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+{"id": "19176", "revid": "1328162", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19176", "title": "Battle of Waterloo", "text": "The Battle of Waterloo was a battle that was fought between the French on one side and the British and the Prussians on the other.\nNapoleon Bonaparte was Emperor of France and had started and lost the Napoleonic Wars. He had built an empire that stretched from Spain to the Russian border. Defeated at the Battle of Leipzig and elsewhere, he accepted exile on the island of Elba in 1814. \nIn February 1815, he returned to France and again took control of the French Army. He attacked his enemies in what is now Belgium and was defeated at Waterloo. It was the last battle of the Napoleonic Wars.\nPrelude.\nIn earlier days, Napoleon seemed unstoppable until two separate campaigns failed. He gathered a huge army to invade and to conquer Russia in 1812. His army was caught by the Russian winter and destroyed. The countries of Eastern Europe, led by Austria and Prussia, began to ally against him, forcing his troops back towards France. Meanwhile, a small army in Portugal and Spain, led by Arthur Wellesley, who later became Duke of Wellington, began to push Napoleon\u2019s troops out of Spain.\nBy 1814, Napoleon faced total defeat, with invasions from all sides. A peace treaty was arranged. in which he would abdicate (give up the throne) and live on a small Mediterranean island, Elba, with a small army. He was replaced as ruler of France by Louis XVIII, a brother of Louis XVI.\nHundred Days.\nOn Elba, Napoleon was not content. He had been promised money by the new French government, but it did not keep its promise. His wife, an Austrian princess, and his sons were forbidden to visit him.\nMessages from France showed that his enemies were quarreling. He seized his opportunity, went by ship in February 1815 and landed in France again. His welcome was very mixed. Many French were tired of war and the death and suffering that it made. However, others wanted a return to the power and glory of the old days and saw Napoleon as their best hope.\nHis first days were tense but his personal leadership and persuasion gained the support of the army. When Louis XVIII panicked and fled the country, there was little to stop Napoleon returning to Paris and being emperor again.\nWaterloo Campaign.\nWhat Napoleon needed now was a period of time to organise himself and the French army. The allies were caught completely by surprise, and their only chance to stop him lay with two small armies in Belgium: a British and Dutch army commanded by the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army, commanded by Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Bl\u00fccher .\nNapoleon decided on a further gamble. He gathered an army and prepared a surprise attack on Wellington and Bl\u00fccher and hoped to catch them unprepared. His plan was successful at first, and he crossed the Belgian border before Wellington and Bl\u00fccher could join forces.\nLigny and Quatre Bras.\nHis first battle was at Ligny, and after a fierce day of fighting, he defeated the Prussian army, forcing it to retreat. Thinking that Bl\u00fccher would retreat back to Prussia, Napoleon turned his attention towards Wellington. There was already a small battle at Quatre Bras, as Wellington tried to delay the French advance. That gave Wellington enough time to prepare a full defensive position across the road leading to Brussels near the village of Waterloo.\nThe French army advanced towards them and set up their camp on a ridge facing the combined British and Dutch army. Heavy rain caused delays and confusion, and both sides settled down for the night in the mud to await the dawn and the forthcoming battle.\nNapoleon\u2019s army faced Wellington\u2019s Anglo-Dutch army near Waterloo on 18 June 1815. Wellington\u2019s troops were deployed behind a low ridge, which partially protected them from the French massed artillery.\nPhase 1 \u2013 Attack on Hougoumont.\nAt around 11:00, Napoleon ordered his guns to open fire. The French infantry began an attack against the Ch\u00e2teau of Hougoumont, defended by the British Foot Guards and allied German Soldiers from the Duchy of Nassau. That was intended to draw Wellington\u2019s reserves away from the centre, where Napoleon\u2019s main attack would fall. According to records, Hougoumont was considered to be vital to winning the battle.\nPhase 2 \u2013 French infantry attacks.\nAt 13:30, Napoleon launched an infantry attack against Wellington\u2019s centre. Men of the King\u2019s German Legion resolutely defended the farm of La Haye Sainte, which disrupted the French attack. The British artillery and musketry could not stop the French assault, but the British Household and Union heavy cavalry brigades successfully charged after the Frenchmen. Excited by their success, the British cavalry pursued their enemy too far and in turn suffered terrible casualties at the hands of the French lancers and light cavalry.\nPhase 3 \u2013 French cavalry attacks.\nAt 15.00, the Anglo-Dutch army appeared to be retreating (moving back) after the heavy bombardment that it had received all day and so General Marshal Michel Ney led a massed French cavalry attack against Wellington\u2019s centre. However, the British infantry had been retreating only to regroup and to tend the wounded, and it formed squares to defend itself from the cavalry attack. The French took terrible casualties, as they circled the solid formations of infantrymen.\nThe situation further deteriorated for Napoleon as Bl\u00fccher's Prussian troops launched an attack at Plancenoit to his rear at 16.30.\nPhase 4 \u2013 Prussians begin to increase pressure.\nBy early evening, the French attack at Hougoumont, which was intended as a diversion, had the opposite effect. The French committed more and more troops to the bitter fighting around the ch\u00e2teau, which was held by only a small force of British Guardsmen. More French reserves were being sent to meet the Prussian threat to the rear of Napoleon\u2019s army at Plancenoit. However, the French had at last succeeded in capturing the farm of La Haye Sainte, only a short distance from Wellington\u2019s centre.\nPhase 5 \u2013 Attack by Imperial Guard.\nAt approximately 19.30 Napoleon committed his last reserves in a final effort to obtain victory. As the Prussians arrived to bolster Wellington\u2019s flank, veterans of the French Imperial Guard advanced to finish the job. The British infantry, exhausted from the continuous heavy gunfire that it had had received all day, rose to meet them. The musketry of the British Guards Brigade defeated Napoleon\u2019s finest troops, who fled. The whole French army joined those troops in retreat. Wellington ordered his entire line to advance, and the French were driven from the field."}
+{"id": "19178", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19178", "title": "S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe", "text": "S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, officially the Democratic Republic of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe is an island nation in Central Africa, it is located off the Gulf of Guinea. The main islands of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe are about 140\u00a0km apart and about 250 and 225\u00a0km, respectively, off of the northwestern coast of Gabon. The country has a population of 201,800 (2018 official estimate),S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe is the second-smallest and second-least populous African sovereign state after Seychelles as well as the smallest and least populous Portuguese-speaking country in the world. \nThe English translation of the countries name is Saint Thomas and Prince.\nThe islands were a Portuguese colony, but have been independent since July 1975. Portuguese is the official language.\nHistory.\nThe Portuguese arrived in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Island on December 21, 1471, and Pr\u00edncipe Island on January 17, 1492. As these were days dedicated to saints, both islands had saints\u2019 names. S. Ant\u00e3o Island, the former name of Pr\u00edncipe Island, changed in 1500 to honor the Prince of Portugal.\nThe official historical version says that the country was uninhabited before the arrival of the Portuguese sailors.\nThe first successful Portuguese settlement in the archipelago was in 1493. The volcanic soil of the islands proved to be good for sugar crops. Hard work was needed to grow and harvest the sugar crops. Slaves were brought from Portugal to do the work. Because other countries began producing more sugar, the islands were not able to make money from it. Instead it became a stopping place for the slave trade. \nIn the 19th century, crops of coffee and cocoa were grown. These became successful. By 1908 the country was the largest producer of cocoa. It is the most important crop for the country. \nOn February 3, 1953, the Batep\u00e1 massacre occurred. In the massacre hundreds of local people were killed by Portuguese settlers. The Portuguese wanted workers for the crops. The locals said they were being used as slaves. The governor told the military to take any locals who did not want to work. \nIn the late 1950s a group wanted independence. They were called the MLSTP (Movement for the Liberation of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe). In 1974 they succeeded in removing Marcelo Caetano as their leader. On 12 July 1975 S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe became an independent country. The first president was Manuel Pinto da Costa. He was the MLSTP`s General Secretary. \nUntil 1990 the MLSTP was the only political party. They changed the constitution to allow other political parties. The new Party of Democratic Convergence (PCD) won the most seats in the National Assembly. Miguel Trovoada was elected president.\nPolitics.\nThe president is elected for a five-year term and can be re-elected. The prime minister is elected for a four-year term. The thirteen members of the cabinet (the group of ministers) are chosen by them. All adult citizens can vote in the elections. They vote by secret ballot.\nProvinces.\nS\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe is divided into 2 provinces: Pr\u00edncipe and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9.\nThe provinces are further divided into seven districts, six on S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and one on Pr\u00edncipe (with Pr\u00edncipe having self-government since April 29, 1995).\nGeography and Climate.\nS\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe is formed by two volcanic islands - the biggest of which is S. Tom\u00e9 - and several islets. It is in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Africa. Both islands belong to the Cameroon volcanic mountain line.\nThe archipelago is 1,001km2 in size. The equator line passes through the Rolas\u2019s Islet which is in the south of S. Tom\u00e9 Island. The tallest peak is the Peak of S. Tom\u00e9 at 2,024m tall.\nThe climate is tropical, hot and humid, with an annual average temperature of 27 C. There are two main seasons. Gravana is the driest season. It has little or no rainfall and the temperatures are lower. Gravana lasts from June to August. The rainy season is from October to May.\nEconomy.\nSince the archipelago\u00b4s discovery, its economy has been based on agriculture and fishing. Cocoa is 95% of the country\u2019s exports. Other exports are copper, palm oil and coffee. Another economic activity is tourism.\nAfter independence, the country\u2019s economy was nationalized, it was then privatised in the early 1990s. Now the government budget is mainly based on foreign assistance from donors such as the UN Development Programme, the World Bank, and country donors.\nThe main importers of the archipelago's production are Portugal with 51%, France with 14%, Angola with 11%, and Japan with 10%.\nIn 2001, petroleum was found in the waters claimed by the archipelago and Nigeria.\nDemographics.\nAccording to the 2010 census, about 163,000 people lived in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. 52,000 lived in the capital and less than seven thousand lived on Pr\u00edncipe Island.\nS\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 is the country\u2019s capital and main city.\nThe people of S. Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe are divided into the following ethnic groups: mixed-blood, descendents of Portuguese settlers and African slaves; Forros, the biggest ethnic group and descendents of freed slaves; Angolares, descendents of Angolan slaves; Tonga, mixed blood of Forros and hired workers from Angola, Mozambique and Cape Verde; and Cape Verdean descendents.\nThe country\u2019s official language is Portuguese. Other languages spoken are Forro, a creole spoken by 80% of S. Tom\u00e9 Island`s people; Angolar, spoken mainly on the southeast of S. Tom\u00e9 Island; Lung`i\u00e9, spoken in Pr\u00edncipe Island; and Creole from Cape Verde.\nAlmost everyone is Christian: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant and Seventh-Day Adventist.\nCulture.\nThe country\u2019s culture is the product of Portuguese and African cultural influence. Typical dances on the islands are \u00dassua, Socop\u00e9, D\u00eaxa, and Puita. Tchiloli, Dan\u00e7o Congo and Auto dos Floripes are public theatrical performances, examples of the Portuguese cultural legacy.\nAlda Neves da Gra\u00e7a do Esp\u00edrito Santo was a famous poet from S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9.\nEducation.\nChildren are required to attend school for four years. The National Lyceum (S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe) and the University of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe are the two colleges."}
+{"id": "19180", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19180", "title": "Equatorial Guinea", "text": "The Republic of Equatorial Guinea is a nation in west central Africa, and one of the smallest countries in Africa. It borders Cameroon on the north, Gabon on the south and east, and the Gulf of Guinea on the west. The country's territory is both on the continent and on islands. The continental part is known as R\u00edo Muni. On one island, Bioko, is the capital, Malabo.\nEquatorial Guinea and the peoples living there were colonized by Spain. Spanish is an official language because of this.\nProvinces.\nEquatorial Guinea is divided into eight provinces (capitals appear in parentheses):\nThe provinces are further divided into districts."}
+{"id": "19181", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19181", "title": "Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo", "text": "Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (born 5 June 1942) has been the President of Equatorial Guinea since 1979. Mbasongo did the military academy in Zaragoza, Spain. He came to power in a military coup, deposing the former leader Francisco Mac\u00edas Nguema. Ngema had ruled the country for the previous decade. He was known to be very cruel. Ngema was sentenced to death and executed by a firing squad. Mbasonga promised to start over and to do a better job at governing the country.\nIn 1982, a new constitution was made. MBasogo was given the newly created post of president. He was re-elected in 1989, 1996 and 2002. In 1989 he was the only candidate, in the 1996 and 2002, international observers said the election results were false.\nObiang's regime kept clear authoritarian characteristics even after other parties were legalized in 1991. Most domestic and international observers consider his regime to be one of the most corrupt, ethnocentric, oppressive and undemocratic states in the world. Equatorial Guinea is now essentially a single-party state, dominated by Obiang's Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea (PDGE). In 2008 American journalist Peter Maass called Obiang Africa's worst dictator, worse than Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe. The constitution grants Obiang wide powers, including the power to rule by decree. Nonetheless, Obiang has far less power than Mac\u00edas. For the most part his rule has been considerably milder. Notably, there have been none of the atrocities that characterized the Mac\u00edas era.\nAll but one member of the 100-seat national parliament belong to the PDGE or are aligned with it. The opposition is severely hampered by the lack of a free press to express their views. Around 90% of all opposition politicians live in exile, 550 anti-Obiang activists have been jailed unfairly, and several killed since 1979.\nIn July 2003, state-operated radio declared Obiang to be a god who is \"in permanent contact with the Almighty\" and \"can decide to kill without anyone calling him to account and without going to hell.\" He personally made similar comments in 1993. Despite these comments, he still claims that he is a devout Catholic and was invited to the Vatican by John Paul II and again by Benedict XVI. Mac\u00edas had also proclaimed himself a god.\nIn November 2021, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo was appointed at his party's congress as a candidate for a sixth term in the 2023 election."}
+{"id": "19182", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19182", "title": "Lord Voldemort", "text": "Lord Voldemort (born Tom Marvolo Riddle) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the \"Harry Potter\" series of children's books. \nThe books were written by British author J.K. Rowling. Voldemort first appears in the 1997 fantasy novel \"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone / Sorcerer's Stone\". He appears in six of the seven books.\nIn the \"Harry Potter\" movies, Voldemort is played by actors Richard Bremmer, Christian Coulson, Ralph Fiennes, Hero-Fiennes Tiffin, and Frank Dillane.\nName.\n\"Voldemort\" is a translation of the French words \"vol de mort\", which means \"flight of death\" in French. J.K. Rowling apologized for this in 2009, saying that she did not mean that French people were bad: \"I can assure you that no anti-French feeling was at the origin of this choice. As a Francophile, I have always been proud of my French blood. But I needed a name that evokes both power and exoticism.\" She also said that Voldemort himself was \"100 percent English\".\nCharacter development.\nLord Voldemort is frequently described as \"the most evil wizard\" in the \"Harry Potter\" franchise. Many characters are afraid to say his name and he is often referred to as \"He Who Must Not Be Named\", \"You-Know-Who\", or \"The Dark Lord\". \nVoldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters believe wizards should rule the world and conquer non-magical people instead of hiding from them. He also thinks that \"pure-blood wizards\", wizards who do not have any non-magical parents or ancestors, are superior to other people. \nBackstory.\nTom Marvolo Riddle grows up in an orphanage in England. He does not know about wizards or magic but does know he can do things other children cannot. He like to scare the other orphans, kill their pets and steal their things from them. When he is 11 years old, a teacher at the wizard school Hogwarts named Albus Dumbledore comes to his orphanage and tells him he is a young wizard and can go to the school.\nOver the years, Voldemort makes magical objects called Horcruxes and puts part of his soul in each one. This keeps him from dying all the way and makes it possible for his friends to bring him back to life.\nAppearances.\n\"Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone / Sorcerer's Stone\".\nIn the first novel and movie, it is established that Voldemort was an evil wizard who had many followers. The protagonist, Harry Potter's parents were among those who fought against him. Voldemort killed Harry's parents, but due to their sacrifice, he could not kill Harry and he accidentally killed himself. This made Harry famous in the Wizarding World.\nTowards the end of the story, Harry finds out that one of the teachers at Hogwarts named Professor Quirrell was trying to steal a magical stone called the Sorcerer's Stone. Quirrell takes off his turban and reveals that Voldemort's soul is living on the back of his head and that he is trying to get the Stone to revive Voldemort. Quirrell/Voldemort tries to attack Harry but due to the protective spell that his parent's sacrifice gave him, Harry cannot be killed and Quirrell dies while Voldemort's spirit escapes.\n\"Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets\".\nIn the second book, Ginny Weasley comes into possession of a magic diary and is eventually possessed by Tom Marvolo Riddle, a manifestation of Voldemort's younger self. Riddle possesses Ginny and makes her open the Chamber of Secrets, which allows a massive snake to terrorise the school and attack students who have non-magic parents. At the end of the book, Harry defeats the snake and destroys the diary, which also makes Tom Riddle's manifestation disappear.\n\"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\".\nVoldemort does not appear in the third book, either in person or as a magical manifestation. He is, however, heard when Harry passes out from the harsh effects of a Dementor. Towards the end of the story, Sybill Trelawney, the Divination professor, makes a rare genuine prophecy: \"The Dark Lord lies alone and friendless, abandoned by his followers. His servant has been chained these twelve years. Tonight, before midnight, the servant will break free and set out to rejoin his master. The Dark Lord will rise again with his servant's aid, greater and more terrible than ever before.\" The servant is eventually revealed to be Peter Pettigrew, who, for the 12 years since Voldemort's fall, has been disguised as Ron's pet rat, Scabbers.\n\"Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire\".\nVoldemort makes his next appearance at the end of the fourth book. Voldemort has Harry trapped in a graveyard and his servant, Peter Pettigrew, uses Harry's blood in a potion which gives Voldemort a full body. Because Harry's blood was used in the potion, Voldemort can now \"touch\" Harry.\nVoldemort summons his Death Eaters and tries to kill Harry but their wands connect because they have the same core. The ghosts of Harry's parents distract Voldemort for enough time for Harry to escape.\n\"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\".\nThe Ministry of Magic (the magical government) denies that Voldemort has returned. Voldemort frees his most loyal followers from prison, including Bellatrix Lestrange. Harry also discovers that he and Voldemort can look into each other's minds.\nIn the battle at the end of the book, Voldemort fights Albus Dumbledore, the most powerful wizard. Voldemort escapes but not before the Minister of Magic sees him and the entire Wizarding World is made aware that Voldemort is back.\n\"Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince\".\nAlthough he does not appear in this book, his past and childhood are looked at. Harry and Dumbledore discover that Voldemort has made Horcruxes (objects which a wizard can put their soul inside so that they live forever). Several of the Horcruxes, including Tom Riddle's diary, have been destroyed but more remain. Voldemort also gives Draco Malfoy the mission of killing Dumbledore, but it is ultimately Professor Snape who does so, although Snape is actually working for Dumbledore.\n\"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows\".\nIn the seventh and final book (and its two film adaptations), Harry, Ron and Hermione go on a search for Voldemort's Horcruxes so that they can destroy them and make him mortal. Meanwhile, Voldemort steals the Elder Wand (most powerful wand) from Dumbledore's tomb. \nVoldemort's forces attack Hogwarts because Harry is searching for a Horcrux inside Hogwarts castle. During the battle, Voldemort kills Snape because he believes that Snape is the current Master of the Elder Wand (because Snape killed Dumbledore), but Voldemort doesn't know that the wand actually belongs to Draco, who was the one to disarm Dumbledore.\nHarry looks into Snape's memories and finds out that Snape was a secret spy working for Dumbledore because Snape was in love with Harry's mother. In the memories, it is also revealed that Harry is an \"accidental Horcrux\" because a part of Voldemort's soul lives in him. Harry willingly lets Voldemort kill him, but Voldemort's killing curse instead destroys the part of himself inside Harry, meaning that Harry himself survives.\nIn the final battle, Voldemort's final Horcrux, a snake named Nagini, is killed. Voldemort tries to use the Elder Wand to kill Harry. However, due to Harry defeating Draco Malfoy (the current Elder Wand Master) earlier in the story, Harry is now the true Master of the Elder Wand. Because the Elder Wand will not kill Harry, Voldemort's killing curse actually hits himself. With no Horcruxes left, Voldemort dies.\nInterpretation.\nExperts generally say Voldemort is a metaphor for fascism and fear of outsiders. He has also been compared to Rick Perry, Dick Cheney. Many people, including author J.K. Rowling, compared Donald Trump to Lord Voldemort after his 2015 proposal to forbid Muslims from entering the United States."}
+{"id": "19183", "revid": "880688", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19183", "title": "Hogwarts School", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19185", "revid": "86071", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19185", "title": "8 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19186", "revid": "381840", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19186", "title": "Dumbledore", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19187", "revid": "1475779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19187", "title": "Hogwarts", "text": "Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is a fictional boarding school in J. K. Rowling's best-selling \"Harry Potter\" series. It is a school of magic for witches and wizards between the ages of eleven and seventeen living in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Scotland.\nHogwarts houses.\nGryffindor.\nGryffindor house was started by Godric Gryffindor, from whom it gets the name. The house especially values courage. Its symbol (animal) is the lion and its colours are scarlet (red-purple) and yellow / goldish yellow. Nearly Headless Nick is the house ghost. The Gryffindors always compete with the Slytherins.\nThe Gryffindor Common Room (the place where the Gryffindor students spend their time and do their homework) is in one of the castle's towers, at the seventh floor. At the door, there is the Fat Lady, or the Lady who is fat. She lets the students in only after they give her the password (which changes from the beginning of the school year to the end of the school year). The Fat Lady wears a blue dress. In the room there is a place with fire, many chairs and tables, and two pair of stairs which take the girls and boys to their sleeping rooms.\nThe head of Gryffindor house is Minerva McGonagall.\nHufflepuff.\nHufflepuff house was started by Helga Hufflepuff, from whom it gets the name. The house especially values hard work, patience, friendship and fair play. Its symbol (animal) is the badger and its colours are black and yellow. The Fat Friar is the house ghost.\nThe Hufflepuff Common Room door is near the kitchens, in the dungeons. It is a quite cozy and welcoming place, not at all like a dungeon. In the room there are yellow hangings and fat armchairs, with little underground tunnels that take the students to their sleeping rooms. The tunnels have round doors like barrel-tops.\nThe head of Hufflepuff house is Pomona Sprout.\nRavenclaw.\nRavenclaw house was started by Rowena Ravenclaw, from whom it gets its name. The house especially values intelligence. Its symbol (animal) is the eagle (raven in the \"Harry Potter\" and \"Fantastic Beasts\" films) and its colours are blue and bronze (blue and silver in the \"Harry Potter\" and \"Fantastic Beasts\" films), the house's saying is \"Wit beyond measure is man's greatest treasure\". The Grey Lady is the house ghost and when she was alive she was Helena Ravenclaw, daughter of Rowena Ravenclaw.\nThe Ravenclaw Common Room is in Ravenclaw Tower, on the west side of the Castle. At the door the students must answer a riddle that the eagle-shaped door knocker asks them.\nThe head of Ravenclaw house is Filius Flitwick.\nSlytherin.\nSlytherin house was started by Salazar Slytherin, from whom it gets the name. The house especially values ambition and determination. Its symbol (animal) is the snake and its colours are green and silver. The Bloody Baron is the house ghost.\nThe Slytherin Common Room is in the dungeons of Hogwarts and is placed under The Black Lake, in the school grounds.\nThe house has a negative reputation, with a lot of people saying that it is the house from where almost all dark wizards in Britain, notably Tom Riddle (Voldemort).\nThe house is usually in competition with the Gryffindor house, as they \"don't like each other on principle\".\nThe head of Slytherin house is Severus Snape and in the 7th book Horace Slughorn."}
+{"id": "19188", "revid": "497303", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19188", "title": "Ministry of Magic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19190", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19190", "title": "PC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19191", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19191", "title": "Matrix (movie)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19194", "revid": "10028585", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19194", "title": "Toronto Maple Leafs", "text": "The Toronto Maple Leafs are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).\nOrigin.\nThey were formed in 1917 as one of the six original NHL teams. They were called the Toronto Arenas, but changed their name to St. Patricks, then to Maple Leafs, in the 1920s. The maple leaf is a symbol of Canada. The hockey team was actually named for an older team, a minor league baseball team called the Toronto Maple Leafs.\nHistory.\nThe Maple Leafs have won the Stanley Cup championship 13 times, more than any team except the Montreal Canadiens. However, they have not won since 1967. \nEarly years.\nThey won in their first year, 1918, and then again in 1922 and 1932. In their early years, they had many NHL scoring champions: \"Babe\" Dye in 1923 and 1925, \"Ace\" Bailey in 1929, Harvey \"Busher\" Jackson in 1932, Charlie Conacher in 1934 and 1935, and Gordie Drillon in 1938. However, no Toronto player has been scoring champion since then.\nVictories.\nThey were a strong team in the 1940s. They won the Stanley Cup in 1942 against the Detroit Red Wings, four games to three, even though they were losing three games to none at one point. This was the first of six championships in ten years; they also won in 1945, then three years in a row: 1947, 1948, and 1949, and again in 1951. Some of their best players in that time included goaltender Turk Broda, forward Syl Apps, and defence \"Babe\" Pratt, who won the Hart Trophy as the most valuable player in 1944. Ted \"Teeder\" Kennedy won the Hart Trophy in 1955; but no other Maple Leaf has won that award.\nThe team won four Stanley Cups in the 1960s: three in a row - 1962, 1963, and 1964 - and again in 1967. Frank Mahovlich, a left winger, was the star player. They were also led by defenceman Tim Horton (who began the Tim Horton's doughnut shops), center Dave Keon, goaltender Johnny Bower, and winger George Armstrong. Keon won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the top player in the playoffs in 1967.\nLater years.\nIn the late 1970s, the Maple Leafs were a good team, with players such as centre Darryl Sittler (who scored a record 10 points in one game) and Swedish defence Borje Salming (one of the first Europeans to play in the NHL). However, there were 18 NHL teams by then, so it was hard to come first. Wendel Clark was a strong player in the 1980s; he became the team's all-time top scorer. Mats Sundin was another Swedish star in the 1990s and 2000s. They also had some good goaltenders around this time: Curtis Joseph, then Ed Belfour.\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "19195", "revid": "116449", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19195", "title": "Detroit Red Wings", "text": "The Detroit Red Wings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). \nHistory.\nEarly history.\nThe Red Wings were formed in 1926. The Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL) folded that year, and many of the players from the WCHL's Victoria Cougars went to play for Detroit. As a result, the team was first called the Detroit Cougars, then later it changed to Detroit Falcons, before becoming known as the Red Wings.\nLater history.\nIn the late 1940s, the line of Sid Abel, Gordie Howe, and Ted Lindsey became very important to the team. Abel won the Hart Trophy in 1949, and Lindsey won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1950. Howe then won six Hart and six Art Ross Trophies between 1951 and 1963. Terry Sawchuck was a star goaltender, who ended up with more career shutouts than any other goalie (103). Red Kelly won the first ever Norris Trophy as best defence. As a result of having such great players, the Red Wings won four Stanley Cups in six years: 1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955. Two of these were very close: they were won in overtime of the 7th and deciding game in 1950 (against the New York Rangers) and 1954 (against the Montreal Canadiens). These are the only two times the NHL championship has gone to overtime of game seven.\nThe Red Wings continued to be a strong team throughout the 1960. They lost the NHL Finals five times between 1956 and 1966. Norm Ullman was their star center in the 1960s.\nComeback.\nThey were not a strong team again until the late 1980s. Steve Yzerman became a star at this time. Sergei Fedorov became the first Russian to win the Hart Trophy in 1994. The Red Wings won the President's Cup as top team in the NHL regular season in 1995, 1996 (with a record number of wins), and 2002. They won the Stanley Cup in 1997, 1998, and 2002. Nicklas Lidstrom won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times beginning in 2001. The team was one of the richest in the NHL, which helped them get many good players.\nWinnings.\nThe Red Wings have won eleven Stanley Cups, the third most of any team, and the most of the United States teams. They first won in 1936 and 1937, and again in 1943. Ebbie Goodfellow won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player in 1940. Sid Howe was also a star on the team at this time."}
+{"id": "19196", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19196", "title": "Wayne Gretzky", "text": "Wayne Gretzky (born January 26, 1961 Brantford, Ontario) known as \"The Great One\", is a Canadian retired ice hockey player. Gretzky played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 20 seasons. He was coach and part-owner of the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes until he stepped down on September 24, 2009. He also managed Canada's Olympic hockey teams in 2002 and 2006, as well as Canada's 2004 World Cup of Hockey team.\nBiography.\nThe Gretzky family comes from Belarus, or more precisely from the Brest region (the village of Ogdemer), from where his paternal grandfather Terenty Lavrentiyovych Gretzky emigrated. \nIn a recent interview on April 5, 2025, Wayne confirmed that his grandfather was Russian. \nCareer.\nWayne signed his first contract at the age of 16 with the Indianapolis Racers. He then played for the National Hockey League (NHL): \"Edmonton Oilers\", \"Los Angeles Kings\", \"New York Rangers\".\nGretzky was a star junior player with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds of the Ontario Hockey League. When he was a boy he went from a bad first season, to great improvement. But this success also brought criticism because his father pushed Gretzky's success over other young players'. In 1978, when he was 17, he began playing as a professional with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association (WHA), but was sold to the Edmonton Oilers after only a few games. He was third in WHA scoring and rookie of the year.\nThe WHA folded in 1979, and the Oilers team joined the NHL. At the age of 19, Gretzky won his first Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP). He won this trophy nine times. In 1981, he won his first of ten Art Ross Trophies as NHL scoring champion. He set many records in the 1980s, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season. In the 1981-82 season, he scored 50 goals in 39 games, when the record had been 50 games. He was named as Sports Illustrated athlete of the year in 1982. He was also called \"the greatest player of all time\" in \"Total Hockey: The Official Encyclopedia of the NHL\".\nGretzky won four Stanley Cup championships with the Edmonton Oilers: 1984, 1985, 1987, and 1988. He won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1985 and 1988. Then, in 1988, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings. He helped them to the finals in 1993. In 1996, he was traded to the St. Louis Blues, and signed with the New York Rangers at the beginning of the 1996-97 season. He retired, and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, in 1999.\nWhen he retired, he had 2857 career points, over 1000 more than the next highest player. To this day, no one else has reached 2000. He has the second most career goals (894) and the record for the most assists (1963) (he has more assists than anyone else has points). He holds many other records, such as most 100-point seasons (15), most points in the playoffs (47 in one year and 382 career), and most games in a row with at least one point (51). He was named to the first or second all-star team 15 times and was MVP of the NHL all-star game three times. He had 61 official NHL records when he retired.\nIn 21 years of playing on the ice (1487 games), Wayne Gretzky broke virtually all NHL records. He has 894 goals and 2857 points. He has won the NHL's most prestigious awards nine times (including \"Most Valuable Player\" and \"Best Scorer\").\nIn the Stanley Cup he played 208 matches, scored 122 goals. Four-time (1984, 1985, 1987, 1988) winner and three-time (1983, 1986, 1993) Stanley Cup finalist.\n7 seasons in a row he was named the most productive player in the NHL (1980-1987). Awarded the Order of Canada (1984), member of the Hockey Hall of Fame (1999). Participant in the 18th Winter Olympics (Nagano, 1998), executive director of the Canadian national team at the 19th (Salt Lake City, 2002) and 20th (Turin, 2006) Olympic Games. Since 2005 - head coach, later co-owner of the team \"Coyotes\" (Phoenix, Arizona, USA).\nHe set 61 NHL records and was nicknamed the Great for his achievements. For his outstanding contribution to the development of world hockey in 1994, Wayne Gretsky was awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy. The athlete is also recognized as the best NHL hockey player of all time, immortalized in the \"Hockey Hall of Fame\". Number 99, under which he played, is assigned to him in all NHL teams.\nGretzky's number, #99, was retired by the entire league. He was named Canada's male athlete of the 20th century. He has also been honoured with Canada's highest honour for a civilian: the Order of Canada.\nFamily.\nGretzky married American actress Janet Jones in 1988. They have five children: Paulina, Ty, Trevor, Tristan, and Emma."}
+{"id": "19197", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19197", "title": "Hart Memorial Trophy", "text": "The Hart Trophy is given to the most valuable player of the National Hockey League every year. It was given to the NHL by Dr. David Hart, father of NHL coach and manager Cecil Hart. It was first awarded in 1924.\nWayne Gretzky has won the most Hart Trophies with nine, followed by Gordie Howe with six and Eddie Shore with four. Howie Morenz, Bobby Orr, Bobby Clarke, Alex Ovechkin, and Mario Lemieux have won the award three times each.\nThe closest vote for the trophy was in 2002, when Jose Theodore and Jarome Iginla tied; Theodore won because he had more first-place votes. In 1999, Chris Pronger won by one point over Jaromir Jagr; and in 1990, Mark Messier won by two points over Ray Bourque."}
+{"id": "19200", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19200", "title": "Frankfurt", "text": "Frankfurt, officially Frankfurt am Main (; Hessian: \"Frangford am Maa\", \"Frank ford on the Main\"), is one of the biggest cities in Germany. The city of Frankfurt has a population of 700,000. The metropolitan area, called Rhine-Main after its two biggest rivers, has over four million people. Frankfurt is an important centre for traffic and for the financial business. The Frankfurt International Airport is the largest in Germany, and one of the largest in the world. Frankfurt's train station is one of the largest, and its highway crossing is the centre of Germany's street network. Frankfurt is the seat of the European Central Bank, the German Federal Bank (Bundesbank) and of the biggest German banks, and it has an important stock exchange where shares of German companies are traded.\nFrankfurt is on the Main river. The city's name means \"ford of the Franks\" - a ford is a place in a river where it is so shallow that you can walk through it, and the Franks were a Germanic people which existed in the first millennium. So, this was a place where travellers could cross the river without a boat. The frankish kings built a palace and a church here. Over the centuries, this group of buildings grew to be a big city which was famous for international trade and fairs, like today. Frankfurt was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire, and its emperors were crowned here. In the 19th century, Frankfurt was the capital of the German Confederation which was founded after the Holy Roman Empire fell apart. During the revolution of 1848, the first freely elected German parliament worked in Frankfurt.\nDuring the Industrial Revolution, many factories and railway lines were built in Frankfurt and its suburbs. In the city centre, a lot of big buildings were built, like an opera house, theatres, stock exchange, railway stations, department stores or museums. Tram lines were constructed to make travelling inside the growing city easier. In World War II, the old city was totally destroyed by airplane bomber attacks. After the war, Germany was divided into two parts, and Frankfurt became the economic capital of West Germany while Bonn was chosen to be the political capital.\nFrankfurt is a very international city. Every third inhabitant is not German. Most immigrants come from southeastern Europe, Middle East and North Africa, but there are people from almost every country living in Frankfurt. There are also many international business companies here, and the big airport links Frankfurt with many countries in the world. Many banks are based in Frankfurt, which is why so many are offered there. Frankfurt has some of the tallest buildings in Europe, which is why the city is although called \"Mainhattan\".\nThe largest shopping street in Frankfurt is called the Zeil.\n\"Frankfurter\" is also a name for a hot dog, or sausage, because they are said to have originated in the city.\nFrankfurt has an oceanic climate (\"Cfb\" in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification).\nWikimania.\nThe first Wikimania conference was hosted in this city in 2005."}
+{"id": "19204", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19204", "title": "Hugh Capet of France", "text": "Hugh Capet (French: \"Hugues Capet\") (c. 941 \u2013 24 October 996) was King of the Franks from 987 until his death in 996. The Capetian dynasty he started ruled France in an unbroken line for 300 years.\nEarly career.\nHugh was born in the winter of 941 and was the son of Hugh the Great and Hedwige of Saxony. His grandfather was King Robert I. His grandmother was Beatrice of Vermandois. She was a Carolingian; a daughter of Herbert I of Vermandois. By this connection he was the fifth great-grandson of Charlemagne through Pepin of Italy.\nWhile still a young man Hugh got the nickname \"capet\" from the cape he wore. These were tokens of the lay abbacies he held. \nElected king of the Franks.\nWhen King Louis V died with no heir Adalbero of Reims made a plea for electing Hugh Capet. He proposed the throne was not a hereditary right but that the king should be the best man for the job. The assembly at Senlis agreed and elected Hugh King of the Franks. \nCapet is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. His tomb effigy was destroyed during the French Revolution.\nFamily.\nHe married Adelaide of Aquitaine. She was the daughter of William III of Aquitaine. Together they had:"}
+{"id": "19205", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19205", "title": "Disney Channel", "text": "Disney Channel is an American pay television channel that serves as the flagship property of Disney Branded Television, a unit of the Disney Entertainment business segment of the Walt Disney Company.\nLaunched on April 18, 1983, under the name The Disney Channel as a premium channel on top of basic cable television systems, it originally showcased programming towards families due to availability of home television sets locally at the time. It dropped \"The\" from its name in 1997, thus getting rebranded as Disney Channel, with its programming shifting focus to target mainly children and adolescents ages 6\u201314. The channel showcases original first-run children's television series, theatrically released and original television films and other selected third-party programming.\nAs of November 2023, Disney Channel is available to approximately 70 million pay television households in the United States \u2014 down from its peak of 100 million households in 2011. The channel's international footprint, once encompassing 46 channels available in 33 languages, has also diminished in parts of Europe and most of the Asia-Pacific due to the launch of Disney+ and competition from other streaming and social media platforms.\nProgramming blocks.\nDisney Jr..\nDisney Channel programs shows targeted at preschool-age children on weekdays from 6 a.m.-2 p.m. ET/PT (6-10 a.m. during the summer months) and weekends from 6-9 a.m. ET, called Disney Jr. , the only programming featuring classic Disney characters is \"Mickey Mouse Clubhouse\" on the Disney Jr. block. Other programming in this block includes \"Mickey and the Roadster Racers, , Sofia The First,\" and \"Elena of Avalor.\" \nOn May 26, 2010, it was announced that the Playhouse Disney block will be re-branded under the name Disney Junior starting on February 14, 2011 which later became its own digital cable and satellite channel on March 23, 2012, replacing SOAPnet. The Disney Junior channel is a direct competitor to Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. network and PBS and Comcast's PBS Kids Sprout."}
+{"id": "19207", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19207", "title": ""Captain" Lou Albano", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19211", "revid": "10286230", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19211", "title": "List of dog breeds", "text": "People have carefully bred dogs for thousands of years. Sometimes they inbreed dogs who have the same close ancestors, and sometimes they mix dogs from very different ancestors or even from different breeds. This continues today, resulting in hundreds of dog breeds, some that are similar to each other, and others that are very different. \nThis list includes common breeds, rare breeds, and breeds that are still being developed into new breeds. See each article for more information.ten\nBreed categories.\nDog breeds are often grouped in different ways, such as:\nDog breeds are also sometimes grouped into similar , such as Mastiff types, spitz types, pit bulls, or Lurchers.\nDog breed list.\nDog breeds include:\nNonsporting Dogs\nOther websites.\nSee the lists of dog breeds that these important breed registries allow:"}
+{"id": "19213", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19213", "title": "Milli Vanilli", "text": "Milli Vanilli was a German R&B music group created and formed in Munich by producer Frank Farian. The group members were Fab Morvan (born 1966) and Rob Pilatus (1965-1998). They were popular in the late-1980s. Their 1988 debut album, Girl You Know It's True, sold more than 7 million copies worldwide and won them the Grammy for Best New Artist in 1990. In the same year, people found out that the group never sang anything at all. Even at concerts, they pretended to sing (lip synching) while a recording was played. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli in 1990.\nGerman producer Farian was known for using questionable methods. Often his performers were not necessarily the ones singing, as in the cases of \"Bobby Farrell\" of Boney M. or Milli Vanilli. This method, which was very common in those years in European pop music, was replicated in the United States by the group \"C+C Music Factory\", who used a model in their videos and performances, while the original voice was, in some songs, by singer \"Martha Wash\".\nOn November 15, 1990, Farian publicly admitted that Morvan and Pilatus were not the real singers of Milli Vanilli but were lending their likeness and lip-syncing to songs performed by other people, and on November 26, 1990, Frank Farian introduced the real singers during a photo shoot.\nHistory.\nCreation of Milli Vanilli.\nMilli Vanilli was a duo formed by the German \"break dancer\" and amateur footballer Rob Pilatus (1965-1998) and the French dancer Fab Morvan (1966). The two met in a Munich nightclub and teamed up as backup dancers for other artists, for example, Rob appeared on stage with the group \"Wind\" at the 1987 Eurovision Song Contest and they both appear in the music video song for \"C.C. Catch\", Soul Survivor. Additionally, that same year Rob and Fab formed the electropop trio \"Empire Bizarre\".\nAt the same time, German producer Frank Farian, famous for his work with Boney M., was preparing a new musical project to leave behind the disco sound of the 1970s. A DJ in Frankfurt handed him a vinyl record by \"Numarx\", an unknown R&B group from Maryland, with the song Girl You Know It's True that was playing in US military Discos in Germany. On that theme song, Farian introduced new bases, musical instruments and voices that corresponded to the ex-military men \"Brad Howell\" and \"Charles Shaw\".\nFarian already knew Rob Pilatus from his work as a television dancer, so he proposed creating a musical duo with his friend Fab in which they would only have to dance, lip-sync and lend their image to the songs that Farian himself composed and others sang. The fact that Rob and Fab were black was an advantage, as Farian wanted them to resemble as much of an authentic American R&B group as possible and even though neither of them could speak English well, the producer chose them over the original singers because their image was \"\"younger and more attractive\".\" The contract was signed in January 1987 and Farian took charge of promoting them as a Boy band, taking advantage of his reputation in the German recording industry. The term \"Milli Vanilli\" is a reference to Frank's wife's nickname, although at the time it was marketed as \"a Turkish name\".\nThe studio singers were \"Brad Howell\", \"Charles Shaw\", and twins \"Jodie\" and \"Linda Rocco\" on backing vocals. None of them were listed on the European album booklets. \"Shaw\" eventually left the project due to disagreements with Farian and was replaced by \"John Davis\".\nInternational success.\nThe single Girl You Know It's True was released on June 25, 1988 and became a \"Best-seller\". In addition to achieving a Gold record in Germany, it was number 1 in Austria, Spain and the United States, and one of the songs of the summer in France, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia. Months later, Baby Don't Forget My Number, composed by Farian, Howell and Diane Warren, followed, which after being released on December 10, 1988, reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The acceptance of the European public motivated the American \"Record company\" Arista Records, a subsidiary of Sony Music, to hire them to release records in North America, and at that time the figures shot up to 7 million copies sold (Platinum record), partly thanks to the emergence of \"music channels\" such as MTV.\nIn Europe, the debut album All or Nothing was released in November 1988 under the \"Hansa Records\" label, while there was a UK-only version called 2\u00d72 released in the year 1990 with an extra disc of remixes. Two more singles were released from that album \"Girl I'm Gonna Miss You\" and \"Blame It on the Rain\". In the United States, the original album was reissued as Girl You Know It's True on March 7, 1989.\nIt is worth noting that the American version of each album clearly featured the names of Morvan and Pilatus as singers of the songs, something that did not happen in Europe and which would end up fueling accusations of fraud. In December 1989, soloist \"Charles Shaw\" told a reporter from the New York newspaper \"Newsday\" that he and another person were the real singers, however, at the time the accusation was not made public, Shaw said he was threatened by Farian with a lawsuit, Farian alleged to have paid Shaw to publicly retract his statement.\nAt first, Rob and Fab did not raise suspicions among the press because their fame was limited to Europe where Farian could control concerts and interviews. However, upon arriving in the United States they surprised with their level of English with a marked German accent unlike the American-accented voices on the album. The arrival of \"Arista Records\" caused Farian to lose some control over the duo, and they began to frequent parties, cause incidents, and show little musical interest in interviews. Against Farian's wishes as producer, Milli Vanilli agreed to go on a concert tour in the United States where they were on the verge of being discovered since at the end of 1989, when they were performing in Bristol \"(Connecticut)\", there was a playback failure with a loop of the chorus of \"Girl You Know It's True.\"\nIn January 1990, Milli Vanilli won three American Music Awards (AMAs) for Best New Artist, Best Pop Song (Girl You Know It's True) and Best New R&B Artist and on February 21, at the \"32nd\" Grammy Awards, they were awarded Best New Artist. At the time, Rob Pilatus told TIME magazine about Milli Vanilli that \"\"Musically, we are more talented than Bob Dylan, Paul McCartney and Mick Jagger\".\"\nFraud discovery.\nAdding to the rumours about Milli Vanilli's real authorship was the fact that Fab and Rob were pressuring Frank Farian to record a new album with their own songs and vocals, very different from those on the debut album, Farian rejected the proposal outright because such a project would have meant the loss of creative control and he did not see them capable of composing. With the relationship between the two parties completely broken, the creator of the project decided to reveal the truth in a press conference in New York.\nOn November 12, 1990, Farian publicly admitted that Morvan and Pilatus were not the real singers of Milli Vanilli, but were instead lending their image and \"lip-syncing\" to songs performed by other people. The reaction in the United States was immediate, in addition to the disappointment of fans and the international repercussion, the organization of the \"Grammy Awards\" withdrew the award granted to Milli Vanilli in February although they kept the AMA only because it rewarded popularity and not artistic quality. For its part, Arista Records deleted its entire catalog, making it impossible to obtain new copies, and initially tried to deny its involvement in the deception. However, both \"Farian and the singers\" made it clear that the \"record company\" knew about it before the contract was signed. At the press conference where they returned the Grammy, the duo tried to blame Farian and Rob Pilatus apologized to all the people who might have felt cheated, Morvan later claimed that this practice of \"Playback\" was common in Europop.\nFarian's revelation marked the end of Milli Vanilli and condemned its two members to artistic \"ostracism\". While Fab Morvan had no problem adapting to the new situation and reinventing himself as a presenter or dancer, Rob Pilatus suffered from the loss of fame and even attempted suicide at the end of 1991. Arista Records faced up to 27 lawsuits for alleged fraud against dissatisfied fans who wanted a refund for their advance tickets and albums and had to agree to a court-ordered refund plan for tickets and albums.\nMilli Vanilli after the scandal.\nIn 1991, Frank Farian launched the group \"The Real Milli Vanilli\" with the five singers who really performed Milli Vanilli songs, however, their album, ironically titled \"The Moment of Truth\", was not as successful as expected and its circulation was limited to Europe. For the United States, in 1992 several songs were re-recorded by other artists and a reissue was made under the name \"Try 'N' B\", which also had little impact. Due to its failure, this new group dissolved that same year of its creation.\nAs for Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan, they formed the duo Rob & Fab and released a new album in 1992 that could only be released in the US due to budgetary restrictions, on this occasion they were the real interpreters of the songs. However, just under \"3,000 copies\" were sold and the two stopped speaking to each other for a while.\nFollowing the failure of Rob & Fab's album, Fab Morvan took up residence in L.A. and devoted himself to presenting radio shows and public events, in contrast, Rob Pilatus was involved in various crimes of vandalism, drug use and assault for which he was even imprisoned for several months in 1996. This episode prompted Morvan to resume his friendship with Pilatus and to pay for a semester at a detox clinic.\nPilatus returned to Germany penniless to undertake rehabilitation with the help of his family and Frank Farian. Farian had made peace with Rob and Fab and was planning to revive Milli Vanilli with a new album, Back and in Attack, on which they would be \"the original performers\", however, on April 2, 1998, Rob Pilatus was found dead in a Frankfurt hotel of an overdose.\nFrank Farian dedicated himself to the production of new electropop groups such as \"La Bouche\" and \"No Mercy\" within the Eurodance framework, although without repeating great successes in the United States, while Fab Morvan remains involved in the world of show business, in fact, in 2016 Morvan returned to perform as The Milli Vanilli Experience together with \"John Davis\", one of the studio singers of the original group. In 2006, the record label \"Hansa Records\" released a Milli Vanilli Greatest Hits compilation.\nJohn Davis passed away in May 2021, aged 66, and Frank Farian passed away in Miami, U.S. on January 23, 2024 at the age of 82.\nFilms.\n\"Milli Vanilli (2023)\".\nOn June 1, 2023, it was announced Paramount+ had acquired the documentary film Milli Vanilli, directed by Luke Korem. The film was shown at the Tribeca film festival in 2023. The documentary film received \"positive critical reviews\", including \"Variety\" calling it a \"Captivating and moving documentary\" and that it \"Brings off something at once strategic, artful, and humane\". \"The Hollywood Reporter\" released the trailer on September 13, 2023, and the documentary had a global release on October 24, 2023.\nOn the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 24 critics' reviews are \"positive\", with an average rating of \"7.8/10\". The website's consensus reads: \"With clarity and compassion, Milli Vanilli reframes one of pop's most infamous scandals as a sobering cautionary tale\". The documentary was selected as a critic's pick by both \"The New York Times\" and \"Variety\". Both \"The Telegraph\" and \"The Times\" gave the film \"four out of five stars\". \"Variety\" named \"Milli Vanilli\" one of the best documentaries of 2023.\n\"Girl You Know It's True (2023)\".\nBetween 2021 and 2022, Simon Verhoeven wrote and directed the Milli-Vanilli \"biopic\" Girl You Know It's True, which was filmed in Munich, Berlin, Cape Town, and Los Angeles. The film was produced by \"Wiedemann & Berg Film Production\" with \"Leonine Holding\" as the theatrical distributor, due to be released in cinemas 2023. The movie stars \"\" and \"Elan Ben Ali\" as Pilatus and Morvan as well as \"Matthias Schweigh\u00f6fer\" as Farian. One of the executive producers is R&B music producer and performer \"Kevin Liles\" who composed the original version of \"Girl You Know It's True\" by his \"Baltimore DJ crew\" Numarx in 1986. The film's North American premiere took place at the 2024 Berlin & Beyond Film Festival in San Francisco with Fab Morvan in attendance. In June 2024, \"Vertical film Company\" acquired North American distribution rights to the film, planning a \"day-and-date\" release on August 9, 2024."}
+{"id": "19216", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19216", "title": "Landseer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19222", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19222", "title": "1706", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19223", "revid": "1556168", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19223", "title": "Geology", "text": "Geology is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of. Geology is the study of rocks in the Earth's crust. People who study geology are called geologists. Some geologists study minerals (mineralogist) and the useful substances the rocks contain such as ores and fossil fuels. Geologists also study the history of the Earth.\nSome of the important events in the Earth's history are floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, orogeny (mountain building), and plate tectonics (movement of continents). \nSubjects.\nGeology is divided into special subjects that study one part of geology. Some of these subjects and what they focus on are:\nTypes of rock.\nRocks can be very different from each other. Some are very hard and some are soft. Some rocks are very common, while others are rare. However, all the different rocks belong to three categories or types, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.\nFaults.\nAll three kinds of rocks can be changed by being heated and squeezed by forces in the Earth. When this happens, faults (cracks) may appear in the rock. Geologists can learn a lot about the history of the rock by studying the patterns of the fault lines. Earthquakes are caused when a fault breaks suddenly.\nSoil.\nSoil is the stuff on the ground made of lots of particles (or tiny pieces). The particles of soil come from rocks that have broken down, and from rotting leaves and animals bodies. Soil covers a lot of the surface of the Earth. Plants of all sorts grow in soil.\nTo find out more about types of rocks, see the \"rock (geology)\" article.\nTo find out more about soil, see the \"soil\" article.\nPrinciples of Stratigraphy.\nGeologists use some simple ideas which help them to understand the rocks they are studying. The following ideas were worked out in the early days of stratigraphy by people like Nicolaus Steno, James Hutton and William Smith:"}
+{"id": "19224", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19224", "title": "Pisa", "text": "Pisa is a city and a \"comune\" in Tuscany, Italy. About 90,000 people live in the city. The city has a very long and turbulent history. The \"Leaning Tower of Pisa\" is a famous landmark of Pisa."}
+{"id": "19225", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19225", "title": "Cheshire", "text": "Cheshire is a rural county in England. It is the North West part of the country, just south of Manchester. Cheshire covers 905 square miles (2,344 km2) and had a population of around 1.1 million in 2021. \nCheshire's county town is the cathedral city of Chester, while its most populated town is Warrington. \nIt is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield, a market town. A main attraction is Kerridge, near one of the western foothills of the Pennines . "}
+{"id": "19226", "revid": "9726824", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19226", "title": "Cayman Islands", "text": "The Cayman Islands are a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean Sea. The territory is made up of three islands: Grand Cayman, Little Cayman, and Cayman Brac. Its capital, George Town, is on the main island (Grand Cayman).\nGovernment.\nThe Cayman Islands are governed by the United Kingdom. The Monarch chooses a Governor to represent the territory. The Governor can use his powers freely, but the King still has executive power.\nTaxation.\nThere are no direct taxes that residents and companies have to pay. The government receives most income from indirect taxes. However, there are tourist taxes and airport taxes. \nClimate.\nThe Cayman Islands have a Tropical climate. The wet season runs from May to October, and the dry season runs from November to April. \nTourism.\nThe Cayman Islands are a popular tourist spot because they have coral reefs. This is why many tourists travel on airplanes or on cruise ships to go snorkeling and scuba diving.\nAirports.\nThere are three airports in the Cayman Islands. The main one is . It is located on Grand Cayman near George Town, in which the national airline, Cayman Airways is based."}
+{"id": "19229", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19229", "title": "1167", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19230", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19230", "title": "1097", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19231", "revid": "10249788", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19231", "title": "1782", "text": "Births.\nMarch 18 - John C. Calhoun, seventh Vice President of the United States (d. 1850)\nDecember 5 - Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States (d. 1862)"}
+{"id": "19232", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19232", "title": "1197", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19234", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19234", "title": "1210", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19235", "revid": "814900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19235", "title": "E-mail", "text": "Electronic mail (or e-mail or email) is an Internet service that allows people who have an e-mail address (accounts) to send and receive electronic letters. Those are much like postal letters, except that they are delivered much faster than snail mail when sending over long distances, and are usually free.\nLike with regular mail, users may get a lot of unwanted mail. With e-mail, this is called spam. Some programs used for sending and receiving mail can detect spam and filter it out nearly completely.\nTo send or receive an email in the traditional way, one needs a device (computer, phone etc.) connected to the Internet and an e-mail program (simply called mailer). Several formats exist for email addresses. The most common, called , looks like codice_1. E-mail messages are sent mostly by text, and sometimes by HTML style.\nSome companies let people send and receive emails for free from a remote website. Gmail, Hotmail and Yahoo! are among the many that do this kind of \"web mail\". Webmail does not follow the pattern below exactly because the webpage is a web application and takes care of many details by itself. The traditional way uses a mailer, as is usual with smartphones. \nMicrosoft invented its own \"communication protocol\" (or set of rules) for sending and receiving mail, called \"Exchange\". Exchange protocol works entirely differently from the traditional method and is not explained here.\nTraditional method.\nThis diagram gives an example of what happens when email is sent from one person to another using the traditional method. In this example, Alice is sending email to Bob."}
+{"id": "19239", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19239", "title": "1231", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19240", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19240", "title": "1242", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19241", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19241", "title": "1183", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19242", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19242", "title": "1155", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19243", "revid": "10250033", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19243", "title": "1567", "text": "1567 (MDLXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar."}
+{"id": "19244", "revid": "10384875", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19244", "title": "The Dillinger Escape Plan", "text": "The Dillinger Escape Plan was an American mathcore band. They formed in New Jersey in 1997. They are generally a heavy group, with punk roots and influences from punk bands like The Bronx and Bad Brains. They formed as a hardcore punk band as known as \"Arcane\" which later became the Dillinger Escape Plan."}
+{"id": "19245", "revid": "1503679", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19245", "title": "Queensr\u00ffche", "text": "Queensr\u00ffche is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Bellevue, Washington in 1982. They have made 16 studio albums, one extended play (EP), and many DVDs. When the band was made, its members were singer Geoff Tate, guitarist Michael Wilton and Chris DeGarmo, drummer Scott Rockenfield, and bassist Eddie Jackson.\nQueensr\u00ffche has sold over 20 million albums. They were pioneers of power metal and later progressive metal in the 1980s. Many people say that \"\", an album they released in 1988, is one of the best heavy metal concept albums ever made. The band has been nominated for Grammy Awards three times."}
+{"id": "19246", "revid": "10489650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19246", "title": "Midnight Oil", "text": "Midnight Oil is an Australian rock band. They formed in Auckland in 1976. The band became famous for its soft-rock sound and calming live performances. The band was politically active supporting environmentalist and indigenous causes."}
+{"id": "19247", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19247", "title": "Jon Bon Jovi", "text": "John Francis Bongiovi (born March 2, 1962 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) better known as Jon Bon Jovi, is an American musician and actor. He is best known as the lead singer of the hard-rock band, Bon Jovi.\nBiography.\nIn 1983, Jon was one of the founding members of Bon Jovi. Earlier he sang in bands \"Starz\" and \"Atlantic City Expressway\".\nIn 2006, Jon was ranked in 31st place out of 100 the best vocalist in history.\nHe starred in 18 films, last time in 2011."}
+{"id": "19249", "revid": "1267963", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19249", "title": "On the Waterfront", "text": "On the Waterfront is a 1954 American movie about mob violence among longshoremen (people who unload ships) in New Jersey. Directed by Elia Kazan, it stars Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint and Karl Malden.\nThe movie won eight Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Actor (Brando), Best Supporting Actress (Saint), Best Art Direction, Best Director (Kazan), Best Cinematography (Boris Kaufman), Best Film Editing (Gene Milford) and Best Original Screenpaly (Budd Schulberg). The catchphrase, \"I could've been a contender\", is said by Terry Malloy. In 2005, it ranked third on AFI's list of the one hundred most famous quotes in movie history . Five years earlier, it was the eighth most popular movie on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list."}
+{"id": "19250", "revid": "824868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19250", "title": "Faith No More", "text": "Faith No More is an alternative metal band. They were formed by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, and keyboarder Roddy Bottum in San Francisco, California, USA, in 1981 and broke up on April 20, 1998. However, they got back together in 2009 and have continued playing since.\nThey became successful with singer Mike Patton in the early 1990s. Their biggest hits were \"Epic\" and the cover song \"Easy\", originally from Lionel Richie.\nDiscography.\nSo far, Faith No More has released six studio albums, which include:"}
+{"id": "19251", "revid": "10492270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19251", "title": "The Pretenders", "text": "The Pretenders are an English rock and punk rock band. They formed in Hereford in 1978."}
+{"id": "19253", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19253", "title": "Hugues Capet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19254", "revid": "364926", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19254", "title": "Schindler's List", "text": "Schindler's List is a 1993 American historical drama movie set in World War II, and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on \"Schindler's Ark\", a 1982 book by Thomas Keneally. The movie and the book owe their names to the list of over a thousand Jews who worked in the title character's factory to rescue them from destruction by the Nazis.\nPlot.\nIt is about businessman Oskar Schindler who saves thousands of Jews from being killed in the Holocaust by putting them to work in a factory. His list was the list of Jews he wanted to save from the Nazi\u2019s in Nazi Occupied Poland, where Jews were normally sent to Concentration camps operated by the SS during the Holocaust from 1941 to 1945 .\nAwards.\n\"Schindler's List\" featured on a number of \"best of\" lists, including the \"TIME\" magazine's Top Hundred as selected by critics Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel, \"Time Out\" magazine's 100 Greatest Films Centenary Poll conducted in 1995, and Leonard Maltin's \"100 Must See Movies of the Century\". The Vatican named \"Schindler's List\" among the most important 45 movies ever made. A Channel 4 poll named \"Schindler's List\" the ninth greatest movie of all time, and it ranked fourth in their 2005 war movies poll. The movie was named the best of 1993 by critics such as James Berardinelli, Roger Ebert, and Gene Siskel. The movie was designated by the Library of Congress in 2004 and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Spielberg won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing \u2013 Feature Film for his work, and shared the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture with co-producers Branko Lustig and Gerald R. Molen. Steven Zaillian won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.\nIt was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, winning seven, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score, and won numerous other awards, including seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globe Awards. The movie also won numerous other awards and nominations worldwide.\nImpact.\nAmong others such as \"Citizen Kane\" and \"Sunset Boulevard\", it has been called one of the greatest movies ever. In 1998, the American Film Institute selected it as the ninth most popular of all time in their 100 Years... 100 Movies list.\nIn February 1997, NBC aired a version without cuts of the movie (in two parts), much to the upset of many viewers. It was the first time a television broadcast had ever received the TV-M rating (soon to be called TV-MA)."}
+{"id": "19255", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19255", "title": "Chlorofluorocarbon", "text": "A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a gas used for various purposes including solvents, refrigerants, and aerosol sprays. They are organic chemicals and contain carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. They were much used in the middle of the 20th century, replacing chemicals that were toxic or flammable or had other problems. \nIn 1978, Sweden became the first country that banned CFC products. Later, the US and Canada did the same. Now, CFC products are not allowed in most countries, because they cause ozone depletion. CFCs are greenhouse gases. An alternative to chlorofluorocarbons is hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). These do not destroy the ozone layer or increase global warming."}
+{"id": "19256", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19256", "title": "Singin' in the Rain", "text": "Singin' in the Rain is a 1952 American movie musical romantic comedy movie starring Gene Kelly. It was directed by Kelly and Stanley Donen. It is set in Los Angeles, California in 1927. It gives an amusing look at Hollywood's change from silent movies to \"talkies\".\nIt is considered to be among the best movie musicals ever made.\nShooting on the movie began on June 18, 1951, and ended on November 21."}
+{"id": "19257", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19257", "title": "North and South", "text": "North and South is a novel by John Jakes. It is the first of three books about two friends who must fight against each other during the American Civil War.\n\"North and South\" had two sequels. They are called \"Love and War\" and \"Heaven and Hell\". The books were written in 1982, 1984, and 1987. \nThere were also TV versions made. Three miniseries were done in 1985, 1986, and 1994. The two main characters were played by James Read and Patrick Swayze (Swayze's character does not appear in the third part)."}
+{"id": "19260", "revid": "11161", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19260", "title": "Homosexuals in Nazi Germany", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19263", "revid": "170917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19263", "title": "Apparatus", "text": "Apparatus can refer to:"}
+{"id": "19269", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19269", "title": "Chlorofluorocarbons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19276", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19276", "title": "Pretenders", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19278", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19278", "title": "Internet Movie Database", "text": "IMDb (or Internet Movie Database) is an online database of information (facts) about actors, movies, TV shows, and video games. The IMDb database started in October 1990, moved to the World Wide Web in 1993, and has been owned by Amazon.com since 1998."}
+{"id": "19280", "revid": "772533", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19280", "title": "Chicago Blackhawks", "text": "The Chicago Blackhawks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were formed in 1926, named after the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the 86th Infantry Division during World War I which was nicknamed the \"Blackhawk Division\". The division was named after Chief Black Hawk, a native American leader. The team has won the Stanley Cup Championship six times, in 1933, 1937, 1961, 2010, 2013, and 2015.\nEarly Games.\nThe Regina Capitals were a team in the Western Canada Hockey League until 1925, when they moved and became the Portland Rosebuds. One year later, the league folded. Most of the Portland players then played for the new Chicago team in the NHL.\nIn the 1930s, Charlie Gardiner was a star goaltender for the team. Players on the Blackhawks won four scoring titles (Art Ross Trophy) in the 1940s: Doug Bentley in 1943, his brother Ben in 1946 and 1947, and Roy Conacher in 1949. Max Bentley also won the Hart Trophy as the league's most valuable player in 1946. Goalie Al Rollins won the Hart Trophy in 1954. By 1960, however, the team had only made the Stanley Cup final four times, winning the Cup in 1934 and 1938, and losing in 1931 and 1944.\nThe team was much stronger in the 1960s. Bobby Hull led the NHL in goals seven times, more than any other player. He also won three Art Ross and two Hart Trophies. Stan Mikita won four Art Ross and two Hart Trophies. Between them, they led the NHL in scoring seven times in nine years. Star goaltender Glenn Hall was an all-star many times; and Pierre Pilote won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman three times. The Blackhawks won the Stanley Cup in 1961, and also made the finals in 1962 and 1965. Goalie Tony Esposito led them to the finals in 1971 and 1973.\nSince that time, they have had many star players such as Doug Wilson, Steve Larmer, Jeremy Roenick, and Tony Amonte; but they have not won the Cup since 1961, the longest wait of any NHL team. They won the Presidents' Trophy as the top team in the regular season in 1991, and made the finals again in 1992, partly due to Ed Belfour (who won two Vezina Trophies as best goaltender) and Chris Chelios (who won two Norris Trophies on Chicago). As of 2006, however, they have only made the playoffs once in the last eight years.\nCurrent.\nThe mascot of the Chicago Blackhawks is named Tommy Hawk. He was introduced in the 2001\u201302 NHL season. He wears the Blackhawks' four feathers on his head and also wears a Blackhawks jersey and hockey pants. Tommy Hawk sometimes participates in the T-shirt toss and puck chuck with the fans.\nThe Blackhawks have their own official fight song called, \"Here Come the Hawks!\" which is also an introduction for them. A song that was called \"Keys to the City\" was given to the Blackhawks organization as a gift by Ministry & Co Conspirators. After the Blackhawks score a goal at the United Center they play the song \"Chelsea Dagger\" by The Fratellis.\nIn 1985, during the Campbell Conference playoff game, a tradition was started where the Blackhawks fans would cheer and applaud loudly during the singing of the national anthem. This is still done today.\nJonathan Toews was named the team's captain prior to the 2008-09 season opener which made him the third-youngest captain at the time. The Blackhawks led the NHL in home attendance with a total of 912,155, averaging 22,247 fans per game during to the 2008-09 season. The number of attendance also included the Winter Classic at Wrigley Field which had 40,818 fans in attendance.\nThe Blackhawks acquired forward Mari\u00e1n Hossa and signed him to a 12-year contract which was worth 62.8 million dollars. The deal also included Tomas Kopecky, John Madden, and Richard Petiot. Due to the salary cap, the Blackhawks were forced to give up a bunch of their players.\nOn June 9, 2010 The Blackhawks won their first Stanley Cup in 49 years when Patrick Kane scored the game-winning overtime goal as they defeated the Philadelphia Flyers in game 6 of the best-of-7 series.\nOn June 24, 2013, the team won their fifth Stanley Cup after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. They were down 2\u20131 and scored two goals from Bryan Bickell and Dave Bolland 1:16 and 0:58.3 (17 seconds apart) to win 3-2.\nOn June 15, 2015, the Blackhawks won their third Stanley Cup championship in six years after they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning 4 games to 2 in the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals. It was their first Stanley Cup win on home ice since 1938.\nIn 2021, former player Kyle Beach came out and said that he was sexually assaulted by then-video coach Brad Alrich. Beach sued the Blackhawks for not properly handling the incident or filing a report with the police. After a four month investigation, it showed that team president John McDonough, executive vice president Jay Blunk, general manager Stan Bowman, assistant general manager Kevin Cheveldayoff, and head coach Joel Quenneville met before the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals and decided not to take action on Alrich until the Finals were over. Aldrich was allowed to quit after the team's victory. After the results were released, Bowman and senior director of hockey operations Al MacIsaac quit. The team was fined $2 million by the NHL. Kyle Davidson became the general manager. McDonough, Bowman, Blunk, and MacIssac were banned from the NHL and need permission if they want another job in the league. On October 28, Joel Quenneville quit as head coach of the Florida Panthers after he met with NHL commissioner Gary Bettman. Cheveldayoff was cleared by Bettman. Beach and the Blackhawks settled the lawsuit on December 15.\nOn May 8, 2023, the Blackhawks won the 2023 NHL Draft lottery and the opportunity to draft first overall in the 2023 NHL Entry Draft. With the first overall pick, the Blackhawks drafted Connor Bedard."}
+{"id": "19283", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19283", "title": "Cape Verde", "text": "Cape Verde () or Cabo Verde (, ) (, ), officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country in Africa. It is a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Western Africa. The islands cover a combined area of slightly over . They have a volcanic origin.\nCape Verde is one of Macaronesia's group of islands.\nName.\nThe Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias (or Denis Fernadez) discovered in 1445 a peninsula along the coast of Senegal that he named Cap-Vert (Dias named it \"Cabo Verde\", \"verde\" being Portuguese for \"green\", a reference to the vegetation in the area). Dias did not discover the \"Cape Verde Islands\", but rather the actual cape.\nThis peninsula is the westernmost point of the African continent.\nHistory.\nThe first Europeans to arrive in Cape Verde were the Portugueses Diogo Gomes and Antonio da Noli in 1460. The islands were uninhabited, and the first settlement was founded in 1462 on the island of Santiago (the main Island) which was divided into two \u201ccapitanias\u201d, Alcatrazes and Ribeira Grande. The first one failed and the main activity in Ribeira Grande was the exploitation of cotton farms. Ribeira Grande served also as a slave trade post and as post of slave Christianization before they were sent to the New World.\nThe city suffered several pirate raids and for this reason in 1712, after a French attack, the authorities were forced to move the capital to Praia, where it is located until now. Cape Verde had the status of Portuguese colony until 1951 when Portugal changed its status to Overseas Province and in 1961 Portugal gave full citizenship to all Cape Verdeans.\nCape Verde has been independent of Portugal since 5th July 1975. The fight for independence was led by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC) and headed by Am\u00edlcar_Cabral, the national hero of both countries, Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau.\nGeography.\nThe Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately off the coast of West Africa, near Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania, and is a part, together with the Azores, Madeira, Savage Islands and Canary Islands, of the Macaronesia ecological region. It lies between the latitudes 14\u00b0N and 18\u00b0N, and the longitudes 22\u00b0W and 26\u00b0W.\nThe country is an archipelago with a total area of . It is formed by ten islands (nine inhabited) and several very small islands (islets) divided into two groups, arranged according to the prevailing wind direction:\nThe largest islands are, to the southeast, Santiago, where lies Praia, the capital and largest city of the country, and the island of Santo Ant\u00e3o, in the extreme northwest. Praia is also the main population centre of the archipelago, followed by Mindelo on the island of S\u00e3o Vicente.\nClimate.\nThe sun shines 350 days a year and temperatures range between . The breeze (a gentle to moderate wind) blows constantly from the ocean at a relatively low average humidity of 40% to 60%.\nThe Cape Verde Islands only have two seasons: The \"Tempo das Brisas\" (\"Time of the winds\") from October to mid-July and the \"Tempo das chuvas\" (\"Rainy season\") from August to September, when there may be heavy tropical rainfall. The coolest months are January and February (average temperature of 21\u00a0\u00b0C), where temperatures can drop down to 16\u00a0\u00b0C; the warmest is the month of September (up to 36\u00a0\u00b0C) with an average temperature of 27\u00a0\u00b0C.\nOtherwise, the islands of Barlavento (Santo Ant\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Vicente, S\u00e3o Nicolao, Boa Vista, Sal, Santa Luzia, Branco and Razo) are always somewhat cooler than those of the Sotavento (Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava), where summers can be quite hot.\nThe K\u00f6ppen climate classification subtype for this climate of Praia (Cabo Verde) is Bwh (Tropical and Subtropical Desert Climate).\nWildlife.\nCape Verde's isolation has resulted in the islands having a number of endemic species, particularly birds and reptiles, many of which are endangered by human development. Endemic birds include Alexander's Swift (\"Apus alexandri\"), Bourne's Heron (\"Ardea purpurea bournei\"), the Raso Lark (\"Alauda razae\"), the Cape Verde Warbler (\"Acrocephalus brevipennis\"), and the Iago Sparrow (\"Passer iagoensis\"). The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde Shearwater. Reptiles include the Cape Verde Giant Gecko (\"Tarentola gigas\").\nAdministrative divisions.\nCape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities (\"concelhos\") and subdivided into 32 parishes (\"freguesias\").\nPolitics.\nCape Verde is a representative parliamentary republic. The constitution \u2014adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992, 1995 and 1999\u2014 defines the basic principles of its government. The president is the head of state and is elected for a 5-year term; the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Prime Minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the President.\nEconomy.\nThe economic resources of Cape Verde are largely dependent on agriculture and fishing. Agriculture frequently suffers the effects of droughts. The most important crops are coffee, bananas, sugar cane, tropical fruits, corn, beans, sweet potato, and cassava. The industrial sector is incipient but is based on the production of \u201caguardente\u201d (spirits from sugar cane), clothing and footwear, paints and varnishes, tourism, fishing and canned fish, and salt extraction. Banana, canned fish, frozen fish, lobsters, salt, and clothes are the main exports. The national currency is the Cape Verdean escudo. Remittances from emigration are another important source of resources for the State of Cape Verde.\nDemographics.\nIn Cape Verde, the annual rate of population growth and mortality are low, compared to average rates of other middle-income countries. The average life expectancy is 66 years and 71 years respectively for men and women. The resident population in the country is estimated at 500,000 inhabitants. There are an estimated additional one million Cape Verdeans living abroad, mainly in the United States, Western Europe, and Africa. Cape Verde has a young population with an average age of 23 years.\nCulture.\nCape Verdean culture is a unique mixture of European and African elements. Corn is the staple food of Cape Verde. The national or traditional dish is \"cachupa\", which is a stew of hominy (dried maize kernals), beans, and whatever meat or vegetables may be available. Other common foods include rice, beans, fish, potatoes and manioc. A traditional breakfast is a steamed cornbread, eaten with honey and milk or coffee. Grogue, or sugar cane liquor, is manufactured on the islands and is a popular drink, particularly among the men. Cape Verdean music incorporates Portuguese, Caribbean, and African influences. Popular genres include morna, funan\u00e1, batuque, coladeira, and cola san jon.\nHealth.\nIn Cape Verde, other than private clinics, the government guarantees a public health system which comprises several healthcare centers and three central hospitals (Hospital Agostinho Neto, in Praia, Hospital Baptista de Sousa, in S\u00e3o Vicente, and Hospital Regional de Santiago Norte, in Assomada). The cost of public health is supported by the government, but users must pay a fee which varies in accordance with the capacity of the user to afford it.\nEducation.\nAfter independence, the different governments of Cape Verde invested massively in education and illiteracy has been reduced drastically. Today almost one hundred percent of school-age children attend school. Attendance to primary schooling, which comprises 6 years, is compulsory and free of any charge. Education is guaranteed by a network of public schools that span from nursery school to university. There are also several private schools in all levels of education."}
+{"id": "19284", "revid": "1504891", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19284", "title": "Madeira", "text": "Madeira is a Portuguese archipelago that lies between and , just under north of Tenerife, Canary Islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean and an outermost region of the European Union.\nThe archipelago comprises the major part of one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (the other being the Azores located to the northwest), that includes the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, and the Desertas, administered together with the separate archipelago of the Savage Islands.\nThe name Madeira could be used for the autonomous region, the geographical group of islands or just the island of Madeira. These islands are part of the Macaronesia.\nHistory.\nDiscovery.\nMadeira's official written history began in 1418, when two captains under service to Prince Henry the Navigator, Jo\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alves Zarco and Trist\u00e3o Vaz Teixeira, were pushed by a storm to an island which they named Porto Santo (English: \"holy harbour\"). The following year, an organised expedition was sent to this new land to take possession of the island on behalf of the Portuguese crown. Later, the new settlers saw an island to the southwest, and so the larger island of Madeira was discovered.\nSettlement.\nThe islands were found to be completely uninhabited, and their colonization by the Portuguese began around 1420 or 1425. To get the minimum conditions for the development of agriculture, they had to cut part of the dense forest and to construct a large number of canals (\"levadas\") to carry water, since in some parts of the island there was excess water, while in others water was scarce. During this period, fish constituted about half of the settlers' diet, together with vegetables and fruits cultivated from small pieces of land. Initially, these colonists produced wheat for their own subsistence, but later the quantity cultivated was sufficient to begin sending wheat to continental Portugal.\nOn the 23 September 1433, the name \"Ilha da Madeira\" (English: \"Madeira Island\", or literally \"island of wood\") began to appear in the first documents and maps. The name given to the islands corresponded to the large dense forests of native trees that covered the island.\nHowever, when wheat production began to fall, the crisis forced to plant other commercial crops. They brought from Sicily plants of sugarcane to produce sugar. After the 17th century, as sugar production went to Brazil, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe and elsewhere, Madeira's most important product became its wine.\nGeography.\nAs other islands of the Macaronesia, the Madeira islands are of volcanic origin and with a subtropical climate.\nLocation.\nThe archipelago is in the African plate, in the Atlantic Ocean between the latitudes 30\u00b0 and 33\u00b0 north, southwest of Lisbon and, about west of the African coast, almost at the same latitude as Casablanca.\nIslands and islets.\nThe Madeira islands have a total area of . Their individual areas vary between of the largest island (Madeira) to of the Savage Islands.\nOf the eight islands, only the two largest (Madeira and Porto Santo) are inhabited, having as main accesses, the Madeira Airport in Funchal and the one in Porto Santo. By sea, Funchal has a port that receives different ships, especially cruise ships. The remaining islands are nature reserves.\nTerritory.\nThe territory of the archipelago contains two main islands: the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo; besides these, there are two groups of uninhabited islands, the Desertas and Savages.\nThe island of Madeira has a very irregular and uneven terrain, being the highest points the peaks \"Pico Ruivo\" (1862 m), \"Pico das Torres\" (1851 m), \"Pico do Ariero\" (1818 m) and \"Pico do Juncal\" (1800 m). The northern coast is dominated by high cliffs.\nThe island of Porto Santo, on the other hand, has a completely different geomorphological formation of the island of Madeira. It is very flat where only small plants grow and the soils are poor and not very good for agriculture. This island has some peaks, particularly in the north, and the \" Pico do Facho\" (517 m) is the highest point of elevation in the island, followed by \"Pico Branco\" (450 m).\nThe highest point of Desertas Islands is \"Pedregal\" (442 m) in Deserta Grande, and of Selvagens Islands is \"Pico da Atalaia\" (153 m), in Selvagem Grande.\nClimate.\nThe average temperature for the year in Funchal, Madeira island, is 19\u00a0\u00b0C (66.2\u00a0\u00b0F). The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of 22.6\u00a0\u00b0C (72.7\u00a0\u00b0F). The coolest month on average is February, with an average temperature of 16.1\u00a0\u00b0C (61.0\u00a0\u00b0F).\nThe average amount of precipitation for the year in Funchal is 596.9\u00a0mm (23.5\"). The month with the most precipitation on average is December with 109.2\u00a0mm (4.3\") of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 2.5\u00a0mm (0.1\"). There are an average of 87 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in December with 13 days and the least precipitation occurring in July with 1 days.\nFor the Villa de Porto Santo, Porto Santo island, the average temperature for the year is 17.8\u00a0\u00b0C (64.0\u00a0\u00b0F). The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of 21.7\u00a0\u00b0C (71.0\u00a0\u00b0F). The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of 15\u00a0\u00b0C (59.0\u00a0\u00b0F).\nThe average amount of precipitation for the year in Villa de Porto Santo is 375.9\u00a0mm (14.8\"). The month with the most precipitation on average is January with 61\u00a0mm (2.4\") of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of 2.5\u00a0mm (0.1\").\nThe K\u00f6ppen climate classification subtype for this climate of Funchal (Madeira) and Villa de Porto Santo (Porto Santo) is Csb (Mediterran Climate).\nThe climate of Desertas islands and partes of Porto Santo is semi-arid (Bs) and in the Savage islands is a desert climate (Bw).\nAdministration.\nIn 1976 Madeira became one of the two autonomous regions of the Republic of Portugal (Azores is the other) under the Portuguese name \"Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma da Madeira\", with its own executive and a regional legislature. The current president of the regional government is Miguel Albuquerque. The main offices of the regional government are in Funchal, making this city the capital of the region.\nAdministrative divisions.\nAdministratively, the Autonomous Region of Madeira (with a population of 267,785 inhabitants in 2011 and covering an area of ) is organised into 11 \"munic\u00edpios\", of which 10 are in the island of Madeira and one in Porto Santo. Municipalities are further divided into 54 \"freguesias\", 53 in Madeira and 1 in Porto Santo.\nPopulation.\nAccording to the 2011 Census, the total population in the Autonomous Region of Madeira was 267,785: 126,268 men and 141,517 women. The density for the whole region is persons/km2; calculating the density taking in account only the inhabited islands (Madeira and Porto Santo), the density would be inhabitants/km2.\nNature.\nThe region of Madeira is home to a great and important biodiversity, with an estimated 7,571 terrestrial species for the whole archipelago. The total number of endemic species and subspecies is about 1,419 (1,286 species and 182 sub-species), which represents 19% of the overall species diversity.\nThe most known environment of the archipelago is its Laurel forest (laurisilva) which still extends over 15,000 hectares or 20% of the archipelago. These forests, very rich in biodiversity, are the largest and best-preserved Laurel forests in the entire Macaronesia region. They are home to unique plant and animal species, including the famous Trocaz Pigeon or Madeira Laurel Pigeon (\"Columba trocaz\"), and the Madeira Kinglet (\"Regulus madeirensis\"). The most threatened bird of Europe, the Madeiran or Zino\u2019s Petrel (\"Pterodroma madeira\") inhabits the highest cliffs in the Central Mountainous Massif of the Madeira island.\nIn the sea around Madeira there are numerous species of marine mammals, including 28 species of cetaceans and the critically endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal (\"Monachus monachus\").\nThere are 6 protected areas in the Madeira Archipelago, including the Madeira Natural Park. This park, which covers over 2/3 of Madeira Island and includes the entire Laurel forest, is a European Council Biogenetic Reserve since 1992, and a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site since 1999. Additionally, 11 sites in the whole archipelago are part of the Natura 2000 network and 11 other sites are designated Important Bird Areas.\nEconomy.\nThe local economy is based mainly on agriculture and tourism, the main resource. Agriculture produces bananas, flowers, and Madeira wine which is exported. The industrial area is not very diverse and they are relationated with food, beverages, tobacco and construction."}
+{"id": "19285", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19285", "title": "Cameroon", "text": "Cameroon (officially called the Republic of Cameroon) is a country in Central Africa. Its capital is Yaound\u00e9. The largest city in Cameroon is Douala. The population of Cameroon is about 20 million. Cameroon's president is Paul Biya. They speak nearly 250 languages in Cameroon. French and English are the official languages. The German Empire ruled Cameroon from 1884 until World War I when France took the majority and Britain took the northwest and southwest. \nGeography.\nAt , Cameroon is the world's 53rd-largest country. It is about the size of Papua New Guinea. The country is in Central and West Africa on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country's neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south.\nRegions.\nThe constitution divides Cameroon into 10 regions. On 12 November 2008, the President changed the divisions from provinces to regions. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor.\nThe regions are divided into 58 divisions. These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers.\nCities.\nSome of the largest cities in Cameroon are:\nLanguages.\nThe official languages of Cameroon are French and English. It is part of both the British Commonwealth and La Francophonie. Most people speak French, English is only spoken in the Northwest and Southwest regions of the country, formerly under British control."}
+{"id": "19286", "revid": "10455043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19286", "title": "Guinea-Bissau", "text": "Guinea-Bissau is a country in Africa. It borders Senegal to the north, Guinea to the south. The official language is Portuguese, and the capital is Bissau. About 1,442,000 people live in Guinea-Bissau as of 2006. The country was a Portuguese colony in the 19th century. At that time is was called Portuguese Guinea. It became independent in 1973. In 1974, the name of the country's capital was added so that it would not be confused with the neighboring country Guinea.\nRegions and sectors.\nGuinea-Bissau is divided into 8 regions and one autonomous sector. These are divided into thirty-seven sectors. The regions are:"}
+{"id": "19287", "revid": "10283318", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19287", "title": "Mauritius", "text": "The Republic of Mauritius is an island nation in the Mascarene Islands. It includes Rodrigues, Agal\u00e9ga and St. Brandon as well as Mauritius. It was formerly ruled by the European countries: France, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, but is now independent from these all European Colonies.\nPort Louis is its capital. In the 2000 census, the country had a population of 1,178,848 people. The country is prosperous, and trades mainly with South Africa and Indian Sub Continent.\nThe island of Mauritius was the home of the dodo.\nLocation.\nThe island is in the southwest Indian Ocean. It is about east of Madagascar. The country includes the island of Mauritius as well as the islands of St. Brandon, Rodrigues and the Agalega Islands. Mauritius is part of the Mascarene Islands along with the French island of R\u00e9union to the southwest.\nFlag.\nThe Mauritian flag is made up of four colours of equal width. \nThe colours represent the following:\nHistory.\nMauritius, an island of volcanic origin sheltered by barriers of coral reefs forming natural, safe, crystal clear lagoons, has long been a dream destination. Known to the Arabs as early as the 10th century, but officially explored by the Portuguese in the 16th century and subsequently settled by the Dutch in the 17th century. The Dutch were the ones who named the island in honor of Prince Maurits van NASSAU. \nMauritius was occupied successively by the Dutch (1598-1712) and later by the French (1715-1810). The French assumed control in 1715, developing the island into an important naval base overseeing the Indian Ocean trade, and establishing a plantation economy of sugar cane. \nThe British captured the island in 1810, during the Napoleonic Wars through the Treaty of Paris. Mauritius remained a strategically important British naval base, and later on, an air station playing an important role during World War II for anti-submarine and convoy operations, as well as the collection of signals intelligence. On 12 March 1968, Mauritius became Independent. Following resumed negotiations a treaty was signed on 22 May 2025 that will formally transfer the sovereignty of the territory to Mauritius once it comes into effect, while the Diego Garcia military base remains under British control during a 99-year lease."}
+{"id": "19295", "revid": "1183286", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19295", "title": "It's a Wonderful Life", "text": "It's a Wonderful Life is a 1946 movie directed by Frank Capra. It inspired the story similar to \"A Christmas Carol\"."}
+{"id": "19297", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19297", "title": "Djibouti", "text": "Djibouti (officially called the Republic of Djibouti) is a country on the eastern coast of Africa. The capital city is also called Djibouti.\nDjibouti gained its independence from France on June 27, 1977. The country was created out of the French Somaliland (later called the French Territory of the Afars and Issas), which was created in the 1800s as a result of French colonialism in Africa.\nIn 2020, about 920,000 people lived there. It is one of the least populous countries in Africa. Two ethnic groups, the Somali and the Afar people, account for most of the people living in the country.\nDjibouti joined the United Nations on September 20, 1977. It is also a member of the Arab League, as well as the African Union and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).\nHistory.\nThe history of Djibouti goes back thousands of years when it was part of the Sabean Empire (Ethiopia) to a time when Djiboutians traded hides and skins for the perfumes and spices of ancient Egypt, Pakistan, and China. Through close contacts with the Arabian peninsula for more than 1,000 years, the Somali and Afar tribes in this region became among the first on the African continent to accept Islam. Djibouti is a Muslim country which regularly takes part in Islamic as well as Arab meetings.\nThe country is close to a narrow part of the Red Sea so it is considered an important area from a military viewpoint.\nDjiboutians.\nThe Djiboutians () are the people inhabiting or originating from Djibouti (including their diaspora). The country is mainly composed of two ethnic groups, the Somali and the Afar. It has many languages - though Somali and Afar are the most widely spoken ones, Arabic and French serve as the official languages. There is a small Djiboutian diaspora in North America, Europe, and Australia.\nGeography.\nDjibouti is near to the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Awdal of Somalia in the southeast. The remainder of the border is formed by the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the east.\nIn the Great Rift Valley the rift between the African Plate and the Somali Plate meet the Arabian Plate. This makes a geologic tripoint that is the lowest place in Africa.\nDjibouti has eight mountain ranges with peaks of over 1,000\u00a0m (3,281\u00a0ft). The Mousa Ali range is the country's highest mountain range.\nThe Grand Bara desert covers parts of southern Djibouti.\nMost species of wildlife are found in the northern part of the country, in the ecosystem of the Day Forest National Park. This forest area is the main habitat of the endangered and endemic Djibouti francolin (a bird).\nAdministrative divisions.\nDjibouti is divided into six administrative regions, with Djibouti city representing one of the official regions. It is further subdivided into twenty districts.\nReligion.\nThe people of Djibouti are mostly Muslim. Islam is observed by 94% of Djibouti's population (about 740,000) (2010 estimate). The remaining six percent follow Christianity.\nThe Republic of Djibouti names Islam as the only state religion. The Constitution of 1992 provides for the equality of citizens of all faiths as well as the freedom to practise any religion.\nSports.\nAssociation football is the most popular sport in Djibouti. The country became a member of FIFA in 1994. They have only played in qualifying rounds for both the African Cup of Nations and FIFA World Cup.\nTransportation.\nThe country is linked to Ethiopia by way of the Addis Ababa\u2013Djibouti Railway."}
+{"id": "19298", "revid": "1491386", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19298", "title": "Mauritania", "text": "Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa. The capital city, which is also the biggest city in the country, is Nouakchott. It is on the Atlantic coast. Its president is General Mohamed Ould Ghazouani. \nAt 1,030,700 km\u00b2 (397,929 mi\u00b2), Mauritania is the world's 29th-largest country (after Bolivia). It is similar in size to Egypt. The land is flat in most places.\nDemographics.\nReligion.\nMauritania is almost 100% Muslim, most of whom are Sunni. People can be killed in Mauritania for being an atheist. On 27 April 2018, The National Assembly passed a law that allows for the death penalty for certain apostasy-related crimes.\nLanguage.\nAfro-Asiatic languages.\nModern Standard Arabic is the official language of Mauritania. Hassaniya is the Arabic dialect that is widely spoken throughout the country. It is mostly used in daily life.\nBerber languages.\nThere are also some Berber languages that are spoken in Mauritania. In the south Zenaga is spoken and close to the border with Mali in the southeast Tamasheq (a variety of Tuareg) is spoken. Zenaga is only spoken by a few hundred people and seems to be close to disappearance.\nForeign languages.\nAs Mauritania is a former colony of France, it is now part of the Francophonie. French is spoken including African French and Maghreb French.\nNiger-Congo languages.\nThere are several Niger-Congo languages that are spoken in Mauritania. These are Wolof, Soninke, Pulaar and Bambara.\nEconomy.\nMauritania is rich in natural resources but has a low GDP. Many people living in Mauritania depend on farming and livestock. Mauritania has a large deposit of iron ore, which is almost half of the country's total exports."}
+{"id": "19299", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19299", "title": "Lake Huron", "text": "Lake Huron is one of North America's five Great Lakes. It is the third one up from the mouth. Like Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and Lake Superior, it is also part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. The Huronian glaciation, billions of years ago, is named for the lake.\nLake Huron is more than 200 miles (325 km) long and is as much as 750 feet (230 m) deep. Many boats and ships go back and forth on Lake Huron, carrying useful things such as iron ore.\nLake Huron borders the Canadian province of Ontario and the American state of Michigan. There are no large cities on Lake Huron, but there are some small cities such as Sarnia, Ontario and Bay City, Michigan. \nThe water that flows out of Lake Huron goes through a river that flows past Detroit, Michigan. The water then flows into Lake Erie on its way to the ocean.\nOn 1996 an hurricane-like storm appeared on Lake Huron, while the National Hurricane Center was not sure to call it a hurricane or not. Because the storm formed over Lake Huron and that it did not get a name from the NHC, many people nicknamed the storm, \"Hurricane Huron\"."}
