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Add HAT dataset: parquet data (train/dev/test, 38 pairs) + card

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  1. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.md +29 -0
  2. LANGUAGE.md +26 -0
  3. LICENSE_DATA +402 -0
  4. README.md +364 -0
  5. data/dev/ar_AE-en_US/hat.dev.ar_AE-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  6. data/dev/de_DE-en_US/hat.dev.de_DE-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  7. data/dev/en_US-ar_AE/hat.dev.en_US-ar_AE.parquet +3 -0
  8. data/dev/en_US-de_DE/hat.dev.en_US-de_DE.parquet +3 -0
  9. data/dev/en_US-es_ES/hat.dev.en_US-es_ES.parquet +3 -0
  10. data/dev/en_US-fr_FR/hat.dev.en_US-fr_FR.parquet +3 -0
  11. data/dev/en_US-hi_IN/hat.dev.en_US-hi_IN.parquet +3 -0
  12. data/dev/en_US-id_ID/hat.dev.en_US-id_ID.parquet +3 -0
  13. data/dev/en_US-it_IT/hat.dev.en_US-it_IT.parquet +3 -0
  14. data/dev/en_US-ja_JP/hat.dev.en_US-ja_JP.parquet +3 -0
  15. data/dev/en_US-ko_KR/hat.dev.en_US-ko_KR.parquet +3 -0
  16. data/dev/en_US-nl_NL/hat.dev.en_US-nl_NL.parquet +3 -0
  17. data/dev/en_US-pl_PL/hat.dev.en_US-pl_PL.parquet +3 -0
  18. data/dev/en_US-pt_BR/hat.dev.en_US-pt_BR.parquet +3 -0
  19. data/dev/en_US-ru_RU/hat.dev.en_US-ru_RU.parquet +3 -0
  20. data/dev/en_US-th_TH/hat.dev.en_US-th_TH.parquet +3 -0
  21. data/dev/en_US-tr_TR/hat.dev.en_US-tr_TR.parquet +3 -0
  22. data/dev/en_US-uk_UA/hat.dev.en_US-uk_UA.parquet +3 -0
  23. data/dev/en_US-vi_VN/hat.dev.en_US-vi_VN.parquet +3 -0
  24. data/dev/en_US-zh_CN/hat.dev.en_US-zh_CN.parquet +3 -0
  25. data/dev/en_US-zh_TW/hat.dev.en_US-zh_TW.parquet +3 -0
  26. data/dev/es_ES-en_US/hat.dev.es_ES-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  27. data/dev/fr_FR-en_US/hat.dev.fr_FR-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  28. data/dev/hi_IN-en_US/hat.dev.hi_IN-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  29. data/dev/id_ID-en_US/hat.dev.id_ID-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  30. data/dev/it_IT-en_US/hat.dev.it_IT-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  31. data/dev/ja_JP-en_US/hat.dev.ja_JP-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  32. data/dev/ko_KR-en_US/hat.dev.ko_KR-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  33. data/dev/nl_NL-en_US/hat.dev.nl_NL-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  34. data/dev/pl_PL-en_US/hat.dev.pl_PL-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  35. data/dev/pt_BR-en_US/hat.dev.pt_BR-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  36. data/dev/ru_RU-en_US/hat.dev.ru_RU-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  37. data/dev/th_TH-en_US/hat.dev.th_TH-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  38. data/dev/tr_TR-en_US/hat.dev.tr_TR-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  39. data/dev/uk_UA-en_US/hat.dev.uk_UA-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  40. data/dev/vi_VN-en_US/hat.dev.vi_VN-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  41. data/dev/zh_CN-en_US/hat.dev.zh_CN-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  42. data/dev/zh_TW-en_US/hat.dev.zh_TW-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  43. data/test/ar_AE-en_US/hat.test.ar_AE-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  44. data/test/de_DE-en_US/hat.test.de_DE-en_US.parquet +3 -0
  45. data/test/en_US-ar_AE/hat.test.en_US-ar_AE.parquet +3 -0
  46. data/test/en_US-de_DE/hat.test.en_US-de_DE.parquet +3 -0
  47. data/test/en_US-es_ES/hat.test.en_US-es_ES.parquet +3 -0
  48. data/test/en_US-fr_FR/hat.test.en_US-fr_FR.parquet +3 -0
  49. data/test/en_US-hi_IN/hat.test.en_US-hi_IN.parquet +3 -0
  50. data/test/en_US-id_ID/hat.test.en_US-id_ID.parquet +3 -0
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.md ADDED
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+ The released datasets in this repository used the following models/code for data sampling and filtering.
