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+{"metadata":{"gardian_id":"b1da1ba2f9ef09083ac1001fe42dd4b1","source":"gardian_index","url":"https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/2bfc0557-b7f7-459c-8422-ae1b21e3922e/retrieve","id":"-164251564"},"keywords":["Participatory guarantee systems","certification","organic agriculture","sustainability","Vietnam Timber","smallholder","policy","Peru","Amazon Bamboo","value chain analysis","sustainable development","ecosystem","mapping Certification","value chain","deforestation Innovative finance","barriers to finance","scale","risk","landscape REFERENCES Gender","value chains","agroforestry","restoration","market","Africa Gender","Fairtrade","smallholder producer organizations","coffee","empowerment REFERENCES Burkina Faso","agroforestry parklands","global shea value chain","Table Filiere Karite","women shea producers and transformers REFERENCES Cacao","cocoa","agroforestry","West Africa ORGANIZATIONS † Tropenbos International","Wageningen","the Netherlands Finance flows","impacts","climate actions","food and water security","reduced emissions REFERENCES Community forest enterprise","governance","mission drift","management conflicts","tensions Tree products","smallholders","value addition","livelihoods","agroforestry systems REFERENCES Sustainable development","business innovation","forest landscape restoration","sustainable business model","sustainable business","the triple bottom line parkland degradation","biodiversity","famers' opinions","West Africa Forest restoration","decision support","functional traits","seed sources","climate change Forest food","nutrition","Parkia biglobosa","seed","pulp Pollination services","forest management","landscape","review","knowledge gaps Agrobiodiversity","biotic interactions","cross-sectoral food system interactions","dietary sustainability","food system trajectories Genomics","orphan trees","nutrition","tree breeding","livelihood Wild food","Zambia","fruit","consumption","nutrition Dioecious","domestication","Allanblackia","jernang","adoptability Image","landscape","classification","valuation","methodology Resilient","farmer","decision-making","diversification","landscape Drylands","landscape restoration","Sahel","Horn of Africa","East Africa Dacryodes edulis","anthracnose","dieback","Lasiodiplodia","Colletotrichum Tropical dry forests","cacao agroforests","functional diversity","vertebrates","seasonality Cadmium","cacao","Peru","field trials Choice decisions","farm productivity","conditional logit","highlands","smallholder farmers REFERENCES Guadua","assessment","perception","farmers Agroforestry","carbon sequestration","expansion","nationally determined contribution","Vietnam Land restoration","tree value chains","regreening","restoration Land use planning","sustainable development","Green Growth Plan (GGP)","Papua","Indonesia Ricinodendron heudelotii","accession","performance","characterization","domestication Infiltration","tree cover","water security","land health","systematic landscape-scale assessments Stream 3 Transforming livelihoods through agroecological approaches with trees Tree seed","seedling production","tree farming","nursery standards Tree seed","seedling production","tree farming","nursery standards Invasive","Prosopis juliflora","sustainable charcoal livelihoods","local communities Acacia mangium","normal diameter","diameter of stump","curvilinear regression","linear regression Arabica coffee","agroforestry","China","ecosystem services REFERENCES Agroforestry","coffee","local knowledge","decision support tool Palm oil","independent smallholders","good agriculture practices (GAP)","land certificates","GHG emissions Earth observation","land health","land restoration","monitoring","Sahel","East Africa REFERENCES Community","land restoration","agroforestry","economic development Energy","ecosystem","population","Africa","restoration Forest","deforestation","climate change","REDD+","livelihoods Stakeholders","participation","jurisdictional approaches","environmental governance","data validation Jurisdictional approach","collaboration","social learning","zero deforestation","evaluation Landscape governance","land use","decision making","participatory Stream 5 Inclusive governance for sustainable landscapes Land use conflict","driver","reconciliation","planning","governance Operationalizing landscape approach","policy and socioeconomic perspectives","integrated agroforestry management Green growth","sustainable development","landscape approach Assessment method","environmental impacts","development","learning","Viet Nam Impact","policy","context specific","research quality"],"sieverID":"e6b14f74-7a3a-49c5-ad1c-04d18865cd52","content":"FTA ran a fully digital internal scientific conference that gathered all researchers involved in FTA from its partner organizations. FTA is led by the Center for International Forestry Research, in partnership with Bioversity International, CATIE, CIRAD, the International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, Tropenbos International and World Agroforestry, and has links with dozens of scientific and development institutions. The purpose of the conference was to present the most exciting research results, exchange experiences and lessons learned, and reflect on the way forward until the end of FTA's phase 2, with a particular focus on impact.1. Inclusive value chains, finance and investments 2. Towards resilient and diverse landscapes and food systems 3. Transforming livelihoods through agroecological approaches with trees 4. Nature-based solutions to address the climate crisis 5. Inclusive governance for sustainable landscapes 6. Designing, implementing and evaluating research for development impactThe conference also included plenary sessions and two sessions addressing hot/controversial issues in the scientific and development fields, in which FTA has a specific role in helping to disentangle the issues:• Competing understandings of the restoration problem and solutions • Systemic approaches in a 'silver bullets' world.Finally, emerging issues for research for development in the area of FTA were discussed as a thread of the conference and within a dedicated session.The present publication gathers the 179 abstracts selected for the conference, most of which are the result of a collaboration between different partners.Vincent Gitz, FTA DirectorAUTHORS Peter Cronkleton † Valentina Robiglio ‡ Frangi Valencia § E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER p.cronkleton@cgiar.orgPeru has recently started experimenting with innovative policy mechanisms for smallholder farmers intended to slow agricultural expansion on forest frontiers and to create options allowing farmers to participate in forest restoration programs or sell timber legally. These mechanisms include agroforestry concessions that provide long-term usufruct rights to qualifying families living on forest frontiers that agree to adopt sustainable land use practices on deforested land (SERFOR 2015b;Robiglio and Reyes 2016) and commit to avoid deforestation. A second mechanism is a forest plantation registry system intended to facilitate the production and legal commercialization of timber and other tree products originating on registered plantations (SERFOR 2015a;Sears et al. 2018). While promising, the actual adoption of these mechanisms is at an initial stage. Analysis of localized market, policy and governance contexts could identify how smallholders are reacting to the opportunities provided by these mechanisms as well as potential strategies for facilitating greater adoption of viable options. This paper analyzes forest value chains in the Peruvian Amazon around Moyobamba, San Martin, where the regional government is developing plans to promote agroforestry concessions and a forest plantation registry. This study was part of a broader project led by World Agroforestry (ICRAF) that is evaluating integrated technical assistance models based on an options by context approach (OXC) to assist the definition of a roadmap to support the implementation of these public policies. Results from value chain analysis identified multiple forest value chains that source trees from smallholder properties. These production systems are largely informal and smallholders generally play a passive role, selling standing timber opportunistically in markets dominated by other forest sector actors. Analysis identified continued demand for smallholder timber and a number of options for enhancing smallholder timber production. However, remaining obstacles include overly complex and costly administrative processes that discourage farmer participation as well as actors in the value chain with vested interests benefiting from the status quo. Recommendations include appropriate technical assistance to assist farmers to become more proactive managers by considering options based on farmer leadership.Financial sustainability requires close attention be paid to the benefits of protected landscapes and their distribution among different stakeholder groups. Protected landscape authorities are increasingly expected to justify their budgets in terms of benefits provided to local communities and the national economy. In addition to benefits shared by protected landscapes, covering the direct and indirect costs of protected landscapes is far from adequate. Different types of costs are distributed among multiple stakeholders. As a consequence, not only benefit-sharing schemes, but also cost-sharing ones must create tangible gains by encouraging all relevant stakeholders to collaboratively contribute to landscape management and biodiversity conservation. In short, cost-sharing is a joint responsibility rather than one party's deprivation of the other, therefore leading to fair and effective mechanisms (of conservation benefit-and cost-sharing).Our feasibility study in sustainable financing of protected landscapes in Indonesia demonstrates that:(1) applying a landscape approach in designing management, financial and business plans of protected landscapes requires data and information covering both national parks and their surrounding buffer zones to ensure the continuity and integration of spatial, temporal and socioeconomic analysis towards desirable outcomes of landscape management in a broad sense; (2) instruments for innovative sustainable financing of protected landscapes are emerging, and the variety of available financing options is enormous -however, the recommendation, among others is that sustainable financing is not simply financing mechanisms and instruments, but rather, institutions with multiple roles, including: (a) participating in the development of the application of a landscape approach in conservation strategies at national, subnational and national park levels, (b) providing technical expertise and awareness raising to public and private agencies, (c) promoting and implementing effective administration, which includes financial and in-kind resource mobilization, fund management and investment, and its distribution in supporting multiple conservation targets; (3) last but not least, such institutions must be characterized by multistakeholder collaboration and inclusivity principles, and are crucial to be established as an enabling condition for innovative sustainable financing mechanisms, i.e. fair and effective mechanisms of benefit-and costsharing for conservation and poverty alleviation purposes .Sustainable financing, protected landscape, multistakeholder, landscape governance, Indonesia AUTHORS Maja Slingerland † Sanne van Leeuwen † Aritta Suwarno † E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER maja.slingerland@wur.nlInclusive value chains intend to see smallholder producers as owners of land and labor. This is not always the case and has consequences for their terms of inclusion in value chains. In oil palm in Indonesia, many scheme smallholders established their plantation with full support from companies. The first years, when the palms do not yet yield, the land titles are kept by the companies, and the smallholders act as paid labor on the oil palm fields. When trees start to fruit, they formally become decision-makers on the use of labor for palm management, but they need to pay back investments and are therefore obliged to deliver the fruits to the company against conditions set by the mill. The land title is often only transferred to them after the debt has been repaid. Then they can renegotiate their terms of inclusion in the value chain. For independent smallholders, inclusiveness in value chains is more complicated. They are not preferential suppliers of a mill and have to negotiate uptake of their fruits and prices case by case. Due to a lack of technical support and self-establishment with inferior planting material, they produce lower volumes per hectare and lower quality of fruits. Their inclusion in value chains is therefore rather limited as is their negotiation power of the terms of inclusion. While oil palm has brought substantial income to some smallholders, oil palm has also led to several forms of exclusion.Transforming crop land into oil palm has for instance deprived women of access to land and excluded them from the value chains related to former crop production. Establishment of oil palm is only an option for those who have access to land and capital, and hence many others are excluded. When oil palm has replaced forest, the former uses of forest products have been excluded. A way for oil palm systems to become more inclusive is through agroforestry systems such as intercropping and through land sharing arrangements. We will present three examples.One is pineapple intercropping in Johor Malaysia, where landowners plant oil palm and allow landless people to cultivate pineapple on the oil palm fields. These landless people are included in very remunerative pineapple supply chains. In return, they keep the area weed free and they provide fertilizer to the trees. Therefore, financial benefits are free land for pineapple growers and decreased costs in maintenance for oil palm growers. Different modalities of pineapple intercropping by smallholders replanting oil palm themselves also occur and pineapple then helps them to overcome the income gap related to delays in oil pam revenues. Another example is banana intercropping in oil palm fields in Central Kalimantan, where women started processing banana into chips and set up a supply chain to sell these in cities. In both cases, the inclusion in the pineapple and banana supply chains was voluntary and at their own negotiated terms. These examples show that agroforestry with different forms of land sharing arrangements is a promising method to increase the inclusiveness of oil palm cultivation.Oil palm, agroforestry, land sharing, women, landless people AUTHORS Dietmar Stoian † Divine Foundjem ‡ Enoch Kikulwe § Trent Blare | Gianpiero Menza Δ Selma van der Haar (f)   E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER d.stoian@cgiar.org De-risking investments in sustainable land use systems: Matching risk perspectives of smallholders and small and medium enterprises with that of investors Smallholders (SH) and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the agri-food and forest sectors play important roles for local and global food security, and in strategies aimed at the conservation and sustainable use of forests and forested landscapes. In terms of agricultural practices, and under changing market and climate conditions, these stakeholders need to transform to resilient farming systems and sustainable operations along the value chain. The required transformations imply unknowns with regard to the processes toward sustainability and the resources and timeline needed for specific outcomes. As a result, associated investments are perceived to be of high risk and investors tend to opt for lower-risk and larger-scale investments that bypass the agri-food and forest sectors. New financial schemes (e.g. blended finance), instruments (e.g. alternative guarantees, first risk investments) and modalities (e.g. non-monetary returns, for example in the form of carbon credits) are aiming to address this finance gap, including specific arrangements for SH and SMEs in the agri-food and forest sectors. However, associated de-risking strategies are mainly designed from the investors' perspective.In response, we propose a framework for assessing the risks associated with investments in the agri-food and forest sectors from the perspective of SH and SMEs, and for contrasting these to the risks perceived by investors. Based on matchmaking, we identify options for appropriate arrangements for de-risking such investments for both investors and investees. The framework draws on the findings of a literature review and was validated through case studies in Uganda, Ghana and Indonesia. Five types of key hazards were determined and for each of them we identified adaptation strategies at farm, landscape and national levels. The effectiveness of the strategies depends on allocation of resources, risk perception and risk preference by SH, SMEs and investors. In general, capacities of SH and SMEs to adapt to adverse production and market situations are underestimated by investors. The framework presented here offers opportunities for more realistic assessments of the risks facing investors, SH and SMEs by identifying the latter's adaptation capacities that directly affect the level of risk, and by laying out options for reconciling any differences in terms of perceived or real risks.Laís Victória Ferreira de Sousa † ‡ Frederico Brandão † Lilianne Fontel Cunha † Daniel Palma Perez Braga † Helen Monique Nascimento Ramos † Andrew Miccolis † E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER laisvicferreira@hotmail.comIs there a perfect model to promote the integration of smallholders in agricultural value chains: Preliminary insights for the Brazilian AmazonIntegrating smallholder farmers in agricultural value chains has been a major strategy to reduce the impacts of large-scale plantations and to promote more inclusive rural development (WBCSD and SNV 2011). In order to achieve that, business models should be designed and implemented to assure that key factors such as technical assistance, access to markets and credit are broadly available. However, there is little consensus on what kinds of models are more suited to address the successful integration of smallholders in specific contexts, particularly in remote areas of developing regions (Vermeulen and Cotula 2010). In this paper, we compare three different models that aim to facilitate the inclusion of smallholders: (1) public/private partnership, (2) cooperative and (3) associative. Based on 200 household surveys held between October and December in the Brazilian Amazon municipality of Tomé Açu, this study assesses in detail seven agricultural value chains and their respective business models and production systems: oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao Aubl.), black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) and cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.)). Preliminary analysis indicates that aspects such as price fluctuations, access to technical assistance, labor requirements, processing requirements and transportation are the main bottlenecks. According to a preliminary analysis, the support on technical assistance for oil palm is the most representative. This product also has fixed prices and buyers, and is characterized by contracts between companies and farmers. The analysis also suggests that none of the models is devoid of problems and risks and that the competition between them can create a favorable environment for smallholders by upgrading overall local conditions for smallholders' successful integration. This study seeks to understand the links presented by these value chains and to propose forms of intervention favorable to the farmer.Sustaining palm oil: Social footprinting of informal and formal market value chainsGhana is a major producer and consumer of palm oil, yet is unable to meet domestic demand (Rhebergen et al. 2018). Notwithstanding the emergence of large-scale plantations and industrial millers, smallholder farms account for approximately 80% of the land under oil palm cultivation while a similar share of crude palm oil (CPO, 76%) is processed by small-scale artisanal mills (MoFA 2010). The growth and expansion of smallholder and estate oil palm plantations in Kwaebibirem has witnessed a boom in informal mills operated by 'oil palm mamas'. Palm oil processing in Ghana has traditionally been perceived as a 'kitchen activity' in the domain of women, who have also historically dominated the midstream value chain nodes as farmgate buyers, artisanal millers and processors, and market traders (Sarku 2016).Despite substantial representation of men as mill owners (80%), gender has remained central to the value chain function in the informal sphere (Barrientos 2010;Sarku 2016). Sarku (2016) has described how these so-called 'oil palm mamas' and 'market queens' perform highly structured and gender normative roles to construct social networks, safety nets, and a system of rewards and recognition (Jennische 2018;Sowatey et al. 2018). In addition, Ofosu-Budu and Sarpong (2013) reported that informal mills employ on average 22 laborerspredominantly women -in addition to the network of agents and transporters. While women's roles are more fixed and permanent, men's roles within the mills have been more transgressive; sometimes taking temporary 'women's' jobs in the absence of other decent work opportunities. This research addresses a critical gap in the gender value chain literature about the social, generative and sometimes gender transformative role that labor plays at these midstream nodes.Despite the importance of the informal sector to localized oil palm economies, they are not without serious sustainability challenges in terms of extraction rates and waste; poor labor practices and toxic work environment; and environmental externalities. While registered companies are subject to environmental, labor and health regulations, informal artisanal mills operate outside of such standards. Workers in small-scale mills are often subjected to serious health hazards due to toxic smoke, while effluent disposed into streams and onto earthen floors pollute surface water (Osei-Amponsah et al. 2012). The formal sector maintains a critical role in Kwaebibirem and Atiwa West in terms of smallholder service provision and achieving sustainabilities at scale. Inflated fresh fruit bunch (FFB) prices and competition with the informal sector, however, have threatened the viability of medium-scale enterprises and undercut a large-scale outgrower scheme and service-delivery model through side-selling and default. Through deploying mixed methods to conduct a gendered value chain analysis, this research examines opportunities and challenges for upgrading at different points within the chain, and provides a gendered perspective about how men and women might differentially benefit from engaging at midstream nodes. We also develop and explore innovative participatory methodologies to measure the gender footprint in terms of livelihood impacts for the men and women within informal and formal oil palm value chains, as well as identifying gendered barriers to compliance experienced by small-scale actors.Stream 1Inclusive value chains, finance and investments AUTHORS Paul Ongugo † E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER paulongugo@live.comThe first comprehensive study of the bamboo value chain was done in Kenya in 2000 (Ongugo et al. 2000). The study revealed that the value chain was weak due to underdeveloped production and marketing links devoid of support from major players, mainly the government.In 2018, INBAR's Dutch-Sino East Africa Bamboo Development Programme conducted a value chain analysis and market assessment of bamboo products in Kenya (Gauli 2018). The main findings of the study were that even though cultivation of bamboo in Kenya started more than a decade ago, bamboo business was limited to the production and sale of seedlings, with minimal markets having been developed. A study carried out by the Kenya Forestry Research Institute and INBAR in 2019 as a precursor to developing a national policy on the development of the bamboo sector also emphasized the importance of processing and marketing of bamboo at both primary and secondary levels as a way of promoting the growth of the bamboo sector in Kenya. The National Forest Programme, 2016-2030(MENR 2016) ) underscores the importance of bamboo in rehabilitating degraded forests and providing products for the wood market.The objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of how the sector has changed since the first study done in 2000 and those of 2018 and 2019 and make suggestions on what needs to be done to spur the growth of the bamboo sector for the benefit of the national economy, improve livelihoods of the bamboo-growing farmers and communities, and environmental management in Kenya. This assessment also recognizes the importance of bamboo in the private sector given the dynamic nature of regulatory actions often taken to control harvesting of bamboo in public forests. The study takes an analytic approach involving a review of both secondary and primary ongoing work.The results recommend the need to bring together stakeholders in the sector to refocus the development of the value chain based on a model aimed at mainly the private sector as vehicle to drive development of the bamboo sector. The paper also recommends the need for developing the market, first focusing on SME-based production, then moving to large-scale processing. This approach is necessary as the country increases growing stock from private bamboo growers and then releases stock in public forests for conservation of water towers in the country.Value chain, policy, bamboo, markets, cooperatives AUTHORS Rene Kaam † ‡ Christelle Gonmadje ‡ Trinh Thang Long † ‡ E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER rkaam@inbar.intRattan is one of the major NTFPs and contributes to household economies, the conservation of biodiversity and the fight against climate change. However, despite their economic and ecological importance, it now appears that rattan resources are being depleted due to overexploitation. Indeed, the potential of this strategic resource is still neglected by the Cameroon Government and development agencies in their sustainable management strategies. Unquestionably, data on production, processing, market trends and the economic impact of rattan exploitation are still lacking in Cameroon. As a result, it becomes difficult to assess their contribution to the local and national economies.The overall objective of this study is to identify opportunities for the development of the rattan industry in Cameroon through an analysis of the rattan value chain.The specific objectives are twofold:• To carry out an analysis of the rattan value chain • To identify interventions that make best use of rattan for socio-economic development and help achieve sustainable management of rattan resources.To achieve these objectives, a total of 20 study sites were selected in the 6 representative regions of Cameroon: the center, south, northwest, east, southwest and littoral. Data collection was based on direct observations, informal discussions, interviews, literature review and questionnaires. In Cameroon, the key actors of the rattan value chain are harvesters, artisans, traders and consumers. Beside these direct actors, there are supporting actors, including ministries, local authorities, municipalities, technical and financial partners and forest owners.Harvesters are represented mostly by men (80%). The age class of 35-65 years represents 65% of the total number of age groups.In Cameroon, wild rattan canes are still harvested in natural forests; there exist no rattan plantations. The harvesters use empirical and traditional techniques for harvesting wild rattan. There are 19 species of rattan in Cameroon, but predominantly four commercial rattan species are harvested: Laccosperma secundiflorum, L. robustum, Eremospatha macrocarpa and E. wendlandianna. Calamus deërratus species is used sometimes for commercial purposes; however, the level of trade is low in comparison with the four other commercial species.The harvesting cycle in a given area can take 3-4 years. The frequency of cuts can be weekly, bi-monthly or monthly. Harvesting and selling is usually done on command, and from time to time on free sales. The cost of a rattan bundle varies from USD 3.54 in rural areas to USD 21.24 in urban areas.The processing of rattan in Cameroon is predominantly a male activity (92%), compared with 8% of women, most notably in rural areas. Moreover, young people show little or no interest in basketry. The processing of rattan remains essentially artisanal. Manufacturers in urban areas produce a wide variety of products including chairs, tables, cupboards, beds, baby cots, wardrobes, trolleys, couches and house decorations. Those in rural areas are mostly involved in the weaving of cane baskets, sieves, fishing baskets, trays and other products used locally.Concerning the trade of rattan products, there are two categories of traders: traders of raw canes/collectors and traders of rattan products (artisans).Five major constraints that prevent the development of the rattan crafts sector in Cameroon are identified:• Regulatory constraints, strategic, legal and institutional frameworks, unsuited for the development of NTFP sectors • Lack of a framework for inter-sectorial concertation and dialogue, including local communities for the sustainable management of rattan • Unsustainable exploitation and management of rattan characterized by lack of land-use plans Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of the most important cash crops in many tropical countries. According to the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO), 75% of the cocoa exported from Peru can be classified as fine flavor cocoa (FFC), which fetches a premium price. However, most of this production is based on non-native cacao genotypes. This undermines the country's ambition of leading the FFC market segment based on the increasingly recognized unique quality of its native cocoa diversity.The objectives of this study were to assess opportunities for smallholders to access FFC value chains through an evaluation of critical success factors on the demand side and locally