+{"id": "19303", "revid": "1097967", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19303", "title": "Reunion", "text": "Reunion could mean:"}
+{"id": "19304", "revid": "9482471", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19304", "title": "R\u00e9union", "text": "R\u00e9union () is an island of France. It is also a region of France and an overseas department of France, meaning France owns the island nation. It is in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar, about 200 km (125 miles) southwest of Mauritius. Its capital is Saint-Denis. The highest point in La Reunion is La piton des neiges. The island is also famous for its black beaches, even though people think that there are white beaches. The island is 63 kilometres (39\u00a0mi) long; 45 kilometres (28\u00a0mi) wide; and covers 2,512 square kilometres (970 sq mi). It is similar to the island Hawaii as both are above hotspots in the Earth's crust.\nThe Piton de la Fournaise, a shield volcano on the eastern end of R\u00e9union Island, rises more than 2,631 metres (8,632\u00a0ft) above sea level and is sometimes called a sister to Hawaiian volcanoes because of the similarity of climate and volcanic nature. It has erupted more than 100 times since 1640 and is under constant monitoring. It most recently erupted on 2 January 2010. Before that, the most noticeable was during April 2007, when the lava flow was estimated at 3,000,000 cubic metres (3,900,000 cu yd) per day. The Piton de la Fournaise is created by a hotspot volcano, which also created the Piton des Neiges and the islands of Mauritius and Rodrigues.\nThe Piton des Neiges volcano, the highest point on the island at 3,070 metres (10,070\u00a0ft) above sea level, is northwest of the Piton de la Fournaise. Collapsed calderas and canyons are southwest of the mountain. Like Kohala on the Big Island of Hawaii, the Piton des Neiges is an extinct volcano. Despite its name, snow (French: neige) practically never falls on the summit."}
+{"id": "19306", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19306", "title": "Lake Erie", "text": "Lake Erie is one of the Great Lakes in North America. It is the second to the last in the Great Lake system before water flows into the St. Lawrence River. Like Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and Lake Ontario, Lake Erie is part of the boundary between the USA and Canada. In 1813 a naval battle was fought on the lake.\nMost of the water that flows into Lake Erie flows through a small river, the Detroit River, that moves water down from Lake St. Clair past Detroit, Michigan. Some more water flows into Lake Erie from other rivers, including the Maumee and the Cuyahoga. At the foot of the Maumee is Toledo, Ohio. At the bend of the Cuyahoga is Cleveland, Ohio.\nWater that flows out of Lake Erie flows past Buffalo, New York, and into the Niagara River. The river pours over Niagara Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in North America, and then into the lowest of all the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario. "}
+{"id": "19308", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19308", "title": "Mali", "text": "Mali (Bambara: \u07e1\u07ca\u07df\u07cc, Fula: \ud83a\udd03\ud83a\udd22\ud83a\udd44\ud83a\udd24\ud83a\udd2d, ), officially the Republic of Mali (; Bambara: \u07e1\u07ca\u07df\u07cc \u07de\u07ca \u07dd\u07ca\u07db\u07cf\u07d6\u07ca\u07e1\u07ca\u07e3\u07ca); Fula: \ud83a\udd08\ud83a\udd2b\ud83a\udd32\ud83a\udd46\ud83a\udd23\ud83a\udd22\ud83a\udd44\ud83a\udd32\ud83a\udd23\ud83a\udd2d \ud83a\udd03\ud83a\udd22\ud83a\udd44\ud83a\udd24\ud83a\udd2d, ) is a landlocked country (a country entirely surrounded by land) in West Africa. Mali is bordered by Algeria on the North, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the C\u00f4te d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Physical features of Mali include the Sahara desert in the north, with the Niger River and S\u00e9n\u00e9gal River in the southern part of the country. As of a July 2021 estimate, Mali had a population of approximately million people. Mali has a total area of . Most of the people live in the southern part of the country. Mali's capital and most populated city is Bamako.\nHistory.\nThe Mand\u00e9 people founded several kingdoms in the Sahel. This was a big area that included Mali. These kingdoms included the Ghana Empire, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. Timbuktu was an important city in these empires because a lot of trade across the Sahara Desert went there. Timbuktu was also a good place for learning. The Songhai Empire became much smaller after a Moroccan attack in 1591.\nFrance invaded Mali in 1880. After that, France owned Mali. France gave Mali the names \"French Sudan\" and the \"Sudanese Republic\". At some times it also included other nearby countries. In early 1959, Mali and Senegal united and they became the Mali Federation. They became independent from France on June 20, 1960. Senegal left the Mali Federation a few months later. The Republic of Mali, with Modibo Ke\u00efta as the first president, left the French Community on September 22, 1960.\nThere was a coup in Mali in 1968. Modibo Ke\u00efta lost his job and was put in prison. Mali was then ruled by Moussa Traor\u00e9 until 1991. He treated the country badly, and so there was another coup in 1991 after protests against the government, and a new constitution was made. The leader of the country was then Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9. \nIn 1992, Alpha Oumar Konar\u00e9 won Mali's first democratic election. President Konar\u00e9 won again in 1997 and he made big political and economic changes. In 2002, Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9 won the election and he started his second term as head of state. He was a retired general and was the military leader of the 1991 coup. Today, Mali is one of the least stable countries in Africa.\nRegions and cercles.\nMali is divided into 10 regions and 1 district. The country is further divided into 49 cercles, containing 288 \"arrondissements\" and 703 communes.\nThe regions and district are:\nGeography.\nMali is the world's 24th-largest country. The area of the country is 1,240,000 km\u00b2 (478,734 mi\u00b2). Mali and South Africa are about the same size. It is two times bigger than Texas.\nMost of Mali is part of the Sahara Desert. Mali is does not have any sea coast. It is landlocked. Mali does not have many mountains. Flat areas in the north are covered by sand. Savanna is around the Niger River in the south. The climate is dry. The dry season is hot and dusty. There are many natural resources in Mali, including gold, uranium, phosphates, kaolinite, salt, and limestone.\nEconomy.\nMali is one of the poorest countries in the world. 65% of its land area is desert or something similar. There have been several long droughts over the last hundred years. Therefore, most economic activity is near the Niger River. \nAbout 10% of the people are nomads and 80% of workers have jobs in farming and fishing. Industry is mainly to process farm products. Women also do pottery and the pots are bought and taken to markets. Many foreign tourists like the traditional methods which the women use to make the pots. \nMali's main export is cotton, so if the price of cotton changes, Mali's economy is affected a lot. Mali also receives a lot of financial help from other countries. \nIn 1997, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) recommended a programme for changing the economy and the government followed this. Several international companies started exploring for larger amounts of gold in 1996-1998, and the Malian government thinks that Mali will become an important gold exporter soon.\nDemographics.\nThere are several ethnic and religious groups in Mali.\nThese religions are common in Mali.\nCulture.\nAbout 90% of people from Mali follow Sunni Islam, but they do not always forget their traditional religions. Muslims have their own schooling system. The number of Muslims from Mali who go to Mecca is increasing and some study in Arab countries. About 1% of the people are Christians. When Mali was under French control, Christian teachers were sent to Islamic areas.\nThe language of Mali under French rule was French, but now not many people outside towns can read or write this language. However, about 60% of the people use other languages well. Many people can read and write in Bamanakan (the most popular spoken language). This language has its own alphabet, called N'Ko. Other people can read and write in Arabic, after going to an Islamic school. One of the oldest universities in the world is Sankore University in Timbuktu. It began in the 1400s.\nFamous musicians from Mali include kora player Toumani Diabat\u00e9, and the guitarist Ali Farka Tour\u00e9, who has died."}
+{"id": "19309", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19309", "title": "Guinea Bissau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19310", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19310", "title": "Chief Joseph", "text": "Chief Joseph (1840 \u2013 September 21, 1904; whose real name was Hinmaton-Yalaktit) was the chief of the Nez Perce Native Americans, a tribe that lived in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States. \nHis father was the leader of the Nez-Perce before him, and his mother was a member of this tribe too.\nWhen Joseph was young, his father always told him not to trust white men, he actually had problems with settlers. When his father died, Joseph became chief of the tribe, who resided in plateaus in Northeast Oregon, Southeast Washington and Western Idaho.\nThe turning point in their relationship to white men was the gold rush in 1863. It gave the US Government the opportunity to reduce their reservation to a small area in Idaho. Then, with the new waves of white men settling in the West, the Government wanted to drive Nez-Perces away from their territory.\nChief Joseph was extremely sad: this place was the tribe's territory where their ancestors were buried. In spite of that, he wanted to avoid conflict and remain in peace. In 1873 he decided to negotiate with the US Government. He travelled all the way to Washington D.C. and spoke to President Ulysses S. Grant. But he only got mean looks and little attention.\nSo a war began in 1877. The living conditions of Chief Joseph's tribe were awful: they had no food and no blankets. Some people were freezing to death. But the Nez-Perces impressed their enemy thanks to all the battles they won. Many men died on both sides. That's why Joseph decided to surrender. He gave up fighting in 1877.\nHe was destroyed by the death of his people, and also extremely disappointed: he felt betrayed by white people. He knew he could not trust them anymore. He was tired of being considered a savage. He felt it was not fair for people who were born on the same land to be treated differently. He delivered a lot of speeches on this subject, which are still really good examples of eloquence. But he did not feel listened to, and when he died in his reservation in 1904, the doctor said he \"died from sadness\". He was buried in Colville Native American Burial Ground, in Washington State."}
+{"id": "19315", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19315", "title": "Seychelles", "text": "Seychelles is an African country in the Indian Ocean. Its capital city is Victoria. The official languages are Creole, English, and French. It is a republic is made up of 115 islands.\nSeychelles and the islands to the south, Madagascar and Mauritius, all had legal slavery and were part of the slave trade. Most of the people are descendants of freed slaves, who make up about 90% of the population. Many of them also are descended from slave owners who abused their ancestors. There are small minorities of immigrants from Europe, China and India. Most people are Roman Catholics, about 90% of them. About 8% are Protestants.\nOther nearby island countries and territories include Zanzibar to the west, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega and R\u00e9union to the south, and Comoros and Mayotte to the southwest. Seychelles has an estimated population of 86,525. It is the smallest population of any African state.\nHistory.\nIt is thought that Arab sailors first saw the islands in the 7th century. Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered the islands in 1502, and called them Three Brothers (), but he did not visit the islands. The British East India Company visited the islands, but they did not settle there.\nGeography.\nSeychelles is to the northeast of Madagascar and about east of Kenya. The number of islands in the archipelago is often given as 115 but the Constitution of the Republic of Seychelles lists 155. \nAccording to the president of Nauru, the Seychelles has been ranked the ninth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change.\nSome of the districts in Seychelles include: Anse Boileau, Takamaka and Cote D\u2019Or.\nSubdivisions.\nSeychelles is divided into twenty-five administrative regions. Eight of the districts make up the capital of Seychelles. They are called Greater Victoria. Another 14 districts are considered the rural part of the main island of Mah\u00e9. There are two districts on Praslin and one on La Digue which also include satellite islands. The rest of the Outer Islands are not considered part of any district.\nEconomy.\nDuring the plantation era, cinnamon, vanilla, and copra were the main exports. In the 1960s, about 33% of the working population worked at plantations, and 20% worked in the public or government sector. In 1971, with the opening of Seychelles International Airport, tourism became a serious industry. \nFlora and fauna.\nLike many fragile island ecosystems, the Seychelles had loss of biodiversity during early human history. This included the disappearance of most of the giant tortoises from the granitic islands. There was also the extinction of species such as the chestnut flanked white eye, the Seychelles Parakeet, the Seychelles Black Terrapin and the saltwater crocodile. However, extinctions were far fewer than on islands such as Mauritius or Hawaii. This was partly due to a shorter period of human occupation being only since 1770. The Seychelles today is known for success stories in protecting its flora and fauna. The rare Seychelles Black Parrot, the national bird of the country, is now protected.\nThe granitic islands of Seychelles are home to about 75 endemic plant species. There are a further 25 or so species in the Aldabra group. Particularly well-known is the Coco de Mer, a species of palm that grows only on the islands of Praslin and neighbouring Curieuse. The jellyfish tree is to be found in only a few locations on Mahe. This strange and ancient plant is in a genus of its own (Medusagynaceae). Other unique plant species include the Wright's Gardenia \"Rothmannia annae\" found only on Aride Island Special Reserve.\nThe freshwater crab genus \"Seychellum\" is endemic to the granitic Seychelles. There are a further 26 species of crabs and 5 species of hermit crabs that live on the islands.\nThe Aldabra Giant Tortoise now lives on many of the islands of the Seychelles. The Aldabra population is the largest in the world. These unique reptiles can be found even in captive herds. \nThere are several unique varieties of orchids on the Islands.\nThe marine life around the islands, especially the more remote coral islands, can be spectacular. More than 1,000 species of fish have been recorded. Since the use of spearguns and dynamite for fishing was banned in the 1960s, the wildlife is unafraid of snorkelers and divers. Coral bleaching in 1998 has damaged most reefs, but some reefs show healthy recovery.\nThe main natural resources of the Seychelles are fish, copra, cinnamon, coconuts, salt and iron."}
+{"id": "19316", "revid": "1555874", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19316", "title": "Square mile", "text": "A square mile (sometimes written \"mi\u00b2\" ) is a British and American unit of measurement of area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one statute mile (5,280 feet or 1,760 yards). This way of talking about area is often used to say how much land there is on a farm, or in a city or country, for example.\nOne square mile is just less than 2.59 square kilometres."}
+{"id": "19317", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19317", "title": "Regions of Peru", "text": "A Region is the name for one of 25 areas into which the land is divided in Peru. \nProvinces of Peru\n\u00a0 \u00a0 * \u00a0 \u00a0 Lima Province (Lima)"}
+{"id": "19318", "revid": "545", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19318", "title": "Regions (Peru)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19320", "revid": "9098802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19320", "title": "Ica Region", "text": "Ica is one of 25 regions of Peru. The capital of the region is Ica."}
+{"id": "19321", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19321", "title": "Region (Peru)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19323", "revid": "28103", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19323", "title": "Gulf Stream", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19324", "revid": "10189468", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19324", "title": "Togo", "text": "Togo (officially the Togolese Republic, in French: R\u00e9publique togolaise) is a small country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. The capital city Lom\u00e9 is located along the Gulf of Guinea. About 9.3 million people live there. The official language is French. Togo was a hub of the Atlantic slave trade for Europeans. Togo was a part of the Slave Coast. Many Togolese descendants live in the Americas. Togo is also known for its various flora and fauna. Monkeys, snakes, and lizards are numerous in many areas in Togo.\nHistory.\nFrom the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the\u00a0Ew\u00e9\u00a0from the east, and the\u00a0Mina\u00a0and\u00a0Guin\u00a0from the west; most of them settled in coastal areas. The Portuguese explored the area in the late 15th century. As Togoland, it became a protectorate of Germany in 1884. After World War I, Togo was ceded to the French. Togo gained independence from French rule in the 1960s. General Gnassingb\u00e9 Eyad\u00e9ma became the military leader in 1967. When Eyad\u00e9ma resigned in 2002 and later died in 2005, his son, Faure Gnassingbe became president. In June 2022, Togo joined the Commonwealth of Nations.\nEconomy.\nThe economy of this small African country is based on agriculture. Agriculture provides jobs for 65% of the labor force according to the CIA Factbook. Agricultural products include coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, and sorghum. Industries include phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement, handicrafts, textiles, and beverages.\nGovernment.\nThe president of Togo is elected for 5 years. The president is also the commander of the armed forces. The president also has the right to begin legislation and dissolve parliament.\nAfter Togo's independence from France, General Gnassingb\u00e9 Eyad\u00e9ma became the military leader. When Eyad\u00e9ma died in 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbe became president. During his re-election campaign, he helped get port concessions in Lom\u00e9 extended for Bollor\u00e9 Groupe from 10 to 35 years in exchange for help from the group's public relations subsidiary Havas. In a 26 Feb 2021 civil hearing at the Paris judicial court, French billionaire Vincent Bollor\u00e9, along with associates Gilles Alix and Jean-Philippe Dorent, pleaded guilty to corrupt practices in Togo. The President of the court rejected the negotiated plea bargain and ordered that the three be tried in criminal court. In the same trial, Bollor\u00e9 SE was fined $12 million.\nRegions.\nTogo is divided into 5 regions. The regions are divided into 30 prefectures and 1 commune. From north to south the regions are Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux and Maritime.\nCities.\nThe largest cities in Togo are:\nReligion.\nAbout 100% of the population has local beliefs, 100% is Christian.\nFood and drink.\nThe Togolese enjoy many foods including tropical fruits, pastries, and many different products made from peanuts. Major drinks include tea, coffee, and wine. Togolese often snack on plantains and French donuts or beignets."}
+{"id": "19325", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19325", "title": "Mickey Gilly", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19326", "revid": "10291504", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19326", "title": "Bad Religion", "text": "Bad Religion is an American band that plays punk rock music. They were created in Southern California in 1979 by Jay Bentley (bass), Greg Graffin (vocals), Brett Gurewitz (guitars) and Jay Ziskrout (drums). People think that they brought back punk rock and helped pop-punk bands during the late 1980s. Since they were created 44 years ago, Bad Religion has had a lot of members come and go. Greg Graffin is the only person that's been in the band the whole time but today there are three of the four members that were in the group when it started.\nToday, Bad Religion has fourteen studio albums, two EPs, three compilation albums, one live recording, and two DVDs. Some critics think that their 1988 album \"Suffer\" is one of the most important punk rock albums of all time. People began to notice Bad Religion after their 1993 album \"Recipe for Hate\", which was number 14 on Billboard's Heatseekers chart. Their next album, \"Stranger Than Fiction\", had the band's well-known hits \"21st Century (Digital Boy)\" and \"Infected\", did well and was the only Bad Religion album to get gold status in the US. Brett Gurewitz left in 1994. Bad Religion was not as well known after that and did not sell many albums until \"The Process of Belief\" in 2002. Brett Gurewitz came back in 2001, and worked with them on their four most recent albums. The band is planning to make another album in 2012.\nThey are known for their smart use of style, comparisons, word choice, imagery, and voice harmonies (which they call \"oozin aahs.) Lyrics sometimes have to do with their emotions or their opinion of society.\nLyrics and ideology.\nMost of Bad Religion's lyrics are written by Greg Graffin or Brett Gurewitz. Sometimes, but often, they will co-write a song. Other band members, such as Jay Bentley, also write songs, but very rarely.\nBrett Gurewitz says he tried to copy The Germs singer Darby Crash early on in Bad Religion's career. \"He wrote some intelligent stuff, and didn't shy away from the vocabulary, which I thought was cool.\" Bad Religion also uses voice harmonies. The Adolescents influenced them with their three-part voice harmonies. Bassist Jay Bentley says, \"Seeing The Adolescents live, it was so brilliant. So, in a way, the Adolescents influenced us into saying we can do it too, because look, they're doing it.\"\nSocial and political issues.\nMany of Bad Religion's songs are about what they think are social problems, but they do not blame causes of these problems to any single person or group. Greg Graffin thinks that the politics in the United States can make it hard to talk about the problems.\nThe band is sometimes direct about the things they want to say. Brett Gurewitz said he was angry at former U.S. president George W. Bush and that \"The Empire Strikes First\" is about him. \"Our whole album is dedicated to getting Bush out of office. I'm not a presidential scholar but I don't think you'll find a worse president in the history of the United States. He's probably one of the worst leaders in the history of world leaders. I just hate the guy.\"\nReligion.\nDespite the name of the band, the members say they are not anti-religious. Greg Graffin says that more often than not, the band likes to use religion to represent anything that does not let a person be free. Their songs are more about being against everyone being the same than against religion or God. But Greg Graffin is an atheist. He helped write the book 'Is Belief in God Good, Bad or Irrelevant?' The band's bassist Jay Bentley has stated that he has spiritual beliefs. Brett Gurewitz is a \"provisional deist.\""}
+{"id": "19327", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19327", "title": "Meat Puppets", "text": "The Meat Puppets are an alternative/punk rock group from Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. They were formed in 1980 by Curt Kirkwood (vocals, guitars), his brother Cris (bass) and Derrick Bostrom (drums). The band is probably best known for their 1994 radio hit \"Backwater\".\nThe band went on indefinite hiatus in 2001 as Curt formed two band projects Eyes Adrift (with Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic and Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh) and Volcano (also with Sublime drummer Bud Gaugh). He also released a solo album. His brother Cris was in prison from August 2004 to 21 months.\nIn 2006, the Meat Puppets reformed and released a new album, \"Rise to Your Knees\" in 2007.\nAs of November 2009, Shandon Sahm is back as the drummer in the Meat Puppets. He replaces Ted Marcus, who was a member from 2006. \nThe band was chosen by Animal Collective to perform their album \"Up on the Sun\" live at the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in May 2011."}
+{"id": "19328", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19328", "title": "Ted Bundy", "text": "Theodore Robert \"Ted\" Bundy (November 24, 1946 - January 24, 1989) was an American serial killer, kidnapper, and rapist. He confessed to killing 30 women, although the actual number of murders committed is unknown.\nBiography.\nTed Bundy was born in 1946 in Burlington, Vermont, USA. He lived with his mother Louise Cowell and grandfather Sam Cowell when he was a child. Bundy and his mother moved to Washington where she married a man named John Culpepper Bundy. As a child in Washington, Bundy was a good student and went to church often, yet he found it hard to make friends and he began stealing. As a young man, Bundy became involved in politics and got with a woman named Diane Edwards, known better by the pseudonym Stephanie Brooks. She left him, and he went on his own for a while. After seeing that he had improved, she got back together with him, but he proposed and left her a few days later. This is when the murders began. The people that Bundy would murder were much like this lady: young, white skinned (Caucasian), and with long dark hair parted in the middle.\nBundy's first known murders were in 1974 with his first known violent attack on January 4 when he crept into the room of an 18-year-old girl called Joni Lenz and beat her with a crowbar while she was asleep. He then sexually assaulted (raped) her with a metal rod that he took from the bed. She was found the next morning in a pool of blood. She was not killed but would remain in a coma and suffered brain damage (damage to the brain that stops the body from working properly). A few weeks later on January 31, Bundy broke into another woman's basement and beat her over the head. He then dressed her, wrapped her in blankets, and carried her away. She was found a year later in Seattle, Washington with no head. In between this time and June 1974, he killed eight more women in Washington. In June, he kidnapped Janice Ott and Denise Naslund from a park near Seattle. These attacks, unlike the attacks before, were in 'broad daylight' - in front of other people.\nIn the autumn Bundy moved to Utah to begin studying law at the University of Utah. He began killing again in October 1974. Bundy kidnapped and killed three girls in October 1974, one of them being the daughter of a police officer. On November 8, Bundy told a girl that he was a police officer and he told her to get in his car. She did, believing he really was a police officer. He then tried to handcuff her but she would not let him and she jumped out of the car and escaped. Bundy was angry that she had got away and so a few hours later he kidnapped another girl and killed her. Her body was never found. Bundy was still living in Utah in 1975 and was still attending law school but he began only killing people in Colorado. Bundy kidnapped and killed four women from Colorado and one more from Utah in the first half of 1975 (January to June).\nOn August 16, 1975, Bundy was arrested for not stopping his car when ordered to by a police officer. When they searched his car they found a ski mask, a crowbar, handcuffs, trash bags, and other items that they thought he must have been using to burglarize houses. The police then noticed that his car was the car the girl who escaped had told them about. Bundy was sentenced on March 1, 1976, to fifteen years in prison for kidnapping her. Bundy escaped from the police twice in 1977 before he could be sentenced for the murders he had committed. By early 1978 he had made his way to Florida where he killed two more women and injured three others. After that he murdered a 12-year-old girl called Kimberley Leach. She was the last girl murdered by Bundy before he was stopped by a police officer on February 15, 1978.\nBundy had antisocial personality disorder. He went on trial on June 25 until July 31 for the murders he had committed. He was sentenced to 3 death sentences, and was going to be executed by the electric chair. In the time he was in prison and waiting to be executed he helped the police investigate other murders and in 1988 he admitted to having killed eight more women than he was tried for. Bundy was executed by the use of the electric chair at the Florida State Prison on January 24, 1989. He was 42 years old.\nCopycat crimes.\nThe perpetrators of the 2006 murder of Cassie Jo Stoddart cited Ted Bundy as one their idols and inspirations."}
+{"id": "19329", "revid": "8659688", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19329", "title": "Longboarding", "text": "A longboard is a type of skateboard. It is often longer than a regular skateboard. Longboard are made in many different shapes. They are often faster than regular skateboards. This is because of the size of the wheel and what the board is made of. Longboards are commonly used for cruising, traveling and downhill racing. Downhill racing is known as longboarding. Longboard 'dancing' and 'freestyle' are also popular. In this, the rider uses skateboard-like motions and steps up and down the board.\nHistory.\nThe first longboards were made by Preston Nichols in the 1940s and 50s. They replaced surfing when the waves were too dull. Early skaters made boards out of planks of wood and roller skates. It was called \"Sidewalk Surfing\". Longboards were first sold in 1959. Makaha, Jack's and Hobie were the first sellers. These early longboards were crude. They had wheels made of metal. Clay wheels were used later to make them safer. Longboarding became popular in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It had become much less popular by 1965. Longboarding started becoming popular again in 1972 when Frank Nasworthy and the Cadillac Wheel Company create the urethane longboard wheel. Urethane wheels let skaters move much faster than they could before. Reverse kingpins(RKP) also made them more stable.\nThese changes made the boards more stable. They helped downhill longboarding grow into a sport. The International Gravity Sports Association (IGSA) was its governing body. The cutout deck was added in the 1990s. It had sections cut out around the wheels. This stopped the wheels from touching the board during hard turns. There has been many changes to longboard technology because of the many different ways people ride them. Modern longboard decks can be made from many materials. These include fiberglass composites, aluminum and carbon fiber.\nDimensions.\nMost boards are in length. Widths vary from . Longboard are made in many shapes. These include pintails, swallowtails, flat-nose riders, drop-through decks, drop decks and boards with the same shape as a regular skateboard. Pintails have looser trucks and larger wheels. They are better suited for carving or a \"smooth\" feel. Drop decks and drop throughs let the rider be closer to the ground. This gives them a lower center of gravity which increases stability. This also makes the boards better for downhill racing. Mid-length boards, have many different uses. They have more weight and bulk. This makes them move with a fluid motion by providing more momentum. The longboard's design lets rider make big turns or quick short carves. These movements are similar to the motions of surfers or snowboarders."}
+{"id": "19330", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19330", "title": "Graffiti", "text": "Graffiti (plural; singular: graffiti or graffito, however \"graffito\" is rarely used except in archeology) is marks, scratching or drawings made on a surface on a public place. It is often created with paint or spray paint (paint that is sprayed from a can). A single mark could be called a graffito but the word graffiti is usually used, meaning that there is more than one mark. The word comes from Greek \"\" (\"graphein\") meaning \"to write\".\nGraffiti can take the form of art, drawings or words. When done without a property owner's permission it can be considered vandalism. Sometimes it is just a person's name or a rude word. Sometimes it is a public political protest because graffiti is illegal without permission.\nTypes.\nThere are lots of different types of graffiti, and some people call some things graffiti that other people would not.\nIn some kinds of graffiti, people write their name in different ways. It is usually not their real name. Sometimes people write the name of their crew, which is a group of friends who write together. Small writing like a signature is called a tag. Bigger writing that is very round and has an outline is called a throw up. A graffiti writing with lots of detail is called a piece, which is short for masterpiece.\nSome graffit is made of pictures. This can be a small picture or a large mural.\nGraffiti can be legal or illegal. Some towns have walls that anyone is allowed to paint on. Sometimes the government or a business will pay someone to paint, to attract tourists or advertise something. Some graffiti artists like Keith Haring became very famous.\nHistory.\nPaintings were done on cave walls over 40,000 years ago in Australia. The oldest graffiti that used writing was in the Roman Empire, people wrote messages on walls. It wasn't considered vandalism, instead people saw it as just a way to talk to one another.\nIn the 1700s and 1800s in the United States, some people began to write \"monikers\" on trains. Monikers were pictures and fake names. One famous moniker was Bozo Texino.\nModern graffiti was made famous in New York City in the early 1960s and 1970s by the children of the working class. They called it \"writing\" and called themselves \"writers.\" At first they wrote on trains, but when the New York Subway started to make it harder, writers moved into the city to write on walls instead.\nIn a 1971 New York Times article, Norman Mailer first used the term \"graffiti\" was first used to refer to the new kind of art people were painting on trains. This period of the early 1970s is known as the \"Original School.\" Later in the 1980s, the next generation of graffiti artists is known as \"Old School.\""}
+{"id": "19337", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19337", "title": "Appellation d'origine contr\u00f4l\u00e9e", "text": "Appellation d'origine control\u00e9e (AOC, \"controlled designation of origin\") is a French phrase which shows that a product comes from a certain area. \nSome products must come from a certain area and be made in a certain way in order to have the name of the product. The most famous example is champagne, which must be fermented in the bottle and be made in the Champagne region of France.\nThe French government set up the \"Institut national des appellations d'origine et de la qualit\u00e9\" (INAO, \"National institute of controlled designation of origin\") in 1935 to oversee the system. Although usually linked with wines, the start of the system of protecting the name of goods started in the 15th century when the French parliament defined what could be called Roquefort cheese. \nAOCs are most often found in connection with:"}
+{"id": "19339", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19339", "title": "Hectolitre", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19341", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19341", "title": "Kilograms", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19342", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19342", "title": "Distillation", "text": "Distillation is a process where a mixture made of two or more liquids (called \"components\") with different boiling points can be separated from each other. The mixture is heated until one of the components boils (turns to a vapor). The vapor is then fed into a condenser, which cools the vapor and changes it back into a liquid that is called \"distillate\". What remains in the original container is called the \"residue\". It is a common process in many industries.\nDistillation is a physical separation process and not a chemical reaction. Some chemical processes are called \"distillation\" for historical reasons, like dry distillation or destructive distillation. These are a type of pyrolysis.\nTypes.\nFractional distillation uses a larger distillation column with more than one output. It is used to separate mixtures of multiple liquids. An oil refinery uses fractional distillation to purify crude oil, separating several different liquids for different uses.\nAir separation uses a cryogenic process to distill air. This produces pure nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and trace gases.\nHistory.\nDistillation has been used for a long time. Iron Age people used distillation to make perfumes. Pepole also distill alcohol and produce alcoholic drinks such as liquor.\nDistillation can be done anywhere, whether it's in a house or a laboratory, but in most countries it is illegal to distill alcohol without a license. Illegally distilled alcoholic drinks are in some places called \"moonshine\".\nDistillation is also the main way of desalination of water. In this case the salt is a solid that is in solution with the water. In alcohol distillation or petroleum distillation, the things to be separated from their solution are two or more distillation liquids. "}
+{"id": "19343", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19343", "title": "Destillation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19344", "revid": "1144", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19344", "title": "Hectolittre", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19345", "revid": "1611993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19345", "title": "Lawyer", "text": "A lawyer (also called an \"advocate\", \"attorney\", \"barrister\", \"counsel\", \"counsellor\", or \"solicitor\") is someone who practices law. A lawyer has earned a degree in law, and has a license to practice law in a particular area. \nIf people have any problem regarding the law, they can contact a lawyer for advice. A legal problem is referred to as a case. A person can hire a lawyer to start a case against someone else, or to help with a case that has been started against them. If the case goes to court, the lawyer will represent their client in court. The lawyer will use their knowledge of the law to convince the court that the client is on the right side of the argument. Lawyers also help people \"settle out of court,\" which means that both sides of the argument agree to resolve the dispute ahead of time so that they will not have to go to trial. \nWhen a person is accused of a crime, the person has a defense lawyer to try to show they have not committed a crime. The lawyer arguing that they did do the crime is called the \"prosecutor\".\nLawyers also prepare legal documents for their clients. Examples: buying or selling property or making a will (testament). Certain lawyers (called \"commissioners of oaths\" in England) can take legally binding witness statements which can be presented to the court.\nLawyers work in different settings. Some work by themselves, while some work in law firms. Some lawyers work for hospitals and private companies. Lawyers who work for private companies are usually called in-house counsel.\nLawyers generally charge a fee for the work that they do, but sometimes advice is offered freely, which is called \"pro bono,\" meaning \"for the public good.\" In many countries, if a person is accused of a crime and unable to pay for a lawyer, the government will pay a lawyer to represent them using tax money."}
+{"id": "19346", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19346", "title": "Sister", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19347", "revid": "795348", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19347", "title": "Loreto Region", "text": "Loreto is Peru's most northern region. Covering almost one-third of Peru's territory, Loreto is the nation's biggest region. It is also one of the least populated ones, because of its remote location in the Amazon rainforest. Its capital is the city of Iquitos. \nAdministrative divisions.\nThe region is divided into eight provinces (\"provincias\", singular: \"provincia\"), which are composed of 53 districts (\"distritos\", singular: \"distrito\"). The provinces, with their capitals in parenthesis, are:"}
+{"id": "19348", "revid": "1288164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19348", "title": "Children", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19349", "revid": "9098811", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19349", "title": "Iquitos", "text": "Iquitos is the capital city of the Loreto Region in northern Peru. It is on the banks of the Amazon River. Iquitos is the biggest city in the rain forest of Peru, with about 400,000 residents. It is a major port on the Amazon. \nExcluding towns on islands, Iquitos is thought to be the largest city in the world that can not be reached by road. One can only get to Iquitos by boat, or by airplane. It is very remote, in the middle of the Amazon rainforest. \nIquitos was founded in 1747 by Jesuit Jos\u00e9 Bahamonde. Originally it was the home of the Iquito native tribe. About 100 years ago, Iquitos was a very rich town, because of the rubber industry. Today Iquitos relies mostly on tourism, wood industry and local trade. "}
+{"id": "19351", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19351", "title": "Apple juice", "text": "Apple juice is the juice from apples. It does not have alcohol, and it tastes sweet from the natural fruit sugars. Many companies making apple juice like to say that they do not add more sugar into the drink, and there is only natural sugar.\nOrigin.\nThe apple tree came from the same era as Elizabethan in the late 1500s and early 1600s (\"Pyrus malus\"), and is native to Britain. Even in the Old Saxon papers, apples and cider are mentioned a lot. The fruit is thought to have come in the Caucasus, a place with many mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas.\nThe Lady apple, a kind of apple still grown today, is believed to be one of the oldest apple trees on record.\nComposition.\nApple juice is 88% water and 11% carbohydrates (including 9% sugars), with little amounts of protein or fat.\nHealth.\nIn both facts and stories, the apple appears to be very healthy. There are two types of apple juice. One is the clear apple juice, and the other is the cloudy apple juice. Pectin and starch are taken out during the production process to produce clear apple juice. Cloudy apple juice is cloudy because of evenly-distributed small pulp suspensions in the juice concentrate.\nAlso, in apple juice, the vitamin C, and other vitamins are contained inside, as well as mineral nutrients such as boron which helps build strong bones.\nApples can also be a main source of fiber, and is a powerful cleanser and an important necessity for the health of your body.\nThe compounds in apple juice called phytonutrients delay the break down of LDL or cholesterol. In history, the phrase from Benjamin Franklin \"an apple a day keeps the doctor away\" is very famous. New research is proving this phrase to be a fact. Researchers at UC Davis School of Medicine have recently found out that drinking apple juice seems to slow down the process that may lead to heart disease.\nResearchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands had studied and found that smokers who ate many fruits and vegetables, especially apples, had reduced their risk of getting the common diseases smokers would get. The risk was reduced by 50%.\nFor older people, drinking fruit juices should begin with apples, especially if they are suffering from arthritis and rheumatism. This is because apples carry a substantial amount of potassium. Because of this, eating apples or apple juice has been known to help. Drinking apple juice also removes some toxins from the liver and kidneys and is low in calories. Over time, this can reduce the chances of having liver or kidney disease.\nUse.\nApple juice can be used to make cider and calvados. Some types of cider and all types of Calvados contain alcohol.\nProduction.\nAddressed as one of the most popular fruits in the world, the apple is cultivated in around 7,500 different kinds in shape, color, texture, firmness, crispness, acidity, juiciness, sweetness, nutrition, and harvesting time.\nStorage.\nFresh apple juice needs refrigeration. Closed bottles of canned apple juice can be kept in a dark, cool place, such as a pantry or cupboard. It slows down the spoiling of the product. The way it looks, feels, or tastes could change over time.\nOnce the juice container is opened. Or if it was not closed and shipped without needing freezing by the producer, it must be closed again tightly and frozen to avoid contamination from microorganisms such as bacteria."}
+{"id": "19357", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19357", "title": "Calvados (drink)", "text": "Calvados is an alcoholic drink. It is made from distilling cider in Normandy, one of the oldest Provinces of France (created in 911). It got its name from the place called Calvados which is famous for making it (sometimes called 'le Pays d'Auge'). It is also made in the other places in Normandy including la Manche (Cotentin) and l'Orne (Domfront).\nHow Calvados is made.\nThe way to make Calvados is to distil cider twice. The first time it is done, the result is a liquid containing 28% to 30% alcohol. The second time it is done, the amount of alcohol is increased to about 40%.\nSince 1942, the Calvados has its own \"Appellation d'Origine Contr\u00f4l\u00e9e (AOC)\", which means it is from one place. The rules are:\nHow Calvados is served.\nCalvados can be served either dry or with ice, as a cocktail, an aperitif, or as a digestif. It goes very well with cheese, chocolate, dessert or ice cream. Crepes can also be served with Calvados.\nCalvados can also be added to coffee. People usually do this at the end of dinner. "}
+{"id": "19358", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19358", "title": "Still", "text": "A still is a tool used to clean a liquid. It does this by first boiling the liquid and turning it into a gas. This gas is then cooled, changing it back into liquid. Stills get their name from the word di\"still\"ation. Distillation is the process of boiling and cooling a liquid to purify it. Stills are most often used to create alcohol, but they can also be used with any liquid. Some examples are medicines and perfumes.\nThere are two main types of stills: pot stills and reflux stills. In a pot still, the pot (like a large kettle) holding the liquid is heated. The hot gas is cooled in a simple neck, or tube, and collected. Pot stills are used for making alcohol like whisky. A reflux still is much more complex. It works with a continual flow of liquid going into the boiler, and a continual flow of distilled liquid coming out. The distilled liquid can also be put through the process several times, which is why it is called a reflux still. This allows for a more pure product, and the person working the still can control the level of purity. Reflux stills are used in the chemical and petroleum industries."}
+{"id": "19359", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19359", "title": "Alambic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19360", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19360", "title": "Ravioli", "text": "Ravioli is a type of Italian food pasta dish. It is usually two layers of pasta dough with a filling between the two layers. There are many different recipes, with different kinds of fillings. The most common fillings are meat, vegetables or blackboard cheese. People eat this kind of food with a sauce or melted butter."}
+{"id": "19361", "revid": "9568277", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19361", "title": "The Bridge on the River Kwai", "text": "The Bridge on the River Kwai is a British 1957 movie from Columbia Pictures, based on Pierre Boulle's 1952 book \"The Bridge over the River Kwai\" (). The movie was mainly filmed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and also in England.\nIn 1941 the Japanese Army invaded Thailand. They built a railway to link Bangkok to Rangoon. Thousands of Asian workers and POWs (prisoners of war) died while working on the project. Part of this project was building bridges over Thailand's Kwai Yai, at a place named Tamarkan, which is near a town named Kanchanaburi.\nThe deaths of the Asian workers and the prisoners were real events, but most of the book and the movie are not true. The British soldiers were slaves; they did not help the Japanese. Two bridges were built; one was made of wood, one was made of concrete and steel. Both bridges stood for two years and were destroyed by bombers in 1945.\nIn the movie the bridge is destroyed by commandos. A real train rode over the bridge as it blew up. (This can be compared to a scene in the 1927 movie, \"The General\", which starred Buster Keaton.)\nThe movie is best known for the \"Colonel Bogey March\", the song that is whistled by the POWs. It is also known as the \"River Kwai March\".\nThe movie won 7 Academy Awards, one for Best Picture. It also won the BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay."}
+{"id": "19362", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19362", "title": "Tannin", "text": "Tannins are bitter-tasting chemical compounds that bind proteins. \nTannins are present in the following:\nTannins are also used in the treatment of leather, to make it more durable. Natural tannins for this purpose come from oak trees, but synthetic tannins are more used."}
+{"id": "19363", "revid": "9479350", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19363", "title": "Cuisine", "text": "Cuisine refers to any style of cooking, including its practices, traditions and recipes. A cuisine is usually associated with a specific culture. It is mainly influenced by the ingredients that are available to that culture. Cooking methods, customs and ingredients together form meals that are unique to a particular region. When people talk about Italian cuisine, they are referring to the food that Italians are famous for. Cuisine is a French word that means \"kitchen\", but it originally comes from the Latin word \"coquere\", which means \"to cook\". \nTraditionally, cuisines are shaped by a number of things. In some religious traditions, certain foods are forbidden by law (an example is pork in Islam). Climate and trade affect the what ingredients are available. Climate may also affect the methods by which food is prepared. Before the exploration of Asia and America by Europeans, certain foods were not known to European cuisine. Tomatoes, maize, avocados and cacao, for example, did not enter European diets until merchants brought these ingredients back from the New World. In modern times, cuisines are becoming more and more multicultural. New cuisines continue to develop even today."}
+{"id": "19364", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19364", "title": "Hotel", "text": "A hotel or a guest-house is a large building with many rooms, where people can sleep when they are not at home. A motel is a hotel especially for motorists - people who drive cars - where the room door usually opens into the parking lot rather than to an interior corridor. Inn is sometimes used to mean a smaller hotel. Guest house can also mean an accessory dwelling unit. An extended stay hotel is one where suites are rented by the week. \nThese places will rent a room for any number of days. They offer rooms to sleep as their business. There are also hotels where conferences are held. \nSome hotels have swimming pool. Some hotels are called capsule hotels (in Japan).\nHistory.\nHotels emerged as inns along important transport routes. The first hotels appeared in the days of the Ancient World, in the Middle Ages they also served as shelters for the infirm. This is indicated by the etymology of the word hotel, h\u00f4tel: through st.-fr. ostel, hostel it comes from Latin. cubiculum hospitale (\"guest room\"), whence the word \"hospital\".\nIn the 16th-17th centuries, the hotel is an aristocratic residential building with ceremonial and service courtyards.\nToday, according to the definition of the World Tourism Organization (WTO), hotels are called a house with furnished rooms for short-term stay of visitors, consisting of a number of rooms that have a single guide and provide certain services. They are grouped into classes and categories according to the types of services provided, with the equipment available in them.\nThe hotel is also called a residential property complex (building, part of the building, equipment and other property), designed to provide services.\nTypes.\nInternational luxury hotels have high-quality amenities, full-service restaurants and rooms. They usually provide the highest level of personalized and professional service in major or capital cities.\nUpscale full-service hotels range in quality from upscale to luxury.\nBranded hotels are typically full-service and classified as luxury. A key characteristic is focus on a unique guest experience.\nSmaller independent non-branded hotels with 100 rooms or fewer.\nSmall to medium hotels that give a limited number of amenities. This amenities cater and market to a specific demographic of travelers, such as the single business traveler. Such hotels may lack leisure amenities such as an restaurant or a swimming pool.\nSmall to medium-sized hotels where clients can stay longer than in traditional hotels.\nA motel is an abbreviation for \"motor hotel\". It is a small-sized low-rise lodging establishment. Usually motels have access to individual rooms from the car park. Motels are good for road travellers, travellers on road trip vacations or workers who drive for their job."}
+{"id": "19365", "revid": "8126688", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19365", "title": "Some Like It Hot", "text": "Some Like It Hot is a 1959 American comedy movie starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, Pat O'Brien, Jack Lemmon and George Raft, and directed by Billy Wilder. It is seen by some as a remake of the 1951 German movie, \"Fanfaren der Liebe\". (Michael Logan wrote the story for the version) The movie is set in 1929. It has been remade for the stage twice (in 1972 and 2002). It was ranked at Number One on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs list and fourteen on the AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list."}
+{"id": "19370", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19370", "title": "Yale University", "text": "Yale University is a private university in New Haven, Connecticut. It is in the Ivy League and considered by many people to be one of the best universities in the world. Yale is the third oldest university in the United States.\nYale was founded in 1701 in a town near New Haven by a group of church ministers. At first it was called \"The Collegiate School\" and was created to teach male church ministers in Connecticut. When Elihu Yale, a businessman with the East India Company, gave the school money and books in 1718, the school changed its name to Yale College. It moved into the center of New Haven in the same year. About fifty years later, the school began to teach other subjects like science and history. As the school became more liberal, it became one of the first American schools where extracurricular student groups were created, especially singing groups, sports teams, and student publications like the Yale Daily News.\nIn the beginning, Yale only taught undergraduate students. Over time, it created graduate schools for medicine, nursing, environmental science, law, music, drama, business, and other professions. In 1869, Yale became the first school in the United States to offer a PhD. Because it had grown to have many types of schools, degrees, and courses, Yale changed its name to Yale University in 1887. The undergraduate college began to accept women as students in 1969.\nYale has one of the largest libraries in the United States, with 19 library buildings and over 15 million books. The school's main library building, Sterling Memorial Library, is built to look like a cathedral. The Beinecke Library has one of the world's largest collections of rare books and old manuscripts.\nThe school's campus is known for its Gothic Revival architecture, which was built to look like older English universities like Oxford and Cambridge. On its main campus, Yale has two art museums, a natural history museum, and many theaters. The university also has a golf course near campus and owns five forests in New England.\nFifty-two Nobel Prize winners have been students or professors at Yale, and five U.S. presidents have graduated from Yale, including George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush. Other famous alumni include politicians Hilary Clinton and John Kerry, actors Meryl Streep and Edward Norton, inventors Eli Whitney and Samuel Morse, CNN anchors Fareed Zakaria and Anderson Cooper, FedEx founder Fred Smith and Pepsi CEO Indra Nooyi, and computer scientist Grace Hopper.\nYale's color is blue, and its mascot is a bulldog named \"Handsome Dan.\" Its sports teams are called the Yale Bulldogs, and they play in the Ivy League.\nPeter Salovey, a psychologist, is the current president of Yale."}
+{"id": "19371", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19371", "title": "Salzburg", "text": "Salzburg (; ; literally \"Salt Fortress\"; ) is the capital and also a district of the Austrian state of Salzburg or Salzburgerland. The population is about 150,000 and is the 4th largest city of Austria.\nIts most famous citizen was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Another famous inhabitant of Salzburg was the physicist Christian Doppler who found the Doppler effect which was named after him.\nThe Salzach river crosses the city. The old town was adopted by the UNESCO as World Heritage Site in 1996. Known is Salzburg also for being one of the settings for the movie \"The Sound of Music\" which based on the musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein.\nHistory.\nPeople lived in Salzburg since the New Stone Age till present. The oldest finding in the city area is dated around 4500 B.C. From 15 B.C. onwards after the Roman occupation the city was called Iuvavum. The roman city was in today's old town around the Waagplatz. The city became an important place from the east to the province of Germania. The Romans left on the beginning of the barbarian migration around 500. Up to 696 only little can be said about the history. In 696 the city was given to bishop Rupert by Duke Theodo II. of Bavaria. \nRupert was ordered by the Duke to bring Christianity to the east and southeast of his country. Rupert founded the monastery St. Peter and for women the monastery Nonnberg. 739 Salzburg became the seat of a bishop and 774 the first cathedral was built. 998 Salzburg became archbishopric ruling the whole Bavarian area.\nIn the Middle Ages Salzburg became wealthy by the trade with salt from the nearby D\u00fcrnberg in Hallein. Till the 14th century Salzburg became independent from Bavaria and was a state within the Holy Roman Empire. The citizens of Salzburg were under the command of the archbishop unlike other cities in the empire. In the baroque era the look of today's city was shaped. The cathedral was rebuilt in the baroque style. Most of the architects came from Italy. 1622 a university was founded. Due to the fact that it was a catholic state Protestants had a severe standing in Salzburg. Yet 1731 Protestants, who came not back to the catholic belief had do leave Salzburg within eight days.\nIn the early 19th century Napoleon Bonaparte promoted the Duchy of Salzburg, than later was a part of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Then, Salzburg was annexed by Austria, returned to Bavarian and divided between Bavaria and Austria. 1918 Salzburg became a federal state of the new Republic of Austria. \nIn 1938, Germany annexed Austria and Salzburg was a part of Germany. In 1945, when Austria was independent from Germany. It became a federal state again.\nUrban districts.\nUrban districts (\"Stadtteile\"):\nMonuments.\nSalzburg is a World Heritage. There are some places of interest like:"}
+{"id": "19372", "revid": "286531", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19372", "title": "Salt (disambiguation)", "text": "Salt could mean:"}
+{"id": "19373", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19373", "title": "Basque language", "text": "Basque (Basque: ) is the language spoken by the Basque people in the Basque Country and its diaspora. Although most other Europeans speak Indo-European languages, Basque is a language isolate and is not related to them or to any other language in the world.\nHistory and classification.\nThe ancestors of Basques are among the oldest residents of Europe, and their origins are unknown, as are the origins of the language. Many scholars have tried to link Basque to Etruscan, African languages, Caucasian languages and so on, but most see Basque as a language isolate. \nA connection with the Iberian language has given some hope, but it is unclear whether similarities are caused by genetic relations or mere vicinity.\nIt was spoken long before the Romans brought Latin to the Iberian Peninsula.\nGeographic distribution.\nBasque is spoken in an area that is smaller than what is known as the Basque Country (Basque: \"Euskal Herria)\". Basque was once spoken over a larger area, but Latin took over in some places.\nOfficial status.\nHistorically, Latin or a Romance language has been official.\nToday Basque holds co-official language status in the Basque regions of Spain: the full autonomous community of the Basque Country and some parts of Navarre. Basque has no official standing in the Northern Basque area of France, and French citizens are barred from using Basque in a French court of law.\nDialects.\nThere are six main Basque dialects, comprising Biscayan, Guipuzcoan, and High Navarrese (in Spain), and Low Navarrese, Labourdin, and Souletin (in France). The dialect boundaries are not, however, congruent with political boundaries. \nOne of the first scientific studies of Basque dialects, in particular the auxiliary verb forms, was made by Louis-Lucien Bonaparte (a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte).\nDerived languages.\nThere is now a unified version called Batua (\"unified\" in Basque), which is the language taught in schools. Batua is based largely on the Gipuzkoa regional dialect.\nGrammar.\nBasque is an ergative-absolutive language. Its grammar is very complex, with many different cases for nouns.\nThe vowel system is the same as most Spanish-speakers and has five pure vowels, . \nVocabulary.\nBy contact with nearby peoples, Basque has borrowed words from Latin, Spanish, French, Gascon and others but accepted fewer than Indo-European languages. Some claim that many of its words come from Latin, but phonetic evolution has made many of them now appear as if they were native words, e.g. \"lore\" (\"flower\", from \"florem\"), \"errota\" (\"mill\", from \"rotam\", \"[mill] wheel\"), \"gela\" (\"room\", from \"cellam\").\nWriting system.\nBasque is written with the Latin alphabet. The universal special letter is \"\u00f1\", which is pronounced like the \"n\" in \"onion\", and \"\u00e7\" and \"\u00fc\" are also used. Basque does not use \"c, q, v, w, y\" except for loanwords and are not considered part of the alphabet. Also, \"x\" is pronounced as a \"sh\", as in \"shine\"."}
+{"id": "19374", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19374", "title": "Heinz Fischer", "text": "Heinz Fischer (born 9 October 1938) is the former president of Austria. His wife is Margit Fischer."}
+{"id": "19375", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19375", "title": "Chlorine", "text": "Chlorine (chemical symbol Cl) is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 17, and its atomic mass is 35.45. It is part of the 7th column (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. \nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nChlorine is a very irritating and greenish-yellow gas. It has a strong, bleach-like smell. It is toxic and bad for you. It can be made into a liquid when cooled. It is heavier than air.\nChemical properties.\nChlorine is highly reactive. It is more reactive than bromine but less reactive than fluorine. It reacts with most things to make chlorides. It can even burn things instead of oxygen. It dissolves in water to make a mixture of hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid. The more acidic it is, the more chlorine is made; the more basic it is, the more hypochlorous acid (normally turned into hypochlorite) and hydrochloric acid (normally turned into chlorides) are there. Chlorine reacts with bromides and iodides to make bromine and iodine. \nChlorine compounds.\nChlorine exists in several oxidation states: -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, and +7. The -1 state is most often in chloride. Chlorides are not reactive. Compounds containing chlorine in its +1 oxidation state are hypochlorites. Only one is common. They are a strong oxidizing agent, as are all + oxidation state compounds. +3 is in chlorites. +4 is in chlorine dioxide, a common chlorine compound that is not a chloride. +5 is in chlorates. +7 is in perchlorates. Hypochlorites are most reactive, while perchlorates are the least reactive.\nMany organic compounds have chlorine in them. Freon has chlorine in it. PVC (poly-vinyl chloride), a common plastic, has chlorine in it. \nChlorine oxides can be made, but most of them are very reactive and unstable.\nOccurrence.\nChlorine is not found as an element. Sodium chloride is the most common chlorine ore. It is in the ocean (sea salt) and in the ground (rock salt). There are some organic compounds that have chlorine in them, too.\nPreparation.\nIt is made by electrolysis (the passing of electricity through a solution to make chemical reactions happen) of sodium chloride. This is known as the chloralkali process. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen chloride with oxygen and a catalyst. It can be made in the laboratory by reacting manganese dioxide with hydrochloric acid. It is made when sodium hypochlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid. This is a dangerous reaction that can happen without anyone knowing.\nUses.\nFor water purification.\nAs of 2021, the main use of chlorine is for bleach. It is also added to water, as a way of purifying it. Chlorine is both very reactive, and very poisonous. It will act as a disinfectant: if it is added to water, it will kill off bacteria and other organisms. Swimming pools are often filled with water that has been treated that way. \nAs a chemical weapon.\nGermany used chlorine as a chemical weapon in the First World War. They used it at the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915. According to soldiers, which were present at the battle, the chlorine smelled like a mixture of pepper and pineapple. It also tasted metallic and stung the back of the throat and chest. Chlorine reacts with water in the mucosa of the lungs to form hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid will destroy living tissue. It often kills. Gas masks with activated charcoal or other filters can protect the respiratory system. This makes chlorine gas much less deadly than other chemical weapons. German scientist Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin was the first to use it. Together with IG Farben, he developed methods of how to use chlorine gas against an entrenched enemy. Chlorine is heavier than air, so it will stay in the trenches. On 22nd April, 1915, German forces attacked the French army. With of chlorine, they only killed about 1.200 French soldiers. For this reason, chlorine was soon replaced with the more deadly phosgene and mustard gas.\nBecause it is easily available, chlorine is still used as a chemical weapon in war. That way, it has been used in the Syrian civil war. It has also been used in an improvised explosive device in Iraq, in 2015.\nOther uses.\nChlorine is used to make many compounds that are important: both chloroform and carbon tetrachloride contain chlorine.\nHistory.\nIt was discovered in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele who thought it had oxygen in it. Chlorine was named in 1810 by Humphry Davy who insisted it was an element. The US made all water chlorinated (added chlorine to water) by 1918.\nSafety.\nIt is poisonous in large amounts and can damage skin. When it is inhaled (breathed in), it irritates the lungs, eyes, and skin badly. It can cause fire with some things because it is very reactive. It is heavier than air, so it can fill up enclosed spaces."}
+{"id": "19376", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19376", "title": "Periodic table of elements", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19377", "revid": "9958494", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19377", "title": "Halogen", "text": "The halogens are chemical elements under the second-to-right column in the periodic table, also known as Group 17. The elements in the group are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and tennessine. Halogen literally means \"salt becomer\", but it is often said to mean \"salt producer\". They are very reactive, so they are likely to join with other elements on the left side of the periodic table to make compounds. This is because they are missing one electron. They are rarely found alone in nature. Fluorine is the most reactive, while the rest of the halogens become less reactive. Iodine is the least reactive. Astatine is very radioactive and hard to get."}
+{"id": "19379", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19379", "title": "Vitamin", "text": "A vitamin is a chemical compound that is needed in small amounts for the human body to work correctly. They include Vitamin A, many B vitamins (like B1, B2, B3, B6, and B12), Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, and Vitamin K. For example, citrus fruits such as oranges and lemons contain vitamin C. \nThe term was coined in 1912 by biochemist Casimir Funk, who isolated a complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named \"vitamine\". By convention the word \"vitamin\" does not include other essential nutrients, such as certain minerals, essential fatty acids and essential amino acids. \nThirteen vitamins are recognized at present. Vitamins are classified by their biological and chemical activity, and not their structure. Each vitamin name (the word \"vitamin\" followed by a letter) refers to a number of vitamer compounds which all show the same biological activity. For example, \"vitamin A\" refers to several different chemicals. Vitamers convert to the active form of the vitamin in the body. They are sometimes inter-convertible to one another as well.\nThe body does not make these chemicals. They come from other places, usually food. A short term lack of a certain vitamin is usually not a problem, because the body can store vitamins for a short time. Not having a certain vitamin for a longer period of time can lead to different diseases, depending on the vitamin. Probably the best-known of these diseases is scurvy, which results from not having enough Vitamin C. Beriberi and rickets are others. \nToday, many drug companies make inexpensive pills that contain various vitamins. They help people avoid those diseases.\nVitamins can be either fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) can be stored in the body, and are used when needed. Water-soluble ones only stay in the body a short time.\nName changes.\nCurrently there are no vitamins F to J. These existed at some time. Today they are no longer seen as vitamins. Some of them were also false leads, and turned out to be something else. Others were renamed as B vitamins. Today, the B vitamins are a whole complex, and not just one vitamin. \nThe German-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the 'Koagulation' (clotting) of blood following wounding. At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through I were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable.\nThe following table lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex. "}
+{"id": "19383", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19383", "title": "Adultery", "text": "Adultery (informally known as cheating in non-religious situations) is a word used in religious texts like Exodus 20:14. Adultery applies to a married person having sex with someone other than the person who they are married to. \nIn countries where religion is important, adultery often comes with a heavy punishment. Some Muslim countries punish it with death by stoning. In most countries adultery is no longer a crime, but most people still see it as a bad thing.(see Gospel of John 8) If a person who is married takes part in adultery, that person's husband or wife would usually have the right to be able to go to court to divorce them.\nWord origin.\nThe word adultery originates not from \u201cadult\u201d, as is commonly thought in English-speaking countries, but from the Late Latin word for \u201cto alter, corrupt\u201d: \u201cadulterare\u201d. \u201cAdulterare\u201d in turn is formed by the combination of \u201cad\u201d (towards), and \u201calter\u201d (other), together with the infinitive form \u201care\u201d (making it a verb). Thus the meaning is literally \u201cto make other\u201d. In contrast, the word \u201cadult\u201d (meaning a person of mature years) comes from another Latin root, \u201cadolescere\u201d, meaning to grow up or mature: a combination of \u201cad\u201d (towards), \u201calere\u201d (to nourish, to grow), and the inchoative infix \u201csc\u201d(meaning to enter into a state of).\nLiterature.\nFamous adulterers include :"}
+{"id": "19384", "revid": "1522828", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19384", "title": "Perjury", "text": "Perjury is the word used for a person that tells a lie while they are under oath (in a courtroom). Committing perjury is against the law, and can be punished with a jail or prison sentence.\nPerjury is a serious crime because it might be used to take away the power of a court, which can lead to punishment for the wrong person. In the United States, perjury is a federal offense, and it can be punished by five years in prison. However, in California, a person who commits perjury can get the death penalty if\u00a0the perjury led to a wrongful execution.\nThe rules of perjury also apply when a person says or does something \"under penalty of perjury\", even if he or she never swore an oath. One example is the United States'\u00a0income tax\u00a0return, where people have to sign as true and correct under penalty of perjury. A person can be punished by three years in prison if he or she lies on the tax return.\nA statement that involves \"interpretation\" are not perjury because people can judge incorrectly without knowing it. Perjury only happens if a person wanted to do it and then actually did.\nCanada.\nThe offence of perjury is written in section 132 of the\u00a0Criminal Code. It is described by section 131, which says that perjury is when a person says something false when he or she knows that it is false. People who commit perjury can be imprisoned for fourteen years at most.\nEuropean Union.\nA person in the\u00a0Court of Justice of the European Communities\u00a0swears anything he knows is false is guilty of perjury.\u00a0Proceedings for perjury can happen in any place in the State and the offence can be treated as if it happened in that place.\nUnited States.\nPerjury in American law comes from the\u00a0common law\u00a0of England, which defined the it as giving a false testimony under oath that has to do with the issue.\nDefinitions.\nThe American legal system defines perjury as saying anything knowingly false under oath to a \"competent tribunal, officer, or person\". The punishment can be a fine or up to five years in prison or both."}
+{"id": "19386", "revid": "212981", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19386", "title": "Lust", "text": "Lust is a term for a strong desire or wanting, or maybe even needing, often for sexual acts, although it is also commonly used to talk of a \"lust for life\" or a \"lust for power\" or for other goals.\nAs a sexual desire, it is considered a sin (a failing) by Christianity, which lists it as one of the seven deadly sins.\n\"Lust\" was originally an Anglo-Saxon word which meant \"desire\" or \"appetite\". "}
+{"id": "19387", "revid": "1681397", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19387", "title": "Seven deadly sins", "text": "The seven deadly sins, also known as cardinal sins, are types of sins within some Christian teachings, although they are not mentioned in the Bible. Behaviors or habits are grouped into this category if they directly form other wickedness. According to the regular list, they are pride, greed, wrath, envy, lust, gluttony and sloth, which are the opposite of the seven heavenly virtues. These types had their origins with the Desert Fathers, who recognized seven or eight evil thoughts. The seven deadly sins were portrayed in paintings and decorations on churches, as well as in older textbooks.\nModern definitions and views.\nMost of the seven deadly sins are defined by Dante Alighieri as wicked versions of love. The seven deadly sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride.\nRanked in order of least evil to most evil like in Dante's \"Divine Comedy\", the seven deadly sins are:\nPeople notice that some of these sins are connected. They have attempted to set down an order to them. Each of these cardinal sins are ways of not loving God and not loving others as much as oneself.\nThe opposite of these sins are the seven heavenly virtues: chastity, moderation, charity, zeal, meekness, generosity, and humility.\nPunishments.\nThe Lustful are swept around by a strong wind, without ever resting. This is because lust is so powerful, that it can blow one around without need.\nThe Gluttons are forced to lie down in a kind of snow, made by freezing rain, black snow, and hail. This symbolizes what they made with their life.\nThe Greedy are boiled in hot oil, it's the best oil that money can buy, but it's still pretty hot and you will be turned into gold.\nThe Slothful are thrown into a snake pit where the indolent will have to move around to get the snakes off them eternally.\nThe Wrathful\u2019s limbs are ripped apart, because the furious use their arms and/or legs in their act of violence.\nThe Prideful ones are \"broken on the wheel\", having people laugh at you and mock your abilities for all eternity.\nEnvious people will be punished by being immersed in freezing water, this is done so as to chill their desires."}
+{"id": "19388", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19388", "title": "29 January", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19391", "revid": "10307153", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19391", "title": "Bromine", "text": "Bromine (Br) is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 35, and its atomic weight is 80. It is part of the Group 7 elements (halogens) on the periodic table. It is diatomic, which means that two atoms are stuck together to make a molecule in any bromine sample.\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nBromine is a red-brown liquid. Liquid elements are rare; only bromine and mercury are liquid at room temperature. It easily evaporates to make suffocating brown fumes. It has a bad smell. Its name means \"stench of he-goats\". It can become a metal at very high pressures.\nIt has two stable isotopes. They are 79Br and 81Br. There are about 29 other radioactive isotopes. \nChemical properties.\nBromine is quite reactive. Its reactivity is between chlorine, which is more reactive, and iodine, which is less reactive. It reacts with metals and nonmetals. Phosphorus reacts violently with bromine. Aluminum reacts in a similar way. It can bleach things like chlorine. It reacts better in the light. It dissolves a little in water. Hot water makes it disproportionate into hydrobromic acid and hypobromous acid. Bromine can form compounds with substances such as sodium to form sodium bromide.\nChemical compounds.\nBromine forms compounds in many oxidation states: \u20131, +1, +3, +5, and (sometimes) +7. \u20131 is the most common. It is found as bromide. Bromides are not reactive. They are colorless solids that dissolve in water easily. Covalent bromides can be liquids or gases. The other compounds are all strong oxidizing agents. Their chlorine cousins are more common. +1 has the hypobromites, which are unstable. +3 has the bromites. Bromine dioxide is the only common bromine compound found in the +4 oxidation state. +5 has the bromates, which are more common than all the other ones except the bromides. Bromates are strong oxidizing agents and are sometimes added to flour. +7 has the perbromates. Perbromates are very unstable.\nOccurrence.\nBromine is found as bromide in the ocean and in brine pools. The Dead Sea has a lot of bromide in it. Bromine is not an important part of our body, unlike its relatives chlorine and iodine.\nPreparation.\nBromine is made by bubbling chlorine gas through a solution of a bromide. The bromide is oxidized to bromine, while the chlorine is reduced to chloride. \nUses.\nIt is mainly used to make organobromine compounds, organic compounds with bromine in them. Organobromines are used to put out fires. They used to be added to gasoline. Some were used as pesticides. Some inorganic bromides were used as sedatives. Bromine can also be used as a disinfectant. Silver bromide is used in film.\nSafety.\nBromine is toxic and corrosive to skin. Bromine gas is irritating when it is breathed in, too. Bromine can react violently with many things."}
+{"id": "19392", "revid": "786961", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19392", "title": "Fluorine", "text": "Fluorine (symbol F) is a chemical element that is very poisonous. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 9, and its atomic mass is 19. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements.\nProperties.\nFluorine is a light yellow diatomic gas. It is very reactive gas, which exists as diatomic molecules. It is the most reactive element. Fluorine has a very high attraction for electrons because it is missing one. This makes it the most powerful oxidizing agent. It can rip electrons from water (making oxygen) and ignite propane on contact. It does not need a spark. Metals can catch on fire when placed in a stream of fluorine. After it is reduced by reacting with other things, it forms the stable fluoride ion. Fluorine is very poisonous. Fluorine bonds very strongly with carbon. It can react with the unreactive noble gases. It explodes when mixed with hydrogen. The melting point of fluorine is -363.33\u00b0F (-219.62\u00b0C), the boiling point is -306.62\u00b0F (-188.12\u00b0C).\nChemical compounds.\nChemical compounds containing fluorine ions are called fluorides. Fluorine only exists in one oxidation state: -1.\nOccurrence.\nFluorine is not found as an element on the earth becase it is too reactive. Several fluorides are found in the earth, though. When calcium phosphate is reacted with sulfuric acid to make phosphoric acid, some hydrofluoric acid is produced. Also, fluorite can be reacted with sulfuric acid to make hydrofluoric acid. Fluorite naturally occurs on the earths' crust in rocks, coal and clay.\nPreparation.\nFluorine is normally made by electrolysis. Hydrogen fluoride is dissolved in potassium fluoride. This mixture is melted and an electric current is passed through it. This is electrolysis. Hydrogen is produced at one side and fluorine at the other side. If the sides are not separated, the cell may explode.\nSomeone made fluorine in 1986 without using electrolysis. They produced manganese(IV) fluoride by using various chemical compounds, which released fluorine gas.\nUses.\nFluorine is used to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons. It is also used to make sulfur hexafluoride. Sulfur hexafluoride is used to propel stuff out of an aerosol can. It is also used to make integrated circuits. Fluorine compounds have many uses. Fluoride ions are in fluorine compounds. Fluoride ions can be in toothpaste. Some are used in nonstick coatings. Freons contain fluorine.\nSafety.\nFluorine as an element is extremely reactive and toxic. It can react with almost everything, even glass. Fluorine is also poisonous.\nFluoride ions are somewhat toxic. If too much toothpaste containing fluoride is eaten then fluoride poisoning may occur. Fluoride is not reactive, though."}
+{"id": "19393", "revid": "2337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19393", "title": "Flourine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19394", "revid": "1650099", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19394", "title": "Iodine", "text": "Iodine is a chemical element. Its atomic number (which is the number of protons in it) is 53, and its atomic mass (the number of protons plus neutrons) is 127. It is part of the Group 7 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements and its electronic configuration is 2,8,8,18,17. It is a nonmetal. \nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nIodine is a gray-violet solid. It is also a nonmetal and a halogen. It sublimes when heated to make a bright purple vapor. This vapor is very irritating, although colorful. Iodine does not dissolve in water, but it does dissolve in a solution of an iodide in water. It dissolves easily in organic solvents.\nChemical properties.\nIodine is at the bottom of the halogens and is the least reactive of the halogens. Iodine is an oxidizing agent, though not as strong as fluorine or bromine or chlorine. It can become the colorless iodide ion if another atom or molecule gives an iodine atom one of its electrons. This is called reduction. Iodine reacts with hydrogen sulfide or hydrazine to make hydriodic acid. Iodine dissolves in oleum to make a bright blue solution of I2+ and sulfur dioxide. This cation is also made when iodine reacts with antimony pentafluoride. \nIodine reacts with bases to make hypoiodite and iodide. The hypoiodite disproportionates to iodate and iodide. Iodine reacts with nitric acid and chlorates to make iodates, too. Iodine reacts violently with some metals like aluminium to make large amounts of heat and toxic vapors.\nChemical compounds.\nIodine forms chemical compounds in several oxidation states: -1, +1, +3, +5, +7. This is typical of the halogens except for fluorine. -1 compounds as iodides are the most common. Most organic iodine compounds are in the -1 oxidation state. Most iodides are colorless or reddish-yellow and are weak reducing agents. +1 and +3 compounds are quite rare. They are both oxidizing agents. +1 compounds are found as iodine monochloride and hypoiodites. +3 compounds are found as iodine trichloride or iodine trifluoride. +5 compounds are found as iodates and iodic acid. Iodine pentafluoride and iodine pentoxide are iodine compounds in the +5 state. +5 and +7 compounds are all strong oxidizing agents. +7 compounds are normally found as periodates and periodic acid. Iodine heptafluoride is also in the +7 oxidation state.\nPotassium iodide is one of the most common iodides. Iodides are normally colorless but turn yellow after being in air because the iodide is oxidized to iodine. Iodides react with acidified manganese dioxide or chlorine to make iodine. Iodine monochloride is a red or brown liquid. Iodine trichloride, as well as iodine trifluoride, are yellow solids. Iodates like potassium iodate are colorless solids similar to chlorates. Iodic acid is the only stable oxidizing halogen acid. Chloric acid, by comparison, is very unstable and dangerous. Iodine pentoxide is a white solid, and iodine pentafluoride is a yellowish liquid. Periodates, like sodium periodate, are colorless solids similar to perchlorates, although weaker oxidizing agents. They decompose to iodates when they are heated. Periodic acid is not as stable as iodic acid. Iodine heptafluoride is the only iodine(VII) compound.\nHistory.\nIt was discovered by Barnard Courtois in 1811. He burned seaweed to get sodium carbonate and reacted the residue with sulfuric acid. One time, he poured too much sulfuric acid on the seaweed and purple vapor came out which made dark blue-black crystals on a cold surface. He did not have enough money to see whether it was a new element or not. He gave samples to several chemists, who identified it as an element in 1813.\nOccurrence.\nIodine is too reactive to be in nature as an element. Iodine compounds are not common in the ground. There is a mineral called caliche that is found in dry deserts. It has iodate in it. Iodide is found in seawater. Kelp has quite large amounts of iodine in it. Iodine is one of the heaviest elements needed by living things. If people do not get enough of it, they get a disease known as goitre. Most salt has iodine in it, in the form of iodide or iodate. People can also take iodine pills to make sure they get enough.\nPreparation.\nKelp was burned and the iodine extracted from the ashes in the 18th and 19th century, but now it is not good enough for common use. Most iodine now is extracted from seawater. Chlorine is reacted with seawater to change the iodide to iodine. Air is blown over the water to evaporate the iodine. Then the iodine is reduced with sulfur dioxide to hydriodic acid. Then the hydriodic acid is oxidized with chlorine again to make iodine. This process is repeated until the iodine is pure. \nA very pure form of iodine is made by reacting copper sulfate and potassium iodide. This makes copper(II) iodide which is not stable. It breaks down into copper(I) iodide and iodine, which is pure.\nUses.\nIodine is used as a catalyst for making acetic acid. Animal feed also has iodine in it for nutrition. Iodine is used for a disinfectant. Tincture of iodine is a common iodine disinfectant. Iodine can be used to prevent thyroid cancer after a nuclear explosion. After a nuclear explosion, radioactive iodine fills the air. The radioactive iodine easily goes into the thyroid and causes cancer. When people take iodine tablets, it fills up the thyroid with non-radioactive iodine which prevents any radioactive iodine from coming in.\nIodine compounds can be used in X-rays because X-rays cannot go through them easily. Some metals are purified using their iodides. Silver iodide is used in photographic film and cloud seeding. Erythrosine is a food coloring that has iodine in it. Iodine can be used to make illegal drugs so it is restricted in some areas. Iodine can be used as a test for reducing agents. Iodine turns colorless when mixed with a reducing agent. Iodine also turns black when mixed with starch. Iodides become colored when mixed with oxidizing agents.\nSafety.\nIodine can irritate skin. Its vapors are irritating to the lungs. It is less toxic than the other halogens, though. 2-3 grams of iodine can kill. Iodides are only toxic in large amounts."}
+{"id": "19395", "revid": "1300689", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19395", "title": "Astatine", "text": "Astatine is a radioactive, chemical element. Its atomic number is 85, and its atomic weight is 210. It is part of the Group 17 (halogens) on the periodic table of elements. All of astatine's isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.3 hours.\nHistory.\nThe first creation of the element was in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio G. Segr\u00e8 at the University of California, Berkeley, who named it from the Greek \"estates\" (\u1f04\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), meaning \"unstable\".\nChemistry.\nAstatine is highly radioactive and all its isotopes have half-lives of approximately 8 hours or less, the longest being astatine-210 with a half-life of a bit over eight hours. Some of its isotopes may be found in nature, but because it is so unstable, only about an ounce exists in the Earth's crust at any point in time. Chemists say it is the rarest element in the Earth's crust. Less reactive than iodine, astatine is the least reactive of the halogens. Only a few compounds with metals have been found, in the form of astatides of sodium, palladium, silver, thallium, and lead.\nUses.\nIt can be used for cancer treatment and in radioactive tracers."}
+{"id": "19396", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19396", "title": "Protons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19397", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19397", "title": "Nucleus (physics)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19398", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19398", "title": "United States House of Representatives", "text": "The United States House of Representatives is a part of the U.S. Congress. Congress is the legislature of the U.S. government and makes federal laws. The other part of Congress is the U.S. Senate. There are maximum 435 members in House of Representatives. These members are called U.S. representatives or just representatives. All representatives are elected every two years.\nEvery 10 years, the United States Census Bureau counts the population of the United States. The U.S. states can gain or lose representatives based on the count. The House of Representatives is in one of the two wings in the U.S. Capitol building. The other wing is for the Senate. Sometimes, the House of Representatives is informally called the House. The chairperson in the U.S. House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House.\nAccording to the U.S. Constitution, all bills about raising revenue, which includes taxes, must start in the House of Representatives. Also, only the House of Representatives has the power to impeach certain officials such as the president or federal judges. \nMembers.\nEvery state has members of the House of Representatives. The Constitution says every U.S. state must have at least one member, but almost all states have more. The number is based on how many people live in that state. There are 435 total people who are members of the House of Representatives. Each member serves for 2 years (one term), but they can serve for more if they are elected again. Elections happen every 2 years, and half of them take place on the same day as elections for the president. Those take place every 4 years. They are usually elected with plurality voting, but states can choose the method, and some states choose others. After each election, Congress has a period of time. The term is for 2 years. \nThere are two groups of members, also called political parties. Besides in the House, they exist in the U.S. Senate, the presidency, the state governments, and more. The groups are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In the infobox to the right is a chart showing which the members are part of which party. Blue is the Democrats, and red is the Republicans.\nAccording to the U.S. Constitution, the House of Representatives expell one of its memnbers by a vote of at least two thirds. That most recently happened with George Santos.\nSpeaker of the House.\nAt the beginning of every term, the House members vote on a leader, who is called the Speaker of the House and controls the schedule of when the members speak."}
+{"id": "19400", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19400", "title": "Lourdes Flores Nano", "text": "Dr.Lourdes Celmira Flores Nano (born October 7 1959) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. She is the leader of the Christian People's Party. She tried to become the mayor of Lima in 2010.\nFlores Nano was born in Lima in 1959. She studied law at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She studied for a Phd in Law from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, one of the world's oldest universities in Madrid, Spain. She was a member of the Lima Municipal Council and then a member of the National Congress of Peru. In 2001 and 2006 she was a candidate in election for the President of Peru."}
+{"id": "19401", "revid": "10180558", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19401", "title": "Novel", "text": "Novels are books that have one long story written in them. They are works of prose fiction and are longer than short stories and novellas.\nThere are many kinds of novels. For example, some are adventure stories, like \"Treasure Island\" by Robert Louis Stevenson. There are horror stories like Mary Shelley's \"Frankenstein\". There are also science fiction novels like \"Dune\" by Frank Herbert, and humorous novels like \"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer\" by Mark Twain. Novels in English are usually at least 60,000 words long. Some are much longer, at 150,000 words or more. Novels usually have 100 pages or more.\nThe first novels were written more than three hundred years ago. Some people say that \"Don Quixote\" by Miguel de Cervantes is the first novel; it was first published in 1605.\nGenres of novels.\nThere are many different genres, or categories, of novels. Some of these are:"}
+{"id": "19403", "revid": "9841422", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19403", "title": "Fiction", "text": "Fiction is any story created by humans, originating from the depths of human imagination. It is not based on real-life events or actual people, but rather represents a departure from reality, allowing for the exploration of ideas, emotions, and scenarios that may not exist in the real world.\nThe opposite of fiction is non-fiction, writing that deals with facts and true events. Often in a library, part of the library is for fiction books and another part of the library is for non-fiction.\nThe word \"fiction\" comes from the Latin word \"fictum\", which means \"created\". This is a good way to remember what fiction is: if it has been created or made up by somebody, it is fiction. Fiction can be written or told, or acted on stage, in a movie, on television or radio. Usually the purpose of fiction is to entertain. \nHowever, the dividing line is not always so clear. Fiction with real people or events in it is called \"historical fiction\", because it is based on things that happened in history. This type of fiction is written so that we can imagine and understand what it was like when those people were alive. Reality can be presented through creative writing, and imagination can open the reader's mind to significant thoughts about the real world. \nParts of fiction.\nCharacters.\nIn fiction, there are always characters. There is usually a protagonist, or hero. Sometimes this is a group of people, not one person. You usually support the hero (or heroes.) The protagonist has to face some kind of enemy, usually another character called the antagonist, or villain. The fight between the protagonist and their enemy is called the \"conflict\".\nPlot.\nPlot is a literary term. It is the events that make up a story, particularly as they relate to one another. The events may form a pattern. That pattern may be a sequence, through cause and effect, or how the reader views the story, or simply by coincidence. (For example, at the start. a puppy hunged by a tree branch. At the middle, someone sees that puppy is about to fall. At the end, someone saves the puppy.)\nAristotle on plot.\nIn his \"Poetics\", Aristotle considered plot (\"mythos\") the most important element of drama\u2014more important than character, for example. A plot must have, Aristotle says, a beginning, a middle, and an end, and the events of the plot must causally relate to one another as being either necessary or probable.\nOf the utmost importance to Aristotle is the plot's ability to arouse emotion in the psyche of the audience. In tragedy, the emotions are fear and pity, emotions which he considers in his \"Rhetoric\".\nFreytag on plot.\nGustav Freytag considered plot a narrative structure that divided a story into five parts, like the five acts of a play. These parts are: exposition (of the situation); rising action (through conflict); climax (or turning point); falling action; and resolution.\nClimax.\nThe climax is the most dangerous and exciting part of the plot. For example, if you were on a rollercoaster, the highest part would be the climax.\nThe climax usually near to the end of the story, because the whole story has been building up to it (rising action). In an action drama it is the point when the hero or heroine looks like s/he is about to lose, and is in the greatest danger.\nConflict.\nConflict is very important in fiction. Every work of fiction needs a conflict, or problem. There are five basic types of conflict. In modern times, a new one, \"Person vs. Technology\", has been used.\nPerson vs. Self.\nPerson vs. Self is when a character is facing his own fears, confusion or philosophy. Sometimes the character tries to find out who he or she is, and comes to realize it or change it. Sometimes the character struggles to find out what is right or wrong. Although the enemy is inside the character, they can be influenced by outside forces. The struggle of the human being to come to a decision is the base of this type of conflict.\nPerson vs. Person.\nPerson vs. Person is when the hero is fighting another person. There is usually more than one time that the hero meets the enemy. For example, if a child is being bullied, that is person vs. person conflict. An example is the conflict between Judah and Messala in \"\".\nPerson vs. Society.\nPerson vs. Society is when the hero's main source of conflict is traditions or ideas. The protagonist is basically fighting what is wrong with the world he lives in. Society itself is often treated as a single character, just as another person is in person vs. person conflict. An example in literature would be \"Wuthering Heights\" by Emily Bront\u00eb.\nPerson vs. Nature.\nPerson vs. Nature is when a character is fighting against forces of nature. Many films focus on this theme. It is also found in stories about trying to survive in places far away from humans, like Jack London's short story \"To Build a Fire\".\nPerson vs. Supernatural.\nPerson vs. Supernatural is when a character is battling supernatural forces. Sometimes, this force is inside themselves, it is internal. Such stories are sometimes used to represent or criticize Freud's theory of id vs. superego. Bram Stoker's \"Dracula\" is a good example of this, as well as \"Frankenstein\" by Mary Shelley and \"Christabel\" by Samuel Coleridge. It is also very common in comic books.\nPerson vs. Machine/Technology.\nPerson vs. Machine/Technology places a character against robot forces with artificial intelligence. \"I, Robot\" and the \"Terminator\" series are good examples of this conflict."}
+{"id": "19405", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19405", "title": "1095", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19407", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19407", "title": "Oak Lawn, IL", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19408", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19408", "title": "Oak Lawn, Illinois", "text": "Oak Lawn is a village in Cook County, Illinois, USA. It is a suburb of Chicago."}
+{"id": "19409", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19409", "title": "1607", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19410", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19410", "title": "509 BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19411", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19411", "title": "500s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19412", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19412", "title": "Fossil fuel", "text": "Fossil fuels are fuels that come from old life forms that decomposed over a long period of time. The three most important fossil fuels are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. \nPetroleum and gas are hydrocarbons (molecules that have only hydrogen and carbon in them). Coal is mostly carbon. These fuels are called fossil fuels because they are dug up from underground. Coal mining digs up solid fuel; gas and oil wells bring up liquid fuel. Fossil fuel was not much used until the Middle Ages. Coal became the main kind of fuel with the Industrial Revolution.\nUses.\nMost of the fuels people burn are fossil fuels. A big use is to make electricity. In power plants fossil fuels, usually coal, are burned to heat water into steam, which pushes a fan-like object called a turbine. When the turbine spins around, magnets inside the turbine make electricity. \nCrude oil (petroleum) can be separated to make various fuels such as LPG, gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and diesel fuel. These substances are made by fractional distillation in an oil refinery. They are the main fuels in transportation. That means that they are burned in order to move cars, trucks, ships, airplanes, trains and even spacecraft. Without them, there wouldn't be much transport. \nPeople also burn fossil fuels to heat their homes. They use coal less for this than they did long ago, because it makes things dirty. In many homes, people burn natural gas in a stove for cooking.\nFossil fuels are widely used in construction.\nOrigin.\nAll fossil fuels come from the periods in Earth's history when the Earth had huge tropical forests. In those periods, plants lived, grew and died, faster than they decayed. In other words, they were times when much of the dead vegetation did not entirely decompose. Instead it became coal and related substances such as peat.\nThe times of the great wetlands which produced coal and peat were in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian), continuing in the first part of the Permian; the Jurassic and Eocene periods. Virtually all the worlds' coal dates to those periods.\nProblems.\nMost air pollution comes from burning fossil fuels. This can be reduced by making the combustion process more efficient, and by using various techniques to reduce the escape of harmful gases. This pollution is responsible for causing the earth to get warmer, called global warming. They are also non-renewable resources, there is only a limited amount of coal, gas, and oil, and it is not possible to make more. Eventually all the fossil fuels will be used. Some scientists think that coal will have run out by 2200 and oil by 2040. \nRenewable energy sources like biomass energy such as firewood are being used. Countries are also increasing the use of wind power, tidal energy, and solar energy to generate electricity. Some governments are helping automobile makers to develop electric cars and hybrid cars that will use less oil."}
+{"id": "19413", "revid": "3043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19413", "title": "Godness", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19414", "revid": "2337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19414", "title": "Fossil fuels", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19416", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19416", "title": "Membranes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19418", "revid": "1674211", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19418", "title": "Boston Bruins", "text": "The Boston Bruins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were the first American team in the NHL, in 1924. They have won six Stanley Cup championships, and they lost against the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals after winning in 2011.\nHistory.\nEarly years.\nIn their early years, the Bruins won three Stanley Cups: 1929, 1939, and 1941. Ralph \"Cooney\" Weiland won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 1930. Aubrey \"Dit\" Clapper was also a star player around this time. Then Eddie Shore came along, a huge star in the league on defense. Shore won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) four times: in 1933, 1935, 1936 and 1938. Only Gordie Howe and Wayne Gretzky have won it more often. Cecil \"Tiny\" Thompson was the team's star goaltender.\nIn the 1940s and 1950s the Bruins had new stars. Milt Schmidt and Bill Cowley were great centers and both won scoring championships and MVP trophies. They were helped by Woody Dumart and Bobby Bauer on wing, and Frank Brimsek replaced Thompson in goal.\nThe 1960s were not so good for the Bruins. Schmidt retired to become the team's coach and the team did not have many stars. They finished in last place six times out of seven years and did not make the playoffs eight straight seasons. Left wing John Bucyk was their best player.\nLater years.\nBobby Orr began as a defenseman with Boston in 1966. After his rookie (first) season, he won the Norris Trophy as best defenseman in the NHL eight times in a row, and the Bruins became a top team again. He joined with centers Phil Esposito and Derek Sanderson, Bucyk and goalie Gerry Cheevers to lead the Bruins to the Stanley Cup in 1970 and 1972. Orr won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs both years. He also won the Hart Trophy in 1970, 1971, and 1972; Esposito won it in 1969 and 1974. Esposito won five Art Ross Trophies: 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, and 1974. Orr won it in 1970 and 1975, the only defenseman ever to win the scoring title. The Bruins continued to be a strong team through the late 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. \nRay Bourque, who won the Norris Trophy five times, was the team's greatest star in the 1980s and 1990s. He is the team's top career scorer, and the highest scoring defenseman in NHL history. The Bruins won the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1983 and 1990, and made the Stanley Cup finals in 1988 and 1990. Cam Neely was an important player until the mid-1990s, and Joe Thornton was a top scorer until he was traded to the San Jose Sharks in 2005. The Bruins won the Stanley Cup championship in 2011. In the 2018-2019 season the Bruins made the Stanley Cup final once again, losing to the eventual Stanley Cup Champion St. Louis Blues in 7 games. \nIn the 2022\u20132023, the Bruins broke the record for the most wins by a NHL team with 63 wins. They would win two more games to finish the regular season with 65 wins. In the playoffs, the Bruins would face the Florida Panthers, but lost Game 7 at home after initially taking a 3 games to 1 series lead."}
+{"id": "19419", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19419", "title": "1980's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19420", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19420", "title": "1990's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19421", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19421", "title": "2000's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19422", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19422", "title": "1960's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19423", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19423", "title": "1940's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19424", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19424", "title": "1920's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19425", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19425", "title": "1910's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19426", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19426", "title": "1900's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19427", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19427", "title": "George Morrow", "text": "George Morrow (c. 1934 - May 7, 2003) was part of the early microcomputer industry in the United States. Morrow promoted (make popular) and improved the S-100 bus used in many early microcomputers. Morrow was also a member of the Homebrew Computer Club.\nStarting in 1976, he designed and sold computers, computer parts, and accessories under several company names, including \"Morrow Designs\". Morrow's companies built microcomputers that used the CP/M operating system. When IBM started selling their IBM PC personal computer in 1981, Morrow and other CP/M computer makers had trouble competing. Morrow Designs filed for bankruptcy in 1986."}