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+
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+ 1. [LaBSE](https://github.com/bojone/labse?tab=readme-ov-file)
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+ ```
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+ Feng, et al. "Language-agnostic BERT Sentence Embedding"
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+ Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers).
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+ ```
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+ 2. [COMET](https://github.com/Unbabel/COMET)
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+ ```
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+ Rei, et al. "Are References Really Needed? Unbabel-IST 2021 Submission for the Metrics Shared Task"
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+ Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Machine Translation.
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+ ```
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+ 3. [LASER2](https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER)
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+ ```
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+ Heffernan, et al. "Bitext Mining Using Distilled Sentence Representations for Low-Resource Languages"
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+ Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022.
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+ ```
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+ 4. [ALTI+](https://github.com/mt-upc/transformer-contributions-nmt)
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+ ```
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+ Ferrando, et al. "Towards Opening the Black Box of Neural Machine Translation: Source and Target Interpretations of the Transformer"
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+ Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.
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+ ```
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+ 5. [fastText](https://github.com/facebookresearch/fastText)
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+ ```
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+ Joulin, et al. "FastText.zip: Compressing text classification models"
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+ arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.03651.
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+ Joulin, et al. "Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification"
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+ Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the {E}uropean Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers.
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+ ```
LANGUAGE.md ADDED
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+ The dataset consists of 38 language pairs: 19 English→X and 19 X→English.
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+
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+ Below is the list of languages with their corresponding locale codes:
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+
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+ | Language | Locale |
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+ |----------|---------|
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+ | Arabic | `ar_AE` |
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+ | Dutch | `nl_NL` |
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+ | English | `en_US` |
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+ | French | `fr_FR` |
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+ | German | `de_DE` |
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+ | Hindi | `hi_IN` |
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+ | Indonesian | `id_ID` |
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+ | Italian | `it_IT` |
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+ | Japanese | `ja_JP` |
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+ | Korean | `ko_KR` |
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+ | Polish | `pl_PL` |
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+ | Portuguese | `pt_BR` |
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+ | Russian | `ru_RU` |
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+ | Simplified Chinese | `zh_CN` |
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+ | Spanish | `es_ES` |
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+ | Thai | `th_TH` |
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+ | Traditional Chinese | `zh_TW` |
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+ | Turkish | `tr_TR` |
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+ | Ukrainian | `uk_UA` |
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+ | Vietnamese | `vi_VN` |
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README.md CHANGED
@@ -1,3 +1,367 @@
1
  ---
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  license: cc-by-nc-nd-4.0
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3
  ---
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
  ---
2
  license: cc-by-nc-nd-4.0
3
+ pretty_name: "HAT: Hallucination Annotation for Translation"
4
+ size_categories:
5
+ - 100K<n<1M
6
+ annotations_creators:
7
+ - expert-generated
8
+ task_categories:
9
+ - translation
10
+ - text-classification
11
+ language:
12
+ - ar
13
+ - nl
14
+ - en
15
+ - fr
16
+ - de
17
+ - hi
18
+ - id
19
+ - it
20
+ - ja
21
+ - ko
22
+ - pl
23
+ - pt
24
+ - ru
25
+ - zh
26
+ - es
27
+ - th
28
+ - tr
29
+ - uk
30
+ - vi
31
+ tags:
32
+ - machine-translation
33
+ - hallucination-detection
34
+ - mt-evaluation
35
+ configs:
36
+ - config_name: default
37
+ data_files:
38
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/*/*.parquet"}
39
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/*/*.parquet"}
40
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/*/*.parquet"}
41
+ - config_name: ar_AE-en_US
42
+ data_files:
43
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/ar_AE-en_US/*.parquet"}
44
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/ar_AE-en_US/*.parquet"}