available capacities and resources to meet these on the supply side. To this aim, we surveyed 60+ Peruvian and international FFC buyers to understand their requirements in terms of volume, quality and contractual requirements. On the supply side we interviewed 400+ farmers and cocoa associations and cooperatives to analyze the capacities and resources available at cooperative and household levels to satisfy buyer requirements.We developed typologies of both FFC buyers and producers to explore options for matchmaking of different types of buyers and producers. Our results suggest the existence of distinct bottlenecks. Although the cacao grain quality, story and flavor were expected to serve as a catalyzer of future sales, there is a wide gap on the FFC supplier side that needs to be overcome regarding management capacities, and inclusion of women and youth to enhance sustainability. More work is needed to assess the true potential of enhancing inclusion of women and youth in the cacao value chain.Towards resilient and diverse landscapes and food systems Towards resilient and diverse landscapes and food systems [14][15][16][17][18] The global food system drives unsustainable agriculture and land use change leading to a planetary biodiversity crisis. Paradoxically, biodiversity is the foundation of resilient landscapes and sustainable food systems that nourish people and planet. This Stream highlighted the latest science innovations using tree biodiversity from genes to ecosystems at landscape scales to support food systems for a sustainable future.A first focus was placed on exploring the challenges and opportunities to scale delivery of biodiversity to deliver sustainable development goals, especially related to cost-effective tree-based restoration to promote resilient and diverse landscapes and food systems. The outcomes are all wildly relevant for many other tree-based biodiversityrelated initiatives, such as the Bonn Challenge, the Forest Ecosystem Restoration Initiative and the United Nation's Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) programmes.Secondly, the most important FTA innovations to enhance delivery of biodiversity based solutions were showcased and discussed: maps, databases, advanced genomic methods, smartphone apps, participatory domestication methods, etc. These tools help promote tree species' biodiversity effectively, plan agricultural diversification with trees across multiple settings in a context-specific manner, accounting for agroecological differences and cultural preferences. They provide the correct information on what trees to plant where and for what purpose, with information on the nutritional contribution of different species as well as their role in restoration.Terry Sunderland † ‡ Joli Borah † James Reed § E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER terry.sunderland@ubc.caEnsuring food security while conserving biodiversity remains a pervasive global challenge. Forests and agriculture, although often considered as separate or conflicting entities, are mutually interlinked in a myriad ways. Therefore, it is vital to manage landscapes in an integrated and inclusive way to achieve both biodiversity conservation and food security. This paper will share a recent review and ongoing body of work on forest-and tree-based ecosystem services for their relative contribution to agricultural production with a focus on one or more forest-derived services and their links to agriculture. The research includes an emphasis on ecosystem services from trees across the landscape, and hence incorporates both forest formations and trees on farms. Based on this critical evidence base, we propose a series of entry points for engagement with the broader policy/development nexus to bring integrated landscape approaches further into the development arena with a focus on both agricultural production and sustainable forest management.Forest ecosystems are crucial to agricultural production through their direct and indirect contribution of provisioning and regulating services. Tree-based agricultural systems and forests in agricultural landscapes directly complement agriculture by providing food, fodder and cash income from wild harvest. These systems also contribute indirectly by providing various provisioning and regulating ecosystem services such as pollination services, nutrient cycling, climate regulation, resilience to climate events, soil stabilization and watershed protection. For instance, forests and trees increase crop production by reducing soil erosion and nutrient leaching and by improving soil fertility. Similarly, wild pollinators such as bees, butterflies, birds and bats directly affect the productivity of 75% of globally important crops. Incorporating forests and trees within agricultural landscapes also creates heterogeneity in the habitat and supports diverse natural predators of crop pests, especially in perennial crops. Moreover, trees improve microclimate conditions in agricultural landscapes and buffer extreme climatic fluctuations such as temperature increase that has negative impacts on crop growth.Current discourses on agricultural intensification appear to overlook the contribution of ecosystem services to crop productivity. Although some work has been undertaken on enhancing on-farm provisioning of ecosystems services, the ecological and socio-economic value of forests and trees in terms of their contribution to agricultural production has rarely been integrated into land use planning and other sustainable management processes. Similarly, the roles of forests and tree-based systems in delivering multiple ecosystem services and the impact of their interaction on different crop systems is not well known.Moreover, comparative analysis across different crop systems, climatic zones and geographic locations are required to better understand the impacts of trees in agricultural landscapes. Further research is also required to assess the complementarity and resilience of different crops and trees in agroforestry systems to climatic fluctuations and how to better manage these systems in different socio-ecological contexts. Addressing these key knowledge gaps will be critical in managing landscapes to meet biodiversity, production and livelihood goals.Agroforestry, ecosystem services, integrated landscape approach, food security, livelihoods AUTHORS Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø † Lars Graudal ‡ Roeland Kindt ‡ Ramni Jamnadass ‡ Paulo van Breugel § Fabio Pedercini ‡ Ian K. Dawson ‡ E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER jpbl@ign.ku.dkAgroforestry practice -the planting and utilization of trees on farmland -is a blend of agriculture, forestry and horticulture, mainly, but not exclusively, practiced by smallholder farmers in the tropics. Globally, agroforestry represents over 1 billion hectares of land and involves more than 900 million people. The practice of agroforestry is increasingly being recognized as an important contributor to sustainable development in the tropics, but is severely constrained (among other things) by the limited access to good genetic-quality planting material of relevant trees . The uncertainty posed by climate change further stresses the importance of the germplasm used, with a focus not only on present performance but also on resilience.Agroforestry as a scientific concept dates back some 40 years, when ICRAF (now World Agroforestry) was established and the supply of quality germplasm for smallholder farmers was recognized as a key constraint from the very beginning. We posit that this constraint is not a unique agroforestry problem, but rather a general constraint for smallholder farmers; it is also exacerbated by the biology of trees as compared with agricultural crops.Input supply constraints have been the subject of a vigorous and fruitful scientific discussion in agriculture and have led to major initiatives intending to improve smallholders' access to a wider variety of high genetic-quality annual crops. A similar discussion for agroforestry has been strangely absent. The discourse in agroforestry is on the social processes of promoting agroforestry practices on farms, with limited (or no) discussion on how germplasm can be made available to smallholders. The agroforestry discourse overemphasizes the dichotomy between the two views -'the Green Revolution' and 'Agroecological intensification'. Advocates of 'Agroecological intensification' unnecessarily disregard an aspect of germplasm quality, which is particularly important for treesthat quality of tree planting material is not only about productivity increases, but also about avoiding using inferior material, that may lead to complete failure of plantings.The evidence from smallholder input supply systems clearly demonstrates the absence of genetic quality as a driver in agroforestry value chains. The value chain breaks between (lack of ) investments in domestication/breeding and the growers of agroforestry trees in tropical tree value chains.We discuss how available knowledge could be utilized in practice for mending the broken value chain in agroforestry and provide for climatic adaptation (environmental and economic). We argue that agroforestry value chains can only be fully understood and improved in an interdisciplinary context. We propose to develop and utilize a package of tools -using a 'precautionary principle' -for determining the potential adaptation of tropical trees across their distribution areas that would decrease the risk of failure of plantings and ensure productivity (natural potential distribution is undocumented for probably at least 59,000 of the planet's 60,000 tree species). The tools will make knowledge available for producers and users of tropical tree germplasms and empower smallholders to increase productivity of agroforestry in Africa.Quality germplasm, input supply, agroforestry discourse, tropical tree adaptation, interdisciplinary AUTHORS Fidel Chiriboga-Arroyo † Jansen Mere l † Widmer Alex † Guariguata Manuel ‡ Bardales Ricardo § Corvera Ronald § Garcia Mishari § Thomas Evert Δ Ismail Sascha | Kettle Chris †◊ E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER fidel.chiriboga.a@usys.ethz.chNon-timber forest products offer a critical opportunity for supporting the sustainable development of rural communities and the conservation of natural ecosystems. The Brazil nut, a hyperdominant carbon-rich tree species, is an exceptionally successful conservation model in this context, since its products are globally traded and economically important for a vast number of people in rural areas in the Amazon Basin. This species has the potential to contribute to resilient stewardship of forest landscapes, while giving economic benefits to local communities and improving their livelihood, as well as playing a role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. Although it is a protected species, the habitat where Brazil nuts occur is being fragmented by human impact due to logging of other tree species and land conversion from forest to agricultural systems and pastures using unsustainable practices, e.g. burning.In this project, we explored the consequences that forest degradation has on the long-term viability of Brazil nut populations and on their genetic resources, which are the foundation of resilient production and a vital source of material for forest enrichment and Brazil nut-based restoration. We analyze associations between genetic diversity and fitness attributes (heterozygosity-fitness correlations), using a combination of microsatellites and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP )-based genotype data, linked to data from adult fruit production, germination and seedling establishment in planting experiments. We place these findings in the context of patterns of fine-scale genetic structure, both within our study sites, and compare with other tropical tree species with similar restricted gene flows. We assessed contemporary patterns of gene flow by pollen dispersal, and signals of inbreeding compared with adult trees across study sites following a forest-degradation gradient. Finally, we explore the implications of these results for restoration practices including seed collection and plantations and relative investment costs for quality genetic material for restoration.Non-timber forest products, genetic diversity, fine-scale genetic structure, heterozygosity-fitness correlations, inbreedingUnderstanding the vulnerability of tree species to anthropogenic threats is important for the efficient planning of restoration and conservation efforts. We quantified and compared the effects of future climate change and four current threats (fire, habitat conversion, overgrazing and overexploitation) on the 50 most common tree species of the tropical dry forests of northwestern Peru and southern Ecuador. We used an ensemble modeling approach to predict species distribution ranges, employed freely accessible spatial datasets to map threat exposures and developed a trait-based scoring approach to estimate species-specific sensitivities, using differentiated trait weights in accordance with their expected importance in determining species sensitivities to specific threats. Species-specific vulnerability maps were constructed from the product of the exposure maps and the sensitivity estimates. We found that all 50 species face considerable threats, with an average of 46% of species' distribution ranges displaying high or very high vulnerability to at least one of the five threats. Our results suggest that current levels of habitat conversion, overexploitation and overgrazing pose larger threats to most of the studied species than does climate change. We present a spatially explicit planning strategy for species-specific restoration and conservation actions, proposing management interventions to focus on (i) in situ conservation of tree populations and seed collection for tree planting activities in areas with low vulnerability to climate change and current threats, (ii) ex situ conservation or translocation of populations in areas with high climate change vulnerability, and (iii) active planting or assisted regeneration in areas under high current threat vulnerability but low climate change vulnerability, provided that interventions are in place to lower threat pressure. We provide an online, user-friendly tool to visualize both the vulnerability maps and the maps indicating priority restoration and conservation actions. High-resolution species distribution modeling across Africa: Atlases and decision-support tools to select suitable species and their seed sources for 150+ priority tree species World Agroforestry, collaborating with Bioversity International, CATIE and Hivos, recently published habitat suitability maps for 100 tree species that are widely used in Central America for shade in coffee or cocoa agroforestry systems ( de Sousa et al. 2019). Using similar methods of species distribution modeling, including ensemble methods whereby consensus habitat suitabilities are either weighted average probabilities from different algorithms or counts of the number of algorithms that predict the presence of a species (Kindt 2018), habitat suitability maps were prepared for 150 tree species native or exotic to Africa. These maps are already available from ICRAF's landscape portal and include KML layers that can be uploaded in Google Earth. Maps are currently being prepared for a species atlas and an interactive portal documenting 'what to plant where'. Applying the likelihood scale recommended by the IPCC, habitat change maps are based on the middle of the 21 st century for two representative concentration pathways. Calibration methods applied were further augmented using filtering approaches of species occurrence datasets in geographical and environmental space, spatial blocking techniques to reduce spatial correlation during model evaluations (Valavi et al. 2019), and circular background point-selection masks. These methods were also integrated into the BiodiversityR software package to facilitate wider application (Kindt 2019). Models were calibrated with a subset of bioclimatic and topographic variables obtained from WorldClim, AFRICLIM and ENVIREM (where future data had to be pre-processed). To reduce potential overestimation of the effects of climate change, species distribution data were obtained from across Africa. What indicators to assess the contributions of forests, trees, and agroforestry to food security and nutrition at national level?Forest, trees and agroforestry provide multiple contributions to food security and nutrition (FSN) in its four dimensions of availability, accessibility, utilization and stability, as shown by the GFEP report (2015) and the High Level Panel of Experts on food security and nutrition' report (HLPE 2017). These two major reports have played a considerable role in describing the contributions of forests, trees and agroforestry to FSN and have raised awareness on their importance in both the forestry and food security and nutrition communities. However, there is currently no quantitative indicator to assess these contributions at national level.We consider the four main contributions of forests, trees and agroforestry identified by the HLPE to FSN and link them to the four dimensions of FSN:• direct provision of food and feed (availability, utilization) • provision of wood energy used for cooking food and boiling water in developing countries, which is critical for assimilation of nutrients and reduction of risks of diarrhea (utilization) • formal and informal employment and sources of income in the forestry sector and through sales of wood and non-wood forest products (NWFP) (accessibility) • provision of ecosystem services that sustain all food production through water regulation, soil formation and protection, nutrient cycling, pest control and pollination (availability). These four contributions are also particularly important to buffer the impacts of shocks and crisis (stability). They have effect at various scales, from local to global. As no single indicator can track at national level these four contributions, we propose to use a set of sub-indicators, using data already available for all countries: • employment provided by forests and trees, covering forestry, wood transformation and related sectors • consumption of woodfuel per capita • consumption of fruits (or only of fruits from trees) per capita in kg • consumption of nuts per capita in kg. This set of sub-indicators would need to be complemented by an indicator of the ecosystem services that support agricultural production. It also does not cover the specific contribution of wild foods to the FSN of people living in or close to forests. Several options have been mentioned, such as the number or percentage of rural households deriving benefits from forests and trees, that could be informed by a qualitative question in agricultural census and comparable surveys, or indicators linked to forest proximity indexes and/or to riparian strip tree coverage indexes. These proposals have been discussed during the expert workshop in support of the Collaborative Partnership on Forests (CPF) Joint Initiative on streamlining forest-related reporting. It was decided to create a specific work stream that would finalize the first set of sub-indicators in a concrete and practical way, for quick use and to further explore options to better cover ecosystem services that support agricultural production as well as the specific contribution of wild foods to the FSN of people living close to forests (CPF 2019). Demand for natural and organic foods, including bamboo shoots, has greatly increased. In Ethiopia, bamboo shoots of the two indigenous species is traditionally used for food. However, information on the nutritional profile of the two indigenous bamboo species and bioavailability of important mineral elements is limited in the country. This paper describes the proximate and mineral composition of bamboo shoots of the two indigenous bamboo species of Ethiopia (Arundinaria alpina and Oxytenanthera abyssinica). Shoot samples, height 10-30 cm, were collected from Northwestern Ethiopia and analyzed for their nutrient and mineral contents following the methods developed by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. The results indicated that A. alpina shoots have higher protein, calcium, phosphorus and crude fiber and low hydrocyanic acid contents. On a dry weight basis, A. alpina contains 31.33% protein, 12.17% crude fiber and 13.67% ash. The mineral content, in mg/100 gm of bamboo shoots, was found to be: potassium 1661.17, calcium 369.5, phosphorus 887 and sodium 17.33. O. abyssinica shoots have almost the same nutrient contents as A. alpina shoots except for differences in a very few mineral elements. O. abyssinica shoots have higher potassium. On a dry weight basis, it contains 27% protein, 8.67% crude fiber and 11.33% ash. Its mineral contents in mg/100 gm, dry weight basis, were potassium 4737, calcium 203.8, phosphorus 704 and sodium 16.67. The values for tannin and phytate are higher for A. alpina, but with very low (below detection level) hydrocyanic acid. The results indicated that mineral and proximate contents also vary depending on location and species. Shoot size has no significant effect on proximate and mineral contents except that tannin increased with shoot size. Generally, the two indigenous bamboos have a good nutrient profile. Thus, with further adoption of improved processing techniques that enhance the bioavailability of iron, bamboo shoots of indigenous species can be promoted to enhance food and nutrition security in the country. Uapaca kirkiana or wild loquat is an important indigenous tree of the Miombo woodlands, with a huge potential to improve the nutrition and livelihoods of millions of smallholder farm families in southern Africa. Domestication of wild loquat was identified as key to enhancing fruit production and reducing reliance on the forests. As part of the domestication process, grafted trees from superior phenotypic trees were used to establish a clonal test at Makoka research station (altitude 1029 m asl; latitude 15°32'S; longitude 35°11'E), with the objective of identifying superior clones for on-farm cultivation. The trial comprised 37 clones each with between 1 and 13 ramets. Fruit yield data were collected to determine the fruit yield potential of the clones and also to assess whether the clones exhibit mast seeding behavior as observed in other forest trees. Mast seeding is a phenomenon in forest trees and refers to the intermittent production of large seed crops, where seasons with high fruit production are followed by one or more seasons with very low fruiting. We report on the performance of these 37 clones across 6 seasons and also the correlation of climatic variables (rainfall and temperature) with fruit yield. In addition, we have information in our database about other trees with superior traits that meet farmers' needs, that were identified during prospection in natural populations, but not collected for conservation in the genebank. A good example is DE/EN/205 and DE/MA/130 with higher fruit pulp weight (200 g) and off-season fruiting, respectively. Previous studies on the economic value of safou revealed that off-season safou can fetch double the price compared with that during the main production period, thus offering producers the opportunity to increase their income significantly. Selection of accessions with desirable traits for propagation and integration in farmers' fields could improve farmer revenues, assuming that characters are genetically controlled. In conclusion, the D. edulis genebank in Mbalmayo is highly diversified and hosts accessions with interesting traits. Also, there are accessions that were registered in our database but not collected for conservation in the genebank. Such trees could be brought into the genebank to improve its utility. The assessment results can guide future selection of targeted D. edulis trees for domestication purposes, especially in breeding programs. who are inclined to shift from current practices and to take a position across the substitution path. This supposes a low level of inertia for the status quo. Based on the alternative specific constant of the RPLM, $151.35 on average is required as a baseline subsidy to compensate for the disutility of the respondents when accepting to allocate a certain amount of time spent in the current activity to livestock breeding without compensation. In addition to the subsidy, partial and total substitution of the principal activity is feasible as adaptive strategies for a sustainable food system, conditional to capacity building on breeding and small farm management, and to an appropriate accompaniment and followup. Marginal rate of substitution leads to the result that engagement for adaptive strategies will require an average additional compensation of $423.27 for an average poultry farm of 41.95 individuals. The engagement for pig, sheep, duck, guinea pigs, rabbit and turkey will require on average a compensation of $806.83, $650.69, $227.97, $40.72, $36.32, $37.51 , respectively. Among the 5 classes of individuals with different substitution patterns sharing common characteristics identified using the final mixture analysis, Classes 1 and 5, located along the Yangambi-Lilanda axis (Class 1) and the Kisangani-Yangambi axis (Class 5), representing 62.7% of the population within and around the Y-MaB (38.7% for Class 1 and 24% for Class 2), are in favor or adopting adaptive policy options based on livestock raising as a partial or total substitute for current practices compared with Classes 2, 3 and 4. Further analyses identifying membership reveal significant differences in gender, age, education and main activities across classes. As a result of the final mixture analysis, substitution patterns behind Classes 1 and 5 can stand for main adaptive policy options derived from rural households' preferences to be supported by policy makers, and technical and financial partners in the Y-MaB and surroundings. The project looked at the challenges of two very different species with mixed extractivism and initial cultivation, viz. Allanblackia stuhlmannii in the Usambara Highlands in Tanzania and Daemonorops spp. in southern Sumatra, Indonesia. The former is a large canopy tree with a 15-20-year long juvenile stage and used for extraction of oil-rich seed. The latter is a climbing 'rattan', yielding a reddish fruit resin used for medicine and cosmetics. It has a juvenile stage of <6 years.We studied the ratio of males and females in forest and farmland. In Allanblackia, male trees typically flower some years younger than females, making young populations male biased. In natural forests, there tends to be a male bias of up to 1.5 males per female. Farmers' removal of non-fruiting male trees inverts the sex ratio to female biased with less than one male per four females. Although the distance between females and nearest males increases, the prolific flowering in farmland seemed to compensate for the reduction of males. Supplementary hand pollination had no visible effect on fruit production of female trees within 40 meters of a male tree. Correlation between distance to males and fruit set was weak and only visible beyond 40-50 meters. In planted Daemonorops stands, the sex ratio on population level was approximately 1:1. Number of flowering stems, age of flowering, and number of inflorescences was strongly influenced by light exposure, i.e. support tree. Farmers occasionally reduced the number of male stems but maintained the plants. There were usually three Daemonorops plants per one rubber tree.Several remnant forest trees of Allanblackia had been maintained for a long time after forest clearance, and most farmers in the project area sold seeds. However, the planting rate was very slow. Constraints to adoptability by planting was partly reasoned in the extremely long nonproductive juvenile stage, the high number of non-fruiting male trees, and the competition with other tree crops, clove and cinnamon, with more secure and profitable markets. Also, short-rotation timber such as Grevillea was generally preferred over Allanblackia.Daemonorops was primarily procured by extraction from natural forests, and the activity had a strong cultural affiliation, primarily to the local Batin Sembilan tribe. Farmers in southern Sumatra had recently started intercropping with rubber as support tree, and there was no immediate cultivated competitive species to Daemonorops. However, as many farmers shifted to palm oil, which is more profitable, the rubber-Daemonorops combination had become less popular. Integrated landscape approaches that engage diverse stakeholder groups are increasingly promoted to address linked social-environmental challenges in tropical landscapes. Recent research proposes that a transdisciplinary approach to landscape management can help identify common research needs, enhance knowledge co-production, guide evidence-based policy development and harmonize cross-sector action. Meanwhile, guiding principles for landscape approaches suggest that identifying common concerns and negotiating a process of change are fundamental to implementation and evaluation efforts. As such, the use of decision support tools such as theory of change models that build ordered sequences of actions towards a desired future state are increasingly advocated. Here we apply landscape approach and knowledge coproduction principles to develop a theory of change for dealing with current unsustainable landscape management and associated conflicts in the Kalomo Hills Forest reserve of Zambia. The participatory process engaged a diverse range of stakeholders, including village head people, local and international researchers, district councilors, and civil society representatives amongst others. Several potential pathways for action were developed around the themes of deforestation, biodiversity and wildlife conservation, socio-economic development, enforcement, distribution, process, and recognition. To make the pathways actionable, participants identified a need for enhanced capacity building and improved governance, while a lack of commitment towards coordinated knowledge exchange and access to information along with poor policy formulation and weak enforcement of rules were among potential impediments to action. Developing a theory of change for integrated landscape management is inherently context-specific, but the process and outcomes of this study should