+{"id": "19428", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19428", "title": "2010's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19429", "revid": "1981", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19429", "title": "Bossy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19430", "revid": "1981", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19430", "title": "Hindu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19431", "revid": "9553490", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19431", "title": "Dietary mineral", "text": "A dietary mineral is a chemical element that a living thing needs to be part of what they eat, other from the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are already very common in living things.\nOne example of a dietary mineral is calcium, which humans and many other animals need to build strong bones and teeth, among other things. Iron is another mineral, which you can find in red meat or spinach. It is important for us to have iron as it creates red blood cells. Other common minerals include potassium and phosphorus."}
+{"id": "19432", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19432", "title": "Josef Beuys", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19433", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19433", "title": "Cleveland, England", "text": "Cleveland is an area in the North of Yorkshire, England. That means it is in North East England.\nAs a non-metropolitan county it existed between 1 April 1974 and 31 March 1996. The districts which made up the county are now all unitary authorities."}
+{"id": "19434", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19434", "title": "Hungarian language", "text": "Hungarian is a Uralic language of the Ugric branch. The Hungarian name for the language is \"Magyar\".\nThe Finno-Ugric languages also include Finnish, Estonian, Lappic (S\u00e1mi) and some other languages spoken in Russia. Khanty and Mansi are the most closely-related languages to Hungarian.\nAlthough Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, unlike most other European languages, it has a vocabulary with many words from Slavic and Turkic languages and also from German.\nSpeakers.\nHungarian is spoken by approximately 13 million people. Most of them live in Hungary (around 10 million) and Romania (around 1.5 million), but there are also speakers in Slovakia, northern Serbia (Vojvodina), Ukraine and other countries. Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and one of the official languages of the European Union (EU). It is also an official language of the Autonomous Republic of Vojvodina (Serbia) and of some places in the Republic of Slovenia.\nHungarian has several dialects, but people can easily understand one another. The Cs\u00e1ng\u00f3 dialect in Romania, however, is archaic and has changed less than the other dialects.\nHungarian literary language is based on the Northeastern dialect.\nAlthough Hungarian is not an Indo-European language, its vocabulary has many words from Slavic and Turkic languages and also from German.\nGrammar.\nHungarian grammar is very different from that of Indo-European languages like English.\nHungarian has no grammatical gender. For example, there are no separate words for \"he\" and \"she\", but there is one pronoun (\"\u0151\"). Instead of prepositions, (like \"from\" or \"with\"), Hungarian uses suffixes (particles at the end of main words). For example, \"from Budapest\" becomes \"Budapestr\u0151l\", and \"with Alexandra\" becomes \"Alexandr\u00e1val\".\nAnother Hungarian feature is vowel harmony: suffixes change according to (harmonise with) the vowel of the main word. If they have \"a\" in the word, the suffix normally has \"a\" as well (\"fa\" \"tree\" and \"f\u00e1val\" \"\"\"with a tree\"), and if they have \"e\", the suffix will change to have \"e\" as well' (\"teve\" \"camel\" and \"tev\u00e9vel\" \"with a camel\").\nHungarian words have the accent on the first syllable.\nWriting.\nThe Hungarian alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet. Some letters have diacritics (dots or commas above them) and so Hungarian has 44 letters, more than the 26 of English.\nSince Hungarian writing is mostly phonetic, words can easily be written from their pronunciation.\nHistory.\nThe earliest-known written Hungarian words are to be found in a Latin document, the \"Foundation Charter of the Abbey of Tihany\" (1054). The \"Funeral Oration and Prayer\" (1192-95) and the \"Old Hungarian Lament of Mary\" (13th century) are the earliest-known continuous Hungarian texts.\nIn the 16th century, the first printed Hungarian texts were published. The modern literary language appeared in the 18th and the 19th centuries.\nHungarian replaced Latin as the official language of Hungary between 1844 and 1849 and then again in 1867."}
+{"id": "19435", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19435", "title": "Hungarian", "text": "Hungarian can mean:"}
+{"id": "19444", "revid": "1407227", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19444", "title": "Rochester, New York", "text": "Rochester is the fourth-largest city in the U.S. state of New York. It has a little over 200,000 people living in it and over a million people living in the metropolitan area. It is on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. It is between the cities of Buffalo and Syracuse.\nMedia.\nWHEC NBC\nWROC CBS\nWXXI PBS\nWOKR American Broadcasting Company\nWUHF Fox Broadcasting Company\nWGBT UPN\nGeography.\nRochester is on the shore of Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes. Also, the Genesee River flows through it. In the area near Rochester, there are many streams, large hills called drumlins, and lakes, such as the Finger Lakes. The weather in Rochester is warm in the summer and cold in the winter, with a lot of snow falling in the winter and early spring.\nEconomy and education.\nRochester is the headquarters of Eastman Kodak, a company that makes cameras and camera film. Rochester is also the home to universities such as the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology."}
+{"id": "19445", "revid": "6879319", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19445", "title": "Dragon (disambiguation)", "text": "A dragon is a legendary creature, typically with reptile-like traits.\nDragon might also mean:"}
+{"id": "19446", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19446", "title": "Shop", "text": "A shop or store is a place where people can go to buy items that they need or want. People might go to a shop to buy food, clothes, furniture, jewelry, or many other things. There are loads of shops in the world people can buy their things from.\nPeople might also go to a repair shop if something is broken, and they want the shop to fix it. For example, someone might bring a broken bicycle to a bicycle repair shop.\nShops can be anything from large supermarket chains to small businesses. "}
+{"id": "19447", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19447", "title": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (movie)", "text": "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American drama movie based on Ken Kesey's novel of the same name, directed by Milo\u0161 Forman and starring Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher. It is set on a locked psychiatric ward in 1963 Oregon which is run by the tyrannical Nurse Ratched (Fletcher) and where the new patient Randle McMurphy (Nicholson) rebels against her. It was the first movie to win all five main Academy Awards since \"It Happened One Night\". These awards included Best Picture, Best Actor (Nicholson), Best Actress (Fletcher), Best Director (Forman), and Best Adapted Screenplay. The movie was the 20th best ever, according to the American Film Industry's AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The screenplay was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay. The novel's writer, Kesey, disliked the movie, because it did not take the perspective (view) of a Native American character, Chief Bromden (a more important character in the book than in the movie)."}
+{"id": "19448", "revid": "1065945", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19448", "title": "Dr. Strangelove", "text": "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (better known as only Dr. Strangelove) is a 1964 British-American black comedy movie directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick, and starring Peter Sellers.\nThe story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general, Sterling Hayden as Jack D. Ripper. He orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. It follows the President, his advisers, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a Royal Air Force (RAF) officer as they try to recall the bombers to prevent a nuclear apocalypse. It separately follows the crew of one B-52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload.\nThe key to the film is the acting of Peter Sellers, who played three main roles:\nSellers was due to play Maj. Kong as well but exhaustion made him feign injury to get out of the role. The role of Maj. Kong went to Slim Pickens instead.\nDuring the movie's ending, the world is blown up by a Soviet deterrence weapon, the Cobalt-Thorium G \"doomsday machine\", whose existence had not been announced. Vera Lynn's recording of \"We'll Meet Again\" is played as the world meets its end (it was a famous song of World War II).\nThis is sometimes said to be a movie of the book Peter George's thriller novel \"Red Alert\" (1958). But in this book Strangelove's character does not appear. It seems the director Stanley Kubrick had intended to use ideas from the book, but as the movie developed the influence of tragic-comedy and the genius of Peter Sellers changed its direction.\nIn 1989, the United States Library of Congress chose this movie to be kept in the National Film Registry. This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older film that was used to make movies."}
+{"id": "19450", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19450", "title": "Animal husbandry", "text": "Animal husbandry is the care and breeding of animals, particularly livestock. People have done this for a very long time; it is much older than agriculture. Nomadic people and people In rural areas often teach their children how to care for their animals. 4-H is an organization that also teaches children in the United States how to raise and care for farm animals.\nSome people who specialize in animal husbandry try to make sure that the animals are well cared for, while others try to make sure that the animals cost as little as possible to raise.\nExamples of animal husbandry are:\nAnimal husbandry includes domestication of animals to obtain animal products (like milk, meat, wool, leather), and use them for transportation.\nBranches.\nDairy.\nDairy farming is a branch of animal husbandry whereby dairy animals are raised for their milk. The cow is mainly used throughout the world to produce milk and milk products for human consumption. Other animals used to a lesser extent for this purpose include sheep, goats, camels, buffaloes, yaks, reindeer, horses and donkeys. In the past, cows were kept in small herds on family farms, grazing pastures and fed hay in winter, nowadays they are kept in larger herds, more intensive systems and the feeding of silage.\nMeat.\nMany animals are raised for their meat. Meat, mainly from farmed animals, is a major source of dietary protein around the world. Cattle generally produce a single offspring annually which takes more than a year to mature; sheep and goats often have twins and these are ready for slaughter in less than a year; pigs give birth to more than one litter of up to about 11 piglets each year. Horses, donkeys, deer, buffalo, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas are farmed for meat in various regions.\nPoultry.\nPoultry includes all birds domesticated by man. They are kept for their eggs and for their meat. They include chickens, turkeys, geese and ducks. Chickens are mainly used throughout the world for egg production. Methods for keeping poultry range from free-range systems, where the birds can roam as they will but at night they are kept in barns for their own protection, through semi-intensive systems where they are kept in barns and have perches, litter and some freedom of movement, to intensive systems where they are kept in cages."}
+{"id": "19455", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19455", "title": "Walt Disney World", "text": "The Walt Disney World Resort, also called Walt Disney World or Disney World, is an entertainment complex near Orlando, Florida. It opened on October 1, 1971 with only the Magic Kingdom theme park. It has since added Epcot (October 1, 1982), Disney's Hollywood Studios (May 1, 1989) and Disney's Animal Kingdom (April 22, 1998). It also has 2 water parks, 23 hotels, a campground, and Disney Springs, which is a shopping area with souvenir shops, restaurants, and sports activities. It covers an area of and is the largest theme park in the world. \nThe resort was inspired by the dreams of Walt Disney and his creation of Disneyland in California. Its original theme park, Magic Kingdom, is designed similarly to Disneyland. Walt Disney created \"Disney World\" to have a vacation resort that was much different from Disneyland's one-day visit; this includes a much wider variety of sports, recreation, themed resort hotels and entertainment. The theme parks come with lots of different and fun rides and you can go swimming at the water parks. Sometimes, Disney characters walk around the parks to enjoy the younger ones. The rides are related to the books and films that Disney created.\nAttractions.\nThe resort is approximately as large as San Francisco and twice the size of Manhattan. It has many exciting destinations including theme parks, water parks and more.\nDisney's Frosty Wonderland Resort.\nDisney's newest wonderland, nestled in the heart of the North Pole! At this enchanting theme park, guests embark on a journey to meet Santa Claus and his delightful helpers. The park features a whimsical workshop where visitors can witness the magic of toy-making and even lend a hand in crafting gifts. Exciting sleigh rides through snowy forests and shimmering ice tunnels offer breathtaking views of the Arctic landscape. Guests can immerse themselves in interactive storytelling sessions with Mrs.Claus and participate in festive snowball fights in a specially designed arena. Captivating ice-skating rink where visitors can glide gracefully beneath the Northern Lights, as well as a cozy lodge offering delectable holiday treats and warm beverages. With whimsical parades featuring Santa's reindeer and spectacular light displays illuminating the Arctic night sky, every moment at Disney's North Pole theme park is filled with wonder and magic. Accessible only by a thrilling sleigh ride, this magical adventure promises an unforgettable experience for those seeking the true spirit of the holiday season.\nTheme Parks.\nThere are 4 theme parks in Walt Disney World. Each of them have numerous rides, restaurants and entertainment activities to witness. You can meet Disney characters there and have fun viewing different parades.\nWater Parks.\nThere are 2 water parks:"}
+{"id": "19456", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19456", "title": "Harp", "text": "The harp is a musical instrument. It is the second biggest string instrument in an orchestra. It dates back to 4000 BC when the Egyptians used them in holy places. Christian artists often draw angels playing harps in Heaven.\nHow harps work.\nParts of a harp.\nHarps have strings that are tied to the frame, which is usually a triangle made of wood. Each string is tight, and the frame must be strong so that the many tight strings do not break it. The side of the triangle that leans on the player's body is called the \"sound box\".\nThe top side of the triangle has a lot of pegs in it. There is one peg for each string on the harp. The top of each string is tied to one peg, and twisted around the peg. The player turns the peg to make the string more tight or less tight. This is how the player makes each string make the right note. The bottom of each string is tied to the sound box.\nThe last side of the triangle is called the pillar. Many of the oldest harps did not have them. If the strings were too tight, they would break the harp. Adding a pillar to a harp frame makes the frame very strong, so that the strings will not break it.\nPlaying a harp.\nHarp players pluck the strings with their fingers, similar to a guitar. This makes the strings move so that the strings make sounds. Each string sound is a different musical note. Harp players play music by plucking the strings in the right order and at the right time. More than one string can be plucked at the same time to make a chord, or they can be played quickly, one after another, to make an arpeggio. When the harp player wants a note to stop, they touch that string softly, so that it stops moving.\nKinds of harps.\nThere are many different kinds of harps. The two main kinds are folk harps and pedal harps.\nThe folk harp is the older kind of harp, the oldest dating back to 3000 BC in Ancient Egypt. In these harps, each string can only make one note at a time. They are usually tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the white notes on a piano in order. This is called a diatonic scale. In some places, they are tuned so that playing each string in order sounds like playing all the black notes on a piano in order. This is called a pentatonic scale.\nFolk harps can be found in many different sizes. The smallest ones can be less than half a meter tall and can have as little as 20 strings. The biggest ones can be almost 1.5 meters tall, have up to 40 strings, and can stand on the ground by themselves. These harps are too big to be lifted by one person.\nThe pedal harp was invented during the 1800s by a man in France. This is the kind of harp that is heard in most classical music and is used in the modern symphony orchestra, and for this reason it is often called a concert harp. Pedal harps are about two meters tall and have about 50 strings. The lowest and highest notes on a pedal harp are the same as the lowest and highest notes on a piano. They are very heavy, and need more than one person to move them. The frame is usually made out of metal.\nLike the folk harp, the pedal harp is tuned like the white keys on a piano. However, it has seven pedals to let the harp player play music in different keys. Each pedal, named after the different musical notes, has three places. For the \"A\" pedal, the usual place makes all the \"A\" strings sound like a normal \"A\" (\"A\"-natural). The lower place makes all the \"A\" strings on the harp sound like \"A\"-flat, while the higher place makes all the \"A\" strings sound like \"A\"-sharp. \nA cross-strung harp is a pedal harp that is chromatic and consists of two rows of strings. They cross near to the middle of the string without touching. The strings are in the order of the piano keys (7 plus 5) or in the order of the 6-plus-6 system.\nThings that are not harps.\nSome instruments have the word harp in their name, but they are not really harps. The harp is such an old musical instrument, that people sometimes say \"harp\" when they mean any kind of instrument."}
+{"id": "19457", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19457", "title": "1472", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19458", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19458", "title": "Kassam Stadium", "text": "Kassam Staudium is an arena in Oxford, England. It is where Oxford United F.C. plays. It is the biggest arena in the blue square premier league conference national"}
+{"id": "19460", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19460", "title": "Nucleotide", "text": "A nucleotide is an organic molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. These two types of nucleic acid are essential biomolecules in all forms of life on Earth.\nA nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one phosphate group. Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose. Deoxyribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose.\nIn DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures.\nNucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy for the many cellular functions that need it. Examples are: amino acid, protein and cell membrane synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, and so on. In addition, nucleotides work in cell signaling, and they are in important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+).\nIn experimental biochemistry, nucleotides can be labeled using radionuclides to make radionucleotides."}
+{"id": "19464", "revid": "2337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19464", "title": "Vote", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19465", "revid": "1063057", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19465", "title": "Voting", "text": "Voting is when a group of people decide something by saying what they want. It can be for electing a leader or representative, passing a law, and other things. When people are done voting, the votes are counted (often by machines) and the winner is determined.\nVoting can be done in small groups (friends deciding what to do over weekend), societies (building committee deciding on whether to paint a building), nations (voting for president or - in some cases - voting for independence) and global (United Nations deciding how to limit nuclear weapon development). \nUsually the side that gets most votes will win. This is called majority rule. The right to vote is called suffrage.\nIn some cases, a certain percentage may be needed to win a vote. This is often the case when voting to change the constitution of a country, or when electing a government official. When choosing a government official, there may be several rounds. In the first round, votes can be cast for all candidates. In the second round, only the two or three candidates with the most votes can be chosen.\nVoting is done in democratic government.\nThere may also be different systens: In some cases, each person has one vote. Other systems may be like ranking, such as picking the three options the person sees most suitable, for example out of five.\nEspecially in bigger votes, it is often not be possible to track who cast a certain vote."}
+{"id": "19466", "revid": "1694597", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19466", "title": "Joule", "text": "The joule (symbol: J) ( or sometimes ) is a unit in the SI system named after English physicist James Prescott Joule.\nClassical mechanics.\n1 J is defined as the amount of energy transferred to an object when a force of 1 newton (kg m s-2) is exerted on it over a distance of 1 metre (1 J = 1 N \u00d7 1 m), which is related to the W, a unit of power (P): One watt is defined as one joule per second of energy transfer. Algebraically, work done in classical mechanics (\"W\") can be expressed as:\nElectromagnetism.\nElectronics.\n1 J is defined as the work done for one ampere of electric current to pass through an electric circuit with external resistance equivalent to one ohm per second. It can be illustrated by the following equations:\n\"E\" = \"C\" \"V\" \u2014 (1)<br>\"V\" = \"I\" \"R\" \u2014 (2)<br>\"P\" = \"V\" \"I\" \u2014 (3)<br>\"E\" = \"P\" \"t\" \u2014 (4)<br><br>Combining (2), (3) and (4),<br><br>\"E\" = \"I2\" \"R\" \"t\"\nwhere \"V\" is the voltage, \"E\" is the electrical energy, \"C\" is the charge, \"I\" is the current, \"R\" is the resistance, \"P\" is the power and \"t\" is the time of energy transfer.\nAtomic physics.\nArithmetically, 1 J \u2248 6.24 \u00d7 1012 MeV due to mass-energy equivalence. One unified atomic mass unit (u, amu or Da) is approximatey 931 MeV of energy (M = 106).\nDerivation<br>1 amu \u2248 1.66 \u00d7 10-27 kg (\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082 mass of a carbon-12 isotope by definition). Speed of light (\"c\") = 3.00 \u00d7 108 ms-1.<br><br>\n\u0394E = \u0394mc2<br>\"\u0394E\" = (1.66 \u00d7 10-27)(3.00 \u00d7 108)2<br>= 1.49 \u00d7 10-10 J<br><br>\u2235 1 eV \u2248 1.60 \u00d7 10-19 J<br>1 MeV = 1.60 \u00d7 10-19 \u00d7 106 J<br>= 1.60 \u00d7 10-13 J<br><br>1.49 \u00d7 10-10 J = MeV = 931 MeV (3 \"s.f.\")\n\u2234 1 amu \u2248 931 MeV"}
+{"id": "19467", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19467", "title": "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "text": "Carl Friedrich Gauss (pronunciation: , Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss) (30 April 1777 \u2013 23 February 1855) was a famous mathematician from G\u00f6ttingen, Germany. Gauss contributed to many areas of learning. Most of his work was about number theory, statistics, and astronomy.\nChildhood.\nHe was born in Braunschweig. That city was then part of the duchy of Braunschweig-L\u00fcneburg. Today the city is part of Lower Saxony. As a child, he was a prodigy, meaning he was very clever. When he was 3 years old, he told his father that he had made a mistake on his complicated payroll. The child was correct. Gauss also taught himself to read.\nWhen he was in elementary school, his teacher once tried to keep the children busy, telling them to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. Gauss did it quickly, like this: 1 + 100 = 101, 2 + 99 = 101, 3 + 98 = 101, and so on. There were a total of 50 pairs, so 50 \u00d7 101 = 5,050. The formula is formula_1. There are many other versions of this story.\nThe Duke of Brunswick gave Gauss a fellowship to the Collegium Carolinum, where he attended from 1792 to 1795. This meant that the Duke paid for the education of Carl Friedrich Gauss at the Collegium. After this, Gauss went to the University of G\u00f6ttingen, from 1795 to 1798.\nAdulthood.\nWhen Gauss was 23, scientists spotted the asteroid Ceres but they did not see it for long enough to know its orbit. Gauss made calculations that let them locate it.\nLater in life Gauss stopped working on pure math and turned to physics. He did work in electromagnetism and made an early electrical telegraph.\nWork.\nGauss wrote Disquisitiones Arithmeticae which is a book about number theory. In that book he proved the law of Quadratic reciprocity. He also was the first mathematician to explain Modular arithmetic in a very detailed way. Before Gauss, mathematicians had used modular arithmetic in some cases but did not know much about using it broadly.\nGauss made important discoveries in Probability theory."}
+{"id": "19468", "revid": "10044162", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19468", "title": "Grand Canyon", "text": "The Grand Canyon is a famous canyon in Arizona, formed by the Colorado River. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and a National Park of the United States. It is also one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World.\nThe Grand Canyon is 277 miles (446\u00a0km) long, up to 18 miles (29\u00a0km) wide and is over a mile (1.83\u00a0km) (6000\u00a0feet) deep in places. Nearly two billion years past of the Earth's geological history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries (smaller rivers) cut their channels through layer after layer of rock.\nEvidence suggests the Colorado River established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago. Since that time, the Colorado River continued to erode and form the canyon to the point we see it at today. \nGeology.\nThe result of all the erosion is one of the most complete geologic columns (stacks of rock layers) on the planet. There are nearly 40 major sedimentary rock layers exposed in the Grand Canyon and in the Grand Canyon National Park area. They range in age from about 200\u00a0million to nearly 2\u00a0billion years old.\nMost were laid down in warm, shallow seas, near ancient, long-gone sea shores in western North America. Both marine and terrestrial sediments are represented, including fossilized sand dunes from an ancient desert. There are at least 14 known unconformities in the geologic record found in the Grand Canyon area.\nThe major rock exposures in the Grand Canyon range in age from the almost 2 billion year old Vishnu Schist at the bottom of the Inner Gorge to the 230 million year old Kaibab Limestone on the rim.\nShown in the diagram, there is a gap of about one billion years between the stratum that is about 500 million years old (blue) and the lower level, which is about 1.5 billion years old at the top (green). This large unconformity indicates a period of erosion between two periods of deposition.\nMany of the formations were deposited in warm shallow seas, near-shore environments (such as beaches), and swamps. The seashore repeatedly advanced and retreated over the edge of a proto-North America.\nThe great depth of the Grand Canyon and especially the height of its strata (most of which formed below sea level) was caused by 5,000 to 10,000 feet (1500 to 3000 m) uplift of the Colorado Plateau. This started about 65 million years ago during the Laramide period of orogeny (mountain-building). This uplift steepened the gradient of the Colorado River and its tributaries, which increased their speed and their ability to cut through rock.\nWeather conditions during the ice ages also increased the amount of water in the Colorado River drainage system. The ancestral Colorado River responded by cutting its channel faster and deeper.\nThe base level and course of the Colorado River (or its ancestral equivalent) changed 5.3 million years ago when the Gulf of California opened and lowered the river's base level (its lowest point). This increased the rate of erosion and cut nearly all of the Grand Canyon's current depth by 1.2 million years ago. The stepped appearance of the rocks was caused by their varied resistance to the flow of water.\nBetween three million and 100,000 years ago, volcanic activity spread ash (tuff) and lava over the area and at times completely blocked the river. These volcanic rocks are the youngest in the canyon.\nTourism.\nMany people come from around the world to visit the Grand Canyon. People can also take trips floating on the Colorado River in boats and rafts. Some people like to hike in the Grand Canyon. The land on the north side of the Grand Canyon is called the \"North Rim\". The land on the south side of the Grand Canyon is called the \"South Rim\". \"North Rim\" is open to visitors from May to October. It is possible to visit \"South Rim\" all year round. \nThere are trails leading from the North Rim and the South Rim to the bottom of the canyon. These trails lead to a place at the bottom of the canyon called \"Phantom Ranch\". Phantom Ranch has a campground and cabins where hikers can spend the night. Some people also ride mules into the Grand Canyon. Most people who visit the Grand Canyon drive in cars to the South Rim and just look at the canyon from the rim and take pictures. There are also free shuttles for visitors. They are a good way to go from one viewpoint to another. Many tourists like to fly over the canyon on a helicopter to have a panoramic view.\nGrand Canyon admission is $35 per car. People accessing by foot or bicycle have to pay $20. Admission to Grand Canyon is included in the National Parks & Federal Recreational Lands Annual Pass ($80), which is valid to enter all National Park in United States for a year."}
+{"id": "19469", "revid": "10252012", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19469", "title": "1490s", "text": "The 1490s was a decade that started on 1 January 1490 and ended on 31 December 1409.\nIt is distinct from the decade known as the 150th decade which began on January 1, 1491 and ended on December 31, 1500."}
+{"id": "19470", "revid": "2337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19470", "title": "Dairy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19471", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19471", "title": "Dairy product", "text": "Dairy products are foods that are made from animal milk. Usually, they are made from the milk of cows and goats, but they can be made from the milk of other animals as well.\nDairy products include milk, cheese, butter, yogurt, ice cream...etc"}
+{"id": "19472", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19472", "title": "Alberto Fujimori", "text": "Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto (July 26, 1938 \u2013 September 11, 2024) was the President of Peru from 1990 to 2000. A controversial figure in Peruvian politics, his government is credited with defeating the Shining Path insurgency and restoring Peru's macroeconomic stability.\nIn 2016, Fujimori's head of intelligence, Vladimiro Montesinos, was convicted for the force disappearances of a professor and two students in 1993. Many people accused Fujimori of being complicit due to his having direct control of the military, led by Montesinos.\nAfter that, Fujimori went to Japan, as his Japanese ancestry had allowed him citizenship there. Japan protected him from Peruvian law since they do not find any valid accusation. Fujimori resigned the Presidency of Peru. Valent\u00edn Paniagua was elected president by the Congress soon after Fujimori resigned.\nHis daughter, Keiko Fujimori is also a politician and ran for president three times, the most recent being is 2021.\nPrison and release.\nIn 2005 Fujimori was detained in Chile. After his extradition in 2007 the Peruvian government put him on trial and convicted him. He was sentenced to several years in prison. On 24 December 2017, President Kuczynski pardoned him on health grounds but in 2019 he was put back in prison. He was released in December 2023 because of bad health.\nDeath.\nFujimori died of problems caused by tongue cancer on September 11, 2024 in Lima at the age of 86."}
+{"id": "19474", "revid": "2337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19474", "title": "Malleable", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19475", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19475", "title": "Bringing up Baby", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19476", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19476", "title": "Harps", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19477", "revid": "1145577", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19477", "title": "List of presidents of Peru", "text": "This is a list of presidents of Peru.\nRepublic of Peru (1839\u2013present).\nThe Republic of Peru was reestablished on August 25, 1839."}
+{"id": "19478", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19478", "title": "New York Rangers", "text": "The New York Rangers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They play in Madison Square Garden in New York City. The team began in 1926, and has won four Stanley Cup championships.\nHistory.\nEarly years.\nThe Rangers were started by a promoter named Tex Rickard. Newspapers began calling the new team \"Tex's Rangers\", a play on the famous police force known as the Texas Rangers. The team picked up on the nickname, and have been called \"Rangers\" ever since.\nThe Rangers were successful in their early years, winning the Stanley Cup in 1928, 1933, and 1940. Bill Cook won the Art Ross Trophy as scoring leader in 1927 and 1933, and Bryan Hextall won it in 1942. \"Babe\" Pratt was a star defenceman around this time.\nLater years.\nThe Rangers did very poorly in the mid-1940s, but improved by 1950, when they lost the Stanley Cup final in overtime of the deciding game seven to the Detroit Red Wings. Buddy O'Connor won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1948, goaltender Chuck Rayner won it in 1950, and Andy Bathgate won it in 1959.\nThe team did not make the finals again until 1972, when they lost to the Boston Bruins. They were led by players such as Jean Ratelle, Brad Park, Ed Giacomin, and Rod Gilbert. The Rangers made the finals again in 1979, losing to the Montreal Canadians.\nRivalry.\nThere was another team in New York, the Americans. The Americans felt that the Rangers were favoured by Madison Square Garden, and that their team folded in 1942 because of the Rangers. The Americans' coach and general manager, Red Dutton, claimed the Rangers would never win another Stanley Cup as long as he lived. This became known as Dutton's curse.\nComeback.\nRed Dutton died in 1987, and his curse came true. Finally, the Rangers improved, winning the President's Cup as regular-season champions in 1992 and 1994. Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1992, and Brian Leetch won two Norris Trophies as best defence. They led the Rangers to the Stanley Cup in 1994, after 54 years of not winning.\nProblems and Today.\nRecently, the Rangers have been a poor team, missing the playoffs many years in a row. However, in 2005-06, the team has improved again, much due to the play of star Jarom\u00edr J\u00e1gr and rookie (first year) goalie Henrik Lundqvist. They reached the Finals in 2014 and lost to the Kings in 5 games. Lundqvist would go on to play his entire 15-year career with the team as he retired prior to the 2020-21 season."}
+{"id": "19480", "revid": "879931", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19480", "title": "Headstone", "text": "A headstone, gravestone or tombstone is a marker, normally made from stone, that is used to identify a person who is buried beneath it (in the grave).\nThese markers can be plain or beautifully carved with writing (epitaph or inscriptions) and pictures, but at times some gravestones can be unmarked, leaving a dead person unidentifiable. "}
+{"id": "19481", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19481", "title": "Plasma", "text": "Plasma could mean:"}
+{"id": "19483", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19483", "title": "Blood plasma", "text": "Blood plasma is the yellow liquid part of blood. In normal blood, the blood cells are suspended in the plasma.\nPlasma makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is mostly water (90% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide. Plasma is the transport medium for excretion.\nIn hospitals, blood plasma is prepared like this for blood transfusion. An anti-coagulant stops the blood clotting. Then tubes of blood are spun very fast in a centrifuge. The blood cells go to the bottom of the tubes. The plasma is poured into another container.\nHospitals may give patients:\nBlood serum is blood plasma without fibrinogen or the other clotting factors (that is, whole blood minus both the cells \"and\" the clotting factors).\nPlasmapheresis is a medical therapy which involves taking out blood plasma, treating it, and putting it back in the patient.\nStorage.\nWhole plasma may be stored frozen, or it may be stored dry. Dried plasma can be flown anywhere in the world, and is vital for the armed forces. The method was invented in the US in 1940, and used widely in World War II. The Army/Navy standard pack was two tin cans, each with 400cc bottles inside. One held the plasma, the other distilled (pure) water. The plasma could be restored in three minutes, and remained fresh for about four hours."}
+{"id": "19484", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19484", "title": "Vancouver Canucks", "text": "The Vancouver Canucks are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They started to play in the NHL in 1970. They play in Vancouver, British Columbia at Rogers Arena.\nHistory.\nEarly games.\nThe Canucks were first a team in the Pacific Coast Hockey League (PCHL), winning the championship in 1946 and 1948. In 1952 the PCHL changed its name to the Western Hockey League (WHL). The Canucks stayed in the WHL.\nBeginning.\nThe Canucks joined the NHL in 1970. They were not a good team at first, though they won their division in 1975. Andre Boudrias was a star for the team at this time. The team made the Stanley Cup finals in 1982, which surprised many people, since they had finished below average in the regular season. Goaltender Richard Brodeur, along with forwards Stan Smyl, Thomas Gradin, and Darcy Rota, led the team. Coach Roger Neilson and some players raised white towels on top of their hockey sticks to \"surrender\" to the referees, who they thought were unfair (a white flag means surrender or \"I give up\"). After that, the fans all waved white flags during Canucks playoff games (this is called \"Towel Power\"). The team lost four games to zero in the finals to the New York Islanders.\nComeback.\nIn the late 1980s, players such as Toni Tanti and Petri Skriko led the team. They made the finals again in 1994, due to players such as goaltender Kirk MacLean, the \"Russian Rocket\" Pavel Bure (who scored the most goals in the NHL that year), Trevor Linden, and Cliff Ronning. However, they lost the series four games to three to the New York Rangers.\n1990-present.\nThe Canucks did poorly in the late 1990s, but improved in the 2000s. Markus Naslund came second in scoring in 2002 and 2003, and was named the Pearson Trophy winner as players' choice for the best player in 2003. Todd Bertuzzi, Matthias Ohlund, and Ed Jovanovski were also important players who helped lead the team to the division title in 2004. However, they lost in overtime of deciding game seven to the Calgary Flames in the first round of the playoffs (just as they had done in 1989), and the Flames went to the finals (just like 1989).\nThe Canucks just missed the playoffs in 2006. Two of the young stars, identical twins Daniel and Henrik Sedin, along with players such as Anson Carter, were important to the team that year.\nIn 2011 the Canucks won the President's Trophy as they were the best team in the NHL regular season. They also made the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, but lost to the Boston Bruins. The Bruins won the Stanley Cup. The Canucks won the President's Trophy again in 2012, but lost to the La Kings in the first round in five games.\nOn April 8, 2014, the Canucks fired General Manager Mike Gillis. Not too long afterward, they announced that they had hired Trevor Linden as their new General Manager."}
+{"id": "19485", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19485", "title": "Gravestone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19487", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19487", "title": "Sub-atomic particle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19488", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19488", "title": "Sub atomic particle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19492", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19492", "title": "Folding", "text": "Fold or folding could mean:"}
+{"id": "19493", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19493", "title": "Endogenetic processes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19496", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19496", "title": "Phases of matter", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19499", "revid": "9124225", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19499", "title": "Mi Reflejo", "text": "Mi Reflejo is the second studio album and the first Spanish-language album by American singer Christina Aguilera. It was released on 2000. There are 11 songs in this album. Six of them are new songs. Five of them are from her first album \"Christina Aguilera\" but in Spanish.\nThis album was nominated Grammy Award as Best Latin Pop Album in 2001. It was the Latin Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Album."}
+{"id": "19502", "revid": "10120060", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19502", "title": "Behavior", "text": "Behavior (or behaviour) is what a person or animal does and how they act. Behaviors may be conscious or unconscious. They may be inherited or learned. The term is also used for systems and for machines which interact with their environment. The term is not well-defined.\nIn experiments, behavior is the observed reaction which occurs when an organism is given a stimulus. Some organisms are more complicated than others and may be more aware of their surroundings. If their behavior is conscious it means that they know what they are doing. If they are not aware of what they are doing this is unconscious behavior.\nHumans will pull their hand back without thinking if they accidentally touch something hot. This is done because we (and other animals) inherit nervous system reflexes which cause us to pull away from the thing that is causing the pain.\nBehavior is linked to the nervous system as well as the endocrine system. The nervous system reacts, and notices what happens. The hormone system is much slower. It makes some kinds of behavior more, or less, likely. A simple example is the change from being a child to an adult. This involves a whole range of hormones which affect growth and behavior.\nBehavior is also linked to learning. Organisms which are more complicated can learn better than those that are simpler. However, even the simplest animals show habituation, which is a primitive kind of learning. For organisms, learning means that they change their behavior because they remember having been in that situation before and know how to react.\nPeople often use the word \"behavior\" to mean the way people interact with (behave towards) one another. Children are taught what is good behavior and what is bad behavior. Good behavior is about being polite and thoughtful to other people. It is the kind of behavior that people in a society expect from others."}
+{"id": "19503", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19503", "title": "Ankle", "text": "In anatomy, the ankle is the joint that links the foot to the leg."}
+{"id": "19504", "revid": "427580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19504", "title": "Hot", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19505", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19505", "title": "Mediterranean", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19507", "revid": "143257", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19507", "title": "Tangsudo", "text": "Tangsudo, dangsudo or tang soo do () is a Korean martial art. It is considered as Korean karate.\nHistory of tangsudo.\nThe name \"tangsudo\" means \"the way of Chinese hands\". In the Korean peninsula several schools of martial arts had been prohibited by Japanese invaders for 35 years, and they went out from secret at the end of the Second World War. They were known as schools of tangsudo. In the modern Korea, the first school of tangsudo was Chungdokwan, founded in 1944 by the master WonKukLee. As a result of the liberation of Korean nation, which was happened 15th August 1945, other four schools were opened: Mudokkwan, Songmukwan, Chidokwan, and Changmukwan. Other schools (\"kwan\") were added to the list after the end of the civil war between north and south (1950-1953). In December 1955, with the approval of the president of Republic of South Korea, Singman Rhee, a meeting of the founders of the main schools was called. The intention of this meeting was to unify the different schools and to give the name and the form to the national martial art. The name should be related neither with China, nor with Japan (\"tangsu\"=\"Chinese hands\" and its Japanese pronunciation is \"karate\").\nAmong a lot of already postulated names there was \"Taekwondo\", proposed by a General named Choi Hong Hee. In 1961 the \"Korean Association of Taesudo\" rises. Mudukkwan of Hwang Kee and Ydokwan of Byong Yun Kwei remained anchored to the tradition. The new organization dismembered the technical inheritance of the old tangsudo in 1962. The sporting combat with the use of jumps, kicks and fists formed taesudo briefly; the techniques of personal defense with the use of levers and throws (grappling) became \"hapkido\". On the other hand, the techniques of \"neikung\" (internal work), which control breathing, energy (Ki) and the mental concentration, became not very noticeable. In 1964 the organization changed its name once again into \"Korean Association of Taekwondo\". That name remain ultimate. \nIn 1966, \"International Taekwondo Federation\" is born. Its aim was to spread out the new-born discipline in the rest of the world. Its founder is the Korean general Choi. In 1971 Taekwondo becomes national sport of South Korea for presidential decree of the president Park Chung Hee. In 1973, \"World Taekwondo Federation\" is born, presided by Dr Un Yong Kim. It was founded in opposition to the ITF. The ITF, after a series of continual changes, will have the support of the North Korea. Meanwhile, the WTF of Doctor Kim reaches the Olympic Games: Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992. So, it is an official Olympic sport and no more martial art. The schools, which were faithful to tangsudo had to choose the strategy of the emigration, by installing them outside of Korea, in America, Europe, Southern Africa, etc., to maintain live and unaltered the message of the ancient, wise men of Orient.\nTechniques of fight in tangsudo.\nStances.\nThere are many stances in the tangsudo. Some of them are basic, for example \"the stance of preparation\"; the others need more balance, such as \"the stance on one foot\" or \"the stance of the crane\". \nBasic Techniques.\nBasic techniques are simple and effective. The students learn all the basic techniques (blocks, blows, kicks) which can be found in the traditional art of tangsudo. \"Dojang\" (schools of the tangsudo), gives special importance to the \"art\", not only to fighting. The hand techniques involve, amongst others, many different fist techniques and \"knife-hand\" techniques. Each of them has a correct form and special practical use, and they are used in blocking and in attack. The tangsudo is the martial art which gives much attention to foot techniques and to flexibility. They are also used for both blocking and attacking. \nTraining of tangsudo.\nIn the traditional method, the student has to learn the basics first of all, later he does repeatedly the fight of one step and the fight of three steps. The fight of one step teaches how to direct attention, but the fight of three steps teaches him how to move forward and to move backward, as well as how to use a distance. Together, they give the belief in student's abilities, and the student needs this belief in order to successfully block and attack in the free fight. \nTraining of the mind.\nThe teachers give attention to the importance of the Principles and Creed of Tangsudo, the students learn discipline and respect. The self-confidence, the concentration and the control are also underlined, because they are important aspects of everyday life. \nPractice of basics (\"kibon\").\nThe students do regularly the basic techniques with marching almost during every lesson. This helps them to understand the dynamics of a movement and this improves the technique by repetition. The basics teach them good balance and good stance. \nForms (\"hyong\").\nThe forms are the sequences of the basic techniques. They are fixed in advance. The forms in the tangsudo are obtained from different styles of martial arts. Indeed, the majority of them is the versions of karate kata. They show the special practical use of all the basic techniques in a variety of situations. The form is considered as if the performer of the form were defending himself against many enemies. The \"hyong\" are arranged patterns of techniques which the students do regularly at all levels. The study of the forms increases abilities of understanding, of learning, and of remembering. Forms change the shape of the basic techniques and they teach the strategy, the tactics, the choosing of the right moment, and the balance. If the tangsudo is treated as \"the art for the art\", the forms are easily learned and they are similar to a kind of dance in presentation. While the student advances in ability, the \"hyong\" become more complicated and become the challenge. Forms are a part of the training of tangsudo which a student can easily do regularly almost anywhere. \nFight (\"daeryeon\").\nThe fight of training gives the chance to use freely all the techniques against one or some opponents. Self-control is important. Proper choosing of the right moment, position and methods of passing through the defenses of an opponent are also exercised. Although students may use helmets, gloves and boots filled with soft material, the rule of avoiding any contact is respected. \nFight of one step (\"hanbon-daeryeon\").\nThis exercise lets the person who is being trained practice techniques of self-defence against a known attack in a controlled way. The aim is the development of responses to certain situation without conscious thought. This allows to learn correct distance and choosing of the right moment, which are two factors of deciding importance in a real fight. This also gives self-confidence and control. This is a way of practising that is very controlled, safe, and without contact. \nFree fight (\"jayu-daeryeon\").\nThe free fight allows make continuous use of the techniques against the other person in a controlled environment. The aim is to defend oneself in an unknown situation. Attention is given to safety at all times. According to the traditional method, the student need not hit a heavy bag to increase the power of his blows and to prepare himself for free fight. That is because the students uses of control, not contact. The students stop their blows close to the target. Therefore, if in a real fight they decide to hit the target, they can do it easily. \nAccording to the traditional theory, if the student makes contact constantly, it will be difficult to control his actions when he needs. But if he always makes continuous use of control, he can easily hit when he needs. If the student constantly makes contact during free fight, his mind will become wild. But if the student makes continuous use of controlled fight, his mind will become more controlled. Both states of mind can spread over his life outside of class. Because full contact is not allowed, the students have no need to use strong protectors (things that protect). Using boxing gloves and thick feet protectors leads them to hit strongly. And when they hit while wearing such things, they does not feel whether their technique is correct. In order to avoid this problem, the traditional masters should make a choice the light protectors of fists and of insteps. They suffice to prevent injury when the contact accidentally occurs. \nAccording to the modern method, the free fight is similar to fights in kickboxing. The students use boxing gloves, protectors of the feet, and protectors of the head. \nWhether free fight is aimed at competition or at fight on the street, the student should make a great effort to improve his endurance (power of enduring). That is a reason that the student needs to have good basics and good skills of the fight of one step and of three steps; they develop the student's endurance. It will not happen immediately; usually two or three months are necessary in order to develop the endurance. The important part of it is proper breathing. The student has to breathe at the right time when he hits or he blocks. If he stops his breath when he does an action, he can still do the action, but he will become gradually tired as time passes. Finally he will lose his ability to continue. On the other hand, each time he breathes in and breathes out correctly, he extends the amount of time when he can continue to fight. \nTraining of self-defence (\"hosinsul\").\nTraining of self-defence teaches a student how to defend himself against grabs, holds and locks. It also contains how to deal with situations where it is necessary to defend oneself without causing permanent physical wound to his attacker and how to use pressure points. \"Jayu-daeryeon\" is perfect in order to improve the self-defence ability. The student can combine any techniques: kicks, punches, blows to feet (sweeps), takedowns and overthrows. \nBreaking of the boards (\"kyokpa\").\nBreaking of the boards is a favorite occupation of many students and spectators. Breaking shows the level of the students' techniques and it helps them understand what effect their techniques can have on a target. It is used during tests of movement to a higher rank and attention is given to safety at all times. This occupation teaches to focus the mind and to direct attention correctly towards the technique. This also helps the students to pass their barriers of the mind, and improves their belief in their abilities."}
+{"id": "19514", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19514", "title": "Annie Hall", "text": "Annie Hall is a 1977 American romantic comedy movie from United Artists. Woody Allen directed and stars in it. At first it was called \"Anhedonia\", then \"It Had To Be Jew\", but these titles would not sell the movie. \"Annie Hall\" has been considered a biography of Allen's real life, but the actor has denied this claim.\nPlot.\nThe movie takes place in New York City and the latter half in Los Angeles, California. It tells the story of Alvy Singer, a comedian from Brooklyn, who is obsessed with death. He has an affair with the title character, Annie Hall (played by Diane Keaton) and the two embark on a romance. He encourages Annie to further her career as a nightclub singer.\nAlvy recalls how his Brooklyn house was below a roller coaster on Coney Island. His father was the owner of a place that had bumper cars, something that reflected the marriage between Alvy's father and Alvy's mother. \nThroughout the film, many flashbacks are included, often humourously; however, when Alvy recalls his times with Annie, the comedic mood turns nostalgic and Alvy is left wondering what could have happened differently if his insecurities were not in the way.\nAlvy asks Annie to marry him after they split. She tells him no, as she wants to stay friends.\nTechniques.\n\"Annie Hall\" is noted for its use of special elements such as double exposure (two pictures in one) and magic themes in a real setting.\nThere is an animated scene with a cartoon version of Allen, and the Witch from Disney's \"Snow White\".\nAwards and success.\nAcademy Awards.\nThe movie won four Academy Awards:\nAllen was nominated for Best Actor.\nThe movie won one Golden Globe Award, for Best Actress in Musical or Comedy (Diane Keaton). It was nominated for three more: Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy), Best Director (Woody Allen), and Best Actor in Musical or Comedy (Woody Allen). The film also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film and the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.\nRecognition.\nIt has been called one of the best comedy movies of all time. It has appeared on IMDb's Top 250 List, and was number thirty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. In 1992, it was selected to keep in the United States National Film Registry.\nInfluence.\nMany of today's romantic comedy movies have been influenced by \"Annie Hall\". The tie that was worn by Keaton's character was popular at the time of the movie's release.\nChristopher Walken, who would later become more famous, had a role as the title character's brother."}
+{"id": "19516", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19516", "title": "Hurricane", "text": "A Hurricane is a cyclone type that is formed in the Atlantic Ocean and in the Eastern Pacific Ocean."}
+{"id": "19517", "revid": "1232722", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19517", "title": "Hayao Miyazaki", "text": " is a leader in the area of anime, or Japanese animation. His name is pronounced \"Ha-ya-oh Me-ya-za-key\". He worked with Isao Takahata.\nHis company made the animated movies \"Spirited Away\" (2001), \"My Neighbor Totoro\" (1988), \"Kiki's Delivery Service\" (1989), \"Porco Rosso\" (1992) and \"Princess Mononoke\" (1997).\nHis company is named Studio Ghibli. In 2001, he won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for \"Spirited Away\". It was the first anime to win the award in that category.\nDuring a press conference at Italy's Venice Film Festival, he announced that he was going to retire from the production of feature-length films.\nMiyazaki announced his retirement on September 2, 2013."}
+{"id": "19518", "revid": "944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19518", "title": "Chau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19520", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19520", "title": "Gasoline", "text": "Gasoline , or petrol , is a toxic, flammable and clear liquid that is mostly used as a fuel in internal combustion engines. \nMore precisely, used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines. \nIt is made by boiling petroleum, a fossil fuel. In a distillation process, petroleum is heated to a very high temperature, then it separates into its components, one of them is gasoline. This is an expensive process. It is made mostly of octane (C8H18), a hydrocarbon.\nGasoline is sold at gas stations (petrol stations). In order to burn properly in high-compression internal combustion engines, each brand of gasoline includes gasoline additives. So, the exact make up of gasoline is different at different stations. Gasoline is graded by its octane rating that measures how well it will burn. Most car engines can burn \"regular\" gasoline which has an octane rating of 87. Precision-made engines require or prefer \"premium\" gasoline with an octane rating of 93. Most stations offer three different mixtures of gasoline with three separate octane ratings and prices.\nUses.\nGasoline is most often used in vehicles like cars, vans, etc. Gasoline can be used in a wide variety of other things that we use every day, such as lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and small boat motors. Some larger vehicles like trucks or ships may use diesel fuel instead of gasoline. \nDangers.\nGasoline is very dangerous. It can explode when an electric spark lights it. It is also harmful if a human drinks it or if it gets on the skin. It hurts the environment and human health by creating poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide. If a gasoline engine is used indoors or in a closed space, the carbon monoxide can cause death in minutes. Many people die every year from using gasoline-powered generators indoors, or leaving vehicles running inside a garage.\nUsage and pricing.\nThe US accounts for about 44% of the world\u2019s gasoline consumption. In 2003 The US consumed , which equates to 1.3\u00a0gigalitres of gasoline each day (about 360 million US or 300 million imperial gallons). The US used about 510 billion litres (138 billion US gal/115 billion imp gal) of gasoline in 2006, of which 5.6% was mid-grade and 9.5% was premium grade.\nEurope.\nUnlike the US, countries in Europe impose substantial taxes on fuels such as gasoline. For example, price for gasoline in Europe is more than twice that in the US.\nUnited States.\nBecause of the low fuel taxes, the retail price of gasoline in the US is subject to greater changes (than outside the US) when calculated as a percentage of cost-per-unit. From 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline was between $1 and $2 USD per U.S. gallon. After 2004, the price increased until the average gas price reached a high of $4.11 per U.S. gallon in mid-2008, then dropped approximately $2.60 per U.S. gallon as of September 2009. Recently, the U.S. has experienced an upswing in gas prices of 13.51% from Jan 31st to March 7, 2011.\nMost consumer goods have posted prices that exclude tax; taxes are added based on a percentage of the purchase price. Because of primitive gasoline pumps in the 1920s, United States gasoline prices are posted with taxes included and the taxes are set on cents per gallon. Taxes are added by federal, state and local governments. (These taxes collect the cost of maintaining the roads.) As of 2009, the federal tax is 18.4\u00a2 per gallon for gasoline and 24.4\u00a2 per gallon for diesel (excluding red diesel). Among states, the highest gasoline tax rates, as of January 2011, are California (47.7\u00a2/gal), New York (47.3\u00a2/gal), Hawaii (45.8\u00a2/gal), and Connecticut (45.2\u00a2/gal). The federal government and many states fail to increase their gasoline taxes over time with inflation. However, some states also charge a sales tax as a percentage and vary in amount depending on the cost of the gasoline.\nAbout 9% of all gasoline sold in the US in May 2009 was premium grade, according to the Energy Information Administration. Some car manufacturers \"recommend\" premium gasoline but have computer-controlled engines that adjust the timing to avoid knocking. So, most cars can burn regular grade gasoline but at a slightly reduced performance. The Associated Press said premium gas\u2013which is a higher octane and costs several cents a gallon more than regular unleaded\u2013should be used only if the manufacturer says it is \u201crequired\u201d.\nTo reduce the use of imported oil, the US uses Gasohol (10% ethanol) and E85 (85% ethanol) ethanol/gasoline mixtures.\nBrazil.\nBrazil has the largest national fuel ethanol industry. Gasoline sold in Brazil contains at least 25% anhydrous ethanol. Hydrous ethanol (about 95% ethanol and 5% water) can be used as fuel in more than 90% of new cars sold in the country. Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugar cane and noted for high carbon sequestration."}
+{"id": "19521", "revid": "1392159", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19521", "title": "Tropical cyclone", "text": "A tropical cyclone is a circular air movement that starts over the warm ocean waters in the warm part of Earth near the equator. Most tropical cyclones create fast winds and heavy rain. While some tropical cyclones stay out in the sea, others pass over land. They can be dangerous because of flooding and because the winds pick up objects, including things as big as small boats. Tropical cyclones can throw these things at high speeds.\nTropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoon form when convection causes warm, moist air above the ocean to rise. They begin as a group of storms when the water gets as hot as 80 \u00b0F (27 \u00b0C) or hotter. The Coriolis effect made by the Earth's rotation causes the winds to rotate. Warm air rises quickly. Tropical cyclones usually move westward in the tropics, and can later move north or south into the temperate zone. The \"eye of the storm\" is the center. It has little rain or wind. The eye wall has the heaviest rain and the fastest winds. It is surrounded by rain bands which also have fast winds. Tropical cyclones are powered by warm, humid ocean air. When they go onto land, they weaken. They die when they spend a long time over land or cool ocean water.\nTropical cyclone, typhoon or hurricane.\nThe term \"tropical cyclone\" is a summary term. In various places tropical cyclones have other local names such as \"hurricane\" and \"typhoon\". A tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean is called a hurricane. The word 'hurricane is also used for those that form in the eastern North Pacific. In the western North Pacific a tropical cyclone is called a typhoon. Throughout the South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean, the word cyclone is used.\nNaming.\nTropical cyclones are usually given names because it helps in forecasting, locating, and reporting. They are named once they have steady winds of 62\u00a0km/h. Committees of the World Meteorological Organization pick names. Once named, a cyclone is usually not renamed.\nFor several hundred years hurricanes were named after saints. In 1887, Australian meteorologist Clement Wragge began giving women's names to tropical cyclones. He thought of history and mythology for names. When he used men's names, they were usually of politicians he hated. By World War II cyclone names were based on the phonetic alphabet (Able, Baker, Charlie). In 1953 the United States stopped using phonetic names and began using female names for these storms. This ended in 1978 when both male and female names were used for Pacific storms. In 1979 this practice was added for hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic.\nImpact.\nIn the past these storms sank many ships. Better weather forecasting in the 20th century helped most ships avoid them. When tropical cyclones reach land, they may break things. Sometimes they kill people and destroy cities. In the last 200 years, about 1.5 million people have been killed by tropical cyclones. \nWind can cause up to 83% of the total damages of a storm. Broken wreckage from destroyed objects can become deadly flying pieces. Flooding can also occur when a lot of rain falls and/or when storm surges push water onto the land.\nThere is a possibility of \"indirect\" deaths \"after\" a tropical cyclone passes. For example, New Orleans, Louisiana suffered from poor health conditions after Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005.\nClassifications.\nTropical cyclones are classified into different categories by their strength and location. In the USA, the National Hurricane Center, which observes hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean, classifies them using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.\nTropical cyclones in other places such as the Western Pacific Ocean or the Southern Hemisphere are classified on scales that are quite a bit like the Saffir-Simpson Scale. For example; if a tropical storm in the western Pacific reaches hurricane-strength winds, it is then officially called a \"typhoon\".\nA tropical depression is an organized group of clouds and thunderstorms with a clear circulation in air near the ocean and maximum continuing winds of less than 17 m/s (33 kt, 38 mph, or 62\u00a0km/h). It has no eye and does not usually have the spiral shape that more powerful storms have. Only the Philippines are known to name tropical depressions.\nA tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a very clear surface circulation and continuing winds between 17 and 32 m/s (34\u201363 kt, 39\u201373 mph, or 62\u2013117\u00a0km/h). At this point, the cyclonic shape starts to form, although an eye does not usually appear in tropical storms. Most tropical cyclone agencies start naming cyclonic storms at this level, except for the Philippines which has its own way of naming cyclones.\nA hurricane or typhoon or a cyclone is a large cyclonic weather system with continuing winds of at least 33 m/s (64 kt, 74 mph, or 118\u00a0km/h). A tropical cyclone with this wind speed usually develops an eye, which is an area of calm conditions at the center of its circulation. The eye is often seen from space as a small, round, cloud-free spot. Around the eye is the eye wall, an area where the strongest thunderstorms and winds spin around the storm's center. The fastest possible continuing wind speed found in tropical cyclones is thought to be around 85\u00a0m/s (165\u00a0kt, 190\u00a0mph, 305\u00a0km/h)."}
+{"id": "19524", "revid": "10196170", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19524", "title": "Aymara language", "text": "The Aymara language is spoken by the Aymara tribe in Bolivia, Peru, and northern Chile. In Chile, only a third of the tribe say that they speak it well. An inflected language, it is one of the few Native American languages to have over a million speakers."}
+{"id": "19525", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19525", "title": "Michelle Bachelet", "text": "Ver\u00f3nica Michelle Bachelet Jeria AC (; born 29 September 1951) is a Chilean politician. She served as the 35th President of Chile from 11 March 1995 to 11 March 1999. She was also President of Chile from 11 March 2006 to 11 March 2010. She was the first woman president of Chile.\nIn 2010, Bachelet became the president of UN Women. In 2013, she resigned from that position.\nBachelet is a socialist. Her father was general Alberto Bachelet (1923\u20131974) and her mother was archaeologist \u00c1ngela Jeria (1926\u20132020).\nIn 2018, Bachelet became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.\nShe was named after the French actress Mich\u00e8le Morgan.\nOn 23 September 2025, Bachelet was nominated by Chilean president Gabriel Boric to become the next Secretary-General of the United Nations upon the end of Ant\u00f3nio Guterres' tenure in 2026."}
+{"id": "19528", "revid": "2897", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19528", "title": "Zhou", "text": "Zhou is a Chinese name that refers to:\nIt is also the Chinese word for \"U. S. state\".\nZhou (\u5468) is also a common Chinese surname. Famous people with that name include:"}
+{"id": "19530", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19530", "title": "Politician", "text": "A politician (from Classical Greek \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \"polis\") can be anyone who seeks to get power in any bureaucratic institution. It is most used for a person active in party politics, or a person holding or seeking office in government. In democratic countries, politicians seek elective positions within a government through elections or, at times, temporary appointment to replace politicians who have died, resigned or have been otherwise removed from office. In non-democratic countries, they employ other means of reaching power through appointment, bribery, revolutions and intrigues. \nSome politicians are experienced in the art or science of government. Politicians propose, support and create laws or policies that govern the land and, by extension, its people. The word politician is sometimes replaced with the word statesman. \nPoliticians have always used language, as in speeches or campaign advertisements. They use common themes to develop their political positions in terms familiar to the voters. Politicians become experts at using the media With the rise of mass media in the 19th century they made heavy use of newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets, as well as posters. The 20th century brought radio and television, and television commercials became the single most expensive part of an election campaign. In the 21st century, they have become increasingly involved with social media based on the Internet and smartphones."}
+{"id": "19531", "revid": "1685581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19531", "title": "Sendero Luminoso", "text": "Sendero Luminoso, (English: Shining Path, official complete name: Partido Comunista del Per\u00fa-Sendero Luminoso, PCP-SL), is a Peruvian Maoist group which is based on communist ideology. Their leader, Abimael Guzm\u00e1n, and several important members of the group were captured on September 12, 1992. Since then, the group has not been as powerful.\nSendero Luminoso in Peru.\n\"Sendero Luminoso\" in 1980-2000s.\nIn a try to take over the country into a new political model, \"Sendero Luminoso\" started making terrorist attacks, mainly in Ayacucho and Puno cities, in the night. The group used terrorist things for kill people such as bombs in cars, fire on houses and more. There was (ish) more than 60,000 killed and vanished people by Sendero Luminoso.\n\"Sendero Luminoso\" in 2000+s.\nBefore the Abimael Guzm\u00e1n's capture in 1992, Sendero Luminoso stopped working, but is still in the \"VRAEM\" (spanish: Valle de los r\u00edos Apur\u00edmac, Ere y Mantaro), also known as the \"drug's valley\", by their big number of drugs there.\nAttacks/(attributed to) attacks.\n2012.\n12 days later, the Peruvian government starts an operation to save the workers, called \"Freedom Operation\" with 24 special forces people. Sendero Luminoso attacks the helicopter drived by the special forces people. The co-pilot dies by the attack.\n2 days then, the 36 workers were liberated. The workers go back to Kiteni province, and they get help from the local police. Then 2 police leaders die and 10 militars were injured.\n1 day more, the on that day president Ollanta Humala meet the workers for ask they information about the kidnappers. Three days later, the head Mart\u00edn Quispe Palomino tell to periodists that he was the author of the kidnap, then marked as false with the apparition of Luis Astuquillca the day n\u00b0 29."}
+{"id": "19532", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19532", "title": "Fat", "text": "Fat is one of the three main types of macronutrients. Fats are found in many foods. They are made of macromolecules called lipids. Lipids are based on long-chain fatty acids. Some of these are essential because the body cannot make them.\nTypes and functions.\nThere are three different types of fats: Unsaturated fats, Saturated fats, and Trans fats.\nUnsaturated fats.\nUnsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. They are considered useful fats because they can improve blood cholesterol levels, and ease heart rhythms. Most vegetable oils are liquid at room temperature and have unsaturated fats. There are two kinds of unsaturated fats, Mono-unsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats. It is commonly found in avocados, nuts, peanuts, seeds, wild fish, and olive oil. For polyunsaturated fats, it is recommended to have an omega-3 to omega-6 ratio of 1:1.\nSaturated fats.\nSaturated fats will likely have no benefits. They are mainly found in animal foods, but a few plant foods are also high in saturated fats. Too much saturated fat in your diet can lead to heart disease and other health problems, such as gaining weight or increasing the risk of heart disease or stroke. People should not eat too much saturated fats. You should limit saturated fat to less than 10% of your daily calories. It can usually be found in dairy products, meat products, and grain-based desserts.\nTrans fats.\nTrans fatty acids are commonly called trans fats. They are a kind of unsaturated fat. Trans fats may be natural or they may be made. Naturally-occurring trans fats are found in the guts of some animals and foods which are made from these animals. Artificial trans fats are made in an industrial process. The process adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid. Trans fats are worse for cholesterol levels than saturated fats. They are most likely found in frying, baked goods, and processed foods.\nRoles.\nGood roles.\nFats are used to absorb or get nutrients, like Fat-soluble Vitamins for humans. They are used as a source of backup energy in cases when carbohydrates are not available, or people can not use it at that time. People need more than 20 to 35% of daily calories from fat. Also, fats play a role in helping people's body maintain or keep the core (center) temperature. However, too much fat or the wrong kinds are also harmful, in other words, fats can have bad effects on human's bodies.\nGood fats & bad fats.\nBad fats, in other words, trans fats, have no known health benefits and will damage someone's heart and take them away from healthy. People might get diseases like blindness, which means they can not see anything because of having too much cholesterol and other fats. Most of the foods that contain these types of fats are solid at room temperature, such as butter and animal meat. On the other hand, good fats are naturally found in foods and will not damage the human's organs. The example foods of good fats are avocados, eggs, and nuts.\nImportant types.\nUnsaturated fatty acids are very important. They are called by where their double bond is placed. Omega-3 fatty acids (\u03c9-3) and omega-6 fatty acids (\u03c9-6) are essential: you need them both. They help build longer molecules which do cell signaling in different tissues. There are over 20 different signaling paths that control a wide array of bodily functions.\nEat fat and burn fat.\nWhy do you need to eat fat to burn fat?\nMedium-chain triglycerides are good for burning fat. They are easily absorbed, digested, and reused as energy. Eating milk fat, palm oil, and coconut oil will burn fat because they contain medium-chain triglycerides.\nFat can be important for people, but too much fat is bad. The fat we eat can provide energy for us. Not all fatty foods are good for you, such as pizza, french fries, and hamburgers. The fat from those may cause you become fatter, and your health may become terrible.\nDiet.\nFats also provide long-term energy for humans and, in cold climates, a layer of insulation to keep the body warm. They help the body use the vitamins found in foods. Fats are also good for the skin and hair. Olive oil is an especially healthy fat. Many types of fish also contain healthy fat, for example salmon, sardines, herring, and tuna. But if too much fat collects in the body, a person can become too heavy. The energy given by fats is used by moving around or exercising. Some vegetables like celery or carrots contribute much less to the bodies fat supply. Though being very important for the human body, it can also be harmful in large amounts.\nHealth risks.\nToo much fat (especially Trans fats) in the body can cause diseases. Indeed, obesity, meaning too much fat, is sometimes called a disease itself. One disease from excess fat is called \"fatty liver\". It is a condition which can be resolved by eating different foods. Fatty liver is when someone has too many fats in their liver, but it can also be associated by alcohol or metabolic syndrome. Fatty liver can be fixed by exercise and better diet. This is one of the hidden danger of fats.\nAnother hidden danger of fats is that it can cause some heart diseases. One example is Heart Failure. Heart Failure is an illness that does not have enough heart pumps blood. It lowers the leading of blood flow.The main ways to avoid these issues are exercise and good eating. Exercise reduces excess body fat and strengthens the body. Healthy diet keeps nutritious balance in your body and helps remove the fats in your body."}
+{"id": "19533", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19533", "title": "Saturated fat", "text": "Saturated fat is a kind of fat. It has no double bonds. It has carbon atoms that are fully saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature. They have no double bonds, while unsaturated fat has one or two. Due to no double bonds, their oxidation process is slow.\nHealth.\nSaturated fat may be a risk factor for heart disease (CVD). The question has many controversial views. Although most in the mainstream heart-health, government, and medical communities hold that saturated fat is a risk factor for CVD, some recent studies have produced conflicting results.\nFor a long time scientists have believed that eating saturated fat was a leading cause for heart attack, cancer, or other diseases. However, new research have shown that there is no connection between how much saturated fat you eat and heart diseases. This is still a controversial question.\nThings like butter, coconut, lard and meat have lots of saturated fat.\nCompound.\nSaturated means that it holds all the hydrogen atoms that it can, meaning that all of the carbon (c) atoms have two hydrogen (H) atoms attached to it. "}
+{"id": "19534", "revid": "8577913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19534", "title": "Mackinac Bridge", "text": "The Mackinac Bridge is a suspension bridge in the U.S. state of Michigan. It connects that state's Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula. The bridge is long. It carries a four-lane interstate highway, Interstate 75. It was built by the state of Michigan.\nThe Mackinac Bridge passes over a strait of water that connects two Great Lakes, Lake Michigan (to the west of the bridge) and Lake Huron (to the east). \nAt the center of the Mackinac Bridge is a long suspension span. The bridge, made of steel and concrete, hangs from wires that run down from two huge, curved cables.\nThe government agency that runs the Mackinac Bridge charges motor vehicles a toll to drive over it. In 2020, the toll was $4.00 for an automobile.\nThe government hangs colored lights from the big cable. The lights come on at night so that the bridge can be seen from many miles away.\nThe Mackinac Bridge was opened in 1957. This started a major economic boom in northern Michigan as tourists drove from all over North America to see the bridge, the Great Lakes, and the northern forests."}
+{"id": "19535", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19535", "title": "Unsaturated fat", "text": "Unsaturated fat is a kind of fat. It is different from saturated fat in that it is liquid at room temperature while saturated fat is more solid. Its molecules contains double bonds whose carbon atoms that are not fully saturated with hydrogen. There are two types: \nIn cellular metabolism, an unsaturated fat molecule contains somewhat less energy (that is fewer calories) than the saturated fat molecule of the same length.\nExamples of unsaturated fats are palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. Foods containing unsaturated fats include avocado, nuts, and vegetable oils such as canola and olive oils. Meat products contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.\nHealth.\nUnsaturated fat is better for people than saturated fat. Some testing has shown that it can raise a person's HDL (\"good\" cholesterol) levels.\nUnsaturated fat is also very important for a healthy brain.\nPeople think that unsaturated fats are 'healthier' than saturated fats. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended that the amount of unsaturated fat consumed should not exceed 30% of one's daily caloric intake (or 67\u00a0grams given a 2000 Calorie diet). The new dietary guidelines have got rid of this recommendation at the request of the meat and dairy industries.\nMost foods contain both unsaturated and saturated fats. Food packages promote only one or the other, depending on which is the largest share in the product. Various unsaturated fat vegetable oils, such as olive oils, also contain saturated fat."}
+{"id": "19536", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19536", "title": "Fats", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19539", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19539", "title": "Cold fusion", "text": "Cold fusion is a hypothesis about nuclear fusion at room temperature and normal pressure. Nuclear fusion is how many nuclei, the center of an atom, containing protons and neutrons, are forced together to form a heavier nucleus (singular of nuclei) and during that process, energy is released. Some scientists hope that this may be Earth's future energy source, but most scientists do not agree.\nFor nuclear fusion to take place, a large amount of energy is needed. With this energy, the atoms are pushed together, which are repelled by the electrostatic force (a force between protons which are particles in the nucleus of the atom and have a positive electrical charge). But once this force is overcome and the nuclei are pushed close enough together, another much more powerful force will take over: the strong nuclear force. It only operates at short distances, so when the nuclei are close enough, they attract each other because of the strong nuclear force which is stronger than the electrostatic force. It is hoped that the energy released by cold fusion is much greater than the energy used to push the atoms together.\nIn 1989 two scientists, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann, published a paper in \"Nature\", a reputable science journal, claiming to have created cold fusion. This was a very important story at the time. Other scientists were not able to repeat their experiments. This is why cold fusion is not generally accepted by scientists at the moment. Several dozen scientists are still working on cold fusion research. They publish in peer-reviewed journals and other academic sources regularly, but most are not convinced.\nAt the time, Cold fusion caused a large disruption in the scientific community, culminating on May 1st 1989 at a session of the American Physical Society where some scientists who unable to reproduce the original results successfully cast Cold fusion out of main stream science."}
+{"id": "19540", "revid": "10422858", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19540", "title": "Cusco", "text": "Cusco is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Huatanay Valley (Sacred Valley) in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of Cusco Region. The city has a population of about 300 000, triple the population it had just 20 years ago. Alternate spellings include Qusqu (in old Quechua), Cuzco, (after the Spanish arrived), and current Quechua. Cusco is the preferred way to spell it in Spanish.\nInca history.\nCusco was the capital of Tahuantinsuyu (or Inca Empire). The city was planned to be shaped like a puma. The city had two areas: the \"hurin\" and \"hanan\", which were further divided to each be part of two of the four provinces of the Inca Empire: Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Cuntisuyu (SW), and Collasuyu (SE).\nA road led from each of these quarters to the corresponding quarter of the empire. Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco, but only in the quarter of Cusco that corresponded to the quarter of the empire he had territory in.\nAccording to Inca legend, the city was built by Sapa Inca Pachacuti, the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cusco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of Tahuantinsuyu. But archaeological evidence points to a slower, more organic growth of the city beginning before Pachacutieven though he did initiate growth in the city after defeating the Chancas as a monument to Incan glory. There was however a city plan, and two rivers were changed to flow around the city.\nPost-Columbian Cusco.\nThe first Spanish soldiers arrived in the city on November 15, 1533. Spanish \"conquistador\", or \"conqueror\", Francisco Pizarro, however, officially refounded Cusco on March 23, 1534, naming it the \"Very noble and great city of Cusco\". The many buildings constructed after the Spanish conquest have Spanish influence with a mix of Inca architecture. The Spanish made a new city on the foundations of the old Inca city, replacing Incan temples with churches and palaces for the Spanish. In the colony, the city of Cusco was very rich, thanks to the agriculture, cattle raising, mining and trade with Spain. Many churches and convents were built, and even a Cathedral, and the Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco.\nThe major earthquake that hit Cusco in 1950 badly destroyed the Dominican Priory and Church of Santo Domingo, which were built on top of the impressive Koricancha (Temple of the Sun). The city's Inca architecture, however, survived the earthquake. Many of the old Inca walls were thought to have been lost after the earthquake, but the granite walls of the Koricancha were exposed, as well as many walls throughout the city. While some wanted to restore the buildings to their colonial splendor, some of Cusco citizens urged city officials to retain the exposed walls. Eventually they won out and now tourists from around the world enjoy looking at these ruins within the living city. The 1950 earthquake was the second time that the Dominican Priory had been destroyed, the first being in 1650 when another major earthquake struck Cusco.\nNearby sights.\nOther nearby Inca sites are: Pachacuti's presumed winter home Machu Picchu, which can be reached by a lightly maintained Inca trail; the \"fortress\" at Ollantaytambo; and the \"fortress\" of Sacsayhuaman which is approximately two kilometers from Cusco. Other less visited ruins include Inca Wasi, the highest of all Inca sites at 3,980 m (13,134 feet), and Old Vilcabamba the capital of the Inca after the Spanish took over Cusco.\nThe surrounding area, in the Huatanay Valley, is strong in agriculture. There is corn, barley, quinoa, tea, and coffee grown.\nCusco's main stadium, Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega, attracted many tourists during South America's continental soccer championship, the Copa Am\u00e9rica 2004, which was held in Peru."}
+{"id": "19541", "revid": "9867616", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19541", "title": "Cusco Region", "text": "Cusco is a region in Peru. The capital is the city of Cusco.\nCusco Region is home to Machu Picchu, one of the most famous landmarks in South America."}
+{"id": "19542", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19542", "title": "Midnight Cowboy", "text": "Midnight Cowboy is a 1969 American drama movie, released by United Artists. John Schlesinger directed it, and Waldo Salt wrote the screenplay based on the James Leo Herlihy novel. It stars Dustin Hoffman (in his first starring role after \"The Graduate\"), along with Jon Voight in the title role.\nIt is the only X-rated movie to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. Schlesinger won a Best Director Award; both Hoffman and Voight were nominated for Best Actor.\nIn 1971, it was given the \"R\" rating by the MPAA. Apart from this, nothing was changed in the movie.\nStoryline.\nJoe Buck (played by Voight, in his first major acting role) was raised by his grandmother in Texas. She died after Joe grew up, when he was drafted into the US Army. He had a girlfriend, who was called Crazy Annie, but she had been sent to a psychiatric hospital. With both women gone from his life, Joe had no-one in his life. After he left the Army, he worked as a dishwasher, and dreamed of moving to New York City, to become a \"hustler\" \u2013 a male prostitute. He saved money to make the trip, bought some stylish cowboy clothes, and travels to NYC on a bus.\nJoe knows little about the realities of both New York and his chosen job, and he soon finds himself homeless, with no money and only rare chances to earn any. When he first meets Rico \"Ratso\" Rizzo (Hoffman's character), Ratso (tricks) Joe out of $20, but when they met again, Ratso offered to share his \"place\", which turned out to be a room in a condemned building. The two became friends. Ratso shares what he knew about New York with Joe, and became his \"manager\" (pimp), and Joe shares any money he makes with Ratso. Ratso is sick, probably with tuberculosis, and as time goes on he depends more and more on Joe. Ratso plans to move to Florida before winter starts.\nThe weather turns cold as the year ended, but Joe and Ratso got a break, when they were invited to a big party. Along with eating (and stashing for later) as much of the food there as they could, Joe meets a who finally treated him the way he had always wanted to be, in New York City, and paid him likewise. Ratso, however, became even more ill, and was unable to walk or stand for long. He refuses to go to a doctor or a hospital, and insists Joe takes him to Florida.\nJoe tries to set up another encounter with the socialite, to raise travel money, but failed. He donated blood to get grocery money, and by chance meets a traveling . The salesman invites Joe to spend the night with him, but later feels guilty, and sends Joe home with a St. Christopher medal. When Joe finds Ratso sicker than ever, he returns to beat and rob the salesman, for the money they needed.\nJoe and Ratso leaves for Florida on a bus, headed to Miami. Joe buys new clothes for them both, and throws away his cowboy clothing. \"I ain't no kinda hustler,\" Joe decided, and he plans to find a regular job once they reached Florida. Joe and Ratso talk and joke during the trip, but Ratso dies before they arrived. Joe realizes how much he had cared about Ratso as a person, and that what he had missed most in his life was someone to be close with. Joe had lost his grandmother and his sweetheart. Now he had lost his best friend, and Joe is scared to go on alone.\nAwards and honors.\nThe movie won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay. Both Hoffman and Voight were nominated for Best Actor awards and Sylvia Miles was nominated for Best Supporting Actress. Miles had one of the shortest performances ever nominated (clocking in under four minutes of screen-time).\nThe film won six BAFTA Awards. It was also entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival.\nJohn Barry, who supervised the music and composed the score for the movie, won a Grammy for Best Instrumental Theme. Fred Neil's song \"Everybody's Talkin'\" also won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, for Harry Nilsson.\nIn 1994, the movie was picked by the Library of Congress to keep in the United States National Film Registry."}
+{"id": "19543", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19543", "title": "Age of consent", "text": "The age of consent is the age at which a person can legally consent to have sexual intercourse. This is also the minimum age of the other person legally permitted to engage in sexual activity. Having sex with a person who is younger than the age of consent (but who agrees to have sex) is called statutory rape. The person below the minimum age is regarded as a victim, and their sex partner as the offender. Different countries have different laws regarding the age of consent. Some are as low as 12 or as high as 21. Most countries have ages set between 14 and 16. But worldwide, the average age of consent is 16 years of age. Often, there are exceptions, so that two people who are about the same age, can still have sex.\nExceptions and different laws.\nMost jurisdictions allow minors above a certain age to marry with parental and/or government permission. In jurisdictions which allow this, a minor who is married is an exception to the law. For example, in Wisconsin the age of consent for sex is 18. Marriage is an exception. Marriage usually prevents a party to the marriage from being charged under sexual assault laws, as long as both husband and wife are at least 16 years, although not if one of the parties is younger than this age and one is older. This varies from country to country. In some places kissing is considered a sexual activity. Other places only count sexual intercourse. Most countries have laws that say what the legal age of consent is. This is usually a fixed age. For example, in France the age of consent is set at 15, which means having sex with anyone below that age by anyone over that age is illegal. However, some jurisdictions use sexual maturity instead of age to determine capacity for consent. For example, when Russia was a part of the Soviet Union, its age of consent was having reached \"sexual maturity\".\nThere are exceptions to age of sexual consent laws. Although most jurisdictions have a fixed age set as the law, where no one over that age can be with anyone under that age, some states have close in age exceptions. For example, in Indiana the age of consent for sex is 16, but there is a close in age exception that makes it legal for a person younger than 18 but above 16 to still be able to have sex with a 14 year old without being guilty of a crime. Indiana also allows a defense against the law in court if the victim is married or was married in the past, and allows pregnant females who are 15 or older to marry the man who impregnated. This is with parental and government approval as an alternative to prosecuting the defendant.\nWorldwide.\nThe age of consent varies between states and countries. The laws in different areas range as low as 13 years to as high as 20 years old. \nThe laws are almost always affected by a nation's culture. Nations with Islamic law tend to have lower ages. European countries generally range from 14 years to 16 years. In the United States, the age varies from 16 to 18. In many areas, there is a \"close-in-age\" part of the laws. This allows for people under of consent but above a certain age to have sex with people as long as there older partner is either less than a certain age or the difference in age is a certain number of years. The age of consent may also vary if one of the people is in a position of authority over the other. For example, if the older person was a teacher of the victim, the age may be higher than for other people, an example of this is Indiana where the age where a person can have sex is 16 except if the older partner is a teacher at the victim's high school, in which case the age limit is 18. \nIf the two people are married, the age is often lower. Age of consent can also be affected by the type of sex or the sex of the person. Many areas have different ages for homosexual sex as well as anal sex. There are areas which also have different ages depending on if the person is male or female.\nIf a person is caught having sex, or any other sexual act, with someone who is below the age of consent, the person may be punished as a sex offender. The violator may be sent to prison, or jail, or fined. In Wisconsin having sex with a person beneath 16, a felony (serious crime), carries prison time, but having sex with a minor who is 16 or over but under 18, which is a misdemeanor (a non-serious crime), carries jail time and a fine. An example of punishing age of consent violations occurred in 2011, an American swimming teacher was sent to prison for 16 months for having sex with a 15-year-old student. The law usually applies to both males and females having sex with a minor."}
+{"id": "19545", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19545", "title": "Andy Richter", "text": "Paul Andrew \"Andy\" Richter (born October 28, 1966) is an American comedian and actor. He is best known for his former role as Conan O'Brien's sidekick on \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien\". Richter was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He is the second of four children. He was raised in Yorkville, Illinois. While attending Columbia College, Chicago, he played in several Chicago comedy groups, including the Annoyance Theatre, before getting on \"Late Night\".\nRichter left \"Late Night\" in 2000. He said he wanted to focus on an acting career. His first major work was FOX's critically acclaimed but little watched \"Andy Richter Controls the Universe\". It was cancelled after two short runs. His next FOX sitcom, \"Quintuplets\", was not liked by the critics. It lasted only one season. He is married to actress Sarah Thyre. They have two children.\nIn addition to his television work, Richter has appeared in movies such as \"Seeing Other People\", Olsen Twins' \"New York Minute\", \"Madagascar\", and \"Cabin Boy\"."}
+{"id": "19546", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19546", "title": "Jennifer Granholm", "text": "Jennifer Granholm (born February 5, 1959) is a Canadian born American politician. Granholm was the 16th United States Secretary of Energy from 2021 to 2025 under the Joe Biden administration. She was the Governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011. Granholm was born in Canada and raised in California. She ran for governor of Michigan in 2002, even though she had lived in the state for less than 15 years.\nOn December 15, 2020, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Granholm to be Secretary of Energy. Her nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 25, 2021 with a 64-35 vote."}
+{"id": "19547", "revid": "1617448", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19547", "title": "Sandra Day O'Connor", "text": "Sandra Day O'Connor (March 26, 1930 \u2013 December 1, 2023) was a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She was the first woman to serve as justice on the Supreme Court. Until 1993, she was the only woman on the court.\nOne of her ideas on the Supreme Court was the endorsement test. It was a way to check if the government was supporting religion.\nLife.\nO'Connor was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1981 by President Ronald Reagan. Reagan said while running for president that he wanted a woman to be on the Supreme Court and promised to nominate a woman for the job the first chance he got. One of her biggest supporters was Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, who helped make sure that all 100 Senators voted to confirm her. \nWhile on the Supreme Court, she was involved in several major Supreme Court decisions including: Bush v. Gore, which had to do with a disputed election; Planned Parenthood v. Casey, which involved a woman's right to privacy. She was also involved in Lawrence v. Texas, a case about whether burning a US flag was free speech. She retired from the court in 2006. Samuel Alito was chosen to replace her. \nOn August 12, 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. This is the highest civilian honor of the United States. It was given by President Barack Obama.\nIn October 2018, O\u2019Connor announced her retirement from public life after revealing that she was diagnosed with the early stages of dementia.\nOn December 1, 2023, O'Connor died in Phoenix, Arizona from problems caused by dementia and respiratory failure, aged 93.\nThings named after her.\nShe has a high school named after her in North Phoenix, Arizona."}
+{"id": "19548", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19548", "title": "John Paul Stevens", "text": "John Paul Stevens (April 20, 1920 \u2013 July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer. He was a United States Supreme Court justice. He was nominated by President Gerald Ford in 1975. He voted with minority in Bush v. Gore case (2000). He also voted with majority in Furman v. Georgia case (1976), but later became against the death penalty. In 2010, he announced his retirement in the Supreme Court.\nStevens died on July 16, 2019 from problems caused by a stroke while under hospice care in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the age of 99."}
+{"id": "19549", "revid": "9993042", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19549", "title": "Antonin Scalia", "text": "Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 \u2013 February 13, 2016) was a Conservative jurist on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was an Associate Justice. Scalia was put on the Court in 1986 by Ronald Reagan and was the longest-serving justice on the Court. Before becoming a justice, he was on the District of Columbia Court of Appeals and was a law professor. He was a Roman Catholic born to Italian American parents. He was the first Italian-American on the Court.\nEarly life.\nScalia was born in Trenton, New Jersey, but grew up in Queens, New York. Scalia went to Georgetown University, the University of Fribourg, Switzerland, and Harvard Law School. He began his career in Cleveland, Ohio and traveled to Chicago, Illinois during his early life.\nSupreme Court Justice.\nScalia was noted for holding a conservative approach to the law. He also believed in originalism. This means he wanted the Constitution interpreted exactly as its framers had wanted it. Scalia and fellow judge Clarence Thomas often had the same viewpoints. He was friends with justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.\nDeath.\nScalia died in his sleep on February 13, 2016 at a ranch in Shafter, Texas at the age of 79. His death left a split in the court with 4 conservatives and 4 liberals. President Barack Obama said he would choose Scalia's successor in \"due time\". President Obama, former Governor of Texas Rick Perry, Governor of Ohio John Kasich, former Presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, Senators Ted Cruz, Marco Rubio, and Bernie Sanders, and Vice president Joe Biden all reacted to his death.\nReplacement.\nOn March 16, 2016, President Obama nominated Merrick Garland to replace Scalia. After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, his nomination expired in January 2017. On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to replace Scalia. Gorsuch was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies.\nHonors.\nIn November 2018, Scalia received a posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump."}
+{"id": "19550", "revid": "9942387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19550", "title": "Anthony Kennedy", "text": "Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) is a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on November 11, 1987, and took the oath of office on February 18, 1988, serving until July 31, 2018.\nKennedy became the most senior Associate Justice on the court following the death of Antonin Scalia in February 2016. after the retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor in 2006, he was the swing vote on many of the Court's 5\u20134 decisions. He authored the majority ruling in many of these cases, including \"Lawrence v. Texas\", \"Boumediene v. Bush\", \"Citizens United v. FEC\", and \"Obergefell v. Hodges\".\nOn June 27, 2018, Kennedy announced his retirement from the Supreme Court, effective July 31.\nBackground.\nKennedy was born in Sacramento, California, on July 23, 1936. He went to Harvard University, Stanford University, and the London School of Economics. He was a private lawyer, a professor, and in 1975, he was appointed by Gerald Ford to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In 1988, Ronald Reagan nominated him for the Supreme Court. He became a member of the court on February 18, 1988. He has two sons and a daughter."}
+{"id": "19551", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19551", "title": "David Souter", "text": "David Hackett Souter (; September 17, 1939 \u2013 May 8, 2025) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He served from October 1990 until his retirement in June 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat left by William J. Brennan, Jr., Souter sat on both the Rehnquist and Roberts courts and came to vote reliably with the court's liberal members.\nPre-Supreme Court.\nHe was the only Justice during his time on the Court with court experience outside of a federal appeals court. He served as a prosecutor (1966\u20131968), in the New Hampshire Attorney General's office (1968\u20131976), as the Attorney General of New Hampshire (1976\u20131978), as an Associate Justice of the Superior Court of New Hampshire (1978\u20131983), as an Associate Justice of the New Hampshire Supreme Court (1983\u20131990) and briefly as a Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990).\nRetirement.\nFollowing Souter's retirement announcement in May 2009, President Barack Obama nominated Sonia Sotomayor as his replacement.\nSouter died at his home in Hopkinton, New Hampshire on May 8, 2025, at the age of 85."}
+{"id": "19552", "revid": "589757", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19552", "title": "Clarence Thomas", "text": "Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is the Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Thomas has been a Justice since 1991. He is the second African American to serve on the court, after Thurgood Marshall. During his confirmation process, Professor Anita Hill accused Thomas of sexual harassment. Regardless, Thomas was confirmed in October 1991.\nEarly life.\nClarence Thomas was born in Pin Point, Georgia. His father left his family when he was only two years old. He did not meet his son Clarence again until Clarence was nine years old. This left his mother, Leola Anderson, to take care of the family.\nClarence and his brother were sent to live with his mother's parents in Savannah, Georgia. His grandfather wanted him to become a priest. Thomas was sent to St. John Vianney Minor Seminary, an all-white boarding school near Savannah. In 1968 he transferred to the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts. He gave up all ideas of becoming a priest after the death of Martin Luther King Jr.. Thomas then obtained a law degree at Yale University.\nCareer.\nAfter Yale he returned to Missouri and worked for State Attorney General, John Danforth. in 1977 Danforth was elected to the U.S. Senate. Thomas became a corporate lawyer for the Monsanto Company. Two years later he became Danforth's legislative aide in Washington, D.C.. President Ronald Reagan offered Thomas a job as the assistant secretary for civil rights in the U.S. Department of Education. He then became the chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Thomas was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush. In 1991, Thurgood Marshall retired from the Supreme Court. Bush nominated Thomas to replace him.\nSupreme Court.\nHe had a hard time getting approved so that he could become a Supreme Court justice. This was partly because one of his former employees, Anita Hill, claimed that he sexually harassed her. Thomas said that was not true. The Senate confirmed his nomination by a vote of 52-48. All Republicans, except Bob Packwood of Oregon and James Jeffords of Vermont, voted for confirmation."}
+{"id": "19553", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19553", "title": "Stephen Breyer", "text": "Stephen Gerald Breyer (; born August 15, 1938) is an American politician, academic and lawyer. He was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was appointed by President Bill Clinton in 1994. Breyer was generally associated with the more liberal side of the Court.\nIn January 2022, Breyer announced that he would be retiring from the Supreme Court at the end of the term. Breyer left the court on June 30, 2022 when his retirement became official. He was replaced by Ketanji Brown Jackson.\nBackground.\nBreyer is of Jewish descent. Breyer generally supported a liberal interpretation of the law; he is pro-choice and pro-civil liberties. Breyer had the second-longest tenure as the most junior justice on the bench. Breyer was also the only justice to appear on a quiz show (\"Wait Wait Don't Tell Me\"). Before being a judge, he was a professor at Harvard Law School and a judge on the First Circuit Court of Appeals. Breyer is an Eagle Scout."}
