpecial Initiative for Re"]
[0.2012111097574234, 14.241069793701172, "among other  fac\ntors.\nNo less impor  ta\nnt are (1) estimating the socioeconomic impacts from  fu\nture coastal flood -\ning (regular tidal inundation and extreme flooding), (2) quantifying community impacts from other ongoing changes to natu\n ra\nl sys"]
[0.14921776950359344, 14.246902465820312, "d to compare \nproj ec\nts, highlight high-  per\nforming or more robust approaches in the face of  fu\nture uncertainty, \nand identify key trade-  off\ns still to be resolved. The modeling approach is patterned on the State \nof Louisiana\u2019s rigorous model"]
[0.2012430876493454, 14.236908912658691, "discussions with individual members \nof the committees.\n The\nse meetings led to the development of a working list of proj  ec\nt concepts that formed \nthe basis for USACE\u2019s initial scoping of alternatives. For purposes of this proj  ec\nt, the exercise"]
[0.1989074945449829, 14.24601936340332, "65, with \noutcomes assessed at 25-  ye\nar (2040) and 50-  ye\nar (2065) intervals. In addition,  bec\nause of the \nexpected influence of climate change on the Bay, a long-  te\nrm assessment of vulnerability coin -\nciding with the end of the  ce\nntury ("]
[0.2067585289478302, 14.242273330688477, "nd planning pro  ce\nsses in vari  ou\ns stages of completion. Chapter\u00a0Three describes a pro  ce\nss of \n\u201cdecision framing\u201d that the proj  ec\nt team used with stakeholders in the region. The pro  ce\nss \nincluded the articulation of primary planning goal"]
[0.20080125331878662, 14.243291854858398, " populations \ntend to have higher  ho\nuse ho\nld incomes and educational levels, enjoy higher levels of homeown -\nership, and are more likely to be Caucasian. In contrast, neighborhoods such as Far Rockaway and Canarsie tend \n to\nward higher populatio"]
[0.20635901391506195, 14.243165969848633, "n the extensive collaboration with New York City and State agencies and local community groups and nongovernmental organ\n iza\ntions (NGOs) \nto restore Jamaica Bay\u2019s disappearing marsh islands. The agency has also been a leader in eco -\nsystems restor"]
[0.20098872482776642, 14.247232437133789, "leading state regulator of Jamaica Bay lands and  wa ters. It monitors the \nimpacts of the wastewater treatment plants at the Bay and regulates all activities in mapped fresh and tidal wetlands and adjacent areas. It acts as nonfederal sponsor for pr"]
[0.19444599747657776, 14.239184379577637, "basins and the bay side of the Rockaway Pen -\ninsula. The agency pursues and manages environmental restoration proj  ec\nts, having just com -\npleted major restorations at White Island, Paerdergat Basin, and elsewhere.\nThe NYC Department of Transporta"]
[0.2019505798816681, 14.24925708770752, " comparatively cost prohibitive, the Storm Surge Barrier plan is instead recommended as the Tentatively Selected Plan. This plan proposes a hurricane barrier across Rockaway Inlet with two pos\n si bl\ne locations: an eastern alignment that would be lo"]
[0.20444704592227936, 14.23690128326416, "s and Baywide design concepts of interest (see Chapter\u00a0Six).\nXLRM Pro  c\ness\nTo or  ga ni\nze results of multiple discussions with PAC and SAC members, we used the \u201cXLRM\u201d \nframework (Lempert, Popper, and Bankes, 2003). In this approach, \u201cX\u201d stands for"]
[0.2008272409439087, 14.247282981872559, "an waves wash away the barrier beaches and flood the oceanfront communities. Storm surge rushes into the Bay and \n ca\nuses \nflooding on the interior shorelines, with the Bay\u2019s northern tributaries acting as conduits deliv -\nering the surge  wa\nters d"]
[0.1986207813024521, 14.242547035217285, "mate) (Horton et\u00a0al., 2015). Low-\n ly\ning communities in Jamaica Bay  wi\nll be hit with more \ndisruptive tidal flooding, with analy  si\ns showing that continued SLR  wi\nll  tr\niple the frequency \nof such events in Jamaica Bay by 2030, and increase th"]
[0.20620913803577423, 14.247600555419922, "ischarge of over 50,000 pounds of nitrogen. But innovative nitrogen reduction pro\n ce\nsses and supplemental carbon systems are presently in \nvari ou\ns stages of design, construction, and operation at all four of the Bay\u2019s plants.\nThe Bay also  fac\nes"]
[0.2032507210969925, 14.247926712036133, "h decline in the 1990s led to the first restoration of an interior island, Big Egg, in 2003, followed by fur -\nther joint city-\n st\nate- fe\nderal restoration proj  ec\nts. As of 2017, New York City and USACE have \nspent over $130\u00a0million in marsh isla"]
[0.1978747546672821, 14.22354793548584, ", we turn to a scenario approach to explore the ways in which the Jamaica Bay system as modeled may respond spe-cifically to uncertainties associated with climate change: \n fu\nture SLR, changing rainfall pat -\nterns, and temperature increases.  The\ns"]
[0.2112242728471756, 14.240614891052246, "risk in and around \nthe Bay.\nUnderstanding of models and data was further refined in an integrated modeling work -\nshop conducted in December 2014. This workshop included experts such as agency personnel, Institute researchers, and contractors workin"]
[0.21020793914794922, 14.246162414550781, "lls and other hard infrastructure, channel narrowing, island restoration, and other natu\n ra\nl or nature-  ba\nsed \nfeatures intended to restore or enhance the natu  ra\nl landscape. The integrated model provides \na means of approximating the effects t"]
[0.20258057117462158, 14.229715347290039, "is challenge. We term this integrated suite of models the \u201cJamaica Bay Integrated Model.\u201d An overview is provided in this chapter, while Appendix\u00a0B provides further technical details on model se\n le\nction and calibration.\nFramework for Model Integrat"]
[0.20602038502693176, 14.237184524536133, "s exposed to tidal flooding with SLR. The exposure assessment approach is discussed in Chapter\u00a0Five.RAND RR2193-S.1Sewer system\nlinkages, land use,\nprecipitation,\ntides\nWatershed /\nSewershed\n[Infoworks]Existing\nmoduleInputs/\nOutputs\nNatural\nEcosystem"]
[0.20872367918491364, 14.235076904296875, "r dry land, marsh islands, and shallow \n wa\nters, and the Flood data cover deeper  wa\nters such \nas the navigation channels.\n \u2013To\npography of surrounding areas is based on 2010 New York City LiDAR data.\n\u2022 The D\nEM was projected onto the finer-  sc\nal"]
[0.20288236439228058, 14.237191200256348, "t land surface roughness2 values to \nmatch the desired configuration. We refer to this initial configuration as Year 0, corresponding \nto 2016.  The\nse input values  we\nre then used in sECOM 2-  D wi\nth present-  da\ny values of SLR for \neach grid cel"]
[0.21093738079071045, 14.242349624633789, "ing area of wetlands and the fact that tides propagate through deep shipping channels that circle and circumvent the shallows and wetlands in the center of the Bay (Orton et\u00a0al., 2015).\n2 Land surface roughness is an impor  ta nt pa  ra m e te r for "]
[0.21300877630710602, 14.239344596862793, ".g., Marsooli et\u00a0al., 2016).\nOutput of Simulations\nTidal  water levels within the Bay are determined from a sECOM 2-  D ti de simulation of 35 days \nstarting August\u00a01, 2015. Standard tide datums ranging from mean lower-  lo\nw  wa\nter (MLLW) \nto mean "]
[0.2159864604473114, 14.24185848236084, "atum computed for two tide \ngauge sites (Jamaica Bay Inwood and Rockaway Inlet). Figure\u00a04.3 shows that excellent agree-\nment was found between observed and modeled data at each of the two sites. Utilizing  th\nese \nmodeled  wa\nter levels, VMM\u2019s ecosys"]
[0.21362793445587158, 14.245183944702148, "m between salt marshes and uplands and is dominated by shrubs like groundsel-\n \ntree\n (Baccharis halimifolia ) and saltmarsh-  el\nder ( Iva frutescens ) and a set of salt-\ntolerant herbs.\nUpland Elevations higher than AHAT. Upland areas include a var"]
[0.22396023571491241, 14.262454986572266, "   Building Resilience in an Urban Coastal Environment\nshort-  term modeling of the sedimentary system response to Hurricane Sandy and long-  te rm \n(multiannual) simulations (Wang et\u00a0al., 2017; Hu et\u00a0al., 2018). Among other results, the research \nre"]
[0.21352027356624603, 14.24648380279541, " FIVE\nUnderstanding Vulnerabilities in a FWOA\n After completing integrated model development, the next step in this analy  si s was to estimate \n fu\nture ecosystem,  wa\nter quality, and tidal flood outcomes for Jamaica Bay  un\nder plausible \n fu\nture"]
[0.12354954332113266, 13.962869644165039, "ce a high rate of land compaction or subsidence over the time period of this analy\n si\ns, especially when compared with rates in other coastal estuaries, so for this analy  si\ns we \nfocus on localized eustatic SLR driven by a changing climate (Wang e"]
[0.18625281751155853, 14.065216064453125, "d global carbon emission scenarios \n we\nre selected to represent Mid and High climate change, respectively, though only the \nfiftieth percentile value was ultimately utilized in the  wa\nter quality analy  si\ns owing to fund -\ning limits.\nBy contrast,"]
[0.22087238729000092, 14.241225242614746, "ansition zone between salt marsh and upland areas. The first column of Figure\u00a05.3 shows a bar plot summary of ecosystem acreage \n un\nder current (Year 0) conditions.\n Future Projections\nProjecting forward, Figure\u00a05.3 also shows ecosystem changes in a"]
[0.23133394122123718, 14.256136894226074, "al Environment\npart,  these losses occur  ei ther at the perimeter of the Bay itself (where not other  wi se hardened) \nor on the outer perimeter of the interior islands. Again, substantial land loss is projected by \nYear 50\u00a0in the High scenario, wit"]
[0.22090689837932587, 14.24739933013916, "  un\nder three feet of SLR over \n50\u00a0years, leads to per  si\ns te\nnt monthly flooding across all of Broad Channel, Howard Beach, and \nlarge segments of the Rockaway Peninsula. Monthly tidal flood depths in Broad Channel and Howard Beach are three feet"]
[0.23114845156669617, 14.236181259155273, " considered are summarized in Figure\u00a05.7, with colors representing the building category. Figure\u00a05.7 shows that a small number of structures (largely residences in Broad Channel) are exposed to per\n si\ns te\nnt tidal flooding  un\nder current condition"]
[0.23876428604125977, 14.262727737426758, ".8 and 5.9 show that a range of building types on the Rockaway Peninsula, includ -\ning both single-  fa\nmily and multifamily units or larger apartment buildings, could experience \nper si\ns te\nnt tidal flooding  un\nder the High scenario. Exposure in a"]
[0.2272183746099472, 14.243388175964355, "g Resilience in an Urban Coastal Environment\nlonger. In the FWOA climate projection (Year 50), however, conditions decline: the area of \nlow DO in the eastern Bay increases, along with the percentage of time spent below threshold, and nearly all trib"]
[0.22315460443496704, 14.250913619995117, "aywide concepts in place.\nArea-  da\ny results for bottom-  la\nyer DO are shown in Figure\u00a05.12. Once again, present-  da\ny \nresults are shown in the left pane, while the right pane represents the Mid climate scenario projection for Year 50. Each colum"]
[0.20984359085559845, 14.231882095336914, "ight be threshold effects between \n1.5 and 3.0 feet that would lead to rapid ecosystem losses and much more frequent inundation.\nIt is also worth noting that the High scenario in 2041 is actually the Mid scenario in 2066. \nSimilarly, the High scenari"]
[0.21471719443798065, 14.24510669708252, "he Institute\u2019s PAC and SAC, \nr\nespectively. The purpose of each workshop was to elicit policy levers of interest that could help \nreduce tidal flood risk in low-  ly\ning areas, restore Bay ecosystems, or improve  wa\nter quality as \npart of an integra"]
[0.21773511171340942, 14.244239807128906, "Sensitivity Testing\n After the workshops  we re completed, the modeling team conducted a series of model-  ba sed \n\u201csensitivity tests\u201d to systematically evaluate the effects of each lever on habitat area, tidal flood extent, and \n wa\nter residence ti"]
[0.219335675239563, 14.249837875366211, "ludes wetlands restoration in lever No\u00a04 design; cut across field; out of scope\u2014model constraint\n4 Tunnels and/or overwash cuts in \nEdgemere/Far RockawaySCR Out of scope\u2014model constraint\n5 Idlewild/Inwood restoration and flow \nimprovementHRECRP/Stake"]
[0.2091403752565384, 14.251801490783691, "ted specific details on the frequency or flood elevation threshold for closure for the surge barrier plan. USACE (2016b) states that an Operation Plan would come \n lat\ner in the planning pro  ces\ns. \nThe most current footprints for restoration sites "]
[0.21886232495307922, 14.243965148925781, " Other distinct proposed projects \nconsidered in Concept 1 are denoted with their own unique color .\nRAND RR2193-6.2Figure\u00a06.2\nMap of Concept 1 Levers54    Building Resilience in an Urban Coastal Environment\nfirst row repeats the Year 50 FWOA results"]
[0.23470370471477509, 14.264494895935059, "Concept 2: Narrowing and\nwetlandsMid HighClimate scenario\nRAND RR2193-6.4Ecosystem or NLCD class\nDeep lagoon waters Marine intertidal mud\ufb02at\nSalt marshSalt scrubUpland Shallow lagoon waters\nFigure\u00a06.4\nJamaica Bay Habitat Areas in Year 50 with Concept"]
[0.22545738518238068, 14.24996566772461, "l of the salt marsh habitat built initially is lost or converts to mudflats by Year 50.\nFigure\u00a06.6 maps the net change in land area by Year 50 compared with current conditions, \ntaking into account both the climate scenario (columns) and concept (row"]
[0.22609834372997284, 14.253559112548828, "s the acres inundated for a given developed land classification, while the percent -\nage values indicate the change in area inundated when compared with a FWOA.\nResults show that the two concepts are successful in reducing \n fu\nture flooding relative"]
[0.23015300929546356, 14.246091842651367, "nefits across a range of SLR \nprojections, though the marginal benefit declines with assumptions of higher SLR.\nRAND RR2193-6.7\nConceptClimate scenario\nMid\nChange in Depth (MMHW; feet)Concept 1: Barrier \nand restorationConcept 2: Narrowing \nand wetla"]
[0.22724075615406036, 14.255077362060547, "f Flood Depth and Asset Exposure Changes with Concept 1\u00a0in Year 50, High Climate Scenario62    Building Resilience in an Urban Coastal Environment\nbetween Broad Channel and East High Island shows additional improvement, with time above \nthe threshold"]
[0.22485704720020294, 14.254134178161621, " Bottom-  La\nyer Time Above DO Threshold with Concept 1 (top) and Concept 2 \n(bottom)64    Building Resilience in an Urban Coastal Environment\nchapter. At pres  en t, the simulation results suggest that 4.1\u00a0  per cent of all bottom-  la yer area-  \nd"]
[0.22329264879226685, 14.252769470214844, "pacts on month-  to - mo nth tidal flooding as SLR progresses. Concept 2 also yields better per -\nfor mance than Concept 1\u00a0in terms of DO, though the magnitude is similar on average and \nmay be within the margin of modeling error.\nThat said, the rela"]
[0.2126476913690567, 14.247981071472168, " th\nese meth -\nods in the  fu\nture. We caution that  th\nese results, as with all modeling-  ba\nsed approaches, are \nlimited by the many imperfections of the models themselves, an inevitability when attempting to simulate highly complex and coupled ph"]
[0.22894513607025146, 14.2472562789917, "osystems. Results \nindicate that climate change  wi\nll have a significant impact on natu  ra\nl and  hu\nman systems in \nand around Jamaica Bay in  fu\nture de  ca\ndes. All key per  fo\nr ma\nnce metrics show declining out -\ncomes with plausible  fu\nture "]
[0.22335121035575867, 14.250720024108887, "1\u00a0in terms of DO, though the magni -\ntude is similar on average and may be within the margin of modeling error.\nThis initial analy  si\ns does not include cost estimates of each concept, nor does it address \nper fo\nr ma\nnce with re  spe\nct to storm su"]
[0.19587431848049164, 14.232625007629395, "be expected in a  fu\nture of rising sea levels and other effects from a changing climate. \nPlausible but uncertain climate change explored in this analy  si\ns represents an increasingly chal -\nlenging baseline against which  fu\nture investments shoul"]
[0.21011818945407867, 14.255105018615723, "ng supplemented \nthe diet of the area\u2019s residents, though it was not yet a prime industry at the Bay. In the year 1800, the area was still largely agricultural and supported a modest population of approximately 1,000 inhabitants. The Bay\u2019s \n wa\nters "]
[0.20975787937641144, 14.258172035217285, "rn and northwest perimeters of the Bay as part of this effort, \nand the fill was used to shape present-  da\ny Floyd Bennett Field, Mill Basin, and Canarsie Pol, \nan island south of Carnarsie, Brooklyn. Over time, however, the cost and effort of maint"]
[0.21019905805587769, 14.26235580444336, "ty o\npened \nin 1931 and played host to many famous early transatlantic and international air flights. While the airport remained in commercial use for only a few years, it was subsequently developed into an active naval base and served U.S. operation"]
[0.20132119953632355, 14.24412727355957, "preserves. And since the early 2000s, federal, state, city, and NGO groups have been working together to restore both perimeter wetlands and the Bay\u2019s central marsh islands, which are in steep decline.\nIn recent years, agencies and the community have"]
[0.20404735207557678, 14.242045402526855, "protection and resiliency proj\n ec\nts in and around the Jamaica Bay area, including beach \nnourishment and dune fortification, breakwaters, bulkheads, storm surge barrier, wetlands, and living shore lands. As part of the implementation of this plan, "]
[0.24555353820323944, 14.20913314819336, "tal Ocean Model) and  wa\nter quality \n(Row-  Co\nlumn AESOP [Advanced Ecological Systems Modeling Program]) modules (Isleib \nand Thuman, 2011; Testa et\u00a0al., 2014). NYCDEP runs the model and provides resulting infor -\nmation concerning attainment of NY"]
[0.221995010972023, 14.238184928894043, "re available to the \nproj ec\nt. Table\u00a0B.1\nPotential Watershed/Sewershed Hydrology and Hydraulics Models\nModel Description Source of Model Comments\nInfoworks sewershed \nmodels (Innovyze, 2018)NYCDEP This model provides information on CSOs, WWTPs, and "]
[0.21161237359046936, 14.238654136657715, "odel Se  le\nction\nDEP\u2019s Jamaica Bay Eutrophication Model is the model of choice (and necessity) for estimating changes in \n wa\nter quality over time throughout the Bay. JEM\u2019s output is in terms of concentra -\ntions of vari  ou\ns forms of nitrogen, ph"]
[0.2254479080438614, 14.24476146697998, " Will -\nmott (1981) and Warner, Geyer, and Lerczak (2005). Figure\u00a0B.3 shows the mea  su\nred and cal -\nculated time series of mid-  de\npth  wa\nter temperature and salinity at Rockaway Inlet near Floyd \nBennett Field for the entire simulation period.81"]
[0.24025088548660278, 14.237327575683594, "mined over a 50-  ye\nar planning period. The 50-  ye\nar SLR pro -\njections  we\nre based on the NPCC estimates (Horton et\u00a0al., 2015). A median value for SLR of \n0.43\u00a0m was utilized  he\nre. No other conditions  we\nre altered from their present-  da\ny v"]
[0.2282341718673706, 14.248671531677246, "of 69\u00a0  per\ncent of the initial area. \nThe mudflat loss contains both the loss in mudflat area and the gain in mudflat area due to the conversion of salt marsh.\nAs shown in Figure\u00a0C.4, the WR test shows very \n li\nttle salt marsh loss, and so the mudf"]
[0.23142583668231964, 14.2487211227417, "rsh and salt scrub in the FWOA case. The increase in upland in the IN test is due to the land build-up to create the narrowing.Year 0\nYear 50FW\nGS\nJS\nIN\nWR\nPR\nFW\nGS\nJS\nIN\nWR\nPR\n02 04 0\nPercentage of area60 80 100\nDeep lagoon Shallow lagoon\nSalt scrub"]
[0.23016373813152313, 14.250399589538574, "Shallowing test has the largest impact \nwith a 31-  per\ncent reduction in total inundated area and a 35-  per\ncent or greater reduction of \ndeveloped medium-   an\nd high-  in\ntensity area inundation. All four neighborhoods see reductions \nin inundate"]
[0.2320755422115326, 14.250901222229004, "ration approaches. As shown in  Ta\nble\u00a0C.5, for \nthe FWOA test, the residence times for the Grassy Bay simulation are approximately the same, with values of 6.14 for Year 0 and 6.16 for Year 50. For the Whole Bay simulations, the resi -\ndence times a"]
[0.22147230803966522, 14.239598274230957, "fset t\nhe extremely high \nnitrogen loading of the Bay.\nDiscussion\nResults of  th\nese sensitivity tests should be interpreted with caution. The intent was to help \nthe study team establish  whe\nther the models had sufficient resolution and sensitivity"]
[0.18789106607437134, 14.236759185791016, " \nResearch and Management Information Network, 2018. As of June\u00a012, 2018:  http://www.ciesin.org/jamaicabay/legislation/Local_Law_05071_NYC.pdf\nCity of New York, \u201cJamaica Bay Watershed Protection Plan (updated from 2005),\u201d 2016. As of March\u00a023, 2018:"]
[-0.40174439549446106, 14.43371868133545, "n, D.\u00a0R. Johnson, and K. Giglio, Strengthening Coastal Planning: \nHow Coastal Regions Could Benefit from Louisiana\u2019s Planning and Analy  si\ns Framework , Santa Monica, Calif.: \nRAND Corporation, RR-437-  RC\n, 2014. As of June\u00a012, 2018:  \nhttps://www."]