hold relevance across a range of contexts faced with governance challenges related to reconciling conservation and development objectives. The cacao pollination process: Flower visitors, pollen deposition and fruit setTheobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae), the source of chocolate, is a cash crop native to the Amazon Basin, with a longstanding cultivation history in the tropics worldwide. It produces fruits or pods that contain about 30 seeds that are processed to be sold as cacao beans, from which chocolate is manufactured. Despite the economic importance of cacao and the relevance of pollination for production of fruits and seeds, many questions about the entire pollination process remain unresolved. Although it is known that cacao depends on insects for successful pollination of its flowers, ambiguity remains about which taxa effectively contribute to pollen transfer. Our recent flower visitor observations in Peru do not provide evidence that backs up the long-held view that dipteran midges are the main pollinators. Because cacao trees produce thousands of tiny blossoms that remain receptive for pollination for about 36 hours, chances are low that a single flower is visited by an insect, and chances are even lower that those visitors are caught or observed. Of those many flowers a tree produces, usually only a very small fraction are pollinated and set fruit, i.e. receive enough pollen and are successfully fertilized. Further, not all flowers that are fertilized yield harvestable fruits, as developing fruits are often aborted in the first three months after fertilization. This phenomenon might be contributing to the observed yield gap, as numbers of fruits produced are often lower than the yield potential. It is recognized that fruit set of cacao is limited by pollen deposition under optimal field conditions, but recent studies that assess pollen amounts deposited in the field are scarce. From our experiments, it is apparent that hundreds of pollen grains are necessary to form mature fruits. Fruit set happens infrequently, suggesting that the yield gap could be partly due to insufficient amounts of pollen grains deposited. Not only the quantity, but also the origin of the deposited pollen can have an influence on successful fruit development, as our hand pollination experiments with several genotypes demonstrate. Across its native range, non-domesticated cacao is believed to be predominantly outcrossing: fruits usually do not develop after pollen is transferred to female flower parts from the same tree. We used a native Peruvian cacao variety to address some of the unresolved questions about the cacao pollination process by linking visitation frequencies, pollen quantities and hand pollination to fruit set rates. We suggest that the complex interplay of low visitation rates, poor pollen deposition, compatibility issues and seasonality are partially driving low fruit set rates in our study area. We further highlight the need for studies that focus on the entire cacao pollination process, from flower visitors to pollen deposition and integrating early fruit set, because together, they are critical for determining cacao yields.Cacao, pollination, yield gap, pollen deposition, compatibilityThis research was carried out at the Viñales Agroforestry Experimental Station, with the objective of determining the relationship between the diversity of birds associated with two areas of pine forest and the composition and structure of the vegetation. For this purpose, a natural area of Pinus caribaea and a plantation of the same species were chosen in order to compare both; 4 circular plots were established in each, with a fixed radius of 15 m. The plant species present in each plot were inventoried, the height and diameter of the trees were measured, and the birds present in each plot were inventoried, in the months of January and February 2018. For both vegetation and birds, the alpha diversity (α) and vertical stratification were performed. The Kruskal-Wallis means comparison test was performed to determine if there were differences between the wealth and abundance values of the birds detected, between the strata and the sampled months. A Spearman correlation matrix was performed to determine the relationship between the birds and the measured vegetation variables. A total of 18 bird species were identified, which were grouped into 5 orders, 11 families and 16 genera. The majority of the species were permanent residents, consuming insects and grains, there being no significant differences in relation to the richness and abundance of species between months and plots, existing between the high stratum and the middle and low strata. There is little relationship between the vegetation variables and the bird species detected. Advanced techniques in the field of geoprocessing have become very effective in landscape studies. In the present work we intend to make a landscape study of Cabo de San Antonio, an area inserted in the Guanahacabibes National Park, based on a characterization of the combination of two landscape valuation methodologies ('in situ' method and cartographic method) with the delimitation of landscape units, considering the natural and anthropic factors that affect the study area in order to correspondingly develop a comparison of the results of both methodologies.The landscape assessment was carried out using a satellite image of the Sentinel-2, with a resolution of 10 m, which allowed us to determine the different types of landscapes and demonstrating their conditions in the study area. The objective was to show if the study area has a satisfactory landscape quality. As a result of predominantly staple-based food production by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, consumption of a diverse range of nutritious foods is a challenge, with a lack of seasonal availability among the reasons for low intake. Using participatory research, World Agroforestry (ICRAF) developed a food tree and crop portfolio approach to enhance seasonal availability of nutritious foods in local food systems. These nutritious food portfolios are customized towards location-specific recommendations for cultivating a greater diversity of indigenous and exotic food tree species with complementary vegetables, pulses and staple crops that could address month-on-month harvest and micronutrient gaps in local households' diets. In addition to filling harvest 'gaps', certain nutrient 'gaps' are addressed by mapping the nutritional value of selected species using food composition data, following international standards and guidelines. For the portfolios, the micronutrients vitamin A, vitamin C, iron and folate were chosen due to public health concerns related to them, their supportive functions, and their natural high quantity in tree foods. To simplify nutrient content information, a rating has been applied as to whether the species are a high source, source, or low source of the selected micronutrients. This informs decision-making in the selection of species. As information on the nutrient composition was lacking for several indigenous species that were included in the portfolios, we have collated food composition data for these species where possible. These data are available through the ICRAF Priority Food Tree and Crop Food Composition Database, a database that is regularly updated as new portfolios are developed. The database is further linked to additional information on ecological suitability, and agronomic characteristics. The portfolio approach promotes greater diversity and seasonal availability of food species and can support the mainstreaming of food trees and crops rich in micronutrients in local food systems. The province of West Papua in Indonesia has vast expanses of intact natural forest, with more than 80% forest cover. The provincial government is committed to preserving this important resource and is one of the signatories of the Manokwari Declaration, which commits to the conservation of at least 70% of the province's forests. Despite its rich natural assets, the population of West Papua has been ranked as one of the lowest in Indonesia for food security and has high rates of both under-and overnutrition. It is important to understand the implications of the commitment to forest conservation for the food and nutrition security of West Papuans.On the one hand, forests make an important contribution to food security and nutrition for the many West Papuans who live inside and near the forest, directly depending on forests for hunting, fishing, collecting wild plant foods and wood fuel provisioning. On the other hand, restricted access to land could mean less land available for local agriculture and slower growth in employment for West Papuans, giving less income for food purchases.The objective of this study is to explore available data on what is known about different aspects of food security (dietary changes, sufficiency and quality) in West Papua, and to what extent stakeholders link these issues to forests and land use in the province. We use quantitative data from the National Socio-Economic Survey for 2008 and 2017 on food consumption and qualitative data collected from four focus group discussions on food and land use with key stakeholders in the city of Manokwari and with community members in two villages.We find that at the provincial level, West Papua had adequate energy and protein consumption in 2008 and 2017. However, areas with large indigenous populations consumed less than the recommended amounts. We also find that diets in West Papua have been changing dramatically over the period studied: traditional sago consumption has been replaced by rice and consumption of wild meat has declined, while consumption of broiler chickens and layer's eggs has increased. Consumption of fresh legumes decreased, and processed legumes increased, fruits and vegetables decreased, while edible fats increased. Consumption of ready-to-consume beverages and caloric snacks increased. Consumption of fresh foods decreased, and food consumed outside home increased. Diets in West Papua seem to be following the pattern found all over the world towards more caloric, ready-to-eat foods and away from nutrient-rich high-fiber plant-based foods.Results from the qualitative research support the quantitative results; focus group participants perceived the changes away from traditional and locally available foods as bad for sustainability, food security, land use, health and culture. Stakeholders believed that a return to traditional diets, combined with good land use management, would result in greater food security. However, there were concerns about how these processes would occur. We conclude our study with a summary of key issues that need to be addressed in order to reconcile future food and nutrition security with conservation of West Papua's forests. In the context of farming in Indonesia, farmers have been typically characterized as price-takers and passive decision-makers. Farmers are also observed to become more dependent on providers, such as NGOs, who provide facilitation and aids, and policy-makers who provide financial subsidies, to the extent that farmers would have these providers decide for their well-being. However, in periods of farm income struggles, farmers intuitively diversify their on-farm activities. It is basically a practice of producing a variety of products, which has been a favored economic strategy. Different forms of diversification represent essential strategies of farmers to either cope with the changing economic conditions or to continue to submit and obtain aid or subsidies. From the farmers' perspective, income-seeking may be the only element being considered. The need to make extra money represents the primary motivation for diversification.The decision-making process, which presumably rests in the hands of farmers, associates heavily with entrepreneurial choices. It could be argued that farmers are not entrepreneurs because of the continual aid and subsidies obtained and not needing to make competitive efforts. But farmers who decide to diversify may pursue resource-based entrepreneurial strategies to widen the range of farm-based opportunity-seeking activity. Besides farmers' entrepreneurial capacity, there is increasing acknowledgment that the spatial scale of the farm's location accounts for a substantial influence on farmers' decision to diversify. It is expected that the geographical location may have an influence on decisions. Landscape attractiveness has been argued to be a driver of diversification.Landscapes are also where social, economic and environmental objectives compete. While farmers are economically challenged to produce more on less land, they compete with environmental and biodiversity goals. This challenge also hints at farmers' resilience with regards to their ability to cope with, and adapt to, economic and environmental adversity. The psychological resilience resources approach argues that a person's resilience depends on their ability to access and use key resources that facilitate effective adaptation to adversities. These include psychological, social and community resources. In the social-ecological system approach, resilience is considered a function of the extent to which people are (i) exposed to change, for example, climatic or economic variability, (ii) sensitive to that change, and (iii) have the adaptive capacity to cope with the change.In the context of agroforestry, where trees in agricultural systems buffer climate variability and provide income options, diversifying farming systems both ecologically and economically increases the resilience of landscapes and livelihoods. Is it a faulty decision when farmers decide to diversify in isolation? By not considering the diversification activities of multiple stakeholders involved and their adaptive capacity, including land multifunctionality, decisions to diversify may lead to conflicting objectives, distrust, higher transaction costs and unmanageable trade-offs. Thus, I propose that by understanding how farmers make decisions, landscape values and resilience will take on roles as a vital overlay on farmers' decision-making on diversification. This would be a good fit with the research gap in resilient decision-making and for providers (i.e. NGOs and governments) to acknowledge the importance of understanding decision-making processes at farm level.Drylands occupy some 40-45% of the world's land surface area, and are home to an equivalent percentage of all humanity. But they also contain large areas of woodland and have soils with significant sequestered carbon, although both are today much reduced after centuries of over-exploitation. Dry forests also tend to get less attention compared with rainforests, at least in the public eye, and drylands tend to attract much less inward investment than more humid regions or irrigable areas due to their lower levels of productivity -and thus potential profit. However, there is now a growing momentum for dryland restoration and programs that support and complement national initiatives and commitments made by governments to meet international goals agreed through diverse conventions and declarations. This review summarizes a selection of successful dryland restoration initiatives, focusing on those in the Sahel and the Greater Horn of Africa regions. These are drawn from some 25 papers and associated interviews in the latest edition of the ETFRN News compilation 'Restoring African Drylands' (Pasiecznik and Reij, 2020, in preparation). This builds on many previous editions of ETFRN News (e.g. Chavez and Tafur 2014) and associated publications (Zagt et al. 2014) that have analyzed such issues at a landscape level. This ETFRN News also draws in expertise from across the target regions in its editorial board, and the detailed analytical review that summarizes the findings (Reij et al. 2020, in preparation).This paper offers a critical analysis of the role of government policies, current and potential roles of the private sector and non-governmental organizations, and how different relationships with local communities and associations affected the eventual impacts. The environmental impacts of landscape-level restoration appear to be clear, social impacts less so, and these will be further analyzed in the light of the above contexts. Examples of diverse experiences related to dryland restoration are detailed, including reforestation, agroforestry, and soil and water conservation and improvement to grasslands and rainfed agriculture whether led by the state, NGOs, donor or smallholders themselves, such as farmer-managed natural regeneration (Riej and Garrity 2016). This paper acknowledges the roles of more inclusive land governance, changing climates and markets, and improving efficiencies in rainfed agriculture, pastoralism, and dryland product processing and utilization. It also looks at the practice of forest landscape restoration, how to ensure local participation of smallholders and local communities, attract inward investment, and reconcile global and local expectations with an emphasis on gender and youth aspects. This review adds to the growing body of knowledge on dryland restoration, highlighting commonalities to the observed successes across countries and the use of different mechanisms, as well as identifying continuing gaps in knowledge and policy and technical challenges. It indicates best practices and bad practices, and presents a list of recommendations to improve the implementation of the current momentum for landscape restoration in Africa through the commitments of governments to international goals, conventions and declarations, and how these are realized in impacts at community level.Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H. J. Lam, commonly known as African pear tree, is a local fruit tree species from central Africa. It grows in the countries along the Gulf of Guinea, including Cameroon, where the tree is cultivated in home gardens and in other tree crop-based systems.The selling of this fruit in local and international markets provides incomes to traders including farmers. During its production period, the trade of fruits can contribute about 50% of the revenue of households dealing with it, and roasted fruit mixed with plantain is part of the daily meal for several households. Its fruit has high nutritional value and is thus important in human diet. Therapeutic values of leaf, bark and root are relevant for social development. This high contribution of the species could be not sustained due to the threats that it is facing. The main drivers are numerous, including intensive agriculture and urbanization. With a view to conserving the species, the World Agroforestry (ICRAF), in the framework of its tree genetic resources conservation program, set up its genebank in 1998 in Mbalmayo, Cameroon. Currently, more than 190 accessions from Cameroon, Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are found there. Unfortunately, since 2014, it has been noticed that these collections are attacked by different kinds of pests and diseases that have to be controlled. But nothing can be done if the characterization of diseases is not successfully implemented. It is to this effect that a survey was conducted from March to July 2018 to determine their causes. The results show that anthracnose (Colletotricum spp) with an incidence of 98.4% and dieback (Lasiodiplodia spp) with an incidence of 5.85%, were the major diseases observed in the collection. Stocktaking revealed a loss of around 24% of the initial trees.Fungal isolation and morphological characterization on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)displayed 23 groups among which were species of genera Lasiodiplodia, Colletotrichum, Chrysosporium, Geotrichum, Oidiodendron, Trichoderma, and Penicillium. Fungal species in some of these genera have previously been reported to be pathogenic to Dacryodes leaves and fruits, whereas others are associated to die-back in perennial crops.In addition, two inoculation methods (with scarification and without scarification on leaf discs) of Lasiodiplodia were tested in vitro among five accessions (RDC3, RDC11, Mbyo5, Mbyo3, Mbyo10). The results showed that inoculation without scarification induced no symptom (lesions) on Mbyo10, whereas the highest lesion area (5.34 ± 2.9 cm 2 ) was obtained on scarified Mbyo5. Further study will be focused on several areas including fine-tuning the identification of fungal pathogens using a molecular approach, monitoring disease incidence in the field on a monthly basis and exploring various components of a sustainable management strategy (in vitro testing of a potential biocontrol agent (Trichoderma asperellum).Towards resilient and diverse landscapes and food systemsLogging has depleted timber resources across a huge area of tropical forests, leaving them vulnerable to conversion. Is management for restoration an economically viable alternative? We review more than 10 years of experience with restoration concessions in Indonesia and find that, although a diversity of activities is being explored, business models remain aspirational. Costs -including taxes and reporting, forest protection, community development and restoration interventions -are high, while developing revenues at sufficient scale from carbon, non-timber forest products and ecosystem services is challenging. Solutions lie in developing restoration-compatible revenue streams and value-added processing to generate income, investing in communities to make them partners in restoration enterprises, and creating a supportive regulatory environment by reducing statutory costs and removing perverse regulations. Restoration concessions are a scalable policy option for promoting private investment in restoration that could be replicated internationally to help meet ambitious global restoration targets.An increasing number of countries are regulating the level of cadmium in chocolate and cacao derivatives. This has resulted in the loss of export markets for many farmers. To help Peru develop a plan for managing this problem, as well as potential mitigation solutions, we present results from a nationwide baseline assessment of levels of cadmium in soil and cacao grains of >1000 trees growing in the 12 cacao regions in Peru, and preliminary results from 10 field trials aimed at testing the effectiveness of different soil amendments in lowering cadmium accumulation in cacao beans. Even though cadmium levels in the soil rarely surpass the national regulatory limit for agricultural use, levels of cadmium in cacao grains from the regions of Tumbes, Piura and Amazonas in the north of Peru, as well as parts of Huánuco were found to surpass the EU limits frequently. Initial results from field trials being carried out in 4 regions of Peru and testing up to 14 different soil amendments reveal that it is possible to reduce cadmium uptake by 50% on average after 6 months of application. Low-accumulating genotypes have also been identified that are being tested under field conditions to understand their ability to reduce cadmium levels in cacao beans. Deforestation and land degradation in Ethiopia are limiting the capacity of forests and land to contribute to food and water security and to provide other benefits such as timber, fuel wood, fodder and environmental services. To counteract this situation Ethiopia has embarked on one of the globally most ambitious programs of forest landscape restoration with the recent commitment to restore 20-25 million ha of degraded forest landscapes within the next 20-25 years.A major challenge of landscape restoration based on tree planting is that it generally requires the use of many diverse tree species. The supply of a broad spectrum of genetically diverse, healthy and productive tree seedlings is mostly not easily available. Traditional seedling supply programs (including tree seed supply) focus on relatively few species, most of them of unknown genetic quality and often with insufficient knowledge on adaptation to site conditions and adaptability to climate change.A huge amount of seeds is procured and distributed in Ethiopia, with the majority of seeds used in nurseries (supported by government offices and NGOs) to produce seedlings for planting in small woodlots and other farmland niches. Additionally, a large number of seedlings are distributed and planted to restore natural vegetation and for watershed protection.Most of the tree seeds are supplied through an informal seed system where there is no legal certification. This includes retained seeds by farmers, farmer-to-farm seed exchange and cooperative or NGO-based seed multiplication and distribution. The formal seed system, on the other hand, is a system that involves the production and distribution of basic quality seeds, mainly by the research system or certified seed traders. In general, matching of planting material to planting sites is inadequate, leading to huge loss of higher productivity opportunities. Most seeds procured by traders are collected from trees in farmlands, urban areas and other compounds, implying that the genetic quality and origin of the seeds is not known and performance is suboptimal compared with seeds deliberately chosen to match a planting site.In response to the challenges outlined above, the Government of Ethiopia embarked on a national tree seed project (Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolios, PATSPO) supported by the Norwegian government to provide a multiple tree species program including the building up of the tree genetic resources of the country, i.e. through establishment of BSOs for selected priority species. Agroforestry systems provide a wide variety of foods and can contribute to food and nutrition security in multiple ways, either directly through consumption, or indirectly through income generation. To understand the potential contribution of food trees and crops on farms to food and nutrition security, our project looked at the relationship between several on-farm food production diversity indicators, socio-economic indicators such as ownership of tropical livestock units (TLU) and the progress out of poverty index (PPI), and food security and nutrition indicators. For food security, we assessed months of adequate household food provisioning (MAHFP), food consumption scores (FCS), and household dietary diversity scores (HDDS). For nutritional adequacy of diets, we assessed minimum dietary diversity scores for women (MDD-W), as well as quantitative food intake using 24-hour food recalls. Four hundred and fifteen households were interviewed across three counties in Kenya: Tharaka Nithi, Kitui and Kwale. Descriptive and inferential analyses were undertaken, with correlations and generalized linear regressions used to assess any present relationships between socio-economic status and food tree and crop richness and abundance variables, with the various food security and nutrition indicators. Our study found the average farm size to be 0.8 hectares (median 0.5), the average food tree species richness on farms to be 2.7 (median 2, min 0, max 20), and an average abundance on farms of 19 individual trees (median 5, min 0, max 1044). For vegetables and staple crops, this was an average of 1.4 (median 1, min 0, max 9), and 2.6 (median 3, min 0, max 10), respectively. Using a generalized linear model, staple crop richness, farm size, TLU ownership and PPI had a significant influence on the FCS (p < 0.000). TLU ownership and PPI also had a positive significant influence on MAHFP (p < 0.000), with PPI being the only variable to show significant influence on HDDS (p < 0.000). For nutrition indicators, only the PPI was found to significantly influence women's dietary diversity scores (p-values < 0.000). Our data show that women/caregivers who achieved their recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin C had significantly higher fruit intake (291 g) than those who did not (26 g). However, this was not found to be significant for those who achieved their RDA for vitamin A. This could be due to consumption of other, non-fruit, vitamin A-rich foods. Our study found that higher fruit intake was associated with an increased likelihood of meeting the daily vitamin C dietary recommendation. Additionally, our study found that wealth indicators such as infrastructure and assets based on the PPI, and livestock ownership based on the TLU, positively influenced several food security indicators, and MDD-W. Therefore, agricultural development interventions should promote food tree cultivation for direct production-consumption benefits for improving diet quality, while continuing to prioritize production-and income-generating opportunities for rural smallholder farmers to increase food security.Food trees, species diversity, assets, diets, livelihoods AUTHORS Tania Kanchanarak † David Burslem ‡ Christopher Kettle § Riina Jalonen † E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER t.kanchanarak@cgiar.orgThe number of tropical tree species in the Indo-Pacific region was recently estimated to be over 19,000 species. Information on the genetic variation at any level is only known for a tiny fraction of these species, mainly those that are important for plantation forestry. Understanding genetic variation is critical for improved forest management, conservation and restoration, especially under progressive climate change that requires unprecedented adaptive capacity. Continued expansion of agriculture and urban areas creates degraded and fragmented landscapes, where remaining tree populations are often small and isolated. Reduced population size and isolation can reduce gene flow and increase inbreeding, which affects individual fitness, seed viability and seedling performance.Due to the high species diversity in tropical forests it is not possible to study them all, as genetic studies can be costly and time consuming. Species in the same family or genus may be differently vulnerable (for example, dipterocarp species pollinated by thrips, or small pollinators, might be more vulnerable to genetic erosion than those species pollinated by larger pollinators such as bees), so there is a need for other ways to design management practices for less studied species. Furthermore, understanding tropical species' long-term viability can be very important for rural communities in Asia, which are dependent on forests to generate livelihood benefits, as people collect non-timber forest products for food and to supplement their income. In Asia and the Pacific region, more than a thousand tree species are actively managed for different purpose (such as non-timber forest products), yet tree species in this region are among the most threatened in the world; losing tree species' genetic diversity could ultimately undermine the food security of millions of people in the region.We reviewed studies on the reproductive traits of 63 tropical Asian tree species and their genetic diversity across more than 350 populations, to analyze the role of species life-history traits in influencing variation in genetic diversity and vulnerability to genetic erosion. We identify traits or groups of traits that are associated with genetic diversity and that can be used to refine genetic conservation and management practices for lesser known tree species for the resilience of species' populations in the face of environmental change.Agroforestry has been identified as the most sustainable remedy to counter the declining agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over the last decades, several agroforestry practices have been promoted from which smallholder farmers have chosen to implement in an effort to improve their farm productivity. However, the influence of socio-technological factors on smallholder farmers' choices of specific agroforestry technologies to practice on their farms is not clearly known. Knowledge of these factors will help us to refine extension messages to specific smallholder farmer contexts and enhance uptake of agroforestry technologies. This study, anchored in the decomposed theory of planned behavior, unveils the socio-technological factors that influence smallholder farmers' choice of agroforestry technologies in the densely populated eastern highlands of Uganda. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey in which 277 randomly selected farming households were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. In addition, focus group discussions were used to explore some of the quantitative findings in more detail.An alternative-specific conditional logit (ASCLOGIT) model was used to examine the socio-technological factors influencing smallholder farmers' choices of agroforestry technologies. Results indicate that number of tree species desired by the farmer, sex, number of training sessions received, total land owned, perceived value, subjective norms and perceived behavior control had a significant influence on smallholder farmers' choice of agroforestry technologies. While some of these factors cut across agroforestry technologies, others are technology specific, suggesting the need to tailor agroforestry interventions to specific farmer categories.Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), one of the most important cash crops in many tropical countries, is expected to be severely impacted by climate change. Higher temperature and lower precipitation are already affecting cacao cultivation across the world, with negative effects on mortality, yield quality and qu antity, and diffusion of fungal diseases. Breeding for climate change-tolerant genotypes represents one of the most promising adaptation options to climate change and can take advantage of the wide genetic diversity already present within this species. The objectives of this study were to assess the future impact of climate change and identify areas where climate change-tolerant genotypes are potentially present in Peru. To this aim, we characterized the spatial distribution of suitable habitat of cultivated and wild cacao under present and future climatic conditions in Peru. A suitability analysis was performed using ensemble modeling algorithms with a dataset of 19,685 presence points for cultivated cacao and 894 for wild cacao. In order to select the best model, we produced several models for both cultivated and wild cacao using two calibration approaches and five resolutions of spatial filtering. Future projections were predicted for three time horizons (2030s, 2050s, 2070s) and two emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). We identified the areas where climate change-tolerant genotypes are potentially present within the modeled distribution through an outlier analysis based on the bioclimatic variables that are most important for cacao suitability and are predicted to change the most in the future. Our models presented a distinct distribution for wild and cultivated cacao, with cultivated cacao extending from the north to the south of Peru along the Andean premontane zone, and wild cacao covering the Peruvian Amazon from Loreto to Madre de Dios. Although temperatures and evapotranspiration were expected to increase in future scenarios, our future projections predicted an increase of suitable areas for both cultivated and wild cacao. Despite these positive forecasts, climate change-tolerant genotypes may be still required to overcome the significant changes in future climate as our models only predict suitability, whereas climate change could decrease yield quantity and quality. In addition, individual genotypes within the distribution area may not be adapted to the predicted changes and may require to be replaced with tolerant genotypes. We identified areas where climate change-tolerant species are present in Peru: for instance, genotypes adapted to the highest altitudes are potentially present along the Andes, while genotypes adapted to the highest aridity areas are potentially present in Cajamarca. Further studies should conduct climate chamber experiments and genetic analysis to verify the real potential of these genotypes for climate change tolerance. These results can inform a breeding program to develop climate change-tolerant genotypes for Peru and Latin America. Genetic and species diversity of seeds and planting stock is crucial for the short-and long-term success of forest landscape restoration (FLR) projects. Moreover, diversity is an essential prerequisite for a resilient functionality of ecosystems and therefore for sustainable livelihoods. Nevertheless, genetic and species diversity is widely neglected in both the planning and implementation of FLR, for which there are a number of potential reasons. One of them is that some decisions within FLR initiatives are dominated by economic considerations, in which shortterm personal or community well-being considerations prevail over long-term benefits for society. In this session, we would like to share the results of our research, in which we have analyzed how the inclusion of genetic and species diversity affects project costs. Based on the insights gained by this analysis, we provide some perspective on how this influences involved actors in their decision-making process.First results indicate that integration of genetic diversity and species diversity in a landscape restoration project significantly increases the costs incurred at the beginning of a FLR initiative, specifically during seed sourcing and species selection. These additional costs include increased search and collection efforts to effectively capture greater diversity in seed lots. However, we demonstrate that the overall costs of the entire restoration process drop substantially despite these added costs, due to the savings in expenses related to post-planting maintenance and mortality. In conclusion, our analysis highlights that investment in FLR and consideration of genetic diversity and quality into restoration represented a highly efficient use of resources, based on economic grounds alone. However, this resource efficiency applies only to the project as a whole and not necessarily to individual actors involved in the project, as the costs of integrating diversity are not incurred where the benefits accrue. Accordingly, there is a lack of economic incentives, especially at the beginning of a project, for actors to strive for high diversity.We believe that these findings can help stakeholders to take better-informed decisions and to create appropriate incentives, which ultimately improve the economic, social and environmental sustainability of FLR projects. A.muchugi@cgiar.org Species choice in ecological restoration: Are we getting it right?Large-scale restoration projects have been initiated to impart resilience in several fragile landscapes through various programs such as the Bonn Challenge, the Great Green Wall, the Pan-African Action Agenda on ecosystem restoration for increased resilience, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration among others. There are pledges by these initiatives to plant billions of trees by 2030 and these initiatives have even been adopted at national levels, with countries committing to achieve certain restoration targets. For instance, Ethiopia has targeted to plant more than 21 billion seedlings by 2030. Ecosystem restoration using trees remains among the most effective strategies for climate change mitigation. There have been divergent approaches on the goal of restoration from different disciplines, for example, ecologists seek to increase biodiversity and hence they champion the use of a broad range of species; sustainable-development advocates focus on species that contribute to improved rural livelihoods; and researchers focusing on climate change push for fast-growing tree species, which may promote planting of a single species. It is important to bring all these approaches together and pay special consideration to the species choice in restoration projects.Bearing in mind that ecological degradation resulted in loss of biodiversity that includes indigenous tree species, ecological restoration can also play a significant role in ensuring reintroduction and conservation of indigenous species for specific habitats. This paper reviews some of Africa's restoration projects and draws attention to the impact that tree species choices can have on the long-term goal of restoration projects.Natural forests dominated by the bamboo species Guadua angustifolia (guadua bamboo) in the coffee region of Colombia are important natural ecosystems along the elevation gradient from 900 m up to 2000 m. In this region, coffee plantations have been important as a support of livelihood of farmers over several years. However, conditions associated with global dynamics of markets and coffee diseases have encouraged farmers to make land use changes, mainly in two ways: first, by establishing cattle systems, and second through the conversion of traditional coffee farming systems to more intensive monocrops and highly depending on external incomes. Ecosystems services (ES) are an important way of describing land use conditions. However, assessment of them should be adjusted according to scale, landscape conditions and availability of data or information. In this study, we used two approaches for assessing and comparing the ES provided by different land uses. An approach was focused on the construction of indicators with available data associated with ES of nutrient cycling, soil protection, water regulation, climate regulation and habitat provisioning, called the quantitative approach (QA). Farmers' perceptions of ES were also assessed by interviews and defined as the qualitative approach (QL). ES indicators of the QA were compared among land uses by using a nonparametric test and then a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed in order to reduce data dimensionality. Also, it was useful to find relations between groups of indicators associated with ES and land uses. Data obtained from interviews were averaged by land use and then plotted in radar figures. In the QA approach, significantly (p<0.05) better conditions for most ES assessed were associated with guadua bamboo forest and natural forest, followed by those land uses with more complexity in structure as agroforestry. Multivariate analysis of PCA permitted us also to elucidate associations between land uses and the level of ES provision and to confirm the results obtained in the previous analyses. Given the conditions of this region and the predominant landscape, the presence of bamboo gave remarkable results because of its contribution to ES associated with ecological functions that represent the proper maintenance of ecological quality within farming systems, but additionally, farmers considered the possibility of obtaining from them ES of provision. The QL approach shows that farmers perceived the guadua bamboo forest as important for providing ecological benefits as natural forest, but additionally because they can obtain from them the provision of raw materials and other possibilities for improving livelihood conditions. Thus, in spite of the transformation of land uses to those with more limited possibilities of providing ES, the presence of the guadua bamboo forest is highly relevant for keeping proper conditions at the landscape level, and each bamboo forest fragment integrated into a farming system fulfils important functions to make agriculture in this region still possible. The agriculture development strategy of a landscape must abide by the national development target while embracing local context and local needs. Pagar Alam, a city in South Sumatra, has been one of the highest producers of coffee and rubber since late 1800. During the period 2005-2015, the area of tree-based systems is unchanged at 55% of the total Pagar Alam area. However, during this period, the area of coffee systems has increased by 16% which is roughly similar to the decrease in rubber systems. In 2015, the Government of Indonesia launched a national program to increase the production and productivity of rice, maize and soya bean. The implementation of this policy in Pagar Alam is through the development of reservoirs for irrigation to allow the establishment of rice fields in 2021. The effectivity of the program is in question considering the potential areas for rice field establishment are currently managed as coffee systems. Exploration through FGDs in the villages potentially affected by the irrigation program revealed that coffee contributes to 50-80% of their income as opposed to rice, which only contributes about 20%. The returns for land growing coffee in its productive years is 1024 USD/ha/year, roughly twice the return for rice. Based on household surveys conducted in 23 villages with 416 respondents, out of 672 coffee plots owned, none of the plots are planned to be converted to rice in the next 3 years and 92.5% of farmers are interested in keeping them as coffee systems. Using ex ante analysis through simulation modeling (Lusiana et al. 2012;Mulia et al. 2019), the study explores the consequences of the existence of the irrigation systems to the socioecological landscape of Pagar Alam. The ecological consequences include changes in carbon sequestration and erosion risks, and the socioeconomic consequence is the level of farmers' income due to the change in farming practices. The latter will inform the landscape managers at what level of economic incentives farmers will be interested in converting to rice.The FTA Flagship Project on Tree Genetic Resources to bridge production gaps and promote resilience (FPTGR) is based on a portfolio of individual projects across the tropics with a total value of about 40 million USD over the 4-year period 2017-2020 considered in this study. The combined project portfolio of FPTGR is contributing to three major outcomes: 1) safeguarding diversity, 2) tree domesticationenhancing products and services, and 3) delivery systems providing productive and adaptive tree-planting material for restoration of degraded lands and diversification of agricultural landscapes. Sixteen indicator targets were identified to monitor and assess progress towards the achievement of the stipulated outcomes, with a pathway to provide impacts in terms of reaching end users (no. of farm holdings, area covered, and economic value of interventions). The indicator targets are linked to the Strategic Results Framework of the CGIAR as well as to other global agenda targets, such as, e.g. the SDGs, the Aichi targets, the NDCs, and the Bonn Challenge. The fulfilment of the 16 indicator targets of FPTGR have been assessed through an evaluation of the FPTGR outputs, including the individual projects of which FPTGR is composed, and how they contribute to the outcomes. Initial results covering 4 of the 16 target indicators show an apparent 'overperformance' with respect to all 4 targets covering adoption of decision support tools by national research partners, development and use of genomic data in applied breeding for important tree crops, testing by development partners of tree crop varieties across agroecological zones, and uptake of incipient cultivars by public and private partners engaged in applied domestication. The full study will present results for all 16 target indicators and provide an interpretation of their potential impact value for end-users. The potential impact value is based on an ex ante impact assessment of the largest bilateral restoration project in the FPTGR portfolio of projects, Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolios (PATSPO) in support of Forest Landscape Restoration in Ethiopia; and on a series of species-specific potential socio-economic and environmental impact studies in Kenya and Ethiopia for tree species in different categories (timber, fruit, oil, local commodity, global commodity). The species-specific assessments consider mitigation (including environmental values such as carbon sequestration, and soil and water conservation), as well as adaptation-related impacts (including (bio)diversification and climate suitability) and social and economic returns. The potential values show very significant returns with respect to both the environment and the economy. The methodology used for the assessment could be relevant for wider application across landscape restoration initiatives. The role of school gardens as conservation networks for tree genetic resourcesIn addition to linking children closely to the nutritional benefits of a diverse diet, school gardens offer a huge opportunity to engage children in the wide area of plant identification, conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for sustainable development. This paper discusses the role that schools and children can play in documenting the diversity of socioeconomically important tree species around their school and community, the role that trees can play in their diet and the multiple co-benefits of trees for delivery of sustainable food systems. In particular, the study will highlight the critical role schools can play in the ex situ conservation of genetic resources through school arboreta, seed orchards and school nurseries. Engaging children and youth through school gardens offers a unique educational opportunity to introduce restoration and plant diversity as a solution to multiple environmental and social challenges. We will present case studies and a framework for building a novel component into school curricula.Tree biodiversity, school gardens, ex situ conservation, sustainable food systems, youth engagementTransforming livelihoods through agroecological approaches with trees Farmer-led land restoration innovations in Niger, Mali, Ethiopia and Kenya are turning out to be key pathways to addressing severe land degradation affecting the livelihoods of the most vulnerable people living in Africa's drylands. Successful restoration efforts must be taken to scale, both by reaching a large number of farmers and by covering large areas, if we are to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of the UN and contribute to the latest declaration -The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. This FTA-mapped project, \"Restoration of degraded land for food security and poverty reduction in East Africa and the Sahel: taking successes in land restoration to scale\", highlights advances toward achieving transformative outcomes by placing farmers at the center of land restoration efforts. Specifically, we employed the research 'in' development approach by partnering with large development programs to influence the way they interact with farmers and implement options on the ground. The research in development approach is a transition from traditional research methods, which often work on a small number of sites with limited farmer engagement, to an approach based on high levels of farmer participation while generating robust evidence across a high number of sites and multiple contexts. We used planned comparisons to implement, test and scale restoration options with farmers. Planned comparisons allow for rigorous comparisons of various options implemented on farmers' fields across different conditions and locations, while also encouraging farmers to innovate what works best for their context. Within the project, over 10,000 farming households evaluated land restoration options on their farms, including options for soil and water conservation, tree establishment on farms, and farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR) (ICRAF 2018). The evaluations were done using electronic data entry. This paper focuses on key lessons learned employing these approaches across East Africa and the Sahel as well as results of the performance of restoration options in Kenya. In Kenya, over 1800 households were profiled and we implemented planned comparisons on tree planting and planting basins for cereal and legume production. We report impacts and performance of restoration options across contexts, revealing how appropriate, locally adapted options can impact food security and farm incomes and how different options are suitable for different farmers. We also report on the development of tools and approaches to facilitate the scaling of land restoration options as well as the utility of the nested communities of practice to promote learning and knowledge sharing across stakeholders.† World Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya ‡ FAO, Dakar, Senegal § World Agroforestry, Bamako, Mali | One Acre Fund, Kigali, Rwanda Δ World Agroforestry, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaNTFPs have become sources of local livelihoods in Indonesia, particularly for farmers who live near forested areas. Currently, most of the NTFPs are still extracted from nature, with limited efforts invested in their domestication. Technologies for the domestication of NTFPs are now available; however, the technology dissemination process is still low due to the ineffective extension systems used to deliver the information to the farmers who use the NTFPs as their source of livelihood. In the case of Indonesia, the current public agricultural extension systems are mostly focusing on food crops, while the public forestry extension services focus more on timber products. Thus, innovations in agroforestry extension need to be explored for scaling up the adoption of the domestication of NTFPs in Indonesia. This study focuses on the NTFPs for which more developed domestication technologies have been tested by farmers, i.e. trigona honey bees and bamboo, with cases in Yogyakarta and Lombok. A survey was conducted by collecting information on: the type of extension approaches used to deliver the information on trigona honey bees and bamboo domestication; stakeholder analysis in each extension approach; and potential partnerships between multi-actors to deliver agroforestry extension on the domestication of NTFPs. Analysis from the study reveals that innovations around agroforestry extension approaches in public extension systems are (a) strengthening the farmer-to-farmer extension approach, (b) developing agroforestry learning centers, and (c) promoting market-driven agroforestry extension through multi-stakeholder partnerships. Detailed descriptions of each innovation are provided.† World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Bogor, Indonesia Indonesia has submitted its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to UNFCCC, which details the country's plan to reduce emissions in line with the Paris Agreement. At the same time, the country must maintain its economic growth and improve the livelihoods of 255 million people. It was against this backdrop that in 2013, the leading national government launched the Green Growth national strategy that targets: (1) sustainable economic growth, (2) inclusive and equitable growth, (3) economic, social and environmental resilience, (4) healthy and productive ecosystems in producing ecosystem services, and (5) reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.Papua Province is rich in forests, as well as in huge precious mineral reserves, is home to hundreds of thousands of indigenous people and has a high level of biodiversity. Ninety percent of terrestrial Papua is covered by forest (26 million hectares). Papua's forest constitutes onefourth of the total forest area in Indonesia. Papua has dual tenurial systems; one is the customary law and the other is state law. The annual growth rate of Papua's gross domestic product (GDP) is 4.89%, and ranked low amongst all 34 provinces in Indonesia. Therefore, a robust and holistic plan to guide Papua in utilizing the natural resources sustainably for improving economic performance, while conserving the environment are urgently needed. The Green Growth Plan (GGP) can be a suitable approach to fulfil the goals of economic productivity and environmental sustainability in Papua Province.In order to maintain the development of the Green Growth Plan (GGP), local wisdom practices in the context of land utilization need to be considered as one of the essential factors. Most of the indigenous people in Papua are very dependent on natural resources, including commercial wood products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as honey, nypa and sago. It is also known that Papua is the largest producer of sago in Indonesia (66,593 tons/year). Accordingly, by considering Papua's local context, agroforestry is one of the most prevailing practices in the GGP to maintain land use management while providing livelihoods for local communities.This research attempts to assess the performance of the GGP in increasing the economy and preserving the environment by comparing it with the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario with time-series projections ). An input-output (IO) analysis was used to quantify the contribution or production of each sector in all economic activities. The Land-Use Planning for Multiple Environmental Services (LUMENS) tool was used to project the land use change based on historical data, and to analyze the trade-offs between economic benefits and ecosystem functions in various scenarios. Specifically, this research only focuses on diagnosing regional economic, land use and land cover change, and emissions levels for both BAU and GGP scenarios. The results showed that, on average, when compared with the BAU scenario, the GGP scenario can increase forest cover by 6.77%, GDP by 4.6%, and GGP can also reduce the deforestation rate of 46% and the emissions level of 14%.