+{"id": "19554", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19554", "title": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg", "text": "Ruth Bader Ginsburg (March 15, 1933 \u2013 September 18, 2020) was an American jurist. She was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1993 until her death. She was nominated by President Bill Clinton. She was known as a feminist icon and was nicknamed \"The Notorious R.B.G.\".\nGinsburg died on September 18, 2020 in Washington, D.C.\nSupreme Court.\nGinsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She was the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice. Ginsburg was considered a member of the more liberal side of the Supreme Court.\nGinsburg wrote notable majority opinions, including \"United States v. Virginia\", and \"Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.\"\nShe was known as \"The Notorious R.B.G.\", in reference to the rapper known as \"The Notorious B.I.G.\".\nWhen John Paul Stevens retired in 2010, Ginsburg became the oldest justice on the court at age 77.\nHealth.\nGinsburg had surgery for colon cancer in 1999 and for pancreatic cancer in 2009. On November 8, 2018, she was hospitalized after fracturing three ribs in a fall.\nOn August 24, 2019, it was revealed that Ginsburg underwent radiation treatment for pancreatic cancer over the summer. In July 2020, she announced that she had liver cancer.\nOn September 18, 2020, Ginsburg died from problems caused by metastatic pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C. at the age of 87."}
+{"id": "19555", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19555", "title": "John Roberts", "text": "John Glover Roberts Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is the seventeenth and current Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Appointed by President George W. Bush, Roberts is generally considered a member of the more conservative wing of the court. However, since the retirement of Justice Anthony Kennedy, he has been seen as the moderate and tie-breaker in some major Supreme Court cases during the Presidency of Donald Trump.\nBefore joining the Supreme Court on September 29, 2005, Roberts was a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit for two years.\nRoberts has been portrayed as a consistent advocate for conservative principles by analysts such as Jeffrey Toobin.\nRoberts was first nominated by President George W. Bush to replace Sandra Day O'Connor as an Associate Justice, but Chief Justice William Rehnquist died before Roberts's confirmation so Bush nominated Roberts to replace Rehnquist instead. Roberts was confirmed by the full United States Senate on September 29 by a margin of 78\u201322."}
+{"id": "19556", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19556", "title": "Tacna Region", "text": "Tacna Region is the most southern region in Peru. The capital city is Tacna."}
+{"id": "19557", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19557", "title": "Tacna", "text": "Tacna is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Tacna Region."}
+{"id": "19559", "revid": "974", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19559", "title": "Franz Kafka", "text": "Franz Kafka (born Prague July 3, 1883 \u2013 died near Vienna June 3, 1924) was a Czech-born, German-speaking writer. His best known works are \"The Metamorphosis\" and the novels \"The Trial\" and \"The Castle\". Not much of his work was published during his lifetime. He asked his friend to make sure that all his writings which were not published, including his three novels, would be destroyed when he died. Fortunately his friend did not destroy them, and they were published after Kafka\u2019s death.\nKafka\u2019s writings are about the frightening world around him which he often did not understand. A typical situation in his books might be someone who has gone somewhere to take a message, but he does not know what the message is or who it is for. The people he meets confuse him even more. Sometimes, when people find themselves in strange, nightmarish situations like this, they are described as Kafkaesque situations.\nHis life.\nKafka was born into a middle-class Jewish family. His father was a merchant. He was very strict and unkind to his family. Kafka\u2019s stories often have fathers who are very brutal and unkind. Kafka spent most of his life living at home. He never married or became free from his parents. He felt that he had no will of his own. He wrote about people who are dominated by some mysterious power. He found it difficult to make friends, he hated his job and everyone around him. He often felt that he belonged nowhere. He was German-speaking but lived in a Czech-speaking country (Bohemia, part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic). He was different because he was Jewish, but he did not become part of the Jewish community either. He said that he was a socialist and an atheist, but although he was interested in politics he never took part in political activity. He supported Czechs who wanted to rule their own country and let their culture flourish, but he was not one of them because he himself was brought up in a German culture.\nIt was while he was studying law at the University of Prague that he met Max Brod who was to become his friend. Brod was a writer himself, and he later wrote a biography of Kafka.\nAfter his studies Kafka took a job in an insurance company. He was good at his job although he hated it. He found the office work boring, and he spent his nights writing. In 1917 he got tuberculosis. Gradually he became more and more ill. He had to retire in 1922. He spent some time in hospital. He died in Klosterneuburg in 1924.\nHis works.\nSeveral publishers realized how good Kafka\u2019s writings were and asked him whether they could publish his works. Kafka reluctantly let a few things be published. One of these works was a story called \"The Metamorphosis\". It is about a man called Gregor Samsa (the name \u201cSamsa\u201d means \"loner\" or \"lonely\"). Gregor wakes up one morning to find he has changed into a giant cockroach. His family becomes ashamed of him and they stop looking after him so that he slowly dies. Stories like these are a kind of fable. They are full of strange and frightening situations.\nHis novel \"Amerika\" (published in 1927) is about a man who arrives in America looking for a father figure to protect him. He is quiet and timid and other people use him. In the end he dies. \nIn \"The Trial\" (German: \"Der Prozess\", published in 1925), a man who works in a bank is arrested and taken to court. He is never told what he has done wrong. Even the priest tells him that if he asks what he has done wrong it proves that he is guilty. Finally he is executed.\nIn \"The Castle\" (German: \"Das Schloss\") a man who is simply called \u201cK\u201d (the first letter of \u201cKafka\u201d) arrives at a castle saying that he has been given a job there, but the people there say they have not been told about his appointment. Kafka never finished the novel, but Max Brod says that Kafka was going to end it with K receiving permission to stay at the castle just as he was dying. The German word \u201cSchloss\u201d has two meanings: \u201ccastle\u201d and \u201clock\u201d. K becomes locked (trapped) in this strange situation.\nAt the time of his death only a few people understood Kafka\u2019s writings. Max Brod saved all the unpublished books which would otherwise have been lost. Kafka is now thought of as one of the most important writers of the 20th century. His works had a lot of influence on German literature."}
+{"id": "19560", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19560", "title": "Eva Braun", "text": "Eva Anna Paula Braun (6 February 1912 \u2013 30 April 1945) was the longtime German girlfriend of Adolf Hitler. She met him in Munich when she was 17 years old. They married the day before they committed suicide. Braun killed herself by using cyanide. Hitler used cyanide and at the same time shot himself. When she was married, she was known as Eva Anna Paula Hitler. She was born in Munich, German Empire and died in Berlin, Germany at the age of 33. Her body was burned, as well as Adolf Hitler's. She also had a brother-in-law named Hermann Fegelein."}
+{"id": "19566", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19566", "title": "Computer recycling", "text": "Computer recycling means taking things from old computers and using them in new computer things. The phrase is also used to mean that computers need to be thrown away in a special way, as they often have things that are bad for the environment or dangerous inside them that can cause problems if they are thrown away like usual waste (garbage).\nSecure Recycling.\nSometimes people are worried that the information inside a computer will be stolen when the computer is thrown away. For example, if you have a product design on an old computer, somebody might copy your design. Big companies have a lot of computers, with a lot of private information on them. They will often pay other companies to remove all the information from a computer before it is thrown away. This usually involves physically destroying the drive. It is possible to non-destructively erase the data on a hard drive by overwriting the entire drive with random numbers. With this method, only the data is destroyed, not the drive itself. This allows the drive to be reused."}
+{"id": "19568", "revid": "10284394", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19568", "title": "Nagasaki", "text": " is the capital city of Nagasaki Prefecture in Japan.\nNagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the late 16th century.\nIt has been recognized as a core city since 1997.\nHistory.\nNagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the late 16th century. During the Edo period, Nagasaki was the only port in which trade with other countries was permitted because of the national isolation policy (\"sakoku\").\nIn the 1870s, Nagasaki became the capital city of the prefecture which evolved from the former province.\nOn August 9, 1945, Nagasaki was the second of two Japanese cities which were destroyed with an atomic bomb near the end of the Second World War."}
+{"id": "19570", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19570", "title": "Ayyavazhi", "text": "Ayyavazhi (, \"path of the master\"), is a Hindu denomination with one god that started in South India in the middle of the 19th century.\nAyyavazhi is considered as a branch of Hinduism, officially. It is widespread in Tamil Nadu's southern districts of Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli, and Thoothukudi district and some parts of Kerala. As one of the fastest growing faiths of southern India, its growth had been noted in the Christian missionary reports of the mid-19th century.\nThe ideas and philosophy of the religion are based on the teachings of Ayya Vaikundar and the religious texts Akilattirattu Ammanai and Arul Nool. Most followers of Ayyavazhi do not regard themselves as different from Hinduism.\nHistory.\nAyyavazhi began to be seen firstly by the large number of people gathering to worship Ayya Vaikundar at Swamithoppe, which is at that time \"poovandanthoppe\". The majority of the followers of Ayyavazhi were from the poor group of the society. For the Christian missionaries it gives a big challenge in their converting mission from its beginning. Although the majority of these followers were from the Chanar cast, some sources say that a large number of people from other castes also followed this religion. \nBy the middle of nineteenth century, Ayyavazhi had come to be recognised as a separate religion, grown well in the region of South Travancore and South Tirunelveli. The growth in its number of followers had increased from 1840s. After the death of Vaikundar, the religion was spread on the basis of his teachings and the religious books \"Akilattirattu Ammanai\" and \"Arul Nool\". The five Citars, who were the disciples of Ayya Vaikundar, and their descendants travelled to several parts of the country and carried the mission of Ayyavazhi. At that time the Payyan dynasty started ruling Swamithoppe pathi, while other Pathis came under the control of the followers of Ayya. Hundreds of Nizhal Thangals (places of worship) were built across the country. Currently Bala Prajapathi Adikalar, one of descendant of Payyan dynasty is said to be as the leader of Ayyavazhi. He has laid foundations for a large number of Nizhal Thangals all over South India. And now seeing the growth of the religion the day of birth of Vaikundar, Ayya Vaikunda Avataram was announced as a holiday by the government for the districts of Tirunelveli and Tuticorin in 2006 while in the district of Kanyakumari it was announced as a holiday earlier.\nScriptures and holy places.\nThe holy books of Ayyavazhi are the Akilattirattu Ammanai and the Arul Nool, and they are the source of the religion's mythology. The holy book states that the \"Akilattirattu Ammanai\" was written down by Hari Gopalan Citar by hearing the contents of Akilam told by Narayana to his wife Lakshmi. There was no definite history about the beginning of Arul Nool; but the followers believe that it was written by Citars and by those who get possessed by divine power. It contains the prayers, hymns and ways for the worship in Ayyavazhi, religious practices, prophesies and also many rules. \nTo the Ayyavazhi devotees, there are five holy places, called Pathis, with \"Panchappathis\" as the most important. The temple of Swamithoppepathi is the head of the Ayyavazhi religion. The Vakaippathi, where 700 families were sent to Thuvayal Thavasu by Vaikundar was approved as a Pathi in Akilam although this place has no direct association with the activities of Vaikundar. There is a big disagreement within the followers of Ayyavazhi as to the holiness of some of the places of worship. The Avatharappathi in Thiruchendur was accepted by the book \"Akilam\" as a Pathi, but as some of the followers believe that the place at which the present temple is located is not the exact place where Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea, they disagree with the other devotees. There are also some followers which strongly quarrel Thiruchendur as a Pathi though they accept it as a secondary holy site."}
+{"id": "19572", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19572", "title": "Akilattirattu Ammanai", "text": "Akilathirattu Ammanai (; from \"akilam\" (world) + \"thirattu\" (collection) + \"ammanai\" (ballad)), also called Thiru Edu (venerable book), is the main religious book of the Southern Indian Ayyavazhi, officially a branch of Hinduism. The title is shortened as Akilam. This is the largest Ammanai work. it has more than 15,000 verses. \nHistory.\nAccording to the book, Hari Gopalan Citar wrote this book on the twenty-seventh day of the Tamil month of Karthikai (November/December) in the year 1016 ME (1839 CE). He says that God woke him up during his sleep and ordered him to take the first words from what he said. Akilathirattu was recorded on palm leaves. Then in 1939 it was printed.\nThe book is the story of God coming in this age, the Kali Yukam or Iron Age, to rule the world by transforming it into that of Dharma Yukam. This story of faith has woven together the historical facts about Ayya Vaikundar and his activities, with mixing of episodes from the Hindu Puranas (mythologies) and Itihasas (epics). It is presented as if Vishnu is telling the whole story to his consort Lakshmi.\nThough the Citar Hari Gopalan wrote the book he did not know any thing about the contents of the book. He woke up in the morning as usual and he did not know what he had written the day before.\nIt contains the regulations of the Ayyavazhi sect. "}
+{"id": "19574", "revid": "10382761", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19574", "title": "Ayya Vaikundar", "text": "Ayya Vaikundar () is a Manu (father, sovereign) avatar (the incarnation of a deity) of Muthukutty according to Akilattirattu Ammanai the holy book of the Ayyavazhi religion, officially a Tamil Hindu branch.\nThe physical human body of Ayya Vaikundar was born with the name Muthukutty. However, Muthukutty is referred to as Sampooranathevan, a deva (a deity), in the religious book Akilam. Ayya Vikundar is a combination of the spirit of Muthukutty. the soul of the Supreme God, Ekam (God beyond conciouseness) and the body of an ordinary human being (Muthukutty).\nThe Ekam as soul incarnated with the spirit of Narayana in the body of Muthukutty."}
+{"id": "19575", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19575", "title": "Political parties in Germany", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19577", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19577", "title": "Pathi", "text": "The worship centers of Ayyavazhi are called Pathis. The activities of Vaikundar is historically joined with these Pathis. There are five Pathis:"}
+{"id": "19578", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19578", "title": "Planck mass", "text": "The Planck mass is a small unit of mass used in physics. It is derived using an equation involving Planck's constant, the speed of light in a vacuum, and the gravitational constant. It is approximately 21.76 \u00b5g.\nThe Planck mass can be thought of as an upper bound for the mass of a single particle. A particle with more mass would become a black hole. It's also a lower bound for the smallest possible black hole, since a black hole this small wouldn't be able to emit any Hawking Radiation to evaporate any smaller.\nAs with all Planck units, the idea was to have a definition based only on fundamental universal constants."}
+{"id": "19579", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19579", "title": "Human sexuality", "text": "Human sexuality is the ability of people to have sexual experiences and feelings. This involves biological, erotic, physical, emotional, social, or spiritual feelings and behaviors. The most common form of human sexuality is heterosexuality, but homosexuality, bisexuality and asexuality exist too. An abnormal form of sexuality is called a paraphilia, while a normal one is called a normophilia."}
+{"id": "19582", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19582", "title": "War and Peace", "text": "War and Peace () is a famous novel written by Leo Tolstoy, a Russian writer. It is about four families of noblemen in Russia during the wars with Napoleon, and how they deal with the war and with one another.\nTolstoy described \"War and Peace\" as \"not a novel, even less is it a poem, and still less an historical chronicle.\"\nThe book describes Russian life in the 19th century, and also tells about Tolstoy's own idea about free will, history, and how events unfold.\nMain characters.\nThere are 580 characters in \"War and Peace\", but these are the main characters:"}
+{"id": "19584", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19584", "title": "24 August", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19585", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19585", "title": "Square kilometer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19586", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19586", "title": "Square kilometers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19587", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19587", "title": "Bay City, Michigan", "text": "The American city of Bay City is a small city in the state of Michigan, United States. In the 2020 census it had more than 32,000 people living in it.\nAlthough small, Bay City is one of the largest port cities on Lake Huron, one of the North American Great Lakes. It is part of a triangle of small cities in Central Michigan. The other two cities are Saginaw, Michigan, and Midland, Michigan.\nBay City was the birthplace in 1958 of Madonna Ciccone, a well-known American singer. The Scottish Pop group Bay City Rollers are said to have gotten their name from the city as well."}
+{"id": "19591", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19591", "title": "Zirconium", "text": "Zirconium is a chemical elemental metal. It is a greyish-white in color. It is atomic number 40 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Zr. And it is in the family of four (4). Zirconium alloys are used as cladding for nuclear fuel rods.\nProduction.\nMost zirconium is made from the mineral zircon. Zircon is also called zirconium silicate (). Zirconium is found in many types of sand and rock. These sources of zircon are crushed into a powder, separated using a centrifuge, and then treated with chemicals in a process called leaching. This separates the pure zircon from other minerals.\nZircon needs to be split apart into zirconia and silica in order to purify it further. One way of doing this is alkaline fusion. In this chemical process, zircon is treated with a base like sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate.\nZirconia is finally treated in the Kroll process to make pure zirconium metal.\nFurther processing is needed to make nuclear-grade zirconium, because zirconium normally contains small amounts of hafnium, a neutron poison."}
+{"id": "19592", "revid": "1290872", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19592", "title": "Yttrium", "text": "Yttrium is a chemical elemental metal with an atomic number of 39, a chemical symbol of Y, and an atomic weight of 88.905(abridged). It is classified as a transition metal. It is atomic number 39 which means it has 39 protons in an atom. It is silvery-white, solid at room temperature, and tends to form crystals. In chunk form, it is unreactive in air, but powdered yttrium may burn at 400 degrees Celsius. It has several uses, which include lasers, TV's, and metallurgy. It is a transition metal, and along with terbium, erbium, and ytterbium, is one of the four elements to be named after the town of Ytterby in Sweden, all of which are rare earth elements."}
+{"id": "19594", "revid": "10453504", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19594", "title": "Windows 98", "text": "Windows 98 is an operating system for computers. Released on June 25, 1998 by Microsoft, it is the successor of Windows 95. It came before Windows Me. Support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.\nWindows 98 was seen by many as a small upgrade to Windows 95, rather than a rebuilt version of Windows. The biggest changes were:\nBecause Microsoft made Internet Explorer such an important part of Windows 98, the company was taken to court by the United States government. This was because they felt it was unfair to other companies who made web browsers.\nIt is not supported anymore, but many people still use it on older computers that will not run Windows XP or later versions of Windows.\nPress demonstration.\nBefore the release of Windows 98, there was a press demonstration at Comdex in April 1998. Microsoft CEO Bill Gates was highlighting the operating system's ease of use and enhanced support for Plug and Play (PnP). When presentation assistant Chris Capossela plugged a scanner in and attempted to install it, Windows 98 displayed a Blue Screen of Death. Gates remarked after applause and cheering from the audience, \"That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet.\" Video footage of this event became a popular Internet phenomenon.\nSecond Edition.\nWindows 98 Second Edition (SE) was released in 1999. This was an official upgrade to Windows 98 which allowed people to use more types of computer hardware, like monitors and printers, and also let more than one machine on a network use the same Internet connection."}
+{"id": "19595", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19595", "title": "Waste", "text": "Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance that is discarded after primary use or is worthless, defective, and of no use.\nIt may be no longer useful as it has served its purpose, and at the end of the process have no further use, and is generally discarded. It is unwanted material that people have thrown away. It is often also called trash, \"garbage\", \"rubbish\", or junk. It can be solid, liquid, or gas, or it can be waste heat. There are many different kinds of waste. Garbage is the waste we produce daily in our homes, including old or unwanted food, chemical substances, paper, broken furniture, used containers, and other things.\nWhen waste is a liquid or gas, it can be called an emission. This is usually pollution. Sanitation is the proper handling of human waste.\nWaste can also be something abstract (something that you cannot touch), for example, \"a waste of time\" or \"wasted opportunities\". When people use the words \"waste\" or \"wasted\" in this way, they are saying (directly or indirectly) that something has been used badly (using too much of it or using it incorrectly).\nWaste management.\nWaste management or waste disposal is the process and actions that we take to manage waste from it start point to when we finally throw or dispose them away. This process includes collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring of the waste management process and waste related laws, technologies and economic mechanisms.\nWaste management deals with all types of waste, which include industrial, biological, household, municipal, organic, biomedical, radioactive wastes. Waste poses threats to human health. Health issues are linked with the entire process of waste management. Health issues can also arise indirectly or directly: directly through the handling of solid and liquid wastes, and indirectly through the consumption of water, soil, breathing, and food.\nThe purpose of waste management is to reduce the dangerous effects of such waste on the environment and human health. A big part of waste management deals with municipal solid wasted, which is created by industrial, commercial, and household activity. Waste management are not the same across every country (developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas) and residential and industrial sectors can all take different methods.\nPeople have thrown away waste in heaps for thousands of years. In modern homes and businesses, garbage is normally placed in waste containers of some sort. It is then moved to the streets, where it can be collected and taken to a place designed to hold, destroy, or recycle garbage. Some waste materials, such as paper, wood, glass, metals, and plastic containers, can be recycled (reused). Materials that cannot be recycled are either burned (\"incinerated\") or heaped into landfills.\nPlant matter, such as fruit and vegetable scraps, is biodegradable. It can usually be heaped into a compost, where it will decompose relatively quickly. This kind of waste is often called \"wet\" or \"green\" waste.\nVery often, waste is not collected in containers. It may instead be thrown onto the ground or dumped somewhere. This is called \"\".\nEffective 'Waste Management' involves the practice of '7R' - 'R'efuse, 'R'educe', 'R'euse, 'R'epair, 'R'epurpose, 'R'ecycle and 'R'ecover. Amongst these '7R's, the first two ('Refuse' and 'Reduce') relates to the non-creation of waste - by refusing to buy non-essential products and by reducing consumption. The next two ('Reuse' and 'Repair') refers to increasing the usage of the existing product, with or without the substitution of certain parts of the product. 'Repurpose' and 'Recycle' involves maximum usage of the materials used in the product. And 'Recover' is the least preferred and least efficient waste management practice involving the recovery of embedded energy in the waste material. For example, burning the waste to produce heat (and electricity from heat). Certain non-bio-degradable products are also dumped away as 'Disposal', and this is not a \"waste-'management'\" practice.\nOther websites.\nA description about the different sources of waste including classification of waste. "}
+{"id": "19596", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19596", "title": "1096", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19597", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19597", "title": "1098", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19598", "revid": "10483262", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19598", "title": "Republic of the Congo", "text": "The Republic of the Congo, also known as Congo-Brazzaville, is a country in Africa. Its capital city is Brazzaville. The country was a former colony of France; it became independent on 15 August 1960.\nThe north of the country has very large areas of rainforest, but in the south are many farms which grow cashcrops like bananas, peanuts.\nGeography.\nCongo is in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa. It is along the Equator. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is also bordered by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short Atlantic coast.\nThe capital, Brazzaville, is on the Congo River, directly across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\nDepartments.\nThe Republic of the Congo is divided into 12 Departments. Departments are divided into communes and/or districts.\nThe districts are:"}
+{"id": "19599", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19599", "title": "Gabon", "text": "The Gabonese Republic, or Gabon, is a country in Africa. It is located on the equator. It has borders with Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, and the Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Libreville, which is also the largest city in the country. Gabon has an area of almost . About 2.3 million people live in Gabon.\nGabon was a colony of France. It became a new country on August 17, 1960. Since 1960, the country has had only 3 presidents. At first it had one-party rule. In the early 1990s, the country switched to a multi-party government.\nGabon is one of the richest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has 4th highest HDI and third highest GDP per capita (PPP) in the region. Gabon has high levels of income inequality, and there are significant amounts of poverty in the country.\nHistory.\nNot much is known about the history of Gabon before European contact. The first people who lived in the country were pygmies. Later, Bantu people took over the area after moving down from the North. Not much is known of the local culture, other than tribal art that exists. \nIn the 15th century, the Portuguese were first Europeans to visit the area. At that time, the coast of Gabon was ruled by the Kingdom of Loango. That was a state that included parts of what is today Angola and Republic of Congo. The Portuguese first settled on the islands of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9, Pr\u00edncipe, and Fernando P\u00f3. But they visited the coast of Gabon regularly. The Portuguese named Gabon region after their word \"gab\u00e3o\" which means a coat with sleeve and hood. Starting from the 16th century, the coast was used for slave trade. \nIn the 19th century, the French made Gabon part of their Colonial empire. At this time much exploration was done of Gabon's dense jungles. The explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza was one of the most famous to do so. In 1849, freed slaves founded Libreville, which later became the capital. \nIn 1910 Gabon was one of the French colonies which formed French Equatorial Africa (together with Congo, Central African Republic and Chad). French Equatorial Africa lasted to 1959. On 17 August 1960, Gabon became a new country.\nSince 1960, Gabon has only had 3 presidents. In 1961 L\u00e9on M'ba became the first president. In 1967 after his death Omar Bongo became the president and ruled the country to 2009. In 2009, Omar Bongo died and his son Ali Bongo Ondimba took over as president. In June 2022, Gabon joined the Commonwealth of Nations.\nGeography.\nGabon is on the Atlantic coast of central Africa. It is on the equator. Gabon generally has an equatorial climate. Rainforests cover 85% of the country. There are three distinct regions: the coastal plains (ranging between 20 and 300\u00a0km from the ocean's shore), the mountains (the Cristal Mountains to the northeast of Libreville, the Chaillu Massif in the centre, culminating at 1575 m with Mont Iboundji), and the savanna in the east. The coastal plains form a large section of the World Wildlife Fund's Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregion and contain patches of Central African mangroves especially on the Muni River estuary on the border with Equatorial Guinea.\nGabon's largest river is the Ogoou\u00e9 which is 1200\u00a0km long. Gabon has three karst areas where there are hundreds of caves in the dolomite and limestone rocks. Some of the caves include Grotte du Lastoursville, Grotte du Lebamba, Grotte du Bongolo, and Grotte du Kessipougou. Many caves have not been explored yet. A National Geographic Expedition visited the caves in the summer of 2008 to document them (Expedition Website ).\nPolitics.\nThe first Gabonese president was Leon Mba. His successor was Omar Bongo, from 1967 until his death in 2009. Under his governance Gabon had just one political party between 1968 and 1990. It was called PDG.\nProvinces and departments.\nGabon is divided into nine provinces. The provinces are divided into departments.\nThe provinces are:\nEconomics.\nGabon has nine states. The soil of Gabon is rich in the metals uranium, manganese, and petrolium. Therefore, these three elements, such as metal exploited in Port-Gentil, uranium in Munana, and the manganese in Franceville.\nCulture.\nGabon has a wide culture. Before colonialism, Gabon's people believed their ancestral spirit as religion, like bwiti, mvett, djobi.\nAfter colonialism, others religions such as Christianity and Islam came to be added to the first animist believers.\nThe Gabon national football team has represented the nation since 1962. Gabon were joint hosts, along with Equatorial Guinea, of the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations. They were the only hosts of the competition's 2017 tournament.\nGabon has excellent recreational fishing. It is considered one of the best places in the world to catch Atlantic tarpon."}
+{"id": "19600", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19600", "title": "26 September", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19601", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19601", "title": "3 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19602", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19602", "title": "10 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19603", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19603", "title": "17 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19604", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19604", "title": "25 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19605", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19605", "title": "26 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19606", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19606", "title": "5 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19607", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19607", "title": "12 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19608", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19608", "title": "26 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19609", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19609", "title": "Parties in Germany", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19613", "revid": "1541887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19613", "title": "Tamil Nadu", "text": "Tamil Nadu () is a state in the South of India. The capital of this state is Chennai. Other large cities in Tamil Nadu include Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Thanjavur and Thoothukudi. Tamil is the language spoken in Tamil Nadu. It is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Indian Ocean to the south. A small part of Tamil Nadu borders the Arabian Sea to the west. It borders the Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. In traditional Indian geography, it is part of the South Indian zone.\nThe current chief minister of the state is M. K. Stalin. He is the leader of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a political party. The leader of the opposition is Edappadi K. Palaniswami. He belongs to the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIDMK), another political party. These two political parties have been in power alternately in Tamil Nadu since 1967.\nThe eastern and western tips of the state are defined by the Point Calimere and Mudumalai wildlife sanctuaries while the southernmost tip is Kanyakumari (also called Cape Comorin) at the tip of the Indian peninsula. Tamil Nadu is the 11th largest state in India, with an area of 129,996\u00a0km2 and over 62 million people. The major river is Kaveri, which meets the needs of agriculture. Other important rivers include south Pennar, Palar, Vaigai, Tamira bharani, Manimuthar, Noyyal and Bhavani. Tamil Nadu, a South Indian state, is famed for its Dravidian-style Hindu temples. The three ancient Tamil empires of\u00a0Chera,\u00a0Chola, and\u00a0Pandya\u00a0were of ancient origins. In Tamil Nadu, the\u00a0Neolithic\u00a0period had its advent around 2500 BCE."}
+{"id": "19616", "revid": "307250", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19616", "title": "Duck", "text": "Ducks are birds in the family Anatidae. Ducks are closely related to swans and geese, which are in the same family. Ducks are generally black, brown or grey. \nDucks are not a monophyletic group. They are a 'form taxon'. Swans and geese are in the same family but are not called ducks. The main difference is that ducks have shorter necks, and are smaller. \nOther swimming and diving birds, like grebes and loons, are not ducks. A baby duck is called a \"duckling\", and a male duck is called a \"drake\". Most ducks are aquatic birds. They can be found in both saltwater and fresh water. \nThe subfamily Anatinae (\"dabbling ducks\") feed on the surface of water or on land, or as deep as they can reach by up-ending without completely submerging. \nDucks lay eggs once a year and are omnivorous, eating aquatic plants and tiny animals. Along the edge of the beak there is a comb-like structure called a \"pecten\". This strains the water squirting from the side of the beak and traps any food. The pecten is also used to preen feathers. Diving ducks dive deep to get their food.\nMany ducks are migratory. This means that they spend the summer months in a different place than the winter months. Ducks show a cosmopolitan distribution, meaning they can be found all over the world, except for Antarctica. Some duck species live on the South Georgia and Auckland Islands, which are subantarctic. Many species have established themselves on remote islands, such as Kerguelen or Hawaii. \nDucks are sometimes kept as pets. They are often kept by groups of people on public ponds for their beauty and calming nature. People commonly feed ducks in ponds stale bread, thinking that the ducks will like to have something to eat. However, bread is not healthy for ducks and can kill them. In nature, ducks eat grasses, aquatic plants, fish, insects, small amphibians, worms, and small molluscs.\nIn poultry.\nSome ducks are bred and kept by humans. They are not wild ducks. They are kept to provide food (meat and eggs), or to use their feathers for pillows and other items in the house. Especially in Asia, many people like to eat duck.\nDuck meat is high in fat, which helps the bird float in the water.\nThe eggs from ducks are thought to have a richer taste than chicken eggs."}
+{"id": "19620", "revid": "9694039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19620", "title": "North by Northwest", "text": "North by Northwest is a 1959 spy thriller movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Ernest Lehman wrote the script, and Cary Grant stars in the lead role. The movie also stars Eva Marie Saint and James Mason. The story is about the innocent Roger Thornhill getting caught up in the spy world. Bernard Hermann composed the music for the movie. Saul Bass created the famous opening sequence. It was one of the first uses of moving text on screen. The movie is often considered an Alfred Hitchcock classic and one of the best movies of all time.\nPlot.\nTwo men kidnap Roger Thornhill at a hotel. They believe Thornhill is George Kaplan. They drive him to the mansion of Lester Townsend. Phillip Vandamm, who is an enemy spy, questions Roger. Vandamm's men make Thornhill drunk and put him in a car to kill him. Thornhill does not die. Instead, the police catch him. Thornhill cannot make the police or his mother believe his story. They visit the house of Townsend. A woman pretends she knows Thornhill and makes up stories.\nThornhill visits Kaplan's hotel room with his mother. Vandamm's men enter the hotel. Thornhill runs away from them. He goes to the United Nations to meet Lester Townsend. Thornhill talks with Townsend and learns that Townsend does not live in his mansion. One of Vandamm's men throws a knife that kills Townsend. Everyone thinks Thornhill killed Townsend. A government intelligence agency reads about Thornhill. They decide not to help him to protect an agent.\nThornhill goes into a 20th Century Limited train. He meets Eve Kendall. She is an American spy and wants to win the trust of Vandamm. She helps Thornhill escape, and they start a relationship. She sets up a meeting with Kaplan at a rural bus stop. Thornhill goes there and a crop duster pane attacks him. The plane blows up when it flies into a tank truck.\nThornhill goes to Kaplan's hotel in Chicago and sees Kendall. He goes to her hotel room. She asks him to leave her alone and leaves. He follows her to an art auction. He sees her with Vandaam and Vandaam's men. Vandaam buys a Mexican Pur\u00e9pecha sculpture. Thornhill draws attention to himself so he can escape Vandaam's men. The police take Thornhill, but they give him to \"The Professor.\" The Professor is an agent and tells Thornhill that Kaplan does not exist and is just a way to distract Vandaam from Kendall. Thornhill agrees to play the role of Kaplan.\nAt Mount Rushmore, Thornhill talks with Vandamm to have Kendall arrested. Kendall shoots Thornhill with blanks and runs away. The Professor has Kendall and Thornhill meet. Thornhill learns she must go on an airplane with Vandamm. The Professor locks Thornhill in a hospital room. Thornhill escapes and goes to Vandamm's house. Vandamm discovers that Kendall is a spy, used blanks and that the sculpture has microfilmss. Vandamm says he will throw Kendall off the plane. Thornhill warns Kendall with a note. The two escape and end up at the monuments of Mount Rushmore. Vandamm's men fall from the monuments. The Professor arrests Vandamm.\nReception.\nCritical response.\nThe movie had very positive reviews. It has a 97% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics praised the movie as a great thriller with much suspense. They said the movie has many iconic images. Some said the movie is an excellent parody of Hitchcock's work and a classic example of his techniques. Critics found the movie very entertaining. Critics noted how the famous locations created more shocking scenes and added suspense. They also said the movie was both suspenseful and cherry. The movie has a rating of 98/100 on Metacritic with \"universal acclaim\".\nAwards.\n\"North by Northwest\" got three nominations at the Academy Awards. They were the awards for Best Film Editing, Best Art Direction \u2013 Set Decoration, Color, and Best Original Screenplay. The movie won an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. The movie won Top Action Drama at the Laurel Awards.\nLegacy.\n\"North by Northwest\" has made several polls and lists for the greatest movies ever made. In a 1998 \"Time Out\" poll, the movie ranked the 12th greatest movie. In a 2022 \"Time Out\" poll, the movie was considered the best thriller ever. The poll from the British Film Institute ranked \"North by Northwest\" the 53rd greatest movie. The movie is on several of the American Film Institute's lists. The AFI ranked it the 40th-greatest American movie. The movie is ranked 7th on AFI's 10 Top 10 for mystery. It is also No. 40 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies, No. 4 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills, and No. 55 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition). The Library of Congress choose the movie to be part of the National Film Registry in 1995. \u00a0"}
+{"id": "19625", "revid": "357399", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19625", "title": "Nightwish", "text": "Nightwish is a symphonic metal band from Finland. They formed in July 1996 and played acoustic mood music. The band's keyboardist and composer Tuomas Holopainen had the idea of forming a band. He asked Tarja Turunen to sing and Emppu Vuorinen to play guitar.\nAt the beginning of 1997, the band started playing stronger music. Jukka Nevalainen joined the band to play the drums. Vuorinen used an electric guitar instead of an acoustic guitar. In May 1997, Nightwish signed a contract (binding agreement) with Spinefarm Records and they released their first album 'Angels Fall First'.\nIn 1998, Sami V\u00e4nsk\u00e4 joined the band to play bass guitar. The same year Nightwish released 'Oceanborn', which was quite different to\n'Angels Fall First'.\nIn May 2000 they released 'Wishmaster', which was similar to 'Oceanborn'. They also entered the contest to be Finland's representatives for the Eurovision Song Contest, with the song 'Sleepwalker'. They won the phone vote but the judges disagreed so they came second.\nThe other band members asked Tarja to leave the group in 2005 after their \"End of an Era\" tour. Tuomas wrote an open letter to her, stating the reasons why she had to leave. He then put the letter on the official website. In 2007, Swedish singer Anette Olzon became the new singer, and Nightwish released a single, 'Amaranth'. A few months later, they released the album 'Dark Passion Play'."}
+{"id": "19632", "revid": "9316334", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19632", "title": "Sierra Leone", "text": "Sierra Leone is a country in West Africa. Its capital is Freetown. The official language is English.\nThe country was first made as a place where freed slaves could live. From 1991 until 2000, there was a civil war in Sierra Leone between rebels and the government. The war is now over. Sierra Leone is known for its blood diamonds. These were mined and sold during the civil war. This was in order to buy the weapons for the civil war.\nThere are 71,740 square kilometres of land in Sierra; In terms of land area it is similar in size to Ireland.\nSierra Leone has relied on mining, especially diamonds, for its economic base. The country is among the largest producers of titanium and bauxite, and a major producer of gold. The country has one of the world's largest deposits of rutile. Sierra Leone is also home to the third largest natural harbour in the world. Shipping from all over the globe goes to Freetown's famous Queen Elizabeth II Quay. Despite this natural wealth, 70% of its people live in poverty.\nSierra Leone is a mostly Muslim country.\nThe country has 2,090 known species of higher plants, 147 mammals, 626 birds, 67 reptiles, 35 amphibians, and 99 fish species.\nHistory.\nIn 1672, The Royal African Company built forts on some islands close to Sierra Leone for trading. Slave trading was becoming more popular, so the forts mostly traded humans. In fact, Bunce Island became a popular place to transport slaves to Europe and Americas.\nGeography and climate.\nThe country is bordered by Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to the south and southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.\nMount Bintumani reaches . It is the highest point in the country.\nThe climate is hot, tropical and humid all year round, with two seasons. The rainy season is from May to November, and the dry season is from December to May.\nMarch & April are the hottest months and daytime temperatures are around 38\u00a0\u00b0C (100\u00a0\u00b0F) - 41\u00a0\u00b0C (106\u00a0\u00b0F) with a solid 82% humidity. Nighttime temperatures do not vary a lot and may fluctuate by 2\u00a0\u00b0C - 4\u00a0\u00b0C.\nDecember and January are preferably the best times to visit Sierra Leone as temperatures and humidity are much lower and reasonable due to the hammattan breeze from the Sahara desert, although afternoon temperatures can still climb up to 40\u00a0\u00b0C and above, the hammattan breeze stops it from getting too humid, even though it will still be hot, humidity would be can be lowered down to 39%, meaning you'll sweat less during this time than you would when the climate goes back to its original state, so therefore the heat would be more endurable especially around coastal areas.\nWhen the hammattan breeze has lowered the heat and the humidity to its base, the highest average daily temperature in December and January will only reach a maximum of 31\u00a0\u00b0C (88\u00a0\u00b0F) and nighttime temperatures will be 24\u00a0\u00b0C (75\u00a0\u00b0F), although it can sometimes drop to 21\u00a0\u00b0C (70\u00a0\u00b0F) at night, and sometimes in the morning which is the lowest the temperature can get. During this time, humidity is 70% & it is pleasantly warm and enjoyable.\nThe rainy season from May-November, average temperatures are 27\u00a0\u00b0C (81\u00a0\u00b0F) - 29\u00a0\u00b0C (84\u00a0\u00b0F) with humidity 95% - 100%. Some days when it doesn't rain, temperatures can climb up to 32\u00a0\u00b0C (90\u00a0\u00b0F) and humidity can be moderate around 75%.\nRainfall can be torrential, so if you're travelling to Sierra Leone around this time of the year, it is advisable to bring waterproof clothing as it can rain for a whole week without interruption from sunlight.\nLargest cities.\nThe largest cities in Sierra Leone are:\nEducation.\nEducation in Sierra Leone is legally required for all children for six years. A shortage of schools and teachers has made this impossible. Two thirds of the adult population of the country are not able to read. The Sierra Leone Civil War caused the destruction of 1,270 primary schools. In 2001, 67% of all school-age children were out of school. This has been better since the end of the civil war.\nThe country has three universities: Fourah Bay College, University of Makeni and Njala University. Teacher training colleges and religious seminaries are found in many parts of the country.\nProvinces and districts.\nThe Republic of Sierra Leone has five regions the Northern Province, North West Province, Southern Province, the Eastern Province and the Western Area. The first four provinces are divided into 14 districts. The districts are further divided into 149 chiefdoms.\nFood and customs.\nRice is the staple food of Sierra Leone. It is eaten at nearly every meal daily. The rice is prepared in many ways, and topped with different sauces made from some of Sierra Leone's favorite toppings. These include potato leaves, cassava leaves, crain crain, okra soup, fried fish and groundnut stew.\nAlong the street of towns and cities one can find snacks such as fresh mangoes, oranges, pineapple, fried plantains, ginger beer, fried potato, fried cassava with pepper sauce; small bags of popcorn or peanuts, bread, roasted corn, or skewers of grilled meat or shrimp.\nPoyo is a popular Sierra Leonean drink. It is a sweet, lightly fermented palm wine. Poyo bars are areas of lively informal talk about politics, football, entertainment and other issues.\nSports.\nFootball is by far the most popular sport in Sierra Leone. Children, youth and adult are often seen playing street football across Sierra Leone.\nThe Sierra Leone national football team, popularly known as the Leone Stars, represents the country in international competitions. It has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup. They were in the 1994 and 1996 African Cup of Nations. Many of the national team footballers are celebrities across Sierra Leone. They are often well known by most of the country's general population. Some well known Sierra Leonean international footballers include Mohamed Kallon, Mohamed Bangura, Rodney Strasser, Ibrahim Teteh Bangura, Alhassan Bangura, Sheriff Suma, Mohamed Kamara, Umaru Bangura and Kei Kamara."}
+{"id": "19633", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19633", "title": "Door", "text": "A door is a hard, flat object a person can open and close so that person can go into a room or other place. It is found in houses and other buildings. Doors are also found in cars and cages.\nThe reasons for a door are:\nTypes of doors.\nA revolving door is a group of doors that turn in a circle as a person pushes one. The person can go through, but wind and rain cannot get in.\nA blind door is a fake door that is really part of the wall. People use them to make a room look nice.\nAn up-and-over door is often used in garages. Instead of hinges, it rolls up on rails so that it stays above the opening.\nA fire door is a door that does not let fire go through. They are usually made of heavy steel.\nA doggie door is a small door for dogs or other small pets. They are usually on the bottom of people-sized doors."}
+{"id": "19634", "revid": "10252007", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19634", "title": "1540s", "text": "The 1540s was a decade that started on 1 January 1540 and ended on 31 December 1549. \nIt is distinct from the decade known as the 155th decade which began on January 1, 1541 and ended on December 31, 1550."}
+{"id": "19635", "revid": "4007329", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19635", "title": "Raichu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19638", "revid": "1320268", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19638", "title": "Boeing 737", "text": "The Boeing 737 is a twin-engine, narrow-body airliner built by Boeing. At first, Boeing was making it to be a shorter, cheaper airliner than its 707 and 727. However, the 737 has become a family of many different models. The number of passengers it can carry ranges from 85 to 215. The 737 is the only narrow-body airliner that Boeing is making. The only types of 737 that Boeing is still making are the -700, -800 and -900ER. A version of the 737 with larger engines, the 737 MAX, came into service in 2017 but was grounded between March 2019 and December 2020 as unsafe.\nBoeing began designing the 737 in 1965. The very first 737-100 flew in 1967. It was first used by an airline in February 1968. The 737-200 started being used in April 1968. The -200 was basically just a longer version of the 737-100. In the 1980s Boeing made the -300, -400, and -500 models. Boeing called these models the Boeing 737 Classic series. The 737 Classics could carry more passengers, and they had new engines: CFM56 turbofans. The 737 Classic planes also had some improvements made to the wings. In the 1990s, Boeing brought out the 737 Next Generation. The 737 Next Generation planes also had redesigned wings, a better cockpit and a new cabin. The 737 Next Generation is made up of the -600, -700, -800, and -900ER models. These models go from to in length.\nThe 737 is the best-selling jet airliner in history. Boeing has never stopped making 737s since 1967. 7,283 aircraft have been delivered, and the 737 still has 2,759 orders that have not been delivered yet (). Boeing 737s are built at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington. The 737's main rival is the Airbus A320 family. On average, 1,250 737s are in the air at any time and two land or leave somewhere every five seconds.\nDevelopment.\nBackground.\nBoeing was looking at designs for aircraft which flew short distances. Boeing wanted to make another aircraft to replace the 727 on short flights. It began designing the 737 on May 11, 1964. Boeing did a lot of research and found that airlines wanted an airliner which could hold 50 to 60 passengers. This airliner would also be able to fly routes long. Lufthansa was the first airline to order a Boeing 737 on February 19, 1965. They ordered 21 aircraft, worth $67\u00a0million (1965, $190.28\u00a0million in 2008). After Boeing spoke to Lufthansa in winter 1964, they made the 737 bigger so that it could hold 100 passengers.\nOn April 5, 1965, Boeing announced that United Airlines had ordered 40 737s. United wanted a plane which was a bit bigger than the 737-100. Boeing made a different type of 737 for United, which was longer. This other plane was called the 737-200. Boeing changed the name of the original 737 to the 737-100.\nMaking and testing of the 737.\nThe first 737s were made near Boeing Field (now officially called King County International Airport) because the factory in Renton was too busy building the 707 and 727. After 271 aircraft were made at Boeing Field, Boeing moved the 737s to Renton. This was in 1970.\nThe first Boeing 737-100 prototype was ready in 1966. It made its first flight on April 9, 1967. On December 15, 1967 the Federal Aviation Administration said that the -100 was allowed to fly with passengers. They gave it the Type Certificate A16WE. Lufthansa got its first 737 on December 28, 1967. On February 10, 1968, Lufthansa became the first non-American airline to fly a new Boeing aircraft. It was the only large airline which bought the 737-100. Only 30 -100s were ever made.\nThe 737-200 first flew on August 8, 1967. The FAA allowed it to fly with passengers on December 21, 1967. The first flight it made for United Airlines was on April 28, 1968. It flew from Chicago to Grand Rapids, Michigan. Airlines liked the 737-200 much more than the 737-100.\n737-200 Advanced.\nA \"thrust reverser\" is a part of the engine of a plane. It changes the flow of air through the engine so that it ends up trying to push the plane backwards instead of forwards. The first thrust reversers on the 737 were not very good. They were said to lift the aircraft off the runway when they were used. This meant that the wheels were not being pushed down onto the ground very much, which made the brakes less useful. In 1968, Boeing improved the thrust reverser. This improvement was put onto all aircraft after March 1969. Aircraft which were made before the improvement could have it installed. Boeing also improved the flaps. This improvement allowed the flaps to be used more during takeoffs and landing. All these changes meant that the 737 could hold more cargo and fly further. In May 1971, after the 135th aircraft was built, all of these improvements, as well as better engines and more fuel, were put into the 737-200. This gave it 15% more payload and range than the first 737-200s. This type of 737-200 became known as the 737-200 Advanced.\nIn 1970, Boeing only got 37 orders for 737s. Since Boeing were running out of money, they thought about stopping making 737s and selling the design to Japanese companies. Boeing cancelled the Boeing Supersonic Transport and started making less Boeing 747s. By doing this, Boeing kept enough money to keep the 737 project going.\nIn 1988, Boeing stopped making 737-200s. 1,114 aircraft were made and the last one was delivered to Xiamen Airlines on August 8, 1988.\n737 Classic.\nIn 1979, Boeing started working on a large improvement for the 737. Boeing wanted to allow the aircraft to hold more passengers and travel further. It also wanted to make improvements to make the aircraft more modern. However, it also wanted to keep it similar to the older 737s. In 1980, information on this new type of 737 (called the 737-300) was given at the Farnborough Airshow.\nThe CFM56-3B-1 engine was chosen to be the engine for this new 737 type. This engine burned much less fuel and was much less noisy. However, it was also difficult to fit these engines to the aircraft. This was because the 737's wings were not very high above the ground, and the CFM56 had a bigger diameter than the original engines. Boeing and CFM solved the problem by putting the engine slightly ahead of the wing, instead of right under it. They also moved some parts of the engine, which would normally go on the bottom, to the sides. This made the engine look a bit like a hamster pouch, because the engine is not shaped like a circle.\nThe plane could now carry 149 passengers, because the fuselage of the plane was made bigger. Many changes were made to the wings. The tip of the wing was made longer by . The wingspan was also made bigger. The flaps on the wings were changed. The flight deck (cockpit) was improved with electronic displays. However, airlines could choose not to have these in their planes. The main cabin (where the passengers sit) was also made better. It looked similar to the cabin of a Boeing 757. The prototype of the 737-300 first flew on 24 February 1984. Its pilot was Jim McRoberts.\nIn June 1986, Boeing said that it was working on the 737-400. The 737-400 made the fuselage even bigger (by ). This change meant that the -400 could carry 170 passengers. The 737-400's first flight was on February 19, 1988. The first airline to use it was Piedmont Airlines.\nBoeing made a 737-500 because its customers wanted one. It was a replacement of the 737-200. The -500 is longer than the 737-200. Up to 132 passengers can travel on the 737-500. Cockpits with electronic displays could be installed on the -500, but airlines could choose the use the older cockpit if they wanted.\nThe 737-500 was first ordered by Southwest Airlines in 1987. Southwest Airlines ordered 20 aircraft. The 737-500 flew for the first time on June 30, 1989. On February 28, 1990, Southwest Airlines got their first delivery.\nAfter the Boeing 737 Next Generation planes were brought into service, Boeing named the 737-300/-400/-500s the 737 Classic series.\n737 Next Generation.\nIn 1991, Boeing started working on an updated group of 737s. They did this so they could have a plane to rival the Airbus A320. Boeing said that the 737 Next Generation (NG) program had begun on November\u00a017, 1991. The -600, -700, -800, and -900 models are all part of the 737 Next Generation program. The 737 was changed so much by the 737NG program that it is almost like a new aircraft. However, some important parts of the plane were kept similar to the older 737s.\nThe wing was changed again. Many different changes were made. An example of one is a bigger wingspan (made bigger by ). Since the wings were made bigger, 30% more fuel could fit in the plane. CFM56-7B engines were used, which were newer, quieter and burned less fuel. The improvements to the wing, engine and fuel mean that the 737NG can travel 900\u00a0nautical miles further. This means it can travel over in total, which means that the 737NG can travel between different continents. Winglets can be added to most 737NG models. The flight deck was given modern electronics (called avionics). The main cabin was also improved.\nThe first NG to be built was a 737-700. It was finished on December 8, 1995. This aircraft was 2,843rd 737 built. It first flew on February 9, 1997. The prototype 737-800 was finished on June 30, 1997 and first flew on July 31, 1997. The smallest of the 737NGs, the -600, is the same size as the -500. It was the last NG to be launched (it was launched in December 1997). It first flew on January 22, 1998. The FAA certified it on August 18, 1998. A\nBoeing delivered the 5,000th 737 to Southwest Airlines on February 13, 2006. The 6,000th 737 was delivered to Norwegian Air Shuttle in April 2009. The Airbus A320 family has sold more planes than the 737NG over the past ten years. However, this total includes sales for the A321 and A318. The A321 has been the rival of Boeing's 757 and the A318 has been the rival of the 717. The Next Generation series helped make sure the 737 stayed the bestselling airliner family since it first flew.\n737 MAX.\nSince 2006, Boeing has been thinking about replacing the 737 with a completely new design. This was named the Boeing Y1 by people who worked at Boeing. This re-design would be launched after the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Boeing did not decide on whether or not to go ahead with this. They said they would decide in 2011.\nOn July 20, 2011, Boeing said that they were working on a new 737 version, which would have the CFM International LEAP engine. American Airlines said they would order 100 of these aircraft. On August 30, 2011, Boeing said that a new 737 would definitely be launched. It was called the 737 MAX. It would also definitely have CFM International LEAP-1B engines.\nThe MAX 8 first carried paying passengers in May, 2017. In 2018-2019 two MAX 8 aircraft crashed, killing all aboard and causing aviation authorities to ban commercial operation of the 737 MAX until they are fixed. \nDesign.\nThe 737's main landing gear (wheels) go into holes at the bottom of the plane. The wheels do not have a door to close over them. The tires can be seen easily when a 737 is taking off or is flying low-down.\n737s do not have fuel dump systems. A fuel dump system is a system which gets rid of any unneeded fuel if the aircraft needs to make an emergency landing while it still has a lot of fuel on board. This is useful because aircraft can only land safely at a certain weight or below. Getting rid of unneeded fuel helps to get to a safe weight for the plane to land. The first 737s were too small to need these systems. Adding a fuel dump system to the bigger 737s would make the plane much heavier. Instead, if the emergency is not very serious, 737s fly around in circles to get rid of fuel. If the emergency is serious, the 737 just needs to land at an unsafe weight. If it has to land at an unsafe weight, the plane needs to be looked at for damage. If there is no damage, the plane can be put back into service.\nEngines.\nEngines on the 737 Classic series (300, 400, 500) and Next Generation series (600, 700, 800, 900) are not shaped like a circle like most planes. The 737 Classics had CFM56 turbofan engines. These burned much less fuel and made much less noise than the Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines which were used on the -100 and -200. However, because the 737's wings and fuselage are not very high above the ground, it was impossible to get the engines to fit on the wings. Boeing and CFM fixed this problem by putting the engines slightly ahead of the wings instead of putting them right underneath. They also moved some parts of the engines which would normally go at the bottom to the sides. This is what makes the engines non-circular.\nThe gearbox of the engine was moved from the bottom of the engine to the side. The gearbox makes the engine look a bit like a triangle. Since the engine is close to the ground, it is possible that they can be damaged by things lying on the ground. The CFM56-7 engine on the 737 Next Generation burns even less fuel than the engines on the 737 Classics. The Boeing 737 MAX aircraft will have CFM International LEAP-1B engines. These engines are supposed to burn 10-12% less fuel than the CFM56-7B engines on the 737 Next Generation family.\nFlight systems.\nThe 737's controls are very safe. If the hydraulics or both engines fail, servo tabs will be automatically used. Servo tabs are small hinges which move important parts of an aircraft. The tabs are controlled by the yoke (the thing used to steer the plane). For the 737 Next Generation, a new cockpit with LCD displays was made. These cockpits also have modern avionics (autopilot etc.).\nMost 737 cockpits have \"eyebrow windows\". These are smaller windows which are above the main windows. There are two on each side. Eyebrow windows were used on the Boeing 707. They helped the pilot see better when the plane was turning. However, because autopilot, advanced radar etc. exist, they are no longer needed. They were removed from the 737 cockpit in 2004. However, 737s used by the military still have them installed. If the customer likes, Boeing will install eyebrow windows for them.\nUpgrades.\nWinglets can be fitted to 737s which do not have them already installed. They can also be added when the aircraft is built. The winglets are about tall. They are fitted at the end of the wing and help the engines to burn less fuel because they reduce drag. They also help make less noise on takeoff. Winglets can help a plane burn up to 5% less fuel.\n the 737 has carbon brakes. These are made by Messier-Bugatti. These new brakes have been allowed by the Federal Aviation Administration. They weigh less than the steel brakes normally fitted to the 737 Next Generation family. If 700 pounds of weight is taken off a Boeing 737-800, it burns 0.5% less fuel.\nMain cabin.\nHow the cabin looks was changed in each different type of 737 (Classic and Next Generation). The cabin design of the 737 Original was changed 737 Classic using designs from the 757. Designs from the Boeing 777 were used to design the cabin for the Next Generation 737. The newest cabin design is called the Sky Interior. It has curved walls. It also has redesigned windows. The Sky Interior has more headroom and LED mood lighting. Overhead bins which move have been installed. These bins are similar to the bins on a 777 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner. They have more space for luggage than the other designs. The Sky Interior is also designed to make the cabin less noisy by 2\u20134 dB. The first 737 with the Sky Interior was delivered to Flydubai in 2010. Malaysia Airlines, TUIFly and Continental Airlines have also ordered 737s with the Sky Interior.\nTypes of 737s.\nThe 737 are split into three \"generations\". These are Original, Classic and Next Generation. The \"Original\" models are the 737-100, 737-200/-200 Advanced. The \"Classic\" models are the 737-300, 737-400 and 737-500. The \"Next Generation\" models are the 737-600, 737-700/-700ER, 737-800, and 737-900/-900ER.\nThe fourth generation of 737 is called the 737 MAX. It is still being worked on, but when it is finished, it will be made up of the 737-MAX-7, 737-MAX-8 and 737-MAX-9. The MAX-7 will replace the 737-700, the MAX-8 will replace the 737-800 and the MAX-9 will replace the 737-900 and 739-900ER.\n737 Original.\n737-100.\nThe very first 737 model was the 737-100. It was first ordered by Lufthansa in 1965. The -100 was finished on January 17, 1967. It entered service in 1968. The aircraft is the smallest type of 737. Only 30 737-100s were ordered and delivered. No 737-100s are still being used by airlines. The 737-100 prototype is in the Museum of Flight in Seattle.\n737-200.\nThe 737-200 is a 737-100 with a larger fuselage. It was created because of an order from United Airlines in 1965. The -200 was finished on June 29, 1967. It entered service in 1968. The 737-200 Advanced is an improved version of the -200. Its first user was All Nippon Airways. It began using the -200 Advanced on May 20, 1971. The -200 Advanced has many improvements. For example, more powerful engines and more fuel. The 737-200 Advanced can also fly further than the 737-200. The last delivery of a 737-200 aircraft was in August 1988 to Xiamen Airlines. This was the 1,095th 737-200 built. Many 737-200s are still used by airlines.\nAfter 40 years the last 737-200 aircraft in the United States were retired on March 31, 2008. This happened with the last flights of Aloha Airlines.\n737 Classic.\nThe Boeing 737 Classic is the name of the 737-300/-400/-500. However, they were only called the 737 Classics after the 737 Next Generation (737-600/700/800/900) aircraft were made. Until then, the 737 Classics were called the 'new generation' of the 737. The 737 Classics were made from 1984 to 2000. 1,988 aircraft were delivered in that time. As of January 1, 2001, 1,945 were in service.\n737-300.\nThe 737-300 was brought into service in 1981. It was used by both US Airways and Southwest Airlines. The 737-300 is the first model of the 737 Classic series. The -300 can usually hold 128 passengers. The 737-300 series was made until 1999. The last -300 was delivered to Air New Zealand on 17 December 1999. This was the 1,113th 737-300 made.\n737-400.\nThe 737-400 brought into service in 1985. It was just a longer version of the 737-300. Piedmont Airlines was the launch customer. They ordered 25 aircraft in 1986. The first 737-400s were brought into service in 1988 with Piedmont. The last -400 was delivered to CSA Czech Airlines. This was the 486th -400 built.\nThe 737-400F was a 737-400 changed into a cargo plane. The -400F was not delivered by Boeing. They were changed into cargo planes by the airlines that owned them. Alaska Airlines was the first airline to change a -400 to a -400F. It could carry 10 pallets of cargo.\n737-500.\nThe 737-500 was finished 1987. It was brought into service with Southwest Airlines in 1990. The 737-500 is around the same length of the 737-200. It was a modern, complete replacement of the 737-200. The last 737-500 was delivered to All Nippon Airways on July 26, 1999. This was the 389th built.\n737 Next Generation.\nIn the 1990s, Boeing realized that the Airbus A320 family was a serious threat. Boeing could lose customers because of it. In November 1991, Boeing began the Next Generation program. The Next Generation aircraft would replace the 737 Classics. The 737-600, 737-700 and 737-800 planes were planned.\n737-600.\nThe 737-600 replaced the 737-500. It was also supposed to replace the McDonnell Douglas DC-9. The 737-600 was finished in 1995. The first aircraft was delivered to Scandinavian Airlines on September 18, 1998.\nThe 737-600's rivals are the Airbus A318, Embraer 195 and Sukhoi Superjet 100. The Bombardier CSeries will also be a rival. 69 -600s have been delivered. There have been no orders that have not been delivered (as of 2010).\n737-700.\nThe 737-700 was added to the Next Generation planes when Southwest Airlines ordered one in November 1991. The -700 was based on the 737-300. It was brought into service in 1998. It replaced the 737-300. Its main rival is the A319. 126 people can fit into the 737-700 if there are two classes (first class and economy). However, 149 can fit in if the aircraft only has an economy class. Boeing launched the 737-700ER on January 30, 2006. \"ER\" stands for \"extra range\". This means that the plane can fly further than a normal 737-700. All Nippon Airways was the launch customer for the -700ER. It has the body of a 737-700, but the wings and landing gear of a 737-800. It can fly for 5,510 nautical miles (10,205 kilometers). 126 passengers can fit onto the plane.\nIn July 2008, Delta Air Lines got the first -700 that had Messier-Bugatti's carbon brakes.\n737-800.\nThe 737-800 is a longer version of the 737-700. It replaces the 737-400. The -800 was finished in 1994. It entered service with Hapag-Lloyd Flug (now TUIfly) in 1998. 162 passengers can fit into a 737-800 if it has two classes. Up to 189 can fit into a 737-800 if it only has one class. Its main rival is the A320.\n737-900.\nThe 737-900 is the longest 737. Alaska Airlines was the launch customer for the 737-900 when it was launched in 1997. It got its first aircraft on May 15, 2001.\nThe 737-900ER is the newest and biggest Boeing 737. It was made so that it could replace the 757-200. It was also made to be a rival to the Airbus A321. 180 passengers can fly on a 737-900ER with two classes. 215 passengers can fly if the plane only has one class. The -900ER can carry more fuel and has winglets. It can fly for around 3200\u00a0nm. The 737-900 is no longer made.\n737 MAX.\nIn 2011, Boeing said that it was working on the 737 MAX program. Boeing will make three types of 737 MAX. These are the MAX-7, MAX-8 and the MAX-9. The MAX-7 will replace the 737-700, the MAX-8 will replace the 737-800 and the MAX-9 will replace the 737-900ER. The 737 MAX will have CFM International LEAP-1B engines. The wheel in the nose of the plane has been made longer. Southwest Airlines became the launch customer on December 13, 2011.\nCompanies which use the 737.\nThe 737 is used by more than 500 airlines. 737s fly to 1,200 places in 190 countries. Over 10,000 737s have been ordered by airlines. 7,283 have been delivered. Over 4,500 are still being used by airlines. On average, there are always 1,250 737s flying. On average, a 737 takes off or lands every five seconds. 25% of the world's jet airliners are Boeing 737s.\nAirlines.\nAs of July 2010, 383 Boeing 737-200s are still being used by airlines.\nMilitary.\nMany countries use the 737 as a military plane. Some countries with 737s are:\nOrders and deliveries.\nTotal.\nOver 7,400 Boeing 737s have been built and delivered. This is correct as of December 31, 2012.\nBy type.\n, over 10,400 Boeing 737s have been ordered. 3,020 planes still need to be delivered. This is a list of how many planes have been built for each type of 737.\nThis information is from Boeing.com.\nAccidents.\nAs of April 2012, the 737 has been in 315 incidents. 159 of these have been \"hull loss accidents\". A hull loss accident is when the plane is damaged so much it can not be used anymore, or if the plane was completely destroyed. 4,236 people have died because of these crashes. The 737 has also been in 106 hijackings. 324 people have died in hijackings.\nFeatures.\nThis information comes from: Boeing 737 specifications, 737 Airport Planning Report, b737.org.uk site."}
+{"id": "19640", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19640", "title": "War and peace", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19646", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19646", "title": "Tsar", "text": "Tsar is a title for the supreme ruler in several countries. In Bulgaria, the title was used in 913\u20131422 and again in 1908\u20131946. The last tsar to rule Bulgaria was Boris III, who replaced Ferdinand I of Bulgaria 1918.\nIn Serbia, the title was used in 1346\u20141371. The last tsar to rule Serbia was Stephen Uro\u0161 V. \nIn the Russian Empire, the title was used from 1546 until 1721. Starting in 1721, the title of Russian emperors was \"imperator\", but the word \"tsar\" remained in common use until the Russian Revolution in 1917. The last tsar to rule Russia was Nicholas II, who replaced Alexander III in 1894. The system of government used during the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire was called Tsarist autocracy, also known as Tsarism. \"Tsar\" is also spelled \"tzar\", \"czar\", and \"csar\". It is the Eastern European word for \"caesar\". It can be translated to \"emperor\"."}
+{"id": "19647", "revid": "10252006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19647", "title": "1550s", "text": "The 1550s was a decade that started on 1 January 1550 and ended on 31 December 1559.\nIt is distinct from the decade known as the 156th decade which began on January 1, 1551 and ended on December 31, 1560."}
+{"id": "19649", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19649", "title": "1840", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19650", "revid": "10344152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19650", "title": "Engelbert Dollfuss", "text": "Engelbert Dollfuss (\"German\": Dollfu\u00df) (October 4, 1892 \u2013 July 25, 1934) was the Chancellor of Austria from 1932 until 1933. He led the country as a dictator from early 1933 until 1934.\nHe studied law in Vienna, and Economics in Berlin. During World War I, he served in the Alps and briefly became a prisoner of war in 1918. \nHe became Chancellor on May 20, 1932 as head of a right-wing coalition government. He wanted to solve the problems caused by the Depression. He had problems finding majorities in parliament. The measures he liked to take to deal with inflation were not well liked. In March 1933, he suspended the Austrian parliament. He then governed by decree. \nWith Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in Germany, Dollfuss feared that the influence of the NSDAP would grow. This would then lead to a growth in popularity for its Austrian counterpart. Because of this, he banned the NSDAP in June 1933. He also banned the SDAP\u00d6 in February 1934. \nIn September 1933, he formed an umbrella grouping to support the regime, the \"Vaterl\u00e4ndische Front\" (Fatherland Front) and merged the Christian Social Party with the para-military Heimwehr (Home Guard), a Nationalist paramilitary group. The regime which was put into power by him and remained in power until 1938 is often called \"Austrofascism\". The form of state he employed was called the \"St\u00e4ndestaat\".\nOn July 25, 1934, eight Austrian Nazis entered the Chancellery building and shot and killed Dollfuss in an attempted coup, as a prelude to Anschluss. The Nazis surrendered and were executed. Kurt Schuschnigg became the new dictator of Austria."}
+{"id": "19652", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19652", "title": "Engelbert Dollfu\u00df", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19653", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19653", "title": "Language isolate", "text": "A language isolate is a language that is not known to be related to any other language. Many languages are related to other languages by coming from an older language, and both are still similar. Languages that are related are language families. Most languages are known to belong to a language family. However, some are not known to be related to other languages and are called language isolates.\nSome spoken language isolates are Basque, Zuni, Burushaski, Ainu and Mapudungun. Some extinct language isolates are Sumerian, Elamite and Urartian."}
+{"id": "19654", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19654", "title": "Species", "text": "A species is a kind of organism. It is a basic unit of biological classification, and a formal rank in taxonomy. Originally, the word was used informally in a rather vague way, but now there are at least 26 different ways it is used.\nAll animals or plants that are the same kind belong to the same species. Wolves (\"Canis lupus\") are one species. Humans (\"Homo sapiens\") are another species. Broadly, the idea is that, for example, cats breed with cats and produce more cats. This is the basis for deciding to have a species called \"Felis catus\". However, to give a simple definition of 'species' is difficult, and many people have tried.\nSpecies is a word for a particular kind of living thing, for example, a jackdaw. Jackdaws and ravens are similar, so they are together in a larger group (taxon) called a genus, in this case \"Corvus\". Then there is a family (such as the crow family, which includes crows and ravens as well as jays and magpies). Families are put together into orders such as the songbirds, which includes many families of birds. The next group is the class; all birds are in the same class. After that is the phylum, such as vertebrates, which is all animals with backbones. Last of all is the kingdom, like the animal kingdom. These are ways to classify living things.\nThere is a mnemonic to help people remember the order of the divisions which are listed again below: \"King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti\".\nExample.\nTake as an example the bird called a Common Loon or Great Northern Diver:\nHistorical changes in the term.\nThere is a long history of disagreement over whether species are objective things, or whether they are man-made labels. Those who think species are objectively different point to things which 'good' species do. They look similar, and they breed true, that is, mate with their own kind, and have offspring which are obviously in the same species.\nAgainst this are the many exceptions. There are species which shade gradually into other species, and which interbreed in overlapping populations (see ring species). On the other hand, there are species which look absolutely identical, but which do not breed together (sibling species).\nIt is quite clear that 'species' as used by palaeontologists and 'species' as used by other biologists cannot be the same. A palaeontologist can only use visible features of a fossil, which are only a small part of the traits of a living species. Not only that, but many species which are virtually identical can only be distinguished by their DNA. This relatively recent discovery of sibling species is very important, and their numbers are growing rapidly. We underestimated the effect of convergent evolution.\nThe greatest change in the species concept was made by Charles Darwin, for evolution meant that hard-and-fast lines could not be drawn between species. Another shift came when Ernst Mayr proposed the biological species concept, which emphasized the interbreeding population as the heart of the species concept. This meant that, in his view, species were objective, that is not just the subjective opinion of a taxonomist. His explanation of the process of speciation was geographical isolation between populations which had once been interbreeding. Today, emphasis has moved back closer to Darwin's ideas.\nNumbers.\nAccording to the most recent estimate, there are about 8.7 million species on Earth. This counts only eukaryote organisms. It leaves out bacteria, archaea and viruses.\nFewer than a quarter of the species have not been identified, named and catalogued. At the present rate, it might take over 1000 years to complete this job. Some will become extinct before this count is complete."}
+{"id": "19655", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19655", "title": "Ancestor", "text": "An ancestor is a person (or another organism or thing) from whom (or which) another is descended. Usually, it refers to a person far in the past, rather than the parents or grandparents in the close family. A very similar word is forebear. A female ancestor may be called an ancestress. The line of ancestors from which an organism descends is referred to as its ancestry. \nA second meaning relates to evolution. There, it is used of a species or group of species of animals or plants from which others have evolved. In a similar way, the word ancestor can be used for an early prototype or forerunner of a later device. \nIn law an ancestor can mean the person from whom an estate is lawfully obtained. No blood relationship is necessarily implied. More commonly, however, it is the person from whom an estate is obtained based on law and blood. \nTwo people have a genetic relationship if one is the ancestor of the other, or if they share a common ancestor. Each of someone's ancestors will have contributed to their DNA. In evolution, species that have evolved from the same ancestor are said to be of common descent. However, this concept of ancestry does not apply to some bacteria and other organisms capable of horizontal gene transfer. DNA testing is used in determining ancestry. This can be for testing, to determine the parents of a child for legal purposes. DNA is also used to better understand the ancestry and history of all humans over the last 50,000 years. This was one of the benefits of the Human genome project.\nIn some cultures ancestors may have relatively little importance. Many today have no knowledge of their own great-great-grandparents. China is an example of a culture that in general has a deep respect for ancestors. Korea is an example of a culture that engages in ancestor worship where ancestors are revered. But genealogy (the study of one's ancestors) is growing in popularity and includes both amateur and professional genealogists."}
+{"id": "19656", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19656", "title": "River dolphin", "text": "River dolphins are five species of dolphin which live in fresh water rivers and estuaries. Three species live in fresh water rivers. The La Plata Dolphin lives in salt water estuaries and the ocean.\nDifferences between marine and river dolphins.\nBoth river dolphins and marine dolphins belong to a group of mammals called cetaceans. The snout of a river dolphin measures about 58 centimeters (2\u00a0ft) long, approximately four times as long as that of most marine dolphins. They use their long snout to search for fish on the muddy bottom of the river. River dolphins have smaller eyes than marine dolphins, and their vision is poorly developed because they live in dark, muddy water. River dolphins are less active than marine dolphins because they do not need to search so widely to find fish. Marine dolphins work in pods (packs) because when they find a shoal of fish then they work together to make the most of their find. River dolphins work mostly as individuals or small groups.\nTaxonomy.\nThe following is the taxonomy of river dolphins, or how dolphins are classified: \nOther sources.\nRiver-Dolphins-and-their-habitat"}
+{"id": "19657", "revid": "1538302", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19657", "title": "Estuary", "text": "An estuary is where a river meets the sea. There, saltwater mixes with freshwater. The river becomes wider and wider and flows slowly to the ocean.\nBays, marshes, swamps, and inlets can all have estuaries. A view of an estuary from the air is usually an interesting sight: many estuaries meander (curve and bend) to find their way to the sea. Estuaries come in all sizes and shapes, each according to its location and climate. Where rivers meet the sea and fresh water mixes with salt water, the mixture is called brackish water.\nSome estuaries are very large. They may be large ocean bays that have more than one river flowing into them. For example, Chesapeake Bay is a large estuary, and several different rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean there.\nIn simple terms it is where a river meets with a large body of water, only with one outlet and not many like a delta.\nHabitat.\nEstuaries are usually filled with shallow waters, and sunlight reaches all levels of the water. Marsh grasses, algae, and other kinds of plants live in estuaries and provide food for a variety of fish, crabs, oysters, and shrimp. Estuaries are especially important since they act as nurseries for many different types of young fish and other animals before they head out toward the open ocean. Many sea birds also nest in estuaries.\nThe United States government has a program to study and protect the natural environment in many different estuaries, called the National Estuarine Research Reserve System. One reason that the natural environment in so many estuaries is in danger is because they are also good places for people to live and build cities. Unfortunately, many of world's largest cities are at or near estuaries."}
+{"id": "19664", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19664", "title": "River Dolphin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19666", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19666", "title": "James Bond", "text": "James Bond is a fictional British spy created by Ian Fleming in 1953. \nHistory.\n1950s-1960s.\nIn 1953, Fleming wrote Casino Royale, the very first James Bond novel. The novel made a lot of money, and he continued to write one James Bond novel each year until he died in 1964. In a 1956 South African radio program \"Moonraker\" he was voiced by Bob Holness. In 1962 Albert. R. \"Cubby\" Broccoli and Harry Saltzman started to produce the first James Bond movie, Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as James Bond. The movie became extremely popular, and they continued to make more Bond movies. In the end of the 1960s Connery did not want to do any more Bond movies, and many thought that Bond was now dead. In 1969, George Lazenby appeared in one movie as the Bond character, but the movie was not successful.\n1970s-1980s.\nIn 1971 Sean Connery stepped back into the role for one movie \"Diamonds are Forever\". After this in 1973, producers came up with the \"Live and Let Die\" movie, starring Roger Moore as Bond. The movie became a very big success. The series continued throughout the 1970s and 1980s with Roger Moore playing the role of Bond.\nIn the 1980s, Bond movies were not as successful at the box office. Unlike the 1960s and 1970s, in the 1980s there were many other action movies being produced that could compete with the Bond series.\nAfter Moore left the role as Bond, he was replaced with Timothy Dalton in the late 1980s. Dalton tried to make a serious, \"down to earth\" Bond, closer to the Fleming novels. Fans did not like Dalton's interpretation of the Bond character, and the movies made little money.\n1990s.\nThe Cold War ended in 1991. Since Bond almost always fought Communists, many now thought that the Bond series of movies was finally dead.\nIn 1995, producers developed the GoldenEye movie, starring Pierce Brosnan as Bond. This film made the Bond character well known in the 1990s. Brosnan appeared in several Bond movies.\n2000s.\nIn 2002, the James Bond character was used in the 20th movie, Die Another Day, the 40th anniversary of the movies and the 50th anniversary since Fleming wrote his first Bond novel.\nIn 2006, the 21st movie, Casino Royale, was released. Pierce Brosnan, who played James Bond in the previous four movies, was replaced by Daniel Craig, the first James Bond to have blonde hair. The movie is based on the first Ian Fleming novel of the same name, but is set in the present day. The movie features a cameo appearance by Richard Branson, a British billionaire. It has a new model of Aston Martin DB9, the car that made James Bond so famous in the 1960s. Many fans think that whilst this movie is different than other movies, it is much better, and movies in the future (however few there will be) will be in this new format. In 2008, Craig appeared in a second Bond movie, \"Quantum of Solace\" and a third, \"Skyfall\", in 2012. His fourth appearance as Bond was with \"Spectre\" in 2016. His fifth and final appearance as Bond is with \"No Time to Die\" in 2021.\nMovies.\nMany of the James Bond movies were massive hits. However, there are two movies classed as unofficial Bond films and not recognised as part of the series. The 1967 version of \"Casino Royale\" was a spoof, featuring \"Jimmy Bond\". Also, \"Never Say Never Again\" was not made by Albert R. Broccoli's production company, EON Productions. Connery is the tallest actor to play James Bond to this day.\nRepresentation.\nVisually and musically, but also artistically overall, James Bond and the British way of being a gentleman repeatedly serve as inspiration, or artists like Marc Engelhard and other protagonists resemble each other in this style."}
+{"id": "19669", "revid": "364926", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19669", "title": "A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 movie)", "text": "A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1951 movie. It is based on the 1947 play by Tennessee Williams. The movie stars Marlon Brando and Vivien Leigh."}
+{"id": "19674", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19674", "title": "Tetrahedron", "text": "A tetrahedron or triangular pyramid is a polyhedron (a three-dimensional shape). It has four corners and six edges. All four of its faces are equilateral triangles. Every two edges meet on one of those corners forming a sixty-degree angle.\nFormulas for a regular tetrahedron.\nA regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron whose edges are the same length. If the length of an edge is \"a\":\nOther properties.\nA regular tetrahedron's faces are all the same, and so are all its edges, as well as its corners. This makes it a regular polyhedron. It is also convex (its faces do not go through one another), which makes it a Platonic solid.\nThe dual of regular tetrahedron is another regular tetrahedron. This is called being self-dual."}
+{"id": "19675", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19675", "title": "Robert Hooke", "text": "Robert Hooke FRS (Isle of Wight, 18 July 1635 \u2013 London, 3 March 1703) was an English naturalist, architect and polymath. Hooke played an important role in the birth of science in the 17th century with both experimental and theoretical work. He was a colleague of Robert Boyle and Christopher Wren, and a rival to Isaac Newton. Hooke was a leader in the plans to rebuild after the Great Fire of London in 1666.\nThere is no surviving portrait of Hooke.\nHooke's achievements.\nPhysics.\nHe discovered Hooke's Law of elasticity. He designed and ordered the making of telescopes and microscopes, and used both instruments. He reported on this work in a book called \"Micrographia\" in 1665. He was the first person to see biological cells. He made drawings of bodies in the Solar System, and made the first attempts to measure the distance of certain stars.\nRobert Hooke was appointed the Royal Society's first Curator of Experiments in 1662, and he rose to be Secretary of the Royal Society. He took responsibility for experiments performed at its weekly meetings. This was a position he held for over 40 years.\nIn 1664 Hooke also was appointed Professor of Geometry at Gresham College in London and Cutlerian Lecturer in Mechanics.\nOn 8 July 1680, Hooke observed the nodal patterns associated with the mode of vibration of glass plates. He ran a bow along the edge of a glass plate covered with flour, and saw the nodal patterns emerge.p101\nHooke did some fundamental work on gravitation and the motion of the planets. Forever after, he was convinced that Newton and the world had cheated him of the creditp389\nNatural history.\nHe was also known for his work in natural history (biology and geology). He reported on his microsope use in a book called \"Micrographica\" in 1665. He was the first person to see biological cells, and was the first to use the word 'cell' to describe them.\nIn 1668, in a talk to the Royal Society, he recognised that fossil shells of unknown marine animals suggested that some species had become extinct.\nArchitecture.\nHooke achieved fame in his day as Surveyor to the City of London and chief assistant of Christopher Wren. Hooke helped Wren rebuild London after the Great Fire in 1666.\nHe also worked on the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and the infamous Bethlem Royal Hospital (which became known as 'Bedlam'). Many other buildings were designed by Hooke, including the Royal College of Physicians (1679).\nHooke's collaboration with Christopher Wren included St Paul's Cathedral, whose dome uses a method of construction conceived by Hooke. Hooke also participated in the design of the Pepys Library, which held the manuscripts of Samuel Pepys's diaries, the most frequently cited eyewitness account of the Great Fire of London.\nIn the reconstruction after the Great Fire, Hooke proposed redesigning London's streets on a grid pattern with wide boulevards. This pattern was used in the later renovation of Paris, Liverpool, and many American cities. The proposal was rejected. The opponents \nargued that in practice property owners were secretly shifting their boundaries. Hooke was in demand to settle many of these disputes, due to his skill as a surveyor and his tact as an arbitrator."}
+{"id": "19681", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19681", "title": "Emission", "text": "Emission is a word that originally comes from Latin. Originally it means something that is sent out. Several things can be sent out:"}
+{"id": "19682", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19682", "title": "Antarctic Ocean", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19686", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19686", "title": "Leo Tolstoy", "text": "Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (9 September 1828 20 November 1910) was a Russian novelist and anarchist, famous for writing the books \"War and Peace\" and \"Anna Karenina\", and many other works. He was a Christian and believed in non-violence and practiced simple living. His work \"The Kingdom of God is within you\" has influenced people like Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King.\nEarly life.\nTolstoy was born at Yasnaya Polyana, the family estate in the region of Tula, Russia and he married Sofia Andreevna Bers.\nDeath.\nTolstoy died in 1910, at the age of 82. He died of pneumonia.\nLife and career.\nWhen he was young his parents died, so he and his siblings were brought up by relatives. At the age of 16, he began studying law and oriental languages. Unfortunately, he left University in the middle of his studies and spent much of his time in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Later on in his life, he joined the Army with his brother after running up some heavy gambling debts. It was at that time that he started writing.\nHis conversion from a wealthy society author to the non-violent and spiritual anarchist of his later days was notable. It was caused by his experience in the army as well as two trips around Europe in 1857 and 1860\u201361. Others who followed a similar path were Alexander Herzen, Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin. During his 1857 visit, Tolstoy saw a public execution in Paris, an experience which marked the rest of his life.\nAfter \"Anna Karenina\", Tolstoy concentrated on Christian themes, and his later novels such as \"The Death of Ivan Ilyich\" (1886) and \"What Is to Be Done?\" (1886) develop a radical Christian philosophy which led to his excommunication from the Russian Orthodox Church in 1901. \nAfter shaping both his political and literary development in Europe, he returned to Russia and founded 13 schools for Russia's peasant children. "}
+{"id": "19687", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19687", "title": "California wine", "text": "People have made wine in the American state of California for a long time. California has become recognized as making some of the world's best wine. California makes most of the wine that is made in America.\nHistory.\nPeople first made wine in California in 1769. Missionaries from Mexico brought their wine plants to produce wine for the mass. Later, people coming from Europe improved the making of wine. They had brought their own kinds of wine plants.\nBefore 1920, there was more wine made every year. Then Prohibition began. During Prohibition, it was not allowed to sell alcoholic drinks in the United States. It almost ended the making of wine in California. Californian wine-making took a long time to recover.\nIn 1990, the USA sent less than five percent of its wine to other countries. After that, exports of wine from California increased. Today, the USA is one of the big wine industries.\nWines.\nWine comes in different colors. Most wines are called \"red\" or \"white\". White wine is not really white, it just has a very light color. 54 percent of the Californian wines are white wines. Some examples of white wines are Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. Some examples of red wines are Zinfandel, Cabernet-Sauvignon, Merlot, and Pinot Noir.\nCool climate viticulture.\nGrapes for wine used to need warm weather. People wanted to grow more grapes, so they learned how to grow them where the weather was not as warm. That way of growing grapes is called \"cool climate viticulture\". Vines are now planted in colder places, up to above sea level. Monterey County was the first place where that was done.\nWine regions.\nIn California, there are more than 800 wine cellars. Wine cellars are big rooms were wine is stored. They are part of a winery, the place where wine is produced.\nTwo of the most famous growing areas for wine in California are Napa County and Sonoma County. The wines from those places are some of the best in the world. Some examples of the wines made there are Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon.\nOther known wineries are in Mendocino, in the Lake Counties, Santa Maria and Santa Barbara."}
+{"id": "19689", "revid": "10502943", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19689", "title": "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", "text": "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid is a 1969 American movie from 20th Century Fox. George Roy Hill directed it, and John Foreman produced it. It stars Paul Newman and Robert Redford as two robbers in Wyoming who go to Bolivia to escape the law.\nThe movie was loosely based on the real story of the two title characters (Butch Cassidy and his friend Harry Longabaugh, also called \"Sundance\"). But it made the legends of the two more popular.\nIt won four Academy Awards: for Best Cinematography (shooting work on a movie), Best Original Score, Best Song (Burt Bacharach's \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head\") and Best Original Screenplay (William Goldman). It was also nominated for Best Picture, Best Director (Hill) and Best Sound. Goldman won the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.\nIt was one of the largest-grossing movies of the 1960s (with $102.3 million in the United States). It was number fifty on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies list.\nAt first, Warren Beatty and Steve McQueen (even Marlon Brando) were called upon to play the title roles. When Newman and Redford took their place, the roles were switched, with Newman as Sundance, and Redford as Cassidy. The studio, 20th Century Fox, did not like Redford's role. But the movie's director, Hill, wanted it that way.\nAs a result, Redford has said that the movie made him a more famous actor.\nThe Sundance Film Festival is named after Redford's role, as well his Utah ski resort."}
+{"id": "19724", "revid": "10252013", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19724", "title": "1480s", "text": "The 1480s was a decade that began on 1 January 1480 and ended on 31 December 1489.\nIt is distinct from the decade known as the 149th decade which began on January 1, 1481 and ended on December 31, 1490."}
+{"id": "19735", "revid": "10439279", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19735", "title": "Mehmed II", "text": "Mehmed II (; , ; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (; ), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the Peace of Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451, he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire, permanently cementing its destruction.\nAfter the conquest Mehmed claimed the title Caesar of the Roman Empire (), based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving Eastern Roman Empire since its consecration in 330 AD by Emperor Constantine I. The claim was only recognized by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Nonetheless, Mehmed II viewed the Ottoman state as a continuation of the Roman Empire for the remainder of his life, seeing himself as \"continuing\" the Empire rather than \"replacing\" it.\nMehmed continued his conquests in Anatolia with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as Bosnia. After conquering Constantinople and getting the Byzantines out of the way, he started making more conquests in the Balkans and focused on his Balkan campaigns, even unsuccessfully laying siege to Belgrade in 1456 at one point. He was also known for his rivalry with Vlad the Impaler, who grew up at his father's court alongside him. Vlad the Impaler had taken control over Wallachia and rebelled against the Ottoman Empire, thus Mehmed II sent an Ottoman army, resulting in a war between the two. The war ended when Vlad was killed by an Ottoman patrol in Wallachia. He was then beheaded with some saying his head was sent to Mehmed II himself at the capital city Constantinople (modern Istanbul) by the Ottoman soldiers. He was also known for his campaigns against Albanian rebel leader Skanderbeg. For most of his reign, Mehmed II was on campaign against either John Hunyadi, Vlad the Impaler or Skanderbeg. Domestically, he made many political and social reforms, encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day Turkey and parts of the wider Muslim world. Among other things, Istanbul's Fatih district, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge and Fatih Mosque are named after him."}
+{"id": "19758", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19758", "title": "The Bold and the Beautiful", "text": "The Bold and the Beautiful is a popular American soap opera. After \"The Young and the Restless\", it is the highest-rated soap opera there.\nThe series is shown in over 100 countries. About 300 million people watch it every day. This makes \"The Bold and the Beautiful\" the most watched television series in the world. The first episode was shown on March 23, 1987 on the CBS network. The series was created by the soap opera writer William J. Bell and his wife, Lee Phillip Bell. It is the only American soap opera to have its daily episodes translated into Spanish for the Hispanic viewers in the United States.\nThe series is set in Los Angeles, California. It tells the story of the Forrester family, who owns a fashion empire called Forrester Creations. The major members of the family are Eric Forrester (played by John McCook), the president of Forrester Creations, his wife Stephanie (Susan Flannery), their eldest son Ridge (Ronn Moss) and Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), who was married to both the father and the son. She owns most of Forrester Creations. This is because she created \"BeLieF\", a formula which earned much money for the company. There used to be a second fashion company called Spectra Fashions. It was Forrester\u2019s main competitor. The conflicts between the Forrester and the Spectra families was one of the major themes of the story."}
+{"id": "19759", "revid": "1223281", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19759", "title": "Primary color", "text": "Primary colors (or primary colours in Commonwealth English) are sets of colors that can be mixed to make a useful range of colors. The primary colors are those which cannot be made by mixing other colors in a given color space.\nFor an additive color model, as in overlapping projected lights or in television and computer screens, the primary colors are red, green, and blue.\nFor a subtractive color model, as in mixing of pigments or dyes for printing, the CMY(K) set of primaries is often used. In this system the primary colors are cyan, magenta, and yellow. Other sets include the RYB system of red, yellow, blue, especially used by artists. This color system is very common, and has been taught for a long time.\nBasis.\nPrimary colors are not a part of light itself. Instead, they come from the eye's physiological response to light (the way the eye works). For humans, three primary colors are usually used. In other words, human color vision is trichromatic.\nLight is a spectrum of the wavelengths that can be seen by the human eye. It is an infinite-dimensional stimulus space. However, the human eye normally has only three types of color receptors, called cone cells. Each color receptor respond to different ranges of the color spectrum. Humans and other species with three types of color receptors are known as trichromats.\nThe additive primary colors are red, green, and blue. Because of the response curves of the three different color receptors \nthe human eye, these colors are optimal in the sense that the largest range of colors \u2014 a gamut \u2014 seen by humans can be made by mixing light of these colors. Additive mixing of red and green light, makes shades of yellow. Mixing green and blue makes shades of cyan. Mixing red and blue makes shades of magenta, such as purple. Mixing equal proportions of the additive primaries results in shades of grey; when all three colors are fully saturated, the result is white. This color space is called the RGB (\"red, green, blue\") color space.\nSubtractive primaries.\nMedia that use reflected light and colorants to make colors are using the subtractive color method of color mixing. In the printing industry, to produce varying colors, the subtractive primary colors yellow, cyan, and magenta are applied together in varying amounts. Subtractive color works best when the surface or paper is white, or close to it.\nMixing yellow and cyan produces shades of green; mixing yellow with magenta produces shades of red, and mixing magenta with cyan produces shades of blue. In theory, mixing equal amounts of all three pigments should make shades of grey, resulting in black when all three are fully saturated. In practice, they tend to make muddy brown colors. For this reason, a fourth \"primary\" pigment, black, is often used along with the cyan, magenta, and yellow colors.\nThe color space with the fourth pigment is the CMYK color space. The abbreviation stands for \"Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black\" \u2014 K stands for \"Kohle\" (German for coal) and is used to represent black as 'B' could be confused with 'Blue'.\nMixtures of real materials like paint tend to be less precise. Brighter, or more specific colors can be made using natural pigments instead of mixing, and natural properties of pigments can interfere with the mixing. For example, mixing magenta and green in acrylic makes a dark cyan - which would not happen if the mixing process were perfectly subtractive."}