[0.1942036896944046, 14.23785400390625, "017, pp.\u00a043\u201359.\nKopp, R., R. DeConto, D. Bader, C. Hay, R. Horton, S. Kulp, M. Oppenheimer, D. Pollard, and B. Strauss, \u201cEvolving Understanding of Antarctic Ice-\n Sh\neet Physics and Ambiguity in Probabilistic Sea-  Le\nvel \nProjections,\u201d Earth\u2019s  Fu\nt"]
[0.1895720511674881, 14.235275268554688, "East: NY Rising Community Reconstruction Plan, New York, 2014. As of March\u00a023, 2018:  \nhttps://stormre covery.ny.gov/sit es/default/file s/crp/community/d ocuments/rockawa yeast_nyrcr_plan_29m b.pdf\nNew York State Department of Environmental Conserva"]
[0.1787857711315155, 14.22861385345459, "itzpatrick, and K. Dahl, Encroaching Tides: How Sea Level Rise and Tidal \nFlooding Threaten\u00a0U.S. East and Gulf Coast Communities over the Next 30\u00a0Years , Cambridge, Mass.: Union of \nConcerned Scientists, 2014. As of March\u00a023, 2018:  https://www.ucsus"]
[0.2028307318687439, 14.240684509277344, "arch Program, 2017.Visionmaker NYC, homepage, 2018. As of June\u00a012, 2018:  \nhttps://visionmaker.us/nyc/\nWang, H., Q. Chen, K. Hu, G. A. Snedden, E. K. Hartig, B. R. Couvillion, C. L. Johnson, P. M. Orton, \nNumerical Modeling of the Impacts of Hurrican"]
[-1.882242202758789, 15.560866355895996, "Craig A. Bond, Aaron Strong, Nicholas Burger,  \nand Sarah WeilantLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND \nintellectual property is provided for"]
[-0.43644633889198303, 13.594182968139648, "c\u2013private partnerships; transportation policy; climate response, mitigation, and adaptation; environmental sustainability; and water resource management and coastal protection. Program research is supported by government agencies, foundations, and th"]
[-1.9440449476242065, 15.634157180786133, "of Social Welfare over Time  7\nFigure 2.3. \nDynamic Welfare Paths for Project and BAU Cases  7\nFigure 3.1. \nChanges in Outcomes due to Changes in the Allocation Mechanism  11\nFigure 3.2. \nValuing a Project with No Co-Benefits and a Single Shock  14\nF"]
[-1.9298673868179321, 15.625574111938477, "ociated with the resilience project\u2014is a key part of what distinguishes a resilience project from an intervention that focuses solely on disaster risk recovery outcomes. In particular, what might be termed a resilience lens  is a view that approaches"]
[-1.9210907220840454, 15.610725402832031, " assets, we do not use the model to explicitly estimate system wealth. Rather, the conceptual structure of inclusive wealth, in which goods and services contribute to human well-being and are produced through a combination of capital stocks and techn"]
[-1.9307985305786133, 15.615630149841309, "nterventions might change underlying behavior provides practical guidance for data collection efforts and estimating elements of the dividend.\nSection 5 discusses skills that might be useful when \napplying the RVDM, some real-world issues in dealing "]
[-1.9390965700149536, 15.613089561462402, "d Sustainability.\u201d \nAnnual Review of Resource Economics  8: 77-98.\n2 Irwin, E. G., et al. (2016).\n5 Section 2  Motivating the Resilience Dividend Valuation Model: Inclusive Wealth TheoryDynamics of the System\nThe inclusive wealth theory is inherently"]
[-1.9286130666732788, 15.61915397644043, "erministic path to illustrate the idea \nof a resilience dividend. In the next section, we expand these ideas to consider stochastic shocks, as the focus of resilience is on the ability to absorb as well as recover from shocks.  \n7 Section 2  Motivati"]
[-1.9366787672042847, 15.618736267089844, "f the \ncomponents of a project. When projects have multiple mechanisms that affect the system, each part\u2019s value may be important in and of itself regardless of the value of the larger project (or portfolio of projects). Importantly, the framework al"]
[-1.930490493774414, 15.614989280700684, "ence Dividend Valuation Model and Case ArchetypesGoods and services provide the \u201cphysical\u201d measure of \nthe items that are valued in the system. In economic terms, value refers to the willingness and ability of a stakeholder to pay for an extra unit o"]
[-1.947383165359497, 15.6090726852417, "at the very least, have a sense of which capital stocks combine to produce which goods and services, and anticipate if a resilience project has the potential to change these relationships relative to BAU. For example, a project that introduces new cr"]
[-1.9409563541412354, 15.619250297546387, "an capital stocks), man-made capital (tools), and fertilizer (a market good).\n11 Section 3  Elements of the Resilience Dividend Valuation Model and Case ArchetypesFigure 3.1.\nChanges in Outcomes due to Changes in the Allocation Mechanism\nProject \u00a0\nIn"]
[-1.9418928623199463, 15.63432502746582, "values used and endeavor to follow best practices in monetizing flows, as in benefit-cost analysis.\n7 \nShocks and Stressors\nBenefits from resilience projects are related to the ability of people to better withstand and recover from disruptions, to im"]
[-1.9437533617019653, 15.637628555297852, ". When aggregated over all stakeholders, a positive change in the net present value of the difference in welfare paths is evidence of a positive resilience dividend.Example Settings \nfor Applying the Resilience Dividend Valuation Model\nIn this sectio"]
[-1.9425445795059204, 15.641219139099121, "e of the resilience project, this differential at each point in time is also a component of the resilience dividend. We note, however, that we are likely to only have partial empirical evidence about the full dividend, as we are unable to observe eve"]
[-1.9422824382781982, 15.639232635498047, "alculated as the net present value of the difference in welfare over some time period; in this case, the ex post calculation could be done from the time just after project implementation to the present day. \nEx Post Evaluation of a \nProject with a St"]
[-1.9100004434585571, 15.661355018615723, "eory, use degenerate probability distributions for individual shocks (i.e., the probability of the event occurring in the future is one) to model particular scenarios.\n17 Section 3  Elements of the Resilience Dividend Valuation Model and Case Archety"]
[-1.9380137920379639, 15.633865356445312, " dividend, and incorporating the dividend in the planning process may make it easier to carry out the project in a way that supports causal analysis.\nPractitioners should strive to quantify the resilience \ndividend to the greatest extent possible, wh"]
[-1.947257161140442, 15.638209342956543, "BAU case.\n For counterfactuals that use a non-\nresilience project as the BAU case, define the associated activities, as you did with the project activities.\n2. Map the system\n\u2013 Identify the relevant capital stocks for the \nsystem being modeled.\n Defi"]
[-1.9462862014770508, 15.63811206817627, "ns that might occur under should these events occur at particular magnitudes. In other words, this step provides the theoretical logical relationships between the shocks/stressors and elements of the system.\n4. Conceptualize how the BAU case and \nint"]
[-1.9407461881637573, 15.61902141571045, "r Foundation, Arup International Development.\n Tanner, T. M., et al. (2015). The Triple Dividend of Resilience: \nRealising development goals through the multiple benefits of disaster risk management. London, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and"]
[-1.945147156715393, 15.624844551086426, "anges in institutions indirectly change the flow of goods and services through changes in behavior, reinforcing the importance of modeling behavior with RDVM via the allocation mechanism. \nThe following categories seem particularly \nimportant in the "]
[-1.9425560235977173, 15.63252067565918, "ces produced or consumed should be defined. In cases of direct provision of goods and services, this is trivial. In other cases (such as changes in social capital, institutional structure, or system norms), a specific logic sub-model representing the"]
[-1.9407976865768433, 15.638466835021973, "\nin time.Apply the marginal/average values to each good and service to convert into monetary terms for each estimation step above. Using the values obtained in the previous steps, the monetary value of changes in flows of goods and services calculate"]
[-1.8966166973114014, 15.583455085754395, "ne. This calibrated model \nmay be as extravagant as a coupled hydrologic-ecologic-economic model or taking the results from a similar intervention in another area and transferring those benefits to the intervention at issue. Many disaster risk reduct"]
[-1.93543541431427, 15.634288787841797, "ariety of circumstances.\nSection 4 describes an ideal use of the inclusive wealth \ntheory to estimate the resilience dividend, but it is primarily conceptual in nature. Although practitioners should strive to accomplish each step to the best of their"]
[-1.9178084135055542, 15.61365795135498, "e linkages are assumptions that would typically be represented by simulation models. Ultimately, the dynamic project and BAU paths (see, e.g., Figure 2.3) are aggregations of the value of changes provided by changes in the system elements.\nWorking wi"]
[-1.9425582885742188, 15.635465621948242, "m accordingly and in conjunction with the project budget. There is a trade-off between the extent to which the resilience dividend can be characterized and the resources used to estimate it. As such, prioritization is in order. For example, in some c"]
[-1.9847602844238281, 15.674859046936035, " from shocks and stresses, and to adapt and grow from a disruptive experience\nResilience Capacities \u2013 Absorptive Re\ufb02ected by either ex ante or ex post project \nperformance evaluation, generally related to the ability to either reduce damage from a st"]
[-1.940531849861145, 15.616119384765625, "and K.-G. M\u00e4ler (2000). \u201cNet national product, wealth, and social well-being.\u201d \nEnvironment and Development Economics , 5(01): 69-93.\nDinda, S. (2008). \u201cSocial capital in the creation of human capital and economic growth: A productive \nconsumption ap"]
[15.2846040725708, 3.3734993934631348, "Leveraging Technology to Enhance \nCommunity Supervision\nIdentifying Needs to Address Current and Emerging Concerns\nJoe Russo, Dulani Woods, George B. Drake, Brian A. Jackson\nEXECUTIVE SUM MARY\nRESULTS\n\u2022 Automated tools are needed to quickly identify "]
[15.334376335144043, 3.3958141803741455, "ring, into a single device. Such a system could detect emergency situations based on an officer\u2019s physiological indicators, determine the offi-cer\u2019s location, and alert authorities to respond to that location. Participants also noted that efforts to "]
[15.263598442077637, 3.389259099960327, "used in synthetic drugs, as opposed to exact chemical matches, might be a more realistic and sustainable objective that yields equally useful information.\nLeveraging technology \ncan help an agency improve operational effectiveness, providing the oppo"]
[15.602087020874023, 4.226719379425049, "nders in the community presents difficult \nand complex challenges and, overall, the corrections sector has not produced the results that the public expects. Community corrections initiatives have been perceived as both ineffective in changing offende"]
[15.272061347961426, 3.365583658218384, "effec -\ntive community supervision can be accomplished only if all available resources are fully leveraged. Agencies often look to technology to help them do more with less. As part of its multiyear research effort supporting NIJ, the Priority Crimin"]
[15.317126274108887, 3.3699045181274414, " VR or AR \nfor skill development (for staff and offenders).\nIt can be difficult to know whether officers are applying the skills (e.g., motivational interviewing) they have learned with fidelity.\u2022 Explore the viability of using automated video analyt"]
[14.86941909790039, 1.8608709573745728, "ach challenge. Once the needs were identified in each category, the research team used a variant of the Delphi Method, a process designed to bring a group of experts closer to consensus (RAND Corporation, undated). The team asked the participants to "]
[15.129814147949219, 3.2955398559570312, "ns in-house; selecting a data model; creating sample requests for proposal and contract language).\nThere is potential for more-efficient internal coordination and coordination with local services through the use of geographic information systems (GIS"]
[15.346766471862793, 3.3817813396453857, "mpetencies, which is key to achieving better outcomes. Some of these opportunities exist even before an individual joins an agency. For example, the participants noted that many academic programs do not provide students with the relevant skills (e.g."]
[15.52878189086914, 3.492748498916626, "agencies (Goldstein, 2017). For example, the New York City Police Department is piloting a VR-based active shooter training drill (Kim, Hartmann, and Sowa, 2019), and the Chi -\ncago Police Department is exploring VR to help train officers to deal wit"]
[15.354479789733887, 3.353773832321167, " recom -\nmended the development of a model microlearning curriculum tailored specifically for community supervision that could be evaluated for efficacy.\nImproving Officer Safety\nCommunity supervision officers are routinely exposed to a vari -\nety of"]
[15.265634536743164, 3.3962368965148926, "locations before officers approach.\nFinally, participants noted that efforts to improve safety \nare hindered by a lack of data on the risks faced by commu -\nnity supervision officers on a daily basis. Although the Federal Bureau of Investigations\u2019 (F"]
[15.264874458312988, 3.3401293754577637, " obstacles to conducting revalidations (e.g., cost, Because officers often \nmake unannounced home visits or execute warrants, they can happen upon dangerous situations  (e.g., congregation of gang members, clandestine drug labs). 9time) and potential"]
[15.302367210388184, 3.348294258117676, "hes.\n\u2022 Conduct research into the relative effectiveness of mobile, \ncommunity-based supervision versus office-based supervision approaches.\nAgencies need guidance to effectively support and manage a more mobile workforce (e.g., technology requirement"]
[15.294934272766113, 3.3849494457244873, "iscussed was automated reminder systems (e.g., texts, emails, phone calls, smartphone applica -\ntions). Although there is some evidence that automated remind -\ners can reduce failure to appear rates (Elek, Sapia, and Keilitz, 2017), the participants "]
[15.291213989257812, 3.3751227855682373, " technology advances in support of a transition away from the fortress probation model. Fortress probation  emerged in the mid-1990s as a common description \nof the traditional operations of community supervision officers (Hanser, 2018). In this mode"]
[15.313952445983887, 3.3959696292877197, "rmine \nthe impact of increased officer mobility on offender outcomes, community support, officer safety, and officer job satisfaction and retention.\nHolding Offenders Accountable\nOffenders serving a period of community supervision are obli -\ngated to"]
[15.305344581604004, 3.40432071685791, "acy and applicability of such emerging techniques as fingerprint sweat analysis and eye scans. Participants also expressed interest in exploring the feasibility of biosensors, or microchips injected under the skin of the offender to detect and wirele"]
[15.341388702392578, 3.3502650260925293, " Best practices are needed to determine the most \nappropriate response (and timing of response) based on such factors as type of alert, offender risk level, and agency workload.\nEmerging supervision technology (e.g., sensors, cameras) can record an o"]
[15.319864273071289, 3.36474609375, "h the chal -\nlenges associated with supervising lower-risk offenders. Although evidence-based practices dictate that resources should be prioritized toward managing higher-risk offenders (Andrews, Bonta, and Hoge, 1990), agencies have an obligation t"]
[15.260578155517578, 3.337627649307251, "justice agencies. As a result, crimes might go unsolved. Offender accountability could be improved by deploying emerging automated techniques (e.g., facial rec -ognition, social media entity resolution), and the participants argued for research exami"]
[15.170090675354004, 3.2725296020507812, " to improve efficiencies. \u2022 Research solutions that can be integrated into existing case-\nmanagement systems.\nDespite past research and development efforts, automated voice translation services are not yet able to meet agency needs.\u2022 Conduct research"]
[15.273188591003418, 3.3446450233459473, "hat officers be able to communicate with offenders. Participants noted that existing automated voice translation services are not adequately accurate or reliable, and research is needed to further refine these systems. \nThe group discussed the variet"]
[15.294236183166504, 3.3600103855133057, "applications, experiences, and best practices for leveraging solu -\ntions to meet operational objectives would benefit the field.\nFinally, the participants discussed body-worn cameras as \nan emerging tool with the potential to yield important benefit"]
[15.273637771606445, 3.3511455059051514, "orkforce on outcomes. Best practices are needed to guide agencies as they imple -\nment mobility strategies.\n\u2022 Holding offenders accountable:  The use of location -\nmonitoring technologies is increasing, and there are sig -\nnificant associated costs i"]
[14.9453706741333, 2.210679531097412, " the research agenda that structured the topics presented in the main report. The descriptions in this appendix are adapted from those in previ -\nous Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative publications and reflect adjustments to the needs identif"]
[14.826653480529785, 1.8230239152908325, "acilitating Positive Behavioral Change: Challenges \nand Solutions\nProtecting the Public: Challenges and SolutionsHolding Offenders Accountable: Challenges and \nSolutions\nImproving Competencies: Challenges and Solutions18For the probability of success"]
[14.820959091186523, 1.761386752128601, "ymakers. Specifically, the top-tier needs are the priorities that should be the primary policymaking focus, the second-tier needs should be examined closely, and the third-tier needs are probably not worth much attention in the near term (unless, for"]
[14.799761772155762, 1.664732575416565, "e number of participants voting.To prevent the (somewhat rare) situation in which small \nnumbers of votes have an unintended outsized impact\u2014for example, when some or all of the needs in one tier have the same or very similar expected values\u2014we requi"]
[14.776354789733887, 1.6833513975143433, "igher than the highest expected \nvalue score in its initial tier. A need could decrease by one tier  if \nits modified expected value was lower than the lowest expected value in its initial tier. However, to increase or decrease by two tiers (which wa"]
[14.030670166015625, 3.8954102993011475, "et al., 2019).\nReferences\nAndrews, Donald A., James Bonta, and Robert D. Hoge, \u201cClassification for Effective Rehabilitation: Rediscovering Psychology,\u201d Criminal Justice and Behavior , Vol. 17, No. 1, March \n1990, pp.\u00a019\u201352.\nCasey, Pamela M., Jennifer"]
[13.99759292602539, 4.017162799835205, "oving Court Operations and Outcomes , Santa Monica, Calif.: R AND Corporation, RR-1255-NIJ, \n2016. As of September\u00a09, 2019: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1255.html \nJackson, Brian A., Joe Russo, John S. Hollywood, Dulani Woods, \nRichard"]
[14.239657402038574, 4.174068450927734, "ch_reports/RR2698.html\nTaxman, Faye S., \u201cProbation and Diversion: Is There a Place at the \nTable and What Should We Serve?\u201d Victims and Offenders , Vol.\u00a05, \nNo.\u00a03, June 2010, pp.\u00a0233\u2013239. \nThompson, Doug, \u201c\u2018Good Grid\u2019 Aims to Benefit Parolees, Those "]
[13.914244651794434, 4.176829814910889, "r a 25-year career. His primary focus is offender tracking technology, and he is frequently called on for expert witness testimony. He holds a master\u2019s in business administration. \nBrian A. Jackson is a senior physical scientist at the RAND Corporati"]
[13.878946304321289, 4.575932502746582, "nformation on reprint and \nlinking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. For more information on this publication, visit www.\nrand.org/t/rr3213.This publication was made possible by Award Number 2013-MU-CX-K003, awarded by the"]
[13.653773307800293, 2.7379767894744873, "CORPORATIONUsing Social Media and Social \nNetwork Analysis in Law Enforcement\nCreating a Research Agenda, Including Business\nIn April 2017, the National Institute of Justice convened \nan expert panel to assess, and identify high-priority needs for, l"]
[13.687952041625977, 2.7322030067443848, "nforcement; (3) law enforcement\u2013specific training on these types of analysis; and (4) creation of a help desk to help law enforcement agencies navigate requests to social media companies and interpret the resulting data.Key Findings\nCases, Protection"]
[13.667610168457031, 2.728449821472168, "ns are to develop requirements for training and assess gaps between current com -\nmercial- and defense-focused training and what is needed for law enforcement training. This implicitly includes studies and analyses of what tools and methods are worki"]
[13.630461692810059, 2.7540206909179688, "of crime. Law enforcement interaction with social media and use of social media data is therefore important, given the need to police in this technological era. However, social media analysis by law enforcement does raise acute privacy, security, and"]
[13.62999153137207, 2.7555179595947266, "analysis. Ahajjam, El Haddad, and Badir (2018) provide an example of a contemporary method for identifying likely influencers and leaders in social networks (in brief, these influencers/leaders typically have higher numbers of both direct and indirec"]
[13.64475154876709, 2.7537100315093994, "s (e.g., Popper, 2014). More broadly, police have used evidence of crimes posted online, including offenders posting photos of crime scenes and bragging about them, to hold offenders accountable (Dughi, 2016). \n\u2022 Prioritizing subjects for gang call-i"]
[13.650928497314453, 2.728092908859253, " these types of analysis in law enforcement, was to provide insight to the law enforcement community, including practitioners, funders, and developers, on how these technologies might be used and secured effec-tively. This included \n\u2022\n id\nentifying e"]
[13.649995803833008, 2.727884531021118, "ions are needed; and specific problems or opportunities related to social media data and social network analysis that should be discussed at the workshop. In addition to providing a way for panelists to contribute to shaping the discussion during the"]
[14.74517822265625, 1.9499194622039795, "ch can be technical but can also concern policy, practice, organization, or training. In our work, each need consists of a problem/opportunity statement and a solution statement. There can be multiple solution statements\u2014and hence multiple needs\u2014for "]
[13.630339622497559, 2.712942123413086, "ng groups of needs, we first created a network (or graph) of needs by defining links between pairs of needs if the needs addressed similar issues or proposed the same type of solution. Displaying the network revealed that the needs and their rela-tio"]
[13.68645191192627, 2.717452049255371, "cussion \nfocused on how these needed to be worked out at the local level, community by community. This led to panel discussions on the need for transparency and how to engage communities more effectively, with the Privacy Advisory Council of Oak-land"]
[13.621829986572266, 2.7342615127563477, " a combination of social media postings and other law enforcement tips. Risk is also determined through relationships to others involved in violence and other major crimes (as detected through co-arrest records, field interview reports, social media "]
[13.611451148986816, 2.73606276512146, "ionship links.\n\u2022Reviewing social media postings and videos to capturerelationships, such as people appearing in the same photosand videos, and threats made against specified persons ingroups.\n\u2022Counting co-arrest links with others who went on tobecome"]
[13.581741333007812, 2.769827127456665, "tion measures such as focused deter -\nrence, care must be taken to avoid punishing people for crimes \nthey might commit in the future but have not actually commit -\nted. Similarly, analysts need to be able to differentiate between people who are high"]
[13.669400215148926, 2.734510898590088, "her entities of interest. As examples, a 2013 FBI bul -\nletin presented applications of identifying why two rival gangs suddenly started battling each other; identifying a previously unknown associate of an at-large suspect, which put pressure on tha"]
[13.715727806091309, 2.7467947006225586, "o you do with the results? For example, \nresults leading to increased punishment should result in much higher scrutiny than results leading to increased community engagement.\nProtections for Data Collection\nProtections for data collection relate prim"]
[13.648735046386719, 2.7227683067321777, "rviews due to a perceived need to update a social media or social network analysis database. They also suggested a need for policies to prevent conducting more stops based only on casual social connections that have not been confirmed to be genuine c"]
[13.66336727142334, 2.7220242023468018, "rts of legacy guidance are out-dated and how to replace them. \nThe second part of this theme builds off improved relations \nwith stakeholders to collectively develop model procedures and policies . Specific needs here include developing policies for "]
[13.687995910644531, 2.7202792167663574, "gists, and law enforcement should collaborate from the beginning.Conduct research on best practices with regard to actions taken by practitioners from multiple disciplines when risks are identified.\nThere are challenges in balancing transparency, pri"]
[13.664928436279297, 2.7057697772979736, "hes for overcom-ing them, and a way ahead to conduct the studies, analyses, and educational material development needed to prepare law enforcement\u2013focused materials for social media and social net-work analysis training. As a short-term training prio"]
[13.663494110107422, 2.7044413089752197, "en requesting information from social media organizations or collecting it from devices, the resulting data set is often huge (data overload).Develop easy-to-use, search engine\u2013like functionality for large data sets in a variety of formats (text, ima"]
[13.669623374938965, 2.7161500453948975, "process requests are often unusable or difficult to correlate with existing data.Establish or fund a liaison that can be a source of knowledge on how to obtain usable information from specific sources (mobile phone companies, social media companies, "]
[13.796527862548828, 2.6837122440338135, "panel\u2019s agenda (Theme 4) is to develop \na help desk that will help law enforcement agencies navigate requests to social media companies. The help desk would help agencies with making process requests more likely to result in data returns and/or conte"]
[14.782978057861328, 1.8742436170578003, "roadly similar are on larger \u201cbranches.\u201d One can divide points into a set number of clusters by taking the points on each of the highest-level branches (\u201climbs\u201d) to be a cluster. Figure A.2 shows the dendrogram and resulting clusters (\u201ctop limbs\u201d) re"]
[14.73630142211914, 1.8306187391281128, " needs were found to be an outlier. \nPriority needs satisfied any of the three following criteria:\n\u2022\n Ne\ned in Tier 1 (from hierarchical clustering).\n\u2022 Ne\ned in Tier 2 but had high importance (median potential \nimportance at 8 or higher). These can b"]
[13.660982131958008, 2.722647190093994, "or \ncovert SM \nresearchBP forpublic \ndiscourse\nof SM\nusesBP for\nmulti-\nstakeholder \nresponses\nto risksPolicy \nassessment \nof privacy \ncouncils\nSOP for paid SM tools\nBP for public \ndiscourse of SNA uses\nSOP for \nundercover SM investigations\nTraining o"]
[13.691068649291992, 2.7150919437408447, "e is a lack of public review and discussion of law enforcement policies on social media.Develop best practices for transparency with regard to use of social media data.\nWhen analyses provide valuable insights into risk to members of the public, then "]
[13.670830726623535, 2.7152926921844482, "s to redact video evidence (e.g., discovery, evidence/exhibits, and public/freedom of information).Conduct a forum for the existing software developers and practitioners/users to exchange information on the shortcomings of existing software.\nThere is"]
[13.660948753356934, 2.7248642444610596, ". Other Needs from the Social Media/Social Network Analysis Workshop\nIssue Need Comment\nThere are not enough social network analysis \npractitioners to meet the demand.Conduct research into the gaps between where the profession is now and where it sho"]
[13.655867576599121, 2.7100231647491455, "social media or directly with law enforcement. In such situations, geolocation or entity resolution (who is in the picture, etc.) is difficult.Develop or identify tools (software or services) that can identify geographic features in images and correl"]
[13.628135681152344, 2.9966933727264404, " California, \u201cPrivacy Advisory Commission,\u2019\u201d \nwebpage, 2017. As of July 10, 2017: http://www2.oaklandnet.com/government/o/CityAdministration/d/PrivacyAdvisoryCommission/index.htm\nColdren, James, and John Markovic, \u201cUtilizing Social Network \nAnalysis "]
[13.81563949584961, 3.8095571994781494, ", Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-1462-\nNIJ, 2016. As of July 10, 2017:  http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1462.html\nHollywood, John S., Dulani Woods, Andrew Lauland, Brian A. \nJackson, and Richard Silberglitt, Addressing Emergin"]
[13.643245697021484, 2.785618543624878, "M International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM \u201913) , 2013, pp. 1042\u20131049. As of April 9, 2018: \nhttps://arxiv.org/pdf/1306.6834.pdf\nPew Research Center, \u201cHow We Analyzed Twitter Social Media \nNetworks with Node"]
[13.93795108795166, 4.02623987197876, "t\nOn behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the RAND Corporation, in partnership with \nthe Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), RTI International, and the University of Denver, is carrying out a research eff"]
[13.872390747070312, 4.554099082946777, "D intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission i"]
[20.618438720703125, 0.11474113166332245, "CORPORATION\nDesign Perspectives on \nDelivery Drones\nJia XuLimited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights\nThis document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND \nintellectual property is provided for noncom"]
[20.660655975341797, 0.0726914033293724, "Implications of Drones for Package Delivery: A Geographic Information \nSystem Comparison (Gulden, 2017) \n\u2022 \u00a0Small Unmanned Aerial System Certification and Traffic Management Systems (Kuhn, forthcoming)  \n\u2022 \u00a0International Commercial Drone Regulation a"]
[20.656368255615234, 0.07296746969223022, "agencies, and private foundations. \n    v Contents  \u00a0\nPreface ............................................................................................................................................ iii\t\r \u00a0\nFigures and Tables ...................."]
[20.643421173095703, 0.08012479543685913, "gn  ...................................................................................................................................13 \t\r \u00a0\nAdvanced Design  .........................................................................................."]