† World Agroforestry, Bogor, Indonesia AUTHORS Valentina Robiglio † Cecilia Luque † Karl Hughes † E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER v.robiglio@cgiar.orgAgroforestry concessions, introduced by the government of Peru in 2011, comprise a potentially innovative policy mechanism to engage thousands of smallholders in sustainable land use and management. By allocating usufruct rights over state forest land for 40 years, eligible farmers are expected to refrain from deforestation and implement agroforestry and small-scale forestry on their farms. Research has highlighted that agroforestry concessions are more likely to be successful if the government supports a nested-scale process, one that builds a strong connection between field-level innovation, markets, policies and institutions while embracing farmers' heterogeneity in both circumstance and practice. A major barrier to be overcome is an institutional culture among concerned government departments, NGOs and private sector entities that promotes top-down, pre-defined/prescriptive interventions for agroforestry and small-scale forestry, overlooking locally devised strategies and contextual opportunities and constraints. This paper presents advancements of a pilot study spearheaded by ICRAF-CIFOR that is testing a potentially improved way of promoting effective compliance with the agroforestry concessions mechanism, while maximizing benefits for participating farmers. In particular, we are comparing the performance of three rural advisory service (RAS) approaches assigned to 45 villages in two sub-watersheds of the San Martin Region: 1) options × context-based RAS that is centered on the engagement of farmers in identifying sustainable land management practices that enable compliance with agroforestry concessions; 2) pre-defined practices based on RAS, in which farmer groups select facilitators who are trained and backstopped by partner NGOs' extension staff and follow a prescriptive intervention model; and 3) information-based AC registration that involves conducting agroforestry concession registration campaigns based almost solely on informing farmers about the opportunity. The paper focuses on the insights and challenges the project team has experienced thus far in the piloting process. The forest supplies among other things large quantities of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to local populations. They are often considered as secondary products so that their potential contribution to the market economy or to self-consumption is marginalized and ignored. NTFPs are currently receiving special attention because of their contribution to the survival of many populations and especially those of the least developed countries (Marshall et al. 2003). For Côte d'Ivoire, seeds collected from akpi (Ricinodendron heudelotii) are traded nationally, thereby contributing to poverty reduction and improving the income of local populations (Ndoye 2008;Bonnet et al. 2011).To contribute to the sustainable use of these genetic resources, the implementation of a policy of tree management disseminated throughout the plantations and fallows and the establishment of plantation of these species would be appropriate. However, the lack of good quality planting material and knowledge about the forestry management of trees, and the long phase of juvenile growth before fruiting are constraints to planting these species for fruit production. Thus, participatory domestication -an approach developed by the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) that combines endogenous knowledge with scientific advances, and which could help improve the cultivation, yields and quality of fruit production of these local species in a short time -is very important. To do this, a better understanding of the genetic diversity and distribution of these species is essential for their conservation and use.This study aims to assess the diversity of the populations of akpi (Ricinodendron heudelotii), in the different cocoa agroecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire in order to develop clones through grafting. This study is carried out on trees spaced at least 50 m apart from each other in each zone. Data collection includes traits such as height, chest height diameter, and crown diameter of each tree. The GPS details of each tree were also collected. A sampling of 24 fallen tree fruits was collected. For each of these fruits, the mass of the fruit, the number of kernels per fruit, the mass of each core, the mass of each kernel, the length and the two widths (perpendicular directions) of the fruit were collected. An ANOVA was performed and a comparison of averages was done using the Duncan method at 5%. Preliminary results show 220 trees of R. heudelotii bearing fruits have been identified and geo-referenced in 33 localities of the five different agroecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire. Sampling of the fruits of these trees was done. Preliminary analysis revealed that a significant difference was observed among accessions and among the five agroecological zones sampled. Accessions from Soubré possessed a high weight of fruits and seeds, while those of Aboisso and Man showed the smallest fruits. However, accessions from Aboisso showed high length, width 1 and width 2 of fruit compared with those from Daloa, which registered the lowest value of these variables.Infiltration is a key hydrological process driving the partitioning of water at the soil surface into surface runoff and subsurface water recharge, thereby affecting water security, plant water availability and the risk of soil erosion and flooding, which in turn impact livelihood opportunities. Systematic measurements of soil infiltrability at the landscape scale are rare, which makes it difficult to draw sound conclusions on the main variables affecting infiltrability beyond the plot level. Here, we present and analyze data on soil infiltrability and other indicators of land health collected systematically across the global tropics using the Land Degradation Surveillance Framework (LDSF). These data were collected across a number of projects, including FTA-supported projects, in over 20 countries. The main objective of the analysis was to explore what variables best explain the variation in topsoil field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) at the landscape scale. Infiltration data from over 5000 plots were used in the study. Kfs was estimated using a single ring model for falling head conditions. The estimated Kfs values ranged from 0 to 800 mm h -1 . The analysis will focus on the role of land cover -with particular emphasis on woody vegetation cover -land use, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inherent properties such as texture. Finally, we will discuss the potential of these data, which constitute the most comprehensive database of systematic soil infiltrability measurements globally, to address other research questions related to FTA. Shifts in global strategies for management and conservation of forests and allied tree resources have increased consideration for the needs and opinions of local investors. A study was conducted in five districts within the Mt. Elgon region of Uganda. The purpose was to assess the robustness of structures and mechanisms for effective production and distribution of tree germplasm.The specific objectives were to: i) assess the socio-economic traits of actors ii) profile stakeholder typologies and interests in new tree-based enterprises iii) assess the standards for producing fruit tree germplasm.A total of 126 tree farmers and nursery operators were engaged in interviews and focus group discussions to collect data. Data were summarized in Excel and analyzed in MINITAB 19. Results show that the tree germplasm sector was dominated by men (84%) of whom 40% were youths between 15 and 35 years old. The local investors were interested in five major tree-based enterprises including fruit growing (86%), beekeeping (80%), eco-tourism (70%), woodwork (56%) and carbon farming (40%). Gender had a positive effect on the choice of businesses carried out (X 2 =27.432, DF=4, P<0.001). Although the standards were different among the untrained actors, education did not seem to be very important during seed sourcing and pre-treatment practices (X 2 =9.53846, DF=4, P=0.049). Fruit seeds were gathered from trees on farms (45%), in market places (38%) and in the wild (22%). We recommend a policy formulation to regulate tree germplasm production and distribution in the region. The policy will help to establish a high-quality, well-coordinated and harmonized tree germplasm system. Forests and trees on farms are fundamental to the physical and economic survival of every human being. A study was conducted in the Mt. Elgon region of Uganda to assess the dynamics of agroforestry in the context of smallholders. The specific objectives were to: i) assess the socioeconomic qualities of farmers, ii) assess the suitability and benefits of agroforestry technologies and iii) identify the challenges, incentives and strategies to support agroforestry among women and young smallholders. A total of 250 farmers were engaged in semi-structured interviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions to collect data. Results show that smallholders were generally keen and actively involved in agroforestry practices. Annual crop cultivation provides the most significant source of food and income for smallholder farmers living in the mountainous areas of Northwestern Vietnam. The recent decades witnessed the remarkable increase in annual crop areas on sloping land which covers 75% of the total area of the region. This has led to severe land degradation threatening multiple ecosystem services of the landscape. In an attempt to assess land degradation and understand drivers of degradation, this study was conducted with the aim to identify and measure key indicators of land and soil health using the Land Degradation Surveillance Framework (LDSF) methodology. The LDSF provides a field protocol for measuring indicators of the 'health' of an ecosystem such as vegetation cover and structure, land use, soil erosion prevalence, tree and shrub biodiversity, and soil health, including soil organic carbon content and infiltration capacity. In total, 160-1000 m 2 plots were randomly sampled across a site of 10 km × 10 km. The majority land cover of the plots was annual crops (85%) with the remaining plots classified as shrubland (8%) and bushland (7%). Visible erosion was recorded for 70% of sampled plots; all of them were annual crops on steep or medium slopes. Only 32% of the sampled plots had soil water conservation measures, indicating an opportunity for improved on-farm soil management interventions.As a key indicator of land degradation, soil erosion prevalence was mapped using a prediction model based on Landsat satellite imagery and LDSF data for seven districts of the Northwest region. Initial results reveal that 2% of the project site (16,500 ha) is under the highest threat of soil erosion (75%-100%), while 27% of the area (215,500 ha) falls into the medium level of soil erosion prevalence (50%-74%). The study benefited from existing data in the LDSF database while contributing to global datasets, demonstrating the importance of global data-driven datasets. Changes of soil and land health over time can be monitored using historical Landsat imagery. The map has implications for land use planning and interventions to reduce soil erosion and restore the capacity of ecosystem services.The Prosopis juliflora invasion in drylands presents multiple challenges and benefits: The case of charcoal for improved livelihoods in KenyaIn Kenya, Prosopis juliflora was introduced between mid-1970 and 1980s into dryland areas to minimize deforestation, desertification and fuelwood shortages. However, this aggressive species invades about 500-1300 ha per year causing land use and land cover (LULC) losses of grasslands, woodlands, cropland and settlements (Ng et al. 2017;Mbaabu et al. 2019;). On the other hand, Prosopis presents an opportunity for sustainable charcoal from the estimated 40 million tonnes of utilizable biomass that would fill the 55% deficit faced in the country (MEWNR 2013).A study was conducted in Baringo County under the Governing Multifunctional Landscapes (GML) project implemented by ICRAF and CIFOR and supported by the EU. This write-up presents part of project work that aimed at establishing the evolution of people's perceptions around Prosopis, gender roles in its management, and associated benefits and challenges. The study used focus group discussions (FGDs), seasonal and livelihood calendars, participatory visioning and mapping, and training of trainers delivered in partnership with Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI). A total of 32 participants took part, drawn from charcoal producer associations in Baringo, Ministry of Agriculture, Schools and Local artisans. The perceptions have shifted from positive when it was first introduced in 1975 to negative after facing a myriad of challenges attributed to the species. Some of these challenges include loss of crop and pastureland, human physical injuries caused by Prosopis thorns, loss of native tree species, flooding, human settlement displacements, increased malaria cases and loss of wildlife habitat. In the last decade, the community started to appreciate the value of Prosopis mainly because of its provisioning of wood for charcoal, firewood, timber and fencing materials for household use and income generation, employment opportunities along the charcoal value chain and ecosystem services such as reduced soil erosion, shade and wind breaking.Men are the main decision-makers as regards trees to be cut, where to locate the kiln for charcoal processing and how the income from the sale of charcoal is spent. Cutting of trees, arranging the wood in the kiln, harvesting and loading charcoal into trucks and marketing are mainly carried out by men. Women are more involved in pruning fallen trees, lighting the kiln, and sorting and packaging the charcoal. Participatory visioning and mapping identified the intervention to improve the landscape and a future map for 2030 indicated an improved landscape where some portions of the Prosopis stands are cleared and enrichment with native species will be carried out. The participants were trained as trainers (TOT) on sustainable wood harvesting, improved charcoal processing, use of charcoal waste as biochar for soil amendment and for fuel briquette production, charcoal regulations and marketing (Njenga et al. 2019). The graduates of the ToT will be backstopped to scale out improved charcoal production targeting all the charcoal producers, who number about 150 in the study area.The study recommends management of Prosopis through sustainable production of charcoal and other wood and non-wood products which should be integrated with clearing of some areas and enriching them with other multipurpose trees for improved multifunctional landscapes and resilient livelihood systems. Results show a 20% increase in survival in Kitui, 4% in Makueni, and similar in Machakos for seedlings planted in 2017 compared with 2016. Farmers reported that this was partly due to increased rainfall during the 2017 planting as well as improved farmer management of the seedlings due to practices learned during training. Farmers also reported a change in perception of the ownership of the tree seedlings.Of the seven tree species planted in November 2017, Moringa oleifera seedlings had the highest survival rate in Kitui County while Carica papaya and Senna siamea had the highest survival rate in Machakos and Makueni counties, respectively. Tree seedlings planted with manure had a higher survival rate compared with those planted without manure, with variation within species, and across counties and planting years. Mulching resulted in increased seedling survival in Kitui and Makueni counties while in Machakos, there was no variation in the survival with or without mulching. Statistical analysis on what leads to successful tree seedling survival showed that watering, manure application and seedling protection by fencing positively influenced tree seedling survival. The size of the planting hole did not significantly influence tree survival. However, differences were observed within species and counties. The planting niche and farm size did not have an influence on the survival, with variation observed within the species and across the counties. The gender, age and education level of the household head had a significant influence on seedling survival, with variation across the planting years. From analytic geometry to shade canopy design in coffee/cocoa agroforestry systems: The mathematical and computational basis of ShadeMotion 5�0, software that simulates the shade patterns of trees A wealth of knowledge is available and technology is applied at the farm level on good agricultural practices, including improved genetics, better crop protection measures, soil fertility management, optimal spacing/pruning configurations, and so on. Unlike crop management, the optimal design and management of the shade canopy of the coffee or cocoa plantation is still an aspiration despite the ample evidence of the important supply of valuable products for both family/farm consumption/use and sale that shade canopy plants make to rural households. Trees on farms (timber, but also fruit trees) are valuable assets that can be harvested at times of hardship or to cope with unexpected needs. Trees reduce the financial vulnerability of the household. Surprisingly, and disappointingly, most shade canopies are sub-optimal in terms of botanical composition (species' uses not matching farmers' expectations), spatial heterogeneity of tree cover and shade levels. Why do farmers neglect the opportunity to optimally design the shade canopy of their coffee/cocoa plantation to achieve their goals? A study in Bolivia showed that farmers 'flunk' most shade-management-related questions. Lack of knowledge on how to manage trees in cocoa agroforestry systems was posited as a proximate reason for farmers having flunked the exam. Shade design and tree management are usually absent or only superficially treated in extension messages to farmers. There is clearly a need for user-friendly tools to help extension services teach local promoters and teach farmers how to think about their shade canopies, and how to optimally design them in terms of botanical composition (value and use, ecology), density and temporal/spatial patterns and management.We developed internet-based software to graphically, quickly and easily design and test tree shade canopies in terms of the number of hours of shade received by each point on a plot with trees. ShadeMotion handles large plots, anywhere on Earth, horizontal or tilted planes, any number of trees in any spatial configuration on the plot, tree features (monthly leaf fall, crown size, form and transparency), any time interval, from a snap photo to a full swing simulation over the entire life cycle of the plantation (say 30 years) with tree growth data provided by the user. ShadeMotion considers tree crowns as regular geometric 3-D objects with variable dimensions and other characteristics (e.g. monthly leaf phenology), and simulates the movement of the sun to estimate the number of hours of shade projected by the crowns of the trees on every point on the plot over the simulation period.In this presentation we: 1) describe the mathematical and computational strategies behind the software ShadeMotion 5.0, simulate the shade patterns typical of the traditional Coffea arabica -Erythrina poeppigiana -Cordia alliodora coffee production system in Turrialba, Costa Rica; and 2) explain how ShadeMotion is incorporated into the curricula of on-going Farmer Field School projects in Latin America. In order to ensure that a greater number of plants are used, special facilities in which environmental conditions are managed and the most favorable growth conditions are provided for the new plants to continue their development and acquire the necessary strength to transplant them to the place where they will spend the rest of their life. For this reason, the design of a nursery is a fundamental aspect in order to obtain plants ready for planting. Due to the problems and the loss of biodiversity and the great need to reforest, nurseries can function not only as a plant-producing source, but also as research sites where the native species of interest undergo experimentation, in order to promote banks of germplasm and seedlings of native species that allow their characterization, selection, management and conservation. This will allow us to design, develop and adapt the most suitable techniques for the massive propagation of these species. In addition, nurseries can also be training sites where the promoters of these techniques are located in our facilities. With the propagation of fruit and ornamental plants, the entrance plan of our center is being helped considerably. Pinar del Río, CubaIn agroforestry systems (AFS), associated trees provide multiple ecosystem services and contribute to 1) improve soil fertility; 2) buffer climate extremes and help adapt to climate change, 3) provide refuge for biodiversity and a micro-climate favorable to biological antagonists to pests and diseases (P&D), and 4) diversify on-farm revenues (fruits, timber, fuelwood, fodder, medicinal products, honey, etc.) and reduce exposure to price volatility, particularly for crop commodities such as coffee or cocoa. Still, associated trees can also compete with crops underneath for water, light and nutrients, or favor some P&D, hence providing ecosystem disservices when farmers use locally inadequate tree species and/or poor agroforestry practices.There is an untapped wealth of knowledge gained by farmers over generations on agroforestry practices and ecosystem services and disservices provided by trees on their farms. The South-east Asia team has been working with male and female coffee farmers in Yunnan, China, Northwest Vietnam and Central Laos documenting the local knowledge on trees and refining an online decision-support tool (shadetreeadvice. org) to help select the right tree species adapted to the local context. This presentation will highlight some of the insights from the Yunnan, Laos and North Vietnam studies with respect to soil fertility, gender perceptions of trees and so on. It will present briefly the ongoing studies in Nicaragua, Central Vietnam, Cameroon and Colombia that will contribute to broaden the geographic scope of this tool. Finally, it will also present the latest developments to refine the online tool to make it more user-friendly. Bamboo plants grow well and shade the soil, and their root system is vigorous and abundant. Thus, competition for water, light and nutrients limits or prevents the development of other plant species in the middle of the bamboo groves. However, if there is a control on competition factors, it may be possible to cultivate other plant species in consortium with bamboo, which would provide diversification in farmers' sources of income. In this way, the present work aimed to evaluate the survival and development of seedlings of perennial fruit species, planted under shading conditions of an already established bamboo forest. The study was carried out in an area of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG), in the Brazilian Cerrado region. In June 2019, seedlings of five perennial fruit species of economic interest (avocado -Persea americana; mango -Mangifera indica; jaboticaba -Plinia cauliflora; ambarella -Spondias dulcis; and soursop -Annona muricata) were planted between the lines of bamboo plants of three species (Guadua angustifolia, Dendrocalamus asper and Dendrocalamus strictus), with four years of planting and spaced 8.0 m × 5.0 m. Before planting the seedlings, the soil was prepared up to 30 cm deep with a subsoiler, in order to cut part of the bamboo roots. The intercropped fruit plants were grown in rows, spaced at 5.0 m between plants and were drip-irrigated to ensure water supply in the dry period of the year, which is from April to October. Bamboos were not irrigated and naturally lost leaves in the dry season, reducing the shading. During the water period, the bamboo plants gained new leaves and the clumps were managed, removing the culms that were more than two years old, in order to reduce the shading over the fruit species. For six months, once a month, the development of plants was evaluated by measuring height and diameter of the stem. The avocado did not adapt to the consortium with bamboo, because in the first month after transplanting, it showed yellowing and burning of the leaves and, by the sixth month, 60% had died. Avocado plant growth averages were -18.4% when intercropped with D. asper, 16.1% with G. angustifolia and 4.8% with D. strictus. Ambarella grew 20.2% in the middle of D. asper, 18.6% with G. angustifolia and 10.6% with D. strictus. The mango grew 25.7% in the middle of D. asper, 15.1% with G. angustifolia and 3.8% with D. strictus. Jaboticaba grew 16.4% in the middle of D. asper, 4.9% with G. angustifolia and -1.5% with D. strictus. Soursop grew 12.8% in the middle of D. asper, -7.7% with G. angustifolia and 7.7% with D. strictus. The management of bamboo species combined with the irrigation of fruit species enabled the cultivation of ambarella, mango, jaboticaba and soursop in consortium with the bamboo species D. asper, D. strictus and G. angustifolia. The avocado species has not adapted to the evaluated consortium system and should be better studied. The study should continue to assess the fruits production.Palm oil is Indonesia's main plantation commodity and it is the largest source of foreign exchange after petroleum and natural gas, reaching IDR 265 trillion (USD 16.9 billion) in 2018. Indonesia is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world, with production exceeding 51 million tonnes in 2019 (83% crude palm oil, 17% palm kernel oil), from almost 15 million ha, 55% being large private estates, 41% smallholder estates and 4% large government-owned estates. There has been a massive increase in smallholder estates from only 3000 ha in 1979 to almost 6 million ha by 2019, which shows that the success of oil palm in improving the Indonesian economy is in part thanks to independent smallholders. Unfortunately, the vast area of smallholder oil palm estates is not the most productive, with average oil palm production in smallholder plantations in Indonesia in 2019 being 3.2 t/ha and in Ketapang Regency only 2.1 t/ha, compared with 4.1 t/ha from private estates and 3.7 t/ha on government estates. Smallholder oil palm plantations are also very vulnerable to various environmental, social and legal issues that can limit access to international markets.To assess the reasons for these differences, Tropenbos Indonesia conducted a survey in August 2019 in Ketapang, of 145 farmers from 9 villages with special attention on independent smallholder plantations. Following qualitative descriptive analysis with frequency distribution tabulation analyzed using the SPSS program, results showed that implementation of good agricultural practices is limited, as is smallholder support; sales were made through middlemen, and most respondents did not know about palm oil certification. Traditional communities generally do not possess land certificates, with full land titles more common in transmigration villages. Further, the low price of oil palm meant that few farmers had expanded their plantations, with production of fresh fruit bunches from independent smallholders the lowest at 8.3 t/ha/y. Funding sources for oil palm management were mostly from farmers' own capital, with only 6.6% from loan funds, with only a limited number of farmers being members of farmer groups, and a general poor knowledge of control methods for pests and diseases. In order to improve the sustainability and inclusiveness of the independent smallholder oil palm sector, the following interventions are recommended:(i) mapping as a basis for land use planning decisions (ii) limiting GHG emissions and deforestation (ii) improving the productivity of independent smallholders (iv) supporting collective action and capitalizing on advantages of scale (v) facilitating business-based decision-making with smallholders and supporting alternatives.† Tropenbos Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia ‡ Operasi Wallacea Terpadu (OWT) Foundation, Bogor, IndonesiaThere has been a large increase in Earth observation platforms and free moderate-to high-resolution satellite data from space in the last decade through NASA's Landsat 8 and particularly from the European Space Agency's Sentinel program. We present the results of applying Earth observation data from these platforms coupled with systematic field data collection and machine learning to simultaneously quantify land cover, soil properties and processes of land degradation across land restoration intervention sites in eight countries in East Africa, Ghana, and the Sahel. Spatial assessments at 10 to 30 m spatial resolution allowed us to quantify these indicators with a high level of accuracy at scales ranging from individual farmer fields to country and regional levels. A key indicator assessed was soil organic carbon (SOC), which is not only important for soil and land health, but also critical in terms of climate change mitigation potential. At the farm and village scales, these assessments and maps were combined with data collected through structured household surveys to allow for further investigations of coupled social and ecological factors determining the effectiveness of interventions to restore degraded land through agroforestry. By applying consistent indicators and big data analytics of Earth observation data, we show the utility of these approaches at multiple scales, allowing for assessments that simultaneously provide broad insights across large areas and local relevance at the level of individual farming households. This represents major progress in our ability to both assess baseline conditions and monitor trends over time within projects and programs that aim to restore degraded land through tree planting and/or farmer-managed natural regeneration (FMNR). A mobile app, the Regreening Africa App, and online dashboard were also developed for unstructured (or crowd-sourced) data collection of interventions, allowing implementing partners, extension agents and farmers to collect information on their tree planting or FMNR activities. We present the results of analysis that integrate crowd-sourced data with the above spatial assessments based on Earth observations, feeding directly into local decision-making processes related to targeting and monitoring of land degradation efforts in the eight project countries covered by the EC-funded Regreening Africa project.† World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya ‡ World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya § Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden Rubber agroforestry systems in Kalimantan, Indonesia, 1994-2019:The evolutionThe research project titled the Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry Project (SRAP) was implemented by CIRAD/ICRAF/IRRI from 1994 to 2007 in West Kalimantan. The main objective was to replace old and ageing and economically obsolete 'jungle rubber', the traditional rubberbased agroforestry systems based on unselected seedlings with clonal rubber agroforestry systems based on high rubber clone productivity and adapted to different local situations. From 1994 to 1997, more than 60 on-farm trials plots were established with local farmers in order to test various tree and intercrop combinations. The study of these plots in 2020 provided some conclusions. Rubber agroforestry trials came right in time in 1994, with a strong demand from farmers for rubber systems using good planting material with high productivity, clonal rubber, with low establishment cost and income diversification. But oil palm schemes with private estates came in 1997 with a very strong pressure from these companies (through the policy of concessions) to release land in exchange for 2 ha of oil palm, therefore providing a lucrative alternative to rubber cultivation with full access to credit (but loss of land) and better return to labor. It is now time for rubber replantation, as rubber is at the end of its lifespan, due also to the high impact of diseases and poor tapping practices.It was very interesting to engage in an in-depth socio-economic survey involving all SRAP farmers, in order to assess the current situation of farmers' income (generated by oil palm/rubber and any other sources) and the farmers' ongoing and planned strategies, as rubber remain a real alternative for income diversification and resilience. The use of Olympe software for income simulation and budget analysis is worth testing to assess various strategies including agroforestry practices A prospective analysis provided an assessment of the impact of oil palm and rubber price volatility. Low rubber prices did not help in maintaining farmers' interest in rubber; however, farmers know about rubber price volatility over the years and they are not willing to abandon rubber, as crop diversification remains a priority.Beside the economic analysis of rubber-based agroforestry systems and the role of oil palm in income diversification, three major questions are shaping the research agenda: i) What is the impact of local fruit production derived from agroforestry systems on food security and diet quality of local families?, ii) What is the impact of timber A landscape typology of paddy cultivation for robust targeting and upscaling: Action-research in the downstream of Rejoso Watershed, IndonesiaThe prominence of land use, particularly agriculture sectors, in affecting a range of ecosystem services (ES) provided from production rural landscapes is progressively recognized; thus, tools and methods to assist in managing impacts of land use on ES provision and guide on-theground implementation in sustainable landscape management are indispensable. Production landscapes of rural areas in developing countries face classical problems of unsustainable agricultural practices and diminishing fertile farming land due to rapid population growth and anthropogenic pressures. Here, we develop a typology of production landscapes by considering the characteristics of land cover, farming systems, and socioeconomic aspects of the local communities. We then use this typology as a framework for assessment of approaches to develop some scenarios to support robust targeted sustainable agriculture pilots and recommend their upscaling. The case studied for this action-research pilot is located in the Rejoso Watershed in East Java, Indonesia. The Rejoso Watershed is dominated by horticulture and state-owned production forests in its upstream, agroforestry in the midstream, and paddy fields in the downstream.To ensure farmers' adoption of sustainable paddy cultivation, we developed demonstration plots showing the conventional practice, i.e. high chemical inputs and inefficient water use, versus the 'technology' one, i.e. optimal uses of inputs, improved planting patterns, managed water regime and biopesticide application. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water irrigation, pests and diseases, and crop productivity are monitored. Our hypothesis is that the technology intervention will provide higher productivity both in quality and quantity, and hence better economic performance measured by the two indicators, net present value (NPV) or return to land and return to labor (RtL) compared with the conventional one. Methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions as GHG indicators indicate that the introduced technology emitted less CH 4 and N 2 O.Emphasis has been on areas of downstream paddy farming systems, where water use for agriculture is important and good agricultural practice is rarely applied by smallholders. In this irrigated paddy landscape, parameters in building the typology are crop productivity, paddy field area, percentage of area of crop rotation, dose of fertilizer and pesticide application, intensity of pest (rats), number of artesian wells as an option for irrigation, and flow of irrigation density. Initial data collections include land cover and irrigation system mapping, survey and focus group discussion on paddy cultivation of eleven villages. The production landscape typology we developed, provide information on different clusters of paddy field with different degrees of the above parameters, allowing more robust selection of scenario of interventions for higher adoption of the innovations in each type. Intervention scenarios include incentives for sustainable cultivation in the form of insurance of stable agricultural inputs, micro credit, agricultural insurance, market transparency and capacity strengthening in farmer group management. Commonly referred to as 'poor man's gold', bamboo is a multiuse woody resource that is widely used in construction, pulping, plywood, handicrafts, and a diverse range of subsistence applications, generating job opportunities and cash income. Bamboo is an exceptional plant that offers climate-smart benefits and is useful for creating a myriad range of products which in turn help in the sustainable development of the economy. Taking an example from a famous bamboo town, Chishui municipality in southwestern China, this paper sheds lights on how bamboo has been used to contribute to green growth in the local economy while offering opportunities to enhance the value yielded in the form of a number of other products. It also indicates the results achieved, not only the production value of bamboo created, but also how many job opportunities were generated (especially for women) and how a circular economy was shaped. The hidden potential of agroforestry systems in the coca leaf production areas of Chapare, Plurinational State of BoliviaTropical areas are the principal source of fruits and animals that can contribute to a state's food security and sovereignty through the production of horticultural produce, fruits and meat due to the acceleration of biological processes required to fill fruits and gain weight for animals. In spite of the optimal conditions for the production of tropical fruits, and the raising of cattle, the lack of technical and financial services slow the development of this area. The Chapare area has touristic and agrosilvopastoral potential that has not been exploited adequately, but there are a few entrepreneurs that started producing palmito and banana to export overseas. There is a huge domestic demand for tropical fruits such as coopoazu, tangerine, fish (pacu, tilapia), and an international demand for cacao that could be an opportunity for diversification and new incomes for small producers. The Valle of Sacta farm is an experimental unit for enhancing tropical agriculture and natural resources management practices. In this study, we propose an agroproductive approach in order to measure the present types of livelihood capital (natural, physical, financial, social and human) through the use of surveys, semi-structured interviews and participant observation.The principal results were: i) agroforestry systems are 20% more profitable than coca crops ii) the agroforestry systems allowed five harvests a year compared with the four harvests for the coca system iii) the agroproductive analysis approach is a useful technique to collect data from the field.  Indonesia has the longest coastline in the world. Lowland areas that constitute wetlands of peatland, mangroves and dryland mineral soils in the three largest islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua) amount to 25% of the total area. The contribution of lowland agriculture to livelihoods and the economy are often marginal if the environmental costs are taken into account. Lowland areas have significant and unique potential to mitigate climate change and also high vulnerability. The national-level governance of lowlands has been complicated and contested.This study aims to identify options for SLADI. Farming systems, value chains and landscape approaches are interconnected through socialeconomic--trade-policy-ecological processes. For the farming system, we address the characterization and the options into two stages: (i) broad farming system across diverse resource endowment; and (ii) farming practices of selected commodity species. In 22% of lowland areas, particularly in Sumatra and Kalimantan peatlands, commodity species have been cultivated in unsuitable areas. Commodities have been produced while roads are not available to reach processing and distribution infrastructure in 39% of lowlands. In Papua, 25% of lowland areas have high social risks because of the discrepancy between land demand and land allocation for agriculture. More than 75% of lowland areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan face high environmental risks. The main intervention options are: (i) re-allocation of land; (ii) alignment between agricultural and infrastructure development; and (iii) green investment by partnerships with the private sector.Farming practices are largely not in accordance with good agricultural practices, mostly due to: (i) planting materials; (ii) on -farm management such as fertilization, etc.; (iii) agroforestry vs monoculture management; (iv) land clearing with fire; and (v) drainage systems on peat. In addition to technology, collective actions around controlled burning and water management are seen to be the best option to combat fire. Agroforestry promotion as the management option to adapt and mitigate climate change should take advice based on evidence from tradeoff analysis and on policies to increase awareness and adoption by smallholders.At the commodity level, most problems are based on: (i) heavy regulation; and (ii) a mismatch between supply and demand in terms of quality, quantity, flow, time and space. In many cases, over-regulation can be counterproductive, depending on the commodities. For the main staple foods with complex market networks, market intervention might be needed, but for timber commodities, reducing transaction costs under trade regulation for smallholder farmers are necessary. Partnerships with the private sector to build smallholder-based processing facilities for some commodities are instrumental.Lastly, mainstreaming the lowland agriculture into green growth jurisdictional planning and policy is crucial. The integration between spatially explicit land use and infrastructure planning with development planning at jurisdictional level should be bounded by indicators of sustainability to measure progresses. This is timely since Indonesia is preparing its National Action Plan to achieve the SDGs; all provinces have to develop their local action plans. For SDG2 and the interlinked SDGs, specific attention should be paid to lowland ecosystems, given the potentially extreme impacts of the unsustainable management of these ecosystems on the environment, especially in terms of greenhouse gas emissions.Lowland, agriculture, farming system, landscape approachThe Haharu landscape of Sumba consists of degraded limestone savannah with remnant hilltop forests and scattered riparian trees in deep gullies. Formerly known as Sandalwood Island, the forest area for sandalwood (Santalum album) and 'injuwatu' (Pleiogynium timorense) on Sumba declined significantly during the 20th century and was almost entirely lost by the early 2000s. Large-scale timber extraction, repeated clearance and burning of savannah for attempted cultivation, freely grazing livestock, and unsustainable fuelwood harvesting resulted in the almost total degradation of most of the land area. The almost complete absence of trees in the savannahs, combined with limited rainfall, leads to annual water shortages and sub-optimal food production exacerbated by poor soil and water-management practices. Total average household income per year is USD 1205.30, with land ownership being 1-3 ha per household, but nearly a third of all farmland is abandoned; even so, agriculture engages about 92% of households. This makes land restoration and poverty eradication inseparably linked, requiring strengthening capacity of smallholders in agroforestry practices with participatory approaches to economic development. The diverse livelihood strategies of smallholders and local biophysical characteristics are important variables to consider in designing and implementing land restoration through agroforestry practices. Community participation using training of trainers and farmer-to-farmers approaches through tree nursery development, farmer demonstration trials, adoption of marketable trees and crops in agroforestry practices, improved fire management, improved grazing practices, and improved market links has provided lessons learned and guidelines for land restoration activities in Sumba. Centered on the basic tenet that land restoration initiatives will be more successful when partnership is built among smallholders, local governments, and the private sector, when supported with locally appropriate financing schemes and policy enhancement, they will enhance sustainable production, profitability, diversification, ecosystem health and entrepreneurship of agroforestry systems.† World Agroforestry, Bogor, IndonesiaNature-based solutions to address the climate crisis Nature-based solutions to address the climate crisisThe Earth faces a human-made triple crisis of climate, biodiversity, and ecosystems exploited beyond their sustainable boundaries. The planet is likely to not stay below 1.5 or 2.0 degrees Celsius warming unless we undertake unprecedented steps for transformational change. The recent UN Secretary General's Climate Action Summit in September 2019 highlighted how so-called 'nature-based solutions' (NBS) could help contribute to such needed transformational action. NBS are approaches that rely on protecting, restoring and managing ecosystems to solve the climate crisis while creating landscapes that are productive, equitable, and resilient. These include the protection and restoration of forests, mangroves and peatlands, improvements in agricultural land and resource use, the leveraging of the potential of biomass and renewable materials, etc.This Stream highlighted FTA's NBS solutions, analyzed current trends and barriers, and discussed enabling policies. An NBS framework for policy and action was discussed, as a coherent set of nature-based interventions. The aim of this Stream was to provide practitioners and policy makers with tools to facilitate their efforts for a cooler planet, and to identify areas for further action in research and capacity development.A framing of NBS for most effective and efficient outcomes was developed, exploring various NBS such as forestry, agroforestry, options for wood production from degraded forests, bamboo, options for water management, and of frameworks such as REDD+, and the policy and practice for better NBS. It also ventured into wood-and bamboobased products for plastic substitution as well as addressing drivers of deforestation as a pathway to the design of better restoration projects in policy and practice.Christopher Martius -FTA Management Team Member, Flagship 5 Leader, CIFOR Plinio Sist -FTA Management Team Member, Representative for CIRAD Yanxia Li -Senior Programme Officer, Representative for INBAROur planet has reached a state where sustainable, environmentally, economically and socially compatible solutions are urgently needed. Naturebased solutions (NBS) are widely applied in urban and natural forest and wetland ecosystems, but underutilized in agricultural landscapes. Less than 1% of the literature on NBS and green infrastructures (GI ) (n>3500 scanned abstracts) concerned rural or agricultural contexts. The success of NBS in Asian agriculture needs to consider that farmers' preferences for sustainable practices are more complex than economic or environmental motives.Therefore, NBS should be a complementary and people-centered approach, where benefits to people and the environment are considered mutually beneficial. Here, it is defined as :the use of natural processes or elements to, over various temporal and spatial scales, improve ecosystem functions of environments and landscapes affected by agricultural practices, and enhance livelihoods and other social and cultural functions We  impact at scale and over time is planned successions: how to best select and sequence interventions that generate positive biophysical and social benefits in and between agroecosystems, and sustainably expand connectivity of positive interactions. This first attempt at developing a normative framework for NBS in agriculture brings together the conventional divide between production and conservation by bridging urgently needed approaches to restore natural and agroecosystems. Reviewed practices are mapped to the framework, including spatial and temporal scales for anticipated return of benefits, and social implications. Promising models are presented for negotiating and analyzing different farmer-to ecosystem-centered options. Specific recommended next steps for integrating NBS in Asian agriculture are given.Nature-based solutions to address the climate crisis AUTHORS Pham Thu Thuy † Tuan Long † Dao Thi Linh Chi † Moira Moeliono ‡ Maria Brockhaus § E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER t.pham@cgiar.org; brissiesugar@gmail.comFor participating REDD+ countries, many questions remain on how to effectively, efficiently and equitably formulate and implement REDD+. Drivers of deforestation and degradation are often highly complex and can form part of dense networks of economic and political interests. Reducing emissions by preventing degradation and deforestation can be seen as a controversial approach in the context of national development paradigms and existing policy frameworks or objectives. What are the political implications of a REDD+ mechanism? How could it be implemented successfully on the ground? Understanding the complex relationships between drivers, agents and institutions within the national context is vital to ensuring effective implementation of REDD+. This presentation focuses on the power and politics of REDD+ in national policy arenas in Vietnam, Indonesia, Myanmar, Guyana, Peru, Brazil, Ethiopia and DRC. Our aim is to identify opportunities for and potential barriers to preventing deforestation and forest degradation, in relation to governance, institutions and the political economy of forests in national REDD+ policy arenas. In particular, we investigate how barriers can be addressed through policy design and implementation and discuss lessons learnt from 10 years' implementation of REDD+ in these eight countries. The presentation is based on longitudinal data and analysis of the Global Comparative Study on REDD+ (GCS-REDD+) which has been implemented by CIFOR since 2009.Nature-based solutions to address the climate crisis AUTHORS Yanxia Li † E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER yxli@inbar.intPlastics pollution and its health risks to human beings is an increasing concern globally. In 2018, the world's production of plastics reached 359 million metric tons (Statista n.d.). Packaging (39.7%) and buildings & construction (19.8%) are the dominant sectors that drive the demand of global plastics production (PlasticsEurope 2018). The manufacturing and processing of plastics is quite energy intensive, with resins requiring 62-108 MJ/kg of energy; that is much higher than for paper, wood, glass or metals. It also may account for as much as 20% of petroleum consumed globally and 15% of the annual carbon emissions budget by year 2050 (World Economic Forum 2016 ). However, the recycling rate of plastic products is only 7% globally, 9% in the US (EPA 2020). Due to its very short lifetime, packaging is the largest contributor to plastic waste, accounting for 42% of the total. A recent prediction study implies that investment in waste management infrastructure in developing economies and reducing the fraction of plastics in municipal solid waste will significantly reduce the growth of plastic waste (Lebreton and Andrady 2019).Bamboo serves as an important part of nature-based solutions and bio-based economy development. Known as 'green gold', bamboos cover over 30 million hectares of land across the tropics and subtropics, and have been proven to help combat a number of global challenges, including rural poverty, land degradation, deforestation, urban development, unsustainable resource use and climate change. The versatile uses and bio-properties of bamboo make it an important part of low-carbon and recyclable alternatives to those with high carbon emissions.This paper introduces the emerging transitions, with bamboo to substitute for plastic in a wide range of consumption options, and discusses the market potential of bamboo that substitutes for plastic to mitigate the carbon emissions and save the environment. In 2014, India approved a national agroforestry policy to resolve such bottlenecks as the prohibition of felling and transport of agroforestry species (ICRAF 2016). In its sixth year of implementation, the policy has been effective in freeing: a total of up to 86 farm-grown tree species in 25 Indian states; upgrading a national research center on agroforestry; and establishing the National Sub-Mission on Agroforestry, and the National Bamboo Mission with a budget of USD 146 and 197 million, respectively. ICRAF South Asia contributed to the development of the policy, and now serves as a member of the inter-ministerial committee that oversees the policy implementation, and supports the implementation of the agroforestry mission. The policy has been instrumental in channelizing large investments through state governments and corporate social responsibility funding. India's finance commission has invested $9.0 billion to encourage states to increase their green cover. More than 60 to 70% of the timber requirement of India is sourced through trees outside forests, including agroforestry which is valued to about $16 to 20 billion/year. India's green cover has increased by 1.8% during 2015 to 2019, out of which 86% is credited to trees outside forests, including agroforestry.Globally, Nepal became the second country to approve and launch its national agroforestry policy during 2019. ICRAF-South Asia was the main technical partner and the only non-governmental organization serving the Inter-Ministerial Coordination Committee, which oversaw the policy development. The process was financially supported by the Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN), FTA and ICRAF South Asia Program.Member countries of the South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) are working with ICRAF to implement a regional agroforestry program, including policy/strategy development in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. ICRAF-South East Asia program with partners in ASEAN countries successfully launched the ASEAN Guidelines on Agroforestry Development (2018); and Rwanda, with assistance from ICRAF, released its National Agroforestry Strategy and Action Plan (2018) for 2018-2027. In addition, countries such as Bangladesh, Belize, Brazil, China, Fiji, France, Guatemala, Kenya and Niger are working on agroforestry strategic plans, strategies, or a policies. This paper will discuss how agroforestry policies and strategies are catalyzing transformational adaptation of agroforestry leading to economic, social and environmental benefits; and why countries should examine the need for having their own agroforestry policy. Enhancing the role of area exclosures to build resilience of socioecological systems to climate variability and change: A case study from Kalu district, Amhara regionLand degradation and climate-induced shocks and stresses affect the socio-ecological systems of Kalu district. The district is recognized as one of the chronic food insecure and drought-affected areas in Ethiopia. Hence, natural resources management activities including area exclosure are widely practiced in the area to address problems associated with these two pressing factors. Even if area exclosure offers enormous environmental benefits, the knowledge on its role in building socio-ecological systems resilience is limited. This requires us to investigate the roles of and exclosures and their links with building resilience and understanding community perceptions of these roles. It further requires us to know the trends and variability of rainfall and temperature in the area and how they affect the system. The study area was purposively selected and multistage stratified random sampling techniques were employed to identify sample households. Both qualitative and quantitative data were used. Quantitative data were collected mainly through a household survey administered to 346 randomly selected households. A complementary focus group discussion and key informant interviews were also performed. Non-parametric statistical tests were employed to analyze the long-term climate trend and its magnitude; and descriptive statistics including Chi-square test of independence and goodness of fit test were employed to analyze survey data. SPSS v20, Stata v13 and XLSTAT were used for analyzing both climate and survey data. The results indicated that the area received a mean annual rainfall of 1017.9 mm and was characterized by non-significant declining annual and seasonal rainfall trends, low annual rainfall variability (CV<20%), moderate to higher seasonal and monthly rainfall variability (CV>20%), high mean precipitation concentration (PCI = 16.6) and increasing trend of negative rainfall anomalies (SRA<0). Significant warming trends of annual and seasonal temperatures (p-value <0.0001) were observed with a mean temperature of 19.5 ºC. These imply the existence of both flood risks and loss of available moisture via evaporation that affect the resilience of socio-ecological systems. Test results revealed that exclosure has allowed restoration of degraded lands and significantly contributed to the resilience of social and ecological systems (p = 0.000). Almost all respondents showed positive attitudes towards exclosure practice and perceived its contribution to their resilience building. The link of exclosure with resilience is found mainly through increasing availability of environmental resources needed to enhance the adaptive capacity of both systems and by reducing risks induced from climate-related disasters. In conclusion, exclosures have shown a promising potential contribution in restoring degraded landscapes as well as building resilience to prevail against the negative impacts of climate change and variability. Moreover, in order to sustain the practice and better benefit the community, its scaling up requires giving due emphasis to improving management practices, economic returns, social supports in protecting benefits of female and poor households, and other emerging issues. Rattans are spiny climbing palms that belong to subfamily Calamoideae of the palm family. Rattans are important components of the forests where they are present and are indicators of the integrity of the ecosystem when present in adequate numbers, indicating regeneration. Rattans have been collected as an important non-wood forest product from forests from time immemorial and the extent of harvesting was until recent times sustainable, since adequate natural regeneration occurred. It is becoming increasingly clear that most rattan resources in the world are already under threat due to unsustainable harvesting practices and the clearing of forests, leading to loss of germplasm and even the threat of extinction of some species. This state of affairs has resulted from the absence of inventories of rattan resources and overexploitation due to cutting permissions being given based on demand rather than on an assessment of sustainable harvesting levels.Rattan world trade was to the tune of USD 27 million for rattan raw materials and USD 177 million for transformed products and there has been a decline over the past decade (INBAR 2018). It is estimated that approximately 20% of all rattan species are used commercially in the furniture industry or for matting and basketry, and in the 1970 s Indonesia was the supplier of about 90% of the world's requirements of rattan (Dransfield and Manokaran 1994 ).Since rattans contribute substantially to the livelihood and economic status of the local communities in many countries of the world, it is important to establish plantations of rattan and ensure sustainable availability and sufficient economic returns. Although there have been a number of studies undertaken on rattan systematics, propagation techniques and plantations, it is important to gather the pertinent information into a document that would serve those who are interested in establishing economically viable rattan plantations so as to sustain the raw material production and the industry that supports the livelihoods of a significant number of people.Globally, rattans supply for the furniture and handicraft industry mainly depends on the resources from secondary and virgin forests. Deforestation, overexploitation and habitat modification caused the dwindling supply of raw rattans for the furniture industry and most of the rattan industries are in a phase of setback. The only way to overcome this issue is to ensure identification of commercially important species, establishing high-quality plantations and ensuring continuous supply of high-quality rattan poles. This in turn will help the uplift of the socioeconomic status of communities engaged in rattan production, processing and trade. In addition, since rattans need support trees for their growth and development, establishment of rattan plantations will definitely contribute to the care, protection and conservation of trees as well as the improvement of ecosystem services.The bamboo sector can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation because bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants in the world and a substantial amount of carbon can be stored in bamboo forests and bamboo products. Oldeania alpina is the indigenous bamboo species in Kenya, occupying about 133,273 ha. The study aimed at understanding the climate change mitigation potential of implementing sustainable management for bamboo forests in Kenya. The species plays a critical role in the regulation of water flow, soil erosion control, socio-economic development, biodiversity conservation, provision of ecosystem services and improved local livelihoods. Data were collected in 43 randomly selected plots, in natural unmanaged bamboo forests, in four ecosystems: Mt. Kenya, Mt. Elgon, and the Mau and Aberdare ranges. The data were collected in accordance with the protocol developed and approved by Kenya Forest Service (KFS) and Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Department of Resource Surveys and Remote Sensing (DRSRS), University of Eldoret (UoE) and Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke).The results show that aboveground carbon stock in Kenya varies ranging from 20.6 to 45.4 tonnes ha -1 . Total aboveground carbon stored in bamboo forests is 4,899,699 tonnes of carbon. It is estimated that under sustainable bamboo forest management, annual aboveground carbon stock removal is 6.2 to 13.6 tonnes ha -1 . If this carbon is locked in durable products, the total carbon locked in durable products over a period of 30 years is 37 million tonnes of carbon. It is recommended that the bamboo forests should annually or biannually be harvested and utilized as biomass energy or other suitable products to make use of its capacity for climate change mitigation and furthermore to reduce fire risks in the forests.