+{"id": "19760", "revid": "475687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19760", "title": "Umbilicus", "text": "The umbilicus (also called navel or bellybutton) is a place on the body of mammals that is left after a baby loses its umbilical cord. The umbilicus of humans is in the middle of the abdomen. It is usually only easy to see on humans, and is a thin line on many other mammals. In humans, they can be split into two different kinds, the kind that goes in (innie) and the kind that goes out (outie). Different people have different navels that can be different in size, shape, and looks, but these differences are not genetic (you do not get them from looks passed down in your family). The hepatic portal vein passes from the umbilical vein to the liver. When a person becomes fat, the fat usually goes around the umbilicus.\nIt marks the water shed line of the body. The venus blood & lymph do not cross the umbilical plane."}
+{"id": "19761", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19761", "title": "James Cook", "text": "Captain James Cook, FRS (27 October 1728 (O.S.) \u2013 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer. He sailed through the Pacific Ocean three times, mapped many areas and recorded several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He was the first British sailor to visit both the east coast of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands. He made the first European maps of Newfoundland and New Zealand. He wrote extensively about all his discoveries.\nHe sailed twice around the world. He crossed the Antarctic Circle and visited islands and landscapes in North America and the South Pacific. During his trips, he spent a lot of time on science and improving maps. He wrote books about what he found.\nLife.\nCook was born in Marton, Yorkshire, England. He was a son of a Scottish farmer. He was educated at the school in Great Ayton and at 17 he began work in a shop at Staithes. At 18, Cook became a sailor and an apprentice to John Walker of Whitby. Walker's business was transporting coal. Cook learned mathematics and navigation from Walker. He studied as much as he could about navigation and science.\nIn 1755, he joined the Royal Navy. During the Seven Years' War, he participated in the conquest of Canada. After the war, he was sent on three expeditions all over the world with the ship \"Endeavour\".\nHis goals on these missions were:\nCook was killed in the Hawaiian Islands in a dispute about a stolen boat.\nDeath of Captain James Cook.\nCook died on the morning of 14 February 1779. Cook and his men launched from \"Resolution\" with a company of armed marines. Cook's party numbered eleven: Cook, Marines Lt Molesworth Phillips; Sgt Gibson; Corporals Thomas and Ledyard and six privates. They went directly to the ruling chief's enclosure where Kalani\u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu was still sleeping. They woke him and directed him, urgently but without threat, to come with them. As Cook and his men marched the ruler out of the royal enclosure, Cook himself held the hands of the elder chief as they walked away from the town toward the beach. Kalani\u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu's favorite wife, saw them as they were leaving and yelled after her husband, but he ignored her and did not stop. She called to the other chiefs and the townspeople to alert them to the departure of her husband. Two chiefs, Kana\u02bbina (Kalaimanokaho\u02bbowaha), the young son of the former ruler, Keawe\u02bbopala, and Nuaa, the king's personal attendant, followed the group to the beach with the king's wife behind them pleading along the way for the ali\u02bbi nui to stop and come back.\nBy the time they got to the beach, Kalani\u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu's two youngest sons, who had been following their father believing they were being invited to visit the ship again with the ruler, began to climb into the boats waiting at the shore. K\u0101nekap\u014dlei shouted to them to get out of the boat and pleaded with her husband to stop. The ruler then realized that Cook and his men were not asking him to visit the ship, but were attempting to abduct him. At this point he stopped and sat down.\nCook's men were confronted on the beach by an elderly kahuna who approached them holding a coconut and chanting. They yelled at the priest to go away, but he kept approaching them while singing the \"mele\". When Cook and his men looked away from the old kahuna, they saw that the beach was now filled with thousands of Native Hawaiians. Cook told Kalani\u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu to get up but the ruler refused. As the townspeople began to gather around them, Cook and his men began to back away from the hostile crowd and raise their guns. The two chiefs and K\u0101nekap\u014dlei shielded the ali\u02bbi nui as Cook tried to get him to his feet. Some of the crowd called up Cook was going to take their chief;one man advanced toward Cook but was stopped by a marine bayonet. Cook saw the danger of the crowd attacking him; the man who had advanced toward him claimed that his brother had just been killed by the ship's guns and he would be avenged. Cook fired twice at the man; first with a blank and then with ball striking his assailant in the groin. Cook saw that his designs were opposed, and that he could not succeed without bloodshed, ordered Lt Phillips to withdraw the marines and get into the boats. Cook was then hit on the head with a stone and shot and killed the man who had thrown it. The officer in the boats gave an order to fire. Cook and Philips in the rear of the guard perceiving the general fire without orders and ran to the shore to put a stop to it. Unable to make themselves heard they joined the guard who fired as they retreated. Cook reached the margin of the water between the fire of the boats and waved with his hat for them to cease firing and to come in.\nKana\u02bbina angrily approached Cook, who reacted by striking the chief with the broad (flat) side of his sword. Kana\u02bbina jumped at Cook and grabbed him. Some accounts state that Kana\u02bbina did not intend to hit Cook while other descriptions say the chief deliberately struck the navigator across the head with his \"leiomano\". Either way, Kana\u02bbina pushed Cook, who fell to the sand. As Cook attempted to get up, Nuaa lunged at him and fatally stabbed him in the chest with a metal dagger, obtained by trade from Cook's ship during the same visit. Cook was stabbed just under the shoulder blade which passed through his body Cook fell with his face in the water. This caused a violent, close-quarters melee between the Hawaiians and Cook's men. Phillips killed the Chief who stabbed Cook with his sword\nFour of the Royal Marines (Corporal James Thomas and Privates Theophilus Hinks, Thomas Fachett, and John Allen) were killed and three (Including Phillips) were wounded; these three and three other marines made it to the boats. The remaining sailors and marines, heavily outnumbered, continued to fire as they retreated to their small boat and rowed back to their ship, killing several of the angered people on the beach, including possibly High Chief Kana\u02bbina. Lt Gore had the ships cannon fired on the crowd Cook's ships did not leave Kealakekua Bay until 22 February; they had remained for another week to continue repair of the mast and collect better-quality drinking water. They were obliged to fire upon the attacking natives and killed a number without loss to themselves. To terrorize the natives two of the dead warriors were beheaded and the heads stuck on the bows of the pinnances\nA young William Bligh, the future captain of , later claimed to have been watching with a spyglass from \"Resolution\" as Cook's body was dragged up the hill to the town by the Native Hawaiians, where it was torn to pieces by them. In fact the natives honoured Cook as a great Chief by the treatment of his remains. On the 22 and 23 of February the remains of Cook were returned to the ship. These were gathered up and buried in the Bay. Ironically the cutter which had been the cause of Cooks death could not be returned as it had been burned for iron.\nCook's Family.\nHe had four sons and one daughter. Their names were Elizabeth Cook, Hugh Cook, George Cook, Nathaniel Cook and Joseph Cook.\nHis father, James Cook, had three sisters and two brothers. Their names were Mary Cook, who died at four; Margaret Cook; William Cook; Jane Cook and John Cook."}
+{"id": "19762", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19762", "title": "Offside rule", "text": "The offside rule is one of the oldest football rules, but is still a much discussed rule. This is probably because of the relatively complicated set of provisions provided by the sport's law-making body, the IFAB for deciding if a player in an offside position is actually guilty of an offside offence by becoming involved in active play. It can also be a difficult decision for the referee or assistant referee to make as they need to watch the ball, the player playing the ball and also the attacker who is seeking to receive the ball at the same time. \nOffside is an offence committed by the team which has the ball and is punished with an indirect free kick.\nIt is a common misconception that the ball must be played forward for an offside offence to be committed. This is incorrect however, as an offside offence is related to the position of the player in relation to the last two opponents, the ball and the opponent's goal line rather than the direction the ball is played. If the player is closer to the opponent's goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent when it is played by a team mate, she or he is in an offside position. \nBut there are some exceptions:"}
+{"id": "19763", "revid": "10078056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19763", "title": "Valentine's Day", "text": "Valentine's Day is a celebration that happens on February 14. It is the day of the year when lovers celebrate their love. This can be done by giving flowers, chocolates, Valentine's cards or just a nice gift. Love notes can be given to one another. These notes that people give out are also called \"valentines\". Some people pick one person and call them their \"Valentine\" as a gesture to show love and appreciation.\nSymbols of Valentine's Day are heart shapes, roses, and Cupid with his arrows.\nValentine's Day is named for the martyred Christian saint named Valentine. He was a bishop that performed marriages between forbidden couples. Valentine's Day is celebrated on February 14th since it is associated with the feast day of St. Valentine, a Christian martyr.\nSince the 14th century, Valentine's pairs are formed in England. English emigrants then took the Valentine's custom to the United States. After World War II, US soldiers brought this festival to Europe.\nLegend.\nIn the third century A.D., Valentine was the bishop of Terni (Italy). He performed weddings for couples who were not allowed to get married. They may not have been allowed to get married because the parents did not agree with the connection or because the bridegroom was a soldier or a slave, so the marriage was forbidden. Valentine gave the married couple flowers from his garden. That's why flowers play a very important role on Valentine's Day. This did not please the emperor. On February 14, 269 AD, Valentine was beheaded because of his Christian faith.\nAn expansion of the legend combines the day of death of Valentine with the Roman festival Lupercalia. It was the festival of the great goddess Lupa, which is the feminine word for wolf. She was the Great She-Wolf who nursed the twin babies, Romulus and Remus, who later became the founders of Rome. During the annual ceremony, the temple priestesses (lupae) wrote their names on strips of papyrus. These were picked by young men. After the lottery, the youngsters walked through the city and got the blessings of the citizens. The martyr Valentine became the patron saint of the lovers. Still in the Middle Ages, as in France or in Belgium, people were chosen by the lottery to live a year with each other and people prayed to Saint Valentine to make love potions and charms.\nUnited States and Europe.\nIn the 19th century, the custom of sending Valentine's Cards became very popular. The cards usually have pictures of hearts or flowers and contain some sort of poem, message, or code. Codes and simple messages give some people the courage to show their true feelings to the person they love. Today, some people still use mysterious codes to show their love. People can use newspapers to give a coded message to their loved one, giving other readers a view of the couples' intimacy with one another. Sometimes they will give each other chocolates.\nFamous for the popularity of the celebration is the folk song called \"Die Vogelhochzeit\" (\"The Birds' Wedding\").\nChina.\nIn China, a holiday called Qi Xi is also called \"Chinese Valentine's Day\", especially by younger people. Qi Xi is traditionally held on the 7th day of the 7th month of the lunar calendar. In recent years, it has become more like Valentine's Day in other countries."}
+{"id": "19765", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19765", "title": "Canary Islands", "text": "The Canary Islands are an autonomous community of Spain located off the coast of Africa. Consisting of seven main islands and over 50 smaller islands and islets, this region has a volcanic origin which can be appreciated in every one of them, especially in Tenerife, where we can find El Teide. The autonomous community has two capital cities, of equal status: Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.\nThe seven islands are: La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro, Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, and Fuerteventura. People from La Gomera have a whistle language that children there learn at school. Tenerife has the highest mountain in the Canary Islands and Spain too, the Teide. The Teide is actually a volcano, but it has not been active in more than 300 years. \nThe islands are popular with tourists because of their warm climate and nice beaches. The local farmers grow lots of exotic fruits including papayas and bananas.\nAs of the 2020s, Canarians are being (pushed out or) driven out of their homes by the tourism industry.\nHistory.\nIt is believed that the first group of people who inhabited the islands were a group of Berber people named Guanches, originally from North Africa, settling in the islands at some point in the first millennium BCE, with estimates ranging from around 1000 BCE to 200 BCE. \nThe islands were later conquered by the Castilians in the 15th century, bringing significant changes to the islands, including language, religion or customs. When the Castilians arrived in the Canary Islands in the 15th century, they encountered fierce resistance from the Guanches who sought to defend their land. However, the Guanches were ultimately overwhelmed by the superior military technology and tactics of the Spanish forces. The conquest led to the subjugation and displacement of the Guanches on the islands. The Guanches were gradually assimilated into Castilian society, resulting in the decline of their population and cultural heritage over time.\nCastilian colonization led to economic growth as the Canary Islands became a hub for trade routes to America, which facilitated trade and commerce. New technologies and agricultural practices were also introduced, improving productivity and efficiency in farming, fishing, and other industries.\nSpaniards brought with them architectural styles and construction techniques that influenced the built environment of the Canary Islands. This includes the construction of fortifications, churches, and colonial buildings that still stand today as part of the islands' cultural heritage. They also introduced new systems of governance and administration to the Canary Islands, integrating them into the Spanish Empire. This included the establishment of colonial institutions, legal systems, and administrative structures."}
+{"id": "19766", "revid": "9733900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19766", "title": "Edinburgh Airport", "text": "Edinburgh Airport (IATA EDI, ICAO: EGPH) is an airport in Scotland. It is one of seven airports in the United Kingdom owned by the company BAA, which also owns Glasgow Airport and Aberdeen Airport in Scotland.\n It is served by many different airlines including Scot Airways, British Airways, EasyJet, BMI, Continental Airlines, Air France, delta airlines qatar airways hainan airlines andLufthansa. The airport has good road links to the city centre with a bus running every 10\u00a0minutes from the airport to the centre of Edinburgh, a number of taxis are always available. Just over 9 million people a year use the airport, but there are plans to make the airport bigger in the future.\nOn 19th October 2011, BAA Limited said that it is going to sell Edinburgh Airport. This was done following a decision by the UK's Competition Commission which said that BAA needs to sell either Glasgow or Edinburgh Airport.\nAccidents.\nIn February 2001 a Shorts 360 crashed shortly after taking off from Edinburgh Airport. Both pilots were killed but there were no passengers on board as it was a mail-carrying flight."}
+{"id": "19767", "revid": "1693041", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19767", "title": "Lufthansa", "text": "Lufthansa is the largest airline in Germany, and the second-largest in Europe. Some of Lufthansa's hubs are Frankfurt am Main and Munich, Germany. A hub is an airport where people who fly from one city to a second city can transfer or change airplanes.\nLufthansa buys airplanes from Boeing and Airbus. Lufthansa has big airplanes for flights to North America, Asia, and Africa. These flights are called long-haul flights because they are between cities that are far apart from each other. Lufthansa also has small airplanes for flights in Europe. These flights are called short-haul flights.\nLufthansa is a founding member of the Star Alliance, alongside United Airlines, Air Canada, Scandinavian Airlines, and Thai Airways International. \nThe name of Lufthansa's frequent flyer program is Miles and More. People earn points for flights they travel on. When they have enough points, they can get a free flight. Lufthansa has \"Miles and More\" to encourage people to fly with Lufthansa.\nMany regional flights are operated Lufthansa Regional with Lufthansa CityLine, Eurowings and Air Dolomiti.\nFleet.\nLufthansa uses these airplanes:\nOther websites.\nArticle has been lengthened."}
+{"id": "19768", "revid": "10373242", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19768", "title": "Orlando Bloom", "text": "Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom (born 13 January 1977, in Canterbury, Kent, England) is an English actor. He is most known for his first major movie role as the elf Legolas Greenleaf in \"The Lord of the Rings\" movie trilogy.\nIn 1993, he moved to London to improve his career, doing bit parts in TV series like \"Casualty\". Then he played some theatres like \"The Seagull\", \"Twelfth Night\", and \"Trojan Women\". This is a role that he received some days before graduating the drama school in London.\nOn June 24, 2025, \"\u00a1Hola!\" confirmed that Katy Perry and Orlando Bloom have called off their engagement.\nMovies.\nHere are some movies, in which he played an important character:"}
+{"id": "19777", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19777", "title": "Buddhist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19778", "revid": "10249422", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19778", "title": "871", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19779", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19779", "title": "1791", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19780", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19780", "title": "1084", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19781", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19781", "title": "Chromium", "text": "Chromium is a chemical element. Its symbol on the periodic table (a list of all the elements) is Cr. It always has 24 protons, so its atomic number is 24. Its mass number (number of protons and neutrons) is about 54. Most of the times it has 28 neutrons, but different isotopes have more or fewer neutrons. As a metal, it has 24 electrons. Its ions have fewer electrons.\nProperties.\nChromium is a shiny metal. It is reactive, but it reacts with air to produce a very thin coating of chromium(III) oxide, which prevents it from rusting any more. \nCompounds.\nChromium occurs in several oxidation states; +2, +3, and +6 are most common. It forms chemical compounds that are colorful.\nTrivalent chromium.\nThere are two main types of chromium ions, which are found in chromium compounds. One type of chromium ion (\"Cr3+\", trivalent chromium ) is required by our body and by those of other animals. If we do not get enough chromium, certain parts of our body may not work properly. We get most of the chromium we need from our food we eat. Chromium is also put into vitamins to make sure that we get enough. If we get too much of this type of chromium, it can harm our body.\nHexavalent chromium.\nAnother type of chromium (\"Cr6+\" (chromate, hexavalent chromium), in the +6 oxidation state) can cause cancer or make people sick, even though most people do not get exposed to it much. It is found in places that make chromium metal, which is why they need to be cleaned up when they close. Hexavalent chromium can be destroyed by reacting it with reducing agents, turning it into Cr3+ (trivalent chromium). They are strong oxidizing agents.\nThe chromate ion is CrO42-. Chromates are generally yellow.\nThe dichromate ion is Cr2O72-. Dichromates are red or orange.\nOccurrence and preparation.\nChromium occurs as chromite. Chromite is a mixture of iron(II) oxide and chromium(III) oxide. Its chemical formula is FeCr2O4. It is heated with sodium carbonate to make sodium chromate, iron(III) oxide, and carbon dioxide. The sodium chromate is reacted with sulfuric acid to produce sodium dichromate. The sodium dichromate is reduced by carbon to chromium(III) oxide. The chromium(III) oxide is reacted with aluminum to make chromium metal. The chromates and dichromates are what make chromium production areas toxic.\nUses.\nChromium is used in different metal products. Stainless steel is the most common use. It is also used in \"chrome plating\", where it makes things shiny and stops corrosion. Some chromates were used as pigments, but they are toxic so people do not want to use them anymore. \nSafety.\nChromium metal is nontoxic. But hexavalent chromium is toxic and carcinogenic, and trivalent chromium is mildly toxic in large quantities."}
+{"id": "19782", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19782", "title": "Neon", "text": "Neon is a chemical element on the periodic table. It is part of the noble gas group and it has an atomic number of 10. It is an odorless and tasteless gas (at 15 degrees Celsius at standard pressure).\nNeon does not react with other elements, so it is found by itself. There is not much neon in the air, and it is clear, so we do not see it.\nIt was previously thought that Neon could not bond with any other elements, creating compounds. However, there have been a few compounds that have been made with neon, such as NeAuF and NeBeS.\nHistory.\nTwo British scientists, Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers, discovered neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. Together they discovered a brand new gas element in 1898. Four years before, Ramsay, a physical chemist, had found argon and was the first person to isolate helium in 1895. The scientists froze argon, using liquid air, and then evaporated this to collect the gas that is produced. Using a high voltage, they collected the first sample of the gas. To their surprise, the gas illuminated the glass tubes and glowed with bright crimson light.\nUpon discovery, the two scientists decided to name the new gas Neon, after the Greek word Neos, meaning the new one. While Ramsay and Travers discovered neon gas, they didn\u2019t invent neon lamps. It wasn\u2019t until 1902 when French engineer and inventor Georges Claude showcased the first neon light.\nUses.\nNeon gas is used in gas discharge lamps. When electricity goes through the neon, it lights up red. Due to this quality, it is used in light up signs. Similar signs use other gases to make other colors, but they are also often called \"neon signs\". Neon is also a term referring to a type of color that is very bright, such as lime green."}
+{"id": "19783", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19783", "title": "Tin", "text": "Tin is a chemical element with symbol\u00a0Sn (for ) and atomic number\u00a050. It is in Group 14 on the periodic table. It has ten isotopes that are not radioactive, which is more than any other element.\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nTin is a silver, somewhat soft metal. It is a post-transition metal. Its melting point is 231.93\u00b0C and its boiling point is 2602\u00a0\u00b0C. It can melt easily in a flame. It is malleable. It makes a crackling sound called tin cry when a piece of it is bent. Tin has more non-radioactive isotopes than any other element.\nTin is found in two allotropes: alpha-tin and beta-tin. Alpha-tin is a brittle, dull, powdery, semimetallic form of tin. It is made when very pure tin is cooled. Beta-tin is the normal shiny, soft, conductive, metallic form. It is made at higher temperatures. The decay of tin by turning from beta-tin to alpha-tin is called \"tin pest\". Alpha-tin is not wanted in many places. When small amounts of other elements like antimony are added, the tin cannot change into alpha-tin. When alpha-tin is heated, it changes into beta-tin.\nTin can be hardened by adding antimony or copper, as well as some other elements. These also make it resistant to tin pest. Tin can also be made very shiny. Tin can make an alloy with copper called bronze.\nChemical properties.\nTin resists many corrosive substances and is often used to protect other metals. Salt water and fresh water do not affect tin. It dissolves in strong acids to make tin salts. It reacts with some strong bases.\nChemical compounds.\nTin forms chemical compounds in two oxidation states: +2 and +4. +2 compounds are reducing agents. Some of them are colorless while others are colored. +4 compounds are more unreactive and act more covalent.\nTin burns in air to make tin(IV) oxide, which is white. Tin(IV) oxide dissolves in acids to make other tin(IV) compounds. Tin(IV) chloride is a colorless fuming liquid when anhydrous and a white solid when hydrated. It easily reacts with water to make tin(IV) oxide and an acid again.\nTin reacts with hydrohalic acids to make tin(II) halides. For example, tin(II) chloride is made when tin dissolves in hydrochloric acid. Tin(IV) halides are made when tin reacts with the halogens. Tin(IV) chloride is made when tin reacts with chlorine. Tin(II) sulfate is different as it does not oxidize to tin(IV) sulfate. Tin(II) oxide is a blue-black solid that burns in air to make tin(IV) oxide.\n+2 compounds are reducing agents. They are about as common as +4 compounds. Some are colorless, while others are colored.\n+4 compounds are unreactive. Some are colorless.\nOccurrence.\nTin is not found as a metal in the ground. It is normally in the form of cassiterite. Cassiterite is a mineral containg tin(IV) oxide. The cassiterite is normally found downstream of the cassiterite deposit when it is by a stream or river. Tin is also found in some complicated sulfide minerals.\nTin does not have any major job in the human body.\nPreparation.\nTin is made by heating cassiterite with carbon in a furnace. China is the biggest maker of tin.\nHistory.\nPeople discovered tin long ago and used it with other metals. When copper and tin are mixed together, bronze is made. Bronze was important in the past, because it was one of the strongest metals available, which meant it was useful in weapons and tools. Bronze changed the world when it was first invented, starting the Bronze Age. People organized themselves more, because making tools from bronze was harder than making them from rock and wood like they did before.\nUses.\nTin is used in solder. Solder used to contain a mixture of lead and tin. Now the lead is removed because of its toxicity.\nTin is also used to make pewter, which is mainly tin mixed with a small amount of copper and other metals. Babbitt metal also has tin in it. Tin is used to coat several metals, like lead and steel. Tin plated steel containers are used to store foods. The pipes on a pipe organ are made of tin. Tin foil was used before aluminium foil. Tin was one of the first superconductors to be found. Organotin compounds are more common than almost any other organometal compound. They are used in some PVC pipes to stop them from decaying. Organotin compounds are toxic, though.\nSafety.\nTin is not toxic, but tin compounds are very toxic to marine life. They are a little toxic to humans."}
+{"id": "19784", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19784", "title": "Sn", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19785", "revid": "1262802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19785", "title": "Silicon", "text": " \nSilicon is a chemical element. Its atomic number is 14 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Si. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid. It is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table.\nSilicon looks like a metal, but cannot do everything that a metal can, like conduct electricity well. Silicon is used a lot in today's computers and nearly every other electronic device as well. Germanium can also be used in computers, but silicon is much easier to find. \nFor example, all of the sand found at the beach is made of small cubes of silicon dioxide also known as silica. Glass is made by heating sand hot enough until it melts. Glass made from silicon can be made in different colours by adding colouring compounds. Many rocks and minerals are composed of compounds of silicon and oxygen called silicates.\nSilicon in computers.\nSilicon is a semiconductor, and much used in computers. A typical desktop computer contains several dozen integrated circuits made mostly of silicon. A super-pure isotope of silicon, silicon-28, can now be made 40 times more pure than before. It is very important for the next big development in computers. This stores \"qubits\" in atoms of another element, like phosphorus, embedded in a tiny layer of ultra-pure silicon-28. These qubits can simultaneously encode a one and a zero, for incredibly fast and complex calculations."}
+{"id": "19786", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19786", "title": "Cadmium", "text": "Cadmium is a metal. It is element 48 on the periodic table. Its symbol is \"Cd\". Its atomic number is 48 and its atomic mass is 112.4. It is found in Group 12 on the periodic table.\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nCadmium is a blue-gray soft metal. It can be considered a transition metal or a post-transition metal. It is malleable and ductile. It is similar to zinc. It melts at 321\u00b0C.\nCadmium has 8 natural isotopes. 5 are radioactive, but 3 have very long half-lives so their radioactivity is almost nothing. \nChemical properties.\nCadmium is a moderately reactive metal. It corrodes in moist air and dissolves in acids. It burns in air when powdered to make the brown cadmium oxide. \nChemical compounds.\nCadmium forms chemical compounds in two oxidation states: +1 and +2. The +1 state is rare and unstable. The +2 state is much more common. Most +2 compounds dissolve easily in water and are white to yellow. Cadmium oxide can be brown, red, or white. Cadmium sulfide is bright yellow. Cadmium chloride and cadmium sulfate are colorless solids that dissolve easily in water. Cadmium fluoride is slightly soluble. Cadmium compounds are toxic when inhaled.\nHistory.\nCadmium was found by two chemists, German chemist Friedrich Stromeyer discovered it in 1817, and Karl Herman also discovered it in 1818. They were looking at an impurity in zinc carbonate and found cadmium. For about 100 years, Germany made most cadmium. Cadmium iodide was used as a medicine although it was toxic.\nOccurrence.\nCadmium ores are rare. Greenockite, a cadmium sulfide mineral is the only main ore and it is found with sphalerite, a zinc sulfide. Because of this, most cadmium comes from zinc processing. Cadmium as a metal is very rare but is found in one place in Russia.\nPreparation.\nChina makes the most cadmium. South Korea and Japan also make cadmium. Cadmium is taken from the zinc metal by heating the zinc metal in a vacuum. Cadmium is boiled first. The cadmium is condensed and used. Cadmium is also taken by precipitating it from the solution of zinc sulfate used to make pure zinc by electrolysis.\nUses.\nIn the 1930s and 1940s cadmium was mainly used to plate steel to prevent it from corroding. Then cadmium sulfide was used as a pigment in paint. \nNow, cadmium is mainly used in nickel cadmium batteries. 86% of cadmium is used in batteries as of 2009. Some people are trying to stop using nickel-cadmium batteries because cadmium is toxic. Cadmium is still used to electroplate steel to prevent corrosion. Only about 6% of cadmium is used for this. Cadmium is also used in lasers, nuclear reactors, phosphors, photoresistors, pigments, and semiconductors. Wood's metal, an alloy that melts very easily, has cadmium in it. Cadmium is used in some solder. \nCadmium is not used in the human body or any other animal. A diatom uses cadmium, though. \nSafety.\nCadmium is a highly toxic metal. Dust of cadmium or its compounds is very dangerous and can kill. Some countries have banned cadmium from electronics. Cigarette smoking is the most important source of cadmium. Smokers have about 4 times more cadmium in their blood than nonsmokers (people who do not smoke). Cadmium is thought to be carcinogenic, although people still debate whether it is other things with the cadmium that cause cancer, like arsenic."}
+{"id": "19787", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19787", "title": "Krypton", "text": "Krypton is a stable noble gas. It has an atomic number of 36. The name \"krypton\" comes from the Greek word \"kryptos\" meaning \"hidden\". It is used in fluorescent lamps, flashbulbs, and as a wavelength standard. The metre used to be defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in a vacuum of krypton gas. \nChemistry.\nBecause it is a gas, it does not react with many elements. It is clear and has no taste or smell. The atmosphere is only about one millionth part krypton. Krypton has very few compounds.\nUses.\nThe main use for krypton is to make light. There is one main type of krypton light bulbs. This is called a gas discharge lamp. There are three main types of these. First is a low energy gas discharge lamp or \"neon light\". Low energy gas discharge lights made from krypton are near white to green. Second is a high energy short length of time gas discharge light or \"flash bulb\". These are mostly used for photography. They are bright blue-white. Third is a high energy gas discharge light. This third kind is mostly used to light airport runways. They are also bright blue-white.\nHistory.\nKrypton was found by Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers in Great Britain in 1898. Ramsay was given the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on noble gases. It was a difficult gas to discover; Ramsay suspected it existed but only found it by removing other gases. This is why he gave it the name Krypton. There is no mineral called Kryptonite or planet called Krypton, which both feature in the Superman comics by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. The fictional planet is probably better known than the real chemical element called Krypton.\nIt took until 1962 until a chemical compound containing Krypton was found."}
+{"id": "19788", "revid": "1451744", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19788", "title": "Noble gas", "text": "The noble gases are a group of elements that are all gases. These elements are all in group 18 of the periodic table. All of them are monoatomic, meaning each molecule is a single atom. They almost never react with other elements. This is because they have a full 8 electrons outer electron shell. There are six noble gases:\nAll of these gases are found in air. They make up around 0.96% of the atmosphere. Noble gas compounds can be formed from noble gases.\nWhen the noble gases are used in cold cathode tubes to produce light, each of them has a different colour. Since Radon is radioactive, it is usually not used for lighting. Here are pictures of what the others look like:\nOganesson (element 118) is probably the next noble gas after Radon because it is the next box down in the same group. However it has a half life of 0.89 ms, after which it decays to Livermorium (Element 116). This means its use is probably limited.\nNoble gases were discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. Rayleigh won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904 for his work on noble gas. Ramsay won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 for his work with noble gas."}
+{"id": "19789", "revid": "13132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19789", "title": "Cr", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19790", "revid": "9524912", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19790", "title": "Polonium", "text": "Polonium is a rare radioactive metalloid. It is chemical element 84 on the periodic table and its symbol is Po. It was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie.\nPolonium is highly unstable, radioactive and toxic. This makes it difficult to handle. It can be dangerous, even in very small amounts. One gram of Po will self-heat to a temperature of about . It also vaporizes easily.\nPolonium has 33 isotopes, and all of them are radioactive. It is a very rare element in nature because of its short half-life. It is a breakdown product of uranium, so it is found in uranium ores. \nPolonium is also very important because it is the main element of nuclear bombs."}
+{"id": "19791", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19791", "title": "Bismuth", "text": "Bismuth is a chemical element. It is element 83 on the periodic table and its symbol is \"Bi\". Its atomic mass is 209. It is only slightly radioactive. The radioactivity is minimal so it is typically seen as nonradioactive. Bismuth is only naturally found as one isotope, which is the almost nonradioactive one. Its radioactivity was predicted by scientists and proven by analyzing the metal. It is in Group 15 on the periodic table. \nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nBismuth is a silver metal with a pink tinge to it. This pink color is because of its oxide coating. Bismuth is a post-transition metal. It is one of the strongest diamagnetic metals. It is almost as heavy as lead. It is quite brittle. It can make crystals with a shiny surface. Its melting point is quite low: , which is normal for post-transition metals. As a liquid it is denser and has a smaller volume than as a solid. Another chemical that does this is water. It does not conduct electricity or heat very well.\nChemical properties.\nBismuth is somewhat similar to antimony. Bismuth makes a thin coating of bismuth(III) oxide when it is in air. This makes the colors on the crystals. It does not oxidize any more than the oxide layer. It burns when powdered with a bright blue flame, making yellow bismuth(III) oxide fumes. Bismuth also reacts with sulfur, when molten. Bismuth reacts with nitric acid to make bismuth(III) nitrate and concentrated sulfuric acid to make bismuth(III) sulfate and sulfur dioxide. It reacts with halogens to make bismuth(III) halides but with fluorine it makes bismuth(V) fluoride unless the fluorine is diluted.\nChemical compounds.\nBismuth forms chemical compounds in two main oxidation states: +3 and +5. +3 is more common. +3 compounds are weak oxidizing agents and are normally light yellow. +5 compounds are strong oxidizing agents. Bismuthates are the most common +5 compounds. Bismuth(V) fluoride is another +5 compound. Bismuth(V) oxide is an unstable red solid. Bismuth sulfide is a common ore of bismuth. Bismuthine, a bismuth hydride, is very unstable and only can be made at very cold temperatures. Bismuth makes many oxy- compounds like bismuth oxychloride. These compounds are made when bismuth halides dissolve in water.\nBismuth(III) compounds.\n+3 compounds are weak oxidizing agents except for bismuthine. They are normally pale yellow.\nBismuth(V) compounds.\nBismuth(V) compounds (+5 compounds) are very strong oxidizing agents.\nHistory.\nBismuth was known since ancient times. It was confused with tin and lead, though. No one is credited for discovering bismuth. In the 1500s, people started realizing that bismuth was different than tin or lead.\nOccurrence.\nBismuth is not very common in the earth. It is only about twice as common as gold. Bismite, a bismuth oxide mineral, and bismuthinite, a bismuth sulfide, are two common ores. Bismuth is sometimes found as a metal, too.\nPreparation.\nBismuth and its minerals are too rare to be mined. They are gotten by \"secondary extraction\". It is normally found in lead metal. The lead metal is purified by electrolysis, leaving the bismuth behind as a sludge on the bottom of the container. The copper is taken out of the sludge and the bismuth is purified by being reduced in a furnace and all the impurities are filtered out.\nChina makes the most bismuth. Peru, Mexico, and Japan also make bismuth.\nBismuth can be recycled, but the process is challenging in many regions. This difficulty arises because bismuth is often used in applications such as bullets, solder, and stomach medications, which tend to disperse widely and are not easily recoverable.\nUses.\nAs an element.\nBismuth is used in alloys with very low melting points. Some of them melt in hot water. They are also found in solder that does not have lead in it. It can make alloys with other metals to make them more malleable. It is also used in bullets to replace lead. In some places lead bullets are outlawed as birds eat them and get lead poisoning. It is also used in alloys for plumbing. It is used in fishing sinkers. \nAs chemical compounds.\nBismuth is used in some medicines such as Pepto-Bismol. This medicine has bismuth subsalicylate in it. It is also used as an internal deodorant and to treat eye infections and peptic ulcers.\nBismuth oxychloride is used in cosmetics. Bismuth telluride is used in electronic thermometers. Another compound is used in superconductors and becomes a superconductor at a high temperature. It can be used as a pigment and in fireworks to make crackling sounds. It is used in the nuclear fuel of a nuclear reactor.\nSafety.\nBismuth is much less toxic than other heavy metals. This is why it is replacing lead in many things. It does not add up in the body like other heavy metals do. A very large amount of bismuth can poison the kidneys and liver, though. Because its oxide does not dissolve in water, it is considered safe for the environment. Bismuth's radioactivity is so weak that it's not considered a hazard."}
+{"id": "19792", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19792", "title": "Iridium", "text": "Iridium is the 77th element on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ir and its atomic number is 77.\nChemistry.\nIridium is a metal. Like other metals in the platinum group, Iridium is a rare and expensive \"noble metal\" and is a transition metal. It looks like platinum and is found in asteroids and comets. It is exceptionally hard-wearing. \nIridium deposits are used to identify relative dates of collisions of foreign bodies. Iridium can fold and bend just like aluminum, and remains very shiny. Most iridium is found in the Americas, though some is mined in Myanmar, South Africa, and Russia. Iridium melts at 2410 \u00b0C, and boils at 4130 \u00b0C. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal.\nIridium is not needed in the body. It is used for the tips of pens. The main uses of iridium are the metal itself and its alloys.\nHistory.\nA man named Smithson Tennant first found it in the year 1803 and is was named after Iris in Greek mythology. Smithson Tennant found it in the remains when he left crude platinum in a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid."}
+{"id": "19793", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19793", "title": "Transition metal", "text": "The transition metals are a group of metals that are found in the middle of the periodic table. The alkaline earth metals, beginning with beryllium are to the left and the boron group elements are to the right. The term \"transition element\" was invented for them in 1921.\nThe atomic numbers of these metals are from 21 to 30, 39-48, 57, 72-80, 89 and 104-112. Many elements like Zn, Cd, Hg, La and Ac have a highly debatable position in the transition series of elements. La and Ac are also classed in the lanthanide series and actinide series respectively.\nTransition metals have several general properties. They are harder and less reactive than the alkaline earth metals. They are also harder than the post transition metals. They make colorful chemical compounds with other elements. Most of them have more than one oxidation state. Like other metals, they are electrical conductors.\nSome of the transition metals are necessary to keep humans healthy, such as iron, zinc, and chromium. Other elements in the transition metals can be harmful to our body, like cadmium and mercury. Other elements like gold or silver do not harm or help us. There are more transition metals than any other groups in the periodic table.\nOnly a few of the transition metals are colored; most of them are silver-gray or silver-bluish."}
+{"id": "19794", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19794", "title": "Osmium", "text": "Osmium is a chemical element. It is element number 76 on the periodic table. Its symbol is \"Os\".\nThere is not much osmium on earth. There is actually such a small amount that osmium is very expensive.\nOsmium is a metal and it does not react very much, and such a metal is known as a \"noble metal\".\nOsmium is the densest (heaviest for the same amount) element on the periodic table.\nIt was discovered in 1804 by Smithson Tennant in London, England. He found it together with Iridium in a bit of Platinum, which he had dissolved in Aqua regia.\nCharacteristics.\nOsmium has a blue-grey hue and is the densest stable element; it is about twice as dense as lead and slightly denser than iridium. Osmium is a hard but brittle metal that stays shiny even at high temperatures. It has a very low squeezability. Accordingly, its size module is extremely high, reported between 395 and 462 GPa, which is comparable to that of diamond (443 GPa). The hardness of osmium is moderately high at 4 GPa. Because of its hardness, brittleness, low vapour pressure, and very high melting point, solid osmium is difficult to machine, form, or work."}
+{"id": "19795", "revid": "9243994", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19795", "title": "Radon", "text": "\"Radon\" is a chemical element in the periodic table. It is element 86 on the periodic table and its symbol is Rn. It is an odorless, tasteless noble gas. It is quite radioactive and can decay very quickly. 27 isotopes of Radon are known today. The most stable of them has a half life of about 3.8 days. \nChemistry.\nRadon is a gas and is part of the group known as the noble gases. It does not react with other elements, so it is found pure. Radon is radioactive, meaning that it can give off harmful rays. Some people have high levels of radon in their houses, and this can be very dangerous. A lot of radon can get stuck in the basement of old houses, and so people end up breathing it in. It gets stuck in the lungs and has been known to cause cancer. There are groups that try to make sure there is no dangerous radon in houses.\nIt can occur naturally on the Earth but is a very small amount. As elements like Thorium and Uranium decay, some of that gets turned into Radon.\nRadon can cause lung cancer and is the second most popular cause of lung cancer straight after smoking.\nHistory.\nRadon was the fifth radioactive element to be discovered, in 1899 by Ernest Rutherford and Robert B. Owens at McGill University in Montreal, after uranium, thorium, radium, and polonium. In 1899, Pierre and Marie Curie saw that the gas given off by radium remained radioactive for a month. Later that year, Rutherford and Owens noticed different types of them when trying to measure radiation from thorium oxide.\nUses.\nIt is sometimes used in radiation therapy. However, it is very dangerous to use."}
+{"id": "19796", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19796", "title": "FTP", "text": "FTP, also known as File Transfer Protocol, is a communication protocol for the rapid, simple transmission of files across a network supporting the TCP/IP. This network is generally the Internet, or a local network. FTP is a way of accessing files on another computer. FTP uses the Client-Server architecture, meaning that there is a server, that holds the files, and does the authentication, and a client, or the end-user, who is accessing the files. The server listens on the network for connection requests from other computers. The client can make a connection to the FTP server by using FTP client software. Once connected and authenticated (via rsh or SFTP) the client can do things such as uploading files to the server, downloading files (taking the server's files and putting them on his own computer) from the server, and renaming, deleting files on the server, changing file permissions, etc.\nMost modern operating systems support FTP. This implies that any computer connected to a TCP/IP based network can manipulate files on another computer on that network regardless of which operating systems are involved, provided that they are open to FTP connections. There are many existing FTP client and server programs, many of these are available free, or open source.\nFTP connection is also seen in cellular phones when trying to transfer or receive data from a computer nearby.\nFTP return codes.\nFTP server return codes show their status by the digits within them. A short explanation of various digits' meanings are given below:\nFTP modes.\nFTP may run in \"active\" or \"passive\" mode, which determines how the data connection is established. In both cases, the client creates a TCP control connection from a random, usually an unprivileged, port N to the FTP server command port 21.\nFTP Servers.\nSome popular open source FTP server implementations are:"}
+{"id": "19797", "revid": "814900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19797", "title": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol", "text": "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (usually abbreviated to HTTP) is a communications protocol. It is used to send and receive webpages and files on the internet. It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and is now coordinated by the W3C.\nHTTP/1.1 is the most-used version today, and RFC 2616 completely explains how it should work. As of April 2023, about 39% of websites already use the next version, HTTP/2 (which works in nearly all web browsers), and over 27% of websites already work with the newest version, HTTP/3, which came out in 2022. HTTP/3 is faster for most webpages in the real world. It is faster than both HTTP/2 and HTTP/1.1, sometimes more than three times as fast as HTTP/1.1.\nHTTPS.\nThe secure variant of HTTP is called HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), and is used by more than 79% of websites, such as payment websites (if it's not used, then it's a clear signal that the payment site is a scam).\nHTTPS is used by default by most web browsers (even if not requested by the user), assuming the web server supports it. If browsing to a website, and the web browser shows it starting with codice_1 without an codice_2 before the colon (or an unlocked icon is seen), then that website is not secure, then passwords or other data sent to them can be stolen. HTTPS encrypts all the information that is both sent and received. This can, therefore, stop malicious users such as hackers from stealing the information. HTTPS uses port 443 for communication instead of port 80.\nHTTP works as such, a user agent, usually meaning the web browser, connects to a (web) server. A user agent could also be a web crawler, or so-called \"spider\", but most users do not use such tools (they are used by search engines, such as Google). The server must be located using a URL or URI. It normally connects to port 80 on a computer.\nRequest message.\nThe request message (for HTTP/1.1 and older) contains the following (i.e. it's in plain text; no longer used with HTTP/2 and later):\nThe request line and headers must all end with two characters: a carriage return followed by a line feed, often written <CR><LF>. The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace. In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all headers except codice_7 are optional.\nA request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 standard."}
+{"id": "19798", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19798", "title": "Ethernet", "text": "Ethernet is a way of connecting computers together in a local area network or LAN. It has been the most widely used method of linking computers together in LANs since the 1990s. The basic idea of its design is that multiple computers have access to it and can send data at any time. This is comparatively easy to engineer. \nIf two computers send data at the same time, a collision will occur. When this happens, the data sent is not usable. In general, both computers will stop sending, and wait a random amount of time, before they try again. A special protocol was developed to deal with such problems. It is called Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection or CSMA/CD.\nDifferent cable types.\nThere are different Ethernet standards. Ethernet cables connect to boxes called hubs or switches. Each cable runs from a computer's network interface card (NIC) to such a box. This cable is called 10BaseT or 100BaseT, or 1000BaseT Cable.\nAll cable types:\nToday, the cables for 10BaseT, 100BaseT, and 1000BaseT are the same. Their transmission medium is unshielded twisted pair for Category 5 (UTP-Cat5) or 5e. Shielded cable (STP-Cat5 or Cat5e) can be used when there is a lot of electrical noise, and Category 6 (UTP-Cat6 or STP-Cat6) works better with faster signals such as 1GBit or 10GBit.\nDifferent devices.\nOther devices, such as video game consoles, can also be connected using the same kind of cabling. Certain computer peripherals, for example, printers and certain hard disks, can be directly connected to the network with such cables.\nDifferent speeds.\nEthernet can go at different speeds. In the beginning, Ethernet was at 10 MBits per second. The Ethernet most often used today is at 100 MBits per second. Most new computers now have the NIC built in, and can go at 1GBit per second. There are also standards for 1GBit per second and 10 GBit per second. 100 MBit can usually talk to 10 MBit, and 1 GBit can talk to 100 MBit and usually to 10 MBit (both full and half duplex)."}
+{"id": "19799", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19799", "title": "Local Area Network", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19800", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19800", "title": "Obesity", "text": "Obesity is the condition of being much too heavy for one's height so that one's health is affected. In other words, it means to be too overweight. Also known as being fat. It is considered a disease and has been described as an epidemic.\nTo know if a person is overweight, the body mass index (BMI) is calculated, by dividing the person's weight (in kilograms), by their height (in metres) squared (multiplied by itself). (This is only meaningful for adults who are fully grown, and should not be used for children. Growth charts can be used to measure obesity in children.)\nA BMI between 18.5 and 25 is considered \"normal\". People with a BMI of 25 or more are said to be overweight; with 30 and above, they are considered obese, and with 35 and above, they are considered \"severely obese\" (this used to be called \"morbidly obese\"). In general, the BMI number is a good quantifiable measurement of a person's obesity. However, it is a poor predictor in people who are very athletic, because a person with a higher than average amount of muscle tissue will weigh more than an average person, thus resulting in a BMI that is higher than normal, even if that person is very large.\nIn 2024 a study of more than 220 million people in almost 200 countries, found that more than 1 billion people were obese. Between 1990 and 2022 obesity in women increased from 8.8% to 18.5% and for men from 4.8% to 14%.\nCauses.\nThe most common cause for obesity is eating more calories than are used by the body. Other factors that often contribute to obesity are:\nGenetics are known to contribute to obesity. Low levels of leptin, a hormone, is linked to obesity.\nHealth issues.\nMany health problems are associated with obesity. An example is Type 2 diabetes. A woman with a BMI higher than 35 is 93 times more likely to develop diabetes. A 2009 review found that people with a BMI between 40 and 50 were 22.5 times more likely to die from diabetes than people with BMIs between 22.5 and 25.\nAn obese woman is more likely to have an unhealthy baby.\nRisk is associated with where the excess fat is stored on the body. Abdominal obesity is particularly dangerous.\nSome people think that the idea that obesity causes bad health is not completely true and has been exaggerated. An example is J. Eric Oliver. He wrote a book called \"Fat Politics: The Real Story Behind America's Obesity Epidemic\". There is evidence for this belief.\nThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said in 2003 that 400,000 people died because of being obese in 2000. Then in 2004 they said that the number was wrong. A 2013 review of scientific papers found that Grade 1 obesity (BMI 30-34.9) is not associated with increased deaths. Grades 2 (BMI 35-39.9) and 3 (40+) obesity are associated with much higher rates of death. It has been suggested that obesity is associated with mortality (death) because of mortality in Grade 2 and 3 obesity. People with grade 2 and 3 obesity are 29% more likely to die.\n'Metabolically healthy obesity' is increasingly being recognized. Up to 40% of obese people are metabolically healthy. They are not more likely to get heart disease or die than metabolically healthy non-obese people.\nThe 'obesity paradox' is a term used to describe how obesity can lower the risk of death. Obesity increases the chance of getting heart disease. But obese people with heart disease are less likely to die in a 7-year period. The obesity paradox has also been found in patients with stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.\nTreatment.\nScientists have not yet found a 'cure' for obesity that most people are willing to implement. It is common wisdom that people who lose weight will regain it all within 5 years.\nHowever, this position has been scientifically challenged for over a decade. Additionally, modern research has achieved significantly higher success rates than the figure that dominates the popular internet. Therefore, diet and exercise is the most common recommended treatment for obesity - it has the potential for a very high treatment success rate.\nSurgery can be used to treat obesity. Gastric bypass is the most common weight loss surgery. It makes a person's stomach smaller so that they feel full after eating less food and causes their body to absorb less calories. People who have surgery are usually very obese. In Britain there are long waiting lists for this. It is very easy to get this surgery in Turkey. Seven Britons have died after having weight loss surgery there since 2019 and many more have had serious problems.\nSome people think that obesity should not be treated at all. This position is contradicted by substantial medical research.\nWeight loss medicines can make people want to eat less or make less of the energy from food be absorbed by their bodies. The only weight loss drug approved by the FDA for long term use is orlistat. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not approved other drugs because they have side effects. Also they are worried that people who are not obese will take them.\nSocietal views.\nIn the West, people associate obesity with negative characteristics such as laziness, ugliness, stupidity, etc. Discriminating against someone because of their weight is legal in the United States. The fat acceptance movement says that this is wrong and is a kind of prejudice called fatphobia. In some cultures, obesity is viewed as positive. To those cultures, obesity is associated with wealth, beauty, and fertility."}
+{"id": "19803", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19803", "title": "Rn", "text": "Rn or RN could mean:"}
+{"id": "19806", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19806", "title": "Virus (biology)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19808", "revid": "39458", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19808", "title": "Phillips Academy", "text": "Phillips Academy (also called Andover, Phillips Andover, or PA) is a high school for boys and girls in Andover, Massachusetts, near Boston, USA. The school is a boarding school. 75% of the students live there.\nPhillips Academy is one of the oldest private boarding schools in the United States. Two American Presidents, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, went to school there.\nPhillips Academy was founded during the American Revolution as an all-boys school in 1778. The great seal of the school was designed by Paul Revere. George Washington's nephews went to the school, and he once spoke at an assembly while visiting. John Hancock, the famous signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, signed the articles of incorporation.\nPhillips Exeter Academy was made three years later in Exeter, New Hampshire by Samuel Phillips' uncle John. The football teams have played against each other almost every year since 1878. This makes their rilvalry one of the oldest high school rivalries in the country.\nPaul Revere put bees, a beehive, and the sun into the school's great seal. The school's main motto, \"Finis Origine Pendet\", means \"the end depends upon the beginning.\" It is written at the bottom of the seal. The school's second motto, \"Non Sibi\" means \"not for self.\" "}
+{"id": "19812", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19812", "title": "Gluttony", "text": "Gluttony is a wasting of resources. Usually it is food that is wasted. Either one person eats too much, or the person does something so the food (or the resources) do not reach those who need it.\nIn Christianity, this is considered to be one of the Seven deadly sins."}
+{"id": "19813", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19813", "title": "Greed", "text": "Greed is a desire to have more goods, or more wealth than is needed. Christianity says that greed is one of the Seven deadly sins. There it is listed as \"avarice\", or in Latin \"avaritia\"."}
+{"id": "19815", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19815", "title": "Mazurek D\u0105browskiego", "text": "\"Mazurek D\u0105browskiego\" (, meaning \"D\u0105browski's Mazurka\") is the national anthem of Poland. It is commonly called \"Poland is Not Yet Lost\" in English. The words of the song were written in 1797 by a Polish nobleman named J\u00f3zef Wybicki. Kazimierz Sikorski rearranged the song's music, though the original composer is not known. It was officially adopted as the country's national anthem in 1927."}
+{"id": "19816", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19816", "title": "CSA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19818", "revid": "1674554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19818", "title": "Fornication", "text": "Fornication is a word that means having sex with someone who is not your spouse. Many Christians and Muslims believe it is sinful."}
+{"id": "19820", "revid": "10447169", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19820", "title": "Profit", "text": "Profit is how much money somebody (normally a company) makes. This is found by subtracting how much money they have spent (\"expenditure\") from how much money they have brought in (revenue).\nAn example.\nIf John spends $15 on some ice cream cones, and then sells them for $20, he has made a profit of $5. This is because he made $20 but when the $15 he used to buy the ice cream cones is subtracted, what is left is $5. In the end, he has $5 more than he had before he bought and sold the ice cream cones."}
+{"id": "19821", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19821", "title": "Roasting", "text": "Roasting is a way of cooking. Something gets roasted if it is put over a fire, and some is burnt. The same effect can also be attained with a grill at a barbecue.\nMeat.\nIn different countries people like to roast different things. People usually roast meats such as pork, beef, chicken, lamb, and duck. The roasted meat, along with its accompanying vegetables, is often called a roast.\nMost meat being roasted has to cook for a relatively long time, to ensure that it is cooked through. Variations to this include lamb and beef, which may be left \"pink\" or partially uncooked towards the centre.\nOther.\nOther things can be roasted too. For example, vegetables, coffee and chocolate. Coffee and chocolate are always roasted."}
+{"id": "19823", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19823", "title": "Influenza", "text": "Influenza, better known as the flu and sometimes called the grippe, is a common childhood illness, but is not as common among adults. It is not limited to humans, most mammals and many birds can also catch influenza. It is caused by several different viruses, termed influenza viruses A, B, C, and D.\nFlu transmission and symptoms.\nHuman influenza can pass from one person to another very easily. It is most commonly spread by the microscopic droplets of mucus and fluid that are sent into the air when the sick person coughs or sneezes. Symptoms include cough, sore throat, muscle aches and pains, fever, headache, and rarely vomiting and diarrhea. Influenza can also lead to other diseases, such as pneumonia. This makes it especially dangerous to young children and elderly people.\nAlthough there is no cure for influenza, antiviral drugs can be used to treat the illness so it is not as severe and does not last as long. Influenza vaccines are available worldwide, and are quite effective. They are changed each year as the virus changes.\nThe influenza season runs from late fall to spring because most people catch it in the winter months. When there are more cases of influenza than expected, it will sometimes be called an epidemic. When there are a large number of cases of the same type of influenza all over the world, it is often called a pandemic.\nHistory.\nThe virus is ancient. It has infected humans for centuries.\nChanges in the influenza virus.\nSmall changes that happen as flu is passed from one person to another is the most common way flu viruses change. This is the main reason that people can catch the flu every year.\nThe CDC keeps track of the different flu viruses that are circulating, and gives this information to the companies that make flu \"shots\". Since the flu changes so much from year to year, flu shots have to be given each new flu season.\nFlu shots only protect against the most common flu viruses, and every now and then a slightly different type spreads more than expected. Usually when this happens, the existing flu shot gives some protection so that even if a person who had a flu shot catches it, they do not get as sick.\nSome flu viruses are caught from animals. Bird flu, for example, is usually only caught by people in contact with sick birds (usually chickens). These types of flu virus are usually very limited, and while they can make a person very ill, usually other people do not catch the virus from the sick person.\nAnother way that the flu can change is when a person or animal catches two different flu viruses. The two viruses can exchange some of their genetic information, which can create a brand new flu that nobody has ever caught before.\nIf an animal flu virus changes in this way to one that can easily pass from human to human, many people become ill because nobody has any immunity to the new virus. Often, a brand new virus is more severe and kills more people.\nNew types of flu virus are usually what causes pandemics, and that is the reason many scientists have been following bird flu so closely\u2014it kills six people out of every ten who catch it. This would be a very serious problem if it changes enough to spread easily between people.\nSwine flu (March/April 2009).\nThis new flu virus got its name because it contains genetic parts that are commonly found in flu viruses that infect pigs. It is not spread by pigs or by eating pork\u2014this is a new human virus being spread by humans. The name was the 2009 flu pandemic."}
+{"id": "19824", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19824", "title": "Pancreas", "text": "The pancreas is an organ that makes hormones and enzymes to help digestion. The pancreas helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas is behind the stomach and is on the left side of the human body.\nThe part of the pancreas that makes hormones is called the Islets of Langerhans. The Islets of Langerhans are a small part (2%) of the total cells in the pancreas. The Islets of Langerhans change which chemical they make depending on how much of other chemicals are already in the blood. So, the pancreas works to keep the level of chemicals in balance in the body. If the Islets of Langerhans stop working, a person will suffer from a disease called diabetes. \nThe pancreas belongs to two systems of the body: the digestive system for its role in breaking down nutrients, and the endocrine system for producing hormones.\nResearch: Doctors are experimenting with taking the Islets of Langerhans cells from a donor body and putting them into the pancreas of a person with diabetes to make that person well.\nHormones.\nThe pancreas releases these hormones:\nDigestive enzymes.\nThe pancreas releases many different enzymes to help digestion:"}
+{"id": "19825", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19825", "title": "Flu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19827", "revid": "1452189", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19827", "title": "Chloroplast", "text": "A chloroplast is a small organelle inside the cells of plants and algae. They absorb light to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugar can be stored in the form of starch. \nChloroplasts contain the molecule chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. In addition to chlorophyll, a chloroplast uses carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to form sugar and gives off oxygen (O2). \nChlorophyll is what gives green plants their green colour. Chloroplasts also contain various yellow and orange pigments to assist in photon capture for photosynthesis.\nStructure.\nEach chloroplast is surrounded by a double walled semi-permeable membrane. These are collectively known as peristromia. In the layered stacks are flat disk-shaped thylakoids. They contain light-absorbing pigments, including chlorophyll and carotenoids, as well as proteins which bind the pigments. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.\nEvolution.\nChloroplasts are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. They may have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This was suggested by Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905, after an observation by Schimper in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria. \nAlmost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event. \nMitochondria also had a similar origin, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protists. In green plants, chloroplasts are surrounded by two lipid-bilayer membranes. They may be the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium. Chloroplasts have their own genome, much smaller than that of free-living cyanobacteria. The DNA which remains shows clear similarities with the cyanobacterial genome. \nPlastids may contain 60\u2013100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often contain more than 1500 genes. Many of the missing genes are encoded in the nuclear genome of the host. \nIn some algae (such as the heterokonts), chloroplasts seem to have evolved through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts. This formed chloroplasts with three or four membrane layers. In some cases, such secondary endosymbionts may have themselves been engulfed by still other eukaryotes, so forming tertiary endosymbionts. In the alga \"Chlorella\", there is only one chloroplast, which is bell-shaped.\nIn some groups of mixotrophic protists such as the dinoflagellates and some sea slugs, chloroplasts are separated from a captured alga or diatom and used temporarily. These klepto (stolen) chloroplasts may only have a lifetime of a few days and are then replaced."}
+{"id": "19828", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19828", "title": "Chlorophyll", "text": "Chlorophyll is a pigment that gives plants their green colour. Chlorophyll is a chemical in the chloroplasts of plants. It allows plants to absorb and use light. Energy from the light is used in photosynthesis to make glucose. This contains lots of stored energy which the plant needs to release. It does this through respiration. This energy is then used when the plant grows or repairs damage. Chlorophyll also makes the stem and leaf of the plant green.\nChlorophyll is a green pigment in almost all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. It absorbs light most strongly in the blue portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, followed by the red portion. However, it is a poor absorber of green and near-green portions of the spectrum. Chlorophyll was first isolated in 1817.\nChlorophyll and photosynthesis.\nChlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis, which allows plants to obtain energy from light.\nChlorophyll molecules are arranged in and around the membranes of chloroplasts. It serves two main functions. The function of most chlorophyll (up to several hundred molecules per photosystem) is to absorb light and transfer that light energy to reaction centres. These pigments are named after the wavelength (in nanometers) of their red-peak absorption maximum. These chlorophyll pigments can be separated in a simple paper chromatography experiment.\nThe function of the reaction center chlorophyll is to use the energy transferred to it from the other chlorophyll pigments to undergo a specific redox reaction. In this reaction the chlorophyll gives an electron to an electron transport chain. This reaction is how photosynthetic organisms such as plants produce O2 gas, and is the source for practically all the O2 in Earth's atmosphere. Photosystem I typically works in series with Photosystem II.\nThe electron flow produced by the reaction center chlorophyll pigments is used to shuttle H+ ions across the membrane, setting up a chemiosmotic potential used mainly to produce ATP chemical energy; and those electrons ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH, a universal reductant used to reduce CO2 into sugars as well as for other biosynthetic reductions.\nA green sea slug, \"Elysia chlorotica\", has been found to use the chlorophyll it has eaten to perform photosynthesis for itself. This process is known as kleptoplasty, and no other animal has been found to have this ability.\nWhy green and not black?\nIt still is unclear exactly why plants have mostly evolved to be green. Green plants reflect mostly green and near-green light rather than absorbing it. Other parts of the system of photosynthesis still allow green plants to use the green light spectrum (e.g. through a light-trapping leaf structure, carotenoids, etc.). Green plants do not use a large part of the visible spectrum as efficiently as possible. A black plant can absorb more radiation, and this could be very useful, notwitstandanding the problems of disposing of this extra heat (e.g. some plants must close their openings, called stoma, on hot days to avoid losing too much water). More precisely, the question becomes why the only light absorbing molecule used for power in plants is green and not simply black.\nThe biologist John Berman has said that evolution is not an engineering process, so it often has limits that an engineer or other designer does not. Even if black leaves were better, evolution's limitations can prevent species from becoming as efficient as possible. Berman wrote that achieving pigments that work better than chlorophyll could be very difficult. In fact, all higher plants (embryophytes) are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor that is a sort of green algae \u2013 so chlorophyll has evolved only once (common ancestor).\nShil DasSarma, a microbial geneticist at the University of Maryland, has pointed out that species of archaea use another light-absorbing molecule, retinal, to get power from the green spectrum. Some scientists believe that green-light-absorbing archae were once the most common in the earth environment. This could have left open a \"niche\" for green organisms which would absorb the other wavelengths of sunlight. This is just a possibility, and Berman wrote that scientists are still not convinced of any one explanation.\nChemical structure.\nChlorophyll is a chlorin pigment, which is structurally similar to and produced through the same metabolic pathway as other porphyrin pigments such as haem. At the center of the chlorin ring is a magnesium ion. For the structures depicted in this article, some of the ligands attached to the Mg2+ center are omitted for clarity. The chlorin ring can have several different side chains, usually including a long phytol chain. There are a few different forms that occur naturally, but the most widely distributed form in terrestrial plants is chlorophyll \"a\". The general structure of chlorophyll \"a\" was worked out by Hans Fischer in 1940. By 1960, when most of the stereochemistry of chlorophyll \"a\" was known, Robert Burns Woodward published a total synthesis of the molecule. In 1967, the last remaining stereochemical elucidation was completed by Ian Fleming, and in 1990 Woodward and co-authors published an updated synthesis. In 2010, a near-infrared-light photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll f might have been discovered in cyanobacteria and other oxygenic microorganisms that form stromatolites.\nThe different structures of chlorophyll are summarized below:\nMeasuring chlorophyll.\nChlorophyll Content meters measure the optical absorption of a leaf to estimate its chlorophyll content. Chlorophyll molecules absorb in the blue and red bands, but not the green and infra-red bands. Chlorophyll content meters measure the amount of absorption at the red band to estimate the amount of chlorophyll present in the leaf. To compensate for varying leaf thickness, Chlorophyll Meters also measure absorption at the infrared band which is not significantly affected by chlorophyll.\nThe chlorophyll content of leaves can be non-destructively measured using hand-held, battery-powered meters. The measurements made by these devices are simple, quick and relatively inexpensive. They now have large data storage capacity, averaging and graphical displays.\nSpectrophotometry.\nMeasurement of the absorption of light is complicated by the solvent used to extract it from plant material, which affects the values obtained,\nBiosynthesis.\nIn Angiosperms, the last step in the synthesis of chlorophyll is light-dependent. Such plants are pale (etiolated) if grown in the darkness. Non-vascular plants and green algae have an additional light-independent enzyme and grow green in the darkness instead.\nChlorosis is a condition in which leaves do not make enough chlorophyll, so they become yellow. Chlorosis can be caused by a not having enough iron\u2014called iron chlorosis\u2014or by not having enough magnesium or nitrogen. Soil pH sometimes affects these kinds of chlorosis. Many plants are adapted to grow in soils with specific pH levels and their ability to absorb nutrients from the soil can depend on this. Chlorosis can also be caused by pathogens including viruses, bacteria and fungal infections, or sap-sucking insects."}
+{"id": "19829", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19829", "title": "Chloroplasts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19830", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19830", "title": "Oak", "text": "The oak tree is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus. There are about 500 living species. They are divided into subgenera. The common name \"oak\" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, such as \"Lithocarpus\".\nOaks have spirally arranged leaves, with rounded edges in many species; some have leaves with jagged edges or entire leaves with smooth margins. Many deciduous species do not drop dead leaves until the next Spring. In Spring, a single oak tree produces both male flowers (as catkins) and small female flowers. The fruit is a nut called an acorn, carried in a cup-like structure. Each acorn has one seed (rarely two or three) and takes 6\u201318 months to mature, depending on species. The so-called \"live oaks\" are evergreen. They are not a taxonomic group, just a life style which occurs in the genus.\nThe oak is a kind of hardwood forest tree. They are well known as a climax vegetation in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. That means, left untouched by humans, it would be the dominant tree. Much of England was covered by oak forests before modern farming took over the land. The last extensive oak woodlands were cut down to build ships for the Royal Navy in the 18th century.\nSome kinds of oak wood are very hard. That is why people in past centuries cut them down to make ships, furniture and other things. The wood is now scarce and expensive and only used to make a few things anymore. Much cheaper are softwoods like pine.\nOak trees grow slowly and can live up to 1000 years.\nAssociated animals.\nA mature oak tree stands about 100 feet tall (~30 metres). It is a home for more animals than any other European tree. 30 species of birds, 45 different bugs and over 200 species of moth have been found on oaks. Beetles burrow under the bark, and some drill holes into the wood. The leaves are eaten by many caterpillars. Many leaves carry strange little bumps on the underside. These are insect galls, caused by many little animals. Midges, moths, worms and tiny wasps lay their eggs in leaves or leaf buds. The leaf reacts by forming a growth around the eggs. Inside the gall, larvae develop. The leaf falls, but the larvae may come out only the next spring. Small galls only have one larva, but larger galls may contain as many as 30 larvae.\nAcorns.\nOak trees produce acorns once a year which ripen in autumn. Oak trees may start producing acorns when they are about 20 years old. A mature oak may produce 90,000 acorns a year; this is several millions in its lifetime."}
+{"id": "19831", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19831", "title": "Glucose", "text": "Glucose () is a simple carbohydrate, or \"sugar\". It is one of several kinds of sugars. It is important because cells in an organism use it as a source of energy. Turning glucose into energy is called cellular respiration, which is done inside the cells of a living organism. Excess glucose is converted to fats and are stored in adipose tissues.\nGlucose is made by plants in a process called photosynthesis. It can also be made by animals in their liver or kidneys.\nHaving the right amount of glucose available in a person's body is important. Glucose is essential in the proper functioning of the brain. It can be measured with a simple blood test. People that do not have enough glucose have low blood sugar levels. This is a health condition called hypoglycemia. People with too much glucose have hyperglycemia. They might have a health condition called diabetes.\nIts chemical formula is C6H12O6. This means it has six carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms bonded together.\nHow sugars work, and how glucose can be formed, was studied by a German chemist named Emil Fischer in the 1890s. His work earned him the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.\nIsomers.\nThere are two forms of glucose, the \u03b1- and \u03b2- forms. The only difference between them is the position of the hydroxyl group, above and below the plane of the ring of the molecule.\nFor \u03b1-glucose, the hydroxyl (-OH) group is below the ring, while for \u03b2-glucose, the (-OH) group is above."}
+{"id": "19836", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19836", "title": "Cellulose", "text": "Cellulose is the main chemical that forms the main structure of plants. It is the most abundant macromolecule and the most common organic compound on Earth. It is also a kind of fiber. Cellulose is a very complex carbohydrate, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units. Cellulose was discovered by Anselme Payen in 1838. He isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula.\nProperties.\nCellulose has no taste. It is odorless and hydrophilic, meaning it attracts water. It is insoluble in water and most organic solvents. It is chiral and is biodegradable.\nCellulose is made from a form of glucose and makes up most of the cell wall of plant cells. This is what keeps a plant in shape. Humans and other animals cannot digest cellulose but some animals such as termites and ruminants use bacteria to digest it.\nIt is a polysaccharide, which is repeating units of a monosaccharide joined together by a glycosidic bond by a condensation reaction. It is very tough because when you join beta glucose together, they are opposite ways up. The bonds are straight, forming straight chains. There are hydrogen bonds between the polymers.\nThese fibers are in bundles of about 40, called microfibrils. Microfibrils are embedded in a hydrated network of other polysaccharides. The cell wall is assembled in place. The parts are made inside the cell and then assembled by enzymes associated with the cell membrane.\nUses.\nIt is mainly used to make paper. It is also used to make as cotton, linen, and rayon for clothes, nitrocellulose for explosives, and cellulose acetate for films. Cellulose is used as insulation in transformers, cables, and other electrical equipment. Microcrystalline cellulose and powdered cellulose are used as inactive fillers in drug tablets. Cellulose derivatives are used as emulsifiers, thickeners and stabilizers in processed foods. Cellulose can be converted into cellophane. Cellulose is used to make water-soluble adhesives and binders such as methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose.\nCelluose can also be used as an anti-caking agent in some foods like pre-shredded cheese."}
+{"id": "19839", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19839", "title": "Leaves", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19840", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19840", "title": "Wikiquote", "text": "Wikiquote is a sister project of Wikipedia. It is one of many projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation.\nWikiquote was based on an idea by Daniel Alston and made by Brion Vibber. The goal of the project is to produce a large reference of quotations from famous people, books, and proverbs, and to give details about them.\nLanguages.\nThe project was first created in English. Meanwhile, in July 2004, more languages were added. Some of there are:\nAs of May 2016, 31 versions each have more than 1,000 articles. The largest Wikiquote is the English project with over 26,500 content pages, followed by the Italian and Polish versions, both with over 22,000 content pages. In total, 60 languages have over 100 content pages."}
+{"id": "19841", "revid": "10300390", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19841", "title": "Bras\u00edlia", "text": "Bras\u00edlia () is the capital city of Brazil. The name is commonly spelled \"Brasilia\" in English. The city and its Federal District are in the Central-West region of the country. It is on a plateau known as \"Planalto Central\". Bras\u00edlia has a population of about 2,557,000 (3,599,000 in the metropolitan area) as of the 2008 IBGE estimate. It is the fourth largest city in Brazil. But the Bras\u00edlia metropolitan area is the sixth largest in the nation. It is listed as a World Heritage Site. Bras\u00edlia hosts 124 foreign embassies.\nViewed from above, the main portion of the city resembles an airplane or a butterfly. The Monumental Axis goes east-west and holds government buildings and monuments. The other axis is curved in a north south direction. The city is commonly referred to as \"Capital Federal\", or simply \"BSB\". As the national capital, Bras\u00edlia is the seat of all three branches of the Brazilian government. The city also hosts the headquarters of many Brazilian companies. Planning policies place residential buildings around expansive urban areas. The plan includes large avenues. It divides the city into sectors with different purposes, including accommodation and tourism. The city is built around an artificial lake, Lake Parano\u00e1.\nResidents of Bras\u00edlia are known as \"brasilienses\" or \"candangos\". (The \"candangos\" are people who moved to Bras\u00edlia when the city was established). In local usage, the word \"Bras\u00edlia\" usually refers only to the First Administrative Region within the Distrito Federal (Federal District), where the most important government buildings are. Bras\u00edlia has a unique status in Brazil, as it is an administrative division rather than a legal municipality like nearly all cities in Brazil. In the rest of Brazil, Bras\u00edlia is almost always means the Brazilian Federal District. There are several \"satellite cities,\" which are also part of the Federal District.\nHistory.\nThe city was planned and developed as a new town in 1956. L\u00facio Costa was the principal urban planner and Oscar Niemeyer was the principal architect. Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer. They created the \"Plano Piloto de Bras\u00edlia\". Bras\u00edlia was built in 41 months, from 1956 to April 21, 1960.\nOn 8 January 2023, supporters of former President Jair Bolsonaro stormed and invaded the Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes in Bras\u00edlia, taking over the offices of the Supreme Federal Court, National Congress of Brazil and the Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto. The event was seen as an attempted coup d'\u00e9tat to overturn the election results of the 2022 general election.\nTransportation.\nThe Bras\u00edlia subway system (\"Metr\u00f4 de Bras\u00edlia\") has 24 stations on two lines long. The subway currently covers the south half of the metropolitan area. In 2010, a light rail line was added. By 2014, the light rail line will go from the end of the north wing of the city to the airport in the south.\nBras\u00edlia International Airport is the main airport in Bras\u00edlia, connecting the capital to all major Brazilian cities and many airports in other countries. It is the third most important airport of Brazil, in terms of passengers and aircraft movements."}
+{"id": "19842", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19842", "title": "Brasilia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19845", "revid": "786961", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19845", "title": "Musical genre", "text": "A musical genre is how people describe different styles of music. Some of the most common music genres are:\nPlus there are several more common music genres. Religious music is also common, such as hymns, choir music and many more.\nTo provide an example of cross genre descriptions; Joe Walsh is to The SteelDrivers as Metallica is to Trampled by Turtles. Furthermore, The Rolling Stones are to Flatt and Scruggs as Nickelback is to Doyle Lawson and Quicksilver."}
+{"id": "19850", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19850", "title": "Sir Arthur Conan Doyle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19854", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19854", "title": "To be", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19861", "revid": "9708609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19861", "title": "Dim sum", "text": "Dim sum is a way of serving Chinese food. A range of different foods are served to the people who are eating, including pork wontons, fried shrimp, and egg rolls.\nThey are served on small wooden platters, and are usually steamed."}
+{"id": "19864", "revid": "1669463", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19864", "title": "Super Smash Bros. Melee", "text": "Super Smash Bros. Melee, known in Japan as is a video game where players can choose from many people from famous Nintendo games and have them fight each other. Players can fight alone or team up with people against a friend. This game is a sequel to \"Super Smash Bros.\" for the Nintendo 64. \"Super Smash Bros. Melee\" is for the Nintendo GameCube. The following game is \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\" for the Wii.\nCharacters.\n\"Super Smash Bros. Melee\" takes 26 characters from many of Nintendo's series. It includes all 12 veteran characters from \"Super Smash Bros. 64\", and adds 14 new characters, including Princess Peach and Bowser from the \"Super Mario Bros.\" series, Princess Zelda/Sheik and Ganondorf from \"The Legend of Zelda\", and new characters like Ice Climbers from \"Ice Climber\" and Marth from \"Fire Emblem\". Some characters seem to play more like other characters who were in the first game, like Ganondorf compared to Captain Falcon.\nSakurai planned to include more characters, including Diddy Kong, Meta Knight, King Dedede, Balloon Fighter, Urban Champion, Ayumi Tachibana, Sonic the Hedgehog, Bubbles, Excitebike, Solid Snake, and Lucas, but did not have time to fit them in. All of them except for Balloon Fighter made it into \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\".\nItems.\nItems from different games can fall from the sky, like Pok\u00e9 Balls from \"Pok\u00e9mon\" or Mushrooms from \"Mario\". These items can be used in different ways. For example, Pok\u00e9 Balls can summon Pok\u00e9mon, and Mushrooms can either grow the person whom touches it, unless it is a Poison Mushroom which makes them shrink.\nStages.\n\"Super Smash Bros. Melee\" has many stages that players can battle on. Most of the stages are based on Nintendo series like \"Mario\", \"Pok\u00e9mon\", and \"The Legend of Zelda\".\nTournament Play.\n\"Super Smash Bros. Melee\" has become very popular in tournaments. These tournaments do not use items or most stages, believing that these make the game unfair. In tournaments, however, a lot of characters are not strong enough to win. Some of the best characters for tournaments are Fox McCloud, Falco Lombardi, and Jigglypuff."}
+{"id": "19865", "revid": "10467638", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19865", "title": "Catalysis", "text": "Catalysis is the process of change in rate (speed) of a chemical reaction due to the help of a catalyst. Unlike other chemicals which take part in the reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. A catalyst may participate in many chemical reactions. Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. Catalysts that slow the reaction are called negative catalysts, or inhibitors. Substances that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons.\nIn chemistry.\nA catalyst is something which changes the rate of a chemical reaction. An example is when manganese oxide (MnO2) is added to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the hydrogen peroxide starts to break up into water and oxygen. Catalysts are either of natural or synthetic origin. Catalysts are useful because they leave no residue in the solution they have sped up. A catalyst can also be used in a reaction again and again as it is not used up. There are many catalysts in our body which play an important part in many biochemical reactions. These are called enzymes. Most catalysts work by lowering the 'activation energy' of a reaction. This allows less energy to be used, thus speeding up the reaction. The opposite of a catalyst is an \"inhibitor\". Inhibitors slow down reactions. Some of them are found in snake venom and are dangerous for our nervous system or heart."}
+{"id": "19866", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19866", "title": "Hydrogen peroxide", "text": "Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound. Its molecular formula is H2O2. It is used as a cleaner, and as hair bleach. In a concentration of 3% (meaning that there are 3 grams of hydrogen peroxide for 100 grams of a water solution), it can be used to treat wounds. Over time, it will slowly become oxygen gas and water through decomposition. \nChemists often use hydrogen peroxide in chemical reactions. It is a very strong oxidising agent when used with acid and water. \"Oxidising agents\" take electrons from other compounds.\nHere hydrogen peroxide takes an electron from the ions and becomes water. The iron is oxidised (loses electrons) to the ion. \nIt can also be a reducing agent when used with stronger oxidisers like sodium hypochlorite. When it acts as a reducing agent, oxygen gas is also produced. \"Reducing agents\" give electrons to other compounds. This method is often used to make oxygen in laboratories.\nHydrogen peroxide can be bought in shops when mixed with lots of water but is very dangerous when the concentration is higher. Because it is an oxidiser, it can cause flammable materials to ignite."}
+{"id": "19867", "revid": "10182597", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19867", "title": "Mayotte", "text": "Mayotte is an island in the Indian Ocean next to Madagascar. \nIt is geographically part of the Comoros Islands, but politically, it is part of France.\nHistory.\nIn December 2024, Cyclone Chido hit Mayotte, destroying hundreds of homes, and some administrative buildings and part of the town hall in the capital Mamoudzou."}
+{"id": "19868", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19868", "title": "Super Smash Bros Melee", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19869", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19869", "title": "Halld\u00f3r \u00c1sgr\u00edmsson", "text": "Halld\u00f3r \u00c1sgr\u00edmsson (8 September 1947 \u2013 18 May 2015) was the Prime Minister of Iceland. He became the leader of the Progressive Party in 1994. On September 15, 2004, he took over as Prime Minister from the Independence Party leader, Dav\u00ed\u00f0 Oddsson. He resigned in 2009.\nHalld\u00f3r died from a heart attack at a Reykjavik hospital, aged 67."}
+{"id": "19870", "revid": "1675245", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19870", "title": "Somaliland", "text": "Somaliland (; ', '), officially the Somaliland Protectorate (, ) is a de facto country that used to be the former protectorate of British Somaliland. Djibouti lies to the west of Somaliland, the Federal Republic of Ethiopia lies to the south and west and Somalia lies to the east and south.\nThe area used to be the Somaliland protectorate, which was part of the British empire along with Jubaland, once called Trans-juba. The British granted its independence on 26 June 1960 upon which it called the \"Somaliland Republic\". Shortly after, the leaders of Somaliland and Somalia agreed to form a unified state. In May of 1991, after a brutal war waged by the government of Siad Barre, Somaliland proclaimed and regained its independence.::. \nCurrently, Somaliland's international position fulfills the requirements to be considered an independent country according to the Montevideo Convention. The government of Somalia, however, still considers Somaliland to be a part of Somalia.:. \nSomaliland has a republican government with free elections. The capital is Hargeisa. Berbera is a beautiful city on the coast. About 55% of the people of Somalilands are nomads. Most Somalis are Sunni Muslims. Some people are part of Sufi orders. \nA territory in the west, called Khatumo State has been disputed between Somaliland and Puntland.\nDemographics.\nLanguage.\nMost people in Somaliland speak Somali and Arabic. Article 6 of the Constitution of 2001 says the official language of Somaliland is Somali, but Arabic is a mandatory subject in school. English is also spoken and taught in schools.\nThe main Somali dialect is Standard Somali. Standard Somali is spoken in most of Somalia and in countries that are next to it. Standard Somali is used by almost all of the media in the Somaliland region.\nReligion.\nAlmost all Somalilanders are Muslims. This is because Islam is the state religion, and promoting a religion other than Islam is against the law. Small amounts of non-Islamic traditions exist in Somaliland, but Islam is very important to the Somali sense of national identity."}
+{"id": "19871", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19871", "title": "Oats", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19873", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19873", "title": "NSDAP 25 points manifesto", "text": "The NSDAP 25 points manifesto is a 25-point plan written by Anton Drexler and edited and supported by Adolf Hitler for the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), the Nazi Party, when it was founded in 1920.\nHitler explained the purpose of the 25 points in his book \"Mein Kampf\". In the fifth chapter of the book's second volume, he wrote:\nThe manifesto in detail.\nThe leaders of the Party promise to work\u2014if need be to sacrifice their very lives\u2014to put this programme into action."}
+{"id": "19874", "revid": "5540489", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19874", "title": "NSDAP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19875", "revid": "396686", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19875", "title": "Penny", "text": "A penny (plural \"pence\" in the United Kingdom, plural \"pennies\" in Canada and the United States) is a coin used by several countries where people speak English. This includes United Kingdom, the United States, where a penny is worth one cent, and Canada, where \"penny\" is an informal term for one cent coins. Canada stopped minting the penny in 2012.\nPopular Culture.\nIn British and American culture, finding a penny is often thought to be lucky. A popular expression is \"Find a penny, pick it up, and all the day you'll have good luck.\" If someone asks you \"A penny for your thoughts\", they're wanting to know what you think. The phrase was first written in John Heywood's 1547 Dialogue Conteinying the Nomber in Effect of All the Proverbes in the Englishe Tongue, written when the penny was still a sterling silver coin. The possibly related American expression \"my two cents\" (meaning \"my humble opinion\") uses the low value of the penny to make fun of one's own thoughts in a funny way. In British English, to \"spend a penny\" means to urinate. The phrase does actually imply spending an actual penny: coin-operated public toilets commonly charged a predecimal penny, starting with the Great Exhibition of 1851. Around Decimal Day, British Rail introduced the \"Superloo\", better public toilets that charged 2p (roughly the equivalent of 6d.)."}
+{"id": "19876", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19876", "title": "Ginger Ale", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19878", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19878", "title": "UPS Truck", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19879", "revid": "5943988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19879", "title": "Pence", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19880", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19880", "title": "Pennies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19883", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19883", "title": "Matt Groening", "text": "Matthew Abram \"Matt\" Groening (born February 15, 1954) is an American cartoonist, screenwriter, producer, animator, author, musician, comedian, and voice actor. He is the creator of the comic strip \"Life in Hell\", as well as two successful television series, \"The Simpsons\" and \"Futurama\".\nGroening has won 12 Primetime Emmy Awards, ten for The Simpsons and two for Futurama as well as a British Comedy Award for \"outstanding contribution to comedy\" in 2004. In 2002, he won the National Cartoonist Society Reuben Award for his work on Life in Hell. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on February 14, 2012.\nEarly life.\nHe was born on February 15, 1954 in Portland, Oregon, the middle of five children. His mother Margaret Ruth was once a teacher. His father Homer Philip Groening was a filmmaker, advertiser, writer and cartoonist. Groening has Norwegian and German ancestry.\nGroening grew up in Portland, and attended Ainsworth Elementary School, Lincoln High School and also The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington.\nPersonal life.\nGroening identifies himself as agnostic and liberal. He has often made campaign contributions to Democratic Party candidates. His first cousin, Laurie Monnes Anderson, is a member of the Oregon State Senate representing eastern Multnomah County.\nHe has been married twice. Groening and Deborah Caplan married in 1986. They had 2 sons - Homer (who is called Will) and Abe. Couple split up in 1999. In 2011, Groening married Argentinian artist Agustina Picasso and became stepfather to her daughter Camille. In May 2013, Picasso gave birth to Nathaniel Philip Picasso Groening who was named after American writer Nathanael West. "}
+{"id": "19884", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19884", "title": "Game console", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19892", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19892", "title": "Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky", "text": "Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky (, 1792\u20131856) was a Russian mathematician. He became known for his achievements in non-Euclidean geometry.\nBiography.\nLobachevsky was born in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. His parents were Ivan Maksimovich Lobachevsky, a clerk in a landsurveying office, and Praskovia Alexandrovna Lobachevskaya. In 1800, his father died and his mother moved to Kazan. In Kazan, Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky attended Kazan Gymnasium. He graduated in 1807 and then went to Kazan University which was founded just three years earlier, in 1804. \nAt Kazan University, Lobachevsky was influenced by professor Johann Christian Martin Bartels (1769\u20131833). Bartels was a former teacher and friend of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Lobachevsky received a Master's degree in physics and mathematics in 1811. In 1814, he became a lecturer at Kazan University, and in 1822 he became a full professor. He served in many administrative positions and was the rector of Kazan University from 1827 to 1846. He retired (or was dismissed) in 1846. After this event his health rapidly deteriorated. In addition to teaching mathematics and physics at Kazan University Lobachevsky also was an astronomy teacher there. \nIn 1832, he married Varvara Alexivna Moisieva. They had seven children."}
+{"id": "19893", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19893", "title": "Nikolai Lobachevsky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19897", "revid": "9641260", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19897", "title": "Wildebeest", "text": "A wildebeest (or gnu) is an animal. It is a large hoofed mammal in the Bovidae family. There are two species of wildebeest. Both live in Africa.\nSize.\nWildebeest grow to 1.15 to 1.40 metres (at the shoulder) and they weigh between 150 and 250 kilograms when they are fully grown. They live in the plains and open woodlands in southern Africa. The biggest herds can be found in the Serengeti. Wildebeest can live for more than 20 years.\nWhat they eat.\nLike other members of the same family (antelopes, deer and goats, amongst others), they mainly eat grass. But since in the African grasslands, there is not always grass, wildebeest are forced to migrate to find food all year round. In May, about 1.5 million animals move from the grasslands to the woods. In November they move back; there is grass in the plains in summer.\nBreeding and mating season.\nThe cows (female Gnus) will calve (give birth to the young) in summer in the plains. After the females have given birth, the breeding season begins. The dominant males mark off (and defend) some territory. They do this with feces, and with scent.\nWildebeest are an important part of the ecosystem. With their feces, they fertilize the ground, and their trampling is good for new growth. They also provide food for predators, like lions leopards, cheetahs, and hyenas African wild dogs, they migration Nile crocodiles."}
+{"id": "19898", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19898", "title": "Gnu", "text": "Gnu or GNU may mean:"}