[20.646862030029297, 0.0773594081401825, "e central to the viability of delivery drones. Importantly, key design constraints and expected performance levels also speak to the potential scalability of the concept. \nA brief analysis of the requirements shows that a 10- to 15-mile delivery radi"]
[20.642356872558594, 0.08253385126590729, "be more efficient, but it also requires sufficiently dense delivery demands. \n  ix Acknowledgments  \u00a0\nI would like to thank Ilan Kroo and Mykel Kochenderfer at Stanford University, Rick Gaeta \nat Oklahoma State University, and Parimal Kopardekar at N"]
[20.64926528930664, 0.07478604465723038, " key technological developments are also aligning to enable \ndrone logistics systems. The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of smartphones and electric cars, as well as the emergence of autonomous ground vehicles. These developments have co"]
[20.665956497192383, 0.058319706469774246, "s to just 5.4 miles. Figure 2.1 shows that the radii of the vast majority of U.S. cities  is in the 2\u20136-mile range. These results suggest that most cities can \nbe covered by just a few drone fulfillment centers (located either in the urban centers or"]
[20.652414321899414, 0.07317867875099182, "onomous guided parachutes are used in the military to support forward logistics (Jorgensen and Hickey, 2005). However, an unpowered guided parachute suffers from low control authority and maneuverability and would have a hard time navigating around o"]
[20.67957305908203, 0.053028471767902374, "in shaping community noise standards). The FAA recently \npublished its Part 107 rules to regulate small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) operations (including small  commercial delivery systems). Part 107 mentions noise as a potential issue but \nalso co"]
[20.649127960205078, 0.07419753074645996, "ers further potential for noise improvements. The ability to \nturn off rotors in different phases of flight and to optimize different rotors for hover and cruise can help a drone achieve optimal disk loading and flight efficiency across the flight en"]
[20.642290115356445, 0.0793481320142746, " IC engines, small multicopters benefit greatly from the reliability and compactness of electric motors. The virtue of the multicopter is in its simplicity:  \n\u2022 \u00a0Differential thrust replaces the mechanically complex combination of cyclic and \ncollect"]
[20.637754440307617, 0.08403417468070984, "s can achieve L/Ds of 4\u20135; moderately sized, fixed-wing UAVs can \ngenerally manage L/Ds of 10\u201315; and modern airliners can achieve an L/D of 20 in the much more demanding transonic flight regime. In a grossly simplified scenario where weight, payload"]
[20.642436981201172, 0.08044224977493286, " failures. Thus, electric power and distributed propulsion can bridge the historical chasm between good hover and cruise performance in VTOL aircraft (at least for small, short-range applications). \nThe benefits of distributed electric propulsion als"]
[20.642911911010742, 0.0798056349158287, "in Figure 4.1 is composed of two cruise segments and two 30-second hover segments, one with and one without payload. The hover segments account for the time the drone might need to (1) approach and maneuver around dense areas, (2) find suitable landi"]
[20.641084671020508, 0.08103828132152557, "guration with dedicated hover-and-cruise motors and offloads lift load to the wings in cruise. The drone is powered by eight dedicated lift rotors grouped in four counter-rotating banks, as well as by two  counter-rotating cruise motors. \nOnboard avi"]
[20.642662048339844, 0.07977014780044556, "energy consumption grow dramatically as the \nrange requirement increases. While most aircraft show a super-linear increase in energy use as \nrange and payload capacity increase, the lower energy density of batteries makes this trend more pronounced. "]
[20.64244842529297, 0.08005010336637497, "for the baseline design 17 and plot the variation in converged UAV outcomes. We also superimpose the likely capacity of \nadvanced battery chemistries, such as zinc-air and lithium-air batteries, on the plot.  \nFigure \u00a0 4.4. \u00a0Converged \u00a0 Baseline \u00a0UAV"]
[20.640012741088867, 0.08177951723337173, "delivery drone, has a much higher cruise L/D of 20 as its design objective (Fredericks, Moore, and Busan, 2013). However, the demonstrated value is not yet known. Thus, in the subsequent analysis, we use the more conservative value of 5.6. \nWe assume"]
[20.642553329467773, 0.07977394014596939, "the potential of multi-stop deliveries enabled by the \nmore-advanced drones. The requirements and performance for four single- and multi-stop vehicles are summarized in Table 4.1. In this scenario, each package is assumed to weigh 5 lb \n(2.3 kg). For"]
[20.64609718322754, 0.07715964317321777, "gy density can also make \nmulti-stop delivery attractive. However, there are likely to be diminishing returns even for the advanced drone.  22 Chapter \u00a0Five . \u00a0Conclusion s \u00a0\nIn this report, we explored the vehicle design aspects of the delivery dron"]
[20.637868881225586, 0.0839671716094017, "s  \u00a0 Baseline  \u00a0 Advanced  \u00a0\nAerodynamics  \u00a0\nL/D \u00a0(glide \u00a0ratio)  \u00a0 3 \u00a0 5.6 \u00a0\nPower \u00a0and \u00a0Propulsion  \u00a0\nElectronics \u00a0power \u00a0(kW)  \u00a0 0.3 \u00a0 0.25 \u00a0\nBattery -\u00adspecific \u00a0energy \u00a0(Wh/kg)  \u00a0 195 \u00a0 253 \u00a0\nHover \u00a0figure \u00a0of \u00a0merit  \u00a0 0.6 \u00a0 0.65 \u00a0\nCruise \u00a0power"]
[20.637237548828125, 0.08467570692300797, "n is to scale the AW609 L/D results down to \nthe likely dimensions of the delivery drone. Viscous scaling can substantially affect the aircraft profile drag \ud835\udc36\n%3through the skin friction coefficient \ud835\udc36B. The profile drag accounts for about one-\nhalf o"]
[20.679141998291016, 0.05389377847313881, "Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS),\u201d Washington, \nD.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, Advisory Circular No. 107-2, June 21, 2016. As of \nSeptember 15, 2017: https://www.faa.gov/uas/media/AC_107-2_AFS-1_Signed.pdf \nFredericks, William J., Mar"]
[20.65544891357422, 0.0707019567489624, "o Larry Page\u2019s Secret Flying-Car Factories,\u201d \nBloomberg Businessweek, June 9, 2016. As of August 14, 2016: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-09/welcome-to-larry-page-s-secret-flying-car-factories \nVan Noorden, Richard, \u201cThe Rechargeable "]
[15.643939971923828, 4.744393348693848, "Managing the Seriously Mentally Ill \nin Corrections \nJohn S. Shaffer, Joe Russo, Dulani Woods, Brian A. Jackson\nOn behalf of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), \nthe Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative con-vened an expert workshop to iden"]
[15.65279769897461, 4.772009372711182, "r emphasis is needed on prevention, early detection,\nand intervention, particularly for children.\n\u2022Law e\nnforcement agencies need training for better response\nto incidents involving individuals with SMI and for alternativesto jail.\n\u2022\nThe c\nourts need"]
[15.65017318725586, 4.771853446960449, "vide adequate care to the population of individuals with SMI, particularly those with limited financial resources or social support (Shadish, Lugirio, and Lewis, 1989). \nSeveral salient socioeconomic and demographic factors \ncorrelated with SMI also "]
[15.653120040893555, 4.7741193771362305, " Law, and Hanson, 1998). An examination of particular criminal risk factors among prison inmates showed that levels of criminal thinking and attitudes are as high, or higher, among the mentally ill as compared with the non\u2013mentally ill (Morgan et al."]
[15.650540351867676, 4.766881465911865, "rcera-tion. \nAlthough some jurisdictions are making great strides with \nrespect to how the criminal justice system deals with individu-als with SMI, significant challenges and opportunities for improved outcomes remain. As part of a multiyear researc"]
[15.602642059326172, 4.715449333190918, " were Osher et al., 2012; Judicial Council \nof California, Administrative Office of the Courts, 2011; and Judicial \nCouncil of California, Administrative Office of the Courts, 2015. 3safety, specialty courts and jail diversion, institutional program-"]
[14.850238800048828, 1.8547464609146118, ") Adult Probation\nLarry Fitch\nNational Association of State Mental Health Program Directors\nMark Foxall\nDouglas County (Neb.) Department of Corrections (formerly)\nJulie Jones\nFlorida Department of Corrections (formerly)\nNneka Jones Tapia\nCook County "]
[14.892659187316895, 1.9293830394744873, "xpected value scores for each need from the first round (weighted by the number of participants who had rated each need, because not all par-ticipants did so for each need) and, in some cases, the change in scoring changed the ranking tier to which t"]
[15.651761054992676, 4.768995761871338, "y life. Furthermore, criminogenic needs (e.g., substance use disorders, criminal thinking, antiso-cial peers) often are not addressed and these factors are more strongly linked to future involvement with the justice system than the underlying mental "]
[15.654401779174805, 4.7745232582092285, "Data-driven \naccountability \nand overarching needs Community-based treatment\nPolicing and \npublic safety\nSpecialty courts and jail diversionInstitutionalprogrammingReentrycoordinationand relapse prevention6Table 1. Needs Identified Related to Communi"]
[15.656554222106934, 4.77391242980957, "ces \nfor mental health treatment providers.\nSociety has failed to prioritize the needs of the mentally ill population, particularly those with the most severe illnesses or \u201cproblematic\u201d behaviors.\u2022\n Co\nnduct research to identify the gaps in cooperati"]
[15.65472412109375, 4.774112224578857, "based treatment. Ulti-mately, coordinated messaging from diverse groups could have greater impact in galvanizing support. These collaborations also might begin to break down barriers in some jurisdictions between agencies and providers who serve just"]
[15.654353141784668, 4.777193546295166, " that they can better support their children. \nOf course, the onset of symptoms of mental illness can \noccur at any age, so more-effective outreach and engagement services on a broader scale are required. The participants argued that the current leve"]
[15.65562629699707, 4.776527404785156, " SMI decompensate to the point at which they clearly require acute care, but their conditions fall short of legal standards for involuntary evaluation or commitment. The group was divided on this issue. On one hand, mental health advocates strongly o"]
[15.648761749267578, 4.7713847160339355, "alls for police service and are two \nto three times more likely to be arrested compared with the general population (Chappell, 2013; Teplin, 1990). Many of these interactions are the result of relatively minor, nonviolent offenses not directly associ"]
[15.652658462524414, 4.782991886138916, "alized training on effective interaction with individuals with SMI.10sizes collaboration and coordination between law enforcement \nagencies and mental health providers. In some jurisdictions, police officers and mental health crisis staff are coordin"]
[15.639362335205078, 4.75972318649292, "but is different in two major ways. \nTable 2. Needs Identified Related to Policing and Public Safety\nTier Problem or Opportunity Associated Need\n1 Many law enforcement officers do not receive \ncomprehensive training (e.g., culturally sensitive CIT \nt"]
[17.083789825439453, 7.647025108337402, "iate for diversion) at \nthe policing level typically advance to the next stage of the justice system: appearance before a court. In a growing num-ber of jurisdictions, such cases might be transferred from the general criminal docket to a mental healt"]
[15.663369178771973, 4.795535564422607, "l thinking, and antisocial attitudes; housing and employment; and mental health treatment) appear most likely to be effective at reducing recidivism.12through a mental health court (Andrews, 2015). The workshop \nparticipants identified several challe"]
[15.654986381530762, 4.77858829498291, " illness in general, how these disorders (and associated factors, including co-occurring disor-ders, poverty, and criminogenic needs) affect individuals and their ability to live law-abiding lives, the unique risks posed by offenders with SMI, and ef"]
[15.669356346130371, 4.786611080169678, " workshop participants explored this component next.\nINSTITUTIONAL PROGRAMMING\nAlthough the group acknowledged that the needs of many justice-involved individuals with SMI are generally  better served \nin the community, participants also recognized t"]
[15.624971389770508, 4.7364068031311035, "\u2019s major recommendations with respect to institutional program-ming. The full list of needs is provided in Table\n 4\n. Although \nthe recommendations focus primarily on the delivery of mental health services, it was understood that all inmates, includi"]
[15.648937225341797, 4.763470649719238, "ot known for measures or outcomes (e.g., recidivism).\u2022\n Co\nnduct research to determine the effectiveness of institution-\nbased interventions on recidivism. \nThe cost of psychotropic medications is a challenge. \u2022  De\nvelop best practices for managing "]
[15.653897285461426, 4.773234844207764, "proaches to expand capacity that were discussed include using mid-level practitioners (e.g., physician assistants and nurse practitioners) and leveraging such technology as tele-psychiatry to deliver services in a cost-effective manner. \nThe Role of "]
[15.647658348083496, 4.746769905090332, "ntives for inmates to engage in and sustain treatment over the long term. Furthermore, the group identified the key role of staff in creating an environment conducive to treat-ment and argued that best practices are needed with respect to staffing re"]
[15.659873008728027, 4.778625965118408, "istrative segregation for the most dangerous individuals with SMI. \nTreatment Concerns\nThe group discussed several challenges related to delivering treatment in a correctional setting. One major issue is the lack of standardization with respect to me"]
[15.655369758605957, 4.773741722106934, " skills; low levels of education; unstable hous-ing; and unaddressed criminogenic needs, such as substance use disorders and criminal thinking patterns. When they leave, these problems can persist and be significant impediments to successful reentry."]
[15.65713119506836, 4.736941814422607, "on in order to achieve desired outcomes. This should begin before release in the form of \u201cin-reach\u201d initiatives, in which social service agencies are invited into the institution Recovery is a process, \nand relapse is part of that process, but recove"]
[15.654730796813965, 4.77338981628418, "the \nentire person and all of his or her needs (i.e., housing, employment, support system, substance use issues).\u2022\n De\nvelop best practices that address a mandatory in-reach and \nwarm hand-off policy for health services personnel.\nCorrectional agenci"]
[15.65492057800293, 4.769344329833984, "c awareness initiatives) and believed that it would be beneficial to document best practices to help commu-nities identify, access, or apply for these opportunities. \nThe group also noted challenges associated with miscon-\nceptions or misgivings that"]
[15.643413543701172, 4.755729675292969, "sharing can have immediate and irreversible implications. Consider the case of the law enforce-ment officer responding to a call without the benefit of critical information about the mental health status of the subject. Too \nResources are generally \n"]
[15.654067993164062, 4.778373718261719, "d work-ing groups with the goal of highlighting the evidence-based research and creating a framework for putting the research into practice. \nOne specific impediment to research is the lack of stan-\ndard definitions of terms (e.g., SMI, recidivism, h"]
[15.651686668395996, 4.7611308097839355, "lla could be one of these strategies. In New York City, for example, cor-rectional health services are under the purview of the Depart-ment of Health and Mental Hygiene (Davis and Cloud, 2015). Wisconsin relies on a collaboration between the Departme"]
[15.655488967895508, 4.779874324798584, "l and mental health purposes.\nOften, a lack of uniformity in the assessment tools used on the same individual makes continuity of care more challenging.\u2022\n De\nvelop a catalog and identify best practices (and appropri-\nate training) for integrating the"]
[15.654840469360352, 4.7791337966918945, "s) to screen for mental illness in a way that does not stigmatize the child. Furthermore, greater emphasis on life-skills development in early childhood might prepare individuals to handle the day-to-day challenges that can be overwhelming to the men"]
[15.654611587524414, 4.7708940505981445, " an ample supply of medications, as needed. Such efforts also should arrange \u201cwarm hand-offs.\u201d Postincarceration supervision should continue to emphasize treatment and continuity of care rather than punishment, keeping in mind that relapse can be par"]
[15.639273643493652, 4.707050800323486, "they can provide safe environments in which to deliver treatment that targets both mental health and criminogenic needs.24APPENDIX: MANAGING THE \nSERIOUSLY MENTALLY ILL IN CORRECTIONS DETAILED METHODOLOGY\nThis appendix presents additional detail on t"]
[14.819087982177734, 1.8022481203079224, " score of 1 rep-resented a judgment that the probability of overcoming barriers was low, so successful development and adoption was unlikely \nTable A.1. Workshop Agenda \nDay 2\n8:30 Challenges and Solutions Discussion (continued)\n10:00 Break\n10:15 Pri"]
[14.862600326538086, 1.85792875289917, "e bar indicates the number of needs that had that score and the color of the bar indicates the tier to which the need was ultimately assigned by the clustering algorithm. \nFigure A.1. Example Round 1 Delphi Summary Question\nIssue: Communities and fam"]
[15.656716346740723, 4.774801731109619, "n, individuals with SMI churn through the criminal justice system, experiencing multiple arrests and \nperiods of incarceration. As community psychiatric facilities were closed in an effort to deinstitutionalize people \nsuffering from mental illness, "]
[15.648293495178223, 4.758302211761475, "ormed by their individual experience, we encourage you \nto think broadly about the state of corrections in general as opposed to your individual perspective.\nPart IPlease assign levels of importance (from 1 to 5), where 1 is low importance, and 5 is "]
[15.643372535705566, 4.753690242767334, "t are the major issues or problems related to specialty courts/jail diversion?\nInstitutional Programming includes mental health and substance abuse treatment services provided in the institu-\ntional setting (considering operational and resource needs"]
[15.61349105834961, 4.689321517944336, " U.S. Department of Justice, June 2017.\nChappell, Duncan, ed., Policing and the Mentally Ill: International \nPerspectives , Boca Raton, Fla., 2013.\nCharette, Yanick, Anne G. Crocker, and Isabelle Billette, \u201cPolice Encounters Involving Citizens with M"]
[15.616209030151367, 4.701039791107178, " Center, 2016.\nGraziani, Cate, \u201cMental Health and Criminal Justice Coalition Visits \nBexar County,\u201d Grassroots Leadership blog, May\n 2\n3, 2016. As of \nJune 24\n, 2018: \nhttps://grassrootsleadership.org/blog/2016/05/mental-health-and-criminal-justice-c"]
[15.612936019897461, 4.676824569702148, "Comorbidity Survey\u2014Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A),\u201d Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Vol.\n 4\n9, \nNo. 1\n0, 2010, pp.  9\n80\u2013989.\nMetzner, J. L., \u201cClass Action Litigation in Correctional Psychiatry,\u201d Journal of the Ame"]
[15.624364852905273, 4.718494415283203, "nley, \u201cNational \nEstimates of Recovery-Remission from Serious Mental Illness,\u201d Psychiatric Services, Vol.\n 6\n9, No.  5\n, May 2018, pp.  5\n23\u2013528.\nSAMHSA\u2014 See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services \nAdministration.\nSchwartz, Emma, \u201cMental Health C"]
[15.618547439575195, 4.688880920410156, " Illness: Anosognosia,\u201d \nMental Illness Policy Org webpage, February\n 2\n0, 2017. As of \nDecember  4\n, 2018:  \nhttps://mentalillnesspolicy.org/medical/anosognosia-studies.html\nTorrey, E. Fuller, Mary T. Zdanowicz, Aaron D. Kennard, \nH. R\nichard Lamb, "]
[13.915115356445312, 4.150425434112549, " His research focuses on institutional and community corrections technologies and on identifying the high-priority technology needs of \nagencies across the nation. He has served both the New York City Departments of Correction and Probation.\nDulani W"]
[13.862141609191895, 4.588376522064209, "e. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. For more information on this publication, visit  \nwww.rand.org/t/RR2698\nThe RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to"]
[15.828700065612793, 10.010735511779785, "SARAH B. HUNTER, ADAM SCHERLING\nLos Angeles County  \nOffice of Diversion  \nand Reentry's Supportive Housing Program\nA Study of Participants\u2019 Housing \nStability and New Felony Convictions\nLos Angeles (LA) County is home to the \nlargest jail system in "]
[15.9246244430542, 9.964682579040527, "ins inconclusive. \nTherefore, it is important to understand whether \nsupportive housing is achieving its goals. The LA County program\u2019s goals are to improve housing sta -\nbility and reduce criminal justice involvement among individuals enrolled into "]
[16.05673599243164, 10.012282371520996, "ed in our outcome  \nanalyses ( n = 187 and n = 96; i.e., those who were \nhoused at least six and 12 months prior to the end of the study period) were similar to the total popula -\ntion in terms of demographic, service utilization and clinical diagnos"]
[15.935301780700684, 10.123878479003906, "lander 0.3% 0.5% 1.0%\nWhite 27.3% 21.9% 21.9%\nClient doesn\u2019t know 9.0% 9.6% 14.6%\nClient refused 2.3% 2.7% 4.2%\nData not collected 2.9% 3.7% 3.1%\nEthnicity Non-Hispanic/Latino 70.1% 71.1% 70.8%\nHispanic/Latino 28.6% 27.3% 28.1%\nClient doesn\u2019t know 1."]