45
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/ar_AE-en_US/*.parquet"}
46
+ - config_name: de_DE-en_US
47
+ data_files:
48
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/de_DE-en_US/*.parquet"}
49
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/de_DE-en_US/*.parquet"}
50
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/de_DE-en_US/*.parquet"}
51
+ - config_name: en_US-ar_AE
52
+ data_files:
53
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-ar_AE/*.parquet"}
54
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-ar_AE/*.parquet"}
55
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-ar_AE/*.parquet"}
56
+ - config_name: en_US-de_DE
57
+ data_files:
58
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-de_DE/*.parquet"}
59
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-de_DE/*.parquet"}
60
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-de_DE/*.parquet"}
61
+ - config_name: en_US-es_ES
62
+ data_files:
63
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-es_ES/*.parquet"}
64
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-es_ES/*.parquet"}
65
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-es_ES/*.parquet"}
66
+ - config_name: en_US-fr_FR
67
+ data_files:
68
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-fr_FR/*.parquet"}
69
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-fr_FR/*.parquet"}
70
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-fr_FR/*.parquet"}
71
+ - config_name: en_US-hi_IN
72
+ data_files:
73
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-hi_IN/*.parquet"}
74
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-hi_IN/*.parquet"}
75
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-hi_IN/*.parquet"}
76
+ - config_name: en_US-id_ID
77
+ data_files:
78
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-id_ID/*.parquet"}
79
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-id_ID/*.parquet"}
80
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-id_ID/*.parquet"}
81
+ - config_name: en_US-it_IT
82
+ data_files:
83
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-it_IT/*.parquet"}
84
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-it_IT/*.parquet"}
85
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-it_IT/*.parquet"}
86
+ - config_name: en_US-ja_JP
87
+ data_files:
88
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-ja_JP/*.parquet"}
89
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-ja_JP/*.parquet"}
90
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-ja_JP/*.parquet"}
91
+ - config_name: en_US-ko_KR
92
+ data_files:
93
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-ko_KR/*.parquet"}
94
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-ko_KR/*.parquet"}
95
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-ko_KR/*.parquet"}
96
+ - config_name: en_US-nl_NL
97
+ data_files:
98
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-nl_NL/*.parquet"}
99
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-nl_NL/*.parquet"}
100
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-nl_NL/*.parquet"}
101
+ - config_name: en_US-pl_PL
102
+ data_files:
103
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-pl_PL/*.parquet"}
104
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-pl_PL/*.parquet"}
105
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-pl_PL/*.parquet"}
106
+ - config_name: en_US-pt_BR
107
+ data_files:
108
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-pt_BR/*.parquet"}
109
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-pt_BR/*.parquet"}
110
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-pt_BR/*.parquet"}
111
+ - config_name: en_US-ru_RU
112
+ data_files:
113
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-ru_RU/*.parquet"}
114
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-ru_RU/*.parquet"}
115
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-ru_RU/*.parquet"}
116
+ - config_name: en_US-th_TH
117
+ data_files:
118
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-th_TH/*.parquet"}
119
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-th_TH/*.parquet"}
120
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-th_TH/*.parquet"}
121
+ - config_name: en_US-tr_TR
122
+ data_files:
123
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-tr_TR/*.parquet"}
124
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-tr_TR/*.parquet"}
125
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-tr_TR/*.parquet"}
126
+ - config_name: en_US-uk_UA
127
+ data_files:
128
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-uk_UA/*.parquet"}
129
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-uk_UA/*.parquet"}
130
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-uk_UA/*.parquet"}
131
+ - config_name: en_US-vi_VN
132
+ data_files:
133
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-vi_VN/*.parquet"}
134
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-vi_VN/*.parquet"}
135
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-vi_VN/*.parquet"}
136
+ - config_name: en_US-zh_CN
137
+ data_files:
138
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-zh_CN/*.parquet"}
139
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-zh_CN/*.parquet"}
140
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-zh_CN/*.parquet"}
141
+ - config_name: en_US-zh_TW
142
+ data_files:
143
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/en_US-zh_TW/*.parquet"}
144
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/en_US-zh_TW/*.parquet"}
145
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/en_US-zh_TW/*.parquet"}
146
+ - config_name: es_ES-en_US
147
+ data_files:
148
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/es_ES-en_US/*.parquet"}
149
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/es_ES-en_US/*.parquet"}
150
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/es_ES-en_US/*.parquet"}
151
+ - config_name: fr_FR-en_US
152
+ data_files:
153
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/fr_FR-en_US/*.parquet"}
154
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/fr_FR-en_US/*.parquet"}
155
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/fr_FR-en_US/*.parquet"}