+{"id": "19900", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19900", "title": "Predator", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19901", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19901", "title": "Predators", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19902", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19902", "title": "Serengeti", "text": "The Serengeti (also Seremgeti) is a region of savannah (woodlands and grasslands) in East Africa. The south of it (80%) belongs to Tanzania. The north of it is in Kenya. It is about 30,000 square kilometers, and one of the greatest areas for wildlife.\nIt has more than 1.6 million herbivores and thousands of predators. Wildebeests, gazelles, zebras and buffalos are the most common animals in the region.\nThis area is most famous for the migration that takes place every year.\nEvery year around October nearly 1.5 million herbivores travel towards the southern plains, crossing the Mara River, from the northern hills for the rains. And then back to the north through the west, once again crossing the Mara river, after the rains in around April. This phenomenon is sometimes also called the Circular Migration.\nAlso in this area is the archeologically significant Olduvai Gorge where some of the oldest hominid fossils are found.\nThe Serengeti region contains the Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area and Maswa Game Reserve in Tanzania and the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya.\nSerengeti National Park.\nGeography.\nThe park covers 14,763\u00a0km\u00b2 (5,700 square miles) of grassland plains and savanna as well as riverine forest and woodlands. The park is in the north of the country, bordered to the north by the national Tanzania and Kenyan border, where it is continuous with the Masai Mara National Reserve. To the southeast of the park is Ngorongoro Conservation Area, to the southwest is Maswa Game Reserve, and to the western borders are Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves, to the northeast is Loliondo Game Control Area.\nFew people are allowed to live in the National Park. Exceptions the staff of the Park, researchers and staff of Frankfurt Zoological Society, and staff of the various lodges and hotels. The main settlement is at Seronera.\nThe park has three regions:\nWildlife.\nAs well as the migration of ungulates, the park has a healthy stock of other resident wildlife, especially the \"Big Five\":\nThe park also supports many further species, including cheetah, Thomson's and Grant's gazelle, topi, eland, water buck, hyena, baboon, impala, African wild dog and giraffe. The park also boasts about 500 bird species, including ostrich, secretary bird, Kori bustard, crowned crane, marabou stork, martial eagle, lovebirds and many species of vultures.\nNgorongoro Conservation Area.\nNgorongoro is the caldera of a huge extinct volcano, which is part of the Serengeti area.\nThe Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site 180\u00a0km (112 miles) west of Arusha in the Crater Highlands area of Tanzania. \nNgorongoro Crater.\nThe main feature of the NCA is the Ngorongoro Crater, a large volcanic caldera. The crater, which formed when a giant volcano exploded and collapsed on itself some two to three million years ago, is deep and its floor covers .\nEstimates of the height of the original volcano range from fifteen to nineteen thousand feet (4500 to 5800 metres) high.\nAlthough thought of as \"a natural enclosure\" for a very wide variety of wildlife, up to 20% or more of the wildebeest (\"Connochaetes taurinus\") and half the zebra (\"Equus burchelli\") populations leave the Crater in the wet season. The Ngorongoro lions are significantly inbred, with many genetic problems passed from generation to generation. This is due to the very few new bloodlines that enter the local gene pool, because few migrating male lions enter the crater from the outside. Those who do enter the crater often cannot contribute to the gene pool. The crater's male lions, because of their large size (the result of an abundant food source), easily expel outside competitors.\nAnimal populations in the crater include most of the species in East Africa, but there are no impalas (\"Aepyceros melampus\"), giraffes (\"Giraffa camelopardalis\"), or crocodiles (\"Crocodylus niloticus\").\nThe crater highlands on the side facing the easterly trade winds receives 800\u20131200\u00a0mm of rain a year and is covered largely in montane forest, while the less-steep west wall receives only 400\u2013600\u00a0mm; this side is grassland and bushland dotted with Euphorbia bussei trees. The crater floor is mostly open grassland with two small wooded areas dominated by \"Acacia xanthophloea\".\nThe Munge Stream drains Olmoti Crater to the north, and is the main water source draining into the seasonal salt lake in the center of the crater. This lake is known by two names: \"Makat\" as the Maasai called it, meaning salt; and \"Magadi\". The Lerai Stream drains the humid forests to the south of the Crater, and it feeds the Lerai Forest on the crater floor - when there is enough rain, the Lerai drains into Lake Magadi as well. Extraction of water by lodges and NCA headquarters reduces the amount of water entering Lerai by around 25%.\nThe other major water source in the crater is the Ngoitokitok Spring, near the eastern crater wall. There is a picnic site here open to tourists and a huge swamp fed by the spring, and the area is inhabited by hippopotamus, elephants, lions, and many others. Many other small springs are around the crater's floor, and these are important water supplies for the animals and local Masaai, especially during times of drought.\nAside from herds of zebra, gazelle, and wildebeest, the crater is home to the \"Big Five Game\" of rhinoceros, lion, leopard, elephant, and buffalo. The crater plays host to almost every individual species of wildlife in East Africa, with an estimated 25\u2009000 animals within the crater.\nFollowing the recommendations of a committee of scientists after the 2000 drought, an ecological burning program was implemented in the crater, which entails annual or biannual controlled burns of up to 20% of the grasslands. Maasai are now permitted to graze their cattle within the crater, but must enter and exit daily.\nOlduvai Gorge.\nThe conservation area also protects Olduvai Gorge, in the plains area. It is considered the seat of humanity after the discovery of the earliest known specimens of the human genus, \"Homo habilis \" as well as early hominidae, such as \"Paranthropus boisei\".\nThe Olduvai Gorge or Oldupai Gorge is a steep-sided ravine in the Great Rift Valley, which stretches along eastern Africa. Olduvai is in the eastern Serengeti Plains in northern Tanzania and is about thirty miles long. It is in the rain shadow of the Ngorongoro highlands and is the driest part of the region.\nIt is one of the most important prehistoric sites in the world. Research there has greatly developed our understanding of early human evolution. Excavation work there was pioneered by Mary and Louis Leakey in the 1950s. It is still continued today by their family. During the Pleistocene, the site was that of a large lake, the shores of which were covered with successive deposits of volcanic ash. Around 500,000 years ago seismic activity diverted a nearby stream which began to cut down into the sediments, revealing seven main layers in the walls of the gorge."}
+{"id": "19903", "revid": "21531", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19903", "title": "Spider", "text": "Spiders (class Arachnida, order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods. They have eight legs, and mouthparts (chelicerae) with fangs that inject venom. Most make silk. The spiders are seventh in number of species of all animal orders. About 53,000 spider species, and 136 families have been recorded by taxonomists. Over twenty different classifications have been proposed since 1900.p3 \nSpiders live on every continent except for Antarctica, and in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea. \nAlmost all spiders are predators, and most eat insects. They catch their prey in several ways. Some build a spider web, and some use a thread of silk that they throw at the insect. Some kinds of spiders hide in holes in the ground, then run out and grab an insect that walks by. Others will make web 'nets' to throw at passing insects. Or they go out and simply attack their prey. Some can jump quite well and hunt by sneaking close to an insect and then jumping on it.\nAnatomy.\nSpiders have a two-part body, the front part (cephalothorax) and the abdomen. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. The more advanced spiders have a centralized nervous system, with their ganglia fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs, and extend them by hydraulic pressure.\nSize range.\nThe smallest of full-grown spiders can be less than 4\u00a0mm. (0.1 inch). The largest of spiders can have a body length of 10\u00a0cm. (4 inches) or more. The largest can weigh 150 grams (5.3\u00a0oz). The largest of spiders are the tarantulas and the huntsman spiders. Some huntsman spiders in South East Asia can have a leg span of around 250\u2013300\u00a0mm (9.8\u201311.8\u00a0in).\nSpider eyes and other senses.\nMost spiders have four pairs of eyes on the top-front area of the body, arranged in patterns that vary from one family to another. The main eyes at the front are capable of forming images. Jumping spiders have visual acuity which is ten times better than that of dragonflies, which have by far the best vision among insects. The spiders do this by a telephoto-like series of lenses, a four-layered retina. They can swivel their eyes and put together images from different stages in the scan. The downside is that the scanning and integrating processes are relatively slow.\nSpiders and other arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors. Various sensors, mostly bristles, respond to touch, from strong contact to very weak air currents. Chemical sensors provide equivalents of taste and smell. Spiders also have in the joints of their limbs sensors that detect forces and vibrations. In web-building spiders all these mechanical and chemical sensors are more important than the eyes. The eyes are more important to spiders that hunt actively. Like most arthropods, spiders lack balance sensors, and rely on their eyes to tell them which way is up.\nFangs.\nThe fangs are hollow, like the needles used to give injections. Spiders use their fangs to inject toxins that kill the insects they will eat. Some kinds of spider venom attack the nervous systems of their prey, and other kinds of venom attack body tissues.\nBehavior.\nWhat most spiders eat.\nSpiders are predators, and eat insects and other arthropods (including other spiders). Most use venom from their fangs to kill their prey. It is rare for spiders to capture prey that are much larger than they are. It is also difficult for most spiders to capture prey that are very much smaller than they are. There are some spiders that form colonies. Spiders eat not only spiders of other species, but spiders of their own species. \nThe black widow spider got its name because the females sometimes eat the males that mate with them. This may also happen in other species. Each species of spider has its own way of communicating with other spiders they meet. Because of the danger of being eaten, in some species the males have special hooks on their front legs with which they hold the female while they mate. Others bring the female something to eat. There are a few species in which the male spiders construct their own little webs that are connected to the webs of the females. In these species, the male is so much smaller than the female that it would be difficult for her to actually capture the male.\nMost spiders have such poor vision that they will not even notice a dead insect. Jumping spiders are one exception to this rule. They have such good vision that they can find recently dead flies or other insects to eat.\nSome spiders are not predators.\nSpiders are basically predators, but some have other food sources. The jumping spider \"Bagheera kiplingi\" gets over 90% of its food from fairly solid plant material produced by acacias as part of a beneficial relationship with a species of ant.\nYoung spiders of several families feed on plant nectar. Studies have shown that they do this for long periods. They also clean themselves regularly while feeding. These spiders also prefer sugar solutions to plain water, which shows that they are looking for nutrients. Many spiders are nocturnal, they are most active during the night. The extent of nectar consumption by spiders may therefore have been under-estimated. Nectar contains amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals in addition to sugars. Studies have shown that other spider species live longer when nectar is available. Feeding on nectar also avoids the risks of struggles with prey, and the costs of producing venom and digestive enzymes. Since nectar is a flowering plant production, its consumption by spiders came quite late in their evolution.\nVarious species are known to feed on dead arthropods (scavenging), web silk, and their own shed exoskeletons. Pollen caught in webs may also be eaten, and studies have shown that young spiders have a better chance of survival if they have the opportunity to eat pollen. In captivity, several spider species are also known to feed on bananas, marmalade, milk, egg yolk and sausages.\nMethods of catching prey.\nWebs.\nThe best-known method spiders use to capture prey is a sticky web. The placing of the web allows different spiders to trap different insects in the same area. Flat, horizontal webs allow them to trap insects that fly up from vegetation underneath, for example. Flat vertical nets allow them to trap insects in flight. The spiders that build webs usually do not see very well, but they are very sensitive to vibrations.\nUnderwater.\nFemales of the water spider \"Argyroneta aquatica\" build underwater \"diving bell\" webs which they fill with air and use while eating their prey, molting, mating, and raising offspring. They live almost entirely within the bells, darting out to catch prey animals that touch the bell or the threads that anchor it. A few spiders use the surfaces of lakes and ponds as \"webs\", detecting trapped insects by the vibrations that these cause while struggling.\nBola casting.\nNet-casting spiders weave only small webs but then manipulate them to trap prey. They stretch their webs and then release them when prey strike them. Those of the family Deinopidae weave even smaller webs, hold them outstretched between their first two pairs of legs, and lunge and push the webs as much as twice their own body length to trap prey, and this move may increase the webs' area by a factor of up to ten. Experiments have shown that \"Deinopis spinosus\" has two different techniques for trapping prey: backwards strikes to catch flying insects, whose vibrations it detects; and forward strikes to catch ground-walking prey that it sees. These two techniques have also been observed in other deinopids. Walking insects form most of the prey of most deinopids, but one population of \"Deinopis subrufus\" appears to live mainly on tipulid flies that they catch with the backwards strike.\nMature female bolas spiders of the genus \"Mastophora\" build \"webs\" that consist of only a single \"trapeze line\", which they patrol. They also construct a bolas made of a single thread, tipped with a large ball of very wet sticky silk. They emit chemicals that resemble the pheromones of moths, and then swing the bolas at the moths. They catch about the same weight of insects per night as web-weaving spiders of similar size. The spiders eat the bolas if they have not made a kill in about 30 minutes, rest for a while, and then make new bolas. Juveniles and adult males are much smaller and do not make bolas. Instead they release different pheromones that attract moth flies, and catch them with their front pairs of legs.\nUsing trapdoors.\nThe primitive Liphistiidae, the \"trapdoor spiders\" (family Ctenizidae) and many tarantulas are ambush predators. They lurk in burrows, often closed by trapdoors and surrounded by networks of silk threads that alert these spiders to the presence of prey. Other ambush predators do without such aids, including many crab spiders. A few species that prey on bees, which see ultraviolet, can adjust their ultraviolet reflectance to match the flowers in which they are lurking. Wolf spiders, jumping spiders, fishing spiders and some crab spiders capture prey by chasing it, and rely mainly on vision to get their prey.\nCapturing insects without using webs.\nNot all spiders use silk to net their prey. Instead, these spiders may capture insects by grabbing them and then biting them. Among these kinds of spiders the two best known are the wolf spiders and the jumping spiders.\nWolf spiders.\nA wolf spider will usually wait until an insect comes near to it, and then rush at the insect, grab it using its front legs, and then bite the insect so that its venom can do its work.\nFemale wolf spiders lay their eggs on a pad of silk and then draw the edges together to create a round ball that they carry along with them wherever they go. They hold their egg balls to their tail ends by using their silk. When the eggs hatch, the little spiders will crawl onto the mother's back, and she will carry them along with her for days or weeks.\nWolf spiders are very good mothers and will strongly protect both their egg balls and their infants. When the time comes, the little spiders will leave the mother and each will go its own way.\nJumping spiders.\nJumping spiders have very good eyes and can see well. They sneak as close to an insect as they can, and then they jump onto the insect and immediately bite it. Since they often hunt in trees, bushes, and on the sides of walls, if the jumping spider misses it may fall off. But they have a way to save themselves from harm. Before they jump they fasten their silk to the place where they have been standing, and as they jump they let out a silk safety line. So if they fall they will catch themselves when they reach the end of their silk safety line. Sometimes a jumping spider will catch an insect and then fall while still holding onto the insect. But the spider is still safe.\nJumping spiders make little silken \"tents\" for themselves to sleep in. When they lay eggs they keep them inside such a shelter. They do not take their eggs with them when they go out to hunt.\nFor all male spiders it is dangerous to seek a mate. The female spider may not realize that the male is a spider of her kind, so she may try to eat it. The jumping spiders not only have visual patterns that identify them to each other, but the male jumping spider will do a special dance when it approaches a female of the same species. That way, the female can recognize that it is a male of her species. She will generally forget about eating for long enough to mate with the visiting male spider.\nJumping spiders have such good eyes that they will usually watch any human who tries to watch them. Some species are very shy and will run away if the human gets too close. But some species, such as \"Phidippus audax\" (the audacious or brave jumping spider) and \"Platycryptus undatus\", can become calm if the human comes close to them slowly. Sometimes they will jump onto one of your fingers and then jump from finger to finger and from hand to hand. They seem to want to explore.\nHunting other spiders.\nSome jumping spiders of the genus \"Portia\" hunt other spiders in ways that seem intelligent, outflanking their victims or luring them from their webs. Laboratory studies show that \"Portia\"'s instinctive tactics are only starting points for a trial-and-error approach from which these spiders learn very quickly how to overcome new prey species. However, they seem to be relatively slow thinkers, which is not surprising as their brains are vastly smaller than those of mammalian predators.\nDisguising as ants.\nAnt-mimicking spiders face several challenges: they generally develop slimmer abdomens and false \"waists\" to mimic the three distinct regions (tagmata) of an ant's body; they wave the first pair of legs in form to their heads to mimic antennae, which spiders lack, and to conceal the fact that they have eight legs rather than six. They have large color patches round one pair of eyes to disguise the fact that they generally have eight simple eyes, while ants have two compound eyes; they cover their bodies with reflective hairs to resemble the shiny bodies of ants. In some spider species males and females mimic different ant species, as female spiders are usually much larger than males.\nAnt-mimicking spiders also modify their behavior to resemble that of the target species of ant, for example many adopt a zig-zag pattern of movement, ant-mimicking jumping spiders avoid jumping, and spiders of the genus \"Synemosyna\" walk on the outer edges of leaves in the same way as \"Pseudomyrmex\". Ant-mimicry in many spiders and other arthropods may be for protection from predators that hunt by sight, including birds, lizards and spiders. However several ant-mimicking spiders prey either on ants or on the ants \"livestock\" such as aphids. When at rest the ant-mimicking crab spider \"Amyciaea\" does not closely resemble \"Oecophylla\", but while hunting it imitates the behavior of a dying ant to attract worker ants. After a kill some ant-mimicking spiders hold their victims between themselves and large groups of ants to avoid being attacked.\nReproduction and life cycle.\nSpiders reproduce sexually and fertilization is internal but indirect. In other words, the sperm is not inserted into the female's body by the male's genitals but by an intermediate stage. Unlike many land-living arthropods, male spiders do not produce ready-made spermatophores (packages of sperm). Instead, they spin small sperm webs on to which they ejaculate and then transfer the sperm to structures on the tips of their pedipalps. When a male detects signs of a female nearby he checks whether she is of the same species and whether she is ready to mate; for example in species that produce webs or 'safety ropes', the male can identify the species and sex of these objects by smell.\nSpiders generally use elaborate courtship rituals to prevent the large females from eating the small males before fertilization, except where the male is so much smaller that he is not worth eating. In some species males mate with newly molted females, which are too weak to be dangerous to the males.\nIn web-weaving species precise patterns of vibrations in the web are a major part of the rituals, while patterns of touches on the female's body are important in many spiders that hunt actively, and may 'hypnotize' the female. Gestures and dances by the male are important for jumping spiders, which have excellent eyesight. If courtship is successful, the male injects his sperm from the pedipalps into the female's genital opening on the underside of her abdomen. Female reproductive tracts vary. Some are simple tubes, but others have chambers where females store sperm, and release it when they are ready.\nMales do get eaten in some species. Males of the genus \"Tidarren\" cut off one of their palps, and enter adult life with one palp only. The palps are 20% of male's body mass in this species, and detaching one of the two improves mobility. In the Yemeni species \"Tidarren argo\", the remaining palp is then torn off by the female. The separated palp remains attached to the female's opening for about four hours. In the meantime, the female feeds on the palpless male. In over 60% of cases the female of the Australian redback spider kills and eats the male after it inserts its second palp into the female's genital opening; in fact the males co-operate by trying to impale themselves on the females' fangs. Observation shows that most male redbacks never get an opportunity to mate, and the 'lucky' ones increase the likely number of offspring by ensuring that the females are well-fed. However males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Some even live for a while in their mates' webs.p176/212\nFemales lay up to 3,000 eggs in one or more silk egg sacs, which maintain a fairly constant humidity level. In some species the females die afterwards, but females of other species protect the sacs by attaching them to their webs, hiding them in nests, carrying them in the chelicerae or attaching them to the spinnerets and dragging them along.\nDevelopment of young.\nBaby spiders pass all their larval stages inside the egg and hatch as spiderlings, very small and sexually immature but similar in shape to adults. Some spiders care for their young, for example a wolf spider's brood cling to rough bristles on the mother's back, and females of some species respond to the \"begging\" behaviour of their young by giving them their prey, provided it is no longer struggling, or even regurgitate food.\nLike other arthropods, spiders have to moult to grow as their cuticle (\"skin\") cannot stretch. Most spiders live for only one to two years, although some tarantulas can live in captivity for over 20 years.p232\nSpiders and humans.\nOf the 40,000 spiders, less than 12 are known to be dangerous to humans. Most of the time, being bitten by a spider is painful. Most spiders use venom to paralyse their prey; they kill it through eating, or through a bite. A few spiders have venoms that can be dangerous to weakened people and those allergic to it. Since 1927, 13 people have died, after a bite from a \"Atrax robustus\" spider from Australia.\nThe spider that kills the most people, the black widow and other spiders in the genus \"Latrodectus\" are around 1\u00a0cm. in body length. The \"Atrax\" and \"Phoneutria\" spiders, which are also capable of killing people, both average around 2.5\u00a0cm. or one inch, and even the Widow spiders are large enough to be easily noticed.\nEven relatively small spiders like \"Phidippus audax\" can give a painful bite if you hurt them, but spiders are very helpful to human beings because they control insects that eat our crops.\nBeing afraid of spiders is a very common phobia (fear). The widow spiders (black widows and other members of their genus) never willingly leave their webs, so usually people get bitten when they touch the spider by mistake.\nGallery.\nClick on a picture to see it larger:"}
+{"id": "19904", "revid": "10251981", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19904", "title": "1760s", "text": "The 1760s was a decade that began on 1 January 1760 and ended on 31 December 1769. It is distinct from the decade known as the 177th decade which began on January 1, 1761 and ended on December 31, 1770."}
+{"id": "19907", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19907", "title": "Grass", "text": "Grass is a type of plant with narrow leaves growing from the base. Their appearance as a common plant was in the mid-Cretaceous period. There are more than 30,000 species now.\nMuch grass is used to cover the ground in places such as lawns and parks. Grass is usually the color green. That is because they are pollinated by wind rather than insect pollinators, so they do not have to attract insects. Green is the best color for photosynthesis.\nGrasslands such as savanna and prairie are where grasses are dominant. They cover 40,5% of the land area of the Earth, but not Greenland nor Antarctica.\nGrasses are monocotyledon herbaceous plants. They include the \"grass\" of the family Poaceae, which are called grass by ordinary people. This family is also called the Gramineae and includes some of the sedges (Cyperaceae) and the rushes (Juncaceae). These three families are not very closely related, though all of them belong to clades in the order Poales. They are similar adaptations to a similar life-style.\nWith about 780 genera and about 12,000 species, the Poaceae is the fifth-largest plant family. Only the Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae have more species.\nThe true grasses include cereals, bamboo and the grasses of lawns (turf) and grassland. Uses for graminoids include food (as grain, shoots or rhizomes), drink (beer, whisky), pasture for livestock, thatch, paper, fuel, clothing, insulation, construction, basket weaving and many others.\nMany grasses are short, but some grasses can grow tall, such as bamboo. Plants from the grass family can grow in many places and make grasslands, including areas that are very dry or cold. There are several other plants that look similar to grass and are referred to as such but are not members of the grass family. These plants include rushes, reeds, papyrus and water chestnut. Seagrass is a monocot in the order \"Alismatales\".\nGrasses are an important food for many animals, such as deer, buffalo, cattle, mice, grasshoppers, caterpillars and many other grazers. Unlike other plants, grasses grow from the bottom, so when animals eat grass, they usually do not destroy the part that grows. This is part of the reason why the plants are so successful. \nWithout grass, more soil might wash away into rivers (erosion).\nEvolution of grass.\nGrasses include some of the most versatile plant life-forms. They became widespread toward the end of the Cretaceous. Fossilized dinosaur dung (coprolites) have been found containing grass phytoliths (silica stones inside grass leaves). Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush rain forests, dry deserts, cold mountains and even intertidal habitats, and are now the most widespread plant type. Grass is a valuable source of food and energy for many animals.\nGrass and people.\nLawn grass is often planted on sports fields and in the area around a building. Sometimes chemicals and water is used to help lawns to grow.\nPeople have used grasses for a long time. People eat parts of grasses. Corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice and millet are cereals, common grains whose seeds are used for food and to make alcohol such as beer.\nSugar comes from sugar cane, which is also a plant in the grass family. People have grown grasses as food for farm animals for about 4,000 years. People use bamboo to build houses, fences, furniture and other things. Grass plants can also be used as fuel, to cover rooves, and to weave baskets.\nLanguage.\nIn English, the word \"grass\" appears in several phrases. For example:"}
+{"id": "19909", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19909", "title": "Single player", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19913", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19913", "title": "Cacao tree", "text": "The cacao tree is a small tree originally grown in tropical South America. It only grows to 4 to 8 meters in height. Its seeds are called cocoa and are used to produce cocoa butter, chocolate drinks, and chocolate. Now the trees are grown in plantations in many tropical countries.\nCultivation.\nCacao is planted on over 70000 square kilometres worldwide with 40% of production coming from C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Indonesia. Each country produces about 15%, with smaller amounts coming from Brazil, Nigeria, and Cameroon.\nA tree begins to bear fruit when it is 4 or 5 years old. In one year, when mature, it may have 6,000 flowers, but only about 20 pods. About 300-600 seeds (10 pods) are required to produce around 1\u00a0kg of cocoa paste.\nThere are three main cultivar groups of cacao beans used to make cocoa and chocolate. The most prized, rare, and expensive is the Criollo Group, the cocoa bean used by the Maya. Only 10% of chocolate is made from the Criollo, which is less bitter and more aromatic than any other bean. The cacao bean in 80% of chocolate is made using beans of the Forastero Group. Forastero trees are significantly hardier than Criollo trees, resulting in cheaper cacao beans. Trinitario, a hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, is used in about 10% of chocolate. For details of processing, see cocoa.\nCacao beans were commonly used as currency in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. In some areas, such as Yucat\u00e1n, they were still used in place of small coins as late as the 1840s."}
+{"id": "19914", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19914", "title": "Cacao", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19916", "revid": "1548801", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19916", "title": "Mahabad", "text": "Mahabad and Piranshahr (, ) is a city in Iran. It is in the north-west of the country, in the region of Iranian Kurdistan and the province of West Azarbaijan. The city is south of Lake Urmia in a narrow valley 1,300 metres above sea level. There are about 162.434 people who live in the city. Mahabad is connected by road with Tabriz 300\u00a0km north, Urmia 150\u00a0km north and Arbil, in Iraqi Kurdistan.\nThe city is one center and symbol of the Kurdish nationalism. The reason is because in 1945 it was the capital of the newly founded people's Republic of Mahabad. The republic was conquered by Iranian forces on 16 December 1946. The president was Qazi Muhammad. The majority of the population is Kurdish. During the revolution in Iran, on 3 September 1979 the city was bombed and occupied by Iranian forces. After the death of Shivan Qaderi, a student and opposition activist in July 9 2005, the Kurdish population protested against the Iranian government.\nMahabad also a branch of the Islamic Azad University.\nThe region of Mukrian consists of Piranshahr and Mahabad."}
+{"id": "19924", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19924", "title": "Shivan Qaderi", "text": "Shivan Qaderi (or Sivan Ghaderi or Schuaneh Ghaderi; died 9 July 2005 in Mahabad) was a student and opposition activist in Iran. After his death in 2005, the Kurds protested and the Iranian government had to send more than 100,000 soldiers to this region. The Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran reported, that about 50,000 people had protested after his death on the Chuwarchira Square. Humans Rights First say that, after he was shot, Iranian soldiers tied Ghaderi's body \"to a military vehicle and dragged it through the city, obviously trying to frighten the population so that they would not organize any more protests.\""}
+{"id": "19927", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19927", "title": "Shining Path", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19928", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19928", "title": "Sauce", "text": "In cooking, a sauce is a liquid mixture added to another food for flavour. Sauces are not normally eaten by themselves; they add flavour, moisture, and visual appeal to another dish. Sauces are an essential element in cuisines all over the world.\nThe main sauces of French cuisine are built on a basis of roux, which is just flour and the liquid part of butter. Examples from Italian cuisine are the egg, cheese and ham sauce called \"Carbonara\"; the ground meat sauce called \"bolognese\", and the herbs and garlic sauce called \"pesto\".\nBottled sauces can be poured over food when it is served. An example would be the tomato-based sauce that is usually poured over spaghetti. Gravy is a brown sauce served with meat.\n\"Sauce\" is a French word taken from the Latin \"salsus\", meaning \"salted\". Possibly the oldest sauce recorded is \"garum\", the fish sauce used by the Romans.\nSauces need a liquid component, but some sauces (for example, pico de gallo salsa or chutney) may contain more solid elements than liquid.\nSauces may be used for savoury dishes or for desserts. They can be prepared and served cold, like mayonnaise, prepared cold but served lukewarm like pesto, or can be cooked like bechamel and served warm or again cooked and served cold like apple sauce.\nSome sauces are commercial products like Worcestershire sauce, HP sauce, soy sauce or ketchup. In French cuisine they are freshly prepared by the chef. Sauces for salads are called salad dressing. A cook who specializes in making sauces is a saucier.\nFrench cuisine.\nSauces in French cuisine date back to the Middle Ages. There were hundreds of sauces in the culinary repertoire, and were a major defining characteristic of French cooking of the 19th and 20th centuries, until nouvelle cuisine.\nIn the 19th century, the chef Antonin Car\u00eame classified sauces into four families, each of which was based on a mother sauce (Also called \"grandes sauces\"). Car\u00eame's four mother sauces were:\nIn the early 20th century, the chef Auguste Escoffier updated this classification to five mother sauces. They are:\nA sauce which is based on one of the mother sauces is sometimes called a small sauce, minor sauce, or secondary sauce. Most sauces commonly used in classical cuisine are small sauces, or derivatives of one of the above-mentioned mother sauces.\nMother sauces are not commonly served as they are; instead they are augmented with additional ingredients to make small (derivative) sauces. For example, Bechamel can be made into Mornay by the addition of Gruy\u00e8re or any cheese one may like, and Espagnole becomes Bordelaise with the addition and reduction of red wine, shallots, and poached beef marrow."}
+{"id": "19930", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19930", "title": "Processor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19931", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19931", "title": "Spaghetti", "text": "Spaghetti is a long, string-shaped kind of pasta.\nThe word was first used in 1824 in the work \"Li maccheroni di Napoli\" by . A single strand of spaghetti is called a , which means \"short/little string\" in Italian.\nSpaghetti is made from wheat noodles, which are boiled in water for a short time. Spaghetti can either be served as a side dish, or as a main dish. Most commonly, a sauce is added. There are many different kinds of sauces. Simpler ones are made of butter, more complicated ones include tomatos, garlic, olive oil and various other herbs. Different varieties with mussels, fish or meat also exist. Ground parmesan cheese is often added. \nIn Italy, the sauce is usually mixed with the spaghetti while they are being prepared. Usually, spaghetti is eaten only with a fork, or with a fork and a spoon. Sometimes, they are cut with a knife for small children. Many Italians see using a knife to eat spaghetti as bad manners, except to prepare them for small children.\nIn the United States, there is a kind of spaghetti called \"Alvaro's spaghetti\" which is served with alfredo sauce. In some countries, like United States or Canada, meatballs are often in the spaghetti sauce.\nIn China, spaghetti is often made by hand. In Italy, spaghetti is made with a machine so that large amounts can be made quickly. Italy is the biggest producer and consumer of spaghetti in the world. \nIt is also a popular dish in Libya.\nSpaghetti is called by other words when it has a different thickness: \"spaghettini (n. 3)\" (which means \"little spaghetti\"), \"spaghetti (n. 5)\", and \"spaghettoni (n. 8)\" (which means \"big spaghetti\").\nUsually, spaghetti leftovers last in a fridge for around 3 to 5 days, while spaghetti in a freezer will last more than one month."}
+{"id": "19932", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19932", "title": "Sphaghetti", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19933", "revid": "10320059", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19933", "title": "Emperor penguin", "text": "The Emperor penguin (\"Aptenodytes forsteri\") is a penguin that lives in Antarctica. It is the tallest and heaviest penguin. They are the only birds that can lay their eggs on ice.\nEmperors are the biggest of the 18 species of penguin found today, and one of the largest of all birds. Emperor penguins are about tall, weigh up to and have a wingspan of . Emperor Penguins are black and white like all penguins, and the sides of their neck and chest are golden. They can dive deeper than any other bird, including other penguins. Emperor penguins are also the largest penguins in the world. Emperors are the biggest of the 18 species of penguin found today and one of the largest of all birds. There are approximately 595,000 adult Emperor penguins in Antarctica. Emperor penguins do not build nests they lay their eggs on the ice through their legs. Like other penguins, emperors leap into the air while swimming, which is called porpoising.\nLife.\nThey eat mostly crustaceans, such as krill, and fish but also eat cephalopods, such as squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses.\nEmperors live in the coldest climate on earth. Temperatures can drop as low as -140 degrees Fahrenheit (-95.6\u00a0\u00b0C) on the Antarctic ice. They breed at the beginning of the Antarctic winter (March and April), on the ice all around the Antarctic continent. They live in large groups, called colonies, that can have up to 20,000 birds. They huddle close together to keep warm. Emperor penguins live for about 20 years, although some have been known to live for 40 years. They dive at their food and they stay in small groups\nThe shape of their body helps them to survive. They have short wings that help them swim and to dive up to to catch larger fish. The deepest dive recorded is . They can swim up to for a short time, which lets them escape their main enemy, the leopard seal. They can stay warm because they have a thick layer of blubber. The layer of downy feathers trap air that keeps the body heat in and cold air and water out. They also have large amounts of body oil that help in keeping them dry in the water.\nWhile they are very fast in the water, on land the birds can only walk very slowly. On ice they can lie on their stomachs and use their wings to slide along, like a sled.\nBreeding.\nEmperor penguins spend most of their time in the water, coming to the shore to breed. There is nothing on the ice to make a nest, so after the female lays her one egg in winter, the male puts the egg on his feet to keep it warm until spring. This can be from 65 to 75 days. He has a special fold of skin on his stomach which can fold over and cover the egg to keep it warm. This is a difficult action to swap the egg from the female to the male; if it sits for too long on the ice it will freeze. He does not eat during this time, and can lose up to half his weight. To keep warm, all the male penguins huddle together. Those on the outside of the group will slowly shuffle their way into the middle; the group is always moving and can move as much as in 24 hours. The female comes back in spring when the egg hatches, while the male will go back to sea to eat, but comes back to help look after the chick. The chick lives on its parents feet for about 50 days until it becomes strong enough to survive the cold.\nResearch.\nRegarding the number of these penguins, in the world:\nAs of 2025, \"A new analysis of [... pictures taken from satellites, is saying that maybe the number of emperor penguins, has become smaller or] declined 22% over a 15-year period ([year] 2009 to 2024) in a key sector of the continent \u2013 [including completely, or] encompassing the Antarctic Peninsula, Weddell Sea and Bellingshausen Sea\", according to the British Antarctic Survey. Publication was done in .\nMovies.\nThe Australian movie \"Happy Feet\" was based on the story of an emperor penguin who is unable to sing and get a mate because he was left for too long on the ice when still an egg.\nThe documentary \"March of the Penguins\" is about emperor penguins moving across the ice to lay eggs."}
+{"id": "19934", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19934", "title": "Snares penguin", "text": "The Snares penguin (\"Eudyptes robustus\"), is a crested penguin. It is probably a subspecies of the Fiordland penguin. It is a penguin from New Zealand. It is between 50 and 70 centimetres in height and weighs between 2.5 and 4 kilograms.\nIt breeds on The Snares, a small island group south of New Zealand's South Island."}
+{"id": "19939", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19939", "title": "Spaghetti Westerns", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19941", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19941", "title": "9 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19942", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19942", "title": "Chahar Cheragh Square", "text": "Chuar-chira Square (, ) (meaning \"Square of the four candles\"), is a known square in center of city of Mahabad where after Iranian invasion in 1947, Qazi Muhammad the president of Republic of Mahabad was hanged in public as well as other leaders of the republic in Mahabad and Bukan. In 2005 the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran reported that about 50.000 persons had demonstrated against the Iranian gouverment. The reason was the death of Shivan Qaderi. \nIt is now officially called Shardari Square. This square is one of the oldest places of Mahabad city."}
+{"id": "19943", "revid": "10448511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19943", "title": "Complex number", "text": "A complex number is a number, but is different from common numbers in many ways. A complex number is made up using two numbers combined. The first part is a real number, and the second part is an imaginary number. The most important imaginary number is called formula_1, defined as a number that will be -1 when squared (\"squared\" means \"multiplied by itself\"): formula_2. All other imaginary numbers are formula_1 multiplied by a real number, in the same way that all real numbers can be thought of as 1 multiplied by another number. Arithmetic functions such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division can also be performed with complex numbers. They follow commutative, associative and distributive properties, just like real numbers. The set of complex numbers is often represented using the symbol formula_4.\nComplex numbers were discovered while attempting to solve special equations that have exponents in them. These equations began to pose problems for mathematicians. As a comparison, using negative numbers, it is possible to find the \"x\" in the equation formula_5 for all real values of \"a\" and \"b\", but if only positive numbers are allowed for \"x\", it is sometimes impossible to find a positive \"x\", as in the equation formula_6.\nWith exponentiation, there is a difficulty to be overcome. There is no real number that gives \u22121 when it is squared. In other words, \u22121 (or any other negative number) has no real square root. For example, there is no real number formula_7 that solves the equation formula_8. To solve this problem, mathematicians introduced a symbol \"i\" (I representing the square root of -1) and called it the \"imaginary unit\". This is the imaginary number that will give \u22121 when it is squared.\nThe first mathematicians to have thought of this were probably Gerolamo Cardano and Rafael Bombelli. They lived in the 16th century. It was probably Leonhard Euler who introduced writing formula_9 for that number.\nAll complex numbers can be written as formula_10 (or formula_11), where \"a\" is called the \"real part\" of the number, and \"b\" is called the \"imaginary part\". We write formula_12 or formula_13 for the real part of a complex number formula_14. So, if formula_15, we write formula_16. Similarly, we write formula_17 or formula_18 for the imaginary part of a complex number formula_14; formula_20, for the same . Every real number is also a complex number; it is a complex number with formula_21.\nA complex number can also be written as an ordered pair formula_22, where both \"a\" and \"b\" are real numbers. Any real number can simply be written as formula_23, or as the pair formula_24.\nSometimes, formula_25 is written instead of formula_1. In electrical engineering for instance, formula_1 means electric current so j is used instead of formula_1, to avoid confusion as some complex numbers are often utilised in electrical engineering.\nOperations over complex numbers.\nAddition, subtraction, multiplication and exponentiation (raising numbers to exponents) are all possible with complex numbers. Division is also possible with complex numbers, as long as the divisor is not zero. Some other calculations are also possible with complex numbers.\nThe rule for addition and subtraction of complex numbers is pretty simple:\nLet formula_29, then formula_30, and formula_31.\nMultiplication is a bit different:\nformula_32\nAnother notable operation for complex numbers is \"conjugation\". A complex conjugate formula_33 to formula_15 is formula_35.\nIt is pretty simple, but is important for calculations, because formula_36 is actually a real number for \"all\" complex formula_14:\nformula_38.\nBecause of that, we can use it to do division:\nformula_39\nformula_40\nOther forms of describing complex numbers.\nComplex numbers can be shown on a so-called complex plane. If you have a number formula_15, you can go to point \"a\" on the real axis and point \"b\" on the imaginary axis, and draw a vector from formula_42 to formula_43. The length of this vector can be calculated using the Pythagorean theorem, and the angle of this vector is simply the angle between the positive real axis and this vector\u2014going counterclockwise. The length of a vector for a number formula_14 is called its modulus or absolute value (written as formula_45), and the angle is called its argument (formula_46).\nThis leads to the trigonometrical form of describing complex numbers: by the definitions of sine and cosine, it follows that for all formula_14:\nformula_48\nThis is closely connected to De Moivre's formula.\nThere exists even another form, called exponential form.\nConclusion.\nWith the introduction of complex numbers to math, every polynomial with complex coefficients has roots in complex numbers. This introduction also helped to open a path to the creation of another kind of numbers, which could help resolve and explain many different problems. These include the , , , and many others. For more, see ."}
+{"id": "19944", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19944", "title": "Sivan Ghader", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19945", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19945", "title": "Shivane Qaderi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19946", "revid": "9383228", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19946", "title": "Frederick I of Prussia", "text": "Frederick I of Prussia (), (11 July 1657\u201325 February 1713) of the Hohenzollern dynasty was the first King in Prussia (1701\u20131713)."}
+{"id": "19948", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19948", "title": "Siege of Jerusalem (1187)", "text": "The Siege of Jerusalem took place from September 20 to October 2, 1187. It was part of the war called the Third Crusade.\nBalian of Ibelin defended Jerusalem against the armies of Saladin. When he surrendered, the Muslims enslaved thousands of Christians but let many leave after they bought their freedom.\nA fictionalized version of the siege (attack) is seen in the movie \"Kingdom of Heaven\", directed by Ridley Scott."}
+{"id": "19949", "revid": "1675486", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19949", "title": "Beer Hall Putsch", "text": "The Beer Hall Putsch was a failed coup d'\u00e9tat in Munich, Germany between the evening of 8 November and the morning of 9 November 1923.\nDuring the Putsch, the Nazi Party under Adolf Hitler tried to take over the government of Bavaria, a state in Germany. They took several hundred people hostage in a beer hall (a large building where people got together to drink beer and sometimes listen to political speeches).\nSeveral Nazis died when they got into a gun fight with police officers in another part of Munich. Hitler went to prison for eight months and wrote his manifesto \"Mein Kampf\" during that time.\nReasoning.\nHitler chose to launch the Putsch for many reasons.\nAt the time, Germany was the Weimar Republic. The Republic and its government were weak because of fighting between right-wing and left-wing political parties. Because of inflation, many people did not have enough money to pay daily expenses. Sometimes, wages or pensions were not paid.\nThe Weimar Republic's financial problems started when Germany lost World War I. Other countries made Germany pay for the entire war, and Germany had to make taxes very high in order to pay. This hurt Germany's economy.\nIn the early 1920s, the Nazi Party was getting very strong. Hitler was a strong leader. In 1923, the year when the Weimar Republic was least popular, the Nazi Party grew from 6,000 members to 55,000.\nWith the Putsch, Hitler wanted to take control of the government by force. He wanted to copy Benito Mussolini, Italy's fascist dictator, who took power by invading Rome.\nAttempted coup.\nOn 8 November 1923, Hitler and his men entered the Beer Hall and took several hundred people hostage. The Sturmabteilung (SA) (the Nazi Party's paramilitary force) also took over the Army Headquarters, but they forgot to capture the telegraph office. This meant that anybody could call the police.\nThe Putsch failed. A day after it started, 16 Nazis and 4 Bavarian State Police officers were killed in a gunfight in \"Residenzstra\u00dfe\". Hitler was arrested two days later.\nResults.\nAfter the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler and some other participants were sent to prison for treason. Two other important Nazi Party officials, Hermann Goring and Rudolf Hess, were also imprisoned. They would later play key roles in the Holocaust.\nHitler spent about 8 months in prison, and the Nazi Party broke up after the Putsch (although it would later get back together).\nThe Putsch made Hitler famous. Before the Putsch, he was unknown, but afterwards many people learned about him. He was a hero to many people after the Putsch. After the governments of the Weimar Republic, many German people wanted strong leadership, and some thought Hitler would provide that.\nIn prison Hitler wrote \"Mein Kampf\" (\"My Struggle\"), which became one of the most famous books in history. It sold millions of copies at the time and taught many people about Hitler's ideas. Rudolf Hess helped with the book; Hitler told Hess what he wanted to say and Hess wrote it down.\nAfter the Putsch, Hitler rethought his strategy. He realised he could not take power using violence, the way Mussolini had in Italy. Instead, he had to get power through being elected.\nCausalities.\nSixteen participants in the Beer Hall Putsch died during the takeover. In \"Mein Kampf\", Hitler calls them martyrs: the first people ever to die for the Nazi Party. They were:"}
+{"id": "19950", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19950", "title": "Verona", "text": "Verona is a city in the Veneto region of Italy with 260,000 inhabitants. It is famous for being the setting for the Shakespeare play \"Romeo and Juliet\" and because of the Roman Arena. This city is built on the Adige river. It has a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\" in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification)."}
+{"id": "19951", "revid": "10151935", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19951", "title": "Kyiv", "text": "Kyiv or Kiev () is the capital and largest city in Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine on the Dnieper River. Over three million people live there.\nIt is not a part of any oblast. However, it is surrounded by Kyiv Oblast, and is the headquarters of Kyiv Oblast.\nThe city hosted the UEFA Euro 2012 final. Kyiv also hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 2017.\nKyiv has a humid continental climate (\"Dfb\" in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification).\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "19952", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19952", "title": "Harare", "text": "Harare is the capital of Zimbabwe. It is home to over 1.6 million people. It was known as \"Salisbury\" from its foundation on September 12, 1890 until April 18, 1982.\nHarare is Zimbabwe's biggest and most important financial, commercial, and communications centre, and a trade centre for tobacco, maize, cotton, and citrus fruits. Manufactured goods include textiles, steel and chemicals, and gold is mined in the area. The city's suburbs include Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant and Avondale. The richest neighbourhoods are to the north. The University of Zimbabwe, the country's oldest university (founded in 1952), is in Mount Pleasant, about 6\u00a0km (3.7\u00a0mi) north of the city centre. The country's main Test cricket ground, Harare Sports Club is in the city. The Dynamos F.C. in Harare is Zimbabwe's most successful association football team."}
+{"id": "19955", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19955", "title": "Seventh-day Adventist Church", "text": "The Seventh-day Adventist Church is a Protestant Christian group. It is different from most other Protestant groups because the followers believe that the seventh day of the week, Saturday, is the day to rest from working and worship God. The Bible calls this day the \"Sabbath\". The Sabbath is the seventh day of the week (Gen 2:1-3) in Judaism and in the Seventh-day Adventist Church. This is why they are called \"Seventh-day Adventists.\" Although the abbreviation \"SDA\" is used, \"Adventist\" is the church's preferred shortening of \"Seventh-day Adventist.\"\nThe Seventh-day Adventist Church came from the Millerite movement in the United States. This included people from many denominations. The Millerites started in the middle of the 19th century. They were people who followed the teachings of William Miller. Miller preached that Jesus is coming very soon, in the Second Coming or Second Advent. The church name \"Adventist\" came from the word \"Advent.\" The Seventh-day Adventist Church started in 1863.\nIn many ways, the religious teachings of the Seventh-day Adventist church are like evangelical teachings such as the Trinity and Biblical inerrancy. Teachings that are different include the doctrine of an investigative judgment, the unconscious state of the dead (which means that when people die, they will not wake up until Christ resurrects them), and that the wicked will be destroyed forever by fire (rather than forever burn in Hell). \nThe church is also known for its message on health. It teaches that being healthy helps us to make good decisions, understand God\u2019s Word, be productive in God\u2019s service, and otherwise glorify God with our bodies as temples. Adventists who eat meat typically do not eat meat from pigs, certain fish, and other animals that the Bible names as unclean. Many Adventists are vegetarian (no meat) or vegan (no animal products, such as milk or eggs). They tend to stay away from smoking, drinking and other things known to be harmful or mind-altering. Exercise, being outdoors, resting, and drinking lots of water are other parts to healthy living usually taught by Adventists. In 2005, a National Geographic cover story identified the Adventists living in Loma Linda, California, as one of five Blue Zones of people living longer than the rest of the world. \nThe church also promotes religious liberty. When it comes to culture, it is more conservative. \nAmong the founders of the Church was Ellen G. White. She wrote a lot that is still thought to be very important in the church today. She was a dedicated Christian who believed she received visions from God about the end of the world and what heaven will be like.\nAt a world level, the Seventh-day Adventist Church is run by a General Conference. Smaller regions are administered by divisions, union conferences and local conferences. It is present in over 200 countries and territories and is ethnically and culturally diverse. The church runs many schools, hospitals and publishing houses worldwide, as well as a famous organization that helps people in trouble, known as the Adventist Development and Relief Agency. As of December 31, 2023, there were <mark>over 25 million</mark> Seventh-day Adventists worldwide..\nOrganization.\nThe church is organized with a representative form of church government and the world-wide Church has 13 Divisions.\nThe Seventh-day Adventist World Church Statistics shows the church had 15,660,347 members as of December 31, 2007.\nThe Adventist News Network reported in June 2010 (during the 59th quinquennial General Conference Session of the Seventh-day Adventist Church held in Atlanta, Georgia,) that Seventh-day Adventists reached a membership of 16,300,000, according to the church's Office of Archives and Statistics. The world church Secretary stated that when counting unbaptized children and family members who attend services, the church numbers between 25 and 30 million.\nMainstream doctrine.\nSeventh-day Adventists believe in Protestantism.\nSeventh-day Adventist believe in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs. This statement of beliefs was adopted by the General Conference in 1980, with an extra belief (number 11) being added in 2005."}
+{"id": "19958", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19958", "title": "Lye", "text": "Lye is the name of different things:"}
+{"id": "19960", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19960", "title": "Luck", "text": " Luck can mean:"}
+{"id": "19961", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19961", "title": "Antony and Cleopatra", "text": "Antony and Cleopatra is a play by Shakespeare. It is a tragedy. Shakespeare's source was Plutarch's \"Lives\". The play was first performed between 1606 and 1607. It was probably first printed in the First Folio of 1623. The play describes the romantic love and suicides of Antony and Cleopatra. "}
+{"id": "19962", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19962", "title": "Risorgimento", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19964", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19964", "title": "Het Wilhelmus", "text": "\"Het Wilhelmus\" (, ), fully known as \"Wilhelmus van Nassouwe\" (\"William of Nassau\"), is the national anthem of the Netherlands and the former national anthem of the Netherlands Antilles until 1964. Known since at least the 16th century \u2013 around the time of the Dutch Revolt \u2013 this song contains the oldest melody among all national anthems of the world. Its lyrics also date back to the 1500s, though the lyrics of \"Kimigayo\"\u2014Japan's national anthem\u2014are much older. Because \"Het Wilhelmus\" is so old, the origins of the composer(s) and author(s) are uncertain, but the melody has been arranged by Dutch composer Adrianus Valerius in the 1600s. It wasn't officially adopted as national anthem of the Netherlands until the 20th century.\nLyrics.\nOnly the first and sixth verses are sung.\nPapiamento translation.\n<poem>Guillen di Nassau, desendiente\nUn li\u00f1a hulanda i bieu,\nMi ta dedik'inmortal\nFe den e tera aki mi.\nUn lider ta, imperio,\nOra\u00f1o, semper liber,\nNa rei di Spa\u00f1a a mi dun\u00e1\nUn fieldat ta na bida.\nMi intento biba na\nE miedu di \u00f2rdu den Dios\nI por ta asina a bira un impulso,\nE hendenan, e siguridat i e tera,\nMa Dios, tin, mi ta cualifica\nDi produkto prepar\u00e1\nBai un dia mi ta establece\nMi gobernashon.\nNo laga e destrukshon lo tradicional,\nMi s\u00fabditos ta b\u00e8rdadero bai bon.\nSe\u00f1or siguridat bo ta warda\nMaske awor bo p\u00e8rsigu\u00edmi.\nEsun ku veira direktamente\nMester pidi Dios di dia i anochi\nPa benta di poder riba mi\nManera campe\u00f3n di bo derecho.\nBida i tur e demas\nKi ora mi ta mi a sakrifik\u00e1 pa bo!\nI mi rumannan damanan\nDemostra su devoci\u00f3n tambe.\nConta Dolfi, mas pober,\nKai den e Prison refleha,\nBai riba e stat semper\nTa spera di dia di Huisio Caba.\nMi, movementu nas\u00ed, baha\nDi famia imparsial.\nE lider di un influensha, wardami\n(Destino e choque di e bataya\nDiariamente i sin motibu\nManera religioso mester cristian)\nKu e sanger di mi bida e incomparable\nEvangelio di Dios Nos Se\u00f1or.\nUn eskudo i mi konfiansa,\nO Dios, bo Semper bo ta.\nKonfia den bo guia.\nMi No ta laga nos no sigur.\nPa ma\u00f1an tabata un religioso\nSirbid\u00f3 bo pa ai\nBai sali e malesanan ku nos pone man prueba\nI opreshon leu.\nMi Dios, bo ta fabor, Salbami\nDi tur e p\u00e8rsigu\u00edmi\nI mensahe ku esclavizarme,\nBo fiel sirbid\u00f3.\nTata, mi no sances\nDi nada i kubr\u00ed dise\u00f1o,\nNo laga ku ta laba man\nSanger ta inosente di mi.\nO David, buscaste refugio\nDi opreshon di Rei Saul.\nAsta asina hu\u00ed di e alte\nI hopi Se\u00f1or mi.\nMa Se\u00f1or Dios a salba\nDi exilio i su fi\u00e8rnu\nI, den Su kari\u00f1o, a dun'\u00e9\nUn reino di Israel.\nNo logra sin fin\nE nubianan ta estadia na spears.\nTa spera ku e ta masha agradabel\nMi kurason prinsipio,\nBo ta ku mi ku honor\nTopa ku e morto di e guera,\nBai partisip\u00e1 den e shelu mi donate,\nDi fiel uz\u00e1.\nNada move mi kompashon\nManera ta wak kla di e terenonan,\nKunuku, pueblo, pueblo i stat\nDestru\u00ed na man fugitivo.\n\u00d2f ku e espa\u00f1ol lo vele,\nMi Hulanda asina dushi,\nE idea pa mi are\nHasiendo mi kurason sanger.\nUn nada di koral di Humor\nMi ta spera ku mi anfitrion\nE yama e tirano e bataya,\nBo no ta trei di prisoner.\nPa, banda di March instala,\nTemor e forsa ku mi ejerc\u00eda.\nMi kored\u00f3 mira un rbtt\nResientemente na e otro banda di tereno.\nSi Al a dese\u00e1 i,\nOra supla e faro tormento,\nMi ta lo calmado,\n\u00d2f ta bolbe su explosi\u00f3n di bo\nEsun ku ta biba den e shelu,\nUnda konsolad\u00f3 tur nos bendishon,\nPa e motibu aki a duna di gradisimentu ai,\nNo tabatin asina.\nSigur mi kurason ta permanes\u00e9\nMi prosperidat\nMi balor prinsipio ta pensa\nTur e spir pa biba i ta.\nMi pasado e Se\u00f1or mi skol\nKu un kurason ferviente i tenso\nPa salbami di desaster\nI prueba mi inosensia.\nAi mi ta. Pa k\u00f2rta\nTa duru pa nos. Riba e bista.\nBo wardad\u00f3 lanta, unda bo ta dese\u00e1\nPlam\u00e1 por biba,\nPidi Dios ku lo alivia.\nDi evangelio ta bo cura.\nKana den e pasonan di Jesu\nE bida aki no ta uno.\nSe\u00f1or nan poder\nMi ta rekonos\u00e9.\nMi no tin ningun or\nMalu di Rei a papia.\nSinembargo, den Dios, esun di mas grandi\nDi Mahestad ku mester\nObedensia prom\u00e9 i \u00faltimo,\nPasobra e hustisia asina ta nifik\u00e1.</poem>\nIPA transcription.\n<poem>[\u028b\u026a\u026b.\u02c8\u0266\u025b\u026b.m\u028fs v\u0251n n\u0251.\u02c8s\u0251u\u032f.\u00f8]\n[b\u025bn \u026ak v\u0251n \u02c8d\u0153y\u032ft.s\u0259n blut]\n[d\u025bn \u02c8va\u02d0.d\u00f8r.\u02cc\u026b\u0251nt \u0263\u00f8.\u02c8tr\u0251u\u032f.\u00f8]\n[bl\u025bi\u032fv \u026ak t\u0254t \u026an d\u025bn do\u02d0(w)t]\n[\u0259n \u02c8pr\u026an.s\u00f8 v\u0251n \u02cco\u02d0(w).\u02c8r\u0251n.j\u00f8]\n[b\u025bn \u026ak fr\u025bi\u032f \u02cc\u0254n.v\u00f8r.\u02c8ve\u02d0rt]\n[d\u025bn \u02c8ko\u02d0(w).n\u026a\u014b v\u0251n \u0266\u026as.\u02c8sp\u0251n.j\u00f8]\n[\u0266\u025bp \u026ak \u02c8\u0251\u026b.t\u025bi\u032ft \u0263\u00f8.\u02c8e\u02d0rt]\n[m\u025bi\u032fn sx\u026a\u026bt \u02c8\u025bn.d\u00f8 b\u00f8.\u02c8tr\u0251u\u032f.\u0259n]\n[\u02c8z\u025bi\u032ft \u0263\u025bi\u032f o\u02d0(w) \u0263\u0254t m\u025bi\u032fn \u0266e\u02d0r]\n[\u0254p y zo\u02d0(w) \u028b\u026al \u026ak \u02c8b\u0251u\u032f.\u0259n]\n[v\u0259r.\u02c8la\u02d0t m\u025bi\u032f \u02ccn\u026a.m\u00f8r.\u02c8me\u02d0r]\n[d\u0251t \u026ak d\u0254x fro\u02d0(w)m m\u0251\u0263 \u02c8bl\u025bi\u032f.v\u0259n]\n[yu\u032f \u02c8di.na\u02d0r \u02c8t\u0251.l\u00f8r st\u0254nt]\n[d\u00f8 \u02ccti.r\u0251.\u02c8ni v\u0259r.\u02c8dr\u025bi\u032f.v\u0259n]\n[di m\u025bi\u032f m\u025bi\u032fn \u0266\u0251rt \u02c8do\u02d0r.\u028b\u0254nt]</poem>"}
+{"id": "19968", "revid": "10249765", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19968", "title": "1803", "text": "1803 (MDCCCIII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "19969", "revid": "10249929", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19969", "title": "1661", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19970", "revid": "10389598", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19970", "title": "1579", "text": "1579 (MDLXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "19971", "revid": "10249398", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19971", "title": "752", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19972", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19972", "title": "1005", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19973", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19973", "title": "1233", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19974", "revid": "10350791", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19974", "title": "1736", "text": "1736 (MDCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "19975", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19975", "title": "1340", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19976", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19976", "title": "1128", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19977", "revid": "10249482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19977", "title": "984", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19978", "revid": "10249953", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19978", "title": "1639", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19979", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19979", "title": "1003", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19980", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19980", "title": "Fuzzy logic", "text": "Fuzzy logic is a sort of computer logic that is different from boolean algebra founded by Lotfi A. Zadeh. It is different in the way that it allows values to be more accurate than on or off. While boolean logic only allows true or false, fuzzy logic allows all things in between. An example of this could be a computer game: A person is standing in a doorway while a thing explodes. The character is hit or not hit if boolean logic is used, but the doorway protects him from the explosion. Therefore, he might only be hit 20%, and takes less damage.\nTo put it in more precise mathematical terms, classical logic has two values. These values are usually called \"false\" (0) or \"true\" (1). With fuzzy logic, a (calculated) value of 0.8 or 0.971 is possible. It is important to know the difference between fuzzy logic and chance. A coin that is thrown has a chance of 0.5 for landing heads up. If it is thrown 1000 times, it is expected that it will land with heads side up 500 times. With fuzzy logic, a thing with a \"truth value\" of 0.5 will have a value of 0.5 no matter how many times it is done. It is not a 50% chance of true or untrue, it is 50% true and 50% untrue at the same time.\nFuzzy logic is used a lot in expert systems and neural networks.\nHumans tend to use a combination of predicate logic and fuzzy logic. If you are an outfielder catching a baseball hit into the air, then your precise logic will calculate trajectory and start you running to the point of intercept (catching). However, once close to the ball the eyes and brain of the outfielder lacks the ability to accurately estimate distance and speed because the ball is coming straight at the outfielder. The human brain switches to fuzzy logic that says \"get me closer\", \"get me closer\", and so on. That is why you see outfielders in baseball run to a spot and then move around as the ball gets closer.\nPredicate logic says calculate the point to be at to catch the ball. Fuzzy logic says because of wind or other things you might not be in the correct place so just keep getting closer until you catch the ball. \nIn predicate logic it is the mathematics of calculating the path of the ball that determines your action. In fuzzy logic it is the error of your calculations that determines your action.\nIn effect, it's like your brain trying to steady a drink in your hand while traveling down a bumpy road."}
+{"id": "19981", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19981", "title": "Douala", "text": "Douala is the largest city in the African country of Cameroon. It is the capital city of Littoral Region.\nThe city is placed near the Wouri River. Its population is about 2,000,000 people. The first European people who came to Douala were from Portugal. They found Duala in about 1472. Before 1884 it was named Cameroons Town. In 1884 German people came to Duala and changed its name to Kamarunstadt (\"Camaroon City\") and made it the capital of German Kamerun. In 1907 its name was changed to Duala. It became the capital of French Cameroons in 1919. From 1940 to 1946, it was the capital of Cameroon.\nDuala is an expensive city. It ranked 24th most expensive city of the world in 2007.\nTransport.\nDouala is linked by rail to Yaound\u00e9, Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, Kumba and Nkongsamba. The largest port and the most important airport in Cameron are both in Douala."}
+{"id": "19982", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19982", "title": "1843", "text": "Events.\nJanuary 29 - William McKinley, twenty-fifth President of the United States (d. 1901)"}
+{"id": "19983", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19983", "title": "1225", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19987", "revid": "10249409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19987", "title": "841", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19988", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19988", "title": "1164", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19989", "revid": "10249370", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19989", "title": "578", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19990", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19990", "title": "The Mothers of Invention", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19991", "revid": "16529", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19991", "title": "Traditional", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19992", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19992", "title": "1707", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19993", "revid": "10249465", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19993", "title": "972", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19994", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19994", "title": "1031", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19995", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19995", "title": "1083", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19996", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19996", "title": "1027", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19997", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19997", "title": "1316", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19998", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19998", "title": "Fuzzy Logic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "19999", "revid": "10249792", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19999", "title": "1778", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20000", "revid": "10249428", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20000", "title": "885", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20002", "revid": "10249822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20002", "title": "1751", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20003", "revid": "10249269", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20003", "title": "250", "text": "250 (CCL) was ."}
+{"id": "20004", "revid": "10249766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20004", "title": "1802", "text": "1802 (MDCCCII) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "20005", "revid": "10249190", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20005", "title": "37", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20006", "revid": "10250015", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20006", "title": "1584", "text": "1584 (MDLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "20007", "revid": "10249254", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20007", "title": "193", "text": "193 was a common year."}
+{"id": "20008", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20008", "title": "1243", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20010", "revid": "10250064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20010", "title": "1541", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20011", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20011", "title": "1354", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20012", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20012", "title": "1286", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20013", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20013", "title": "1129", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20014", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20014", "title": "1082", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20015", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20015", "title": "1135", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20016", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20016", "title": "1052", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20017", "revid": "10249813", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20017", "title": "1761", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20018", "revid": "10252014", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20018", "title": "1470s", "text": "The 1470s was the decade that started on January 1, 1470 and ended on December 31, 1479. It is distinct from the decade known as the 148th decade which began on January 1, 1471 and ended on December 31, 1480."}
+{"id": "20019", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20019", "title": "1476", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20022", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20022", "title": "Brooklyn, New York", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20023", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20023", "title": "Nursing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20025", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20025", "title": "Gleiwitz incident", "text": "The Gleiwitz incident was a planned German attack against the radio station \"Sender Gleiwitz\" in the German town of Gliwice on the night of August 31, 1939. This attack along with other Nazi activities was used to make people think that Poland attacked Germany and that Poland, not Germany started World War II."}
+{"id": "20028", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20028", "title": "Free", "text": "Free may mean:"}
+{"id": "20029", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20029", "title": "Mackinac Island", "text": "Mackinac Island is an island in Lake Huron. It is part of the U.S. state of Michigan and is 8 miles (13 kilometers) around.\nMany people go to see Mackinac Island in the summer because the island passed a local law that says that no one can use a car on the island, except emergency vehicles. Everybody has to ride a horse or a bicycle. In recent years, young people have been using roller skates or roller blades to get around the island. There is a narrow paved road that follows the 8 miles of shoreline. This road is for horses (and their buggies), bicycles, skaters and joggers or just people taking a long walk. \nIn order to get to Mackinac Island, visitors have to buy a ticket on a ferry boat. The boat ride has views of Lake Huron and the Mackinac Bridge. After they get to Mackinac Island, many visitors buy locally made fudge. "}
+{"id": "20031", "revid": "9121039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20031", "title": "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars", "text": "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars is a list of the top actors in Hollywood history. It was announced by the American Film Institute on June 16, 1999.\nThe list promised one hundred people on it, but in the end there were only fifty.\nAs of 2023, of the fifty stars listed, only one is still alive (Sophia Loren). At the time the list was unveiled Katharine Hepburn, Elizabeth Taylor, Shirley Temple, Lauren Bacall, Marlon Brando, Gregory Peck, Kirk Douglas and Sidney Poitier were also still living."}
+{"id": "20032", "revid": "1686735", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20032", "title": "Havana", "text": "Havana () is the capital city of Cuba. It is the largest city of Cuba and of the Caribbean. Its population was 2.1 million in the census of 2012. It is at 23\u00b08\u2032N 82\u00b023\u2032W and is about south-southwest of Key West, Florida in the United States. Cuba's main airport ia located in the city.\nHavana is a very old city. It was founded in 1515 by Spanish explorers. Due to its important location it became a springboard for the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Also, it became a stopping point for Spanish ships returning to Spain filled with treasure. King Philip II of Spain granted Havana the title of City in 1592. Walls as well as forts were built to protect the old city. The sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana's harbor in 1898 was the immediate cause of the Spanish\u2013American War."}
+{"id": "20033", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20033", "title": "Iron Chancellor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20034", "revid": "8960003", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20034", "title": "Bismarck", "text": "Bismarck is a German family name.\nOtto von Bismarck.\nThe name \"Bismarck\" is usually associated with Otto von Bismarck, a famous Prussian and later German statesman in the 19th century. His name is sometimes misspelled Bismark.\nShips.\nBattleship.\nThe \"Bismarck\" was a battleship of the German navy during WWII"}
+{"id": "20035", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20035", "title": "Mackinac island", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20039", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20039", "title": "Crusinallo", "text": "Crusinallo, with 4000 people, is the most populated district of the town of Omegna (in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in Piedmont, Italy). It was an independent town until 1928. The town of Crusinallo is located in the north part of the town of Omegna, at the border with the towns of Casale Corte Cerro, Gravellona Toce, and Germagno. The natural borders are: at north, the Saint Martino river; at east and south, the Strona river; at west, the forest of Alpe Colla."}
+{"id": "20040", "revid": "10249821", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20040", "title": "1752", "text": " In the British Empire, the day was just 355 days long."}
+{"id": "20041", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20041", "title": "660 BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20042", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20042", "title": "660s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20043", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20043", "title": "1496", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20044", "revid": "10250062", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20044", "title": "1543", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20045", "revid": "10249309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20045", "title": "362", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20046", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20046", "title": "1071", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20047", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20047", "title": "1278", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20053", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20053", "title": "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals", "text": "People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is one of the world's largest non-profit organisations about animal rights. The four main beliefs of PETA are that animals are not to be used for food, clothes, exploitation or testing. The headquarters of the organization is in Norfolk, Virginia in the United States. PETA was started by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco in 1980.\nPETA has protested fast food chain KFC for the way it kills chickens and also for jallikattu or sallikattu in Tamil Nadu (India). In the past, it has protested many corporations including Iams, which makes pet food. \nPETA's main website is made for adults and vegans. They also have another website called PETA2 which is made for teenagers who are vegetarian, vegan or still deciding. PETA says it has over nine million members."}
+{"id": "20054", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20054", "title": "PETA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20057", "revid": "48755", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20057", "title": "Software licence", "text": "A software licence (or software license in United States English) is a kind of licence that is used to set rules about how a piece of software can or cannot be used. After getting the software by either downloading it or buying it, you need to agree with the licence in order to use it. The licence is chosen or created by the software developer/creator or software publisher. Many licences answer questions such as \"can I use this software commercially/to make money?\", or \"can I give this software to other people?\", or in general, \"in what ways am I allowed/permitted to use this software?\".\nOne kind of software licence, an end user licence agreement, or \"EULA\", is very specific/descriptive about the things that you can or cannot do with the software, and oftentimes establishes/defines the rights of the software developer over the user. Most EULAs are written by the specific software developer and are not shared like other software licences.\nAnother type of software licence is an open source distribution licence. These licences let software developers choose what people can and cannot do with the code of the software. There are many licences freely available which allow you to do this, such as the MIT Licence, which allows for the software to be used by any person for any reason/purpose. The GNU General Public Licence, often abbreviated/shortened as GPL is a licence which makes all copies of the software free and open source. Therefore, GPL cannot be included in any part of proprietary/closed software because it does not follow the rules of the licence. The Apache Licence is more definitive and specific, but is more common with larger companies, such as Google, but is still considered a free software licence. Creative Commons is a popular licence used by people who want to give something out for free without taking as much credit. Creative Commons is very open, and is even used by Wikipedia for its pages and other content."}
+{"id": "20059", "revid": "90955", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20059", "title": "BSD license", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20060", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20060", "title": "BSD licence", "text": "The BSD licence is named after the group that first used the licence, the University of California, Berkeley, where the BSD operating system was first made. Since they are in the United States, BSD uses the U.S. spelling \"BSD license\".\nThe licence.\nThe words of the BSD licence are public domain and can be changed however people want. To be useful for people or groups, people need to change 'Regents of the University of California', 'University of California, Berkeley', and 'Regents' to their name. A basic BSD licence looks like this:\n * Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California\n * All rights reserved.\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.\n * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.\n * * Neither the name of the University of California, Berkeley nor the\n * names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products\n * derived from this software without specific prior written permission.\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\" AND ANY\n * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED\n * WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE\n * DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY\n * DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES\n * (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;\n * LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND\n * ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT\n * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS\n * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.\nThis means that any person who uses the licensed software can do anything with it, but the person cannot say it is all their work or say that the first makers of the software support the person's new software in any way. It also stops people from suing the first makers if something goes wrong with it."}
+{"id": "20074", "revid": "10249784", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20074", "title": "1786", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20075", "revid": "10249899", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20075", "title": "1688", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20076", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20076", "title": "1728", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20077", "revid": "10350813", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20077", "title": "1614", "text": "1614 (MDCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "20078", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20078", "title": "1588", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20079", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20079", "title": "1012", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20080", "revid": "10249829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20080", "title": "1746", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20081", "revid": "10350788", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20081", "title": "1734", "text": "1734 (MDCCXXXIV) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "20082", "revid": "10249907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20082", "title": "1682", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20084", "revid": "10249259", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20084", "title": "222", "text": "222 was a common year."}
+{"id": "20085", "revid": "10249815", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20085", "title": "1759", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20086", "revid": "10249818", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20086", "title": "1755", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20087", "revid": "10249347", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20087", "title": "477", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20088", "revid": "10249354", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20088", "title": "509", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20089", "revid": "10249369", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20089", "title": "571", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20090", "revid": "10249376", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20090", "title": "609", "text": "609 was a common year."}
+{"id": "20092", "revid": "1683371", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20092", "title": "Lake Baikal", "text": "Lake Baikal is a huge lake in Siberia, Russia. It is the biggest fresh water reservoir in the world. The lake is near Irkutsk. \nBaikal is about long. It is wide. At its deepest point, it is deep. It is the deepest lake on Earth. The lake is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It holds about 20% of the world's unfrozen surface fresh water.\nThe lake has unique fish. It is home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals. Two-thirds of them can be found nowhere else.\nGeology.\nLake Baikal fills an ancient rift valley, just as Lake Tanganyika does in East Africa. At the Baikal Rift Zone, the Earth's crust pulls apart.\nIt is the deepest lake in the world at . The bottom of the lake is below sea level, but below this lies some of sediment. This means the rift floor is below the surface: it is the deepest continental rift on Earth. \nIn geological terms, the rift is young and active it widens about two cm per year. The fault zone is also seismically active; there are hot springs in the area and notable earthquakes every few years. \nBaikal's age is 25\u201330 million years. It is unique among large, high-latitude lakes, because its sediments have not been scoured by overriding continental ice sheets. U.S. and Russian studies of core sediment in the 1990s gave a detailed record of climatic variation over the past 250,000 years. Longer and deeper sediment cores are expected soon. Lake Baikal is the only confined freshwater lake in which evidence of gas hydrates exists.\nThe lake is completely surrounded by mountains. The Baikal Mountains on the north shore and the taiga are protected as a national park. It has 27 islands; the largest, Olkhon, is long and is the third-largest lake-bound island in the world. The lake is fed by as many as 330 inflowing rivers. It is drained through a single outlet, the Angara River.\nDespite its great depth, the lake's waters are well-mixed and well-oxygenated throughout the water column, compared to the stratification that occurs in such bodies of water as Lake Tanganyika and the Black Sea.\nWildlife.\nLake Baikal has over 1000 species of plants and 1550 species and varieties of animals. Over 60% of animals are endemic; of 52 species of fish 27 are endemic.\nThe omul fish (\"Coregonus autumnalis migratorius\") is local to Lake Baikal. It is fished, smoked, and sold on all markets around the lake. For many travellers on the Trans-Siberian railway, purchasing smoked omul is one of the highlights of the long journey.\nBaikal also has a species of seals, Baikal seal or \"nerpa\". Bears and deer can be seen and hunted by the Baikal coast.\nEcosystem.\nIn 1986 Baikalskyi and Barguzinskyi became Biosphere Reserves. The ecosystems are part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.\nEcodangers.\nThe Baykalsk Pulp and Paper Mill was constructed in 1966 on the shoreline of Lake Baikal. The plant bleached paper using chlorine and discharged waste directly into Lake Baikal. The decision to construct the plant at Lake Baikal resulted in strong protests. The objections of Soviet scientists had opposition from the industrial lobby. Only after decades of protest was the plant closed in 2008 (and only because it was unprofitable). On 4 January 2010, production was resumed. On 13 January 2010, Russian President Vladimir Putin legalised the operation of the plant. This brought a wave of protests from ecologists and local residents. In September 2013 the mill went bankrupt.\nOther websites.\nB"}
+{"id": "20094", "revid": "9051932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20094", "title": "Omul", "text": "The omul (\"Coregonus migratorius\") is a kind of fish. It belongs to the same family as the trout and the salmon. It only lives in Lake Baikal and the rivers around it (the Angara for example. It is very typical for that region of Siberia).\nOmul considered a food delicacy and can be eaten n many ways. Local people consume it boiled, fried smoked, and freshly salted.\nThe Omul normally fished using seine nets and fishing nets, yet during early spring, it can be caught using a fishing road."}
+{"id": "20095", "revid": "10422256", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20095", "title": "Salmon", "text": "Salmon is a kind of teleost fish. It is a general term for commercially important ray-finned fish from the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family of fish as the trout. \nMost kinds of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and the sea. Many people like to eat salmon, so sometimes the fish is grown in fish farms. \nAs the salmon go upstream to the spawning grounds, they may face obstruction from beaver dams. Sluice gates have to be provided so the gravid female salmon can get to the spawning grounds. This is a problem caused by the re-introduction of beavers to the U.K. Sluice gates are opened for the salmon at breeding time. Salmon farms are also possible, in which the fish are non-migratory, but then they have to be fed artificially.\nColoring.\nSalmons get the pink color of their flesh from a pigment called astaxanthin. Wild salmon get it from the krill and shrimp they eat, while farmed salmon gets traces of it in kibble (compound feed). If they don't have the pigment, their flesh has a gray color.\nEating.\nUsual ways to make food out of salmon are smoking, cold smoking and graving. "}
+{"id": "20096", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20096", "title": "Wild turkey", "text": "The wild turkey (\"Meleagris gallopavo\") is the name of the more common of the two species of turkey. This large bird is found across much of the United States and southern Canada.\nWild turkeys prefer hardwood and mixed conifer-hardwood forests with scattered openings such as pastures, fields, orchards and seasonal marshes. They can adapt to any dense plant community so long as there is cover and openings to fly out. Open, mature forests with a variety of tree species seem to be best.\nThe \"domesticated turkey\" has been tamed and bred from wild turkeys, by people, to raise on farms."}
+{"id": "20097", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20097", "title": "Ocellated turkey", "text": "An ocellated turkey (\"Meleagris ocellata\") is a turkey (a large bird) that is named for the eye-like spots on the tail feathers (\"ocellated\" means having eye-like spots). It is similar to the wild turkey that is found more to the north in North America."}
+{"id": "20102", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20102", "title": "Monkeys", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20104", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20104", "title": "Natalia", "text": "Natalia may mean:"}
+{"id": "20105", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20105", "title": "Hog", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20110", "revid": "1415823", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20110", "title": "Drenthe", "text": "Drenthe (pronounce: \"DREN-te\") is a province in the northeast of the Netherlands. The capital city is Assen. South of it is Overijssel, west of it is Friesland and north of it is Groningen. East of it is Lower Saxony, that is a part of Germany. About 502,000 people are living in Drenthe (2023).\nHistory.\nThousands of years ago, there were already people in Drenthe. Around 3500 BC people made dolmens (\"hunebedden\"), piles of big stones. 53 of the 54 dolmens in the Netherlands are in Drenthe. Most of them are in the northeast of the province.\nThe oldest paper with the name Drenthe on it is from 820. It was called \"Pago Treanth\" (district Drenthe). Papers from 1024 and 1025 show that is was a county at that time. \nFrom 1046 until 1528, the bishops of Utrecht ruled over Drenthe. From 1581 until 1795 it was part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, but Drenthe itself was not a province. In 1796, under the Batavian Republic, Drenthe was a province for the first time.\nIn the Second World War, the nazis build a concentration camp near Westerbork. From there, they put Dutch Jews on the train to other camps in Germany and Poland. In the last train from Westerbork was also Anne Frank. She was a Jewish girl and she wrote a diary. She died in the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen in Germany. After the war her diary became world famous.\nMunicipalities.\nLocation of the municipalities of Drenthe.\nGeography.\nThe most important cities are Assen (the capital), Emmen, Meppel and Hoogeveen. In Drenthe there is many heathland.\nDialects.\nIn Drenthe many people speak Low Saxon dialects. The dialects in Drenthe are called \"Drents\". These dialects are different in each town or village."}
+{"id": "20111", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20111", "title": "D-Day (military term)", "text": "D-Day is a term used in military planning to mean the actual day a major operation or event is to begin. The days leading up to a D-Day are called D-1, D-2, D-3, etc. That allows scheduling a sequence of events before the start date is chosen. The days after a D-Day are D+1, D+2, D+3, and so on. \nSeveral different days in military history were named D-Day. However, the most famous D-Day was the Normandy landings during Operation Overlord, on the morning of June 6, 1944, when the largest naval attack in military history took place in France during World War II. Operation Overlord was led by US General Dwight D. Eisenhower\nThe Allies Britain, Canada, and America breached the Normandy coastline and broke through the German fortification chain, the Atlantic Wall. That was a turning point in World War II though over 3,500 men were lost. \nThe invasion started with airborne landings at 3:30 a.m. and the seaborne invasion started at 6:30 a.m. and took 19 hours. Operation Overlord had been planned for months and was scheduled for June 5 but was delayed for a day by bad weather.\nOver the next several months, the Allies fought in France and took various useful ports such as Caen and later took Paris. After less than a year, the Allies entered Nazi Germany, which surrendered.\nAn invasion of southern France was intended to start at the same time, but there were not enough landing craft for both invasions. The operation started on its D-Day, August 15."}
+{"id": "20112", "revid": "10249382", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20112", "title": "655", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20113", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20113", "title": "Ebay", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20114", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20114", "title": "Ishpeming, Michigan", "text": "Ishpeming is a city in Marquette County, Michigan, USA. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total of 6,140 people living in it. There used to be more people in the 1950s and 1960s, when the iron ore mines were in full operation. \nGeography.\nThe city has a total area of 24.0 km\u00b2 (9.2 mi\u00b2). 22.5\u00a0km\u00b2 (8.7\u00a0mi\u00b2) of it is land and 1.5\u00a0km\u00b2 (0.6\u00a0mi\u00b2) of it (6.16%) is water. Ishpeming is 1436 feet above sea level.\nHistory.\nThe movie \"Anatomy of a Murder\" was filmed in Ishpeming and areas around it in 1959.\nIshpeming was also the birthplace of aviation engineer Clarence \"Kelly\" Johnson in 1910 and Nobel prize winning chemist Glenn T. Seaborg in 1912.\nIshpeming is considered the birthplace of downhill ski jumping in the United States and is the home to the National Ski Hall of Fame."}
+{"id": "20115", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20115", "title": "Humphrey Bogart", "text": "Humphrey DeForest Bogart ( ; December 25, 1899 \u2013 January 14, 1957) was an American actor. He was sometimes called Bogie. He was very important in classic Hollywood cinema. His performances made him an American cultural icon. In 1999, the American Film Institute said he was the greatest male star of classic American cinema. He is nominated for three Academy Awards on each movies, including \"Casablanca\", \"The African Queen\" and \"The Caine Mutiny\"."}
+{"id": "20116", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20116", "title": "Funk", "text": "Funk is a type of music from the United States that was developed in the 1960s by African American musicians and singers such as James Brown, Sly and the Family Stone, George Clinton and The Meters. Funk music emphasizes the rhythm of the music. Funk music is dance music that mixes rhythm and blues music with soul music.\nFunk bands use many rhythm instruments, such as electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments, mainly synthesizers and electronic organs. Funk bands also have people who play horns, including saxophones, trumpets, and trombones.\nRole of the electric bass.\nIn funk music, the electric bass has a more important role than in other styles of popular music. Many funk songs are based on a strong bass line (melody) played by the electric bass player. Well-known funk bass players include Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson and Larry Graham of Sly & the Family Stone. Larry Graham invented a new style of electric bass playing called \"slap bass technique.\" With this technique, the bass player slaps and plucks the strings to create a strong rhythm.\nHistory.\nLate 1960s.\nThe United States singer and musician James Brown was one of the first funk musicians. James Brown recorded a song in 1965 called \"Papa's Got a Brand New Bag\" which is considered the first funk song. Other musical groups copied the rhythms and musical style developed by James Brown and his band. A band called The Meters played funk music in New Orleans. The Meters had hit songs such as \"Sophisticated Cissy\" and \"Cissy Strut\" in 1969. Another funk group, The Isley Brothers, had a hit song in 1969 called \"It's Your Thing\".\n1980s.\nIn the 1980s, funk music changed. Funk musicians began using electronic instruments such as synthesizer keyboards and electronic drum machines instead of electric bass, electric organ, trumpets, saxophones, and drums. Rick James had hits in the 1980s with funk songs such as \"Give It To Me Baby\" and \"Super Freak.\" The band Queen had funk songs such as \"Another One Bites The Dust.\" The musician and singer Prince had hit songs such as \"1999\". \nSome famous early 1980s funk artist include: Cameo, Zapp, The Gap Band, The Bar-Kays, and The Dazz Band.\nIn the later 1980s, two new styles of funk developed called \"funk rock\" and \u201cfunk metal\u201d. These styles of music mixed funk music with rock and metal music. Funk rock and funk metal bands include Red Hot Chili Peppers, Living Colour, Jane's Addiction, Prince, Urban Dance Squad, Primus, Fishbone, Faith No More and Rage Against the Machine.\nFunk music influenced 1980s hip hop music. Many hip hop musicians use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs.\n1990s and 2000s.\nIn the 1990s and 2000s, hip hop influenced funk and funk rock bands included Outkast, and Van Hunt.\nIn the late 1990s, the band Phish developed a live sound that is sometimes called \"cow funk\" or \"space funk\", which included extended danceable grooves that accented beat 1 of the 4/4 rhythm (i.e. classic funk), while often using a lot of heavy \"wah\" pedal and other psychedelic effects from the guitar player and layered Clavinet from the keyboard player. \nAs well, 1990s and 2000s hip hop musicians continued to use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs. There was also a popular West Coast hip hop genre that mixed rap with funk called \"G-funk\".\nAmadou & Mariam have produced music that mixes traditional Malian music with rock guitars, Syrian violins, Cuban trumpets, Egyptian ney flute, Indian tablas and Dogon percussion. These elements have been called \"Afro-Funk\"."}
+{"id": "20117", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20117", "title": "1513", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20118", "revid": "10436576", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20118", "title": "Great white shark", "text": "The great white shark (\"Carcharodon carcharias\"), also known as the white shark, is a species of mackerel shark. It is the world's largest living predatory fish. Mature sharks may grow up to in length and in weight. There also have been a few reports of great white sharks measuring over . This shark reaches its sexual maturity around 15 years of age. The lifespan of a great white shark may be as long as 70 years or more. Great white sharks can accelerate to speeds over . Great white sharks have about 300 teeth, arranged in many rows.\nThe first two rows of the teeth are used for grabbing and cutting the animals they eat, while the other teeth in the last rows replace the front teeth when they are broken, worn down, or when they fall out. The teeth have the shape of a triangle with jags on the edges. Great white sharks are carnivores. The great white sharks is an apex predator. It hunts fish, seals, sea lions, seagulls, penguins, squid, octopuses, dolphins, small whales, crabs, shrimps, stingrays, sea turtles and other sharks.\nThe great white shark has no natural predators other than the killer whale. Some orcas have discovered they can paralyse the shark by flipping it upside-down. Then, they hold the shark still with their mouth as to suffocate it (these sharks can only get oxygen by continuously moving through the water).\nThe bestselling novel \"Jaws\" by Peter Benchley and the film by Steven Spielberg show the great white shark as a \"ferocious human eater\". In real life, humans are not the preferred food of the great white shark. However, of all shark species, the great white shark has the largest number of fatal unprovoked attacks on humans.\nDescription.\nThe great white shark is a shark and a type of cartilaginous fish belonging to a biological class known as Chondrichthyes. These fish are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and a skeleton made of cartilage not bone. These sharks are also known as Lamniformes, which is an order of sharks commonly referred to as mackerel sharks. This species of shark has two dorsal fins, an anal fin, five gill slits and a mouth extended behind the eyes.\nThe great white shark is one of nature\u2019s most deadly carnivores, and is distinguishable by its jaws and many sharp teeth. Unique with this species is the ability for both the shark\u2019s jaws to move when ambushing its prey.\nIt will first bite with the lower jaw to sink its teeth in, then closes the upper jaw and begins thrashing its head repeatedly to tear off chunks of flesh . Its mouth may contain as many as 3,000 teeth at one time, sitting in five rows with the largest set in the front. In the event a tooth is lost, another comes forward from a stash of backup teeth embedded in the shark\u2019s jaws.\nIn addition to the teeth and jaws of great white sharks, their senses have greatly adapted to sharpen their skills as hunters. Their sense of smell is most accurate and great whites can detect a single drop of blood in ten billion drops of water. They possess an \u201cear stone\u201d which helps the animal position itself in the water depending on the direction it is swimming. Sharks also utilize excellent vision with retinas divided into two areas for daylight and nighttime swimming, and protect them by rolling them backwards into the skull before biting. One of their most interesting senses relates to their touch and electro-reception. A series of pores in the shark\u2019s nose allow them to detect electromagnetic fields and sense animal vibrations in the water, as well as accurately navigate through the open ocean.\nThe great white becomes an adult about nine years after its birth. The growth of the great white shark is about 25-30 centimetres per year and they grow to an average size of 4.5 meters. The largest can be as much as 6.4 meters in length. Their liver, a delicacy to killer whales, can weigh up to about 24 percent of its own body weight.\nThe Great white shark (\"Carcharodon carcharias\") is the only representant of the genus, and the only living species. The ancestors of the species emerged in Early Oligocene or Miocene epochs. The more know ancestors is the \"C. hastalis\" and the \"Isurus subserratus\" from example.\nThe more recent ancestor is the \"Carcharodon hubbelli\", also know as Hubbell's White shark, he lived in Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, he is the direct ancestor of current Great White.\nWhere they live.\nGreat white sharks live in the sea. They live near the coast, in all warm waters. They occasionally make dives into the deep water of open oceans. They can be in water as shallow as three feet deep. The deepest scientists have seen a shark dive is about 1200 meters (4000 feet). That is down into the bathypelagic zone, where there is no sunlight.\nThey may swim near:\nResearch has shown that the sharks of northern California are genetically different to other shark populations. DNA evidence shows the population separated from other great whites about 200,000 years ago (during the Pleistocene Era). By tagging the sharks they also learned that they are generally alone, but follow the same route through the ocean, and stay in the same places. From January to July they live near Hawaii, and then move to Californian waters between August and December.\nHuman interactions.\nSharks have been on Earth much longer than humans, which is one reason why humans are not part of their diet. Most scientists think sharks do not like the way humans taste.\nSome people think that humans are not good food for great white sharks, because the human body has a lot more bone and less muscle and fat than the shark likes. Some scientists think sharks attack humans because they have mistaken the human for a seal or sea lion. Seals and sea lions have blubber, which the shark likes. Other scientists think sharks' senses are good enough to tell that the human is not a seal. They think sharks do not know what the human is and bite it to learn more.\nUsually in a shark attack, the shark bites the human once and then swims away for a while. Sometimes the shark will bite off a leg or arm, but usually the bite is just a bite. Sometimes there is no tissue loss at all (nothing bitten off). Deaths in such cases are generally caused by loss of blood from the first wound. In cases where attacks have occurred and the victim has been unable to escape quickly, partial or whole consumption has occurred; lone divers are especially at risk of this. Scientists are not sure why this is but they have some ideas.\nSharks are very curious but they do not have whiskers or hands or tentacles like other animals. To learn more about an object, a shark has to either bump into it or bite it. Sharks' teeth and mouths are very sensitive. When sharks see a new object, for example, a surfboard, they bite it to know what kind of object it might be.\nIt is also possible that human behavior and shark behavior just don't match. In the 1980s, John McCasker proposed the Bite and Spit hypothesis. McCasker said that a shark will attack dangerous prey like an elephant seal by biting it once and then letting go. The shark then swims away to wait for the prey to bleed to death before going back to eat its body. But when a shark bites a human once, the human's friends come and help them out of the water. Maybe the shark would finish eating the human, but it does not get the chance. But sharks usually attack seal-sized (or human-sized) prey in one strong bite from underneath, so people are not sure if McCasker's idea is right."}
+{"id": "20119", "revid": "10491995", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20119", "title": "1560", "text": "1560 (MDLX) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "20122", "revid": "8849628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20122", "title": "Cary Grant", "text": "Cary Grant (January 18, 1904 - November 29, 1986), born as Archibald Alexander Leach in Bristol, United Kingdom, was an English-American actor. He was known for his Mid-Atlantic accent, debonair demeanor, light-hearted approach to acting, and sense of comic timing. He was one of classic Hollywood's definitive leading men from the 1930s until the mid-1960s. He starred in many movies, including 1959's \"North by Northwest\".\nGrant became an American citizen in 1942. At that time, he legally changed his name to \"Cary Grant.\" He died of a stroke on November 29, 1986. His body was cremated."}