[15.94190502166748, 9.97407341003418, "e Measure 7: Destination Classification,\u201d March 2016. As of June 6, 2019: https://www.hudexchange.info/resource/4966/system-performance-measure-7-destination-classification/the calculation (two had moved to a higher level of \ncare and one was decease"]
[13.931434631347656, 4.274517059326172, "ram and is part of an evalu -\nation effort by the RAND Corporation in collaboration with the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services\u2019 Office of Diversion and Reentry; the Los Angeles County Sheriff\u2019s Department; and Brilliant Corners, a nonp"]
[14.749460220336914, 2.8397367000579834, "CORPORATIONProsecutor Priorities, Challenges, \nand\u00a0Solutions\nSUMMARY\nState and local prosecutors face an ever-increasing array of \nchallenges and responsibilities, including recruiting and retaining talented and diverse prosecutors and handling, stor"]
[14.754900932312012, 2.8614935874938965, "stem and directly affect outcomes.\n\u2022\n re\ncommended conducting research into the most-promising \npractices for collecting and disclosing officer misconduct and discipline issues, as well as reporting disclosure obliga-tions related to the Brady  and G"]
[14.783101081848145, 2.9048218727111816, "tional Law Enforcement and Cor-rections Technology Center, as well as previous NIJ-funded reports and research into the needs of prosecutors. The Priority Criminal Justice Needs Initiative regularly convenes work-shops to bring together experts, prac"]
[14.720909118652344, 2.8727872371673584, "tegrity unit; and two agency data officers. Panel members presented their perspectives on the scope of a problem and proposed solutions and then engaged in a dialogue to identify promising practices to address the challenges of their work. The panel "]
[14.71334457397461, 2.8319571018218994, "ion integrity units, the establishment and maintenance of community trust, use of risk assessment tools, and overall crime reduction strategies.\n\u2022\n Re\nsource allocation.  Examples of needs and innovations \nin this category include training and staffi"]
[14.766621589660645, 2.867492914199829, "o to law students and new attorneys who are considering which career path to choose. As one participant stated, \u201cYounger law-yers see \u2018prosecutor\u2019 as a dirty word\u201d because of the perception that a prosecutor\u2019s sole purpose is to put offenders in pris"]
[14.721786499023438, 2.845597505569458, "data can better support prosecutors with evidence-based information and increase the office\u2019s trans -\nparency and accountability with the public, among other goals.4Training\nProperly training new prosecutors is essential, but it can be dif-\nficult fo"]
[14.736932754516602, 2.7332937717437744, "t community outreach efforts that aim to establish trust with the community and to enlist com -\nmunity engagement in cases. \nDigital Information\nThe evidentiary procedures for the authentication and admis-sibility of digital evidence, such as social "]
[14.725992202758789, 2.7622804641723633, "custody established by a lawyer contributes to the fairness, efficiency, and reliability of the process (Giova, 2011). Protect-ing privacy and properly maintaining evidence are important, particularly if evidence might be used in a future case. \nHowe"]
[14.690190315246582, 2.8502378463745117, "ipant6more-  sensible criminal justice outcomes (Kreag, 2017). But \nt\nhe availability of large amounts of data through technologi -\ncal advances can raise challenging ethical concerns, as well as \nlegal concerns over a defendant\u2019s or witness\u2019s right "]
[14.745292663574219, 2.8508365154266357, "partici-pant advised that data quality was excellent when it pertained to his office\u2019s felony cases, but there was a huge decrease in quality and level of missingness for misdemeanor cases. \nLitigation Strategies\nProsecutors have a great deal of auth"]
[14.754146575927734, 2.834909200668335, " particularly when it occurs on social media, is one of the biggest chal-lenges prosecutors must consider when working with witnesses (Browning, 2014). The participants described various ways to reduce or prevent witness intimidation, such as working"]
[14.74887466430664, 2.85725736618042, "es, which might not promote the fairest outcome. Predic-tive analytics and risk assessment tools, such as Ohio\u2019s Risk Assessment System Misdemeanor Assessment Tool, can help prosecutors better predict whether an individual would be an ideal candidate"]
[14.740377426147461, 2.8537280559539795, "Taken in \ntotal, these cases require prosecutors to consider the probative value of evidence not only when making prosecutorial decisions but also when determining whether the evidence might be favorable to the defense (District Attorneys Association"]
[14.741470336914062, 2.8420913219451904, "eo, 2016). Workshop participants discussed both the challenges and importance of creating conviction review units within a prosecutor\u2019s office and acknowledged that these units can help ensure accountability and good data management practices.\nPartne"]
[14.838237762451172, 1.8449771404266357, "ce, and practice needs (see Hollywood, Boon, et al., 2015; Jackson, Russo, et al., 2015). For this workshop, the two numerical factors that each participant was asked to score dur-ing the rating process were as follows:\n1. How important each of the n"]
[14.912507057189941, 2.400770425796509, "ht needs assigned to the top tier, ordered by expected value (see Table\u00a01). For ease in relating the needs to the areas discussed in the previous section, we assigned each need to one of the following six categories:\n1. staffing and resources 2. digi"]
[14.900153160095215, 2.793672561645508, "Expected Value\nProblem or Opportunity Associated NeedNeed Received a \nHigh-Importance \nScore Category\nThere is considerable uncertainty in \nthe most-desirable case resolution strategies and their effects on public safety.\u2022\tConduct a review of the eff"]
[14.861054420471191, 2.793649196624756, "e to typical agencies in rural and urban areas.\u2022\tIdentify the most-promising practices to pool litigation technology and training resources across a state or region for mutual benefit.\n\u25c6Staffing and resources12Problem or Opportunity Associated NeedNe"]
[14.699042320251465, 2.7483458518981934, "\nomising and cost-effective practices for \nlong-term storage and retrieval of large quantities of physical evidence.\u25c6Digital information13to achieve. These 14 needs are identified with a diamond in \nthe third column of Tables 2 and 3. Because the bre"]
[14.743858337402344, 2.841843843460083, "ly on the market can help store and organize data; however, these programs often are not tailored to the specific needs of a prosecutor\u2019s office, and some offices have encountered problems with acquiring full ownership of the data after the contractu"]
[14.781881332397461, 2.8321878910064697, "development of data science and predictive analytics has created the opportunity to predict and identify patterns of crime, which can help prosecutors make decisions about which types of cases to prioritize. These collaborations can also help others "]
[14.880220413208008, 2.166034460067749, "ritization of Needs\nDuring separate sessions of the workshop, we asked the panelists to discuss the challenges that they face during the pre-trial and trial phases of a case, which panelists had identified prior to the workshop. While conducting this"]
[14.771429061889648, 1.7558006048202515, "ard to meet) but also the effect of factors that might lead prosecutors\u2019 offices to not adopt the new technology, policy, or practice even if it was developed; such factors could include, for example, cost, staffing concerns, and societal concerns.16"]
[14.78836441040039, 1.7551424503326416, " an expected value using the method outlined in Jackson, Banks, et al. (2016). For each need, we multiplied the final (second-round) ratings for importance and probability of success to produce an expected value. We then calculated the median of that"]
[14.77474308013916, 1.6971325874328613, "s enough to move any needs up or down in the prioritization. (Note that there were gaps between these boundaries, so some of the modified expected values could fall in between tiers. See Figure A.4.) As with prior work, we set a higher bar for a need"]
[14.752053260803223, 1.6849428415298462, " 3\nIssue:\u00a0Need: 3\nFigure A.4. Illustration of How a Need\u2019s Increase in \nExpected Value Might Result in Its Movement Across Tier Boundaries\nNOTE: Each example need\u2019s original tier is shown by a circle with a \nsolid border (the two needs starting in Ti"]
[15.04328441619873, 2.62905216217041, "you believe is most important should be \ngiven a score of 100. Then assign scores to each other objec-tive reflecting its importance relative to that most important 20objective. For example, if another objective is equally impor-\ntant, it should be s"]
[14.815402030944824, 2.8851163387298584, "k you two things:\nFirst, what do you see as the primary challenges or issues \nfacing prosecutors today where innovation could help pros-ecutors\u2019 offices better achieve their missions? Challenges may be chronic, where a technology or innovation may ad"]
[14.806330680847168, 2.8700573444366455, "essment instruments or tools that inform \ndecisionmaking.\n\u2022 En\nsuring access to justice.\n\u2022 Pr\nomoting community safety.\n\u2022 Es\ntablishing and evaluating performance metrics.\n\u2022 En\nsuring that extra-legal factors do not influence \ndecisionmaking.\n\u2022 Es\nta"]
[14.651864051818848, 2.886422634124756, "ficiency? (List as many or as few as you would like.) \n1.\n2.3.\n6. Are there any issues, problems, or opportunities that you \nsee that don\u2019t easily fit into any of the areas we defined on \nthis questionnaire? Is there anything you think we have missed"]
[14.539554595947266, 3.293696403503418, "t Law Review , Vol.\n 5\n1, No.  3\n, 2016, pp.  7\n05\u2013744.\nFettig, Derek T., \u201cWho Knew What When? A Critical Analysis of the Expanding Collective Knowledge Doctrine,\u201d\u00a0 University of Missouri\u2013\nKansas City Law Rev iew,\u00a0Vol.\n 8\n2, No.  3\n, 2014, pp.  6\n63\u2013"]
[14.466443061828613, 3.339843273162842, "7\u20131187.\nGiglio v. United States , 405 U.S. 150 at 154\u2013155, 1972.\nGiova, Giuliano, \u201cImproving Chain of Custody in Forensic Investigation of Electronic Digital Systems,\u201d International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security , Vol.\n 1\n1, No.  1"]
[14.489333152770996, 3.3591034412384033, "dy, Giglio, and Crime Victim Compensation Funds,\u201d\u00a0 NYU Review of Law and Social Change ,\u00a0Vol.\n 38\n, No.  3\n, 2014, \npp. 4\n91\u2013503.\nJohnston, E. Lea, \u201cConditions of Confinement at Sentencing: The Case of Seriously Disordered Offenders,\u201d\u00a0Catholic Univer"]
[14.447978019714355, 3.399585247039795, "w Forum ,\u00a0Vol.\n 1\n30, 2017, \npp. 1\n45\u2013153.\nOliver, Wesley M., and Rishi Batra, \u201cStandards of Legitimacy in Criminal Negotiations,\u201d Harvard Negotiation Law Review ,\u00a0Vol.\n 2\n0, \n2015, pp.  6\n1\u2013120.\nPicard-Fritsche, Sarah, Michael Rempel, Jennifer A. Ta"]
[14.013701438903809, 4.030523777008057, "w Restraints in Light of Social Media,\u201d\u00a0Fordham Law Review ,\u00a0Vol.\n 8\n4, No.  1\n, 2015, pp.  3\n67\u2013406.\nWalsh, Dana, \u201cThe Dangers of Eyewitness Identification: A Call for Greater State Involvement to Ensure Fundamental Fairness,\u201d\u00a0Boston College Law Rev"]
[13.868865013122559, 4.558307647705078, "tter training resources and tools for the assessment of staffing needs, conducting research into promising practices for responding to instances of witness intimidation and tampering, and examining the effectiveness of plea and diversion options that"]
[7.672751426696777, 13.566987037658691, "  \n \n \nAlternative\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Renewable\t\r \u00a0Fuel\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Vehicle\t\r \u00a0\nTechnology\t\r \u00a0Program \t\r \u00a0\nFINAL\t\r \u00a0PROJECT\t\r \u00a0REPORT \t\r \u00a0\nProcess\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Outcome\t\r \u00a0 Evaluation\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0\nthe\t\r \u00a0Alternative\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0Renewable\t\r \u00a0Fuel\t\r \u00a0\nand\t\r \u00a0Veh icle\t\r \u00a0T"]
[7.727733612060547, 13.544390678405762, "edge the members of the proje ct\u2019s Evaluation Advisory Committee: \nDavid Greene from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Howard H. Baker, Jr. Center for \nPublic Policy at the University of Tennessee; Harry Hatry from the Urban Institute; Ivor John "]
[7.651742935180664, 13.55336856842041, "w-carbon fuels in California  \n\u2022 decrease, on a full -fuel-cycle basis, the overall impact and carbon footprint of alternative \nand renewable fuels and increase sustainability  \n\u2022 expand fuel infrastructure, fueling stations, and equipment  \n\u2022 improv"]
[7.772437572479248, 13.544981002807617, " projects they would not have undertaken otherwise; after \ncompleting their ARFVTP projects, awardees overwhelmingly indicated they had taken steps to \ncontinue to develop, market, install, or produce the funded product or technology ; and on the \nwo"]
[7.7912774085998535, 13.519927978515625, "...................................  xxix\t\r \u00a0\nS.3.2 Observations fo r Electricity  ....................................................................................................  xxix\t\r \u00a0\nS.3.3 Observations for Diesel Substitutes  ............."]
[7.865734577178955, 13.438867568969727, ".......................  10\t\r \u00a0\n1.3.7 Collect Additional Information to Inform the Outcome Evaluation  ................................  10\t\r \u00a0\n1.3.8 Evaluation Scope ..................................................................................."]
[7.7179789543151855, 13.585741996765137, "ns and Execute Agreements .............................................................  32\t\r \u00a0\n2.10 Overseeing Agreements ..................................................................................................................  35\t\r \u00a0\n2.10"]
[7.756404399871826, 13.552355766296387, "..............................  56\t\r \u00a0\n3.4.3 Barriers Targeted  .........................................................................................................................  57\t\r \u00a0\n3.5 Awardee Performance  ..............................."]
[7.761691093444824, 13.5526704788208, ".....................................................................................................  82\t\r \u00a0\n4.2 Technical Overview of Electricity as a Fuel and of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles  .................  83\t\r \u00a0\n4.2.1 Electricity as a Transp"]
[7.733062744140625, 13.560713768005371, "P Investment Priorities  ...........................  124\t\r \u00a0\n4.10 Conclusions  .....................................................................................................................................  125\t\r \u00a0\nCHAPTER 5: Impact of Progra"]
[7.735258102416992, 13.56394100189209, "..................  149\t\r \u00a0\n5.5.4 Schedule Performance  ..............................................................................................................  149\t\r \u00a0\n5.6 Impacts on Awardee  .................................................."]
[7.727305889129639, 13.570358276367188, "dentified in the Survey  ............................................................................................  173\t\r \u00a0\n6.4 Review of CEC\u2019s Solicitations and Awards in Gasoline Substitutes  .......................................  174\t\r \u00a0\n6.4."]
[7.641115188598633, 13.632987022399902, "............................................... . 203\t\r \u00a0xiii 7.2.3 Biomethane ................................................................................................................................ . 203\t\r \u00a0\n7.2.4 Natural Gas Vehicles  ...."]
[7.762570858001709, 13.49935531616211, "lders on ARFVTP Inve stment Priorities ... 236\t\r \u00a0\n7.10 Conclusions  .....................................................................................................................................  236\t\r \u00a0\nCHAPTER 8: Synthesis of Fue l-Type Fin"]
[7.807884693145752, 13.375935554504395, " ............................................................................  264\t\r \u00a0\n9.2.1 Limited Understanding of the Industry\u2019s Education and Training Needs  ....................  264\t\r \u00a0\n9.2.2 Limited Capacity to Train Workers ................."]
[7.838327407836914, 13.48874282836914, "als and  \nAwarding Contracts in a Timely Manner?  ......................................................................................  292\t\r \u00a0\n10.1.5 Has the ARFVTP Done an Effective Job in Administering the Awards? ......................  292\t\r \u00a0"]
[7.850142955780029, 13.454479217529297, ".....................................................................................................................  302\t\r \u00a0xvi APPENDIX A: Web -Based Survey of Awardees, Unsuccessful Applicants,  \nand Potential Applicants ........................."]
[7.695657730102539, 13.56122875213623, "s and incentives. In \nSeptember 2013, the legislature reauthorized the program, extending ARFVTP funding through January 1, 2024 (Assembly Bill 8 [ Perea ]). The legislature directed CEC to develop a program \nthat provides gran ts, loans, and other t"]
[7.777013301849365, 13.544567108154297, "gh December  \n2016 \n($ M) \nFuel or Project Type   \nHydrogen  35 $93 $65 \nElectricity  133 $179 $132 \nDiesel substitutes  24 $55 $38 \nGasoline substitutes  21 $62 $23 \nNatural gas and biomethane  77 $160 $113 \nWorkforce  3 $25 $20 \nMultifuel and o the"]
[7.857314586639404, 13.440409660339355, "ccessful applicants, and potential applicants. \n\u2022 Conduct in -depth reviews of selected ARFVTP projects.  \n\u2022 Verify installation of electric vehicles supply equipment (EVSE) for a selected set of \nawards.  \n\u2022 Assemble and analyze CEC administrative d"]
[7.707885265350342, 13.591872215270996, " specific investment areas (e.g., biofuels ), glean lessons learned from past \nprojects, and hear from  panels of experts who provide critical feedback on past investments \nand insights into future trends.  \nOur analysis also suggests that stakeholde"]
[7.773263454437256, 13.534072875976562, "methane  projects targeted the widest range of barriers, addressing \nfeedstock, fuel production, fueling infrastructure, vehicle, and consumer  barriers.  \nThe workforce development  projects generally targeted barriers that a new industry faces in \n"]
[7.89716911315918, 13.446427345275879, "C must take adequate time to ensure that proposed projects represent worthy uses of public fund s and to enter into \ncontracts that protect the public interest, but t he long period between proposal submission and \nproject funding for many projects c"]
[7.948126316070557, 13.466187477111816, "tructure or elements; as a result , it is often difficult to ascertain what \nthe project accomplishments were and how those might compare, or add to, those of other \nsimilar projects.  \nS.2.1.6 Have  Awardees Secured the Proposed Matching Funds?  \nMo"]
[7.9252610206604, 13.488879203796387, " development projects  and a few multifuel projects ) had not  been fully achieved, and \nthe percentage does not vary a great deal by fuel type. Eighty -one perce nt of the technical \nobjectives were fully achieved, and the remaining 7 percent  eithe"]
[7.829133987426758, 13.527870178222656, "by the unsuccessful applicants may \nhave been more poorly conceived or planned tha n those funded by the  ARFVTP.  Based on \nsurvey responses, slightly more than  one-half of unsuccessful applicants participating in this \nevaluation had not yet proce"]
[7.7280659675598145, 13.581911087036133, "he case.  \n\u2022 Could not be determined : Because there was either insufficient data on projec t \noutcomes or the project team was unable to assess and interpret those outcomes, it \ncould not be determined whether the projects reduced this barrier.  \n\u2022 "]
[7.674688339233398, 13.62862777709961, " magnitude of any such decline \nis difficult to determine. A few new hydrogen vehicle models were demonstrated with ARFVTP funding, so, as noted in Table S.3 , the program helped reduce this barrier; but the impact is \nprobably minor. Hydrogen readin"]
[7.664791107177734, 13.602307319641113, "the latest \ntechnology may well have helped reduce the production costs of alternative diesel, but we were \nnot able to collect any systematic data on production costs.   xxviii  For gasoline substitutes,  demonstrable progress has been made in expan"]
[7.707834243774414, 13.588386535644531, "report that skilled labor presented a barrier, and most said \nthat it is getting easier over time to find skilled labor for their projects.  \nS.3 Observations on ARFVTP Investment Priorities  \nOur findi ngs of health and vibrancy of the ARFVT industr"]
[7.711935997009277, 13.58130168914795, " moving forward warrants careful \nconsideration. When the ARFVTP began, it made sense to fund the deployment of charging \nstations in all types of locations, including residential , workplace, and publicly accessible sites, \nand to fund  all types  o"]
[7.669244766235352, 13.599006652832031, "ia ble reduction in carbon inten sity (CI) using ethanol requires both low -CI \nfeedstocks and a greatly expanded E85 vehicle and fueling infrastructure. The ARFVTP has \ninvested in both. However, g iven the ongoing challenges with low-CI ethanol pro"]
[7.762282371520996, 13.527892112731934, "  \n\u2022 Consider funding data infrastructure to measure the AR FVT workforce.  Better d ata \ncan enable many participants in the industry to align their workforce development activities and measure progress.  \n\u2022 Connect workforce development projects to"]
[7.7174482345581055, 13.54638671875, "gating climate change.  The Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology \nProgram (ARFVTP) was established with Assembly Bill (AB) 118 ( N\u00fa\u00f1ez) in 2007, as amended by \nAB 109 ( N\u00fa\u00f1ez) in 2008.  It is managed by the California Energy Commissi"]
[7.733830451965332, 13.571115493774414, " is spread across the fuel -type categories and market \nsegments.  Roughly one- quarter of funds has  been spent on RD&D of alternative fuels and \nvehicles ($14 6 million of $586 million) as opposed to production, distribution, and deployment \n(PD&D)"]
[7.848717212677002, 13.45963191986084, "the program  and came up with \nquestions to be addressed in th e evaluation . We then designed and implemented an evaluation, \nmeas urement, and verification  plan.  \n1.2.1 Conceptual Framework for Evaluation \nThe evaluation of the ARFVTP plan was or"]
[7.801175117492676, 13.560335159301758, "a particular fuel or \nvehicle technology.  For example, a funded project might se ek to reduce the carbon intensity (CI) \nof a fuel resulting from a biodiesel production process.  Such an outcome is included in step 4 \nand can have an impact on the r"]
[7.812081336975098, 13.50178337097168, "t to the market viability of alternative fuels and vehicles vary considerably by fuel type, as do the type and magnitude of awards.  We break down the evaluation into the \nfuel categories shown in Table 1.3.  Within each fuel -type category, attentio"]
[7.9532575607299805, 13.46516227722168, "es are typically stated as task 1  of the scope of work for the award.  The \ntechnical objectives are detailed in the subsequent tasks of the scope of work.  7 For each technical objective, the RAND team reviewed the  proposal, statement of work, cri"]
[7.902561664581299, 13.452261924743652, " survey respondents and to reduce the occurrence of \nrespondents overstating their  projects\u2019 success.  We present results both for the initial RAND \nassessment based on the review of project doc uments and for the assessment as corrected by \nthe sur"]
[7.898049354553223, 13.444974899291992, "hese reviews, we collected data to determine whether the awardee had made reasonable progress toward achieving the project technical objectives and to assess how much the project \nhad accelerated the development and deployment of alternative fuels an"]
[7.847965240478516, 13.465615272521973, "bout Processes for Administering the Program \nIn addition to the interviews conducted for the in -depth project reviews, 11 CEC staff were \ninterviewed about  CEC processes for developing the investment plans , soliciting  applications,  \nand making "]
[7.738729476928711, 13.564821243286133, "TP on market barriers.  However, attributing changes to the ARFVTP is  complicated by \nthe fact that there are a number of other factors, such as the Low Carbon Fuel Standard ( LCFS) , \nRenewable Fuel Standard ( RFS), zero-emission vehicle (ZEV ) pro"]
[7.796762943267822, 13.517065048217773, "ere are aspects of it that are \ninformed or con strained by other factors that extend beyond the scope of our evaluation.  \nIn particular, by design, the program supports the development of multiple alternative fuel \ntypes.  We take this position as "]
[7.750689506530762, 13.56058406829834, "pacts of ARFVTP on the barriers to market \nviability in the five fuel types \u2014hydrogen, electricity, diesel substitutes, gasoline substitutes, \nand natural gas and biomethane, respectively \u2014drawing bot h on the survey results and on other \ninformation"]
[7.866513729095459, 13.460968017578125, "P ) and solicits \napplications and makes awards.  It also examines CEC performance in administering awards.  \nUnderstanding the process can both help shed light on the results of  the outcome evaluation \nand help identify recommendations for improvin"]
[7.744426250457764, 13.521692276000977, "d other directives.  \nFor instance, Executive Order S -3-0518 sets a long -term goal of reducing GHG emissions to 80 \npercent below 1990 levels by 2050, and Executive Order B -30-1519 sets an interim goal of \nreducing statewide GHG emissions to 40 pe"]