156
+ - config_name: hi_IN-en_US
157
+ data_files:
158
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/hi_IN-en_US/*.parquet"}
159
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/hi_IN-en_US/*.parquet"}
160
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/hi_IN-en_US/*.parquet"}
161
+ - config_name: id_ID-en_US
162
+ data_files:
163
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/id_ID-en_US/*.parquet"}
164
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/id_ID-en_US/*.parquet"}
165
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/id_ID-en_US/*.parquet"}
166
+ - config_name: it_IT-en_US
167
+ data_files:
168
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/it_IT-en_US/*.parquet"}
169
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/it_IT-en_US/*.parquet"}
170
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/it_IT-en_US/*.parquet"}
171
+ - config_name: ja_JP-en_US
172
+ data_files:
173
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/ja_JP-en_US/*.parquet"}
174
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/ja_JP-en_US/*.parquet"}
175
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/ja_JP-en_US/*.parquet"}
176
+ - config_name: ko_KR-en_US
177
+ data_files:
178
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/ko_KR-en_US/*.parquet"}
179
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/ko_KR-en_US/*.parquet"}
180
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/ko_KR-en_US/*.parquet"}
181
+ - config_name: nl_NL-en_US
182
+ data_files:
183
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/nl_NL-en_US/*.parquet"}
184
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/nl_NL-en_US/*.parquet"}
185
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/nl_NL-en_US/*.parquet"}
186
+ - config_name: pl_PL-en_US
187
+ data_files:
188
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/pl_PL-en_US/*.parquet"}
189
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/pl_PL-en_US/*.parquet"}
190
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/pl_PL-en_US/*.parquet"}
191
+ - config_name: pt_BR-en_US
192
+ data_files:
193
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/pt_BR-en_US/*.parquet"}
194
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/pt_BR-en_US/*.parquet"}
195
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/pt_BR-en_US/*.parquet"}
196
+ - config_name: ru_RU-en_US
197
+ data_files:
198
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/ru_RU-en_US/*.parquet"}
199
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/ru_RU-en_US/*.parquet"}
200
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/ru_RU-en_US/*.parquet"}
201
+ - config_name: th_TH-en_US
202
+ data_files:
203
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/th_TH-en_US/*.parquet"}
204
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/th_TH-en_US/*.parquet"}
205
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/th_TH-en_US/*.parquet"}
206
+ - config_name: tr_TR-en_US
207
+ data_files:
208
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/tr_TR-en_US/*.parquet"}
209
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/tr_TR-en_US/*.parquet"}
210
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/tr_TR-en_US/*.parquet"}
211
+ - config_name: uk_UA-en_US
212
+ data_files:
213
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/uk_UA-en_US/*.parquet"}
214
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/uk_UA-en_US/*.parquet"}
215
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/uk_UA-en_US/*.parquet"}
216
+ - config_name: vi_VN-en_US
217
+ data_files:
218
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/vi_VN-en_US/*.parquet"}
219
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/vi_VN-en_US/*.parquet"}
220
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/vi_VN-en_US/*.parquet"}
221
+ - config_name: zh_CN-en_US
222
+ data_files:
223
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/zh_CN-en_US/*.parquet"}
224
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/zh_CN-en_US/*.parquet"}
225
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/zh_CN-en_US/*.parquet"}
226
+ - config_name: zh_TW-en_US
227
+ data_files:
228
+ - {split: train, path: "data/train/zh_TW-en_US/*.parquet"}
229
+ - {split: validation, path: "data/dev/zh_TW-en_US/*.parquet"}
230
+ - {split: test, path: "data/test/zh_TW-en_US/*.parquet"}
231
  ---
232
+
233
+ # HAT: Hallucination Annotation for Translation
234
+
235
+
236
+ ## 🧭 Table of Contents
237
+ - [Overview](#-overview)
238
+ - [Usage](#-usage)
239
+ - [Data Creation Process](#-data-creation-process)
240
+ - [Data Statistics](#-data-statistics)
241
+ - [Dataset Structure](#-dataset-structure)
242
+ - [Paper Abstract](#-paper-abstract)
243
+ - [Citation](#-citation)
244
+ - [License](#-license)
245
+
246
+ ---
247
+
248
+ ## 📘 Overview
249
+ **HAT (Hallucination Annotation for Translation)** is a large-scale dataset for **hallucination detection in machine translation (MT)**.
250
+ It is released as part of our publication at ACL 2026 ([paper](https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.721.pdf)).
251
+
252
+ - **350,959 span-level annotated samples**
253
+ - **38 language pairs**
254
+ - **~8,000-10,000 samples per language pair**, divided into **train**, **dev**, and **test** sets
255
+ - **Annotations** by professional translators under strict **quality control**
256
+
257
+ HAT enables research on detecting and mitigating hallucinations in MT systems.
258
+
259
+ ---
260
+
261
+ ## 🚀 Usage
262
+ Load the dataset with the 🤗 [`datasets`](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets) library:
263
+
264
+ ```python
265
+ from datasets import load_dataset
266
+
267
+ # All 38 language pairs
268
+ ds = load_dataset("apple/hat")
269
+ train, validation, test = ds["train"], ds["validation"], ds["test"]
270
+
271
+ # A single language pair (e.g. English → Japanese)
272
+ ds = load_dataset("apple/hat", "en_US-ja_JP")
273
+ ```
274
+
275
+ The available config names are the 38 language pairs (e.g. `en_US-ja_JP`, `fr_FR-en_US`); the
276
+ default config concatenates all pairs. Each config exposes `train`, `validation`, and `test` splits.