+{"id": "20124", "revid": "1352097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20124", "title": "Emotion", "text": "Emotions are what people feel. They are very ancient, and can be seen in all mammals.\nEmotions are caused by a complex mixture of hormones and the unconscious mind. Only with great difficulty can we control our emotions by conscious effort. They cause mammals to change behaviour according to changes in their situation. In our case, they sometimes run against our attempt to live our lives in a logical way.\nA scientific definition is not simple; over 90 definitions have been offered by experts. A definition of emotion needs to include three things:\nHere is one definition:\nIn physical terms, emotions involve body systems which have operated for hundreds of millions of years. These are the hormone system, the autonomic nervous system and the 'lower' brain centers (hindbrain and midbrain).\nFunction of emotions.\nThe study of emotions became one of Darwin's books after \"The Descent of Man\". He published \"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals\" in 1873. He had discovered, by sending letters and a list of questions worldwide, that in different societies emotions were expressed in almost the same way.\nIf so, the mechanisms which made the expressions must be inherited. They must have been developed in the same way as all other features of man, evolution by natural selection. It was already known from anatomy that the muscles and nerves of the face were the same or similar in all humans.\nDarwin illustrated the expression of the emotions with a series of photographs and woodcut illustrations. Ekman did the same thing on a research visit to New Guinea, where he asked villagers to identify the emotions shown in the photographs. This was part of a long-term effort to test and extend Darwin's insights into emotions. Some of Ekman's conclusions are:\nAnimal emotions.\nIt is obvious that some animals, mostly mammals, but also some birds, have emotions which are somewhat similar to human emotions as far as one can tell. The most obvious cases are domestic pets which are clearly happy to see owners after a long separation. \nBecause two large groups of vertebrates have developed emotions (mammals and birds at least), it must be that emotions are helpful in group behaviour. In a quite different group, social insects, the group behaviour is controlled by pheromones: inherited scent patterns. Scent is also important to most mammals, but birds are more sight-oriented."}
+{"id": "20135", "revid": "1200500", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20135", "title": "Dyslexia", "text": "Dyslexia, or word blindness, is a learning disability that affects reading. Different people are affected to different degrees. This condition makes it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. It is a very common problem.\nDyslexia affects the way the brain understands words. The most common signs of dyslexia are reading and writing problems. \nEstimates are that in the United States between 5 and 9% of school children have dyslexia. Another source says it affects 3\u20137% of the population. Up to 20% of the general population may have some degree of symptoms. While dyslexia is more often diagnosed in boys, this is partly explained by a self-fulfilling referral bias among teachers and professionals.\nCharacteristics.\nA person can have dyslexia even if they are intelligent. Their education might be affected by their dyslexia or not. Recent studies show there are some small business owners that have dyslexia. Researchers think many dyslexic entrepreneurs are successful because they can delegate responsibilities (of writing letters) and still be good at speaking.\nAt the end of the 19th century, scientists did a lot of research about dyslexia and found some of the reasons that people are dyslexic.\nTherapy.\nChildren with dyslexia can be helped. One way teachers help dyslexic students is to break words into different sounds. The student must learn how to write the different sounds and create words. This helps with reading and writing.\nOrigins.\nSpeech is a newcomer in evolutionary terms. Like the large heads of babies, human speech evolved very recently. \nNewer biological functions tend to be less reliable than older functions."}
+{"id": "20144", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20144", "title": "AK-47", "text": "The AK-47 is a Russian combat rifle first used in 1949. The Red Army (the military of the Soviet Union) used the AK-47 and an updated version called the AKM. It was later replaced by the AK-74 and AK-12.\nThe AK-47 was designed in 1947 by Mikhail Kalashnikov.\nThe Russian military liked the AK's design so much that they used it to design other types of weapons. These included the SKS, the Dragunov sniper rifle, and the Saiga-12 semi-automatic shotgun.\nFeatures.\nThe AK-47 quickly became famous and spread around the world because it was simple to fire, clean, and maintain. It was also reliable: it could be fired for a long time without jamming. \nVariants.\nThe AK-47 was also available with a folding stock, the AKS-47, and a shortened version with the AKS74 folding stock, the AKMSU (used by armoured vehicle crews). This was soon replaced by the AKS74U, which fires the 5.45 cartridge of the AK-74. There was also a light machine gun variant with a longer barrel and different shaped stock called the RPK.\nReloading.\nThe AK-47 uses gas-operated reloading. When the bullet is moved down the barrel, a little bit of the gas behind the bullet is made to go up a small tube that pushes away the bolt. The shooter does not have to reload by hand for every shot - the gun reloads by itself. When you pull the trigger, the bullet in the chamber fires. You then release and then pull the trigger again to fire another round. When used this way, it is called a semi-automatic firearm. A few AK-47's are made to be used only this way but most are fully automatic firearms.\nSpread in developing countries.\nThe AK-47 and its successors continue to be used by many of the world's armies. Many terrorist and insurgent groups also use the AK-47. It is a cheap, reliable, and easy-to-use weapon. In the pro-communist states, the AK-47 became a symbol of the Third World revolution.\nDuring the Soviet Union.\nThey were used in the Cambodian Civil War and the Cambodian\u2013Vietnamese War. During the 1980s, the Soviet Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by Western nations. This included Middle Eastern nations such as Iran, Libya, and Syria, which welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel. \nAfter the Soviet Union.\nAfter the end of the Soviet Union (1989/90), AK-47s were sold openly and on the black market to any group with cash, including drug cartels and dictatorial states. More recently they have been seen in the hands of terrorist groups such as Al-Qaeda, ISIL, and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Iraq, and FARC, Ej\u00e9rcito de Liberaci\u00f3n Nacional guerrillas in Colombia.\nAK-47 flags & designs.\nThe proliferation of this weapon is shown by more than just numbers. The AK-47 is included in the flag of Mozambique, an acknowledgment that the country gained its independence in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s. It is also found in the coats of arms of East Timor and the revolution era Burkina Faso, as well as in the flags of Hezbollah, FARC-EP, the New People's Army in the Phillipines, TKP/TIKKO and other \"Revolutionary Peoples\" groups."}
+{"id": "20152", "revid": "10249810", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20152", "title": "1763", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20153", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20153", "title": "15 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20154", "revid": "10249955", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20154", "title": "1637", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20155", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20155", "title": "1451", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20156", "revid": "10251203", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20156", "title": "146", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20157", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20157", "title": "Colima", "text": "Colima is a state in southwest Mexico. About 760,000 people live there. Its capital is also called Colima."}
+{"id": "20159", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20159", "title": "First Crusade", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20163", "revid": "91482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20163", "title": "Freebsd", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20164", "revid": "91483", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20164", "title": "Openbsd", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20175", "revid": "43555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20175", "title": "Lord of the Rings", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20176", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20176", "title": "Peter Jackson", "text": "Sir Peter Robert Jackson (born 31 October 1961, Wellington, New Zealand) is a New Zealand film director. He is most widely known for directing \"The Lord of the Rings\" film trilogy. He also directed the 2005 film, \"King Kong\".\nIn 2003, Jackson won three Academy Awards for \"\": Academy Award for Directing, Academy Award for Best Picture and Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay.\nJackson directed the music video for \"Now and Then\", the \"last\" single of The Beatles."}
+{"id": "20182", "revid": "10487653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20182", "title": "Valencia", "text": "Valencia is a city in Spain, on the Mediterranean coast. It is the capital of the Community of Valencia. It has 807,396 people, making it the third-largest city in Spain and the fifteenth in the European Union. \nValencia has a borderline hot semi-arid climate (\"BSh\" in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (\"Csa\" in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification).\nOther websites.\nValencia Tourism Official Site "}
+{"id": "20183", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20183", "title": "Sevilla", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20184", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20184", "title": "Murcia", "text": "Murcia is the capital of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain, and its biggest city, with a population of 459,778 in the city. The municipality is the seventh largest in Spain. \nThe city is in the Segura Valley, in an area called la \"Huerta de Murcia\", which is a very important agricultural center with oranges, lemons, tomatoes, onions, etc.; the varied fruits and vegetables typical of the Mediterranean lands. It has a hot semi-arid climate (\"BSh\" in the Koeppen climate classification). The city has a Baroque cathedral and a university."}
+{"id": "20185", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20185", "title": "Zaragoza", "text": "Zaragoza (sometimes called Saragossa in English) is the capital of Aragon, in the Ebro Valley, in the crossroad from Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, and Bilbao. The population is 643,000. The most important monument is the Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Pilar (\"Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar\").\nZaragoza has a cold semi-arid climate (\"BSk\" in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification) with hot summers and cool winters."}
+{"id": "20186", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20186", "title": "M\u00e1laga", "text": "Malaga (Spanish: \"M\u00e1laga\") is a Spanish city in Andalusia, Spain on the Mediterranean coast. The city has 560,000 people. There are more than 1,000,000 people in the surrounding area. It is the second biggest city in Andalusia after Sevilla, and the sixth biggest in Spain. The 20th century artist Pablo Picasso was born in M\u00e1laga.\nM\u00e1laga is southernmost large city in Europe, it lies on the Costa del Sol (Coast of the Sun) of the Mediterranean, about 100\u00a0km (62.14\u00a0mi) east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about 130\u00a0km (80.78\u00a0mi) north of Africa.\nM\u00e1laga enjoys a subtropical\u2013mediterranean climate. It has one of the warmest winters in Europe, with average temperatures of 17\u00a0\u00b0C (62.6\u00a0\u00b0F) during the day and 7\u20138\u00a0\u00b0C (45\u201346\u00a0\u00b0F) at night in the period from December through February.\nClimate.\nThe climate is subtropical-Mediterranean (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: \"Csa\") with very mild winters and hot summers. M\u00e1laga enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine and only about 40-45 with precipitation annually. Its coastal location with winds blowing from the Mediterranean Sea make the heat manageable during the summer.<ref name=\"malaga.com/geo\"></ref>\nM\u00e1laga experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a population over 500,000. The average temperature during the day in the period December through February is . During the winter, the M\u00e1laga Mountains (\"Montes de M\u00e1laga\") block out the cold weather from the north. Generally, the summer season lasts about eight months, from April to November, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes surpass . Its average annual temperature is during the day and at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature ranges from during the day, at night and the average sea temperature is . In the warmest month, August, the temperature ranges from during the day, above at night and the average sea temperature is .\nLarge fluctuations in temperature are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport is on 18 July 1978. In the month of August 1881, the average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record . The coldest temperature ever recorded was on the night of 4 February 1954. The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 16 July 1980, measuring . Snowfall is virtually unknown; since the end of the XIX century, M\u00e1laga city has only recorded snow one day in the 20th century, on 2 February 1954.\nAnnual average relative humidity is 65%, ranging from 58% in June to 72% in December. Yearly sunshine hours is between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5\u20136\u00a0hours of sunshine / day in December to average 11\u00a0hours of sunshine / day in July. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. M\u00e1laga is one of the few cities in Europe which are \"green\" all year round."}
+{"id": "20187", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20187", "title": "Las Palmas de Gran Canaria", "text": "La Palma is another island of the Canary Islands\nLas Palmas de Gran Canaria is the biggest city of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean. The city, with a population of 383,308 in 2010, is the eighth-largest in Spain. \nTogether with Santa Cruz de Tenerife, it is the capital of the Comunidad Aut\u00f3noma de\nCanarias (Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands). It is also the capital of the island of Gran Canaria and of the province of Las Palmas. The islands of this province are Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.\nThe city was founded in 1478. The town has a beautiful old area. This area (Vegueta) has a lot of houses from the 16th to the 19th Centuries. There is still a house where Christopher Columbus stayed in 1492. He stayed there before he went to the Americas. The interesting cathedral was begun in the year 1500.\nIts port is one of the busiest in Spain and the biggest between Europe and Cape Town, in South Africa.\nLas Palmas (for short) is famous for its very nice and dry weather all year round. It is also famous for its Las Canteras Beach. This beach is more than 3 kilometers long. The beach brings a lot of tourists to the city. \nMain industries: trade, tourism, canned food, fishing, shipbuilding.\nPlaces to visit: \"Vegueta\" (old area);\" Triana\" (traditional commercial area); \"Playa de Las Canteras\" (Las Canteras Beach); cathedral; \"Casa de Col\u00f3n\" (Columbus House); \"Museo Canario\" (archaeology museum); \"CAAM - Centro Atl\u00e1ntico de Arte Moderno\" (Modern Art Centre); \"Museo \u00c9lder de la Ciencia\" (science museum); \"Museo N\u00e9stor\" (museum with paintings); \"Teatro P\u00e9rez Gald\u00f3s\" (theatre); \"Auditorio Alfredo Kraus\" (concert hall); \"Jard\u00edn Canario\" (Canary Garden, mostly with plants from the Canary Islands); Doramas Park."}
+{"id": "20189", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20189", "title": "Palma de Mallorca", "text": "Palma de Mallorca is the capital of the Balearic Islands and the Mallorca island, in the Mediterranean Sea, in front of the Iberian Peninsula. The city, with a population of 410,000, is the ninth-largest of Spain. It is a very important tourist center in the world, and is famous for its historic architecture. It has one university, a subway, and the international airport lies just southwest of the city."}
+{"id": "20190", "revid": "8642376", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20190", "title": "C\u00f3rdoba, Andalusia", "text": "C\u00f3rdoba is a city in Andalusia, Spain. It is the capital of C\u00f3rdoba province. It had a population of about 326,000 in 2017.\nC\u00f3rdoba was the capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba, an Islamic empire in the Middle Ages, when the city was the biggest in Europe, with 250,000 people.\nC\u00f3rdoba is 138 kilometers (86 miles) northeast of the city of Seville and is on the Guadalquivir river. C\u00f3rdoba has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification) with the hottest summers of all European cities.\nHistory.\nThe Romans occupied C\u00f3rdoba in 206 B.C. The city was very important in the 900s CE as a famous center of Moorish art and culture. The Mezquita de C\u00f3rdoba is the city's chief landmark. It was built as a mosque (Muslim house of worship) in the 700s and was made into a Roman Catholic cathedral in 1238. More than 1,000 pillars of stone including granite, onyx, marble and jasper support its arches.\nEconomy.\nA soft, fine-grained leather called \"cordovan\" is made in C\u00f3rdoba. C\u00f3rdoba is the center of an agricultural region. The farms there produce grain, grapes, olives, and vegetables."}
+{"id": "20191", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20191", "title": "Community of Valencia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20192", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20192", "title": "Alicante", "text": "Alacant or Alicante (, Valencian: ) is a city in Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante. It is in the southern part of the Valencian Community. It is also a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city of Alicante proper is about 332,067, as of 2014, ranking as the second-largest Valencian city. Including nearby municipalities, Alicante was populated by 458,843 residents. Population of the metropolitan area (including Elche and satellite towns) was 795,034 as of 2009. Based on population it is the eighth-largest metropolitan area of Spain.\nThe city is a sea port and a tourist centre. It has a hot semi-arid climate (\"BSh\" in the Koeppen climate classification).\nThe avenue Maisonnave is the principal commercial street in the city of Alicante. In fact, Maisonnave is the sixth most expensive avenue in the whole of Spain, which gives an idea of the importance that this street has. The Corte ingl\u00e9s has in this central street both branches that it possesses in Alicant, one at each end of the avenue.\nSanta Barbara's Castle is 166 metres up the Benacantil mountain. It's very strong with great strategic value. It's called Santa Barbara's Castle because the 4th of December is Santa Barbara's day and the 4th of December in 1248 is when it was taken from the Arabs by Alfonso of Castilla."}
+{"id": "20193", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20193", "title": "Phonology", "text": "Phonology is part of linguistics. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Phonology is the science that studies the way that sounds (phones) carry meaning in language. Sounds (phones) that carry meaning in language are called phonemes. Sounds that do not carry meaning in the language are called allophones.\nPhonology focuses on the study of phonemes, \"units of sound (speech) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.\" Phonology also includes studies of how words are , or spoken.\nTerminology.\nPhonology refers to the sound patterns of a language and is different from phonetics. Phonology studies how sounds form meaning in language. Phonetics studies how those sounds are formed. Studies of phonology and phonetics are sometimes combined, which results in more specific areas of study.\nHistory.\nIn 300 BC, Panini was the first person to study phonology. He created a grammar (a set of language rules) for Sanskrit (an ancient Indian language). He also created a list of the phonemes in Sanskrit. He assigned a symbol to represent each phoneme. The symbols are still used today in phonology.\nThe first person to use the word \"phoneme\" was the French linguist (one who studies language) Antoni Dufriche-Desgenettes. In the 1800s, Jan Baudoin de Courtenay gave the definition of phoneme that is used today and soon began the study of phonology.and worked on the theory of phonetic alternations, which predicts changes in the sounds of a language.\nOne of the best schools of phonology was the Prague School. In 1939, a student of that school, Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, published one of the most important studies on phonology, titled \"Principles of Phonology\". Another important person in the Prague School was Roman Jakobson, who was the most well-known linguist in the 1900s.\nIn 1968, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published \"The Sound Pattern of English\" (SPE). This book described generative phonology, which studies how grammar changes how people use language."}
+{"id": "20194", "revid": "1668121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20194", "title": "Linguistics", "text": "Linguistics is the study of language. People who study language are called linguists. Linguistics is not to be confused with language-learning.\nThere are five main parts of linguistics: the study of sounds (phonology), the study of parts of words, like \"un-\" and \"-ing\" (morphology), the study of word order and how sentences are made (syntax), the study of the meaning of words (semantics), and the study of the unspoken meaning of speech that is separate from the literal meaning of what is said (for example, saying \"I'm cold\" to get someone to turn off the fan (pragmatics). \nSome linguists are theoretical linguists and study the theory and ideas behind language, such as historical linguistics (the study of the history of language, and how it has changed), or the study of how different groups of people may use language differently (sociolinguistics). Some linguists are applied linguists and use linguistics to do things. For example, forensic linguistics is used in crime investigations, and computational linguistics is used to help make computers understand languages, as in speech recognition. \nSpecialties.\nThere are many different specialties (subfields or sub-disciplines) within linguistics. \nLinguistics can be theoretical or it can be applied. Theoretical linguists try to develop theories on how people think about language. Applied linguists try to find ways that linguistics theories can be used in the real world (technology, coding, speech and language therapy, artificial intelligence etc,). There are theoretical linguists and applied linguists in every specialty of linguistics. \nSyntax.\nSyntax is the study of grammars. A linguist who studies syntax is called a syntactician. A language's grammar is a set of rules that language users follow in order to form sentences. A language's grammar is created (often subconsciously) by native speakers of that language, and is always changing and evolving. \nA language usually does not have just one grammar; different groups of people speaking the same language may have slightly different grammars because of differences in the specific dialect (or variety) of that language they speak. Only native speakers of a language or dialect can determine what the \"correct\" grammar of their language looks like. In other words, this means a native speaker can never use their own language incorrectly, which also means all syntax theories are based on the way native speakers speak and which utterances they consider to be correct. Linguists call this a \"grammaticality judgment\": sentences or phrases that sound unnatural or incorrect to native speakers are ungrammatical, and phrases that sound natural and correct are grammatical phrases.\nThe aim of syntax is to understand how languages' grammars work and to develop a theoretical structure, or framework, to represent them. Syntacticians observe native speakers and use their grammacticality judgments to understand how the rules of a language are structured in a language user's brain.\nTopics in syntax include:\nPhonetics.\nPhonetics is the study of the physical expression of language. In languages that are spoken, phonology is the study of the sounds that are produced by the mouth, throat, and nose. In languages that are signed, phonology is the study of the signs and gestures that are produced by the hands, arms, torso, and face. \nTopics in Phonetics include:\nSemantics.\nSemantics is the study of how humans use language to communicate \"meaning\". Linguists who study semantics are interested in what words mean, both literally and metaphorically. They are also interested in literary expressions or innuendo, which are words or phrases that have more than one meaning.\nSemantics has a lot of overlap with the philosophical study of Logic.\nOther fields in linguistics.\nEvolutionary linguistics.\nEvolutionary linguistics explores the origins of language as a whole. Historical linguistics studies how languages change over time, and how languages were used in the past. This includes etymology, the study of the history of words. Comparative linguistics compares different languages to find similarities between them. That makes it possible to find things shared by all the languages of the world, and to learn the languages that are related in a language family.\nCognitive linguistics.\nCognitive linguistics looks at how language and thoughts are organised in the human brain. This includes psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; and neurolinguistics, which looks at language processing in the brain. Linguistics additionally draws on and informs work from fields such as acoustics, anthropology, biology, computer science, human anatomy, informatics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and speech-language pathology.\nLanguage acquisition.\nLanguage acquisition looks at how humans recognize and understand language. First language acquisition explores how children acquire (learn) their first language; second language acquisition explores how adults learn languages.\nSociolinguistics.\nSome sub-disciplines of linguistics focus on understanding how languages are used in society or in the world. Sociolinguistics studies how language is used in society; for example, how factors such as gender and social class can impact how language is used. Discourse analysis is the study of entire conversations or texts.\nSemiotics.\nSemiotics is the general study of signs and symbols both within language and outside it. Literary theorists study the use of language in literature.\nHistory.\nThe study of language began in India with P\u0101\u1e47ini, the 5th-century BC grammarian who wrote about the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit grammar, which described the different kinds of vowels and consonants of Sanskrit as well as its verb and noun classes. In the Middle East, Sibawayh (\u0633\u06cc\u0628\u0648\u06cc\u0647) wrote a book about Arabic in 760 AD, \"Al-kitab fi al-nahw\" (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648, \"The Book on Grammar\") and was the first known author to talk about the difference between sounds and phonemes.\nLinguistics started in the West as early as it did in the East, but Western linguistics was then more like philosophy and less the study of language. Plato was the first western philosopher to write about semantics in his \"Cratylus\" in which he argues that words represent concepts that are eternal and exist in the world of ideas. The word \"etymology\" is first used to talk about the history behind a word's meaning.\nFor many centuries most linguistic work was \"philology\"."}
+{"id": "20195", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20195", "title": "Saragossa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20196", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20196", "title": "Region of Murcia", "text": "The Region of Murcia is an autonomous community in the south-east of Spain. The region has 1,350,000 people. The capital is Murcia, with 410,000 people. Other important cities are Cartagena, Lorca, Molina de Segura, and Cieza."}
+{"id": "20197", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20197", "title": "Spaniard", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20198", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20198", "title": "Transportation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20199", "revid": "10249956", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20199", "title": "1636", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20200", "revid": "10249394", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20200", "title": "711", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20201", "revid": "944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20201", "title": "Attack on Sender Gleiwitz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20202", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20202", "title": "Segura", "text": "Segura is a Spanish river that is 325 kilometers (200 miles) long. It flows through the provinces of Jaen, Albacete, Murcia, and Alicante, and the cities of Cieza, Molina de Segura, Murcia, Orihuela, Rojales, and Guardamar. It then flows into the Mediterranean Sea."}
+{"id": "20203", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20203", "title": "Orihuela", "text": "Orihuela is a municipality in the Province of Alacant, in the Valencian Community, Spain.\nIt has an area of 365.4 km\u00b2 and a population of 78,486 people."}
+{"id": "20204", "revid": "1254198", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20204", "title": "Province of Alicante", "text": "Alacant () province is the fifth largest Spanish province by population with 1,750,000, and the second largest in the Valencian Community. It is on the south-east Mediterranean coast and the capital is the city of Alicante, a sea- port with a university. It is a commercial city with monuments like Sainte Barbra Castle. Other important cities are Elche, 215,000 with palms trees and its important shoe industry; Torrevieja, 100,000, tourist center with the world-famous Habaneras contest; Orihuela, 75,000, agricultural important center; Benidorm, 67,000, the Mediterranean Manhattan; Alcoi, 60,000; textile center, and Elda, 55,000, shoes industry.\nThe most important river is the Segura, in the south, which provides water to Alicante, Elche, Torrevieja, Orihuela and other cities. There are others like Vinalopo, Serpis, Amadorio, Ravine of the Sheeps and Monnegre.\nThe biggest mountain is Aitana, and other mountains are Mariola, Puig Bell, Maigmo and Gold Head, near Alicante. In the coast there are islands, the most important is Tabarca, and other is the Benidorm island. An important coast success is the Penon of Ifach, in Calpe.\nThe activities in Alicante province are tourism, industry (shoes, carpets, plays, dolls, textiles) and modern agriculture of regadium (oranges, lemons, tomatoes, almonds, wine). There are two universities: University of Alicante and University of Michael Hernandez."}
+{"id": "20205", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20205", "title": "Turkmenistan", "text": "Turkmenistan ( or ; , ;), also known as Turkmenia, is a country in South-Central Asia. It has borders with Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan. It has no ocean but it is on the Caspian Sea to the west. The capital of Turkmenistan is Ashghabat.\nThe majority of the country is Muslim at 93%.\nTurkmenistan is a non-aligned and fully neutral country.\nHistory.\nTurkmenistan was part of the Soviet Union since its creation, in 1922. At first, Turkmenistan was an autonomous republic within Russian SFSR. In 1925 it was promoted to a Soviet republic. Turkmenistan is an independent country since 1991, after the breakup of the Soviet Union. Saparmurat Niyazov became Turkmenistan\u2019s first president in 1991.\nProvinces.\nTurkmenistan is divided into five provinces and one capital city district. The provinces are divided into districts which may be either counties or cities.\nClimate.\nTurkmenistan is one of the driest desert areas in the world. Some places have an average annual precipitation of only . The highest temperature recorded in Ashgabat is . Kerki, an extreme inland city located on the banks of the Amu Darya river, recorded in July 1983, but this value is unofficial. 50.1C is the highest temperature recorded at Repetek Reserve, recognized as the highest temperature ever recorded in the whole former Soviet Union.\nGeography.\nTurkmenistan is the world's 52nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Spain and somewhat larger than the US state of California. Over 80% of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert.\nThe Turkmen shore along the Caspian Sea is long. The Caspian Sea is entirely landlocked, with no access to the ocean.\nThe major cities include A\u015fgabat, T\u00fcrkmenba\u015fy (formerly Krasnovodsk) and Da\u015foguz.\nTurkmenistan has a humid climate. Annual rainfall is low, particularly in summer. Winters are dry and mild. The wettest region in Turkmenistan is K\u00f6\u00fdtenda\u011f Range. K\u00f6\u00fdtenda\u011f is in southeastern Turkmenistan on the borders with Uzbekistan."}
+{"id": "20206", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20206", "title": "Caesium", "text": "Caesium (or cesium) is the chemical element with the atomic number 55 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Cs.\nCaesium is an alkali metal. Its melting point is low (28\u00a0\u00b0C). It is extremely reactive. Because of its high reactivity, it is a dangerous chemical. It may set itself on fire (ignite) in air. It explodes on contact with water. It reacts more violently than the other alkali metals with water. Because of this, caesium is stored in mineral oil.\nCaesium is a rare element. Since there is little caesium on the Earth, it is rather expensive. The human body does not need caesium. In large amounts, its chemical compounds are mildly poisonous because it is close to potassium, which the body does need.\nHistory.\nCaesium was first described in 1860, by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. They were testing mineral water, from Bad D\u00fcrkheim in Rhineland-Palatinate. After they separated calcium, strontium, magnesium and lithium, they saw two lines in the \"blue\" range of the spectrum. Because of these lines, they concluded that in addition to the elements already found, there must be another unknown substance in the mineral water. They named this substance caesium, after the color blue.\nIsotopes and compounds.\nCaesium has at least 39 known isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 112 to 151. Only one of these, Cs, is stable. Therefore, the naturally-occurring isotope of caesium is Cs, which is not radioactive. Cs is used in atomic clocks, its vibration frequency used to define the length of the second. Another isotope, Cs is not made naturally but is made after nuclear fission has been done. It is very radioactive and used as an industrial gamma ray source. \nCaesium forms compounds with many other chemical elements. Caesium formate is used in oil drilling because of its high density.\nReactivity.\nCaesium is extremely reactive in air and water. Caesium rapidly oxidizes in air and can spontaneously combust (randomly catch on fire) at any moment. For this reason, it must be stored in kerosene or a mineral oil, like other group one elements (lithium, sodium, rubidium, and francium.) In water, caesium violently reacts to make caesium hydroxide (2CsOH). The Caesium sinks for about one second, then explodes. The explosion is over 50 times the size of the element dropped in the water, and the explosion is enough to break a common Pyrex beaker, flask, or test tube."}
+{"id": "20207", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20207", "title": "Rubidium", "text": "Rubidium is chemical element 37 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Rb. Its atomic mass is 85.47. It has 37 protons and 37 electrons. It is a soft silver colored metal. It was first discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff in Heidelberg, Germany.\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nRubidium melts at a very low temperature, for example it could melt in a person's hand. Rubidium is an alkali metal. It can make an amalgam with mercury.\nChemical properties.\nRubidium is very reactive. It will ignite in air because it reacts with many other elements in the air like oxygen and nitrogen. Rubidium reacts very violently with water to make hydrogen and rubidium hydroxide, a strong corrosive base. The reaction is normally very hot so the hydrogen ignites.\nChemical compounds.\nRubidium forms chemical compounds in only one oxidation state: +1. Some rubidium compounds have a mixed oxidation state, though. Rubidium chloride is the most common rubidium compound. Rubidium hydroxide and rubidium carbonate are also used commonly. Rubidium compounds makes a red-violet color in a flame. Most rubidium compounds are colorless. Rubidium compounds are not as common as other alkali metal compounds, such get sodium compounds. Otherwise, they are similar.\nOccurrence and preparation.\nRubidium is about as common as zinc. It is the 23rd most common element in the Earth's crust. Most minerals only have a small amount of rubidium in them. It normally comes in small quantities in other minerals. It is made by reduction of rubidium ores with calcium. It is expensive because calcium is difficult to make and the rubidium needs to be kept in argon and away from water or air.\nUses.\nThere are not many common uses for rubidium. Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in purple fireworks. It and its compounds are used mainly in science research though. It is also used to make superoxide ions. It is used in some special types of glass.\nSafety.\nRubidium compounds are not very dangerous in the human body; however, if a person gets too much from eating, they could get sick because it acts like other alkali metal ions such as sodium ions in sodium chloride. Rats can live with up to half of their potassium replaced with rubidium, though it is not likely for that to happen.\nRubidium metal is very dangerous. It reacts with air and water and makes the corrosive substance rubidium hydroxide."}
+{"id": "20208", "revid": "1225794", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20208", "title": "Barium", "text": "Barium is chemical element 56 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ba. It contains 56 protons and 56 electrons. Its mass number is about 137.3. It is a metal.\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nBarium is part of a group of elements known as the alkaline earth metals. It is a silvery metal that easily turns black. It is soft and ductile. It can form alloys with some metals that are partially alloys and partially chemical compounds.\nChemical properties.\nBarium is reactive, and if you put pure barium metal in the air, it will react with oxygen. At first it will turn black, then white as barium oxide is formed. Barium reacts with water to make barium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Barium also reacts very fast with acids to make a barium salt and hydrogen. Barium can form barium peroxide if it is burned in air. \nBarium reacts with many other metal oxides and sulfides to make barium oxide or sulfide and the metal. It also reacts with carbon and nitrogen at a high temperature to make barium cyanide.\nChemical compounds.\nBarium is too reactive as a metal, so it is not found in the earth as a metal. It is found in chemical compounds. Barium only occurs in one oxidation state: +2. Most barium compounds are colorless. The ones that dissolve in water or stomach acid are very toxic. Barium sulfate is well known because it does not dissolve in water or acids. Barium compounds are quite heavy. Barium compounds put out a greenish flame when heated red-hot. \nOccurrence.\nBarium is found as barium sulfate (barite) and barium carbonate (witherite) in the ground. Both of these minerals do not dissolve in water. Barium sulfate hardly dissolves in anything. Barium is found mainly in China, Germany, India, Morocco, and the US. \nPreparation.\nIt is very hard to get barium from barium sulfate. So barium sulfate is reduced by carbon to make barium sulfide and carbon dioxide. The barium sulfide is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. This makes hydrogen sulfide and barium chloride. The barium chloride is melted and electrolyzed to get liquid barium metal. The barium metal is solidified and stored in oil.\nBarium carbonate, the other ore of barium, is dissolved in hydrochloric acid to make barium chloride and carbon dioxide. The barium chloride is melted and electrolyzed, making barium metal.\nUses.\nAs a metal.\nBarium is used to remove oxygen from cathode ray tubes and vacuum tubes. It is placed inside and reacts with all of the oxygen, using it up. Barium is also used in spark plug wire. \nAs chemical compounds.\nCertain compounds of barium, such as barium sulfate, are not toxic and can be put in the body. We can see where the barium travels in the body by X-rays and this can tell us whether there are problems, such as blockages. The barium sulfate builds up inside the body accumulating in organ systems. Barium sulfate absorbs the X-Rays as they pass through the body and an image is formed from the points where the rays have not passed through. It is useful because it provides a reasonably detailed image from very limited radiation exposure, compared with a CT scan for instance. Barium sulfate can be used as a pigment, too.\nOther barium compounds have several other uses.\nSafety.\nBarium is a very toxic element, and is dangerous. There is a really small amount of barium in our food, and this does not cause problems. If we get barium from other places, though, it can cause many problems. Even 1\u00a0gram of barium can kill you. It is dangerous because it acts like other really important elements, such as calcium and magnesium. If barium replaces these elements, it messes up the body."}
+{"id": "20209", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20209", "title": "Scandium", "text": "Scandium is chemical element. Its symbol is Sc. It has an atomic number of 21 on the periodic table.\nScandium is a metal in a group known as the transition metals. It is also a rare earth metal. What this means is that there is not very much scandium found in the earth. Because of this, the pure metal can be expensive. The pure metal is very reactive, and will react with other elements like oxygen. The metal turns from shiny to gray.\nScandium is not very dangerous because there is not much of it on Earth, so there is not enough of it to harm us. It does not have many uses. Its main use is perhaps as a component in Mercury-vapor lamps. These lamps are used to light stadiums."}
+{"id": "20210", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20210", "title": "Vanadium", "text": "Vanadium is chemical element 23 on the periodic table. Its symbol is V. It is a metal and is part of the group known as the transition metals. It is gray-blue colored. It is mostly used in steel where it helps strengthen the steel metal. It is named after Vanadis, another name of Freyja.\nVanadium is often found in aquatic forms of life. The human body may need a little bit of vanadium, but scientists are not sure.\nVanadium can react with many other elements, and the chemical compounds it forms often have beautiful colors.\nHistory.\nVanadium was found for the first time in 1801 in Mexico by the Spanish mineralogist Andr\u00e9s Manuel del R\u00edo in an ore called \"brown lead\". He named it \"panchromium\" because of the beautiful colors in its chemical compounds. He was told by other people that it was chromium and so he stopped researching it.\nIn 1831 Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefstr\u00f6m found the element in iron ores. The German chemist Friedrich W\u00f6hler said it was the same element that del R\u00edo found in 1801. The element was then named \"vanadium\". \nOccurrence.\nThe amount of vanadium in the Universe is 0.0001%, making the element almost as common as copper or zinc. Vanadium is detected by spectroscopy in light from the Sun, and sometimes in light from other stars.\nVanadium is the 22nd most common element in the Earth's crust. Metallic vanadium is rare in nature. Vanadium compounds occur naturally in about 65 different minerals. Most of the world's vanadium production comes from vanadium-bearing magnetite found in ultramafic gabbro rocks. Vanadium is mined mostly in South Africa, north-western China, and Eastern Russia. In 2013 these three countries mined more than 97% of the 79,000 tonnes of produced vanadium.\nVanadium is also in bauxite and in deposits of crude oil, coal, oil shale and tar sands.\nProperties.\nVanadium is soft compared to other metals. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It can be pulled out into wires (ductile). Pure vanadium will form a layer of vanadium oxide corrosion very fast.\nUses.\nA lot of vanadium (85%) is used to make different types of steel. Steel made with vanadium is stronger. It is also mixed with titanium to make metal alloys that are used in jet engines and tooth implants.\nVanadium is also used to make batteries.\nIn nature.\nVanadium is used by several marine organisms. Some algae and bacteria (like \"Azotobacter\") use it for nitrogen fixation."}
+{"id": "20211", "revid": "10249412", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20211", "title": "844", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20212", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20212", "title": "Arsenic", "text": "Arsenic is chemical element 33 on the periodic table. Its symbol is As. Its atomic number is 33 and its atomic mass is 74.92. It is a toxic metalloid. It is in the pnictogen group on the periodic table.\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nArsenic is found in three allotropes. Gray arsenic is the most common. It is a brittle, somewhat soft metalloid that is a little shiny. It has a density of 5.73g/cm3. It is a semiconductor. Yellow arsenic is unstable and rare. It is the most toxic allotrope. It is a soft and waxy nonmetal, similar to white phosphorus. It turns into gray arsenic in light. Its density is 1.97g/cm3, much lighter than gray arsenic. It is created when arsenic vapor (made by heating arsenic very hot) is cooled very fast by something like liquid nitrogen. Black arsenic is similar to red phosphorus. It is a brittle, black, and shiny nonmetal. It does not conduct electricity. Since gray arsenic is the most common, it is usually referred to as arsenic. \nArsenic is found as one stable (nonradioactive) isotope, 75As. There are about 33 radioactive isotopes found. The longest lasting one is 73As, which has a half life of about 80 days.\nChemical properties.\nArsenic is a relatively chemically inert element, similar to copper in reactivity. It burns in air to make garlic-smelling arsenic trioxide. Arsenic, as well as some of its compounds, do not have a liquid state; they sublime. Arsenic reacts with fluorine to make arsenic pentafluoride. It reacts with the rest of the halogens to make the arsenic trihalides. Arsenic does not dissolve in hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in concentrated nitric acid to make arsenic acid and in dilute nitric acid to make arsenious acid. It reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid to make arsenic trioxide. Arsenic burns with a pale lavender flame.\nChemical compounds.\nArsenic forms chemical compounds in three oxidation states: -3, +3, and +5. -3 compounds are reducing agents. They are the main form of arsenic in the ground (as arsenides). Arsine is a colorless, highly toxic gas with a garlic odor. The +3 state is the most common. They are weak oxidizing agents. Arsenic trioxide is a white solid. It dissolves in water to make a solution of arsenious acid. The arsenic trichlorides are low melting covalent solids. The +5 state is common, too. They are strong oxidizing agents. Arsenic pentafluoride, a colorless and highly reactive gas, is the only stable arsenic pentahalide. Arsenic pentoxide dissolves in water to make arsenic acid, which can make arsenate salts.\n-3 compounds are reducing agents. They are found as arsenides and arsine. The metal arsenides have properties between an alloy and a salt.\n+3 compounds are weak oxidizing agents. Many are colorless, although some are orange.\nArsenates are salts of arsenious acid.\n+5 compounds are strong oxidizing agents.\nArsenates are salts of arsenic acid.\nOccurrence.\nArsenic is found sometimes as an element in the ground, but is normally found in minerals. Some arsenic minerals have a metal and sulfur along with arsenic. Arsenopyrite is iron arsenic sulfide. It is the same as pyrite with arsenic added. Other arsenic minerals have a metal and arsenic. Erythrite, a cobalt arsenide mineral, is an example. Other arsenic minerals are simple. Realgar and orpiment (arsenic sulfides), simple arsenic minerals, are ores of arsenic.\nArsenic is found as a less toxic variety in fish and mushrooms. Some people think that humans need very small amounts of arsenic to be healthy. Some bacteria can use arsenic instead of phosphorus for some things; they are called arsenic bacteria.\nPreparation.\nMost arsenic is made from the waste products after other metals are processed. Only China actually mines arsenic.\nArsenic is made from arsenopyrite by heating it. This makes arsenic trioxide which sublimes (along with sulfur dioxide), while the iron oxide stays behind. The arsenic trioxide is condensed, while the sulfur dioxide does not condense. The arsenic trioxide can be reduced with carbon. Another way is to heat the arsenopyrite without air. Then gray arsenic is made. Realgar can be heated to make arsenic trioxide as well.\nHistory.\nArsenic was known since antiquity. It was alloyed with bronze to make the bronze harder. Some people used arsenic as make-up, although it was toxic. Arsenic was well known as a poison. Since people used it to kill royalty and it was hard to detect, it was called the \"Poison of Kings\" and the \"King of Poisons\". An arsenic compound could have been the first organometallic compound (a metal bonded to an organic compound).\nUses.\nArsenic compounds were used as a preservative for wood. Once people saw how toxic arsenic was, they stopped using it to preserve wood. Some feed for animals had arsenic in it to prevent disease. Lead arsenate was used as an insecticide in orchards but damaged the brains of those who put the insecticide on the trees.\nArsenic was used in medicines in the 1700s, 1800s, and 1900s. Arsenic trioxide was used to treat cancer. Very tiny doses of arsenic compounds can act as stimulants. Some arsenic compounds are used as poison gases. \nArsenic as an element is used in alloys. The lead in lead acid batteries has some arsenic in it to make it stronger. Some semiconductors have arsenic in them.\nCopper arsenate was used as a coloring for sweets. Paris green, a green pigment having arsenic in it, made many people sick. Some bullets have arsenic in them. Arsenic is sometimes added to brass to prevent the zinc from coming out. Arsenic was used in optical glass but was taken out because it was toxic.\nThe trioxide was once used as a rat poison.\nSafety.\nArsenic and its compounds are highly toxic. They are carcinogens. Water near arsenic mines is normally contaminated with arsenic. Wood that was preserved with arsenic compounds can leach arsenic into the soil. Emissions from coke ovens have arsenic in them."}
+{"id": "20213", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20213", "title": "Manganese", "text": "Manganese is chemical element 25 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Mn. (Some people get it confused with magnesium, the symbol is Mg). Manganese is used a lot in steel to make it stronger. This is the main use for manganese metal. Manganese compounds, particularly manganese(IV) oxide, are used in alkaline cells and Leclanche cells. Manganese metal is also alloyed with aluminium.\nOur bodies and plants need manganese to work right. If we do not get enough manganese, we can get sick. We get manganese from our food and vitamins also have some manganese to make sure that we get enough. It has 25 protons. Its mass number is 54.94.\nProperties.\nManganese is a silvery-gray metal and is part of the group known as the transition metals. It is similar to iron. It is hard to melt, but easy to oxidize. Manganese forms chemical compounds in several oxidation states: +2, +4, and +7 are the most common. Manganese compounds can be black, brown, pink, red, green, blue, and purple. Manganese(II) compounds are pink or light brown. They are unreactive. Manganese(II) chloride is a common example. Manganese(III) compounds are weak oxidizing agents. Manganese(IV) compounds are stronger oxidizing agents, but they are rarer. They are normally black in colour. Manganese(IV) oxide is an example.\nManganese(V) compounds are not stable and disproportionate easily. They are bright blue. They are very rare. Hypomanganates are the most common manganese(V) compounds. Manganese(VI) compounds are made in the process used to make permanganates. They disproportionate too. Manganates are weak reducing agents and moderate oxidizing agents. They are bright green.\nManganese(VII) compounds are purple-black and are powerful oxidizing agents. Permanganates contain the MnO4- ion. They are normally purple-black and strong oxidizing agents. Potassium permanganate is an example.\nIsotopes.\nManganese that is found in nature is made up of one stable isotope, which is manganese-55. Manganese has many radioisotopes ranging from manganese-44 to manganese-69. The most stable radioisotope is manganese-53. It has a half-life of 3.7 million years.\nOccurrence.\nThe Earth's crust contains about 1000 ppm of manganese. It is the 12th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Soil contains 7\u20139000 ppm of manganese. Seawater only contains 10 ppm of manganese. The atmosphere contains 0.01 \u00b5g/m3 of manganese. Manganese mainly occurs as pyrolusite, braunite, psilomelane.\nManganese is sometimes found alloyed with iron naturally. These rocks, called meteorites, came from space. Pyrolusite is one of the main sources of manganese. It also occurs as manganese carbonate. Some silicates have manganese in them. The derivation of Manganese may have come from either the Latin 'magnes', meaning magnet, or from the black magnesium oxide, 'magnesia nigra'.\nPreparation.\nManganese is normally made in an alloy with steel. This is made by mixing manganese ore and iron ore in a furnace and reducing it with carbon. This forms an alloy called ferromanganese. Pure manganese is made by reacting the manganese ore with sulfuric acid and electrolyzing it.\nOur bodies and plants need manganese to work right. If we do not get enough manganese, we can get sick. We get manganese from our food and vitamins also have some manganese to make sure that we get enough.\nUses.\nManganese is used to make cheap stainless steel. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl is used as an additive in gasoline that does not have lead to reduce engine knocking.\nManganese(IV) oxide is used as a reagent in organic chemistry for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols. Manganese dioxide is also used in the manufacture of oxygen and chlorine. It is also used to dry black paints. Sometimes, it is used as a brown pigment for paint. It is a component of natural umber.\nManganese compounds have been used as pigments to color ceramics and glass. Tetravalent manganese is used as an activator in phosphors that glow red. Manganese oxide is also used in Portland cement mixtures.\nBiological role.\nThere are lots of classes of enzymes that have manganese cofactors. They are oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. The reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses contain manganese.\nBiological role in humans.\nManganese is an essential nutrient. It is found as a coenzyme in many biological processes. They include macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical immune system. It is a very important component in lots of proteins and enzymes. The human body contains about 12 mg of manganese. Manganese is found in the bones, liver, brain and kidneys. In the human brain, the manganese is bound to manganese metalloproteins.\nBiological role in plants.\nManganese is also important in the photosynthetic oxygen evolution in the chloroplasts of plants. The oxygen-evolving complex is a part of photosystem II. The photosystem ll is found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. It is responsible for the photooxidation of water during the light reactions of photosynthesis. It has a metalloenzyme core that has four atoms of manganese.\nSafety.\nManganese dust can irritate lungs. Some manganese compounds cause toxicity when ingested. Manganese is less toxic than nickel or copper. Permanganates are the most toxic manganese compounds. When someone is exposed to manganese for a long time it can cause a problem with the nervous system."}
+{"id": "20214", "revid": "10464283", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20214", "title": "Gallium", "text": "Gallium (chemical symbol: Ga) is element 31 on the periodic table. It is a soft, gray metal that is rare on Earth. It can easily be melted just by holding it in your hand, as its melting point is very low 29.76 Celsius (85.58 Fahrenheit), however it also sticks to your hand a lot, unlike mercury. Gallium is a semiconductor, and as the compound Gallium arsenide it is used in electronics and LEDs. Then, Gallium is also used in mirrors. Gallium can also be alloyed with indium and tin to create galinstan. Gallium is similar to the elements aluminium, indium, and mercury. Gallium is also used to make alloys that are liquid at room temperature. These can be used as a thermal paste for computers, and as a substitute for mercury in some applications.\nGallium's existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1871. Four years later, it was discovered by Paul-\u00c9mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran."}
+{"id": "20215", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20215", "title": "Nikita Khrushchev", "text": "Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (15 April 1894 \u2013 11 September 1971) was the leader of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin. He ruled from 1953 to 1964 when Leonid Brezhnev, a Red Army Major General and from 1960 to 1964 (during Khrushchev's own rule) came to power in 1964 after a bloodless palace coup against Khrushchev, just 11 years after Stalin died. \nHe supported the Soviet space program and was the leader when Yuri Gagarin flew into space and became the first man to leave Earth in April 1961. Khrushchev was also the leader who ordered the Berlin Wall to be built in the East Berlin half of the former Nazi capital city Berlin. The wall separated it from West Berlin in August 1961 until the end of the Cold War .\nEarly life and career.\nNikita was born in the town of Kalinovka in Russia. He later moved to Ukraine. He worked in mines, and became part of the Bolshevik movement. He was a political commissar in the Red Army in the Russian Civil War and again in World War II and moved his way up in the Communist Party, eventually becoming trusted by Joseph Stalin. When Stalin died, Georgy Malenkov and several others including Khrushchev shared power. Eventually Khrushchev became the leader.\n\"De-Stalinization\".\nWhen Nikita became the leader of the Soviet Union, he began something he called \"De-Stalinization\". He made a secret speech, in which he denounced Stalin as a man who committed many murders of innocent people. In early 1956, he took down all posters and statues of Joseph Stalin. Also, he moved Stalin's grave to a place where people could not see it.\nRelations with the \"West\".\nHe also had better contacts with the western countries like the USA, Britain, and France. This means the USSR and the western world were friendlier. He visited America in 1959. During this visit, Khrushchev spoke at the United Nations and visited where he wanted, including destinations such as New York and Hollywood. However, his visit to Disneyland was cancelled for security reasons.\nBut the USSR and the US still did not trust each other. In 1962 America and the USSR had a Cuban Missile Crisis which could have led to nuclear war, but didn't. Khrushchev had bargained with the Americans to get rid of the missiles they had placed in Turkey, for the missiles in Cuba were the only way for withdrawal.\nRelations with China.\nDuring the period of \"De-Stalinization\", relations deteriorated between the Soviet Union and China. These policies were viewed by Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party as divergences in the two states interpretations of Marxist\u2013Leninist Doctrine. The resulting tensions were a contributing factor to the Sino-Soviet Split\nLater years and Death.\nKhrushchev's removal in 1964 was a result of political opposition within the Soviet leadership, citing economic failures and his handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis. His ousting marked a shift in Soviet leadership dynamics. After his removal in 1964, he lived a relatively quiet life, writing his memoirs and staying out of politics. His later years were marked by a retreat from the public eye until his death in 1971.\nLegacy.\nKhrushchev's legacy is marked by significant events like the Cuban Missile Crisis and his efforts at de-Stalinization in the Soviet Union. His impact on Soviet policies and relations with the West shaped the Cold War era."}
+{"id": "20217", "revid": "109031", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20217", "title": "Elche", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20218", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20218", "title": "Rambla de las Ovejas", "text": "The Rambla de las Ovejas (which translates to Ravine of the Sheeps) is a water course of the province of Alicante, in Spain. It originates at the foot of the Maigmo, to 1,100 meters of height and gathers the waters of the sides of the Maigmo, Cid and others of minor height across numerous tributary ravines. It ends in the city of Alicante, between the neighborhoods of Babylon and Saint Gabriel.\nThe tributary ravines are those of Rambuchar, Pepior, Alabaster and Bramble, between the most important. The normally dry riverbed experiences forts grown as consequence of torrents, like the rains in 1982 it came to 400 m\u00b3/seg. in Alicante causing serious destruction and human losses. It has since been canalized providing to the riverbed of a potential capacity of 735 m\u00b3/seg. In the floods of 1997 it came to 100 m\u00b3/seg."}
+{"id": "20219", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20219", "title": "Kingdom of Spain", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20221", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20221", "title": "Guadalquivir", "text": "Guadalquivir is a river in southern Spain. It crosses the autonomous community of Andalusia. The name derives from the Arab \"Wadi al-Kabir\" (\"big river\"), whereas the Romans called it \"Betis\".\nGuadalquivir starts in the Glen of the Sources in the mountains near Cazorla (Jaen province) and ends in Sanlucar de Barrameda (Cadiz province). It goes through the provinces of Jaen, Cordoba, Seville and Cadiz. The river is long. The main tributaries are the rivers Genil (which flows through Granada), The Minor Guadiana, Guadalbullon, and Guadajoz on the left side, and Guadalmena, Jandula, and Guadiato on the right.\nIt is the only river in Spain with shipping traffic. At present, it only is navigable up to Seville. In the Roman epoch it was navigable up to Cordoba."}
+{"id": "20222", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20222", "title": "Ebro", "text": "Ebro is a Spanish river. It flows through Reinosa, Miranda de Ebro, Logrono, Tudela, Zaragoza, and Tortosa. It empties into the Mediterranean Sea in the province of Tarragona."}
+{"id": "20223", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20223", "title": "Toledo Province", "text": "Province of Toledo () is one of the provinces of Castile-La Mancha, in the center of Spain, near Madrid. The capital is Toledo and the biggest city is Talavera of the Queen. The population of the province is near 600,000."}
+{"id": "20224", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20224", "title": "Talavera de la Reina", "text": "Talavera of the Queen (\"Talavera de la Reina\" in Spanish) is a city of the interior of Spain. It is the capital of a wide region belonging to the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. It is in the northwest of the province of Toledo. Talavera of the Queen is the second biggest city of Castile-La Mancha, with a population of 85.172 inhabitants.\nThe city is well known for its pottery.\nIts mistress is \"Our Lady of the Meadow\".\nGwyneth Paltrow is an adopted child of this locality."}
+{"id": "20225", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20225", "title": "Castilla\u2013La Mancha", "text": "Castilla\u2013La Mancha or Castile-La Mancha is an autonomous community in Spain with a population over 2,000,000. The capital is Toledo and the biggest cities are Albacete, Talavera of the Queen, Guadalajara, Ciudad Real, Puertollano, and Cuenca.\nProvinces of Castile-La Mancha:"}
+{"id": "20228", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20228", "title": "Ciudad Real", "text": "Ciudad Real (this translates to \"Royal City\") is a city in Spain. It is the capital of the province with the same name, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha.\nThe city has 69,063 people who live there. It is an average of 628 meters above sea level. The municipal area is 285 km\u00b2. It is approximately 200 km to the south of Madrid."}
+{"id": "20230", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20230", "title": "Ciudad Real Province", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20231", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20231", "title": "Puertollano", "text": "Puertollano (which translates to Flatport, in English) is a city in Spain. It is the second biggest in Ciudad Real province, in the region of Castile-La Mancha. It is an important industrial center, with a population of 50,000."}
+{"id": "20232", "revid": "9148910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20232", "title": "Hagrid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20233", "revid": "10471521", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20233", "title": "NOFX", "text": "NOFX was a popular punk rock band from California that was formed in 1983 by Fat Mike. As of January 20th, 2024, NOFX has released eighteen full-length albums. Their latest one, \"Double Album\", came out on December 2, 2022. On October 2, 024, NOFX played their final show ever.\nAutobiography.\nNOFX: The Hepatitis Bathtub and Other Stories \nPublished on April 12, 2016, this book is a collaboration effort between the members of the band to chronicle the events that led to themIT entering the punk rock scene in California and how all of it led to them creating one of the most influential punk bands of all time. It recalls events that the band experienced playing and touring together. The book is currently available through many online retailers."}
+{"id": "20234", "revid": "142966", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20234", "title": "Toledo", "text": "Toledo is the name of several things. The best known cities are:"}
+{"id": "20235", "revid": "1600412", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20235", "title": "Methane", "text": "Methane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with one carbon atom. It is often found as the main part of natural gas. Methane is a greenhouse gas 23 times more effective than carbon dioxide. It is also less stable and slowly oxidates by oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.\nIt is a gas at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a specific pressure).\nUses.\nMethane is used in gas taps in places such as kitchens, chemistry classrooms, laboratories and more, as it burns very easily because of its simple molecular structure.\nMolecular structure.\nMethane's molecular structure is very simple. It is a single carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms.\nProduction.\nMethane can be made by many chemical ways, but usually is found in natural gas and is obtained by fractional distillation, after it has become liquid."}
+{"id": "20236", "revid": "91843", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20236", "title": "BSD Licence", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20246", "revid": "91982", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20246", "title": "North country", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20247", "revid": "1141223", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20247", "title": "North Country (movie)", "text": "North Country is a 2005 American drama movie about a woman being harassed in a mining facility."}
+{"id": "20248", "revid": "824311", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20248", "title": "Dance Dance Revolution", "text": "Dance Dance Revolution or Dancing Stage in Europe is a series of video games made by Konami in which players step on arrows on a large pad or mat to match the arrows on screen. The arrows are in time with the music. Because players are moving themselves along to the music, they look like they are dancing. There is a large variety of music.\nThere is a bar at the top of the screen. If players make mistakes, the bar gets smaller. If players do not make mistakes, the bar grows. The game ends if the player makes too many mistakes. \nPlayers can choose between three levels. They are called light, standard, and heavy. Light is easy and heavy is hard. On some of the newer games, there is a beginner mode, which is very easy, and a challenge mode, which is very hard.\nPlayers are graded by their performance in letters (from lowest to highest, E, D, C, B, A, AA and AAA) based on how well they played the song. The better a player does on a song, the higher their grade is.\nFrom \"DDR SuperNOVA\" to later versions, the levels are called beginner, basic, difficult, expert, and challenge.\nMusic.\nThere is a wide variety of music in \"Dance Dance Revolution\". Most of the songs are created by people at Konami, with some other well-known popular songs included as well. From the first \"Dance Dance Revolution\" game up until \"DDR Extreme\", the games had a partnership with Toshiba EMI, a record company which is now part of Virgin Records. This partnership meant that a lot of popular songs from Toshiba EMI's \"Dancemania\" series of dance music albums could appear in the games.\nExtras.\nIf the player gets an \"AA\" on the last stage in \"Expert\", \"Heavy\", or \"Challenge\", they can play an extra stage. Usually, on the extra stage, the game ends if four mistakes are made. If the player performs well enough on the extra stage, an Encore extra stage is played. In the Encore extra stage, one missed step will cause the game to end.\nOther places.\nSome educators even believe DDR should be in schools as exercise."}
+{"id": "20249", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20249", "title": "Street Fighter II", "text": "Street Fighter II is a 1991 fighting game made by Capcom.\nThe player controls a martial arts fighter and has to knock out the opponent. There are many playable characters, including Ryu, Ken Masters, Guile and Chun Li. Each character has special moves that require special commands to perform. The game has 4 bosses - Balrog (M. Bison in Japan), Vega (Balrog in Japan), Sagat, and M. Bison (Vega in Japan). (Balrog and Sagat were also featured in the first \"Street Fighter\" game). There have been many follow-up games to \"Street Fighter II\". The franchise for the games became popular. The game was released for arcades and different consoles.\nIt is sequel to the first \"Street Fighter\"."}
+{"id": "20250", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20250", "title": "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", "text": "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers is a superhero television series which ran for three seasons (one season of television is made in a year), which is longer than the \"Power Rangers\" shows after this series have lasted. This series has 145 episodes in total. The series aired on Fox Kids from 1993 to 1995 strand and later Nickelodeon in January 2010. The next show after the third season is called \"Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers\". There are many different versions of Power Rangers, and most of them were made with better technology, yet many still prefer this one more than any other. Like all Power Rangers shows, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers is based on three different Super Sentai shows from Japan. Each season of \"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers\" takes elements from a different Super Sentai series (\"Ky\u014dry\u016b Sentai Zyuranger\", \"Gosei Sentai Dairanger\" and \"Ninja Sentai Kakuranger\"). In the year before \"Power Rangers Samurai\" started, a crossover series, \"Power Rangers Squadron Thunder\", was made by Saban Brands, Funbag Animation Studio Inc., and HIT Entertainment and it had comic scenes of the Rangers and monsters in every episode of it, which only had 32 episodes in it. A ranger adaptation of \"Gosei Sentai Dairanger\" and \"Uchu Sentai Kyuranger\".\nPlot.\nFive teenagers battle against the witch Rita Repulsa and the wizard Lord Zedd to defend the earth. They have large robots called Zords and battle suits for their fights. They are armed with special weapons like swords, axes, bows, daggers and lances to help them fight monsters. Rita and Lord Zedd have an army of fighters known as Putties, which get destroyed and broken into many pieces when they are hit by their weak spot - a Z plate on their chest.\nSeason 1.\nRita is in a prison on the Moon. When she gets out of it, she wants to destroy Earth, because that's what she wanted to do before she was put in prison. She brings along her helpers, who were also in prison. One of them is called Goldar. He is a blue gorilla in gold armor who can fight better than anyone. To stop her, five teenagers are chosen by a wizard called Zordon. Zordon has an robot called Alpha 5 who helps him. The teenagers are given special magic coins that turn them into Power Rangers.\nRita has her own magic coin, and uses it to make her own evil Power Ranger, the Green Ranger. The Green Ranger fights the good Power Rangers, because Rita is controlling his mind. They free him from Rita's evil magic, but his magic coin stops working the right way, and begins to hurt him when he uses it. The Green Ranger gives up his magic coin to the Red Ranger who will not get hurt by it.\nSeason 2.\nWhen Lord Zedd comes into the show, he destroys the Power Rangers' Zords. Zordon takes the Green Ranger's magic coin and uses it to make new Zords for the Power Rangers. These new Zords are mostly fairy tale animals, like the unicorn and the dragon. The old Zords were Dinosaurs, like Triceratops and T-Rex. Lord Zedd also puts Rita back in her prison and throws her away into space, because she was not doing a good enough job of being evil.\nBut one day, a new Power Ranger appears. His costume is White Ranger, and his Zord is a White Tiger. No one knows who he is, but he turns out to be the old Green Ranger. Later, three of the Power Rangers have to leave the team and go to Switzerland. They choose three teenagers from another school to take their powers.\nRita comes back, too, and gives Lord Zedd a love potion. He falls in love with her, and they get married. Goldar gives Lord Zedd another potion to stop the love potion, but Lord Zedd's love for Rita turns out to be true and they stay married.\nSeason 3.\nRita's brother, Rito Revolto, comes to visit his sister. He looks like a skeleton. Rito does what Rita and Lord Zedd could not do, and destroys the Power Ranger's magic coins. The Power Rangers go and find Ninjor, a powerful ninja (a ninja is a type of fighter from Japan), who made the magic coins. He agrees to help them and makes new coins and new Zords for them. They become Ninja Power Rangers, and their new Zords are animals like the wolf and the frog.\nNear the end of this season, Rita and Rito's father Master Vile comes to help conquer Earth. He is very powerful, even more powerful than his children together. He uses his powers to turn back time, turning the Power Rangers into Powerless kids. Zordon calls upon his proteges the Alien Rangers of Aquitar to protect the Earth from Master Vile's monsters and to help work on a machine that would return the child rangers to their proper ages. Unfortunately, only Billy returns to normal as the machine which required the power coins as a power source is stolen by Rito & Goldar allowing Rita & Zedd to destroy the coins. The child rangers then travel throughout time to gather the fragments of the Zeo Crystal to bring time back to normal. During her journey in Africa, Aisha meets Tanya Sloan and realizes that she can do more help to stop the sickness plaguing the wildlife and sends Tanya back with her Zeo Crystal."}
+{"id": "20252", "revid": "8804491", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20252", "title": "Office Space", "text": "Office Space is a 1999 American comedy movie starring Ron Livingston and Jennifer Aniston. The movie was directed by Mike Judge. The movie is a satire of white collar office work in the United States.\nReception.\nOffice Space received mostly positive reviews from reviewers, which means that most of them thought that it was a good movie. However, it did not make very much money at movie theaters, only earning $10,827,810 from movie tickets. The movie went on to become a cult classic, becoming more popular over time."}
+{"id": "20253", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20253", "title": "Putsch", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20254", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20254", "title": "The Bible", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20256", "revid": "9921464", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20256", "title": "Syriana", "text": "Syriana is an 2005 American drama thriller movie, which has won Academy Award and Golden Globe Awards. It is directed by Stephen Gaghan and produced by Jennifer Fox, Michael Nozik, Georgia Kacandes, Steven Soderbergh, George Clooney. The movie stars Clooney, Matt Damon, Jeffrey Wright, Chris Cooper, and William Hurt.\nPlot.\nThe movie is about a lot of people doing complicated things. One of the people is a CIA agent (Clooney) who is angered when his boss tries to invade his privacy. Another person, Damon, whose child dies, gets a better job working for a king. Then another person, a lawyer, Jeffrey Wright finds out that the oil company is actually not good and should be removed from power immediately. The last part of the movie is about two Muslims who become suicide bombers because they feel offended."}
+{"id": "20257", "revid": "1227", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20257", "title": "Suicide bomber", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20258", "revid": "1227", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20258", "title": "Suicide bombers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20259", "revid": "1665586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20259", "title": "Shareware", "text": "Shareware is a way to sell software.\nThe user will get a preview or demo of the software for free. This way, the user can decide if they like the program or not before buying the complete program.\nUsers can get games for free this way but most of the time these games do not have all the levels. Sometimes Internet Relay Chat clients let users have a demo of their client for 30 days, but after that, in order to keep using it, the user will have to pay money."}
+{"id": "20260", "revid": "628332", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20260", "title": "Brokeback Mountain", "text": "Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 American romantic drama movie by Ang Lee. The film is set in Wyoming during the years from 1963 to 1981. The story is about two homosexual cowboys, played by Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal, who are in love with each other. During that time it was difficult to have homosexual relationships. The movie is based on a short story of the same name by Annie Proulx.\nAwards.\n\"Brokeback Mountain\" was a big success. It won many important prizes: the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival, Best Picture and Best Director at the BAFTA and the Golden Globe awards. It also received 8 nominations at the 78th Academy Awards, where it won 3 Oscars: Best Director, Best Original Score and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is in the 12th place for romantic movies that made the most money.\nPlot.\nIn 1963, Ennis Del Mar (Heath Ledger) and Jack Twist (Jake Gyllenhaal) are hired by Joe Aguirre (Randy Quaid). They need to look after his sheep up in Brokeback Mountain for the summer. One night, Jack makes a move on Ennis and the two men end up having sex. Soon an emotional relationship develops. Before leaving at the end of the summer they have a fight.\nWhen they return home, Ennis marries Alma Beers (Michelle Williams) and has two daughters with her. Jack goes back the next summer but does not get hired because Joe had seen him with Ennis the year before. He moves to Texas, where he marries a rodeo rider, Lureen Newsome (Anne Hathaway). After four years, Jack goes back to meet Ennis. They kiss and Alma sees them. Jack would like to go and live with him but Ennis does not want to. They decide to continue meeting from time to time for fishing trips.\nThe marriages of both Jack and Ennis get worse. Alma and Ennis divorce in 1975. Later Alma tells Ennis she knows about Jack. They have a fight and do not see each other again. Lureen becomes a businesswoman and her father wants Jack to stop being a cowboy. Jack asks Ennis again to live together, but Ennis does not want to leave his children. At the end of one fishing trip, Ennis and Jack have another argument.\nLater, Ennis sends a postcard to Jack. It is given back to him with a \"DECEASED\" stamp. Lureen tells Ennis that Jack had an accident. Ennis instead thinks that he was killed by a gang because he was gay. Ennis goes to Jack's parents to get his ashes. Jack wanted them to be thrown on Brokeback Mountain but his father does not give them to Ennis. However, his mother lets him have a look around Jack's room. Ennis finds the shirts that they were wearing all those years ago when they first had a fight.\nSome time later, Ennis is living alone in a trailer. His daughter, Alma Jr., comes to tell him that she wants to marry a guy. Ennis tells her he will be there at the wedding. When she leaves, he opens his wardrobe where he keeps the shirts and a photo of Brokeback Mountain. He whispers \"Jack, I swear...\" before walking away."}
+{"id": "20261", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20261", "title": "A Christmas Carol", "text": "A Christmas Carol is a novella by the British writer Charles Dickens. It was first published on 19 December 1843 by Chapman & Hall in London. John Leech made the illustrations. The first edition was a beautiful and expensive book. It was sold out by Christmas Eve, but Dickens never made the money he expected on the tale due to the book's high production costs. \nWhen Dickens wrote the novella, the British were longing for the traditional merry Old English Christmas. Christmas customs of the past were being revived. New Christmas customs such as the Christmas tree and the greeting card were making their first appearances. Old carols were being sung. The novella has been credited with restoring the festive spirit of Christmas after a period of Puritan sobriety and solemnity. \nThe story is about a Christmas-hating miser named Ebenezer Scrooge. On Christmas Eve, he is visited by four ghosts who transform him into a kind and generous man. The story has a strong moral messages about greed and poverty. It is usually read at Christmas time and has been adapted to theatre, movies, radio, and television many times.\nBackground.\nCharles Dickens was from a middle-class family. The family got into financial difficulty, because Charles' father, John Dickens, was bad at dealing with money. In 1824, John Dickens was put in prison, because of the debt he had. Charles had to pawn his collection of books, and leave shool to work at a factory. He was twelve years old at the time. The factory where he worked produced shoe polish. It was dirty and there were many rats. The change gave him what his biographer, Michael Slater, describes as a \"deep personal and social outrage\", which heavily influenced his writing and outlook.\nBy the end of 1842, Dickens was a well-established author with six major works as well as many short stories, novellas and other pieces. On 31 December that year he started publishing his novel \"Martin Chuzzlewit\" as a monthly serial. There weere 20 parts, the last one was published on 30 June 1844. It was his favourite work, but sales were low and he faced temporary financial difficulties.\nCelebrating the Christmas season had become more popular through the Victorian era. The Christmas tree was introduced in Britain during the 18th century, and Queen Victoria and Prince Albert popularised its use. In the early 19th century people had become more interested in Christmas carols again. Their popularity of these stories had declined over the previous hundred years. The publication of Davies Gilbert's 1823 work \"Some Ancient Christmas Carols, With the Tunes to Which They Were Formerly Sung in the West of England\" and William Sandys's 1833 collection \"Christmas Carols, Ancient and Modern\" led Christmas carols becoming more popular in Britain.\nDickens had an interest in Christmas. His first story on the subject was \"Christmas Festivities\". It was first published in \"Bell's Weekly Messenger\" in 1835. The story was then published as \"A Christmas Dinner\" in \"Sketches by Boz\" (1836). \"The Story of the Goblins Who Stole a Sexton\", another Christmas story, appeared in the 1836 novel \"The Pickwick Papers\". In the episode, a Mr Wardle describes a misanthropic (people hater) sexton, Gabriel Grub. Grub changes his ways at Christmas after being visited by goblins who show him the past and future. Slater considers that \"the main elements of the \"Carol\" are present in the story\", but not yet in a firm form. The story is followed by a passage about Christmas in Dickens's editorial \"Master Humphrey's Clock\". The professor of English literature Paul Davis writes that although the \"Goblins\" story appears to be a prototype of \"A Christmas Carol\", all Dickens's earlier writings about Christmas influenced the story.\nBy mid-1843 Dickens started to suffer from financial problems. Sales of \"Martin Chuzzlewit\" were falling off, and his wife, Catherine, was pregnant with their fifth child. Matters worsened when Chapman & Hall, his publishers, threatened to reduce his monthly income by if sales dropped further. He started \"A Christmas Carol\" in October 1843. Michael Slater, Dickens's biographer, describes the book as being \"written at white heat\"; it was completed in six weeks, the final pages were written in early December. He built much of the work in his head while taking night-time walks of around London. Dickens's sister-in-law wrote how he \"wept, and laughed, and wept again, and excited himself in a most extraordinary manner, in composition\". Slater says that \"A Christmas Carol\" wasintended to open its readers' hearts towards those struggling to survive on the lower rungs of the economic ladder and to encourage practical benevolence, but also to warn of the terrible danger to society created by the toleration of widespread ignorance and actual want among the poor.George Cruikshank, the illustrator who had earlier worked with Dickens on \"Sketches by Boz\" (1836) and \"Oliver Twist\" (1838), introduced him to the caricaturist John Leech. By 24 October Dickens invited Leech to work on \"A Christmas Carol\", and four hand-coloured etchings and four black-and-white wood engravings by the artist accompanied the text. Dickens's hand-written manuscript of the story does not include the sentence in the penultimate paragraph \"...\u00a0and to Tiny Tim, who did \"not\" die\"; this was added later, during the printing process.\nPublication.\n\"Martin Chuzzlewit\" did not sell well, and Dickens had some disagreements with his publisher Chapman and Hall. For this reason, Dickens said he would pay for the publishing himself, in exchange for getting a part of the profits.\nThere were also some problems with the production. The first printing was meant to have festive green endpapers, but they came out a dull olive colour. Dickens' publisher Chapman and Hall replaced these with yellow endpapers and reworked the title page in harmonising red and blue shades. The final product was bound in red cloth with gilt-edged pages. It was completed only two days before the publication date of 19 December 1843. Following publication, Dickens arranged for the manuscript to be bound in red Morocco leather and presented as a gift to his solicitor, Thomas Mitton.\nThe first edition was priced at five shillings (equal to \u00a3 in pounds). Its copies sold out by Christmas Eve, five days later. Chapman and Hall issued second and third editions before the new year, and the book continued to sell well into 1844. By the end of 1844 eleven more editions had been released. Since its initial publication the book has been issued in numerous hardback and paperback editions, translated into several languages and has never been out of print. It was Dickens's most popular book in the United States, and sold over two million copies in the hundred years following its first publication there.\nThe high production costs upon which Dickens insisted led to reduced profits, and the first edition brought him only rather than the he expected. A year later, the profits were only , and Dickens was deeply disappointed.\nPlot.\nEbenezer Scrooge is a Christmas-hating old miser and businessman. One Christmas Eve, Scrooge declines an invitation to his nephew's house for Christmas dinner, telling his nephew that Christmas is \"Humbug\". He then refuses to give a donation to two men who are collecting for charity.\nLater that evening, the ghost of his dead business partner Jacob Marley, a man whose greed and selfishness have doomed him to eternal hellfire, visits him. He tells Scrooge that he must change his ways or that hellfire will be his fate. Marley warns him that during the night three more ghosts will visit him. These will show him where he went wrong in his life, and how to be a better person in the future.\nThe first ghost is the Ghost of Christmas Past. This ghost shows him his unhappy childhood and how he did not get married.\nThe second ghost is the Ghost of Christmas Present. This ghost shows him things which are happening now, such as how his clerk, Bob Cratchit, is having a nice Christmas despite not having much money. He also shows him Bob's youngest son, called Tiny Tim, who is crippled. Later, the ghost shows him how his nephew is having a good Christmas, and how Scrooge is missing out.\nThe third ghost is the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come. This ghost shows Scrooge what Christmas will be like in the future if he does not change. First, people are shown celebrating a man's death and robbing his house. The ghost also shows him that Tiny Tim has died. Scrooge is then shown his own grave, and realizes that the celebrations were for his death. \nOn Christmas morning, Scrooge wakes up and realizes that he has to change. He decides to celebrate Christmas, and help Tiny Tim get well. He sends the Cratchit family a prize turkey for their holiday dinner. Through the ghosts' help, Scrooge becomes a better man.\nLegacy.\nThe book made popular the phrase \"Merry Christmas\" as well as the name \"Scrooge\" and the phrase \"Bah! Humbug\". The book spurred charitable giving in the years following its first publication. Its lasting legacy is returning to Christmas the merriment and festivity the day lost after a period of Puritan sobriety."}
+{"id": "20262", "revid": "10307367", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20262", "title": "Aruba", "text": "Aruba is an island in the Caribbean Sea, just north of the Venezuelan Paraguan\u00e1 Peninsula. It is a country inside of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Unlike much of the Caribbean region, it has a dry climate and an arid, cactus-strewn landscape. This climate has helped tourism, because visitors to the island can reliably expect warm, sunny weather.\nAruba broke off from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986, with plans of full independence by 1996. In 1990, that effort stopped at the request of the island people.\nAruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The other nations are the Netherlands, Cura\u00e7ao and Sint Maarten. The citizens of these countries all share a single nationality: Dutch. \nAbout three quarters of the Aruban gross national product is earned through tourism or related activities.\nThe island came into the news after U.S. high school student Natalee Holloway disappeared on a graduation trip on May 30, 2005. Today, some refer to Aruba as \"One Happy Island\".\nGeography.\nAruba is a generally flat, riverless island. It is in the southern part of the Caribbean Sea. The western and southern beaches have white sandy beaches. They are generally protected from the ocean currents. This is one of the reasons Aruba is a popular tourist location. \nTogether with Bonaire and Cura\u00e7ao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, Aruba and the other Dutch islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean.\nAruba has no administrative subdivisions. For census purposes, it is divided into eight regions. Its capital is Oranjestad.\nPeople.\nAruba's population is about 75% mixed, 15% black, and 10% other ethnicities. The first inhabitants of Aruba were the Caquet\u00edo Indians of the Arawak tribe from Venezuela, with their ancestry still present in Aruba's population today."}
+{"id": "20263", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20263", "title": "Kingdom of the Netherlands", "text": "The Kingdom of the Netherlands (), commonly called the Netherlands is a transcontinental sovereign state made up of four countries who share the same constitutional monarchy.\nThe member countries share a very high amount of autonomy. Foreign relations and defence are managed by the Constituent Country of the Netherlands.\nMember states.\nCountries.\nThe kingdom was formed in 1954 and is now made up of four countries:\nEuropean country:\nCaribbean islands:\nSpecial municipalities.\nThe \"Caribbean Netherlands\" are special municipalities ('public body') of the Netherlands (see ) and consists of:\nThe \"Netherlands Antilles\" doesn't exist anymore and were made up of the six above mentioned Caribbean islands.\nSuriname was also part of the Kingdom until it became independent in 1975."}
+{"id": "20264", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20264", "title": "Kill Bill", "text": "Kill Bill is an American martial arts crime movie directed by Quentin Tarantino. It was released in two parts; ' and '. In most countries it is rated for adult viewing only because of extreme violence and profanity."}
+{"id": "20266", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20266", "title": "Drive-by shooting", "text": "A drive-by shooting is when a gun is fired from a moving vehicle, at a single or multiple targets outside the vehicle. Drive-bys are known in gang violence. Many rappers have died in drive-by shootings such as Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G.."}
+{"id": "20267", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20267", "title": "Soft-drugs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20278", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20278", "title": "Andalusia", "text": "Andalusia () is the first in population among the 17 Autonomous communities in Spain and the second in area. The territory is divided into eight provinces: Almer\u00eda, C\u00e1diz, C\u00f3rdoba, Granada, Huelva, Ja\u00e9n, M\u00e1laga and Seville. Its capital is the city of Seville (Spanish: \"Sevilla\"). \nAndalusia is in the south of the Iberian peninsula, just to the south of the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castile-La Mancha; west of the autonomous community of Murcia and the Mediterranean Sea; east of Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean; and north of the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar. The small British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar shares a land border with the Andalusian province of C\u00e1diz at the eastern end of the Strait of Gibraltar. \nHistory.\nThe name Andalusia is the modern version of the Arabic language \"Al-Andalus\" (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0633), name used by the Muslim Moors for all of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula under their control. During that period, northern Iberian Peninsula was controlled by Christian kings and the southern Iberian Peninsula was controlled by Moors.\nIn 711 CE, the Moors invaded the Iberian Peninsula, then controlled by Christians of Visigothic origin. By 719 the Moors conquered all of the peninsula except for a small area in the northern Pyrenees Mountains. The Moors used the name Al-Andalus for all of the territory of the Iberian Peninsula under their control.\nChristians in the north waged war for more than seven centuries against the Moors, gradually taking over more and more of the southern areas. This process of war is called the \"Reconquista\" (a Spanish and Portuguese word meaning \"to conquest again\"). In the year 1492 under Spanish Inquisition, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain retook the last stronghold in the southern area at Granada. In that same year, the majority Muslim Moors and Sephardi Jews were forced to leave Spain, other who want stay in Andalusia got baptized and became Catholic Christians.\nSymbols.\nThe Andalusian coat of arms shows the figure of Hercules and two lions between the two pillars of Hercules that tradition puts on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar. The words below read \"Andaluc\u00eda por s\u00ed, para Espa\u00f1a y la Humanidad\" (\"Andalusia by herself, for Spain and Humanity\"). Over the two columns is an arch in the colors of the flag of Andalusia, with the Latin words \"Dominator Hercules Fundator\".\nThe official flag of Andalusia has three equal horizontal stripes, colored green, white, and green respectively; the Andalusian coat of arms is on the central stripe. It was approved in a meeting in 1918 of Andalusian nationalists at Ronda, a city in the province of M\u00e1laga.\nThe anthem of Andalusia was composed by Jos\u00e9 del Castillo D\u00edaz with lyrics by Blas Infante. The music was inspired by \"Santo Dios\", a religious folk song sung at harvest time by peasants.\nThe national holiday, the \"D\u00eda de Andaluc\u00eda\", is celebrated on 28 February.\nGeography.\nAndalusia is one of the 17 Spanish autonomous communities and is in the southwestern region of the European Union. It has a surface area of , 17.3 percent of the territory of Spain. By area, it is the second Spanish autonomous community.\nThe natural limits of Andalusia are: to the south, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea; to the north, the Sierra Morena, mountain range that separates Andalusia from the autonomous communities of Extremadura and Castilla-La Mancha; to the west is Portugal; and to the east is Murcia.\nRelief.\nAndalusia has the Iberian peninsula's highest mountains and nearly 15 percent of its terrain over . The picture is similar for areas under (with the Baetic Depression), and for the variety of slopes.\nThe Atlantic coast is mostly beach and gradually sloping coasts; the Mediterranean coast has many cliffs. These differences divide the region naturally into Upper Andalusia (two mountainous areas) and Lower Andalusia (the broad basin of the Guadalquivir).\nThe three main geographical regions of Andalusia are:\nClimate.\nIn general, Andalusia has a Mediterranean climate, except in the Valley of Granada (), with occasional heavy rains and extremely hot temperatures.\nRainfall decreases from west to east. The place in Andalusia with the highest rainfall is in the Sierra de Grazalema ( per year) and the driest place is Cabo de Gata, the place with the least amount of rainfall in Europe with only of rain per year.\nThe average temperature in Andalusia throughout the year is over . Averages in the cities range from in Baeza to in M\u00e1laga. Much of the Guadalquivir valley and the Mediterranean coast has an average of about . The coldest month is January when Granada at the foot of the Sierra Nevada experiences an average temperature of . The hottest are July and August, with an average temperature of for Andalusia as a whole. C\u00f3rdoba is the hottest provincial capital, followed by Seville.\nThe mountain ranges are cooler than the plains and have a higher rainfall with some snow in winter. The Sierra Nevada, above , is snow covered for most of the year.\nRivers.\nAndalusia has rivers that flow into both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Flowing to the Atlantic are the Guadiana, Odiel-Tinto, Guadalquivir, Guadalete, and Barbate. Flowing to the Mediterranean are the Guadiaro, Guadalhorce, Guadalmedina, Guadalfeo, Andarax (also known as the Almer\u00eda) and Almanzora. Of these, the Guadalquivir is the longest in Andalusia and fifth longest on the Iberian peninsula, at .\nAdministrative divisions.\nAndalusia consists of eight provinces. Each of the Andalusian provinces bears the same name as its capital:\nPeople.\nThe Andalusians are the inhabitants of Andalusia of the southern region in Iberian Peninsula. Traditional male Circumcision is usually performed due to Islamic influence, especially in the Province of Granada. They are generally considered an ethnically distinct peoples because of the two of the most important markers of distinctiveness: their own language and an awareness of a presumed common origin. Andalusian is said to be a distinct dialect of Spanish, according to the Andalusian nationalism.\nThe Andalusians have a rich culture which includes the famous flamenco style of music and dance, even though it was adopted by the Spanish Cal\u00f3 who have changed it and monopolized into their own culture."}
+{"id": "20279", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20279", "title": "Granada", "text": "Granada is a Spanish city, capital of the province of Granada, in Andalusia. With 233,000 inhabitants, it is an important artistic and cultural center. The city has many famous monuments, such as the Alhambra, the Cathedral, the \"Alcaiceria\", and the \"Corral del Carbon\". It is near Sierra Nevada, the highest mountain range in Spain, in the valley where the Genil and Darro rivers meet. The Darro runs through the \"Albaicin\" and the\" Sacromonte\", two charming historical areas of the city.\nDistricts.\nRealejo.\nRealejo is where the Jewish people of Granada lived for hundreds of years. In 1492, Isabella of Castile forced the Jewish people of Granada to leave Spain. Now, it is known for its street art and food.\nCartuja.\nCartuja is named after an old monastery in this district. The area also contains many buildings that are part of the University of Granada.\nBib-Rambla.\nThis district is named after a big, important gate built by the Nasrid dynasty. The name means \"Gate of the Ears.\" Bib-Rambla is in the middle of the city, and it has many important landmarks like the cathedral.\nSacromonte.\nThe Sacromonte is in the northern half of Granada, near the Albaicin. It is famous for the Romani people that have lived there. It has many houses made from caves dug into the hill. It is famous for flamenco dancing, as well as its views of the Alhambra.\nAlbaicin.\nThe Albaicin is one of the oldest areas of Granada. In fact, before the city of Granada, there was an older city here called Elvira. Like the Sacromonte, it is famous for its views of the Alhambra.\nZaidin.\nZaidin is an area in the far south of Granada. It has the most people of any district in Granada."}
+{"id": "20280", "revid": "1174782", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20280", "title": "C\u00e1diz", "text": "C\u00e1diz is a Spanish city, capital of the Province of C\u00e1diz, in Andalusia. It is the southernmost capital in the Iberian Peninsula. The population is 130,000, but it is the centre of a metropolitan area, the Bay of C\u00e1diz, with more than 500,000 inhabitants. Majority of its inhabitants follow Catholic Church. The C\u00e1diz Cathedral is the seat of the Diocese of Cadiz y Ceuta. The cathedral was declared \"Bien de Inter\u00e9s Cultural\" in 1931. \nC\u00e1diz is known for its attractive beaches where many nautical sports can be practiced. This is possible thanks to the excellent climate all year round. It is one of the oldest cities in Western Europe and it used to be one of the most important Spanish ports during the Spanish Golden Age and the Age of Discovery."}
+{"id": "20281", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20281", "title": "M\u00e9rida, Spain", "text": "M\u00e9rida () is the capital of Extremadura, an autonomous community in Spain. It has 55,000 inhabitants and is an important Roman center, with the theatre and the bridge over the Guadiana river."}
+{"id": "20282", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20282", "title": "Cuenca", "text": "Cuenca is a Spanish city, capital of the Cuenca province, in Castile-La Mancha. Around 50,000 are living there. It is famous for its monuments: The hanging houses, the Cathedral and other churches. It is located over the Jucar river, near the Serrania of Cuenca."}
+{"id": "20283", "revid": "8835182", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20283", "title": "Balearic Islands", "text": "The Balearic Islands (official name, Catalan: Illes Balears) are an autonomous community of Spain, formed by the Balearic Islands Province. The main islands are Mallorca (English: Majorca), Minorca, Ibiza (also called Eivissa) and Formentera. The capital is Palma de Mallorca, and other cities are Mahon, Ibiza, Inca, Ciutadella, and Calvia."}
+{"id": "20284", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20284", "title": "Henry Fonda", "text": "Henry Jaynes Fonda (May 16, 1905 \u2013 August 12, 1982) was an American actor in many movies and plays. He usually played a character that was an \"everyman\" (a humble and ordinary protagonist).\nFonda was born on May 16, 1905 in Grand Island, Nebraska. He studied at the University of Minnesota. Fonda played in his first Hollywood movie in 1935. He became very popular from his movies. He was in many popular movies like \"Jezebel\" (1938), \"Jesse James\" (1939) and \"Young Mr. Lincoln\" (1939). He was given a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor for playing Tom Joad in \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1940). In 1941, Fonda was an actor with Barbara Stanwyck in the movie classic \"The Lady Eve\". After being in World War II, he played in 2 popular Western movies. These were \"The Ox-Bow Incident\" (1943) and \"My Darling Clementine\" (1946). \"My Darling Clementine\" was directed by John Ford. He also was in Ford's Western \"Fort Apache\" (1948). After that, Fonda, became a stage actor for many years. He played in \"Mister Roberts\" in 1955. In 1956, Fonda played Manny Balestrero in Alfred Hitchcock's movie \"The Wrong Man\". In 1957, Fonda starred as Juror 8 in \"12 Angry Men\". He earned a BAFTA award for Best Foreign Actor for this movie.\nFonda played many characters in his later career. He was a villain in \"Once Upon a Time in the West\" (1968). He was the lead in the romantic comedy \"Yours, Mine and Ours\" with Lucille Ball. He also acted as military people in \"Battle of the Bulge\" (1965) and Admiral Nimitz in \"Midway\" (1976).\nFonda's last movie was in 1981's \"On Golden Pond\". Fonda won the Academy Award for Best Picture at the 54th Academy Awards for this movie. The movie co-starred Katharine Hepburn and his daughter Jane Fonda. He was too sick to attend this year's Academy Awards. Fonda died 5 months later on August 12, 1982. He died from a heart disease in Los Angeles, California. He was 77.\nIn 1999, he was called the sixth-Greatest Male Screen Legend of the \"Classic Hollywood Era\" by the American Film Institute.\nFonda was the father in a family of actors. His daughter Jane Fonda, son Peter Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda and grandson Troy Garity were all actors.\nPersonal life.\nThen he was married to Frances Ford Seymour from 1936 until her death in 1950. Then he was married to Susan Blanchard\nFonda was married 5 times. He also had 3 children. One of them was adopted. \nHe was married to Margaret Sullavan in 1931. They divorced in 1932. In 1935, Fonda started dating the singer and actress Shirley Ross. By the end of 1935, many people, such as columnist Ed Sullivan, discovered that they were engaged. However, in January 1936 they separated. It was then reported that Fonda was dating the actress Virginia Bruce. However, Fonda and Frances Ford Seymour Brokaw had met later that year. They had 2 children after they married in 1931. These were Jane (b. 1937) and Peter (19402019). They both became successful actors. Jane has won two Best Actress Academy Awards. Peter was nominated for two Oscars.\nIn 1949, Fonda announced that he wanted to divorce Frances. Frances was very sad at this announcement. Frances went to the Craig House Sanitarium in January 1950 for treatment. She committed suicide there on April 14.\nLater in 1950, Fonda married Susan Blanchard from 1950 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Afdera Franchetti from 1957 until they divorced in 1961. Then he was last married to Shirlee Mae Adams from 1965 until his death in 1982.\nMovies.\nFonda was in 106 movies, TV programs, and shorts. He was in many classics such as \"12 Angry Men\" and \"The Ox-Bow Incident\". He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for \"The Grapes of Wrath\". He won an Academy Award for Best Actor in 1981 for \"On Golden Pond\". Fonda was also in many westerns and war movies.\nTheatre.\nBroadway stage performances"}
+{"id": "20285", "revid": "31155", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20285", "title": "Provinces of Spain", "text": "There are fifty parts of Spain called provinces. They are:"}
+{"id": "20287", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20287", "title": "Cartagena", "text": "Cartagena is a municipality in the Region of Murcia, in Spain.\nIt has an area of 558.1 km\u00b2 and a population of 215,826 people."}
+{"id": "20288", "revid": "1243964", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20288", "title": "Palermo", "text": "Palermo is an Italian city. It is the capital and largest city of Sicily. It has 720,000 people, with more than 1,000,000 in the metropolitan area. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. The city started as a colony of Phoenicia. It was later Roman -for a century Islamic- and Norman and part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. After Italian unification Palermo grew rapidly. The city was bombed heavily in 1942 and 1943."}