[7.809092044830322, 13.481698989868164, "\nprogram \u2019s barrier reduction goals.23 In 2011 , AB 1314 clarified that each year\u2019s plan can be an \nupdate on earlier plans.24 Thus, while CEC  must publish a plan every year , it need not start the \nplanning process anew each time.  \nAccording to CE"]
[7.779778957366943, 13.486666679382324, "n shall create and consult with an advisory body as it develops the \ninvestment plan and that the commission shall approve the plans.25 Typically, there are 25 \nadvisory board members who represent the  viewpoints of consumer, industry, and stakehold"]
[7.838985443115234, 13.437082290649414, "isory committee meeting and p ublic workshop  \nApril 8, 2015 : Energy commission business  meeting \nNovember 12, 2014 : Advisory committee meeting and p ublic workshop  \n2016\u2013 2017 November 6, 2015 : Advisory committee meeting and p ublic workshop  \n"]
[7.875805377960205, 13.447884559631348, "ojects. While a systematic evaluation of the merit review process was beyond the scope of \nthis report, interviews suggest that the workshops have produced lessons CEC staff and others find valuable.  \nThe metrics we use\u2014 number of participants and n"]
[7.754588603973389, 13.556169509887695, "                                           \n29 For a ll survey items, we tested for differences by fuel type, stage in the RD&D cycle (production, \nresearch, other) , and point in the supply chain (fuel production/development, fuel charging infras tr"]
[7.833993434906006, 13.442184448242188, "ding to interviewees, one of the most important adaptations over time is that the investment strategy has become increasingly focused and ambitious as the state gets closer to \nthe year 2020, when the first set of air quality goals should be accompli"]
[7.780174255371094, 13.469209671020508, "tration  \nand the  use of mass transit to track the need for additional investment in particular \ncommunities.  Others mentioned monitoring price differentials between alternative and \nconventional fue ls and vehicles as an indication of successful c"]
[7.8480305671691895, 13.465286254882812, " the \nopportunity to participate in the program, including small businesses, women, minorities, and \ndisabled veterans, as well as disadvantaged and underrepresented communities from a diverse \nrange of geographical regions.33 \nReview of program docu"]
[7.835842132568359, 13.478327751159668, "wn  as other CEC programs.  Still, this \nawardee believed that \u201coutreach is quite good.\u201d  However, another awardee in the electricity area \nbelieves there are many local agencies and small private companies that are not yet aware of \nthe program and "]
[7.847988128662109, 13.462357521057129, "propriate balance between \nmaking the application process user -friendly while eliciting enough information to determine \nwhether applicants\u2019 ideas can succeed and whether applicant organizations would be \nresponsible stewards of state funds.  \nBased"]
[7.845365524291992, 13.485814094543457, "dvanced Vehicle Technology), for which applicants \nrequested almost 15 times the amount authorized.  \nThe PONs with the lowest subscription rates we re PON -09-608 (0.95) and PON -12-606 (0.88) , \nwhich  were for hydrogen fuel infrastructure. Several"]
[7.879863262176514, 13.442463874816895, "or  Reviewing Proposals and Executing \nAwards  \n \nSOURCE : Authors . \n2.7.1 Evaluators \nApplications are evaluated by teams of evaluators comp rising CEC staff.  Evaluation teams often \nsolicit reviews from staff in other agencies and from contractor"]
[7.891939640045166, 13.452784538269043, " that the \ncriteria vary considerably from PON to PON.  However, most PONs include criteria related to \nproject team qualifications, project readiness, cost -effectiveness, appropriate cost share, the \nplausibility of the project implementation plan "]
[7.80979061126709, 13.541818618774414, "s for natural gas and \nbiomethane ( 42 percent ), and the lowest were multifuel  and other  (13 percent) and hydrogen \n(16 percent) . \nTable 2.9. Proposal Success Rates  \nFuel Type Number of  \nSuccessful \nProposals  Total Num ber of \nProposals  Perce"]
[7.911604881286621, 13.482876777648926, "llion or less, but a 40 -percent match share for $2 million projects, a 50 -percent match share \nfor $3 million projects, and a 60 -percent match share for projects that cost more than $3 \nmillion. \nTable 2.10 shows actual match shares (i.e., match c"]
[7.8755269050598145, 13.467933654785156, "ed match share was available.  \n \n2.9 Time to Review Applications and Execute Agreements  \nSelecting applicants marks the beginning of project execution.  Here, the challenge for CEC is to \nrevie w applications with enough care to ensure that propose"]
[7.922649383544922, 13.44703197479248, " test, p < 0.001 . \nb Kruskal -Wallis test, p = 0.02 \n \nWe now turn to the time to award a contract (i.e., NOPA to agreement start date); o verall , the \naverage time elapsed is  approximately 8.5 months  (255 days ; see first row of Table 2.12 ), wi"]
[7.857920169830322, 13.460429191589355, "ents to assess invoicing burdens.  Perhaps not \nsurprisingly, 5 6 percent of respondents either somewhat or strongly agreed with the statement \n\u201cCEC\u2019 s reporting and invoicing requirements for this grant were burdensome\u201d (Figure 2.6). \nHowever, g ive"]
[7.926924228668213, 13.4072847366333, "ayments may \nbe delayed) and on the need for awardees to have access to some sort of cash reserve to cover \ntemporary shortfalls resulting from the delays. \nFinally, we also asked respondents to provide feedback on the practice  of wit hholding  \n10 "]
[8.028873443603516, 13.34273624420166, "staff advance to new positions or leave the agency. But too much turnover can  clearly \ncause problems.  A small number of interviewees raised concerns about turnover . One called \nturnov er \u201ca big problem,\u201d and another recounted spending a considera"]
[7.885880947113037, 13.440889358520508, "ted with \nfederal grants.  Howe ver, respondents were more critical of financial reporting templates, which \nmany regarded as excessively detailed.  \nA few recounted difficulties getting approval for what they regarded as minor changes in the details"]
[7.877440929412842, 13.440641403198242, "ndents were more ambivalent about the program, with only 30 \npercent answering yes to this question.  But 70 percent said maybe, and none  said no,  which \ndoes not suggest a clear rejection of the program.  One respondent allowed that some of the \na"]
[7.869970798492432, 13.450347900390625, "the transition was going slow ly.  \nA second documentation issue we noted is that we believe that CEC could do a better job of facilitating a more systematic approach to collecting and transmitting project data by the \nawardees.  Currently, there is "]
[7.903781890869141, 13.436267852783203, " t o fully assess the financial and \noperational capacities of applications.  A bigger concern for stakeholders was the amount of \ntime required to review applications and execute agreements relative to their perceptions about the speed at which oppo"]
[7.751773834228516, 13.55579662322998, "nd \nto sum outputs of similar types of projects to report portfoliowide outputs.  While CEC does \nthese things now, it is challenging to extract the necessary information from the existing \ndocuments and probably requires additional communication wit"]
[7.681002616882324, 13.609452247619629, "ated  0 0 \u2014 \nUnsuccessful applicants 7 3 43% \nPotential applicants  n/a 8 \u2014 \nTotal  \u2014 43 \u2014 \nSOURCE : RAND survey.  \n  45 Second, this chapter relies on documentation from awardees on their projects, available from \nCEC as of spring 2015.  These inclu"]
[7.643591403961182, 13.639863967895508, "rogen oxides.  \n                                                   \n36 U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), \u201cAlternative Fuels Data Center: Hydrogen Basics,\u201d undated . \n37 ARB, 2016 Annual Evaluation of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Deployment and "]
[7.642783164978027, 13.640000343322754, "e vehicle -fueling system and \nvehicle- fueling interface.  Specifically, the transition  since 2003  to 70 -megapascal (MPa) \nhydrogen storage pressures from  the previously dominant 35 -MPa systems allows more \ncompressed  hydrogen to be stored onb"]
[7.667653560638428, 13.631325721740723, "e tanks is a function of the cost of carbon fiber, and design optimization to lower costs \nwithout increasing weight or compromising storage capacity is ongoing.  \nDoE has funded R&D  focused on material -based storage, including metal hydrides, chem"]
[7.6620049476623535, 13.62017822265625, "nsumer concerns about the safety of onboard hydrogen storage  \n\u2022 Potential changes to the ZEV mandate that might reduce automaker incentive to \ndevelop FCEV s \nSOURCE : Academi c literature . \n3.3.1 Feedstock Barriers \nAs noted, most hydrogen product"]
[7.628701210021973, 13.637422561645508, " viable options in the near term.\n45 \n3.3.2.2 High Cost of Onsite Generation  \nAs an alternative to the costly transport of hydrogen fuel  (described below) , some envision the \npossibility of onsite hydrogen generation \u2014likely through SMR but potent"]
[7.647074222564697, 13.635823249816895, "\ncompressed  gaseous hydrogen in high -pressure tanks and as liquid hydrogen stored \ncryogenically in insulated tanks.  Both options require specialized transportation equipment for \ndelivery.  Also, because hydrogen has a low volumetric energy densi"]
[7.675069808959961, 13.65250301361084, "This can be a challenge in obtaining the \npermits necessary to proceed with stations.  \n3.3.3.4 Standards  \nA final distribution barrier issue is that to ensure the compatibility of hydrogen fuel and \nvehicles, standards or specifications are needed "]
[7.635934829711914, 13.649389266967773, " system and storage tank testing and design to ensure \noperational and post -crash safety in the interest of avoiding hazards during refueli ng and if  a \nfuel system breach occurs during a vehicle crash.53 Another example is the National Highway \nTr"]
[7.680869102478027, 13.626742362976074, "ociated with this \ndurability question. \n3.3.4.5 Onboard Storage  \nHigh-pressure storage remains a high- cost component on a n FCEV . \n3.3.4.6 Regulatory Context  \nOne additional  potential threat to the growth of the market for FCEV s in the United "]
[7.682422637939453, 13.620560646057129, "spondents who did indicated a shortcoming in the lack of hydrogen vehicles.  \nAnother noted a lack of funding for hydrogen production, market data, and demonstration \nprojects.  A final respondent describ ed the lack of onsite generation as a barrier"]
[7.6864824295043945, 13.592973709106445, "rogen Funding Allocations, Solicitations, and Award Amounts, 2009 \u20132015 \nDate  Plans and Amounts \nAllocated  Solicitations and  IAs Additional Notes  \n2009 2008\u2013 2010 Investment Plan \noriginally allocated $40 million  \nfor hydrogen -fueling \ninfrastr"]
[7.69766092300415, 13.597479820251465, "awarded a total of $63.7 million to develop new stations and upgrade existing ones.  In \naddition, PON -14-603 supported hydrogen readiness planning and PON -13-604 supported the \ndemon stration of hydrogen fuel cell buses and vans.  There were also "]
[7.703808307647705, 13.603970527648926, "rollout of alternative fuels and vehicles.  For \nexample, the awards can help local government agencies develop strategic plans for electric vehicle supply \nequipment (EVSE), establish best practices for PEV -ready building and public works guideline"]
[7.708684921264648, 13.608907699584961, "targeted that barrier.  As we discuss later, those two awards were adequate for \naddressing that barrier.   58 Consistent with the earlier analysis of awards, this breakdown shows that CEC\u2019s awards \noverwhelmingly addressed the infrastructure barrier"]
[7.735628128051758, 13.559338569641113, "ted other barriers that respondents identified.  Four of the 31 awards \n(13 percent) were station -development awards that involved onsite hydrogen generation, and \nthere were no awards principa lly aimed at fuel- production barriers.  CEC awards did"]
[7.9722161293029785, 13.46162223815918, "oing. The last \ntwo column s of Table 3.7 show the amount awarded and the amount of invoices paid according \nto project status, including the four awards for participation in the CFCP.  It shows that \nessentially 100 percent of invoices have been pai"]
[7.985715866088867, 13.476261138916016, "ents \n7 Fully met  7 Fully \n2 Minimally met  2 Minimally  \n17 In  progress 17 In  progress \n11 Not  yet started  1 Fully m et \n3 In progress \n6 Not  yet started  \n1 Dropped  \n49 Unknown 10 Fully \n1 Minimally  \n36 In progress \n2 Unknown  \nTotal: 86 te"]
[7.968283176422119, 13.46188735961914, "inimally achieved.\n \nFigure 3. 2. Extent Objectives Achieved, b y Project Status  \n \nSOURCE : RAND survey.  \nNOTES: Percentages in each category (completed, ongoing, and canceled /terminated) sum to 100 percent;  n = 6 \nobjectives in 6 completed proj"]
[7.898632049560547, 13.492980003356934, "wn).  In 77 percent of the delayed awards (23 of 31), the CAM and awardee assessments of \ndelay durations matched; the remaining eight  awards (13 percent) were reported as being more \ndelayed by awardees than was noted by the CAM.  \nFigure 3. 4. Sch"]
[7.824233055114746, 13.52900505065918, "6, \nthey had constructed and opened 14 of those stations, with two additional to be opened by \n79%\t\r \u00a0\n57%\t\r \u00a0\n36%\t\r \u00a0\n36%\t\r \u00a0\n7%\t\r \u00a07%\t\r \u00a07%\t\r \u00a07%\t\r \u00a0\n36%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a0 20%\t\r \u00a0 40%\t\r \u00a0 60%\t\r \u00a0 80%\t\r \u00a0 100%\t\r \u00a0Delay\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0gecng\t\r \u00a0required\t\r \u00a0permits"]
[7.852119445800781, 13.511886596679688, "portance and uniqueness of this \nprogram, nearly 40 percent indicated they would not have sought other outside funding, and 55 percent said they would not have sought internal funding.   67 Figure 3. 6.Whether Hydrogen Awardees Would Have Proceeded W"]
[7.790884494781494, 13.550466537475586, "d on 31 respondents.  \n \nFifteen of the 31 awardees noted other impacts of the award in comments they made.  All \ncomments but one are positive.  Awardees noted that the award did the following:  \n\u2022 increased their knowledge ( four comments)  \n\u2022 allo"]
[7.71873140335083, 13.58591079711914, "er awardee to \nrapidly develop a large number of hydrogen- refueling stations.  This latter awardee, in turn, is \nusing its skills in making rapid agreements with station owners, permitting, and construction to \nhelp accelerate its competitors\u2019 deplo"]
[7.690281391143799, 13.608427047729492, "1% 45% \nInsufficient pool of labor familiar with alternative fuels and vehicles  32% 29% \nSOURCE : RAND survey.  \nTable 3. 11 summarizes the impact of the program on barriers.  Our assessments fall into one of \nfour categories:  \n\u2022 There is evidence "]
[7.726166725158691, 13.574281692504883, "(if \nindirect) consequence of developing fueling stations  \nHigh vehicle -production cost  No evidence of reduction  \nLimited vehicle -production capacity  No evidence of reduction  \nHigh vehicle lifetime operating and maintenance cost No evidence of"]
[7.710657119750977, 13.595268249511719, "ight not have gone forward without CEC \nfunding.  This collectively suggests that government support to overcome this barrier is both \nneede d and working.  \n \n                                                   \n61 These data are largely but not per "]
[7.7484002113342285, 13.57490348815918, "iers across the \nindustry  (e.g., through a hydrogen pipeline).  Instead, the program may have helped overcome \nthis challenge for specific developers.  One project, for example, upgraded a central hydrogen \nfill station and developed delivery trucks"]
[7.677089214324951, 13.614242553710938, "tation  76 also applies to passenger vehicles.  The attention to bus and van technology is helpful, but there \nis no evidence yet to suggest the barrier has been reduced, given that these projects are still in \nprogress.  There is also no evidence to"]
[7.6567206382751465, 13.620108604431152, " more firms are entering the \n                                                   \n63 California Clean Vehicle Rebate Project,  \u201cCVRP Rebate Statistics,\u201d last updated June 1, 2017 . \n64 From March 29, 2016, to October  31, 2016, this rebate increased "]
[7.689019203186035, 13.618199348449707, "ly [by fuel type or market \nsegment]?\u201d Thirty percent of survey respondents (13 of 44) did not have comments (data not \nshown).  Of the 31 responses, the most -common comments were that more investment should \nbe made in hydrogen in general (14 per c"]
[7.74014139175415, 13.561577796936035, "oping a network of hydrogen- refueling stations economically feasible and an insufficient network of hydrogen-\nrefueling  stations to make consumers\u2019 use of hydrogen vehicles practical. While other barriers \nto widespread hydrogen use exist, solving "]
[7.719512939453125, 13.593501091003418, " allow \nhydrogen to be sold to consumers at retail locations.  Finally, the program has made a few \nsmaller investments in other areas (e.g., developing nonpassenger hydrogen vehicles and \nhydrogen readiness plans), although the impacts of these effo"]
[7.700994968414307, 13.592179298400879, "cle production, deployment and \ndemonstration (PD&D) ( three  awardees); charging infrastructure deployment ( four awardees); \nand development of regional plug- in vehicle readiness plans ( one awardee).  The goal of these in -\ndepth reviews was to g"]
[7.643237113952637, 13.661277770996094, "s the state increases the share of electricity it draws from renewable sources.  \nGovernment policies are attemptin g to stimulate the commercial success of BEVs and PHEVs, \nboth federally and in individual states.  Revisions to the state\u2019s zero-emis"]
[7.659591197967529, 13.651458740234375, "ion Agency (EPA) \u2013estimated range -per-charge of 238 miles.  The future availability of \nmore BEV models with higher range and at lower cost are expected to mitigate the barriers to \nadoption that have accompanied the range limitations of recent BEVs"]
[7.66122579574585, 13.658597946166992, "ler  \n\u2022 In-vehicle power conversion, charging \nspeed limited by the onboard charger  4\u20138 hours  10\u201320 miles per \nhour of charging  At home, \nworkplace, \npublic access \nLevel 3 (DCFC)  \u2022 480-volt, up to 400 amp, up to 240 kW (~50 \nkW typical), requiri"]
[7.663781642913818, 13.65970516204834, "BEVs in the 1990 s that translates \nto constructive solutions today.  For example, several OEMs have recently established \nnationwide processes to ease the burden experienced by BEV purchasers in upgrading  their \nsingle -family home garages for char"]
[7.644343376159668, 13.647172927856445, "ransition to more advanced types of electric -drive vehicles.  In addition, given that \nmany HEV components are also used with more advanced types of EVs, policymakers have also \npromoted HEVs as a means of speeding the development of and reducing th"]
[7.63912296295166, 13.648241996765137, " sources in particular , as well as reductions in GHG emissions.  \nConsiderable progress has occurred in improving BEV performance since the mid -1990s , \nprimarily because of the transition to Li -ion batteries, which have much higher energy density"]
[7.681670665740967, 13.614543914794922, "cles most closely connected to your awa rd, application, or \norganization?\u201d  Respondents were allowed to select all barriers that applied; the results reflect \nthe perceived barriers at the time the survey was completed in September 2016.  As shown i"]
[7.632213592529297, 13.652461051940918, "\r \u00a0permits\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0si5ng\t\r \u00a0fueling/\nLack\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0industry\t\r \u00a0standards\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0fueling/charging\t\r \u00a0interface\t\r \u00a0\nInsu\ufb03cient\t\r \u00a0bulk\t\r \u00a0fuel\t\r \u00a0distribu5on\t\r \u00a0infrastructure\t\r \u00a0\nHigh\t\r \u00a0fuel\t\r \u00a0produc5on\t\r \u00a0cost\t\r \u00a0\nLimited\t\r \u00a0fuel\t\r \u00a0produc5on\t"]
[7.674659729003906, 13.654967308044434, " styles.  This necessitates DCFC stations being built with one of each type of \nplug.   91 Table 4.4. Revised Barriers for Using Electricity as a Transportation Fuel Grouped by Criticality  \nMarket \nSegment  Level of \nImportance  Barrier Description "]
[7.679649353027344, 13.64384937286377, "t work when available.  For \nexample, the Idaho National Laboratory analyzed data from more than  6 million \u201ccharging \nevents\u201d carried out by over 8,300 PEVs (Nissan Leafs and Chevy Volts) and participating Blink \ncharging stations throughout the Uni"]
[7.657751560211182, 13.649571418762207, "$179.1  100%  \nSOURCE : CEC administrative  data as updated by survey respondents.  \n \nThe map in Figure 4.2 shows award s as circle s with size s based on the amount of funding \napproved, plotted by the zip code of the recipient.  The largest award "]
[7.6942853927612305, 13.616569519042969, "iar with alternative fuel \nand vehicles  \u2022 Prepare regional plans to establish \ntailored guidelines for EV readiness \nbuilding codes, permitting requirements, inspection processes, local agency roles, and EVSE \ndeployment priorities in residential, \n"]
[7.703403949737549, 13.645585060119629, "acts in \nbarrier reduction that do not scale with the amount of funding approved because they help lay \nthe groundwork for standardizing regional planning, building codes, and permitting for \naccommodating PEVs and because the resulting plans can be "]
[7.748625755310059, 13.582340240478516, "m the program. The ARFVTP has contributed \n$24.5 million of the $369.2 million spent on the CVRP to date.\n77 \nIt is worth noting t hat the two cancel ed projects in the fuel infrastructure RD&D project type \nmay seem out of place in the fueling infra"]
[7.9203619956970215, 13.51642894744873, "Percentages calculated separately and add to 100 for each of the four groups.  \n \nThe ten  canceled projects account for 7.5 percent of the 133 funded projects.  The following \nthree projects in the fueling infrastructure category were canceled:  4%\t"]
[7.95553731918335, 13.469632148742676, " \n4.5.2 Technical Performance \nIn this section, we first examine the extent to which technical objectives were achieved for the 54 completed electricity projects to date.  We then turn to prospects for achieving the technical \nobjectives of the 68 on"]
[7.720266819000244, 13.618178367614746, " of the table ), even assuming that no stations were installed in those cases \nwhere the number of stations actually deployed cannot be determined.  \n                                                   \n79 We were unable to verify the number of statio"]
[7.750282287597656, 13.62067699432373, "o the SAE \nJ1772 standard (aka \"Reconnect \nCalifornia Project\")`  500 760c \nARV- 12-023 AeroVironment, Inc.  Cal Electric: Resid ential EVSE \nDeployment Program\u2014 California -wide 1,425  1,758  \nARV- 12-017 AeroVironment, Inc.   \n Car2Go Fleet EVSE Pr"]
[7.82400369644165, 13.57678508758545, "   103 Table 4.9. Vehicles Planned and Delivered by Complete d Projects  \nProject ID  Awardee  Project Title  Number of  \nVehicles \nProposeda Number of  \nVehicles  \nProduced or \nDemonstratedb \nActual Number Less  Than Number Proposed \nARV- 10-034 SMU"]
[7.923202037811279, 13.485397338867188, "oing electricity projects ( projects ongoing as of September 2016).  Not surprisingly, the \nbulk of technical objectives remain s in-progress.  However, as shown in Figure 4.6, awardees \nwere confident that nearly all these technical objectives would"]
[7.765252590179443, 13.601008415222168, "\nextent to which s tations are operable, and experiences and lessons learned from their use.  \nWe initiated each visit by contacting the awardee to explain the objective of the visit and, if necessary, arrange access to the site. In some cases, the a"]
[7.7781982421875, 13.642606735229492, "sinesses, university 0 \nARV- 13-032 California EV Alliance  4 9 Benicia, \nNapa, Yountville, \nand Novato  Commercial businesses  0 \nARV- 10-001 Clipper Creek, Inc. 11 19 Davis  Commercial \nbusinesses, government, and \nuniversity  1 \nARV- 12-023 AeroVi"]
[7.69477653503418, 13.634045600891113, "ne day.  One approach is \nto restrict parking times, typically to four hours.  Several sites took this approach, as indicated \nby clear signage posted with the EVSE.  Another appr oach is to locate an EVSE so that it can \nreach multiple parking space"]
[7.6982645988464355, 13.64079475402832, "ch identified numerous reviews of home EVSEs, we found no \nreviews of commercial EVSE systems.  Based on users' experiences, it appears that an \nindependent review of commercial EVSE would be quite helpful to organizations plan ning EVSE \ninstallatio"]
[7.833477973937988, 13.53292465209961, "mand w hen utility prices are lowest. \nOur verification included s everal installations in private homes.  The 27 users that agreed to \nparticipate in a verification visit were uniformly  pleased with the program and were thankful to \nbe included.  N"]
[7.902126312255859, 13.489588737487793, "e Behind Schedule ( Percentage of Projects)  \nProject Type  Number \nof \nProjects Ahead  On \nSchedule  1\u20136 \nMonths \nBehind 7\u201312 \nMonths \nBehind 13\u201324 \nMonths \nBehind 25+ \nMonths \nBehind Unknown \nFueling Infrastructure  \nCompleted  25 20 32 4 20 16 4 4"]
[7.8836283683776855, 13.498560905456543, "ey would have had \nthey received ARFVTP funding.  \n \n \n \n  48%\t\r \u00a05%\t\r \u00a06%\t\r \u00a06%\t\r \u00a08%\t\r \u00a015%\t\r \u00a014%\t\r \u00a018%\t\r \u00a024%\t\r \u00a029%\t\r \u00a041%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a0 10%\t\r \u00a0 20%\t\r \u00a0 30%\t\r \u00a0 40%\t\r \u00a0 50%\t\r \u00a0 60%\t\r \u00a0Other\t\r \u00a0Delay\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0securing\t\r \u00a0matching\t\r \u00a0funds\t\r \u00a0CEC\t\r "]
[7.803286552429199, 13.530426025390625, "nding.  \n \nNo major patterns emerge for difference  in the findings by project type.  Unsuccessful \napplicants for fueling infrastructure awards said they had not proceeded with only 50 percent of the projects (Table 4.12), suggesting that these proj"]