† Food and Agriculture of the United Nations, Nairobi -Kenya ‡ KEFRI, Nairobi § INBAR Assessing the impacts of on-farm land restoration practices on gender roles and relations in the drylands of Kenya: Risks and opportunities for gender equality Land restoration, defined as activities that reinstate ecosystem functionality and increase the productivity of degraded lands, has the potential to not only help mitigate climate change through biosequestration, but improve the well-being and livelihoods of billions of people around the world (UNCCD Secretariat 2012). Yet, despite this potential, not all may benefit or do so to the same extent. Given different roles and responsibilities and access to and control of resources, gender is one dimension along which the costs and benefits of restoration are likely to be differentiated (Collantes et al. 2018). With unprecedented global commitment to land restoration (e.g. Bonn Challenge, AFR100, SDG 15), it is critical to understand the implications of different restorative practices on men and women's time and labor and their access to the benefits of restoration, to ensure both social and environmental outcomes are achieved. Within the context of a donor-funded restoration initiative that involved over 1500 farmers in the eastern drylands of Kenya, this study used mix methods to explore the implications of two on-farm restoration technologies (tree planting and planting basins) and the way in which they were disseminated, for women's time, labor and involvement in farming decisions. Our findings suggest both conflictual and collaborative aspects of gender relations may influence labor allocation and decision-making power within the household, and that on-farm land restoration practices present both risks and opportunities for gender equality in terms of distribution of workloads and agency over farming activities. For example, while planting basins may increase women's involvement in land preparation activities and thus workload, they reduce time spent weeding and may increase women's autonomy over the timing of land preparation. Cultural norms over women taking part in strenuous labor may hinder the uptake of restorative practices such as basins and tree planting, but these norms are changing, in part, due to women's increased participation in agricultural training sessions and the absence of men on farms. Women' s increased access to knowledge and information also relates to an increased involvement in farming decisions and ability to try new practices, especially when these practices prove to be productive. However, limitations for women's participation persist depending on the type of decisions and the resources required to act. These findings highlight that socio-cultural context matters for land restoration, not just the biophysical, and that the design and dissemination of such nature-based solutions need to consider gender roles and intra-household dynamics, and the wider socio-economic context within which restoration is occurring. Since its inception over 10 years ago, REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation plus enhancing carbon stocks) has been piloted through more than 300 subnational initiatives across the tropics. Initiative implementers are applying REDD+ intervention packages that in customized ways combine disincentives (e.g. restrictions on forest access or conversion) and incentives (conditional or non-conditional) to allegedly achieve better protection of forests. Through CIFOR's Global Comparative Study on REDD+, we evaluated the forest conservation and community well-being impacts of 22 subnational REDD+ initiatives in Brazil, Peru, Cameroon, Tanzania, Indonesia and Vietnam. We combined socioeconomic surveys in 150 communities and nearly 4000 households (including control groups) in 2010-2012 (pre-intervention) and 2013-2014 (post-intervention), with an analysis of global forest change data (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015), to assess how different interventions affected changes in income, assets, perceived well-being and forest cover at the community level. We found a reduction in forest cover loss at half of the REDD+ sites, with better conservation outcomes in places where there was higher treatment intensity of disincentives. Both intervention types had neutral impacts on income and assets, but higher exposure to disincentives led to decreases in overall perceived well-being, except when balanced out by incentives. Although disincentives may be an effective REDD+ instrument for conserving forests, other measures are clearly needed to safeguard and enhance community well-being. This critically needed empirical evidence on REDD+ performance on the ground is relevant to policy makers and practitioners interested in developing REDD+ strategies that can provide both conservation and livelihood benefits. People and species living in drylands have adapted over millennia to cope with extreme climatic variability. Diverse human populations in the drylands have created behavioral dynamics and social relations that enable reciprocity and mutual responsibility to use highly variable resources. For instance, mobility is a complex socio-ecological mechanism that relies on highly fine-tuned rules and norms to build the strategic exploitation of sporadic water and pastoral resources in an ecosystem characterized by high spatial and temporal climate variability. It allows different social groups to mutually manage and share resources through long-term traditional, negotiated tenure agreements, rights and responsibilities. Mobility is rooted in a broader governance system, and it is central to the identity of mobile pastoralists. While considerable attention and resources have been made available for the humid tropical forests, there has been a lack of comparable sustained attention on drylands. Local knowledge systems in drylands, the adaptive alliances woven through the coexistences of multiple identities and visions to manage and negotiate the landscape and the future are precious human experiences and knowledge systems, yet they sit on the periphery of the climate change agenda. Furthermore, within and outside the drylands, the repertoire of marginalization in the climate change debate includes those of major groups without social power: women, pastoralists and poor farmers.Taking deliberately an opposite approach -focusing on climate change from the margin -this presentation will use case studies from the West African Sahel to illustrate the profound socio-ecological interactions and environmental and sociological shift happening within drylands systems.The analytical approach used in the case studies aligns with theories on gender and climate change to include social differentiation. It relies on intersectionality as a tool to bring together existing concepts (e.g. vulnerability, adaptive capacity) to critically assess and enrich both common climate change and gender debates and theories. Using an intersectionality approach unveils emancipatory pathways and challenges the dominating narratives on vulnerability research. Through the examination of the intersecting factors and conditions by which power is not only produced and reproduced but also actively resisted, intersectionality calls for a more complex approach to address the system that creates power differentials, rather than the symptoms of it.Operationalizing nature-based solutions through forestry and agroforestry \"Nature-based solutions\" (NBS) are being increasingly promoted to address climate change and other societal challenges. They are defined as actions that use ecosystems to help societies address a variety of environmental, social and economic challenges in sustainable ways. NBS are explicitly considered as alternatives to human-made infrastructure and integrate conservation and protection of biodiversity as a basis or a goal. Three main types of NBS have been identified: making better use of existing natural or protected ecosystems, developing sustainable management protocols and procedures for managed or restored ecosystems, and creating new ecosystems. However, most NBS projects relate more to conservation or to the creation of new ecosystems than to improving managed ones.The purpose of this poster is to apply the concept to managed ecosystems, focusing on forestry and agroforestry, and to analyze decisionmaking processes at play in order to propose an operational framework to provide NBS through forests and trees. Managed ecosystems are already managed for a purpose, or several, making the integration of a new objective more complex. We propose here to consider NBS as a binding concept between ecosystem managers and other stakeholders, including policy makers: a simple alternative solution to human infrastructure to be implemented by ecosystem managers through options integrated in the broader perspective of sustainable forest management and landscape approaches, thanks to an appropriate enabling environment. Such a definition invites us to clearly distinguish two groups of actors: decision makers and the various stakeholders in need of an NBS on the one hand, ecosystem managers that will implement it on the other hand; with two levels of governance: a dialogue between these two categories and an evidence-based and inclusive process to fine tune implementation options that inform it (see Figure 1). The continuity and improvement of REDD+ projects require rigorous impact evaluations of existing on-the-ground interventions. In this study, we assess the suitability of using publicly available remote-sensing (RS) products to evaluate such projects in the Brazilian Amazon. We reconstruct annual forest loss of 17,066 farms using two ready-to-use datasets -GFC and PRODES -and assess the consistency between them. Next, we estimate the impact of a sub-national REDD+ project using matching on pre-treatment outcomes to adjust for the self-selection of farmers into the program. Results suggest that the two RS products are statistically different, with GFC detecting systematically higher rates of deforestation than PRODES.Despite the inconsistency between datasets, we estimated that an average of about 2 ha of forest was saved during the early years of the project (2013)(2014)(2015) on each participating farm, regardless of the source of RS data. However, results from the regional-scale product (PRODES) are more precise, with smaller p-values and narrower confidence intervals associated with the estimates. Also, we failed to detect a positive impact of the program during the last year (2016)(2017), suggesting that the program's effects were primarily realized in its first years.Our estimates using PRODES data moreover suggest that participants increased deforestation over 2016-2017 because of the program. These findings suggest that GFC and PRODES may not be suitable for accurately monitoring, reporting and verifying (MRV) annual deforestation at the farm level. Thus, payments for environmental services (PES )-based REDD+ projects should not rely on these products to verify individual-level compliance. However, despite the inaccuracy of forest cover loss estimates at the individual plot level, such RS products represent a valuable source of data from which to evaluate forest conservation projects. Since the noise in the data is randomly distributed among plots, impact evaluation techniques can be used to provide robust estimates of the average treatment effect of the program.Based on these findings, we recommend REDD+ project evaluators to cross-validate results using multiple datasets and to prioritize the use of locally designed RS products when available. Also, our results indicate that the project has failed at inducing more sustainable agricultural practices in the following years, as the additionality disappeared even before the end of the program. If these findings are externally valid and can be generalized to other similar programs, they would have significant implications for the status of PES-based REDD+ projects in the Brazilian Amazon. Finally, the results indicated that project sponsors need to emphasize permanence objectives in REDD+ contracts, in particular, to safeguard against economic shocks such as the rise in agricultural commodity prices, which lead to deforestation. The national adaptation plan (NAP) process was established under the UNFCCC in 2010 for least-developed and other developing countries to identify and address their medium-and long-term adaptation needs. Most developing countries had initiated the process and to date, 18 have shared their first NAPs on the UNFCCC website. Some developed countries have prepared similar documents. The objective of this presentation is to give some preliminary insights on how forests, trees and agroforestry are considered in the current NAPs. It will successively consider the way forests and trees are integrated in the institutional process, the main vulnerabilities identified for forests and trees and the measures aimed at their adaptation, and how agriculture and other sectors integrate forests and trees for their own adaptation.Most of the NAPs are organized by sectors, generally chosen because of their particular vulnerability to climate change and/or their role for the overall adaptation of the country, with a cross-cutting section. The sectors and their precise delineation generally correspond to specific line ministries to facilitate preparation and implementation of the plan. Forests are often included in the biodiversity/ecosystem sector of the NAP, as in many countries it is the Ministry of Environment that is responsible for forestry. For Chile for instance, forests are included in biodiversity, except for planted forests that are part of the sylvoagropastoral plan. In most cases, agroforestry is covered in the agriculture section of NAPs. Some NAPs are organized by subnational areas. In addition, most NAPs integrate the possibility of having actions that are subnational.The main risks identified for forests and trees in the NAPs are increased climate variability, increased heat and drought, increased risk of extreme events, salinity in coastal areas, forest fires, pests and invasive species. The main measures promoted are sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, monitoring and risk management systems, conservation and sustainable management of genetic resources and to anticipate future changes; for instance, planting seeds from hotter or drier areas to get adult trees more adapted to the future climate.Almost all sectors contain measures that use forests and trees as an adaptation means. A first group concerns natural resources management, to restore degraded land, reduce soil erosion, restore water catchments, protect water tanks and rivers as well as coastal planting to reduce shoreline erosion and protect against storms. A second group concerns agriculture, with wind breaks, shade trees and agroforestry in general, focused on biophysical rather than economic resilience. A third one regards the protection and greening of cities to reduce the urban heat island effect, while taking into account increased fire risks.Tr e eand forest-related measures generally focus on a single biophysical adaptation benefit but are often lacking specificities on implementation details ('how') or on the needed enabling environment, showing a lack of concertation with forest and tree specialists. This is consistent with broader findings that the weakest components of the plans submitted to the UNFCCC are 'Coordination and Participation'. It calls for greater involvement of forests and tree researchers and stakeholders. The effects of a REDD+ initiative on deforestation and well-being: A panel study in the Brazilian TransAmazon REDD+ was designed as a mechanism to achieve multiple objectives, mainly reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and increasing carbon stocks, but also to address human co-benefits (e.g. poverty reduction and local well-being)1. Although REDD+ was launched more than one decade ago, there are still few robust impact evaluations of its outcomes on the ground. Some of the evaluations suggest weak effects, which could support some questioning of the continuity of the mechanism, although the findings were based on short time-span evidence. Our study aims not only to help understand which are the REDD+ outcomes on the ground but also to identify which factors translate into more expressive results. This information can be used to improve REDD+ initiatives, preventing them from being replaced by another panacea. We estimated early (~3 years) and late (~8 years) average treatment effects on forest conservation and perceived well-being of a REDD+ initiative in the Brazilian TransAmazon Highway region, which combines payments for ecosystem services (PES) and Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (i.e. incentives for low-impact activities) to reduce deforestation by smallholders. We then investigated whether the adoption of low-impact activities partially explains these effects, by searching for heterogeneous effects among smallholders who adopted/did not adopt those activities. Data came from interviews in three years (2010,2014,2019) from a panel-based survey directed at 98 households (treatment: 47; control: 57), as a part of CIFOR's Global Comparative Study on REDD+. We adopted a quasi-experimental design with pre-and post-intervention data, estimating effects through difference-in-differences with matching. Our results indicate positive average treatment effects in the early period (i.e. an average of ~6.8 ha to ~8.5 ha was conserved per household and we detected a trend of increase in well-being), but no significant increases in the later period. However, we found positive forest effects in the later period (i.e. an average of ~12.7 ha to ~17.8 ha was conserved) for the households that adopted low-impact activities, although no significant average treatment effects were detected for the whole sample. Therefore, it seems that the adoption of low-impact activities helped to boost forest conservation, especially in the long run. Our results suggest that it is important to search for heterogenous effects for the REDD+ initiatives in order to better understand its outcomes and to identify which factors can bring better results. This information can help REDD+ initiatives to address the climate crisis by conserving forests and to achieve co-benefits. Rural landscapes all over the world are subject to an increasing number of hazards, of which climate change and variability are those of greatest concern in the long run, albeit not necessarily the most urgent priority in the short term. Seeking greater resilience of landscapes to such hazards (climate change and variability, changing trade policies, market changes) is becoming a priority of many international cooperation programs that are oriented at supporting forest and agricultural development. The Working Landscapes and the Mobilizing More for Climate programs funded by the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and in which Tropenbos International is coordinating or co-coordinating partner are no exception. For such programs to be successful, they do not only need to identify to what hazards the landscapes they work in are exposed, and what is needed to face those hazards. They also need to achieve the buy-in of local stakeholders, analyze the sensitivity of local land use systems to the hazards as well as analyze local capacities to cope with the hazards or adapt to the changes caused by those hazards. In this context, Tropenbos International worked with its network partners in Indonesia and Ghana in the adaptation of the FAO framework methodology for climate change vulnerability assessment of forests and forest-dependent people to the needs and conditions of the programs' landscapes. Here we present the findings of this adaptation as well as the results of the participatory assessments in the Ketapang-Kayong Utara and the Juabeso-Bia and Sefwi-Wiawso landscapes in respectively Indonesia and Ghana.We discuss briefly some of the major strengths and weaknesses of the application of the methodology in a landscape context, and provide recommendations to improve the methodology and its usefulness for planning climate actions at the landscape level. Our findings suggest that the methodology is a good tool for local stakeholders to start reflecting on changes occurring in their landscape; that current policies, the application of the existing normative framework and current administrative processes are of greater immediate concern for stakeholders than climate change; and that underlying causes of current changes in the landscapes are not well known. Increased numbers of fires, for example, were linked to poor management practices and drier seasons, but the latter was not linked to changes in climate and its variability. Linking changes to climate change or variability is often interrelated with public knowledge and hear-say, rather than an analysis of the correlation between real changes in the landscape and data on its underlying causes. Application of the participatory assessment, therefore, needs to be done by experts who have a good scientific/technical knowledge of the hazards and the possible consequences for the types of land use currently existing in the landscape where the assessment is being implemented. Human migration and mobility have always been an important feature of how people interact with their environment and, in recent years, there has been an increased interest in understanding mobility drivers and effects. Yet links between mobility, migration and landscape changes have been largely overlooked in the landscape-related literature and the environmental impacts of human mobility are missing in the migration research field. This paper aims to fill those gaps by capturing and analyzing the diversity of linkages between human mobility or migration and landscape dynamics. These linkages can be framed in different ways. Mobility and migration induce significant changes in rural and urban areas, by direct demographic and social changes or indirectly through the investment of remittances in the landscape of origin. Using a pathways analysis approach, we examined different migration trajectories and their impact on the use and the management of ecosystems in several case studies in dryland areas. We explored the impacts of remittances on various human activities and ecosystem use or management. We also analyzed how knowledge, values and rules evolved along the migratory pathways and affect ecosystem management.The results highlight different types of feedback between human migration and social and ecological processes in the landscape of origin. They also show various feedback loops between migration and landscape recovery or degradation. Migration can induce adaptive or maladaptive pathways, which have profound consequences for landscape sustainable or unsustainable trajectories. Rather than conceptualizing mobility and landscape dynamics separately, development and landscape conservation policies need to better integrate mobility and migration in their analytical frames in order to achieve long-term, desired, landscape conservation and development outcomes. Globally, biomass accounts for 10% of total final energy consumption, and 85% of the rural population in less developed countries depend on biomass for energy. With the high carbon emissions from fossil fuels and the negative health effects of fuel wood and charcoal, modern bioenergy emerges as a sustainable clean energy source. Modern bioenergy has been underscored as a sustainable way of ensuring energy security while reducing the adverse health effects of traditional biomass combustion and climate change. When generated from forest and agricultural waste, it reduces the pressure on the forest for wood energy and enhances biodiversity. Tree commodities are extensively cultivated in different parts of the globe and significant amount of residue is left to rot after the marketable parts of the tree commodities have been exploited. A significant part of this residue is far above the required quantity for soil fertility and can be an important feedstock for bioenergy generation. This paper evaluates the potential of bioenergy from seven tree commodities (coffee, cocoa, oil palm, cashew, industrial round wood, walnuts and almonds) globally, based on sustainable extraction from residues. The estimates reveal that sustainably extracted residue can produce up to 382.138 million bone-dry tons per year of biomass. This can potentially yield 16-428 terra watts hour -1 (TWh) per year of bioelectricity, which represents 142.857%-382.143% of current electricity generation from renewable sources excluding hydroelectricity in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 2.4 to 6.78 billion liters of bioethanol can potentially be produced while 1.7-4.52 billion liters per year of Fischer Tropsch diesel can equally be generated from tree commodities. Large-scale conversion and use of tree commodities for bioenergy generation is at the experimentation phase for all the tree commodities except for palm oil. Significant progress in policy formulation and large-scale application of biomass conversion for palm oil is ongoing in Malaysia and Indonesia. The evolution of policy, financial, technical and human capacity in bioenergy generation from tree commodities is at different levels on different continents and for different tree commodities. Implementation of these policies is also low due to serious financial, technical and human capacity gaps. For this potential to be realized, significant policy coordination at the regional and country levels is required. Tree commodities development should incorporate sustainable bioenergy generation from tree commodities as a strategic action. For bioenergy to effectively meet its potential from tree commodities, significant policy coordination for bioenergy from the different tree commodities is imperative. Government lead is very important for the effective development of policies and instruments to promote bioenergy generation. Capacity building, R&D and finance are capital to the development of bioenergy from tree commodities. Most efficient conversion technologies for tree commodities should be tested across different production regions, and efficiency parameters adjusted to regional specificity. Appropriate standards should be put in place that identify bioenergy generation as green projects and qualify them for green bond financing. These standards can be accompanied by sustainability criteria that assure the sustainability of the feedstock.Results: The highest expected heterozygosity (H), polymorphism information content (PIC) and discriminating power (D) were observed by anchored primers in general and 3'-anchored and/or dinucleotide repeats (UBC-834 and UBC-835) in particular. A dendrogram from the total primer was split into two clusters; the main cluster was divided into two sub-clusters. All the 31 taxa were split into different sub-clusters. Specifically, the result of the total primer shows that, Ethiopian woody bamboos (O. abyssinica) clustered with tribe Bambusa (paleotropical woody bamboos) and A. alpina clustered with Guadua (neotropical woody bamboos).Conclusion: There is a long history of species being moved around the world by humans. Over the past three centuries, human-mediated species dissemination has increased with increasing global traffic. troduced species can provide substantial benefits and naturalize (consistently reproduce) in their new ranges and some naturalized species can have undesirable consequences or invade (spread from introduction sites). Finding and introducing the scientifically approved, invasive, economically important and environmentally friendly bamboo species to the degraded and deforestation lands might be necessary and good for the country. In this study, we provide the first assessment of the phylogenetic relationships of the indigenous and introduced bamboo species using ISSR markers. The closest bamboo species to indigenous Ethiopian bamboos were identified and the extent of the level of polymorphism, marker efficiency, Nei's genetic diversity (H), Shannon diversity index (I), and cluster analysis were also examined. We believe this is important for our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of indigenous and introduced bamboo species. However, more studies involving molecular markers giving greater genome coverage and detailed phylogenetics relationships are required to identify the closest and most important bamboo species.Bamboo, introduced and indigenous species, ISSR markers, phylogenetics, non-timber forestInclusive governance for sustainable landscapesInclusive governance for sustainable landscapesThis Stream focused on decision-making at the intersection of policy and practice, together with the institutions that support or obstruct inclusion, transparency and accountability in decision-making processes. It addressed the concepts, approaches, tools and practices that enable evidence-based effective, efficient and equitable prioritization, decisionmaking and implementation at the landscape level. At the heart of these processes are a set of governance challenges. These include maneuvering the different mandates and boundaries of multiple organizations and institutions working in a landscape; the power relations and gender imbalances embedded in the political economy of decision-making; and the challenges of reconciling conflicting social, economic and environmental objectives.Concepts, practice and tools associated with \"participation\" in landscape governance have been analyzed with the objective of defining its various expressions and meaning, and thus identifying ways to contextualize and better understand its myriad manifestations.Further to this, a variety of specific topics in tenure and landscapes were discussed. Land tenure is widely recognized as highly relevant to sustainable landscape management, restoration and livelihoods. Yet with a mix of widely varying local and customary practices, formalization procedures and threats to tenure security, this extreme diversity and complexity can be a difficult topic to study and even more challenging to resolve in practice, especially at scale.  