277
+
278
+ ---
279
+
280
+ ## ⚙️ Data Creation Process
281
+ The dataset was created through the following steps:
282
+
283
+ 1. **Data Collection:**
284
+ Crawled ~5M sentences per language from the web, filtered by language ID, length, and deduplication.
285
+
286
+ 2. **Translation:**
287
+ Translated monolingual sentences into target languages using a strong neural MT model.
288
+
289
+ 3. **Sample Selection:**
290
+ Selected translations with lower quality (based on quality metrics) to increase the likelihood of hallucinations.
291
+
292
+ 4. **Annotation:**
293
+ Professional translators labeled hallucinations under rigorous quality control.
294
+
295
+ 5. **Post-processing:**
296
+ Removed samples with issues in source text to ensure data integrity.
297
+
298
+ ---
299
+
300
+ ## 📊 Data Statistics
301
+
302
+ | Split | Samples per language pair |
303
+ |--------|----------------------------|
304
+ | **Train** | ~10,000 |
305
+ | **Dev** | ~2,000 |
306
+ | **Test** | ~3,000 |
307
+
308
+ ---
309
+
310
+ ## 📂 Dataset Structure
311
+ Datasets are organized in the [`data/`](data/) directory:
312
+ ```
313
+ data/
314
+ ├── train/
315
+ ├── dev/
316
+ └── test/
317
+ ```
318
+ Each split contains subdirectories for each language pair which contains one parquet file.
319
+
320
+ > **Split naming:** the parquet files live under `data/train`, `data/dev`, and `data/test`.
321
+ > On the Hugging Face Hub the `dev` files are exposed as the standard `validation` split, so
322
+ > `load_dataset(...)` returns `train` / `validation` / `test`.
323
+
324
+ **Schema:**
325
+
326
+ | Field | Type | Description |
327
+ |--------|------|-------------|
328
+ | `source_locale` | `string` | Locale of the source text |
329
+ | `source_text` | `string` | Source sentence |
330
+ | `target_locale` | `string` | Locale of the target text |
331
+ | `target_text` | `string` | Machine-translated output |
332
+ | `split` | `string` | Dataset split (`train` / `dev` / `test`) |
333
+ | `label` | `int64` | Binary hallucination label (`0`: no hallucination, `1`: contains hallucination) |
334
+ | `score` | `float64` | Proportion (0–1) of hallucinated characters |
335
+ | `annotation` | `string` | Raw span-level hallucination annotation |
336
+
337
+
338
+ ## 📄 Paper Abstract
339
+ Hallucinations in machine translation (MT)—outputs that may be fluent yet unfaithful to the source content—remain a critical obstacle. They hinder the reliable deployment of MT systems in real-world applications. Despite growing attention to this phenomenon, progress has been constrained by the lack of large-scale, high-quality benchmarks dedicated to hallucination detection. We introduce HAT (Hallucination Annotation for Translation), a novel dataset designed to advance research on this problem. HAT comprises 350,959 span-level annotated samples across 38 language pairs, with approximately 8,000–10,000 samples per pair partitioned into training, development, and test sets. Annotations were produced by professional translators under rigorous quality control protocols to ensure reliability. We provide a detailed analysis of hallucination distributions and establish benchmark performance using a diverse set of baselines, including automatic MT evaluation metrics as well as large language models. By providing the first large-scale, systematically annotated resource for hallucination detection in MT, HAT enables the development of more faithful translation models and lays the groundwork for future research on building trustworthy machine translation systems.
340
+
341
+ ## 📚 Citation
342
+ If you use this dataset, please cite:
343
+
344
+ ```bibtex
345
+ @inproceedings{chatterjee-etal-2026-hat,
346
+ title = "{HAT}: Hallucination Annotation for Translation",
347
+ author = "Chatterjee, Rajen and
348
+ Li, Xintong and
349
+ Charoenpornsawat, Paisarn and
350
+ Lee, Allen",
351
+ editor = "Liakata, Maria and
352
+ Moreira, Viviane P. and
353
+ Zhang, Jiajun and
354
+ Jurgens, David",
355
+ booktitle = "Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
356
+ month = jul,
357
+ year = "2026",
358
+ address = "San Diego, California, United States",
359
+ publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
360
+ url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.acl-long.721/",
361
+ pages = "15865--15888",
362
+ ISBN = "979-8-89176-390-6",
363
+ }
364
+ ```
365
+
366
+ ## 📄 License
367
+ The HAT dataset is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
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