[7.81480598449707, 13.534941673278809, "For 101 awardees who completed the survey, excluding canceled or terminated projects . \n4.6.3 Market Prospects for the Product or Technology Funded by the Award \nOne indicator for whether the product or technology funded by the award will have ongoin"]
[7.7066144943237305, 13.609977722167969, "sments are subject to the \nthree limitations discussed in Chapter 1.  First, clearly attributing market changes to the \nARFVTP is challenging because it is impossible to unequivocally determine what would have \nhappened in the market without the ARFV"]
[7.711751461029053, 13.623560905456543, "ons Funded by the ARF VTP  \nand Total Charging Stations in California \n Stations Funded by ARFVTP  \nStation Type Charging Stations \nInstalled by 24 \nCompleted Projects  Charging Stations \nPlanned by 43 \nOngoing Projectsa Total Installed \nand Planned "]
[7.692628860473633, 13.6150541305542, "actually \nreduced. It is also important to remember that the hashed  bars show how ma ny respondents \nperceived  themselves  to have reduced a given barrier at all.  They do not indicate how much  \nparticular respondent s think their projects reduced"]
[7.718390941619873, 13.624588012695312, "have\t\r \u00a0reduced\t\r \u00a0each\t\r \u00a0barrier\t\r \u00a0 118  \ninfrastructure\u201d and \u201cdifficulty in obtaining permits for siting\u201d may largely reflect the smaller \nnumber of vehicle PD&D and RD&D projects compared with infrastructure PD &D projects.  \nIn-depth project re"]
[7.703205585479736, 13.617209434509277, "ees responding to the survey indicated that their projects have reduced or will reduce a \nbroad range of vehicle -related barriers to the market viability of EVs (Figure 4.11).  Barriers \nreduced include high vehicle- production cost, inadequate vehi"]
[7.702823162078857, 13.622692108154297, "Project  4 Could not be \ndetermined  \nARV-09-011 Parker -Hannifin Corporation  Series Hydraulic Hybrid Drivetrain \nImplementation in Coke Beverage Delivery \nTractor  4 Could not be \ndetermined  \nARV-11-014 CALSTART, Inc.  California CLEAN Truck Demon"]
[7.702270030975342, 13.611932754516602, "ector rather than as a way of increasing vehicle sales.  It is also possible that, without rebates, the manufacturers wou ld \nneed to charge less to sell their vehicles, or else only market the vehicles to higher -income \nconsumers.  Hence, the rebat"]
[7.696554183959961, 13.616506576538086, "rnative \nfuels and vehicles was one of the most commonly cited barriers by survey respondents.  It was \nalso the barrier most frequently indicated as reduced, with 65 percent of electricity awardees indicating that their projects had reduced or would"]
[7.709915637969971, 13.599202156066895, "\u00a0\ufb01ve\t\r \u00a0years\t\r \u00a0\nago,\t\r \u00a0the\t\r \u00a0number\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0\norganiza5ons\t\r \u00a0compe5ng\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0\nyour\t\r \u00a0organiza5on\t\r \u00a0has\t\r \u00a0\nincreased\t\r \u00a0\n15%\t\r \u00a0 15%\t\r \u00a028%\t\r \u00a031%\t\r \u00a0\n9%\t\r \u00a0\n2%\t\r \u00a010%\t\r \u00a015%\t\r \u00a034%\t\r \u00a0\n28%\t\r \u00a0\n11%\t\r \u00a0\n2%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a05%\t\r \u00a010%\t\r \u00a015%\t\r \u00a020%\t"]
[7.7169036865234375, 13.603144645690918, "g stations is \nviable f or the foreseeable future without being dependent on government grants, but that 3%\t\r \u00a016%\t\r \u00a041%\t\r \u00a054%\t\r \u00a055%\t\r \u00a066%\t\r \u00a073%\t\r \u00a078%\t\r \u00a084%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a0 10%\t\r \u00a0 20%\t\r \u00a0 30%\t\r \u00a0 40%\t\r \u00a0 50%\t\r \u00a0 60%\t\r \u00a0 70%\t\r \u00a0 80%\t\r \u00a0 90%\t\r \u00a0None"]
[7.740732669830322, 13.581681251525879, "hane\t\r \u00a0\nLess\t\r \u00a0on\t\r \u00a0hydrogen-\u00ad\u2010fueling\t\r \u00a0infrastructure\t\r \u00a0 125 of the 102 respondents).  Respondents often called out which specific station and location types \nthey thought should be targeted, specifically primarily resi dential multiunit dwell"]
[7.705127239227295, 13.623116493225098, "ions that were claimed to be installed were in \nfact inst alled and operational.  \nProjects did tend to run behind schedule.  Only about one -half of projects completed to date \nhave been completed on schedule , and only 35 percent of ongoing project"]
[7.632047176361084, 13.683392524719238, "ased sales or were primarily a way to share the cost of complying with \nCARB regulations between the public and private sectors.  127 The most common advice of EV stakeholders on allocating funds for electricity projects was \nthat charging station de"]
[7.692599296569824, 13.597896575927734, "an fue l vehicles seven to eight  \ntimes faster than Level 2 stations and greatly reduce the time needed to restore driving capability for long -distance trips.  \n \n   128 CHAPTER 5: \nImpact of Program on Barriers to Market \nViability of Diesel Subst"]
[7.6087646484375, 13.627723693847656, "e oil.  Biodiesel is produced using a transesterification process.  Although \nbiodiesel is relatively easy to manufacture, close attention must be paid to product quality to \navoid performance problems in customers\u2019 engines.  \nCommon commercial biodi"]
[7.654643535614014, 13.605836868286133, "enforcement commences in 2018, requiring detailed \ntesting of most blends above B5 and all blends above B10. This will most likely limit biodiesel \nblends to B5. \n5.2.2 Renewable Diesel  \nRenewable diesel is fuel compris ing long-chain hydrocarbons t"]
[7.663769721984863, 13.602241516113281, "ss expensive than vegetable oil, but its supply is limited, and its quality is \nmore varied.  \nResearchers and innovators are experimenting with production processes using second -\ngeneration feedstocks for diesel substitutes, including such options "]
[7.649106502532959, 13.598237991333008, "nes in Figure 5.1 show the illustrative LCFS compliance scenario developed by CARB in April 2015.  In this scenario, biodiesel consumption levels off at 190 millions of gallons \nper year ( mgy) (the lower dotted line), which is abo ut 5 percent of co"]
[7.655285835266113, 13.603742599487305, "                                  \n93ARB, Appendix B: Development of Illustrative Compliance Scenarios and Evaluation of Potential \nCompliance Curves,  2015.   \n94Biodiesel Magazine, \u201cU.S. Biodiesel Plants, \u201d 2016.  The ARFVTP began in 2008; how ever"]
[7.650089740753174, 13.602643966674805, "Carbon Fuel Standard with Renewable Diesel Fuels, \u201d Diesel \nFuel News , Vol. 15, No. 37, September 26, 2011 . \n96Phone conversation between Stillwater Associates and Marshall Bell of AltAir Fuels , June 14, 2016.  0\t\r \u00a0 1\t\r \u00a0 1\t\r \u00a0 1\t\r \u00a0 2\t\r \u00a0 2\t\r \u00a0 "]
[7.645636558532715, 13.606658935546875, " \ntraditional outlets as CARB diesel.  However, the Federal Trade Commission requires that diesel \nfuel containing more th an 5 percent biodiesel must be labeled.98 CARB\u2019s ADF rule may well limit \nbiodiesel blends to 5 percent, and if so, there will "]
[7.661372661590576, 13.622892379760742, "fairly evenly distributed between Northern and \nSouthern California, with most of the concentration on the coast and in high -population areas.  \nFigure 5.6 summarizes the locations of California public  biodiesel retail stations. Note that this \nfig"]
[7.657636642456055, 13.667984008789062, "ticality and costs of such modifications.  Because renewable and FT \ndiesel  are drop -in fuels, there are no vehicle- related barriers to their use.  \n5.3.5 Consumer Barriers \nIn the past, there have been significant product quality problems with bi"]
[7.66628885269165, 13.600665092468262, " expanded terminal storage and fuel blending facilities for biodiesel.  These awards  were \nfollowed by awards to develop and produce diesel substitutes (PON -09-604 and PON -11-601).  \nMany of these projects were research, development, and demonstra"]
[7.6704421043396, 13.60002613067627, "1.1 \n2013 PON- 13-601: \nCommercial Scale Advanced Biofuels \nProduction Facilities  Commercial scale production \nfacilities  $9.3 for \nall fuels N/A 2 $9.9 \n2013 PON- 13-603: \nAlternative Fuel \nReadiness Plans  Alternative Fuel Readiness Plans  $2.1 N"]
[7.6551103591918945, 13.611562728881836, "\nInc. (BIODICO) December 27, \n2010 886,815 Complete Demonstrate biodiesel production using \nalgae and brine shrimp  \nWest Yost \nAssociates Canceled \nbefore start  50,709 Canceled Determine whether Stockton wastewater \nponds can grow algae with useful"]
[7.630527019500732, 13.614811897277832, " CEC administrative data as updated by survey respondents . \n     NOTE: NOPA = Notice of Proposed Award .   144 5.4.1 Barriers Targeted by Diesel-Substitute Projects \nThe diesel -substitutes projects funded by the ARFVTP targeted most of the barriers"]
[7.643897533416748, 13.585382461547852, "itutes.  Production at greater scale and using the up -to-date technology installed in the \nexpansions can help reduce production costs.  The greater automation in larger -scale production \ncan help improve the consist ency of biodiesel quality.  \nOn"]
[7.9253716468811035, 13.483636856079102, "l Substitute Awards as of September 2016 \nProject Status in September 2016  Number of \nProjects Amount \nAwarded  \n($ M)  Invoices P aid \nThough Dec 2016  \n($ M) \nCompleted  10 13.8 13.6 \nCanceled or terminated  4 2.9 0 \nOngoing  10 38.5 24.5 \nTotal  "]
[7.957162857055664, 13.469511985778809, "\nobjectives have been met.  It shows results for completed projects for which the comparison \nbetween the RAND and awardee assessments can be made.  The primary difference between the \ntwo assessments is that the RAND assessment has more \u201cunknown\u201d an"]
[7.9492292404174805, 13.471392631530762, "shown in Figure 5.13, the match obligation was \nobtained in nearly 90 percent of the completed projects that required a m atch.  For ongoing \nprojects, 50 percent have obtained the match obligation so far, with the percentage likely to \nincrease as t"]
[7.910236358642578, 13.471677780151367, "nent during the project  \n\u2022 shortage of capital because of a s hift in market conditions and increased infrastructure \ncosts . 0%\t\r \u00a070%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a010%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a0 0%\t\r \u00a050%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a030%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a0 0%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a040%\t\r \u00a060%\t\r"]
[7.874938488006592, 13.487046241760254, "ld have proceeded with the project had they not received the award.  As shown in the last \nrow of Table 5.9, 13 percent believed they would have proceeded , and many more said they \nmight have proceeded.  Fuel RD&D projects, which are typically less "]
[7.769447326660156, 13.562200546264648, "et, Install, or Produce Product or \nTechnology After Completion of the Project  \nProject Type  Number of \nCompleted \nProjects Continued to Develop, Market, Install, \nor Produce the Product or \nTechnology Funded by the Award?  \nYes No \nFuel RD&D  5 3 "]
[7.6701202392578125, 13.602747917175293, "part by the ARFVTP.  Recall from Figure 5.2 that biodiesel \nproduction capacity was an estimated 84 mgy in 2010 and that it increased to 134 mgy by 2015.  Table 5.11 shows that 24.6 mgy of the 134 mgy (18 percent) was cofunded by the \nARFVTP.  What i"]
[7.626584529876709, 13.644441604614258, "le 5.11, Community Fuels, which opened in 2008, lists \nits nameplate capacity at 25 mgy;  however, the fac ility\u2019s actual production in 2015 was about 5 \nmgy.112 On the more productive side of the spectrum, Crimson Renewable Energy\u2019s facility in \nBak"]
[7.661280632019043, 13.605287551879883, "116California Biodiesel Alliance , website, undated.  \n117These imports arrived from Canada, South Korea, and Argentina.  See Ron Kotrba,  \u201cImporting to Meet \nCalifornia Demand ,\u201d Biodiesel  Magazine, March  25, 2016.   157 to secure some of the matc"]
[7.696559429168701, 13.532690048217773, "one barrier.  \n5.7.1.3 Observations of Impact of ARFVTP on Production Capacity  \nThe ARFVTP has facilitated the construction of a substantial amount of biodiesel production \ncapacity in the state.  Capacity in place or under development now approache"]
[7.635087490081787, 13.63984203338623, "itional production capacity should closely follow trends in the utilization of existing \ncapacity.  \n5.7.2 Impact on Production Cost \nThe ARFVTP has funded multiple projects that could reduce production costs.  These include \nprojects that increase p"]
[7.655135631561279, 13.614211082458496, "as \nsubstantially higher than expected, and prospects for commercialization are not \npromising.  It is not clear what the long -term prospects for commercialization are for \nalgae grown using municipal wastewater.  \n\u2022 One project demonstrated how FOG"]
[7.670724868774414, 13.611845970153809, "gh the responses do not distinguish between biodiesel and renewable \ndiesel.  Expanded ret ail outlets are not necessary if biodiesel and renewable diesel blends are \nkept to B5 and R5, respectively (no labeling is required).  Higher biodiesel blends"]
[7.697760105133057, 13.598603248596191, "sagree\t\r \u00a0 Somewhat\t\r \u00a0\ndisagree\t\r \u00a0Neither\t\r \u00a0agree\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0\ndisagree\t\r \u00a0Somewhat\t\r \u00a0agree\t\r \u00a0 Strongly\t\r \u00a0agree\t\r \u00a0 Did\t\r \u00a0not\t\r \u00a0answer\t\r \u00a0Currently\t\r \u00a0there\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0many\t\r \u00a0private-\u00ad\u2010sector\t\r \u00a0investors\t\r \u00a0(i.e.\t\r \u00a0non-\u00ad\u2010governmental\t\r \u00a0funder"]
[7.6682209968566895, 13.613180160522461, "onable (45 percent of the 13 \nrespondents who answered the question) \u2014with a few respondents believing that the program \nshould have spent more on RD&D and a few believing it should have spent less.  \nWe finally asked diesel- substitutes stakeholders"]
[7.601998805999756, 13.663881301879883, "consumed in the state.  The existence of such a \nsubsidy could allow in -state producers to obtain the financing to construct production capacity \non their own.  It would also relieve CEC of the responsibility of picking which firms should \nreceive s"]
[7.672805309295654, 13.607605934143066, "e for a public -sector portfolio.  \n \n \n   167 CHAPTER 6 : \nImpact of Prog ram on Barriers to Market \nViability of Gasoline Substitutes  \nIn this chapter, we analyze the impact of the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle \nTechnology Program  (A"]
[7.62807035446167, 13.629729270935059, "g water and was soon replaced with \nethanol.  Use of ethanol in gasoline was further supported by the RFS.  Today, nearly all the \ngasoline sold in the United States contains ethanol.122 In 2015, about 13.7 billion gallons of \nethanol were added to g"]
[7.636656761169434, 13.6181640625, "ne Is Blended with 10% \nEthanol ,\u201d 2016.  \n127 Air Resources Board  (ARB) , \u201cData Dashboard,\u201d 2017;  National Research Council: Committee on \nTransitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels, Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels,  2013.   169 e"]
[7.638236045837402, 13.619064331054688, "the ARFVTP.  \n                                                   \n128 EPA, \u201c What Is a Fuel Pathway? \u201d 2016.  \n129 EPA, \u201cWhat Is a Fuel Pathway? \u201d 2016. \n130 DoE, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, \u201cAlternative Fuels Data Center: Maps and Data \u2014"]
[7.643397331237793, 13.61127758026123, "outh, it is \npossible to rotate sweet sorghum with sugar beets.  \nThe availability  and price of cellulosic feedstocks can be unpredictable. Cellulosic feedstocks \nare susceptible to extreme weather and can rot or combust in storage.  Many of these f"]
[7.622629642486572, 13.618324279785156, "e yet to find an economical and effective way to separate the lignin \nand hemicellulose from the feedstock.  Second, researchers have been unable to develop \nenzymes or organisms that efficiently chop the cellulose into smaller pieces of glucose for "]
[7.6246209144592285, 13.647878646850586, "However,  cost aside, the use of E85 appears to be \nlimited in California by the low availability of E85 fueling stations.  There were an estimated 1 \nmillion flex-fuel vehicles in California by 2016,142 but only 99 E85 fueling stations.143 For a sta"]
[7.631013870239258, 13.604971885681152, "the most commonly cited barriers are fuel  related. Fueling \ninfrastructure, in particular, was a frequent concern.  The most commonly cited barrier was \n\u201cdifficulty, cost, and delay in obtaining permits for siting fueling/charging stations ,\u201d and \n\u201c"]
[7.6834025382995605, 13.594477653503418, "d awards in \nthe areas of gasoline substitutes.  Note that several of the solicitations cover more than just \ngasoline substitutes.  When available, the table breaks out the funding amount allocated for \ngasoline substitutes.  Only awards associated "]
[7.677195072174072, 13.59503173828125, "1.5 M)  \n2013 PON -13-601 Commercial Scale \nAdvanced Biofuels \nProduction Facilities  $9.3 M 0 1  \n($5 M)  1 \n2014 PON -13-609 Pilot-Scale and \nCommercial -Scale \nAdvanced Biofuels \nProduction Facilities  $9 M for \ngasoline \nsubstitutes  3  \n($9 M)  "]
[7.637723445892334, 13.62088680267334, "lly infeasible. In general, the gasoline -substitutes projects are \ntargeting most of the current barriers identified in Table 6.2.  \n   178 Table 6.4. Barriers Targeted  \nMarket Segment  Primary Barrier  \nTargeted  Types of Projects \nFunded Number o"]
[7.644149303436279, 13.611225128173828, "lly been grown in California for sugar \nproduction.  As that market contracted, producers have begun exploring the use of sugar beets \nto produce ethanol.  These two projects were to support a cooperative of nine sugar beet \nfarmers in what is intend"]
[7.604028701782227, 13.609067916870117, "ion Project to Begin Next Month,\u201d Business Journal , November 18, \n2014.  \n146 Biofuels Digest, \u201cCalifornia Energy Commission Cancels Deal with Mendota Bioenergy,\u201d \nbiofuelsdigest.com, December 10, 2015.  \n147 CEC, Alternative and Renewable Fuel and "]
[7.963576316833496, 13.467049598693848, "n or canceled.  However, we know from documentation and discussions \nwith CEC that three of these withdrawals or cancelations occurred before any work on the project had begun.  One awardee withdrew because of inability  to raise the required match \n"]
[7.9688334465026855, 13.471940040588379, " Been Met  \n \n \nSOURCE : Authors\u2019 analysis and RAND survey.  \nNOTE: For 37 technical objectives from seven projects that had been completed by the time of the survey  \nFigure 6.6. Extent to Whi ch Technical Objectives in Ongoing Gasoline Substitutes "]
[7.945539474487305, 13.473482131958008, ".  \nNOTE: Based on 1 2 in-progress technical objectives from four ongoing gasoline -substitutes  projects.  \n6.5.3 Financial Performance \nMost ARFVTP awards require the awardee to fund a portion of the project through matching \nfunds.  Although the r"]
[7.898034572601318, 13.46957015991211, "nd nine ongoing projects.  \n \nRespondents from seven of the delayed projects provided reasons for the delay (Figure 6.10).  \nRespondents could provide multiple reasons.  The sample is very small, making it difficult to \nknow how generalizable the cit"]
[7.830874919891357, 13.520492553710938, "set of questions explored is the extent to which ARFVTP funding helped the knowledge \nand capabilities of organizations that it funded. A series of three related questions asked \nproject awardees about the extent to which ARFVTP funding allowed them "]
[7.727713584899902, 13.593310356140137, "\nstages of development; none are licensing, purchasing or installing, or scaling up production.  \nFigure 6.15 . Steps Taken by Organization to Develop, Market, Install, or Produce \nGasoline Substitutes Product or Technology Funded by Award  \n \nSOURCE"]
[7.703972816467285, 13.595854759216309, "\u00a030%\t\r \u00a030%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a00%\t\r \u00a00%\t\r \u00a010%\t\r \u00a010%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a0\n32%\t\r \u00a05%\t\r \u00a026%\t\r \u00a05%\t\r \u00a026%\t\r \u00a026%\t\r \u00a032%\t\r \u00a011%\t\r \u00a021%\t\r \u00a032%\t\r \u00a037%\t\r \u00a05%\t\r \u00a011%\t\r \u00a016%\t\r \u00a016%\t\r \u00a00%\t\r \u00a00%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a0 10%\t\r \u00a0 20%\t\r \u00a0 30%\t\r \u00a0 40%\t\r \u00a0 50%\t\r \u00a0 60%\t\r \u00a0Othe"]
[7.695016384124756, 13.59609317779541, "we focus only on whether a barrier has been reduced and do not attempt to assess the amount by which it has been reduce d. Finally, while RD&D projects are often necessary to lay \nthe groundwork for subsequent commercialization, it is difficult to de"]
[7.637115001678467, 13.60917854309082, "0\t\r \u00a060\t\r \u00a080\t\r \u00a0100\t\r \u00a0120\t\r \u00a0\n2003\t\r \u00a0 2009\t\r \u00a0 2010\t\r \u00a0 2011\t\r \u00a0 2012\t\r \u00a0 2013\t\r \u00a0 2014\t\r \u00a0 2015\t\r \u00a0 2016\t\r \u00a0Number\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0sta5ons\t\r \u00a0\nYear\t\r \u00a0 193 Figure 6.18 .Growth in California E85 Annual Consumption\nSOURCE : Elam et al., E85: A California "]
[7.6419677734375, 13.61528205871582, " The program \nhas, however, facilitated the tran sition from corn grain to lower- CI feedstocks.  The three major \nCalifornia ethanol refineries are beginning to use some sorghum in their operations.  Sorghum \nethanol that achieves a 50 -percent  red"]
[7.6372857093811035, 13.61905288696289, "evelop a precommercial \nplant using corn stover.  While this demonstration project was technically successful, the costs \nare too high for commercial production.  Cellulosic ethanol production in California remains \nminimal. \nOverall, the ARFVTP is h"]
[7.702001571655273, 13.598182678222656, "there are many private investors in their industry, responses were mixed (Figure 6.21).  Twenty -eight percent strongly agree or somewhat \nagree, 32 percent are neutral, and 32 percent somewhat disagree or strongly disagree with this view.  Views on "]
[7.743194103240967, 13.571621894836426, "ARFVTP funding portfolio.  Respondents were asked to comment on the funding allocat ions in \nterms of fuel type and market segment (fueling infrastructure, fuel production, vehicles) and in terms of development stage (RD&D projects versus PD&D projec"]
[7.658204078674316, 13.606433868408203, "echnology companies; i ntegration of mobile technology with \ntransit systems; development of off-road alternative fuel equipment; consumer education ; more \nemphasis on production; more focus on carbon intensity; access, equity, and co -benefits; mor"]
[7.643288612365723, 13.615429878234863, "and conversion are relatively fundamental and require more research -\noriented work to resolve.   200 Most projects are still ongoing, so it is difficult to definitively summar ize the performance of \ngasoline -substitutes projects under the ARFVTP. "]
[7.61996603012085, 13.622461318969727, "y about whether it will ever be technically feasible at a \ncompetitive cost , it make s sense to  suspend building out the E85 infrastructure and concentrate \nresources on research to develop cellulosic ethanol production.  If and when that investmen"]
[7.616755962371826, 13.64253044128418, "l  142 98 68 \nSOURCE : RAND survey.   202 7.2 Technical Overview of Natural Gas and Biomethane  as \nTransportation Fuels  \nNatural gas and biomethane are both methane -rich gases (typically more than  90 percent) \nderived from different sources. Natu"]
[7.620662212371826, 13.620119094848633, ", Vol. 55, \nNo. 8, September 2014, p. 60.  \n169 DoE, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy , \u201cAlternative Fuels Data Center: Natural Gas Vehicles,\u201d \nundated . \n170U.S. Energy Information Administration, \u201cNatural Gas Consumption by End Use (Data Seri"]
[7.6090779304504395, 13.653529167175293, " \nCNG and LNG under the LCFS are about 77 percent and 83 percent, respectively.174 \n7.2.3 Biomethane \nBiomethane is produced either biologically, through anaerobic digestion , or through \nthermochemical gasification.  Both approaches use well- establ"]
[7.6128034591674805, 13.636798858642578, " has been further enhanced because of their potential to reduce GHG emissions and because, in heavy -duty applications, of their ability to reduce operating costs given the large \nhistorical difference between the costs of natural gas and diesel fuel"]
[7.615518569946289, 13.648780822753906, "and discussed in more detail in Table 7.2.  \nTable 7.2. Barriers Identified for Using Natural Gas and Biomethane as a Transportation Fuel  \nMarket \nSegment  Barrier Description  \nFeedstock  \u2022 Feedstock acquisition, collection, and transportation  \nFu"]
[7.6061577796936035, 13.652488708496094, "es the need to invest in equipment to upgrade the biogas to \nbiomethane and to compress or liquefy the biomethane.  The emphasis on electricity is also a \nresult of historical government incentives focused on reducing GHG emissions from ele ctricity "]
[7.583619117736816, 13.678220748901367, "nd dispensed at \u2013260\u00b0F, \nwhich requir es more safety considerations and precautions. \n7.2.2.4 Stringent Quality Requirements for Pipelin e Injection \nAn important barrier to developing a robust biomethane -fueling infrastructure is the stringent \nqua"]
[7.573549747467041, 13.682835578918457, " fugitive methane emissions cuts across the specific barrier categories but is \nlisted under fueling infrastructure for c onvenience. Fossil natural gas emits about 25 percent \nless carbon dioxide than diesel and gasoline on an energy -equivalent bas"]
[7.616281032562256, 13.610909461975098, "gh -pressure storage vessels on NGVs may also raise safety concerns, or at \nleast perceptions of safety issues , among potential consumers.  It should be noted that there are \nalso safety concerns with gasoline, and it may be that NGVs are safer than"]