Since 2008, Vietnam has launched its National Payment for Forest Environmental Services (PFES) policy across the country. The government considers this policy as a breakthrough as it has helped to reduce the burden on the state budget and provided financial incentives for local people to protect forests. The government claims that PFES has generated USD 85 million per year and could contribute up to 15% of household income. However, in Son La Province, six H'mong villages have refused to participate in the national PFES scheme, despite intensive pressure and government campaigns. This paper aims to explore the underlying reasons for this refusal. More specifically, we want to address two research questions: 1) What are factors that lead to local resistances to the PFES program? and 2) What are the strategies that the government and local people have adopted to overcome these refusals?The paper contributes to the field of environmental politics and governance in several ways. First, current literature on payment for environmental services only focuses on analyzing the effectiveness of economic incentives to enhance local participation in forest protection and development programs. However, adoption or rejection is often rooted in cultural, social and religious contexts. Our study fulfils the need to understand underlying reasons that discourage people from implementing forestry policies and the need to inspire new anthropological approaches to understand environmental policies and indigenous living that are attentive to a more contemporary, ongoing political reality. Secondly, refusal studies are limited by the lack of ethnographic perspectives (Ortner 1995). This paper analyses the myths and misconceptions of refusal through an analysis of indigenous politics and the conflict of multiple authorities in H'mong society. Our paper also helps policy makers and researchers to look beyond the act of refusal itself, and into the greater meaning of this act. The act of refusal becomes a means of reclaiming people's and the community's voice and to gain recognition in the existing world and reflect how trustful stakeholders perceive each other. Understanding refusals can help us to understand \"the internal politics of dominated groups…the cultural richness of those groups… [and] the subjectivity-the intentions, desires, fears, projects-of the actors engaged in these dramas\" (Ortner 1995, 190). Understanding refusal also helps us to understand stakeholders' stance, living principles, and historical narrative that influence their behaviors. Moreover, PFES has been considered a successful story and is being advocated for wide replication across Vietnam and Mekong countries. This study and its analysis on indigenous refusal of PFES would help safeguard the policy in place and draw out areas that need further improvement before it can be scaled up. These lessons learnt can also help upcoming initiatives such as Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) to avoid any potential negative impacts on indigenous people. Finally, refusal is often portrayed by policy makers and researchers as a negative response. However, our study highlights that refusal can also be a positive sign for change and needs to be carefully considered and addressed by policy makers. Sustainable management of resources is crucial for balancing competing livelihood, economic, and environmental goals. Since forests and other systems do not exist in isolation, comprehensive jurisdictional approaches to forest and land use governance can help promote sustainability. The ability of jurisdictions to provide credible evidence of their progress towards sustainability is essential for attracting public and private sector investments and maintaining local stakeholder involvement. The Sustainable Landscapes Rating Tool (SLRT) provides a way to establish credibility by assessing some of the enabling conditions for jurisdictional sustainability through assigning ratings and justifications for 100 indicators across six themes: land use planning & management; land & resource tenure; biodiversity & other ecosystem services; stakeholder coordination & participation; commodity production systems; and institutional learning & development. We applied this rating tool in 19 states and provinces across six countries (Brazil, Ecuador, Indonesia, Cote d'Ivoire, Mexico, Peru) that are members of the Governors' Climate and Forests (GCF) Task Force. Each SLRT assessment was completed using publicly available information about relevant policies, programs, and initiatives, interviews with stakeholders in the jurisdiction, and a multistakeholder workshop to validate the indicator ratings. This paper explores the effects of stakeholder involvement in the validation process (i.e. modifying indicator ratings), along with stakeholder perceptions of the tool's usefulness. Our analysis shows that changes in ratings were influenced by the presence of certain stakeholders (especially government officials). Ratings of indicators on stakeholder coordination/participation and commodity production systems changed most often, and indicators on corruption and child labor generated heated discussions during the validation workshops. These results indicate the importance of balancing different interests in such assessments, and highlight the important role of non-governmental stakeholders, including private sector representatives, in compiling and validating the assessments. Overall, most participants agreed that the tool is useful for the jurisdiction to assess itself and its coordination gaps, although it is probably more beneficial for specific stakeholders, such as local government agencies focused on land use and planning. Further, we find that the validation workshops also provided a space for discussions across government agencies, civil society organizations, producer organizations, indigenous peoples and local community representatives, and researchers about improving policy and governance.Our findings from the analysis of a participatory approach to collecting and validating data can be used to inform future research on environmental governance and sustainability. Restoring degraded lands is a key strategy for improving rural livelihoods in African smallholder communities. One challenge facing restoration initiatives has been the lack of complete information on the socio-economic factors driving degradation, particularly the role of property rights. In countries such as Kenya, intense pressure on natural resources due to the expansion of agricultural and livestock herds has resulted in encroachment on state-managed forests. The dynamics driving expansion and degradation play out across a range of property rights regimes, from private, individual and communal properties to public lands, with distinct stakeholders and varied factors influencing their behavior. The effectiveness of restoration strategies will require a broad understanding of biophysical and socio-economic factors effecting land management decisions.In this study, we examine variation in property rights across Kuresoi and Nyando, two distinct ecological zones in Western Kenya to explore how different tenure regimes provide incentives or disincentives for restoration. In each zone, the project selected 30 sites, called ecological response units (ERUs) representing three management states from degraded to stable lands. To gather socio-economic information on the farmers using these plots, we interviewed the landowners where ERUs were placed and systematically sampled an additional 60 households in each zone to place the ERUs in context. We conducted an intra-household survey with approximately 240 households from multiple villages in the two zones. The survey gathered information on land holding characteristics, property rights and general resource access of each household. It also generated information about livelihoods, livestock and pasture management practices and local perceptions of land degradation processes. In addition, participatory prospective analysis with community members, local leaders and other stakeholders will be used to examine historical patterns of land use change, to assess factors driving degradation and to evaluate potential options for restoring grazing lands. Results from the survey illustrate variation in the land tenure in Kuresoi and Nyando. Analysis of secondary data on historical change in land holdings and population provided additional information on change where land degradation had occurred at both sites. Initial results indicate that while livestock management activities of men and women are governed by customary practice, the local institutions and authorities that define customary rules for livestock management are weak and poorly adapted to change. For example, while customary roles for livestock management grant men authority over major decisions, women decide about day-to-day management activities. This means that women are key decision makers in practice who should be consulted to understand local land use. Also, change has brought the expansion of private landholdings, which has given some individuals greater control over grazing and enables them to invest in management strategies such as fencing, paddocking, and controlling herd size. However, households with little or no private land that formerly depended on community commons for grazing have struggled with the enclosure of communal lands. Successful efforts for restoring degraded lands and improving grazing management require a clear understanding of how tenure rights regimes influence local decision making to provide incentives that are attractive to both men and women. There is wide agreement that clear, secure rights over land and natural resources are key components for addressing poverty and food insecurity. However, in practice, forest rights remain highly insecure. First, the vast majority of the world's forests continue to be under state ownership by statutory law (76%), while often overlapping with customary tenure regimes without harmonization between statutory and customary laws (Wily 2018). Second, despite important progress in constitutions and national laws in countries where good laws exist, implementation and enforcement remain a major challenge. Third, even in situations where collective tenure is recognized, women are often marginalized and participate much less than men in decisions regarding land and forest use, management and benefit distribution (Agarwal 2001).While we have learned much over recent decades from progress in tenure rights recognition worldwide, there are still important knowledge gaps. We need to understand under which conditions reforms can lead to better outcomes for women and other marginalized groups.Institutional arrangements and discriminatory social norms limit women's access and control over resources and are often tied to their relationships with male relatives (Meinzen-Dick et al. 1997). Women often face different risks as tenure reforms are implemented, raising concerns about dual exclusion because of both the security of collective tenure rights and their status as women (Larson et al. 2019).This paper uses the framework developed by Doss and Meinzen-Dick (2018) to analyze the context of existing threats and opportunities as catalysts of change in reforms. The framework allows for better understanding the conditions that enhance women's ability to participate and benefit from reforms. We explored these issues by leveraging the data collected by the global comparative study (GCS) on forest tenure reforms conducted by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) in Uganda, Peru and Indonesia from 2014 to 2018. Building on this multi-actor, multi-method comparative study that combined research, engagement and capacity building, we collected information around the factors that influence the emergence and implementation of forest tenure reforms.Our results show that there has been important progress in the three countries analyzed. Nevertheless, outcomes on the ground depend on various characteristics of implementation. Results presented here show that there is a need to establish clearer guidelines on how women, different ethnic groups and other vulnerable groups should be accounted for in implementation processes. A key implication of the low participation of women in the formulation of access and use rules promoted by ongoing reforms means that outcomes of reforms are less sensitive to women's concerns and needs. Interventions around reform implementation such as convening processes, or mapping exercises that do not involve different groups, may risk formalizing or perpetuating existing internal forms of social differentiation.Forest tenure reforms, gender, Peru, Indonesia, Uganda A tentative causal chain to assess the effectiveness of jurisdictional approaches to reduced deforestation Sub-national jurisdictions are increasingly promoted as strategic levels of governance for achieving zero deforestation objectives. Jurisdictional approaches (JAs) emerged as government-led, holistic approaches to forest and land use management across one or more legally defined territories. Despite increasing popularity amongst the science and practitioner communities, there is a lack of robust empirical data documenting their effectiveness. A major challenge to evaluation is that it remains relatively unclear what is meant by JAs. For this reason, this paper aims at clarifying the concept of JAs specifically to facilitate its evaluation. We argue that this overall objective can be partly achieved by creating a generic causal chain for JAs. Indeed, the design of the three main types of approaches that are applicable to evaluate JAs could be significantly improved if they were based on a causal chain. Defining a causal chain can also be useful to identify the intervention dimension of JAs. Indeed, JAs do not correspond to unguided processes of institutional change but rather entail a number of purposive actions that are aimed at achieving jurisdictional sustainability, which compose a jurisdictional program. Clarifying the intervention dimension is in turn necessary to implement the two evaluation approaches that emphasize causality and allow drawing important lessons to improve, replicate and scale up JAs. We design a tentative generic causal chain for JAs by integrating existing empirical knowledge on JAs with middle-range theories from the literature on collective environmental governance. This generic causal chain for JAs is articulated around two second-tier intermediary outcomes -namely the emergence of collaboration and social learning -in order to achieve the first-tier outcome of JAs, namely the definition of a coherent set of collective and locally devised rules, plans and interventions. The literature on social learning and on the emergence of collaborative arrangements for the management of natural resources proved to be helpful to clarify assumptions underlying the links between second-and third-tier outcomes, i.e. the conditions fostering collaboration and social learning. Building a generic causal chain was also helpful to define the boundaries of jurisdictional programs and justify corresponding strategies. We conclude by saying that this generic causal chain shall be improved through the implementation of more research aimed at testing the different causal links and potentially identifying new ones in real-life case studies.† CIRAD, Montpellier, France ‡ CIFOR, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Landscape democracy and sustainable land restoration: Evidence from Shinyanga, TanzaniaInclusive land restoration is increasingly considered as a critical sustainable pathway to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) in developing countries. Literature suggests that good governance and democratic practices enable successful sustainable natural resource management. We review the extent to which landscape democracy enabled successful land restoration to inform future efforts. We examine how key democratic principles including participation, representation and legitimacy, actor interactors, equity and fairness, accountability and transparency and respect for local knowledge are deployed in a long-term successful land restoration experience in Shinyanga, Tanzania. To achieve this, we apply the FAO-PROFOR (2011) guiding framework for Assessing and Monitoring Forest Governance (Piabuo et al. 2018).Evidence suggests that all principles contributed positively to successful restoration except for accountability and transparency. Building on local knowledge and institutions, local rules and norms in restoration constituted the foundation of success. Actors identify the enhancement of incentives, equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms, performance and accountability instruments as key democracy aspects that would benefit land restoration at the landscape level. The cohesion and synergies amongst the different actors as well as the local governing structuresrecognizing both formal and informal institutions' interactions -are key determinants in the outcomes of restoration. Actor's position and relation in the initiation of conservation sites extension on the landscape of western Java's upland Western Java' s upland area covers West Java and part of Central Java Provincial Administration area, which is one of the sanctuaries of important biodiversity in Indonesia for avifauna, primates and mammals. Particularly for avifauna, the upland area became the last sanctuary after the disturbance and distraction by anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, plantations, settlements or infrastructure. On the other side, Java Island is facing constant pressure by human interventions affecting the decline of its ecological carrying capacity. The frequency of hydrometeorological disasters, water crisis threats, and the jeopardy on the biodiversity become indicators that the island must increase its ecological carrying capacity. From the collision of two interests, the following question is raised: Is there still any opportunity to expand the conservation site in western Java as an effort to increase the island's carrying capacity? To address that question, this research intended to find the opportunity through the lens of actors. The research uses the Collaboration/Conflict, Legitimacy, Interest and Power (CLIP) framework in the Provinces of West Java and Central Java covering 21 upland areas to identify response, position, and inter-actor relations if the extension of the conservation site on the landscape of western Java' s upland is implemented. Through the interaction of various actors, the research found that to allow collaborative and less conflictual conservation site extension efforts, there are five conditions that need to apply: the availability of existing sites that qualify for ecosystem rehabilitation, the willingness of the land right holder to provide land for conservation voluntarily, the availability of institutional arrangements and monitoring mechanisms on sites, the compatibility with the regional government's spatial plan, and minimum potential of conflict of interest. In general, there is a conflictual relation between actors but commonly not manifested, causing difficulties for creating a common vision to manage and develop forest management collaboratively. Mostly, the initiatives come from the non-governmental organizations and academicians as the representatives of a habitat's interests, but we only get insignificant responses from the policy makers. A landscape approach offering multisector, multiactor, and multi-interest management is a solution to keep all stakeholders involved in the conservation effort without losing their control over the forest. The approach also ensures that forest can be multifunctional, where conservation also can be implemented together with production and social welfare. Regarding the five clusters of research, the study found that the Southern Bandung cluster has the highest potential for the extension because it gives the opportunity for multistakeholders to collaborate. Actors in this cluster have an open mind about the dynamics and the discourse of conservation, inclusive governance, and many dominant actors have sufficient power to change the policy.Conservation site extension, western Java's upland, landscape approach, multiactor, CLIP frameworkLandscapes are defined as coherent and multi-functional geographical areas where multiple stakeholders and their interests are connected.Often conflicting claims to the land and competing interests exist. It is essential to understand how a landscape perspective, as an integrated approach to governance, can be used to balance the different interests in the decision-making process and coordinate spatial rules and regulations for sustainable resource management. The Upper Suriname River area provides various ecosystem services and products to the local Saamaka community. Increased accessibility to the area and intensification of land use may result in an increase in the likelihood of land use conflicts.This study aims to assess governance in the landscape in order to 1) identify challenges in landscape governance through a participatory baseline analysis, and 2) promote dialogue among stakeholders and help identify strategies for improved governance. Stakeholders of the area discussed and scored four performance criteria, each with their own indicators, on inclusive decision making, culture of collaboration, coordination across landscape sectors, levels, and actors, and sustainable landscape thinking and action. Of all indicators, accountability has the lowest score and sense of community the highest. The results showed that there are different governance systems in the landscape, but that there is insufficient vertical and horizontal coordination. There is also a need for transparency and accountability. Next steps in the study include facilitating a multistakeholder platform. The assessment will be repeated in the next year to see how the performance criteria have improved.† Tropenbos Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname In the Maya Biosphere Reserve (RBM) in Guatemala, a process has been developed for more than 20 years for forest management through a forest concession system under the administration of the National Council of Protected Areas (CONAP). These concessions were granted to 12 community groups and 2 local industrial companies in order to stop deforestation in the Multiple Use Zone (ZUM) that covers an area of around half a million hectares under concession. One of the requirements for the management of the concessions was to obtain forest certification and keep it valid throughout the contract period.† The Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica ‡ Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food (MALF) Petén, Guatemala C.A.The contribution of community forestry to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the nine active community concessions was evaluated. For this, the goals of each of the SDGs related to the work carried out in the concession process were selected. A series of indicators was constructed, using a qualitative methodology to obtain data from a variety of sources through a review of technical, scientific and gray literature and key actors.Community concessions in uatemala were found to contribute to the scope of the 17 SDGs and contributions were identified in 45 of the 162 targets. Their contribution to the well-being of people in economic, food, health, and education terms is highlighted, as well as its contribution to the conservation of forests, cultural heritage and the environment in general, through practices of sustainable use of timber forest resources, non-timber products, tourism and others.The concessions in Petén constitute a public-private alliance that involves the local population in the management of natural resources in a transparent, organized and planned manner, as a powerful tool that contributes to peace and social justice, as well as to human development and sustainability. Inaccuracy and dissimilarity of the data on the land use planning process are always considered as the core problem of data conflict in Indonesia. A lot of effort has been put in by the government to solve this problem. Since 2011, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) already issued Law number 4/2011 on Geospatial Information. This law makes it mandatory to produce an Indonesia National Standard (SNI) on spatial maps. Based on the regulation hierarchy, there is a mandate to develop the derivation of this law into technical regulation.The delay in making derivative rules resulted in business-as-usual practice in local government. It is consequently causing more conflicts in data on land use planning. In 2015, the GoI issued the Economic Strategic Policy Package number VIII, which contained the One Map Policy, referring to the government's priority to establish a geospatial reference, one standard, one database, and one geoportal to accelerate the implementation of national development. As part of the decision, a clear work plan was also prepared to form the basis for implementing onemap initiatives across the country.Although the policy has established firm commitments and intentions from the GoI, its implementation still has to face several challenges at the local level, such as the unavailability of formal procedures, guidelines and mechanisms in dealing with data conflicts. Based on this condition, we used the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework in multistakeholder-participatory processes to identify the driving force of problems and most suitable responses to address conflict data on land use planning in Indonesia through provinces and districts. The methods consist of several key steps to obtain: (1) compilation of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) data, (2) analysis of the overlapped data;(3) development of the typology of data conflict; (4) discussion among stakeholders and decision-maker; (5) a field survey and ground checking; and (6) prioritization of the data reconciliation process.This study showed that there are many conflicts over forestry, community plantations, large-scale plantations, agriculture and various other land uses that exist today. The list of problems and recommendations for participatory resolution was successfully identified, and a framework was built that can be used as a reference by the government to be legalized in policies in conflict reconciliation of the data. Those are very much needed to support the development process in the forestry and agriculture sectors at the local level and wherever there are various uses of land for multiple needs.† ICRAF, Bogor, Indonesia AUTHORS Alfa Nugraha † Ni Putu Laksemi † Feri Johana † Sonya Dewi † Andree Ekadinata † E-MAIL ADDRESS OF PRESENTER a.nugraha@cgiar.orgLow carbon development (LCD) aims for climate change mitigation without making sacrifices to development. This approach has been widely adopted, especially in developing countries. The Government of Indonesia has embraced the principle within the new national medium-term development. The LCD planning process requires an approach that allows interaction between the economic and environmental factors. One model that is simple and suitable to be used at the regional level is the environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) model. The EEIO model integrated the conventional input-output model of transactions of economic sectors with the environmental factors consisting of agriculture, forestry, energy consumption and waste production. The interaction between both groups of factors produces an indicator called emission intensity that captures the magnitude of emissions resulted per unit of monetary GDP being produced. Policy scenarios that are simulated in the EEIO model will offer outputs to be used in trade-off analysis and in developing an LCD plan. Under the LCD plan, it is expected that the emission intensity can be reduced, i.e. a decrease in carbon emissions in the economic activities that produces the GDP, without reducing the GDP. The EEIO approach is adapted into a tool called Red-CLUWE.id (Reducing Carbon Intensity from Land Use, Waste, and Energy sectors), that is currently being developed by ICRAF to be used for province-level planning processes in Indonesia, as requested by the Ministry of Development Planning. Red-CLUWE.id facilitates the province-level governments to carry out integrated lowcarbon development planning across sectors. It has been tested and applied in a handful of training series to the province-level governments. This simple but integrated tool allows local planners and practitioners to solve the climate crisis and achieve sustainable development at their jurisdictional level, and eventually national level, without compromising development and economic growth. Wetlands are among the most productive but most threatened ecosystems in the world. With the increasing urbanization, wetlands continue to be developed and exploited, while more actors get involved in their governance. Weak institutional arrangements and lack of well-established coordination are regarded to be indirect drivers of change that negatively impact wetlands, mangrove forests, and their resources. This study aimed to assess how institutional arrangements affect coordination of actors in the management of an urban wetland. Understanding how institutional arrangements affect the level and nature of coordination are instrumental in identifying appropriate management strategies to address the problems in the aforesaid site. The multi-functional nature and services of urban ecosystems, particularly wetlands, are vulnerable to threats associated with urbanization, climate change and land use change, and thus, sustainable management is in dire need. The study investigated the governance network of Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) in Metro Manila, Philippines, which is a wetland park and protected area bordering two highly urbanized cities. It is a declared Ramsar site under the Ramsar Convention of UNESCO for its significant biological features. It is also considered as the last remaining mangrove frontier in Metro Manila.A multi-institutional management council manages LPPCHEA. For this study, semi-structured interviews and a document review of relevant secondary data were employed. Data were analyzed using ATLAS.TI, a type of qualitative data analysis software. Findings revealed that there are existing laws, policies and regulations mainly supporting the conservation of LPPCHEA. Actors are highly knowledgeable of their roles and responsibilities within their mandate. Despite the presence of a legal framework, neglect in coordination was observed due to unclear delineation of roles and responsibilities and undocumented agreements. In some instances, overlapping of roles is duties are found.Coordination among these actors ranged from low to high ratings. Weak institutional arrangements created institutional complexity in the network. The findings of this study benefit the institutions and may serve as a guide to understand the complexity in managing urban wetlands within the environmental limits. It may provide recommendations to practitioners and policy makers towards developing an effective management approach and scientific policy, respectively, that is lacking in the field of urban wetland management. "}
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