[7.66053581237793, 13.627817153930664, "three provided explanations, two of which cited high costs for pipeline injection. In general, the most commonly cited barriers identified by surv ey \nrespondents agree with those in Table 7.1.  One marked exception is the emphasis on \ninsufficient c"]
[7.677375793457031, 13.597613334655762, "009 Cost Share  $43 M \nfor methane \nvehicles, \nfueling \nstations, & \nproduction \nplants  2 ($14.5  M) \n 18  \n($50.7  M) PON -09-003 Biomethane \nProduction  $21.5M  5a  \n($27.5  M) \nPON -09-004 Medium - and \nHeavy -Duty \nAdvanced Vehicle \nTechnology  "]
[7.657855987548828, 13.631174087524414, "\n$8.3 million for vehicle projects, $3.7 million for fuel -production projects, and $0.36 million for \nfueling -infrastructure projects.  The high award allocation to the vehicle projects is driven by \nthree large incentive program projects ($21 mill"]
[7.660767078399658, 13.618617057800293, "s  13 1 $3.3 \nUpgrade of 1 LNG station  1 0 $0.49 \nUpgrade of one CNG/LNG station  1 0 $0.1 \nCNG station ( project details \nunknown) 1 1 $0.2 \nSubtotal  50b  8 $17.9 \nVehicles  Safety concerns  \nLimited vehicle models Higher cost than \ngasoline or di"]
[7.661423206329346, 13.620896339416504, "aste -hauling trucks.  Using bio methane \nwith a tethered fleet does not require interconnecting with the natural gas pipeline grid.  While \nsome project descriptions mention the possibility of injecting excess biomethane into the pipeline, we are no"]
[7.696763515472412, 13.585901260375977, "signed specifica lly to target safety and \ntechnical design barriers.  \nTwo of the CNG station development awards are to develop fueling stations colocated with an anaerobic digester to dispense bio -CNG.  One facility generates bio -CNG from a biore"]
[7.938413143157959, 13.49716567993164, " ssed in the \nengineering design and deployment but are not specifically outlined in the technical objectives.  \n7.5 Awardee Performance  \n7.5.1 Project Status \nThe statu s as of September 2016 of the 77  projects funded as of January 2015 is shown i"]
[7.962068557739258, 13.482412338256836, " \u00a041%\t\r \u00a0\n6%\t\r \u00a011%\t\r \u00a082%\t\r \u00a0\n2%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a010%\t\r \u00a020%\t\r \u00a030%\t\r \u00a040%\t\r \u00a050%\t\r \u00a060%\t\r \u00a070%\t\r \u00a080%\t\r \u00a090%\t\r \u00a0\nMinimally\t\r \u00a0 Par5ally\t\r \u00a0\t\r \u00a0 Fully\t\r \u00a0 Unknown\t\r \u00a0\nRAND\t\r \u00a0evalua5on\t\r \u00a0 As\t\r \u00a0updated\t\r \u00a0by\t\r \u00a0awardees\t\r \u00a0 219 Figure 7.6. Extent to Which"]
[7.921817302703857, 13.484118461608887, "f completed projects  were on time or ahead of schedule, 36 percent were \none to 12 months behind schedule, and 3 percent were more than one  year behind.  More of the \nongoing projects are behind schedule, with only 33 percent on or ahead of schedul"]
[7.933900356292725, 13.484175682067871, "ncertain.  \nFigure 7.11 .Whether Unsuccessful Applicants for Natural Gas and Biomethane Projects \nProceeded with Project  \n \nSOURCE : RAND survey . \nNOTE: Based on 35 unsuccessful applicants.  \n46.4%\t\r \u00a03.6%\t\r \u00a07.1%\t\r \u00a07.1%\t\r \u00a07.1%\t\r \u00a07.1%\t\r \u00a010.7%\t\r"]
[7.79719877243042, 13.54921817779541, "jects.  \n \nRespondents of completed projects were also asked if they had continued to work on the \ntechnology funded by the ARFVTP project after the funding expired.  The vast majority (86 \npercent) of completed projects  confirmed they are continuin"]
[7.7252020835876465, 13.583179473876953, "The hatched bars show the barriers that survey respondents \nsaid they are reducing with their ARFVTP projects. Figure 7.16 indicates that, according to the \nawardees, ARFVTP projects appear to be reducing all but one of the barrier options provided i"]
[7.666750907897949, 13.614380836486816, "2%\t\r \u00a047.3%\t\r \u00a056.0%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a0 10%\t\r \u00a0 20%\t\r \u00a0 30%\t\r \u00a0 40%\t\r \u00a0 50%\t\r \u00a0 60%\t\r \u00a0Other\t\r \u00a0Insu\ufb03cient\t\r \u00a0pool\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0labor\t\r \u00a0familiar\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0alterna5ve\t\r \u00a0fuels\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0vehicles\t\r \u00a0Insu\ufb03cient\t\r \u00a0customer\t\r \u00a0awareness\t\r \u00a0of\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0knowledge\t\r"]
[7.681986331939697, 13.599209785461426, " without the \nARFVTP funding (Table 7.5).  This result is consistent with observations that biomethane \nproduction capacity is quite limited nationwide.192 Taken together, these findings indica te that \nthese projects would not have been undertaken w"]
[7.682309150695801, 13.60657024383545, " from CARB, which they can then sell to other fuel \nproducers that sell fuel in California to allow them to meet their LCFS requirements.  In this \nway, California supported the production of 68 million DGE of biomethane nationwide in 2015, but actua"]
[7.740422248840332, 13.587518692016602, "ten  private stations are planned (data not \nshown).  \nAs of January 2015, CEC funded the development of 19 new public CNG stations, 19 new \nprivate stations, and the upgrade of seven stations.  The 19 new public stations represent 22 \npercent of the"]
[7.698432922363281, 13.600232124328613, " ARFVTP Projects \nThe ARFVTP has had some impact on the number of vehicle models available.  The program has \nfunded the development of four HDV engines in three awards (with one additional award made \nbut withdrawn before the project began):  \n\u2022 the"]
[7.705564498901367, 13.592731475830078, "                \n197 DoE, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy,  \u201cAlternative Fuels Data \nCenter: Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Search,\u201d undated.   232 ARFVTP also helped encourage the adoption of NGVs through thr"]
[7.728893280029297, 13.565629005432129, "Natural Gas Vehicle Incentive Project (NGVIP) , August 3, \n2015).  \n \n                                                   \n198Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Irvine, \u201c Natural Gas Vehicle Incentive \nFunding Status,\u201d 2015"]
[7.692390441894531, 13.607568740844727, "30%\t\r \u00a0\nStrongly\t\r \u00a0\ndisagree\t\r \u00a0Somewhat\t\r \u00a0\ndisagree\t\r \u00a0Neither\t\r \u00a0\nagree\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0\ndisagree\t\r \u00a0Somewhat\t\r \u00a0\nagree\t\r \u00a0Strongly\t\r \u00a0\nagree\t\r \u00a0Did\t\r \u00a0not\t\r \u00a0\nanswer\t\r \u00a0Currently\t\r \u00a0there\t\r \u00a0are\t\r \u00a0many\t\r \u00a0organiza5ons\t\r \u00a0\ncompe5ng\t\r \u00a0with\t\r \u00a0your\t\r \u00a0o"]
[7.661820411682129, 13.632473945617676, "ked the question, \u201cBased on your understanding of how CEC allocates funds, how do you \nthink CEC should allocate funds differently [by fuel type or market segment]?\u201d  Forty -one \npercent of survey respondents (43 of 104) did not have comments (data n"]
[7.675718307495117, 13.619850158691406, "\ncompared with gasoline - and diesel -powered ones.   237 Several of these barriers are being targeted by a wide range of ARFVTP -funded projects.  The \nprogram has funded 77 projects addressing fuel production, fueling infrastructure, and \nvehicles "]
[7.683109283447266, 13.603635787963867, "attractive and hence deserves significant \ncredit for the growth.  \nA final area of impact is on NGV deployment.  The program  helped develop several heavy -duty \nnatural gas engines that make up a significant fraction of the engine models in heavy -"]
[7.701560974121094, 13.609375, "dicates that the barrier was targeted by awards made by the ARFVTP, although it does not show how intensely the barrier was targeted.  For example, considerable resources \nwere allocated to expanding hydrogen retail fueling infrastructure, while only"]
[7.69744348526001, 13.608502388000488, "te; and fats, oil, and grease (FOG) from municipal wastewater (diesel substitutes).  \n \nElectricity  projects related to electric vehicles (EVs) targeted all the major barriers to market \nviability that existed when the program began.  As with hydrog"]
[7.868257522583008, 13.495623588562012, "M $93 M $179 M $55 M $62 M $160 M \nSOURCE : CEC admin istrative  data.  \nNOTE: Excludes three  workforce projects and ten multifuel projects.  \n \nOverall, RD&D funding as a percent age of total funding ranged between 24 and 34 percent \nbetween 2010 a"]
[7.962771415710449, 13.468169212341309, "ng the prevailing wage, because of problems wi th \nthe technology, and because of market conditions that had changed since the project proposal was submitted to CEC.  \nIn most cases, projects were canceled because they were withdrawn by the awardee p"]
[7.99738073348999, 13.436637878417969, " the assessment as \nupdated by survey respondents is that objectives have moved from the \u201cu nknown\u201d category to \nthe \u201c fully\u201d category.  \nTable 8. 6. Extent to Which Technical Objectives Were Achieved for Completed Projects \nby Fuel Type ( Percentage"]
[7.972479343414307, 13.485133171081543, "f the main technical objectives for the ongoing projects are in progress.  \nAwardees were confident that they would ultimately achieve these in -progress objectives, \nreporting that it is highly likely that more than  80 percent would be achieved (Ta"]
[7.981573104858398, 13.521895408630371, "ess in Obtaining Matching Funds , by Fuel Type ( Percentage \nof Projects That Require  Matching Funds)  \nResponse All Fuel \nTypes Hydrogen Electricity  Diesel \nSubstitutes Gasoline \nSubstitutes Natural Gas \nand \nBiom ethane \nCompleted Projects  \nMatc"]
[7.899099349975586, 13.520115852355957, "ardees reported that they had been able to reduce the tim e needed to place a \nhydrogen- fueling  station from 18 to 24 months to 12 to 18 months and that the delays for \nongoing hydrogen projects are now more in line with the delays for other types "]
[7.899122714996338, 13.492958068847656, "ts \nOn or ahead of \nschedule  29% 9% 35% 9% \n1 month to 2 years \nbehind schedule 60% 83% 59% 27% \nMore than 2 years \nbehind schedule 3% 0% 5% 0% \nCould not be \ndetermined 8% 9% 2% 64% \nNumber of projects  145 23 111 11 \nSOURCE : Data provided by CEC "]
[7.8976311683654785, 13.49207592010498, " percent of unsuccessful applicants who completed the survey had not \nyet proceeded with the project.  With the exception of hydrogen projects, the responses are \nsimilar across fuel types, with between 49 percent and 62 percent reporting that they h"]
[7.873630046844482, 13.498391151428223, "5% \nHas not proceeded  53% 58% 58% 0% \nDid not answer  6% 4% 5% 25% \nNumber of pro posals 98 50 40 8 \nAwardees  \nWould have proceeded without the \naward 25% 26% 26% 10% \nMight have proceeded without the \naward 52% 62% 48% 70% \nWould not have proceede"]
[7.800999164581299, 13.541306495666504, " \u00a0an\t\r \u00a0area\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0which\t\r \u00a0you\t\r \u00a0already\t\r \u00a0had\t\r \u00a0some\t\r \u00a0exper5se\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0capacity.\t\r \u00a0\nThe\t\r \u00a0grant\t\r \u00a0allowed\t\r \u00a0your\t\r \u00a0organiza5on\t\r \u00a0to\t\r \u00a0gain\t\r \u00a0knowledge\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0experience\t\r \u00a0that\t\r \u00a0will\t\r \u00a0be\t\r \u00a0useful\t\r \u00a0in\t\r \u00a0developing\t\r \u00a0produ"]
[7.709712982177734, 13.601110458374023, " into the following four categories:  \n\u2022 Yes: There is solid evidence the projects funded by the program helped reduce this \nbarrier.  The extent to which the barrier has been reduced is not differentiated.  Major \nreductions and reductions that are "]
[7.70181131362915, 13.607217788696289, ".  \nThe program also had significa nt impact on the lack of standards for fueling infrastructure.  \nConsumer rebates through the CVRP for purchasing FC EVs may have reduced the price of \nFCEV s, but few vehicles were purchased during the period cover"]
[7.645788669586182, 13.62435531616211, "ntensity ( CI) feedstocks (algal \noil) or producing alternative diesel from different types of feedstocks (e.g., dairy waste and fats, \noil, and gas in municipal wastewater); however, there is no indication that the projects have \ntaken significant s"]
[7.716688632965088, 13.5906343460083, "s on in the future.  Relevant to the discussion is the \nhealth of alternative and renewable fuel and vehicle  technology ( ARFVT) industries.  Lack of \nprivate- investor interest or an inadequate number of firms in the industry suggest an ongoing \nne"]
[7.718478202819824, 13.587706565856934, "government involvement continues to be necessary for the market viability of alternative fuels and vehicles.  Only 3 percent of respondents believed that \nno government involvement is necessary (Figure  8.3). The percentages for awardees, \nunsuccessf"]
[7.703616142272949, 13.589765548706055, "urchase\t\r \u00a0subsidies\t\r \u00a0Grants\t\r \u00a0for\t\r \u00a0demonstra5on\t\r \u00a0and\t\r \u00a0deployment\t\r \u00a0 259 Table 8. 19. Stakeholder Views on Investment Priorities for Their Own Fuel Type  \nFuel Type Views on Investment Priorities  \nHydrogen  \u2022 No need for major  adjustments"]
[7.808201313018799, 13.527453422546387, "he \nmost part across all fuel types and also secured the proposed matching funds.  Completing \nprojects on schedule has been and remains a challenge for all types of awardees.  \nFindings were similar on  the proportion of projects that would not have"]
[7.738698959350586, 13.263702392578125, "abilities.  \n \n \n   261 CHAPTER 9: \nImpact of Program on Employment and \nWorkforce Capabilities \nWorkforce development is a natural complement to the technology investments discussed in \nthe previous chapters.  To realize the investments in alternati"]
[7.664735317230225, 12.281977653503418, "nomics of Private Sector Training: A Survey of the Literature,\u201d Journal of Economic Surveys , Vol. 19, N o. \n1, February 2005, pp. 91\u2013 111; and Edward P. Lazear, \u201cFirm-Speci\ufb01c Human Capital: A Skill -Weights \nApproach,\u201d  Journal of Political Economy,"]
[7.664234161376953, 12.423176765441895, "l education programs, such as those offered for individuals enrolled in college \ndegree and certificate programs.  The rationale of human capital runs as follows:  The recipients \nof that general education can tran sfer their knowledge and skills vir"]
[7.761664390563965, 13.285338401794434, "skill development.  \nTurning specifically to the ARFVT industry, the RAND survey provides evidence that some \npublic intervention in industry -specific (and possibly firm -specific) skills develo pment has been \nwarranted.  Figure 3.1 in Chapter 3 sh"]
[7.768091201782227, 13.195524215698242, "ing analyses by \nsenior professionals in the field.  That process is iterative, repeating itself as the field evolves \nwith new equipment, materials, and techniques. Thus, the proc ess of creating effective \ndevelopment strategies can be lengthy and "]
[7.8203911781311035, 13.31655216217041, "ous chapters, these awards continued year after year, with periodic \nincrements of funding, and each was performed through networks of sub awardees , which \nreached across the state.  \nTable 9.2. ARFVTP  Awards  (Interagency Agreements) for Workforce"]
[7.815269947052002, 13.292315483093262, "e Award s \nBarrier  Targeted by  \nEDD  CCCCO ETP \nLimited understanding of the industry\u2019s education and \ntraining needs  X X  \nLimited capacity to train workers  X X X \nLimited interest in new careers  X X  \nLimited coordination within sectors to pla"]
[7.803226470947266, 13.335755348205566, "while to undertake specific efforts to collect baseline and trend data.  \nAccording to our interviews, the U.S. Department of Labor was working to develop a \nclassification of green jobs for national statistics during this period.  However, that effo"]
[7.808042526245117, 13.31678295135498, "gion based on the data \nand stakeholder engagements.  Each team was told to develop a workable plan for action that \nincluded defined roles and specific commitments from all the key parties taking part.  The five \nARFVT regions chosen for RICO awards"]
[7.734644889831543, 12.822827339172363, "k a series of analytical stu dies concerned with \nalternative fuels and workforce development.  The first of these was a 2010 survey of employers \nthat owned or worked with alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles.  The survey asked  270 emplo"]
[7.746485233306885, 12.87254810333252, "ther to \nidentify colleges that might benefit most from funding to meet the training needs of the \nemployers in their region.  Each college had particular needs, and its funding requests were \napproved jointly by CCCCO and the CEC. Providing the trai"]
[7.795622825622559, 13.039648056030273, "\u2022 Focused on CN G curricula, professional development,  and creating \u201ctrain the trainer\u201d \nprograms to expand the reach of the newly created curricula  \n\u2022 Used local funds to upgrade facilities and house equipment purchased for its training \nprograms "]
[7.8279900550842285, 13.357126235961914, "taff assist companies in learning about the opportunity, preparing \ntheir applications, and identifying their needs and potential training providers.  Once a contract \nis approved, ETP staff monitor the performance of the contract, including in -pers"]
[7.811328887939453, 13.360129356384277, "chnical training directly supporting the development and \ndeployment of alternative fuels technologies. As a result, the ETP agreements approved under \nthe ARFVTP were initially more restrictive that t hose under ETP\u2019s core program.  \nAs an example o"]
[7.8304595947265625, 13.359679222106934, "even \ncontracts were closed without any expenditure.  As a result, ETP awarded 36 contracts that were \nperformed.  In the remainder of our analysis, we will consider only these 36 contra cts. \nETP also awarded a few contracts that were initially inte"]
[7.836358547210693, 13.35460376739502, "us, there are 22 completed contracts that originated between 2010 and 2014.  Table \n9.8 provides a summary of the experiences of the full set of 36 contracts and of the 22 \ncomplete contracts.  The completed contracts permit  analysis of their outcom"]
[7.844077110290527, 13.343602180480957, "ees were not able \nto use the funds they were awarded.  In total, only a little over half the intended trainees have \nactually been placed on the completed contracts.  Because of this lower placement amount,  the \ncorresponding funds are being recycl"]
[7.8733930587768555, 13.337628364562988, "Es.  Virtually all the awardees that reported \nemployment supported by the award have employment in California. A much smaller number \nof awardees report employment outside California at locatio ns of their own firms:  10 percent in \nthe United State"]
[7.857212543487549, 13.376667976379395, "\t\r \u00a09%\t\r \u00a0\n3%\t\r \u00a01%\t\r \u00a014%\t\r \u00a0\n10%\t\r \u00a048%\t\r \u00a0\n9%\t\r \u00a07%\t\r \u00a05%\t\r \u00a0\n0%\t\r \u00a022%\t\r \u00a0\n0\t\r \u00a010\t\r \u00a020\t\r \u00a030\t\r \u00a040\t\r \u00a050\t\r \u00a060\t\r \u00a0\n0\t\r \u00a0 1-\u00ad\u20105\t\r \u00a0 6-\u00ad\u201010\t\r \u00a0 11-\u00ad\u201020\t\r \u00a0 21-\u00ad\u201050\t\r \u00a0 51-\u00ad\u2010100\t\r \u00a0 Don't\t\r \u00a0Know\t\r \u00a0or\t\r \u00a0\nNo\t\r \u00a0Response\t\r \u00a0Percentage\t\r \u00a0\nFTEs\t\r \u00a0"]
[7.845695972442627, 13.417346954345703, "appears that the effects of the \naward ending were felt much more by the subcontractors than by the awardees . \n9.5 Award ee Perceptions of Labor Market  \nOn the survey, we asked all awardees except those who had not yet started and those whose \nproj"]
[7.775595188140869, 13.302680015563965, "e 9.6. Award ee Perception of Employee Skills  \n \n \nSOURCE : RAND survey . \nNOTE: Based on 220  awardees . Bars do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.  \n \nsuch deficiencies did create a significant barrier.  So, while skill deficiencies did n"]
[7.800224304199219, 13.334464073181152, "en Transportation Jobs Reports \nIn early 2008, following the enactment of the federal Green Jobs Act of 2007, the California \nEDD\u2019s LMID  began a study of California\u2019s green economy. EDD had a strong interest in \nunderstanding the nature of the green"]
[7.8063273429870605, 13.345586776733398, "irms were shrinking, they were shrinking less \nthan firms on average . \n9.6.2 Collaborative Economics\u2019 Core ARFVT Employment (RICO Regions and \nIndustries) \nCOECON worked closely with the California Workforce Investment Board  (later CWDB)  to \nimple"]
[7.789156913757324, 13.3911714553833, ". \n219Total establishments and employment derived from U.S. Census Bureau, \u201cBusiness Dynamics Statistics: \nEstablishment Characteristics Data Tables,\u201d undated.  142\t\r \u00a0260\t\r \u00a0504\t\r \u00a0\n0\t\r \u00a0100\t\r \u00a0200\t\r \u00a0300\t\r \u00a0400\t\r \u00a0500\t\r \u00a0600\t\r \u00a0\n2001\t\r \u00a0 2006\t\r \u00a0 2"]
[7.818755149841309, 13.31875991821289, "on establishments that have the majority of their effort in AR FVT. This core employment is about one -tenth of the overall AR FVT \nemployment that EDD estimated.  An advantage of COECON\u2019s work is that it generated custom \ndata over a decade -long pe"]
[7.8512959480285645, 13.296716690063477, " quality of \nefforts undertaken or their value to stakeholders in the industry.  Many of the records we were \nable to use consisted of activity reports with little attempt to evaluate the results of the activities. ETP relies on employers to determin"]
[7.859146595001221, 13.377033233642578, "utcomes be \nretained for a considerable period (such as ten years) following the completion of each award \nactivity to support future evaluations.  \nConsider funding data infrastructure to measure the AR FVT workforce.  Consistently \ncollected and re"]
[7.83605432510376, 13.473487854003906, "ions from the process evaluation and then tur n to those from the outcome \nevaluation, before concluding with observations on priorities for future ARFVTP investments.  \n10.1 Conclusions from the Process Evaluation  \n10.1.1 Has the Process for Develo"]
[7.761000633239746, 13.553613662719727, "ferent market segments:  feedstocks, fuel production, fueling infrastructure, vehicles, and \nconsumer s. We also identified barriers to the development of the workforce needed to staff \ngrowing alternative and renewable fuel and vehicle technology (A"]
[7.8840651512146, 13.450057983398438, "h  only one -third of \napplicants applying more than once.  There is considerable competition for awards, with only 26 \npercent of applications successful overall.  The success rate is modest across all fuel types, \nvarying from 16 percent for hydrog"]
[7.915523052215576, 13.418270111083984, "e than 60 percent of awardees who answer ed a survey \nquestion on the CEC process for approving project modifications either somewhat agreed or strongly agreed that the process was burdensome, and more than  one-quarter of those believed \nthat t he d"]
[7.9903059005737305, 13.4525785446167, "equested project modifications did not answer the \nquestion.  We thus restricted our attention to only those who answered the question.   294 achieve all the project technical objectives or that the project ended up costing less than \nexpected.  \n10."]
[7.923488140106201, 13.478761672973633, "ctives for the ongoing projects remain in progress, \nbut awardees told us in their answers to our survey that they are confident that a high \npercentage of their technical objectives will be fully achieved.  We also found that the success in \n       "]
[7.793869495391846, 13.54137134552002, "entatively  conclude  that roughly one -half of the projects funded by \nthe ARFVT P would not have proceeded otherwise.  However, the ability to proceed absent \nARFVTP funding rests on the availability of other government and private funding sources."]
[7.701414108276367, 13.608911514282227, "elop and demonstrate different types of electrically powered v ehicles.  It is likely that \nprojects to expand production lines and to design and demonstrate advanced EV components \nwill contribute to reducing vehicle cost, but few data to confirm su"]
[7.704250812530518, 13.574321746826172, "methane transportation market in  California. ARFVTP fu nding has approximately doubled \nthe biomethane fuel -production capacity in the state, adding about 5.5 million diesel gallon \nequivalent s per year in capacity at 11 facilities since 2009 . Si"]
[7.649096965789795, 13.609122276306152, "on factors to \nconsider in making investment decisions.  These observations concern how investments within a \nfuel type might be modified.  Suggestions for adjustments of investment across fuel types are \nbeyond the scope of this study.  \n10.3.1 Obse"]
[7.639901161193848, 13.63210391998291, "top political goals, the ARFVTP should consider providing incentives rather than continuing to invest in biodiesel production capacity. The existence of such a subsidy \ncould allow in -state producers to obtain the financing to construct production c"]
[7.695773601531982, 13.562761306762695, "r lack of access to  300 customers.  It appears that all the biomethane that is used to comply with the LCFS is produced \nin other states.  Continued award funding for research to help drive costs dow n appears \nwarranted, and the ARFVTP should consi"]
[7.770888328552246, 13.517436027526855, "t.  \n10.3.8 Observations on Research, Development, and Demonstration \nThe proportion of program resources spent on RD&D dropped substantially in 2014, the last year that awards were made for the projects covered in this evaluation.\n223 It is too soon"]
[7.5972795486450195, 13.654391288757324, "  DC fast charging  \nDGE   d iesel gallon equivalent \nDoE   U.S. Department of Energy  \nE \nE10    10 percent ethanol fuel blend \nE15    15 percent ethanol fuel blend \nE85    85 percent ethanol fuel blend with 51 percent to 83 percent ethanol  \nEDD   "]
[7.897387981414795, 13.442008018493652, "uccessful Applicants, and Potential \nApplicants  \nIn this appendix, we expand on the shorter discussion of the web -based survey in Chapter 1 and \ndiscuss the questionnaire design, sample selection, survey implementation, and survey \nrespo nse rates."]
[7.939045429229736, 13.474860191345215, "ey have  no evaluation questions).  As \nsuch, the survey was used in both the process and outcomes evaluation, as well as to get at \nopinions of the respondents to ARFVTP \u2019s investment portfolio and to the need for government \npolicy interventions.  "]
[7.940974712371826, 13.469857215881348, ", we asked the respondent \nto verify that assessment for each technical objective \u2014whether it was fully, partially, or \nminimally achieved . If an objective was not fully achieved, we asked a follow -up question to \nunderstand why.  \nThis approach me"]
[7.760721206665039, 13.562076568603516, "ate investment (e.g., nongovernmental \nfunding from angel investors, venture capital, strategic investors, and banks) has increased.\u201d \nA.1.3 Respondent Views \nClosing questions in the survey sought to query respondents on t heir views on the role of "]
[7.86040735244751, 13.457412719726562, "fore identified potential applicants (i.e. , organizations that are active in \nAlternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology [ARFVT] industries) from \nvarious sources, including membership lists of relevant industry groups, various lists of p"]
[7.9127702713012695, 13.432390213012695, "onsidered  how questions might be rephrased  \n\u2022 revised survey questions as appropriate  \n\u2022 programmed survey for Web administration.  The software platform used was the \nComputer -Assisted Survey Execution System (CASES).225 \nA.3.2 Survey Fielding \n"]
[7.918774604797363, 13.420547485351562, "ne e xception is workforce, which had a response rate of 100 percent, but this was \nbecause there was only one unsuccessful applicant  in the sample.  \nFor the potential applicants, response rates by fuel type are not reported here because t he types"]
[7.8840179443359375, 13.450289726257324, "represented on \nthe basis of awards rather than organizations.  \n \n \n   317 Appendix B:  Procedures for In -Depth Project \nReviews and Protocol  \nIn this appendix, we discuss the procedures for the in -depth project reviews and the protocol \nused for"]
[7.9517130851745605, 13.467751502990723, "e on p roject o bjectives \n1. What are the technical objectives of the project?  \na. How do you measure progress towards these objectives?  \n2. Were objectives modified during the course of the project?  Why?  \n3. Have the objectives been met thus fa"]
[7.82220458984375, 13.529197692871094, "e capabilities represent a \nnotable barrier to your progress?  \nC. Market prospects for products or t echnologies developed under award  \n1. For RD&D projects \na. How long until your technology is operational?  \nb. How long until your product reaches"]
[7.520411491394043, 13.57359790802002, "raining in Imperfect Labour \nMarkets,\u201d The Economic Journal , Vol. 109, No. 453, 1999, pp. F112 \u2013F142.   \nAemetis, \u201cAemetis Achieves Milestones in Advanced Feedstock for Biofuels,\u201d September 28, \n2015. As of March 20, 2017:  \nhttp://www.aemetis.com/a"]
[7.538656711578369, 13.542728424072266, "nitiative: Defining the Future,\u201d calrecycle.ca.gov, May 16, \n2017. As of March 20, 2017:  http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/75Percent/   \nCalifornia Air Resources Board, \u201cCalifornia HVIP,\u201d undated. As of June 11, 2017:  \nhttps://www.californiahvip.org/def"]
[7.56321382522583, 13.562469482421875, "shboard/dashboard.htm  \n\u2014\u2014\u2014,  Final Regulation Order, Regulation on Commercialization of Alternat ive Diesel Fuels , \nNovember 15, 2015. As of March 21, 2017: https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2015/adf2015/adffinalregorder.pdf   \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cLow Carbon Fuel St"]
[7.606933116912842, 13.567915916442871, "EC -600-2009-0 08/CEC -600-2009- 008-\nCMF.PDF  \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, 2010\u2013 2011 Investment Plan for the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle \nTechnology Program , CEC -600-2010- 001-SD-REV2, April 2010. As of June 21, 2017: \nhttp://www.energy.ca.gov/2010public"]
[7.549520969390869, 13.571998596191406, "of June 20, 2017: http://www.coecon.com/assets/rico_su mmary_2014.pdf  \n\u201cComputer -Assisted Survey Execution System (CASES) ,\u201d undated. As of March 29, 2017:  \nhttp://cases.berkeley.edu/index.html  \nCox, Brenda G., David A. Binder, B. Nanjamma Chinna"]
[7.516143798828125, 13.548246383666992, " No. 37, September 26, 2011 .  \nHatry, Harry P., Performance Measurement: Getting Results , 2nd ed., Washington, D.C.: The \nUrban Institute Press, 2006.  \nHowell, Steve, \u201cSummary of FTC Regulations Regarding Signage/Labelling,\u201d May 20, 2014. As of \nM"]
[7.510362148284912, 13.557373046875, "my , Vol. 117, No. 5, October 2009, pp. 914 \u2013940.  330 Leuven, Edwin, \u201cThe Economics of Private Sector Training: A Survey of the Literature,\u201d Journal \nof Economic Surveys, Vol. 19, No. 1, February 2005, pp. 91 \u2013111. \nMathews , John A., and Hao Tan, \u201c"]
[7.489805698394775, 13.578320503234863, "troduction.pdf  \nOil Price Information Reporting Service, RIN p rice database, accessed January 2017.  \nPacific Biodiesel, \u201cBiodiesel Benefits \u2014Why Use Biodiesel,\u201d undated. As of May 30, 2017: \nhttp://www.biodiesel.com/biodiesel/benefits/ \nPacific Et"]
[7.490170478820801, 13.52617359161377, ": \nhttps://ssl.toyota.com/mirai/fcv.html  \nU.S. Census Bureau, \u201cBusiness Dynamics Statistics: Establishment Characteristics Data Tables,\u201d \nundated. As of March 20, 2017:  \nhttp://www.census.gov/ce s/dataproducts/bds/data_estab.html  \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201c2014 SUSB "]
[7.487058639526367, 13.541549682617188, " of June 1, 2017: \nhttp://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ethanol.shtml  \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \" Fuel Cell Technologies Office Closed Funding Opportunities,\u201d undated. As of March 22, \n2017:  \nhttps://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/fuel -cell-technologies -office -closed -funding"]
[7.513597011566162, 13.55368423461914, "y Use for Transportation,\u201d May 17, \n2017. As of March 20, 2017:  \nhttp://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=us_energy_transportation   \n\u2014\u2014\u2014, \u201cNatural Gas: Natural Gas Consumption by End Use,\u201d May 31, 2017. As of May 25, 2017: \nhttp://www.eia.gov/dnav/"]
[15.408349990844727, 3.6007540225982666, "Countering Threats to Correctional \nInstitution Security\nIdentifying Innovation Needs to Address Current \nand Emerging Concerns\nJoe Russo, Dulani Woods, John S. Shaffer, Brian A. Jackson\nOn behalf of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), \nthe Prio"]
[15.424832344055176, 3.6126599311828613, "greater awareness of cyber threatsand information technology\u2013related risks and needincreased capacity to address these risks.\n\u2022Best practices are needed to balance inmate access totechnology for reentry purposes with security concerns.\n\u2022Best practice"]
[15.404875755310059, 3.597554922103882, "nd into correctional facilities (Hennigan, 2018). Inmates require increased access to technol -\nogy and the internet in order to prepare themselves for suc -\ncessful reentry, but this access introduces significant risks that must be managed (Tolbert "]
[15.406558990478516, 3.5877232551574707, "l phones or misuse or \nmanipulation of technology to conduct criminal acts, make threats, or coordinate activities.\n\u2022 Contraband  includes the possession of drugs, weapons, \ntools, cash, and other unauthorized items (regardless of the method of entry"]
[14.931907653808594, 2.2119059562683105, "rado Department of Corrections\nRonald Repasi \nFederal Communications Commission\nBarry Roska  \nMaricopa County, Arizona, Sheriff\u2019s Office Brigitta Rubin\nThe Mitre Corporation3outlined the goals of the workshop and presented the results \nfrom the pre-w"]
[14.84408950805664, 1.874113917350769, "re 1. Pre-Meeting Questionnaire Rankings of the Importance of Security Threats\n0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100\nPercentage of participants assigning high rank \nNOTE: High rank is defined as a score of 7, 8, or 9. All 17 participants responded to this"]
[15.494913101196289, 3.680224895477295, " team sought to include a broadly representative group of participants, it is likely that a different group would produce somewhat dif -\nferent results. The following sections summarize the workshop discussions and recommendations, organized by five "]
[15.746334075927734, 4.019205093383789, "; inmate movement; pro -\ngramming needs; and statutory, contractual, and agency policy requirements), differences among institutions have limited the success of those efforts. \nResearch is required to develop better models to account \nfor these diffe"]
[15.754114151000977, 4.033849239349365, "tronic information distribution).\nThere is insufficient national-level guidance on staffing ratios, particularly for adult institutions.\n\u2022 Conduct research to determine optimal staffing ratios and the impacts from having more or less than the optimal"]
[15.766762733459473, 4.0439066886901855, "e correctional officer. A rebranding of sorts is required because many job seekers may not be attracted to a profession they perceive to be custodial in nature. Rather, in addition to the public safety and security aspects, the job should be mar -\nke"]
[15.724398612976074, 4.028418064117432, "empty posts. Furthermore, many institutions lack the requisite number of supervisors. This often results in an unmanageable span of control; supervisors who are respon -\nsible for too many officers can become overwhelmed and are rendered ineffective."]
[15.43667221069336, 3.6498734951019287, "romise, the group argued that the adequacy of this training is questionable. Research is needed to determine the most effective training modalities and approaches that can be leveraged to reduce staff misconduct.\nAlthough more-effective training woul"]
[15.38493824005127, 3.568448543548584, "rding to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (Noonan, 2016a; Noonan, 2016b). There is also evidence that many more deaths are associated with these drugs than are reported in the official statistics (Kennedy, 2018). Although all types of drugs may be in"]
[15.384860038757324, 3.590141773223877, "loped and promulgated. \nUltimately, the solution may include banning all physical, \nnon-legal mail from entering a correctional facility, a policy \nAlthough all types of drugs \nmay be introduced into a correctional institution, the group identified s"]
[15.379334449768066, 3.5953874588012695, "roblem has been well understood by the corrections sector for decades, but it has become so widespread in the past few years that the head of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) stated that, \u201cIn the hands of an inmate, a cell phone is a weapo"]
[15.400142669677734, 3.6090075969696045, "e the device. Each of these approaches has advan -\ntages and disadvantages, but none is a silver bullet, which is why institutions typically employ a combination of approaches incorporating a mix of technologies, policies, and practices. To help agen"]
[15.400145530700684, 3.596872568130493, "ctions agencies; and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.11this, the group called for the development of a research, testing, \nand evaluation center empowered with the authority or blan -\nket permission required to evaluate potential solutions as the"]
[15.390113830566406, 3.6112518310546875, "echnologies (e.g., radar) emit energy and detect any reflection that indicates that a drone is operating in a controlled area. These technologies are relatively expensive, and their effective -\nness is unknown. Once a drone is detected, however, resp"]
[15.423511505126953, 3.5961639881134033, "ted the vulner -\nabilities of institutional IT systems. Ohio inmates assigned to a program to recycle computers were able to build two computers out of parts. These computers were used to access the prison\u2019s IT network to create passes to move freely"]
[15.439043998718262, 3.6019906997680664, "ccording to the participants in our workshop.13make these staff information security experts but to help them \nrecognize that cyber threats are just as critical and potentially dangerous as physical threats. Furthermore, greater apprecia -\ntion for t"]
[15.447495460510254, 3.5362679958343506, " employment, etc.).\n\u2022 Conduct research to determine best practices to manage the risks.\nInstitutional leaders (e.g., chiefs of security, wardens) are often not up to date on institutional threats that arise in the cyber realm.\n\u2022 Develop best practice"]
[15.452348709106445, 3.650911808013916, "ng frequent pass -\nword updates. Furthermore, agencies need best practices with respect to third-party vendors, many of whom require network access to perform services. Protocols should be implemented to properly vet these contractors in order to min"]
[15.440779685974121, 3.628420352935791, " may incorpo -\nrate anger management and other cognitive-based interventions designed to improve decisionmaking skills and identify alterna -\ntives to violence.\nExisting research on the effectiveness of these strategies \nis limited, and the results o"]
[15.444744110107422, 3.638157844543457, "lized skill staff attrition negatively affects the institution\u2019s knowledge base and effectiveness.\n\u2022 Conduct research into the impact of incentives for officers who maintain STG specialization and expertise.\nSTGs are a persistent threat to criminal a"]
[15.321210861206055, 3.519761562347412, "r disrup -\ntive activities may be coordinated by inmates in different parts of the country. Agencies should leverage existing platforms for information-sharing, such as the National Joint Task Force\u2019s Corrections Intelligence Initiative, the Regional"]
[15.425153732299805, 3.609612464904785, "and retain a high-quality workforce. High vacancy and turnover rates contribute to understaffing and an increase in the number of inexperienced officers. Furthermore, compromised staff are a major problem with respect to contraband intro -\nduction. I"]
[15.228851318359375, 3.04526686668396, "ility of correctional institutions to adapt to such shifts in threats and to adjust secu -\nrity and staffing strategies over time. Furthermore, a perpetual lack of empirical data hampers efforts to effectively develop interventions to address threats"]
[14.834576606750488, 1.8161332607269287, "d panelists to anonymously vote using a handheld \u201cclicker\u201d (specifically, the ResponseCard RF LCD from Turning Tech -\nnologies). Each panelist was asked to individually score each issue and its associated need using a 1\u20139 scale for the following dime"]
[14.819735527038574, 1.7670493125915527, "were given an opportunity to adjust their vote by voting a second time on the same question. This second round vote was optional, and any vote cast by a panelist would replace the vote they provided during the first round. This process was repeated f"]
[14.806328773498535, 1.6906667947769165, " the panelists\u2019 \nround 3 responses and applied those votes to produce a final prioritized and tiered list. To adjust the EVs using the up and down votes from the third round of prioritization, we assigned a value to each vote based on the range in EV"]
[14.794195175170898, 1.70766282081604, "rs of needs EVs had someseparation between them\u2014just getting into the score rangebetween two tiers was not enough to move two full tiers.\nAs a result of the third round of voting, 24 needs did not \nchange their position, two needs fell one tier, and "]
[15.402849197387695, 3.617957353591919, "h the latest approaches (best practices for duration, location, delivery, etc.).2\nTier 3\nIssue:  STGs are a persistent threat to criminal activity both inside and outside of \ninstitutions.\nNeed:  Increase awareness of the benefits and risks of using "]
[15.401512145996094, 4.182769775390625, " Computers in Prison,\u201d CNN, April 12, 2017. As of July 6, 2018: https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/12/us/ohio-jail-computers-trnd/  \nindex.html\nDarby, Chris, \u201cAllen County Sheriff Working to Protect Jail After \nHazmat Incidents,\u201d Wane.com, June 7, 2018. As "]
[15.47751235961914, 4.209296703338623, "on, RR-1255-NIJ, \n2016. As of May 10, 2019: http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1255.html Johnson, Kevin, \u201cExclusive: As Federal Prisons Run Low on Guards, Nurses and Cooks Are Filling In,\u201d USA Today , February 13, 2018. As \nof July\u00a06, 2018: "]
[15.431950569152832, 4.170248985290527, ". As of July 6, 2018:  https://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2011/07/  \nPLC-White-Paper_Newman_Rad_Strauchs_July22_2011.pdf\nNoonan, Margaret E., Mortality in Local Jails, 2000\u20132014\u2014\nStatistical Tables , Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice St"]
[15.463898658752441, 3.8456783294677734, "7, 2018: https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/prison-test-shows-micro-jamming-may-counter-criminal-threat-contraband-cell-phones\n\u2014\u2014\u2014, Office of the Inspector General, Review of the Federal \nBureau of Prisons\u2019 Contraband Interdiction Efforts , June, 2016. A"]
[13.924092292785645, 4.209260940551758, "poration that seeks to actively improve the health and social and economic well-being of populations and communities throughout the world. This research was conducted in the Justice Policy Program within RAND Social and Economic Well-Being. The progr"]
[13.870535850524902, 4.470524787902832, "g ways to address institutional security concerns in the corrections sector. This report and the results it presents should be of interest to planners from corrections agencies, research and operational criminal justice agencies at the federal level,"]
[13.996554374694824, 1.116505742073059, "CORPORATION\nWearable Technologies for Law \nEnforcement\nMultifunctional Vest System Options\nRichard Silberglitt, Andrew Lauland, Michael Watson, Christopher A. Eusebi,  \nJesse Lastunen\nThis report is part of an ongoing research program, \nled by the RA"]
[13.994739532470703, 1.1187821626663208, "odate their unique challenges and opportunities.Key Findings\nalready in use by the wider community. In addition to \nubiquitous fitness monitoring devices and various modes of wearable connectivity to electronic devices, research-ers and industrial wo"]
[13.995841026306152, 1.1167230606079102, "ic system makes use of off-the-shelf commercial or near-commercial technologies from the emerging smart clothing and e-textiles market and builds on advances in the use of electronics in entertainment and costume design, as well as the availability o"]
[13.996390342712402, 1.1172469854354858, "eceiver.Advanced SystemThe advanced system incorporates features that are in the development stage or that are not currently widely avail-able from commercial vendors. These include integration of biometric monitoring into the garment that makes up t"]
[13.99790096282959, 1.1260390281677246, "the bulk, weight, and flexibility of carried equip-ment\u2014major incremental improvements are available today using currently available commercial technology. However, law enforcement agencies need to think about how to engage with manufacturers now to "]
[13.995075225830078, 1.1284511089324951, ". Law Enforcement Needs and Wearable \nTechnologies\nLaw enforcement officers are required to perform difficult, and \nincreasingly complex, duties under challenging and unpredict-able circumstances. As technology has changed and evolved, law enforcemen"]
[13.996481895446777, 1.1183160543441772, "r ballistic protection, departments are also increasingly wary of adopting an overly militaristic appearance, which may cause concern among the public. Unfortunately, the mere presence of multiple pieces of equipment and the clothing and devices comm"]
[13.994601249694824, 1.1150543689727783, "t, much of which \nis carried on the belt\n\u2022 the pres\nence of multiple devices with batteries that need to \nbe recharged\n\u2022 the need f\nor mounting and docking systems for electronic \ndevices, such as BWCs\n\u2022 the need f\nor comfort and flexibility while we"]
[13.99843978881836, 1.1183432340621948, "sure them, and how to access and use the data, as well as decisions associated with how to access or create a mesh network and protocols for its use. Some compo-nents for the advanced system will not be off the shelf but will instead require technica"]
[13.996469497680664, 1.1177146434783936, "c research in the area has also been growing in \nrecent years, focusing, for example, on the impact of BWCs on response-to-resistance incidents and external complaints (see, e.g., Jennings, Lynch, and Fridell, 2015; Ariel, Farrar, and Sutherland, 201"]
[13.99552059173584, 1.1169744729995728, "st, weight, and energy density constraints of this application make the type of Li-ion batteries used in most mobile devices the appropriate choice for the vest system.\n4\nWhile Li-ion batteries are commercially mature, the \ntechnology continues to im"]
[13.990792274475098, 1.1233311891555786, "where in the officer\u2019s patrol car, allowing electronics to recharge any time an officer is seated in the car. The benefits from wireless charging are significant: \n\u2022\n no wear an\nd tear to connectors\n\u2022 no conne\nctor port providing entry for contaminan"]
[13.993857383728027, 1.1223056316375732, "ut technologies relevant to such functions, which are described briefly in this section.\nMesh networks.  In the enhanced and advanced systems, \nWiFi mesh networks that can connect moving nodes could be used to provide officers on foot with informatio"]
[13.99706745147705, 1.1163610219955444, "t for traf-fic flow monitoring, security, and other purposes. The product alternatives here are plentiful: Data can be read and controlled on laptops, tablets, or mobile phones or even through acces-sories, such as watches, glasses, or head-up displa"]
[13.998123168945312, 1.1047908067703247, "ables. Some of the related products are applications specifically designed around public safety and security. For example, Cana-dian CommandWear Systems has developed a software plat-form that integrates location and biometric data from devices to pr"]
[13.998764038085938, 1.1029622554779053, " such as temperature, producing real-time feedback\u2014e.g., in the form of electrical stimuli. Three distinct \u201cgenerations\u201d of textile wearable technologies can be identified (see, e.g., Cientifica Research, 2016):\n1.\n produc\nts in which a sensor is att"]
[13.99569034576416, 1.1145415306091309, "to integrate into the vest system properly, but the basic technology is off the shelf. This basic integrated vest or shirt system will provide information collec-tion, energy storage, and charging technology. The informa-tion collection technology in"]
[13.995573997497559, 1.1122016906738281, "ts to enhance such properties as frame size and sensitivity, are available from multiple vendors.\n7 \nThe benefits of embedding the BWC in the vest, rather \nthan wearing it on the chest or helmet, include the elimination of the mounting or attachment "]
[13.99467658996582, 1.1126463413238525, "R2012-3.2\n13\nphones, these sounds can be processed to potentially identify \ndistance and direction. While the distance over which this triangulation is effective may be limited for a single officer, linking microphones on different officers\u2014for examp"]
[13.99426555633545, 1.1169323921203613, "s. Taking these battery cells and placing five to ten on either side of the vest, similar to a ribcage, creates a natural feel that could greatly benefit the mobility and overall wellness of the officer. Such battery systems could power all of the cu"]
[13.99097728729248, 1.1221166849136353, "omposed of off-the-shelf solutions. The components discussed previously are all inexpensive, readily available from commercial vendors, and easy to embed using current technol -\nogy. Figure 3.3 shows a possible representation of a basic vest that inc"]
[13.991600036621094, 1.1271449327468872, "nters or can take the form of real-time data streamed to all officers in a spe-cific geographic area to increase officer safety and awareness. In addition, information can be streamed from officers in the field into central locations for monitoring. "]
[13.990604400634766, 1.1200592517852783, "ition for the shared channel. \nRecent research on mesh network construction addresses \nthese issues (Abolhasan, Lipman, and Hagelstein, 2015). Figure\u00a04.1 shows a schematic example of a mesh network to which an officer wearing the enhanced vest system"]
[13.996338844299316, 1.1239449977874756, "es. In the case of officer safety, key applications include all aspects of officer situational awareness, for example, as discussed in the previous section, as well as the addition of technology capable of detecting certain types of physical injuries"]
[13.999401092529297, 1.157379150390625, " a signal to a linked radio or other receiver.\n12 \n10  For a review, see Gandhi and Wang, 2014. For descriptions of the \nlatest highly rated technologies, see, e.g., Duffy and Colon, 2016, or \nTucker, 2016.\n11  See, for example, Majcher, 2015; Gao et"]
[14.001202583312988, 1.1013869047164917, "s two properties that provide opportunities for integration of biometric monitoring into the vest system itself: onboard processing and an electrically connected garment.\n5.1.1. Onboard Processing\nOnboard processing allows biometric information to be"]
[14.03888988494873, 1.068416953086853, "mmercial systems exist to generate electricity from either type of energy (for example, see Tellurex, 2016, and Ampy, 2016). A multi-university research program sponsored by the National Science Foundation is developing nanotechnology-enabled wearabl"]
[17.35758399963379, -0.14617782831192017, "ype of analysis could be per-\nformed on information about passengers in a vehicle obtained \n16  Several different organizations provide such services. For example, \nsee Kairos, 2017b; Face++, 2017; and Microsoft, 2017.by shining a facial imaging flas"]
[13.996319770812988, 1.1118046045303345, "imulate a cellphone network to capture the flow of traffic through a net-work, it is an open question whether the government requires a warrant to capture electromagnetic signals that are continu-ously emitted into the environment.\nLow-cost Arduino-b"]
[13.997295379638672, 1.1232956647872925, "lable today at reasonable cost. More-sophisticated wearable technologies are under develop -\nment and rapidly improving. Earlier chapters of this report used currently available technologies for the components of a basic integrated vest system and te"]
[13.995528221130371, 1.1204551458358765, " result in lost opportunities or, perhaps worse, confusion and information overload. \n\u2022\n Wearab\nle health and safety technology is improving \nrapidly and represents a challenge and opportunity for law enforcement.  The law enforcement community shoul"]
[13.997468948364258, 1.1287344694137573, "here is no reason for law enforcement to wait for wear-\nable technologies that can provide improvements in the bulk, weight, and flexibility of carried equipment\u2014major incremen-tal improvements are available today using currently available commercial"]
[14.000351905822754, 1.100714921951294, "2.7 kg \u201320\u00b0C to 60\u00b0C  \n(\u20134\u00b0F to 140\u00b0F)31.0 x 18.5 x 6.0 cm\nNOTES: A = ampere; Ah = ampere hour; C/5 denotes a discharge rate of 0.2C; V = volt; Wh = Watt hour; Wh/kg = Watt hours per kilogram; Wh/l = Watt hours per liter.22Table A.3. Key Technologies"]
[13.99870491027832, 1.0965255498886108, "for mobile devices and smartwatches to work with its Bluetooth connection and sensor data. \nGlobe A U.S.-based company developing smart fabrics to measure the extreme physiological stress that can be experienced during the course of an individual\u2019s d"]
[13.998260498046875, 1.0989760160446167, "n purpose of such solutions in commercial products is facilitating offsite monitoring of vital signs. Cityzen Sciences\u2019 wearable physical activity monitor with GPS and Interactive Wear\u2019s combined Global System for Mobile Communication and GPS chip in"]
[13.996636390686035, 1.1147654056549072, ". 29, No. 4, July\u2013August 2015, pp. 32\u201338.\nAdafruit, \u201cArduino,\u201d undated(a). As of June 26, 2017: https://www.adafruit.com/category/17\nAdafruit, \u201cCosplay/Costuming,\u201d undated(b). As of June 27, 2017: \nhttps://www.adafruit.com/category/290\nAdafruit, \u201cMin"]
[13.99753189086914, 1.1043870449066162, "wear.com/\nCorda, V., \u201cHow to Add Wireless Charging to Any Device,\u201d Qi \nWireless, November 29, 2014. As of June 26, 2017: http://www.qiwireless.com/add-wireless-charging-device\nDataSoft, \u201cAID: Automatic Injury Detection,\u201d 2015. As of June 27, \n2017:  "]
[13.907180786132812, 3.7200303077697754, "oskin.com\nHollywood, J. S., J. E. Boon, R. Silberglitt, B. G. Chow, and \nB.\u00a0A. Jackson, High-Priority Information Technology Needs for Law Enforcement , Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, RR-737-\nNIJ, 2015. As of June 26, 2017: http://www.rand.o"]
[13.995532035827637, 1.0946869850158691, "stice , Vol. 42, No. 6, 2014, \npp. 549\u2013556.26Jennings, W. G., M. D. Lynch, and L. A. Fridell, \u201cEvaluating the \nImpact of Police Officer Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) on Response-to-Resistance and Serious External Complaints: Evidence from the Orlando Poli"]
[13.997442245483398, 1.1016179323196411, " Devices Powered by Human Motion,\u201d Nano Energy , Vol. 30, 2016, pp. 649\u2013657.\nLux Research, \u201cWearables and Bioelectronics Need Better Energy Storage,\u201d Electronic Specifier, 2016. As of June 26, 2017: http://www.electronicspecifier.com/around-the-indus"]
[13.996541023254395, 1.1059976816177368, "ciently-converts-body-heat-electricity\nNuruzzaman-Cornell, Farhan, \u201cSmart Fabrics: Transistors from \nCotton,\u201d Futurity, October 28, 2011. As of June 27, 2017: http://www.futurity.org/smart-fabrics-transistors-from-cotton/ \nOssia, \u201cOssia Granted 4 U.S"]
[13.999103546142578, 1.0927166938781738, "-D),\u201d undated. \nAs of August 30, 2017: http://www.six-15.com/ard\nSmith, A., \u201cU.S. Smartphone Use in 2015,\u201d Pew Research Center, \nApril 1, 2015. As of June 26, 2017: http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/01/us-smartphone-use-in-2015\nStables, J., \u201cOptical"]
[13.998674392700195, 1.0984891653060913, "y 21, 2017a. As of June 26, 2017: \nhttps://www.rdmag.com/article/2017/02/  \nnanoclusters-help-improve-lithium-ion-batteriesWalter, K., \u201cBattery Pioneer Debuts New Fast-Charging Battery,\u201d R&D Magazine , February 28, 2017b. As of June 26, 2017: \nhttps:"]
[13.920506477355957, 4.118749141693115, " their enthusiastic support of the \nresearch underlying this report and thank both of them, as well as Brian Jackson of RAND, for many interesting and helpful discussions. We are also especially grateful to our peer reviewers, Scott Savitz of RAND an"]
[13.866929054260254, 4.533247947692871, "ilities, and what might be considered to take advantage of technologies that are still in development and could provide even greater capabilities. This report will be of interest to law enforcement practitioners and academics, as well as individuals "]