+{"id": "20289", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20289", "title": "Bosnia and Herzegovina", "text": "Bosnia and Herzegovina (; ; , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia\u2013Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe, located in the Balkans with an area of 51,197 km2 and 4,600,000 people. Countries around Bosnia and Herzegovina are Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro. The capital is Sarajevo, and other important cities are Banja Luka, Mostar, Biha\u0107, Zenica and Tuzla. The three largest ethnic groups are Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats. Most Bosniaks are Sunni Muslim, most Serbs are Serbian Orthodox Christians, and most Croats are Roman Catholic. The majority religion is Islam.\nHistory.\nThe first state in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina was in the Middle Ages. After the conquest of Bosnia by the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, Islam was introduced to the local population. During the Ottoman Empire, it was a very important province in the Balkans and the capital, Sarajevo, had 100,000 people. In the Russo-Turkish War (1877\u20131878), Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina and annexed it in 1908. In 1914 the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated in Sarajevo, leading to World War I. From 1918 until 1992, the country was a part of Yugoslavia. After a 3-year long war, part of the Yugoslav Wars, Bosnia and Herzegovina proclaimed independence as a country consisting mostly of Serbs, Croats and Bosnian Muslims.\nDivisions.\nThe country is divided into two entities: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is then divided into 10 cantons. Both entities are divided into municipalities. The Br\u010dko District is not part of either entity. Officially, it is governed by both together.\nCities.\nThis is a list of the ten largest towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Only Sarajevo and Banja Luka have more than 200,000 people.\nSports.\nBosnia and Herzegovina has produced many athletes. Many of them were famous in the Yugoslav national teams before Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence.\nThe most important international sporting event in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina was the hosting of the 14th Winter Olympics, held in Sarajevo.\nThe Borac handball club has won seven Yugoslav Handball Championships, as well as the European Championship Cup in 1976 and the International Handball Federation Cup in 1991.\nThe Bosna basketball club from Sarajevo were European Champions in 1979. The Yugoslav national basketball team medaled in every world championship from 1963 through 1990. The team included Bosnian players such as Dra\u017een Dalipagi\u0107 and Mirza Deliba\u0161i\u0107. Bosnia and Herzegovina regularly qualifies for the European Championship in Basketball. Jedinstvo Aida women's basketball club, based in Tuzla, has won the 1989 European Championships in Florence.\nBosnia has many world-class basketball players, notably Mirza Teletovi\u0107, the first Bosnian in the NBA. Among others are, Elmedin Kikanovi\u0107, Nihad \u0110edovi\u0107, Ognjen Kuzmi\u0107, Jusuf Nurki\u0107, Ned\u017ead Sinanovi\u0107, and Nemanja Mitrovi\u0107.\nThe Tuzla-Sinalco karate club from Tuzla has won the most Yugoslav championships, as well as four European Championships and one World Championship.\nThe Bosnian chess team has been Champion of Yugoslavia seven times. In addition the club \u0160K Bosna Sarajevo won four Chess Club Cup : 1994 in Lyon, 1999 in Bugojno, 2000 in Neum, and 2001 in Kallithea Elassonos. Chess grandmaster Borki Predojevi\u0107 has also won European Championships: Under-12 years Litochoro (Greece) in 1999, and Under-14 years Kallithea Elassonos (Greece) in 2001, and in 2003 won World Championship Under-16 years Halkidiki (Greece).\nMiddle-weight boxer Marijan Bene\u0161 has won several Championships of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslav Championships and the European Championship. In 1978 he won the World Title against Elisha Obed from the Bahamas. Another middle-weight boxer, Anton Josipovi\u0107 won the Olympic Gold in Los Angeles, 1984. He also won Yugoslav Championship in 1982, the Championship of the Balkans in 1983, and the Belgrade Trophy in 1985.\nAssociation football is the most popular sport in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It dates from 1903, but its popularity grew significantly after World War I. At the local level, FK Sarajevo (1967 and 1984), \u017deljezni\u010dar (1972) have both won the Yugoslav Championship. The former Yugoslav national football team has included a number of Bosnian players, such as Josip Katalinski, Bla\u017e Sli\u0161kovi\u0107, Du\u0161an Bajevi\u0107, Enver Mari\u0107, Mehmed Ba\u017edarevi\u0107, Ivica Osim, Safet Su\u0161i\u0107, Vahidin Musemi\u0107 and Mirsad Fazlagi\u0107.\nToday, the team of Bosnia and Herzegovina has modern footballers like Edin D\u017eeko, Zvjezdan Misimovi\u0107, Vedad Ibi\u0161evi\u0107, Emir Spahi\u0107, Asmir Begovi\u0107, Miralem Pjani\u0107, Sejad Salihovi\u0107, Senad Luli\u0107 and others. The independent Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team has not qualified for a European or World Championship but has played twice in the play-off stages.\nBosnian national teams have struggled to draft the best national players. Many players born in Bosnia and Herzegovina choose to play for other countries because of their ethnic identification. For example, Nikica Jelavi\u0107 and Vedran \u0106orluka were both born in Bosnia and Herzegovina but play for Croatia. Other internationally famous players from Bosnia and Herzegovina, who have made similar choices, are: Dejan Lovren, Mladen Petri\u0107, Mario Stani\u0107, Neven Suboti\u0107, Zlatan Ibrahimovi\u0107, Marko Marin, Boris \u017divkovi\u0107, Zlatko Junuzovi\u0107, Savo Milo\u0161evi\u0107, and Zdravko Kuzmanovi\u0107.\nBosnia and Herzegovina was the world champion of volleyball at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. Many among those on the team lost their legs in the Bosnian War.\nCuisine.\nBosnian cuisine uses many spices, in moderate quantities. Most dishes are light, as they are cooked in lots of water. The sauces are fully natural, with little more than the natural juices of the vegetables in the dish. Typical ingredients include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, garlic, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, cabbage, mushrooms, spinach, zucchini, dried beans, fresh beans, plums, milk, paprika and cream called Pavlaka. Bosnian cuisine is balanced between Western and Eastern influences. As a result of the Ottoman administration for almost 500 years, Bosnian food is closely related to Turkish, Greek, and other former Ottoman and Mediterranean cuisines. However, because of years of Austrian rule, there are many influences from Central Europe. Typical meat dishes include mostly beef and lamb. Some local specialties are \u0107evapi, burek, dolma, sarma, pilaf, goulash, ajvar and a whole range of Eastern sweets. Local wines come from Herzegovina where the climate is suitable for growing grapes. Herzegovinian loza (similar to Italian Grappa but less sweet) is very popular. Plum or apple alcohol beverages are made in the north. In the south, distilleries used to produce vast quantities of brandy. Brandy is the base of most alcoholic drinks.\nCoffeehouses, where Bosnian coffee is served in d\u017eezva with rahat lokum and sugar cubes, are in many places in Sarajevo and every city in the country. Coffee drinking is a favorite Bosnian pastime and part of the culture. Bosnians are believed to be some of the heaviest coffee drinkers in the world."}
+{"id": "20296", "revid": "10149438", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20296", "title": "Black bass", "text": "A black bass is a fresh water fish. The black basses are found throughout a large area east of the Rocky Mountains in North America, from the Hudson Bay basin in Canada to northeastern Mexico. Several species, notably the Largemouth and Smallmouth, have been very widely introduced throughout the world. Black bass of all species are highly sought-after game fish, and bass fishing is an extremely popular sport. These fish are well known as strong fighters, and taste good. \nHabitat.\nBlack bass are found in running and still waters, with or without aquatic plants that live in water. they need food and some form of cover. Generally, they can tolerate a wide range of water clarities and bottom types. Most prefer water temperatures from 20 to 30\u00b0C, and are often found at depths less than 20 feet. Smallmouth prefer clear water and usually like deeper water than Largemouth.\nFeeding habits.\nThe feeding habits of bass change with its size. Young fish mainly feed on microscopic animals (plankton). Fingerling bass eat insects and small fishes. Adult bass will eat whatever is available, including fish, crabs, frogs, salamanders, snakes, mice, turtles, and even birds. \nAge and growth - Growth rates are highly variable with differences attributed mainly to their food supply and length of growing season. Female bass live longer than males and are much more likely to reach trophy size. By age two or three, females grow much faster than male bass. At five years of age females may be twice the weight of males. The oldest bass from Florida whose age has been determined by fisheries' biologists was 16 years of age.\nSporting qualities.\nThe largemouth bass is a very popular fresh water game fish. Much of its popularity is due to its aggressive attitude and willingness to strike a bait with explosive force. They can be caught with almost every bait. The value of the largemouth as a sport fish has prompted a movement toward catch and release fishing. \nA bass of 22 pounds, 4 ounces was caught in Montgomery Lake, Georgia (U.S. state) in 1932.\nEconomic impact.\nSport fishing for Black bass, particularly largemouth and smallmouth, has seen extraordinary growth in popularity. In Texas alone, fishermen spent $28 million on equipment, licenses and fishing trips in 1996. That same year Texas sport fishing was responsible for creating 80,000 jobs and brought in over $180 million to the state in taxes. Many talented fishermen have turned the sport of bass fishing into a business by becoming a professional and competing in tournaments. Kevin VanDam is the top-rated money winner in professional bass fishing, having earned more than $5.6 million."}
+{"id": "20297", "revid": "1245172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20297", "title": "Reinheitsgebot", "text": "The Reinheitsgebot is a regulation about the purity of beer. The regulation started in Ingolstadt, in Bavaria, in Germany, in 1516.\nThe regulation says several things:\nSome people talk about the \"Bavarian\" Reinheitsgebot, or the \"German\" Reinheitsgebot. They all mean the same thing. There are similar acts in the other states which later became known as Germany.\nThe Reinheitsgebot is no longer part of German law. It has been replaced by the Provisional German Beer Law, which allows things prohibited in the \"Reinheitsgebot\", such as wheat malt and cane sugar, but which no longer allows unmalted barley.\nYeast was not a part of beer until Louis Pasteur discovered what it did during fermentation. This was around the year 1800. Brewers (the people brewing beer) usually re-used some of the sediments of the fermentation. They took some sediments of an older brew and added those sediments to the next brew.\nHops were added as a method of preservation (to stop the beer going bad quickly). Hops were allowed to stop other things (like adding certain mushrooms to the beer, which was done in the Middle Ages) being done to preserve beer. Other herbs, like stinging nettles had been used. The stinging nettle is part of the same plant family as hops.\nA brewer who broke the \"Reinheitsgebot\" was punished: The beer barrels were taken by the state and destroyed and he/she did not receive any money for the loss.\nEven today, many brewers are proud of the \"Reinheitsgebot\"; most German breweries say they follow it. Some only use it as a marketing tool. The \"Reinheitsgebot' says that beer is made of barley, so all wheat beers were not allowed by the original Reinheitsgebot).\nBelgian beers are different. The brewers often add sugar (to boost fermentation). Nevertheless, Belgian beers have a brewing tradition at least as long as those of Germany. They taste totally different from the German ones."}
+{"id": "20298", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20298", "title": "Ma\u00df", "text": "A Ma\u00df or Mass is an old unit of measurement of liquid. Literally translated, it means \"mass\". It is equal to 1.069 litre. Today, it is only used for measuring quantities of beer (one litre). Beer is usually served as 0.2 or 0.3 l (\"small beer\") or as 0.5 l (\"big beer\"), but at some occasions (like the Oktoberfest) and some places it is also served as a \"Ma\u00df\".\nUsually this Ma\u00df is served in special mugs. These used to be made of ceramics, especially clay. During the 19th and 20th centuries most were replaced by ones made of glass."}
+{"id": "20299", "revid": "381116", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20299", "title": "Wolverine", "text": "The wolverine or glutton (\"Gulo gulo\") is the largest member of the Mustelidae family (the weasels). It is a stocky and muscular carnivore, more like a small bear than other mustelids. The wolverine, a solitary animal, has a reputation for ferocity, and can kill prey many times larger than itself. It is a powerful and versatile predator and scavenger.\nThere is a clear difference between two subspecies: the Old World form \"Gulo gulo gulo\" and the New World form \"G. g. luscus\".\nThe male is about tall, the female . Their length ranges from (female) to (male) and they reach a weight of around . Their tail measures about . Their brown fur protects them from the extremely cold temperatures and their big feet enable them to walk on top of snow.\nDistribution.\n Wolverines live primarily in isolated arctic and alpine regions of northern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, and Scandinavia. they are also native to European Russia, the Baltic countries, northeast China and Mongolia. In 2008 and 2009, wolverines were sighted as far south as the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, for the first time since 1922. They are also found in low numbers in the Rocky Mountains and northern Cascades of the United States, and have been sighted as far south and east as Michigan. However, most New World wolverines live in Canada.\nWolverines feed on almost every type of food that they can find: mice, rats, birds, bird eggs, reindeer and other large prey. Wolverines prefer to hunt larger prey in winter, when the snow slows down the prey and gives the wolverine an advantage.\nWolverines are highly territorial. Wolverines reproduce every two or three years. The female gives birth to one to three young (called kits) in a tunnel called a den deep underneath snowdrifts.\nProtection.\nHumans are the wolverine\u2019s main enemy. The wolverine\u2019s thick, warm fur is used to manufacture the trim of a parka's hood or other winter clothes, as the dense guard hairs do not collect frost.\nIn February 2013, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service proposed giving Endangered Species Act protections to the wolverine largely because climate change (global warming) is whittling away its wintry habitat in the northern Rockies. Wolverines have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell, they can smell prey 20\u00a0feet under the snow."}
+{"id": "20300", "revid": "1373270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20300", "title": "Bismarck (ship)", "text": "The German battleship Bismarck was built by Nazi Germany. It was one of the most famous and recognized warships of World War II. It sailed for just one mission, known as Operation \"Rhein\u00fcbung\". It was named in honor of the German statesman, Otto von Bismarck.\nIts construction began on 1 July 1936 in a shipyard in Hamburg, Germany. The ship was launched on 14 February 1940. The \"Bismarck\" class battleship was the largest type of battleship built by any European power. Her sister ship \"Tirpitz\" was the second in this class.\nDescription.\nThe \"Bismarck\" and \"Tirpitz\" were planned in the mid-1930s by the German Kriegsmarine to counter France and its own naval expansion. Construction began in 1936 and were supposed to fall within the 35,000 long ton limit as imposed by the Washington regime and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement during the Interwar period. Both of them secretly ignored the limits but before it's completion, the agreement and the treaty fell apart due to Japan's withdrawal in 1937. \"Bismarck\" weighed 41,700t (long tons) and 50,300 t (49,500 long tons) when fully loaded and had a overall length of 251m (823\u00a0ft 6in) which was the largest built than any other European power until HMS Vanguard after the war. \"Bismarck\" had a top speed of 30.01 knots (55.58\u00a0km/h; 34.53\u00a0mph) during trials and had a max distance of 16,430\u00a0km (10,210\u00a0mi) without refuels. Bismarck had a crew of 2000-2200 and had them divided into twelve divisions of 180-200 per division and half of them were assigned to main and secondary weaponry while the other half were support crew. (Cooks, Radio Operators) The \"Bismarck\" had an armament of eight 38\u00a0cm (15\u00a0in) guns, twelve 15\u00a0cm (5.9\u00a0in) guns, sixteen 10.5\u00a0cm (4.1\u00a0in) guns, sixteen 3.7 (1.5\u00a0in) guns, and twelve 2\u00a0cm (0.79\u00a0in) guns. \"Bismarck's\" main belt had a thickness of 320mm (12.6\u00a0in) and was additionally covered with upper and main armor deck ranging from 50mm to 120mm ( 2in to 4.7in ) while the turret faces were protected by 360mm (14.2\u00a0in) fronts while the sides were 220mm (8.7\u00a0in) thick.\nOperation \"Rhein\u00fcbung\".\nOn 5th May 1941 Hitler started Operation Rhein\u00fcbung to sever Britain's lifeline which consisted of merchant ships bringing vital supplies such as food and raw materials. If this lifeline was cut Britain would be forced to either sue for peace, negotiate an armistice or leave the British Isles. The goal of Rhein\u00fcbung was to break into the Atlantic Ocean and attack allied merchant ships transporting essential goods. German Naval Command (OKM) established a network of tankers and supply ships around the area \"Bismarck\" and \"Prinz Eugen\" sailed. Britain knew Nazi Germany was going to attack these supply lines and stationed multiple battlecruisers, aircraft carriers, and battleships.\nBattle of Denmark Strait.\nAt 05:45 24th of May, German lookouts spotted smoke in the distance which turned out to be from two of the Royal Navy's ships called HMS Hood and HMS Prince of Wales. At 05:52 \"Hood\" opened fire at what they thought was \"Bismarck\" but instead of \"Prinz Eugen\" while \"Prince of Wales\" fired on \"Bismarck\". Both \"Prince of Wales\" and \"Hood\" attacked \"Bismarck\" and \"Prinz Eugen\" head on only allowing them to use their front guns while \"Bismarck\" and \"Prinz Eugen\" could fire with all their weaponry. After several minutes of shelling, \"Hood\" turned 20\u00b0 left to use its rear turrets and after a minute of firing, \"Prinz Eugen\" scored a hit on \"Hood\" causing an ammunition fire which was quickly extinguished. \"Bismarck\" fired three salvos which caused it to find the range to \"Hood\" and the order to rapid-fire was given. \"Hood\" turned 20\u00b0 to the left again to make itself parallel with \"Bismarck\" and \"Prinz Eugen. Prinz Eugen\" shifted its fire towards \"Prince of Wales\" to keep both British ships under fire and scored a couple of hits on \"Wales.\" \"Prinz Eugen\" was ordered to move behind \"Bismarck\" to keep track of \"Norfolk\" and \"Suffolk.\" At 06:00 \"Hood\" was completing her second turn to the left when \"Bismarck's\" salvo hit. Two of the shells landed short while one of the shells struck \"Hood's\" thin deck armor and caused 112 t ( 110 long tons ) of ammo to explode causing \"Hood\" to split in half in only eight minutes and only three out of 1149 crew survived. After the sinking of \"Hood, Bismarck\" redirected its fire towards \"Prince of Wales\" and hit \"Wales\" directly in the bridge killing all but 3 officers and was still being fired upon and guns were malfunctioning on the new battleship and after scoring a bunch of ineffective hits on \"Bismarck\", the order was given to retreat at 06:13\nChase.\nAfter the engagement, \"Bismarck\u2019s\" commander reported that \"Hood\" sunk and another battleship thinking it was \"King George V\" or \"Renown\" escaped but was damaged and transmitted a damage report along with his intentions to let \"Prinz Eugen\" detach and head to Saint-Nazaire for repairs. \"Prinz Eugen\" reported that \"Bismarck\" was leaking oil and an hour later a British plane reported the oil slick to \"Suffolk\" and \"Norfolk\" which was joined by a damaged \"Prince of Wales\". Winston Churchill ordered all ships in the area to join in the pursuit against \"Prinz Eugen\" and \"Bismarck\" which resulted in six battleships, two battlecruisers, two aircraft carriers, thirteen cruisers, and twenty one destroyers were ordered to hunt down \"Bismarck\" and \"Prinz Eugen\". With weather worsening \"Bismarck\u2019s\" commander attempted to detach \"Prinz Eugen\" but the squall wasn't heavy enough to hide her withdrawal from \"Norfolk\" and \"Suffolk\" which continued to maintain radar contact. \"Prinz Eugen\" was successfully detached and \"Bismarck\" turned to face \"Suffolk\" which forced \"Suffolk\" to turn away at high speeds while \"Prince of Wales\" fired at \"Bismarck\" and received fire back. Although \"Bismarck\" had been damaged earlier she was still able to achieve 27-28 knots and was still able to reach Saint-Nazaire unless slowed down. The British sent aircraft carrier Victorious and an additional four light cruisers to have Swordfish torpedo bombers find and engage \"Bismarck\" but due to the inexperience of the pilots, they nearly attacked \"Norfolk\" and a US Coast Guard USCGC \"Modoc\" and alerted Bismarck\u2019s anti-aircraft gunners."}
+{"id": "20305", "revid": "9444406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20305", "title": "Republic of Mahabad", "text": "The Republic of Mahabad (also Republic of Kurdistan), established in Iranian Kurdistan, was the second independent Kurdish state of the 20th century after the Republic of Ararat in Turkey. Its capital was the Kurdish city of Mahabad in northwestern Iran. The Republic was part of the Iran crisis a conflict between the United States and USSR.\nThe republic was led by President Qazi Muhammad and Minister of Defense Mustafa Barzani. Prime Minister was Hadschi Baba Scheich. The Republic of Mahabad declared independence on January 22, 1946, but the movement was defeated a year later by the army of the central government of Iran. . After the collapse of the republic in 1947, Qazi Muhammad was hanged in public in Chuwarchira Square in the center of Mahabad.\nMassoud Barzani, the current President of Iraqi Kurdistan, was born in Mahabad when his father, the late General Mustafa Barzani, was chief of the military of Mahabad declared in Iranian Kurdistan .\nArchibald Roosevelt son of the former US-President Theodore Roosevelt, wrote in \"The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad\", that a main problem of the peoples Republic of Mahabad, was the Kurds needed the power of the USSR. Only with the Red army they had a chance. But these close relationship to Stalin and the USSR let many Kurdish tribes to be in opposition with this Kurdish state."}
+{"id": "20307", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20307", "title": "Coat of arms of Iran", "text": "The Emblem of Iran was made after the Islamic Revolution in that country, in 1979. After the revolution, Iran decided to use a new flag. The old flag had a picture of a golden lion and a sabre, that was a symbol for the Shah (king) of Iran. This emblem is a symbol for the whole country and the Islamic character of the new government. It is drawn to look like a version of the word \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 which means \"God\" in the Arabic language, which is not the official language in Iran. It looks like a tulip, which is an old symbol for Iran."}
+{"id": "20314", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20314", "title": "Tennis", "text": "Tennis is a sport played with a felt-covered rubber ball, a tennis racket, and a court. \nFirst, early in the 11th century, players in France played a sport like this with their hands. It was called \u201cJeu de Paume\u201d. In the 15th century the players played with rackets. Now it is called \u201ctennis\u201d. It became popular in England and France. King Henry III of France was a big fan of the game. This kind of sport is still played but is known as real tennis (\"real\" here meaning \"royal\"). The sport of \"lawn tennis\" played on grass courts was invented in mid 19th-century England and later spread into many other countries. \nTennis matches.\nThere are many different kinds of courts, like grass, clay or hard court. The goal of tennis is to hit the ball over the net into the other player\u2019s court. When the other player cannot return the ball, a point is won. The game is played with two or four people. When it is played with two people, it is called \u201csingles\u201d, and when it is played with four people, it is called \u201cdoubles\u201d. The court has \"alleys\" on each side, which are \"fair\" territory when playing doubles.\nA tennis game has a number of sets. Each set has a number of games, and each game has points. The points are counted love (0, after the French l'oeuf), fifteen (15), thirty (30), and forty (40). If both players get to forty, the score is \"deuce\" from which 2 more points are needed to win the game. When one player reaches six games, it is one set. If it is a three-set match, the player who wins two sets first is the winner. If the game count reaches 5\u20135, the set must be won with two more games than the other player, like 7\u20135 or 8\u20136. If the game count gets to 6\u20136, a \"tiebreaker\" is played. In a tiebreak, players have to get at least seven points while getting two more points than the other player to win the set. In tiebreak points are called \u201cone,\u201d \u201ctwo,\u201d etc.\nSoft tennis.\nThere is also soft tennis. Soft tennis is different from regulation tennis. For example, the racket, ball and rules are much different. Soft tennis is popular in Japan. Thousands of people play soft tennis. Tennis is quite a popular sport which lots of people enjoy watching.\nShots.\nThere are many different \"shots\" and \"strokes\", ways to hit the ball, in tennis. A stroke is the way the body is moved to hit the ball. A shot is how the ball is hit. These include:\nFour Grand Slams.\nTennis is now a sport that is played at the Olympics. They also have big tournaments like the U.S. Open, Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. These four are known as Grand Slam events.\nWinning all four Grand Slams in the same year is called a Calendar Slam.\nThey are the most important tennis tournaments of each season (year). This is because of the world ranking points, tradition, prize-money, and public attention."}
+{"id": "20316", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20316", "title": "Teacher", "text": "A teacher is a person who helps people to learn. A teacher often works in a classroom. \nThere are many different kinds of teachers. Some teachers teach young children in kindergarten or primary schools. Others teach older children in middle, junior high and high schools. Some teachers teach adults in colleges and universities. Some teachers are called professors. \nTeachers are usually professionals. They have been to college and got qualifications. They use various methods to teach. Teachers explain new knowledge, write on a blackboard or whiteboard, sit behind their desks on chairs, help students with their work and mark students' work. They may also use a computer to write tests, assignments or report cards for the class.\nTeachers are not always professionals. Parents usually do a lot of teaching before children ever get to school."}
+{"id": "20317", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20317", "title": "Bismark (ship)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20320", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20320", "title": "Crediton", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20323", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20323", "title": "Getafe", "text": "Getafe is a city 15\u00a0km south of Madrid, in the Community of Madrid, Spain. 158,363 people live there. It has great commercial and industrial activity and many mass media. In Getafe there is a university, a military air base, and has a football team in the first division of the Spanish's League."}
+{"id": "20327", "revid": "1171648", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20327", "title": "Manhattan Project", "text": "The Manhattan Project was the program based in the United States which tried to make the first nuclear weapons. The project went on during World War II, and was run by the U.S. Army. The head of the project was General Leslie R. Groves, who had led the building of the Pentagon. The top scientist on the project was Robert Oppenheimer, a famous physicist. The project cost $2 billion, and created many secret cities and bomb-making factories, such as a laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, a nuclear reactor in Hanford, Washington, and a uranium processing plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. \nThe Manhattan Project had to find solutions to two difficulties. The first difficulty is how to make the special isotopes of uranium (uranium-235) or plutonium. This process is called separation and is very slow. The United States built very big buildings with three different kinds of machine for separation. They made enough fissionable special isotopes for a few nuclear weapons. The second difficulty was how to make a bomb that will produce a big nuclear explosion every time. A weapon with a bad design can make a much smaller nuclear explosion. This is called a \"fizzle\". In July 1945, the Manhattan Project solved the two difficulties and made the first nuclear explosion. This test of a nuclear weapon was called \"Trinity\" and was a success.\nThe Manhattan Project created two nuclear bombs which the United States used against Japan in 1945. The bombs were called \"Little Boy\" and \"Fat Man.\" Little Boy was powered by plutonium and was an implosion type bomb, while Fat Man used uranium fuel and was a gun-type bomb. Implosion type bombs used explosives to initiate the nuclear fission reaction. Gun-type bombs fired uranium atoms into the nuclei of other uranium atoms to release energy neutrons from the nucleus, beginning the fission reaction.\nThe founding father of the Manhattan project was Yasin F.\nEspionage.\nThe Manhattan Project operated under a blanket of tight security. This was to prevent the Axis countries, especially Nazi Germany, from accelerating their own nuclear projects or undertaking covert operations against the project. The possibility of sabotage was always present. At times, people suspected sabotage when equipment failed. While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees, there were no confirmed instances of Axis-instigated sabotage. However, on 10 March 1945, a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line, and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down.\nMaintaining security was difficult because so many people worked on the project. A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment handled the project's security issues. By 1943, it was clear that Soviet atomic spies were trying to penetrate the project. Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash, the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command, investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley. Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley, Haakon Chevalier, about passing information to the Soviet Union.\nThe most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs. Fuchs was a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos. The 1950 revelation of Fuchs' espionage activities damaged the United States' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada. Subsequently, other instances of espionage were uncovered, leading to the arrest of Harry Gold, David Greenglass and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. Other spies like George Koval remained unknown for decades. People will never know the value of the espionage. One reason was that the Soviet atomic bomb project was held back by a shortage of uranium ore. The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort."}
+{"id": "20330", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20330", "title": "Hadschi Baba Scheich", "text": "Hadschi Baba Scheich (Haji Baba Sheikh) (\"Hec\u00ee Baba \u015e\u00eax\" in Kurdish) was the prime minister of the Republic of Mahabad. After the republic was conquered by the Iranian army in 1947 he was the only one who was not hanged together with president Qazi Muhammad at the Chuwarchira Square in Mahabad in 1947. He was immune because of his religious standing. The journalist and lyric Hemin Mukriyani was his secretary during the republic."}
+{"id": "20331", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20331", "title": "Ajam", "text": "Ajam (\u0639\u062c\u0645) in Arabic means non-Arabic-speaker. Ajam is an Arabicized word that came from Jam or jamshid the name of a A Persian legendary king or prophet ,according to old stories he was the king able to fly around the world by a throne or Carpet.\nin most of the languages Ajam and Ajami means Persian. in Arabic Ajam means someone whose mother tongue is not Arabic. The early use of the term included all of the peoples with whom the Arabs had contact including Persians, Greeks, Ethiopians, and the somewhat related Nabataeans.\nEtymology.\nIn general, during the Umayyad period \"Ajam\" was a pejorative term used by Arabs who believed in their social and political superiority, in early history after Islam. \naccording to the new finding \"Ajam infact had a root in the persian word Jam Jamshid The stories of \"Jam and Jamshed and the word Molouk Ajam (Persian emperor) were well known to the Arabs before Islam and the word Molouk Ajam (Ajam kings) and Molk e Ajam(persia) were used in poems of famous 7 Arab poets of Jahiliyyah (pre Islam). one of the famous Arab figures Nadr ibn al-Harith wrote a book about the stories of the Molouk of Ajam (persian kings)Rustam Naqsh-e Rustam and Jamshid and Fereydun and presented it to the new Muslims and said that my book is more important than the stories of Muhammad. Al-A'sha another famous Arabic Jahiliyyah (pre Islam) poet from ArabiaNajd, had wrote poems describing Ajam/Persian king(Molouk Ajam) one of the Al-A'sha poem is:\" \u0623\u064e\u0648\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0630\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0642\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0645\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0643\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0645\u0650 For the first time in the Umayyad period, the derogatory use of the word Ajam applied to the Persians. but during Abbasid and after The word Ajam was used for the Persians not only for humiliating but also a source of pride, as some Arabs even in The pre-Islamic period proudly narrated the glorious stories of the Molouk(kings) of Ajam and the Molk of Jam (Persia).the Arab poets Yaqut al-Hamawi and Al-Mutawakkil wrote: \"I am the son of the honors Offspring of Jam(jamshid) holder of the glory legacy of Persian kings.\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0644 \u062c\u0645 \u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0631\u062b \u0645\u0644\u0648\u06a9 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0645 \naccording to the Documents on the Persian Gulf's name it is very natural that in Arabicizing the words sometimes A is added to the words like Asfehan Isfahan in Arabic from the word Persian word SEPAHAN .\nduring the period Iranian Intermezzo native Persian Muslim dynasties the word ajam and persian both were used to refer to Iranian.\nMany Arabic sources refer to Persian language as Ajami language or Ajmo. Persian is the official language in Iran as \"Parsi\" and \"Farsi\", in Afghanistan as Parsi and Dari, and Tajiki in Tajikistan, Persian in Bahrain is called \"Ajami\" and in Kuwait \"Ayami\" . In classical Arabic, especially in the first centuries of the Islamic period, the Persian language was called \"the language of the Ajam\" \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0645, and the Iranian people were called the \"Ajami\" and the persian gulf was called Ajam Gulf, in many books and deed, Tafsir al-Zahak The oldest commentary on Quran wrote on page 524 \" In Surah An-Nahl, verse 103,the word Ajami refers to Salman Farsi and says Ajami is the Persians. .also Arabic word for dictionary is mo'jam (moajam) that means definition of the non Arabs(ajam) word.\nAccording to \"The Political Language of Islam\", during the Islamic Golden Age, 'Ajam' was used colloquially as a reference to denote those whom Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula viewed as \"alien\" or outsiders. The early application of the term included all of the \"non-Arab \"peoples with whom the Arabs had contact including Persians, Byzantine Greeks, Ethiopians, Armenians, Assyrians, Mandaeans, Arameans, Jews, Georgians, Sabians, Samaritans, Egyptians, and Berbers.\nDuring the early age of the Caliphates, Ajam was often synonymous with \"foreigner\" or \"stranger\". In the Western Asia, it was generally applied to the Persians, while in al-Andalus it referred to speakers of Romance languages - becoming \"Aljamiado\" in Spanish in reference to Arabic-script writing of those languages - and in West Africa refers to the Ajami script or the writing of local languages such as Hausa and Fulani in the Arabic alphabet. In Zanzibar \"ajami\" and \"ajamo\" means Persian which came from the Persian Gulf and the cities of Shiraz and Siraf. In Turkish, there are many documents and letters that used Ajam to refer to Persian. \nIn the Persian Gulf region and also the Turks people still refer to Persians as Ajami, referring to Persian carpets as \"sajjad al Ajami\" (Ajami carpet), Persian cat as Ajami cats, and Persian Kings as Ajami kings."}
+{"id": "20333", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20333", "title": "Boston Terrier", "text": "Boston Terriers are a dog breed. They are considered to be one of the few American breeds as they can trace their origins to Boston, Massachusetts. It is hard to believe that these comical, family friendly dogs were originally bred to be ferocious pit-fighting dogs tracing their ancestors to an English Bulldog and the now extinct English White Terrier. \nThey are usually very small, but can also be bred as medium sized dogs. They are considered to be cute dogs and are getting ever more popular. They are in many commercials and many celebrities have them.\nBoston Terriers are a smart breed of dogs. They can be extremely hyperactive, but overall are well behaved with training. Their excitement and enthusiasm is a perk of their personality. They are compactly built with short, round heads, short tails, but strong limbs. They have a smooth coat, with colors of brindle, seal brown or black and evenly marked with white.\nBoston Terriers are inside dogs that love affection. This breed is balanced with being independent (sometimes stubborn) and affectionate and wanting attention from humans. They require very little work when a part of a family and they are good dogs for children. \nCaring for a Boston Terrier requires little work. With a short coat, Bostons might need a bath every one to two weeks. Brushing is not necessary although it helps remove loose hair and reduces shedding. Bostons love rawhides (a chewy animal skin) and other chew toys that help with keeping their teeth healthy. Brushing your dog's teeth is recommended by vets for any breed. Boston Terriers do have sensitive stomachs and will eat grass when their stomach is upset but for the most part, this breed does not have restrictions on what they can eat. "}
+{"id": "20334", "revid": "10251982", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20334", "title": "1750s", "text": "The 1750s was a decade that began on 1 January 1750 and ended on 31 December 1759. It is distinct from the decade known as the 176th decade which began on January 1, 1751 and ended on December 31, 1760."}
+{"id": "20335", "revid": "15612", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20335", "title": "Dog breed", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20337", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20337", "title": "1798", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20338", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20338", "title": "1160", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20339", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20339", "title": "1169", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20340", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20340", "title": "1196", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20341", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20341", "title": "1793", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20342", "revid": "1688831", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20342", "title": "1800", "text": "1800 (MDCCC) was an exceptional common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar, the 1800th year of the Common Era (CE) and \"Anno Domini\" (AD) designations, . Because of a leap day in the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar moved ahead by 12 days.\nEvents.\nJanuary 7 - Millard Fillmore, thirteenth President of the United States (d. 1874)\nNovember 30 - Charles Adams, son of John Adams (b. 1770)"}
+{"id": "20343", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20343", "title": "Vigd\u00eds Finnbogad\u00f3ttir", "text": " Vigd\u00eds Finnbogad\u00f3ttir (born April 15, 1930) was the 4th president of Iceland. She was president from 1980 to 1996. She was the world's first elected female head of state. With a presidency of exactly sixteen years, she also remains the longest-serving, elected female head of state of any country to date. Currently, she is a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, and a Member of the Club of Madrid. At her election in 1980 she was the first woman to be elected the head of state in a democratic election. She was re-elected unopposed in 1984 and 1992, and beat her opponent in the election of 1988. She studied literature and drama at the University of Grenoble and the Sorbonne in Paris, and also at the University of Iceland. She graduated in English and French literature, and has a degree in education."}
+{"id": "20344", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20344", "title": "\u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson", "text": "\u00d3lafur Ragnar Gr\u00edmsson (born May 14, 1943) is an Icelanic politician. He served as the fifth President of Iceland, from 1996 to 2016, re-elected without opposition in 2000, and was re-elected in 2004, 2008, and 2012. \nHe was born in \u00cdsafj\u00f6r\u00f0ur, Iceland.\nFrom 1962 to 1970, he studied economics and political science at the University of Manchester. He was a professor at the University of Iceland for political science, served as a Member of the Althing, and was the Minister of Finance (1988\u20131991).\nHe married Gu\u00f0r\u00fan Katr\u00edn \u00deorbergsd\u00f3ttir in 1974, who gave birth to twin daughters the following year. Gu\u00f0r\u00fan Katr\u00edn was very popular in Iceland, and her charm is without a doubt one of the main reasons her husband was elected; she charmed the nation from the start of his campaign. Her death from cancer in 1998 was a shock to the nation and her family. \n\u00d3lafur's second marriage was to Dorrit Moussaieff to whom he had been engaged since May 2000. This took place on his 60th birthday May 14, 2003.\nHe announced in his new year's message on 1 January 2016, that he would be stepping down from the presidency at the end of his fifth term, namely on 1 August 2016. He left office on 1 August 2016. He was succeeded by Gu\u00f0ni Th. J\u00f3hannesson."}
+{"id": "20346", "revid": "10249757", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20346", "title": "1811", "text": "1811 (MDCCCXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "20347", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20347", "title": "Coral Springs, Florida", "text": "Coral Springs is a planned city in Florida, United States. It was founded on July 10, 1963."}
+{"id": "20348", "revid": "10252005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20348", "title": "1560s", "text": "The 1560s was a decade that started on 1 January 1560 and ended on 31 December 1569.\nIt is distinct from the decade known as the 157th decade which began on January 1, 1561 and ended on December 31, 1570."}
+{"id": "20349", "revid": "1204528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20349", "title": "Affenpinscher", "text": "The Affenpinscher is a small breed of dog in the toy group. These dogs originally came from Germany. They are known to have existed since the 1600s. Their name comes from the German word \"Affe,\" which means \"monkey,\" because their faces remind people of monkeys. Originally, the dog was bred to be a \"ratter,\" a type of dog that kills rats and mice in homes, farms, and stables. Now that mice are not so commonly found in the home, Affenpinschers are usually just kept as pets.\nAppearance.\nThe Affenpinscher is a very small kind of dog. It weighs between . Its height is between at the shoulder. Their face is flat and \"monkey-like.\" The most common and preferred colour of fur for this breed is black, but they can also come in grey, beige, and other colours. In the American Kennel Club, a good example of these dogs could be any colour. In the French and British Kennel Clubs they must only be black.\nTemperament.\nEven though Affenpinschers were bred to hunt mice, they do not like to chase other animals, so they can happily live with other pets. They are playful but very stubborn. These dogs can be difficult to train, because they do not like to listen to instructions and often become bored. Affenpinschers are somewhat territorial (protective) when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children.\nThis dog is mostly quiet, and does not bark much. It can become very excited if attacked, and shows no fear. toward any aggressor.\nHealth.\nA small study showed that these dogs live an average of 11.4 years, which is not very long for a small dog (small dogs usually live 14\u201315 years). One of their most common health problems is bladder disease, which happens most often when the dogs are older (8 years and up.) Their short faces can make it difficult for them to breathe and exercise in hot weather. Like many kinds of dogs, Affenpinschers often get a disease called hip dysplasia which makes it difficult for them to run or walk.\nExtinct variant.\nThe Seidenpinscher (Silky coated Pinscher), was bred from the Affenpinscher and the Maltese (dog) around 1800.\nThe dog had long, tousled, silky hair, a curly tail like the Maltese dog, a face like the Affenpinscher, and a size like an Affenpinscher or Maltese dog. All colors was allowed.\nThe Seidenpinscher is believed to have died out between the two world wars. A well-known painting is that of the Seidenpinscher Puss from 1863."}
+{"id": "20350", "revid": "1204528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20350", "title": "Yorkshire Terrier", "text": "The Yorkshire Terrier or Yorkie is a small breed of terrier dog. It originated in the United Kingdom in the town of Yorkshire, from where it gets its name.\nThey were first bred to catch mice and rats, so they are often fast and energetic. Yorkies usually weigh about 7 pounds (3.18 kg) and have a dark gray or black coat with a brown face. According to the American Kennel Club (AKC), Yorkies are the second most popular dog breed in America, behind only the Labrador Retriever. They are really playful, they will always want to play."}
+{"id": "20351", "revid": "1673973", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20351", "title": "The Chiffons", "text": "The Chiffons was an all-woman singing group. They started in New York City in 1960."}
+{"id": "20352", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20352", "title": "Mott the Hoople", "text": "Mott the Hoople was a English hard rock/glam rock band. They formed in 1969 and broke up in 1976.\nThe band began in 1969 after Ian Hunter's audition of 'Like A Rolling Stone' by Bob Dylan to join the band as the lead singer. Their first hit was 'All The Young Dudes' which was written by a close friend of theirs and also admirer, David Bowie. Bowie produced their album of the same name, which also added to their success. Mott The Hoople also staged a performance in the USA with Queen as their opening performance, also leading to more success. However, in November of 1974, whilst preparing to record a new Mott the Hoople album with guitarist, Mick Ronson in New York, Hunter collapsed and was hospitalized with nervous exhaustion. He and Ronson quit the band soon after. The band split up, but are still partially known to this day."}
+{"id": "20353", "revid": "9583812", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20353", "title": "Turner & Hooch", "text": "Turner & Hooch is a 1989 American criminal comedy-drama movie. It stars Tom Hanks as Detective Turner and Beasley the Dog as Hooch. It was a very successful movie from A Dog\u2019s Life. Turner & Hooch was released by Touchstone Pictures."}
+{"id": "20354", "revid": "10314995", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20354", "title": "The Temptations", "text": "The Temptations are a successful R&B singing group. They formed in Detroit, USA in 1960. The Temptations have four Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles and 14 Billboard R&B number-one singles. They have three Grammy Awards. The Temptations were the first Motown act to earn a Grammy Award."}
+{"id": "20355", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20355", "title": "Brenda Lee", "text": "Brenda Mae Tarpley or Brenda Lee (born December 11, 1944 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American pop singer. She was popular in the 1960s. She stood tall and was called \u201cLittle Miss Dynamite\u201d because of her strong voice. She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002."}
+{"id": "20356", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20356", "title": "Buddy Clark", "text": "Buddy Clark (born Samuel Goldberg, July 26, 1912 \u2013 October 1, 1949) was an American popular singer of the Big Band era. He had success in the 1930s and 1940s, returning to the United States after World War II. He died in a plane crash in 1949."}
+{"id": "20357", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20357", "title": "Air Supply", "text": "Air Supply is a pop music singing group. They formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1975.\nThe current members are Russell Hitchcock (born June 15, 1949 in Melbourne) and Graham Russell (born June 11, 1950 in Nottingham, England). In 1981 they got with their song \"The One That You Love\" a number one hit in the United States. They had their most popular times during the early 1980s."}
+{"id": "20358", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20358", "title": "Sex Pistols", "text": "The Sex Pistols were the first popular punk group in Britain and one of the first bands to come from the rising U.K. punk scene of the late 1970s. They were only together for about 3 years, from late 1975 to early 1978, and they were known for their rowdy behaviour more than their music. The music they made gave many new artists a big influence on their music, mostly in the alternative music and punk scenes such as California punk rock group Green Day.\nThe band members were Johnny Rotten (vocals), Paul Cook (drums), Steve Jones (guitar) and Glen Matlock (bass). Sid Vicious later replaced Matlock on bass in February 1977 but died 2 years later. They recorded only one studio album, called \"Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols\" during the summer of 1977. One of their most famous songs is \"Anarchy In The UK\". Another one of their most famous songs is \"God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)\", which was banned by the BBC for it's contents. They split up after a show at Winterland on January 14th, 1978, with Rotten saying \"You ever get the feelin' you're bein' cheated?\""}
+{"id": "20359", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20359", "title": "Turner and Hooch", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20360", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20360", "title": "Walter Murphy", "text": "Walter Murphy (b. December 19, 1952) is a classically trained American pianist. He was born in New York City. He had a hit song in the late 1970s, \"A Fifth of Beethoven\"."}
+{"id": "20361", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20361", "title": "Coral Springs, Flordia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20362", "revid": "10252004", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20362", "title": "1570s", "text": "The 1570s was a decade that started on 1 January 1570 and ended on 31 December 1579.\nIt is distinct from the decade known as the 158th decade which began on January 1, 1571 and ended on December 31, 1580."}
+{"id": "20364", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20364", "title": "Bette Davis", "text": "Ruth Elizabeth \"Bette\" Davis (; April 5, 1908 \u2013 October 6, 1989) was an American actress for stage, movies, and television. She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. She was nicknamed \"The Queen of Hollywood\" or the \"First Lady of the American Screen\" and \"The Fifth Warner Brother\" during her career. She is thought to be one of the greatest actresses in Hollywood. She was able to play many mean and cynical characters. She also played in many different movie genres. Her most successful roles were ones in romantic dramas. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress twice. Davis had the most Academy Award nominations for acting (with 10) until Katharine Hepburn took her place with twelve. She was the first woman to have a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. In 1999, Davis was second on the American Film Institute's list of the greatest female stars of classic Hollywood cinema.\nBette Davis was in over 100 films across 60 years. Some of the most popular movies were \"Of Human Bondage\" (1934), \"Marked Woman\" (1937), \"Jezebel\" (1938), \"Dark Victory\" (1939), \"The Letter\" (1940), \"The Little Foxes\" (1941), \"Now, Voyager\" (1942), \"Watch on the Rhine\" (1943), \"Mr. Skeffington\" (1944), \"All About Eve\" (1950), \"The Virgin Queen\" (1955), \"The Catered Affair\" (1956), \"Pocketful of Miracles\" (1961), \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\" (1962), \"Death on the Nile\" (1978) and \"The Whales of August\" (1987).\nIn 1981 Kim Carnes sang the hit song \"Bette Davis Eyes\". Davis liked the song. Carnes gave Davis a gold record. Davis hung the gold record on a wall.\nThe Kennedy Center honored Davis in 1987. She died of breast cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.\nAcademy Awards.\nDavis had many Academy Awards in her life. She also had many Oscar milestones.\nShe was the first person to earn five Academy Award nominations in a row for acting. All of these nominations were in the Best Actress category (1938\u20131942). Her record has only been matched by one other person. Greer Garson also earned five nominations in a row in the Best Actress category (1941\u20131945). In three of these years, both actresses were nominated.\nIn 1962, Bette Davis was the first person to have 10 Academy Award nominations for acting. Since then, only 3 people have had more nominations than her. Meryl Streep (with 21 nominations and three wins), Katharine Hepburn (12 nominations and 4 wins), and Jack Nicholson (12 nominations and 3 wins). Laurence Olivier also matched her (10 nominations and 1 win).\nSteven Spielberg bought two of Davis's Oscars. The first Oscar was sold for $207,500. The oscar was for the movie \"Dangerous\" (1935). The second Oscar was sold for $578,000. That Oscar was for the movie \"Jezebel\" (1938)."}
+{"id": "20365", "revid": "1640742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20365", "title": "Gunpowder Plot", "text": "The Gunpowder Conspiracy of 1605 was a plan to assassinate King James I of England and VI of Scotland. Other names for the plot are The Powder Treason or The Gunpowder Plot. A group of Catholics wanted to blow up the Houses of Parliament during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605. This would have killed the king, and most of the Protestant aristocracy.\nThe conspirators also planned to kidnap the royal children, and lead a popular revolt in the Midlands.\nOrigins.\nRobert Catesby led the planning of the conspiracy, which started in May 1604. The people who helped him were either rich Catholics, or gentry families who had a lot of influence. Catesby may have come up with the plot when he saw that there was little hope that Great Britain would become more tolerant to Roman Catholics, under King James I. Many Catholics were disappointed about the situation. It is more likely though that Catesby simply wanted to give the Catholics in England a chance: The plot was to be the first step of a rebellion. Afterwards, James' nine-year-old daughter (Princess Elizabeth) could be put in as a Catholic head of state.\nOther plotters were Thomas Winter (also spelled Wintour), Robert Winter, John Wright, Christopher Wright, Robert Keyes, Thomas Percy (also spelled Percye), John Grant, Ambrose Rokewood, Sir Everard Digby, Francis Tresham and Thomas Bates (Catesby's servant). The explosives were prepared by Guy \"Guido\" Fawkes, a man with 10\u00a0years military experience. Fawkes had fought with the Spanish against the Dutch in the Spanish Netherlands.\nThe main Jesuit in England, Father Henry Garnet was said to know the details of the plot. Oswald Tesimond, a fellow Jesuit had told him. Robert Catesby confessed them to Tesimond, and gave him the permission to tell Garnet. Although he was convicted, there has since been some debate over how much Garnet really knew. As the details of the plot were known through confession, Garnet was not allowed to reveal them to the authorities. He did not think it was a good idea. Nevertheless, the plot went ahead. Garnet's opposition to it did not save him from being hanged, drawn and quartered for treason in 1606, though.\nPlanning.\nIn the 17th century, the Palace of Westminster was made of many buildings, spread over a large area. They were grouped around the medieval chambers, chapels, and halls of the old royal palace. This palace housed both Parliament and the various law courts. The palace was also easier to get in to than it is today. Merchants, lawyers, and other people lived and worked on the palace grounds.\nAs a member of the King's Bodyguard, Percy was able to lease rooms next to the House of Lords, in May 1604. The plotters' original idea was to dig their way under the foundations of the Lords chamber to put the gunpowder there. The main idea was to kill James, but many other important targets would be present, including most of the Protestant nobility and senior bishops of the Church of England. Guy Fawkes, as \"John Johnson\", was put in charge of this building, where he posed as Percy's servant. Catesby's house in Lambeth was used to store the gunpowder with the tools for digging.\nHowever, the Black Plague came back to London in the summer of 1604 and was very severe. For this reason, the opening of Parliament was changed to 1605. By Christmas Eve, the miners had still not reached the buildings of Parliament, and just as they restarted work early in 1605, they learned that the opening of Parliament had been further postponed to 3 October. The plotters then took the opportunity to row the gunpowder up the Thames from Catesby's house in Lambeth, to hide it in their new rented house: they had learned (by chance) that a coal merchant named Ellen Bright had left a ground-floor undercroft directly beneath the House of Lords chamber. Presented with this golden opportunity, Percy immediately took pains to secure the lease. He created the story that his wife would join him in London and that he would need the extra storage space.\nFawkes helped filling the room with gunpowder, which was hidden beneath a wood store under the House of Lords building, in a cellar leased from John Whynniard. By March 1605, they had filled the undercroft underneath the House of Lords with 36 barrels of gunpowder, hidden under a store of winter fuel. Had all 36 barrels been successfully ignited, the explosion could easily have reduced many of the buildings in the Old Palace of Westminster complex to rubble, and would have blown out windows in the surrounding area of about a one kilometre radius.\nThe conspirators left London in May, and went to their homes or to different areas of the country, because being seen together would arouse suspicion. They arranged to meet again in September; however, the opening of Parliament was again postponed.\nThe weakest parts of the plot were the arrangements for the subsequent rebellion which would have swept the country and installed a Catholic monarch. Due to the requirements for money and arms, Sir Francis Tresham was eventually admitted to the plot, and it was probably he who betrayed the plot in writing to his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle. An anonymous letter revealed some of the details of the plot; it read: \"I advise you to devise some excuse not to attend this parliament, for they shall receive a terrible blow, and yet shall not see who hurts them\".\nAccording to the confession made by Fawkes on Tuesday 5 November 1605, he had left Dover around Easter 1605, bound for Calais. He then travelled to Saint-Omer and on to Brussels, where he met with Hugh Owen and Sir William Stanley before making a pilgrimage to Brabant. He returned to England at the end of August or early September, again by way of Calais.\nGuy Fawkes was left in charge of executing the plot, while the other conspirators fled to Dunchurch in Warwickshire to await news. Once Parliament had been destroyed, the other conspirators planned to start a revolt in the Midlands.\nDiscovery.\nDuring the preparation, several of the conspirators had been concerned about the safety of fellow Catholics who would be present in Parliament on the day of the planned explosion. On the evening of Friday, 26\u00a0October Lord Monteagle received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton.\nMonteagle had the note read out loud, possibly to warn the plotters that the secret was out, and promptly handed it over to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, the Secretary of State. The conspirators learned of the letter the following day, but decided to go ahead with their plan, especially after Fawkes inspected the undercroft and found that nothing had been touched.\nHaving been shown the letter, the King ordered Sir Thomas Knyvet to conduct a search of the cellars underneath Parliament, which he did in the early hours of 5\u00a0November. Shortly after midnight, Fawkes was found leaving the cellar the conspirators had rented and was arrested, giving his name as John Johnson. Inside, the barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of firewood and coal. Far from denying his intentions during the arrest, Fawkes stated that it had been his purpose to destroy the King and the Parliament. Nevertheless, Fawkes maintained his false identity and continued to insist that he was acting alone. Later in the morning, before noon, he was again interrogated. He was questioned on the nature of his accomplices, the involvement of Thomas Percy, what letters he had received from overseas and whether or not he had spoken with Hugh Owen.\nA letter written by Gentleman of the Bedchamber, Sir Edward Hoby gave details of all those that would have been caught in the explosion:\nOn 5 November we began a Parliament, to which the King should have cometh in person, but refrained through a practice but that morning discovered. The plot was to have blown up the King at such time as he should have been sat in his royal throne, Nobility and Commons and with all Bishops, Judges and Doctors at one instant, and the blast to have ruined the whole estate and kingdom of England.\nFawkes was taken to the Tower of London and interrogated there under torture. Torture was forbidden, except by the express instruction of the monarch or a body such as the Privy Council or the Star Chamber. In a letter of 6\u00a0November, King James I stated:\nThe people were happy to learn that the king and his sons survived the Gunpowder Plot. The next parliament had feelings of loyalty and goodwill, which Salisbury used to get higher subsidies for the king than those granted in Elizabeth's reign. In his speech to both Houses on 9 November, James talked about two main topics: the Divine Right of Kings and the Catholic question. He insisted that the plot had been the work of only a few Catholics, not of the English Catholics as a whole, and he reminded the assembly to rejoice at his survival, since kings were divinely appointed and he owed his escape to a miracle.\nTrial and executions.\nOn hearing of the failure of the terrorist plot, the conspirators fled towards Huddington Court near Worcester, a family home of Thomas and Robert Wintour. Heavy rain, however, slowed their travels. Many of them were caught by Richard Walsh, the Sheriff of Worcestershire, when they arrived in Stourbridge.\nThe remaining men attempted a revolt in the Midlands. This failed, coming to a dramatic end at Holbeche House in Staffordshire, where there was a shoot-out resulting in the deaths of Catesby and Percy and capture of several other principal conspirators. Jesuits and others were then rounded up in other locations in Britain, with some being killed by torture during interrogation. Robert Wintour managed to remain on the run for two months before he was captured at Hagley Park.\nThe conspirators were tried on 27\u00a0January 1606 in Westminster Hall. All of the plotters pleaded \"Not Guilty\" except for Sir Everard Digby, who attempted to defend himself on the grounds that the King had reneged on his promises of greater tolerance of Catholicism. Sir Edward Coke, the attorney general, prosecuted, and the Earl of Northampton made a speech refuting the charges laid by Sir Everard Digby. The trial lasted one day (English criminal trials generally did not exceed a single day's duration) and the verdict was never in doubt.\nThe trial ranked highly as a public spectacle, and there are records of up to 10 shillings being paid for entry. Four of the plotters were executed in St. Paul's Churchyard on 30\u00a0January. On 31\u00a0January, Fawkes, Winter and a number of others implicated in the conspiracy were taken to Old Palace Yard in Westminster, in front of the scene of the intended crime, where they were to be hanged, drawn and quartered.\nFawkes, although weakened by torture, cheated the executioners: when he was to be hanged until almost dead. He jumped from the gallows, breaking his neck and killing himself, thus avoiding the gruesome latter part of his execution.\nHenry Garnet was executed on 3\u00a0May 1606 at St Paul's. His crime was of being the confessor of several members of the Gunpowder Plot, and as noted, he had opposed the plot. Many spectators thought that his punishment was too severe. Antonia Fraser writes:\nDue to the Gunpowder Plot, many Catholics found themselves persecuted or imprisoned in the Tower of London, including the following:\nHistorical impact.\nGreater freedom for Catholics to worship as they chose seemed unlikely in 1604, but after the plot in 1605, changing the law to afford Catholics leniency became unthinkable; Catholic Emancipation took another 200 years. Nevertheless, many important and loyal Catholics retained high office in the kingdom during King James' reign.\nInterest in the demonic was heightened by the Gunpowder Plot. The king himself had become engaged in the great debate about other-worldly powers in writing his \"Daemonology\" in 1597, before he became King of England as well as Scotland. The apparent devilish nature of the gunpowder plot also partly inspired William Shakespeare's \"Macbeth\". Demonic inversions (such as the line \"fair is foul and foul is fair\") are frequently seen in the play. Another possible reference made in Macbeth was to equivocation, as Henry Garnett\u2019s \"A Treatise of Equivocation\" was found on one of the plotters, and a resultant fear was that Jesuits could evade the truth through equivocation:\nFaith, here's an equivocator, that couldSwear in both the scales against either scale;Who committed treason enough for God's sake,Yet could not equivocate to heaven\n- Macbeth, Act 2 Scene 3\nThe Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for years after the plot by special sermons and other public acts, such as the ringing of church bells. It added to an increasingly full calendar of Protestant celebrations which contributed to the national and religious life of seventeenth-century England. Through various permutations, this has evolved into the Bonfire Night of today.\nProfessor Ronald Hutton has considered the possible events which could have followed the successful implementation of the Gunpowder Plot, with the resultant destruction of Parliament and death of the king. He concluded that the violence of the act would have instead resulted in a more severe backlash against suspected Catholics. Without the involvement of some form of foreign aid, success would have been unlikely, as most Englishmen were loyal to the institution of the monarchy, despite differing religious convictions. England could very well have become a more \"Puritan absolute monarchy\", as \"existed in Sweden, Denmark, Saxony, and Prussia in the seventeenth century\", rather than follow the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did.\nCommemoration.\nWhen Parliament met in January 1606 for the first time after the plot they passed an Act of Parliament called the \"Thanksgiving Act\". This made services and sermons commemorating the Plot an annual feature on 5 November. The act remained in force until 1859. On 5\u00a0November 1605, it is said that the people of London celebrated the defeat of the plot with fires and street festivities. The tradition of marking the day with the ringing of church bells and bonfires started soon after the Plot and fireworks were also included in some of the earliest celebrations. In Britain the fifth of November is also called Bonfire Night, Fireworks Night or Guy Fawkes Night.\nIt remains the custom in Britain, on or around 5 November, to let off fireworks. Traditionally, in the weeks running up to the 5th, children made \"guys\"\u2014effigies supposedly of Fawkes\u2014usually made from old clothes stuffed with newspaper, and with a grotesque mask, to be burnt on 5 November bonfire. These effigies would be shown in the street, to collect money for fireworks, although this practice is becoming less common. The word \"guy\" came thus in the 19th century to mean an oddly dressed person, and in the 20th and 21st centuries to mean any male person.\nInstitutions and towns hold firework displays and bonfire parties, and the same is done on a smaller scale in back gardens throughout the country. In some areas, particularly in Sussex, there are extensive processions, large bonfires and firework displays organised by local bonfire societies; the biggest takes place in Lewes.\nThe Houses of Parliament are still searched by the Yeomen of the Guard before the State Opening of Parliament, however, this is done as a traditional custom rather than a serious anti-terrorist precaution.\nA commemorative British two pound coin was issued in 2005 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the plot.\nThe cellar in which Fawkes watched over his gunpowder was demolished in 1822. The area was further damaged in the 1834 fire and destroyed in the subsequent rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster. The lantern which Guy Fawkes carried in 1605 is in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. A key supposedly taken from him is in Speaker's House, Palace of Westminster. These two items were shown in a major exhibition held in Westminster Hall from July to November 2005.\nAccording to Esther Forbes (a biographer), the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre-revolutionary American Colonies was a very popular holiday. In Boston, the celebration took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes.\nIn November 1930, taking advantage of the bonfires used on the holiday, Alfred Arthur Rouse murdered an unknown man and planted his body as a substitute for his own in his Morris Minor (1928) automobile (which was then set alight). The scheme did not work out, and Rouse was arrested, tried and executed for the crime.\nAccusations of state conspiracy.\nMany at the time felt that Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the king and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation. Such theories alleged that Cecil had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda. These rumours were the start of a long-lasting conspiracy theory about the plot. Yet while there was no \"golden time\" of \"toleration\" of Catholics which Father Garnet had hoped for at the start of James' reign, the legislative backlash had nothing to do with the plot: it had already happened by 1605, as recusancy fines were re-imposed and some priests expelled. There was no purge of Catholics from power and influence in the kingdom after the Gunpowder Plot, despite Puritan complaints. The reign of James I was, in fact, a time of relative leniency for Catholics, few being subject to prosecution.\nThis did not dissuade some from continuing to claim Cecil's involvement in the plot. In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College, namesake of a Jesuit priest who had performed Mass to some of the plotters, wrote an account called \"What was the Gunpowder Plot?\", alleging Cecil's culpability. This prompted a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner, who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to \"wipe away the reproach\" which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics. Gardiner portrayed Cecil as guilty of nothing more than opportunism. Subsequent attempts to prove Cecil's responsibility, such as Francis Edwards's 1969 work \"Guy Fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot?\", have similarly foundered on the lack of positive proof of any government involvement in setting up the plot. There has been little support by historians for the conspiracy theory since this time, other than to acknowledge that Cecil may have known about the plot some days before it was uncovered.\nModern plot analysis.\nAccording to the historian Lady Antonia Fraser, the gunpowder was taken to the Tower of London magazine. It would have been reissued or sold for recycling if in good condition. Ordnance records for the Tower state that 18 hundredweight (equivalent to about 816\u00a0kg) of it was \"decayed\", which could imply that it was rendered harmless due to having separated into its component chemical parts, as happens with gunpowder when left to sit for too long\u2014if Fawkes had ignited the gunpowder during the opening, it would only have resulted in a weak splutter. Alternatively, \"decayed\" may refer to the powder being damp and sticking together, making it unfit for use in firearms\u00a0\u2014 in which case the explosive capabilities of the barrels would not have been significantly affected.\n\"\", an ITV programme presented by Richard Hammond and broadcast on 1 November 2005, re-enacted the plot by blowing up an exact replica of the 17th-century House of Lords filled with test dummies, using the exact amount of gunpowder in the underground of the building. The dramatic experiment, conducted on the Advantica Spadeadam test site, proved that the explosion would have killed all those attending the State Opening of Parliament in the Lords chamber. The power of the explosion, which surprised even gunpowder experts, was such that seven-foot deep solid concrete walls (made deliberately to replicate how archives suggest the walls in the old House of Lords were constructed) were reduced to rubble. Measuring devices placed in the chamber to calculate the force of the blast were themselves destroyed by the blast, while the skull of the dummy representing King James, which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber surrounded by courtiers, peers and bishops, was found a large distance away from the site. According to the findings of the programme, no-one within 100 metres of the blast could have survived, while all the stained glass windows in Westminster Abbey would have been shattered, as would all windows within a large distance of the Palace. The power of the explosion would have been seen from miles away, and heard from further still. Even if only half the gunpowder had gone off, everyone in the House of Lords and nearby would have been killed instantly.\nThe programme also disproved claims that some deterioration in the quality of the gunpowder would have prevented the explosion. A portion of deliberately deteriorated gunpowder, at such a low quality as to make it unusable in firearms, when placed in a heap and ignited, still managed to create a large explosion. The impact of even deteriorated gunpowder would have been magnified by the impact of its compression in wooden barrels, with the compression overcoming any deterioration in the quality of the contents. The compression would have created a cannon effect, with the powder first blowing up from the top of the barrel before, a millisecond later, blowing out. In addition, mathematical calculations showed that Fawkes, who was skilled in the use of gunpowder, had used double the amount of gunpowder needed.\nA sample of the gunpowder may have survived: in March 2002, workers investigating archives of John Evelyn at the British Library found a box containing various samples of gunpowder and several notes suggesting a relation to the Gunpowder Plot:"}
+{"id": "20366", "revid": "1652809", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20366", "title": "John Knox", "text": "John Knox (c. 1510 \u2013 24 November 1572) brought the Protestant Reformation to Scotland and was one of the founders of the Presbyterian Church. Knox joined the movement to change the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland. He married twice and had five children. Knox preached until he died.\nA fight between Catholic France and Protestant England for Scotland began again because of the Reformation. Sometimes, France had more power. Other times, England had it. Knox spent many months as a galley slave. He also spent time in exile because of his Protestant beliefs. During a trip to Scotland, Knox's preaching helped the Protestant movement. Several Protestant noblemen came together and made a group called the Lords of the Congregation. When the group had more power, they invited Knox back to Scotland to stay.\nIn 1500 and 1561, the Scottish Parliament accepted the Reformed confession of faith made by Knox and other people.\nKnox often debated with Mary, Queen of Scots. In his book \"History of the Reformation in Scotland\", he writes about his five \"conversations\" with the Roman Catholic queen. In one of those conversations, Mary asked Knox what right he had to rebuke the queen so directly and openly. Knox replied, \"I am a worm of this earth, and yet a subject...but I am a watchman, both over the realm (land) and the Kirk [Church] of God...For that reason I am bound in conscience (it is my duty) to blow the trumpet publicly (openly)\".\nMary's violent life finally made even many of her Catholic supporters abandon her. She gave up the throne, which allowed Knox to pass the Reformation in Scotland and form the Presbyterian Church."}
+{"id": "20367", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20367", "title": "List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine", "text": "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the Nobel Prizes which were created by Alfred Nobel. This award is decided by the Karolinska Institutet, a major medical center in Sweden. The Prize is given every year to a person or persons who have done excellent work in the area of medicine (treating or stopping disease) or physiology (the way the body works)."}
+{"id": "20368", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20368", "title": "List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature", "text": "The Nobel Prize in Literature is one of many Nobel Prizes given in honor of Alfred Nobel. Every year, a writer is chosen by the Swedish Academy to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. They choose someone who they think has written something that has great value. The prize was awarded the first time in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.\nList of laureates.\nList of Nobel Prize laureates (winners) in Literature from 1901 to the present date."}
+{"id": "20369", "revid": "484549", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20369", "title": "Floods", "text": "Floods are terrible."}
+{"id": "20370", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20370", "title": "1 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20371", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20371", "title": "29 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20372", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20372", "title": "13 December", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20373", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20373", "title": "20 September", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20374", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20374", "title": "Zuni", "text": "The Zuni, also called Zu\u00f1i or Ashiwi are a Native American tribe. They live near the Zuni River. This river flows into the Little Colorado River, in western New Mexico, United States.\nThey are famous for their language, which is not like other Pueblo or Native American languages. It is a language isolate."}
+{"id": "20375", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20375", "title": "Tidal wave", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20376", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20376", "title": "Great Schism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20377", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20377", "title": "Fallacy", "text": "A fallacy is an incorrect argument in logic and rhetoric. It gives a result which is not valid or lacks soundness. In mathematics, a fallacy can occur when the reasoning violates the condition of its applicability. Fallacies are either formal fallacies or informal fallacies.\nFormal fallacies.\nA formal fallacy is an error in logic. This shows in the argument's form. All formal fallacies are types of non sequiturs (the conclusion does not follow from the premises). \nEven if the conclusion of an argument is correct, it is not supported by the logic given.\nInformal fallacies.\nInformal fallacies are arguments that are fallacious for reasons other than structural flaws. They usually need examination of the argument's content. Some examples of informal fallacies include:\nFaulty generalizations.\nFaulty generalizations are made when one reaches a conclusion from weak premises. Unlike fallacies of relevance, in fallacies of defective induction, the premises are related to the conclusions\u2014yet only weakly buttress the conclusions. A faulty generalization is thus produced.\nRed herring fallacies.\nA red herring fallacy is an error in logic where a proposition is, or is intended to be, misleading in order to make irrelevant or false inferences. In the general case any logical inference based on fake arguments, intended to replace the lack of real arguments or to replace implicitly the subject of the discussion.\nRed herring \u2013 argument given in response to another argument, which is irrelevant and draws attention away from the subject of argument. "}
+{"id": "20379", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20379", "title": "Goat", "text": "Goat may mean:"}
+{"id": "20380", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20380", "title": "Myanmar", "text": "Myanmar (), formerly and occasionally called Burma in English, is a country in Southeast Asia. Its full name is the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Myanmar is the largest country in Southeast Asia that is not an island country. Its capital city is Naypyidaw and its largest city is Yangon.\nIt is bordered by China on the north, Laos on the east, Thailand on the southeast, Bangladesh on the west, and India on the northwest, with the Andaman Sea to the south, and the Bay of Bengal to the southwest. There are over of coastline.\nGovernment.\nSince 2021, Myanmar is again ruled by a junta. Min Aung Hlaing is (2025) the acting president, and SSPC chairman, and prime minister.\nThe name, \"Myamnar\".\nIn 1989, the military junta officially changed the English version of its name from \"Burma\" to \"Myanmar\". It also made a new name in English for places in the country, such as its former capital city, from \"Rangoon\" to Yangon. The official name of the country in the Burmese language, \"Myanmar\" did not change, however. The renaming was controversial, seen by some as linguistically bad. Accepting the name change in the English-speaking world has been slow, with many people still using the name \"Burma\" to refer to the country. Major news organizations like the BBC still call it Burma. Some question the military junta's authority to \"officially\" change the name in English in the first place. Aung San Suu Kyi, however, calls the country Myanmar now.\nHistory.\nMyanmar had a strong kingdom in ancient times, but the nation was taken over by the British in the 1800s. It was occupied by the Empire of Japan in the 1940s. Myanmar became independent in 1948 as the Union of Burma, and had a democratic government at first. However, in 1962, a coup d'\u00e9tat brought the military into power, where it has been ever since. The founder of modern Myanmar, Aung San was assassinated months before independence. His daughter Aung San Suu Kyi was placed under house arrest many times for leading the democracy movement.\nIn 1991, the military junta agreed to democratic elections, which were won by the National League for Democracy, and should have made Aung San Suu Kyi the Prime Minister. However, the dictatorship ignored the results of the elections and continued ruling. In November 2005, the military government stated that the national capital would be moved from Yangon to a location near Pyinmana, which was renamed Naypyidaw in March 2006.\nSince independence in 1948 and the assassination of Aung San, Burma has had civil wars between its governments and minority ethnic groups like the Kachin, Karen, Shan and others. These conflicts are known as the Internal conflict in Burma.\nHistory about government.\nThe country was ruled by a military junta led by General Ne Win from 1962 to 1988. Its political system today stays under the tight control of its military government. In 1991, Senior General Than Shwe began ruling the country. In 2011 Thein Sein was elected as a first president of the civilian government. In 2016 Htin Kyaw became the second elected civilian leader. Aung San Suu Kyi, who is prevented from becoming president by the constitution of Myanmar, will act as an advisor to Kyaw.\nIn March 2018, Win Myint became the country's tenth President.\nLand.\nToday, there are 14 sections. 7 are called states and the other 7 are called divisions.\nThe divisions are split into townships. The townships are divided into villages and wards.\nEconomy.\n\"Myanmar\u2019s gross domestic product [or GDP] in the fiscal year ending March 2025 is expected to [... be lower than] a previous 1% growth forecast\", according to the World Bank.\nInflation is 26% (in 2024).\nCrime.\nIn regard to scam centers that do a lot of internet fraud: There is a \"cluster of 27 [of those] around Myawaddy\"; One of those scam centers had c. 2100 workers, according to media (2025's fourth quarter)."}
+{"id": "20382", "revid": "10252015", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20382", "title": "1460s", "text": "The 1460s was the decade that started on January 1, 1460 and ended on December 31, 1469. It is distinct from the decade known as the 147th decade which began on January 1, 1461 and ended on December 31, 1470."}
+{"id": "20383", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20383", "title": "1460", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20384", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20384", "title": "1517", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20385", "revid": "10496482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20385", "title": "1554", "text": "1554 (MDLIV) was a common year starting on Monday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "20386", "revid": "10250075", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20386", "title": "1532", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20387", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20387", "title": "1206", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20388", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20388", "title": "\u00a3", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20390", "revid": "92894", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20390", "title": "Modern Greek language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20391", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20391", "title": "Ben Nevis", "text": "Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the British Isles at high. It is in Scotland, near Fort William. The mountain forms part of the Three Peaks Challenge and attracts an estimated 100,000 climbers per year,\nThe name comes from the Scottish Gaelic, Beinn Nibheis, which may mean poisonous or terrible.\nThe Summit.\nThe summit of Ben Nevis is a large stony plateau of about . The highest point is marked with a large stone mound which sits an Ordnance Survey trig point.\nThe ruined walls of an observatory are also on the summit. An emergency shelter has been built on top of the observatory tower for people caught out by bad weather. The roof of the shelter is higher than the trig point by several feet, making it the highest man-made structure in the UK. A war memorial to the dead of World War II is next to the observatory.\nOn 17 May 2006, a piano that had been buried under one of the cairns on the peak was uncovered by the John Muir Trust, which owns much of the mountain. The piano is believed to have been carried up for charity by removal men from Dundee over 20\u00a0years earlier.\nThe view from the UK's highest point can reach to over , and mountains such as the Torridon Hills, Morven in Caithness, Lochnagar, Ben Lomond, Barra Head and Knocklayd in County Antrim, Northern Ireland can be seen."}
+{"id": "20392", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20392", "title": "Snowdon", "text": "Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales. Its top is known as \"Yr Wyddfa\" (Old Welsh meaning \"the grave\"). The English name Snowdon comes from Saxon \"Snow Dun\", meaning \"snow hill\".\nIt is in Snowdonia National Park. As the highest mountain in Wales, Snowdon is one of three mountains climbed as part of the Three Peaks Challenge."}
+{"id": "20394", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20394", "title": "Businesses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20395", "revid": "92910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20395", "title": "Students", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20398", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20398", "title": "Manaus", "text": "Manaus is the principal city of the North Region of Brazil. It is the capital of Amazonas. Manaus had a great age when latex was discovered in the Amazon region. Manaus developed economically and culturally. After that great age, latex started to be produced in other countries, particularly Malaysia and Indonesia, where due the similar climate the plants start to grow even faster than in Brasil.\nManaus is considerated as the entrance door to the biggest ecological reservation in the planet: The Amazon rainforest. Its name come from a tribe called Mana\u00f3s that lived in this area and means \"Mother of God\". The colonization started on 1669, with a small fort, and around it grew a settlement. In 1833 it became a village, with the name of Manaus. On October 24th of 1848 it receive the name of city and became the Capital of the state.\nManaus is the site of the \"encontro of the waters\" where two big rivers Rio Negro (black river) and Solimoes River come together and for more than 10\u00a0km \"walk together but not mixed\" because of their differing density, and then become the Amazon.\nThe American Charles Goodyear, inventor of vulcanization, developed a procedure to process the juice of the rubber tree into rubber. The city became rich, and India rubber barons paid for a big biggest luxury from Europe, a copy the Grand Paris Op\u00e9ra - the TEATRO AMAZONAS. Other monuments from this time include the MERCADO MUNICIPAL, a copy of the famous market halls Les Halles in Paris, the arts centre RIO PALACIO NEGRO between fascinating Portuguese facades. \nToday Manaus is a foreign trade zone. Foreign enterprises pay here no import duties what guarantees a certain income for the city and the region. Electronics, wood industry and oil refineries have settled in the outskirts in industrial areas. The harbour is the most important trading centre for the care of the city with regional, national and international products.\nAbout 1.5 million people live in Manaus.\nIt was nominated as one of the places for the Soccer World Cup 2014. the city is growing rapidly and start to prepare for the event that will bring a lot of people.\n Manaus in Facebook\nThe Opera house is the major cultural heritage of the Amazonas. It was inaugurated in 1896 during the rubber boom. In spite of the predominance of neoclassic elements, other styles were used, so the architecture is eclectic, with materials brought from Europe as well as artists like Domenico de Angelis, Giovanni Capranesi and Crispim do Amaral. Preserved as a national heritage since 1965, today, with more than 100 years, it has room for 681 people including balconies and three floors of boxes. After the restauration made by the state government in 1990, the theater rescued its splendor, with performances of famous operas, national and international musicians."}
+{"id": "20400", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20400", "title": "Amazonas", "text": "Amazonas is the name of four places in South American nations:"}
+{"id": "20403", "revid": "10251983", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20403", "title": "1740s", "text": "The 1740s was a decade that began on 1 January 1740 and ended on 31 December 1749. It is distinct from the decade known as the 175th decade which began on January 1, 1741 and ended on December 31, 1750."}
+{"id": "20404", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20404", "title": "Tocantins (state)", "text": "Tocantins is a state in central Brazil. The state was made in 1988 out of the northern part of Goi\u00e1s, and construction began on the capital, Palmas, in 1989. Palmas is much newer than most cities in the area.\nThe state is the border between the Amazon Rainforest and Brazil's grassy flatlands. The state is very important for raising and selling cows and other farm animals."}
+{"id": "20406", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20406", "title": "Amazon rainforest", "text": "The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. \nThe forest is in a basin drained mainly by the Amazon River, with 1,100 tributaries. It is a moist broadleaf forest which covers . Of this, are covered by the rainforest.\nThis region includes territory from nine nations. Most of the forest is in Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, and Colombia with 10%. Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana have just a small amount of rainforest.\nThe Amazon has over half of the planet's rainforest area. It has many species of plants some include rosewood, mahogany and ebony. It is the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. The forest was formed at least 55 million years ago, in the Eocene period.\nBiodiversity.\nWet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome. Tropical forests in the Americas have more species than African and Asian wet forests.\nMore than one-third of all species in the world live in the Amazon rainforest. It is the richest tropical forest in the world in terms of biodiversity.\nThe region is home to ~2.5 million insect species, tens of thousands of species of plants, and some 2000 species of birds and mammals and a similar number of fish. The diversity of plant species is the highest on earth with some experts estimating that one square kilometre may contain over 75,000 types of trees and 150,000 species of higher plants. These trees absorb tons of carbon dioxide every year and slow down the climate change along with producing 20% of earth's oxygen. Hence, they are also known as \"'Lungs of Earth\"'. One square kilometre of Amazon rainforest can have about 90,000 tons of living plants. This is the largest collection of living plants and animal species in the world. One in five of all the birds in the world live here. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or cataloged.\nConservation.\nThe rain forest is shrinking. Man is causing this. More than a fifth of the Amazon rainforest has already been destroyed. The forest which remains is threatened. People who care for the environment warn about the loss of biodiversity. They also point out that releasing the carbon which is stored in the trees will increase global warming.\nEnvironmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity due to the destruction of the forest. Also, the release of the carbon in the vegetation would accelerate global warming. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's productivity on land and 10% of the carbon stores in ecosystems. of the order of 1.1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01011 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.\nSome people have calculated that it may even pay to save the forest. They said that one hectare of Amazonian forest in Peru is worth about US$6280, if it is used to harvest fruits, latex and timber (wood). If all the wood is cut down for timber, it has a value of about US$1000. Obviously, this can only be done once; it is not sustainable. When the forest has been cleared, the hectare of land can be used as a pasture, and is worth about US$148. Not all people agree on the study; some have questioned the assumptions behind it.\nThe Brazilian Air Force has been using surveillance aircraft to monitor the forest. At a conference in 2004, scientists warned that the rainforest will no longer be able to absorb the millions of tons of greenhouse gases annually, as it usually does, because of the increased speed of rainforest destruction.\nBy 2018, about 17% of the Amazon rainforest had been destroyed. When 20\u201325% (3\u20138% more) is destroyed, the climate will change. It will flip to a non-forest ecosystem \u2013 degraded savannah. As their homelands continue to be destroyed by deforestation, rainforest peoples are also disappearing.\nRubber boom.\nOnce the process of vulcanization was invented, companies began to make many kinds of new rubber products, such as boots and seals for machines. American and European companies began buying large amounts of latex from Brazil. This boom in Brazilian rubber began around 1870, but the need for automobile tires brought the greatest wealth to the new rubber producers.\nOther rain forests have rubber trees, but Amazonia has by far the best. However, the trees could not be farmed on plantations because if they were next to each other, the insects would eat them. Therefore, people had to find the trees in the rain forest, cut slits in them, leave cups to collect the latex, and come back later to get it.\nThousands of people moved to the rain forest to work collecting rubber. Most of these people were hired by rich rubber merchants. The rubber merchants loaned them money to come down the river and buy tools. Each merchant\u2019s collectors had to sell the rubber only to their rubber merchant at low prices and buy supplies only from them at high prices. That meant the collectors were always in debt to their merchant and could not leave to do something else. The rubber merchants quickly became very rich.\nThe center of the rubber trade was Manaus on the Rio Negro. It became first a boom town and then a beautiful, wealthy city. It had electricity before most of the cities in the United States did. The newly rich merchants built huge expensive homes and brought in automobiles to travel on the city\u2019s few roads. They built a magnificent opera house with crystal chandeliers and decorated tiles brought all the way from Europe.\nHowever, the rubber boom only lasted about forty years, ending by 1913. Some men had taken the seeds of the Amazon rubber trees and began growing them in the Asian rain forests. The trees grew well there, and they could be grown on plantations. The insects that could destroy them were in South America. So the price of rubber began to fall, and the Amazon rubber boom stopped."}
+{"id": "20407", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20407", "title": "Gosport", "text": "Gosport is a town in Hampshire, England. The population of Gosport is around 78,000 "}
+{"id": "20408", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20408", "title": "Indonesian language", "text": "Indonesian language (\"Bahasa Indon\u00e8sia\")\u00a0is the national and official language of Indonesia and is used in the entire country. It is a form of the Malay language. It is the language of official communication, taught in schools and used for broadcast in electronic and digital media. Being the top multilingual (especially trilingual) country in the world, most Indonesians also speak their own ethnic or native languages, with the most widely spoken being Javanese and Sundanese which consequently give huge influence into the Indonesian language itself.\nWith huge speakers throughout the country as well as by the diaspora who live abroad, Indonesian language is listed as one of the most spoken languages worldwide. Indonesian language also officially taught and used in schools, universities, and institutions worldwide, especially in Australia, Netherlands, Japan, South Korea, Timor Leste, Vietnam, Taiwan, United States of America, United Kingdom, etc.\nHaving a long-established historical ties with European countries since the colonialism era, some of Indonesian terms has absorbed into some European languages, mainly the Dutch and English. Indonesian language itself also has numerous loanwords which derived from the European languages, mainly from the Dutch, Portuguese, Spanish, and English. Indonesian language also has loanwords derived from Sanskrit, Chinese, and Arabic which diffused in Indonesian due to the trade and religious-based activities that had been done since ancient times within the Indonesian archipelago region."}
+{"id": "20410", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20410", "title": "All in the Family", "text": "All in the Family is an American situation comedy that aired on CBS from 1971 to 1979. It is about a working class family who live in Queens, New York City. The main character is Archie Bunker. The show deals with many controversial issues (including abortion and racism). The sitcom was created by Norman Lear and it was developed by Lear and Bud Yorkin. It is based on the British sitcom \"Till Death Us Do Part\" which was made by Johnny Speight. Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Sally Struthers, Rob Reiner, and Danielle Brisebois are the main actors on the show.\n\"All in the Family\" is seen in the United States of America as one of the greatest television programs in history. The show did not do good in the first season but a lot more people watched when CBS put in the summer reruns on television. Many people liked that the show talked about controversial issues. The show got number 1 on the Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. It was the first television show to do this. The episode \"Sammy Visit's\" was number 13 on \"TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time and \"TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time had \"All in the Family\" as the fourth greatest show of all time. Bravo put Archie Bunker as the \"greatest character of all time.\" \"All in the Family\" had seven spin-off shows made. That is the most spin-off shows from any show ever. \nThe show ended on April 8, 1979 but the spin-off show called \"Archie Bunker's Place\" started on September 23, 1979 and carried on with Archie Bunker until 1984. 15 years later Norman Lear created \"704 Hauser\" which was about a new family living in Archie Bunker's house after he sold it. The show was ended early after five episodes were put on television. \nPlot.\n\"All in the Family\" is about a family who lives during the early 1970s in the suburbs of Queens, New York City. The sitcom's main character is a World War II veteran and blue-collar worker Archie Bunker. Archie Bunker is old, a bigot, and is not very smart. He gets mad at the changes he sees in the world and wants to go back to when life was more easier. Archie does not like the Democratic Party and is a Republican. He stereotypes every person he meets. His wife, Edith Bunker is a nice woman but she is not very smart. She has a very big family but her family does not like Archie Bunker. Archie and Edith have one child. They have a daughter named Gloria Stivic who is a feminist. Archie calls Gloria \"little girl\". Gloria is married to Michael Stivic who is unemployed and is of Polish descent. Archie calls Michael the \"Meathead\" because Michael has different ideas about politics then Archie. Michael and Gloria have a son together. Archie thinks that Michael is dead from his neck to his head. Archie does not like the Jeffersons who are the African American family that live next door to them. Archie argues with George Jefferson many times but George's wife is a friends with Edith. Her name is Louise Jefferson. George and Louise have a son named Lionel Jefferson who helps out Archie. The Jeffersons move away and into the city. Edith also has a cousin named Maude Findlay who takes care of the Bunkers when they get sick. Archie argues with Maude many times because they do not have the same opinions about politics. The characters who live around Archie and his family are meant to show the changing demographics in the world, which Archie does not like.\nEarly seasons of the show.\nDuring the show the family goes through different situations. Many of the most funny moments of the show are in the first season. Early in the show, Michael wrote an angry letter to President Richard Nixon and Archie wrote a letter to Richard Nixon about why he liked him. Archie and the Jeffersons argue over the color of God's skin because he does not think God is black. But Archie gets drunk and is locked in the basement and he thinks that God came to rescue him but it was just one of the Jeffersons. He is surprised that God is black and bows down to him. In many of the episodes Michael and Archie argue. One time Archie was nearly arrested for owning tear gas and another time he went missing. Archie and the people he works with go on strike and Archie does not have a job. But Edith gets a job instead because the family needs money. This makes Archie mad because he thinks that the husband should be working. There are also some flashback episodes. The first one is about the first time Archie and Michael meet. It is a very famous episode and Michael got the name \"meathead\" in it. In the third season the episode,\"The Bunkers and the Swingers\" won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series. The episode was about Edith an Archie not knowing that they agreed to change husbands and wives for a night with other people who do it as a job.\nLater seasons of the show.\nLater on, Archie is in a broken elevator with a woman who Archie thought was crazy, an African American businessman and a Puerto Rican man and women who is about to give birth. In season eight of the show Gloria and Michael move out of the house and move into their own house to raise their son but the house is very close to Archie and Edith's house. Michael and Gloria start to argue many times and they think they might get divorced. Michael looks to Archie for help but it does not work very much. They do stayed married for the rest of the show. Archie's ideas about transgender people are put to test when he saved a transgender person's life not knowing that they were transgender. Many important and controversial things happen in season eight of the show. During the episode \"Edith's 50th Birthday\" a man who is dressed up as a police officer tried to rape Edith. Edith fights him off but has a very hard time telling Archie about it. Another time Archie and Michael are locked in Kelsey's Bar together and they argue but become very close and Archie finally tells Michael that he loves him. Later in the show Archie and Edith raise a young girl named Stephanie Mills who was abandoned by her father and her mother (Edith's cousin). Archie buys a bar with a friend and they own it. The story of \"All in the Family\" continued in \"Archie Bunker's Place\" and the house is the main place with a new family named the \"Cumberbatches\" in the spin-off show \"704 Hauser\" but the show was cancelled less than a month after it started.\nCreating the show.\nThe first pilot episode.\n\"All in the Family\" is based on the 1960s British sitcom television show \"Till Death Us Do Part\". Norman Lear said he read about the show in a \"Variety\" magazine. He thought the show was like the relationship that he had with his father. Norman Lear bought the rights to use \"Til Death Us Do Part\" and used the ideas of the show in \"All in the Family\". Norman Lear is the creator of \"All in the Family\". He would also add some of the things his father did into the show. CBS wanted to have the show but the show was going to be on ABC. There was two pilot episodes made. One was made on September 3, 1968 and called \"And Justice For All\". The pilot episodes had different actors and actresss for Michael (Tim McIntire) and Gloria Stivic (Kelly Jean Peters) and the house they lived in looked different. Archie and Edith were named \"Archie Justice\" and \"Edith Justice\" instead of Archie Bunker and Edith Bunker. Micheal was named \u201cDickie\u201d for the first pilot. Lionel Jefferson was played by D'Urville Martin instead of Mike Evans. For the start of the episode, Archie and Edith were singing, \"Those were the Days\" but the song was longer and shots of where they lived were shown but not them. Also Edith played the piano faster in this pilot episode then the rest of the show. The camera showed the door mat which said \"Justice\" before the episode started. The pilot was taped with three cameras so the people watching could see the characters feelings about things. This would be used for the entire show. Most other sitcoms used one camera but \"All in the Family\" was the first and more sitcoms used three cameras after. The pilot talked about many important issues instead of just one. The characters talked about race, welfare, antisemitism, and even different types of sausage. The ending credits of the pilot episode is the kitchen room with the party decorations up. Edith and Archie are singing the same song from the beginning as the credits roll.\nThe second pilot episode.\nABC did not like the first pilot because they did not think Archie and Edith were good together but ABC gave Lear the money to make a second pilot. The episode was made on February 10, 1969 in Los Angeles and it was called \"Those were the Days\". The second pilot episode was almost the same as the first pilot episode but in this pilot Gloria was played by Candice Azzara and Chip Oliver played Richard. Richard was the name of Michael Stivic's character and was named \"Dickie\" in the first pilot episode. D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson again. Another difference from the pilot episodes and the rest of the show is that Edith can be rude to Archie at times and calls Archie,\"Mr. Religion.\" For the start of this pilot episode, Edith and Archie are singing \"Those were the Days\" the same way it would be for the rest of the show. After Edith and Archie start to sing, shots of the neighborhood that they live in are shown but not Manhattan. The ending credits are Archie and Edith singing the same song but they are not shown. Instead the same shots from the opening song is shown but backwards. This was used for the rest of the show. \nThe pilots both had the same story. Gloria and Richard are making a surprise anniversary party for Edith and Archie. Gloria does not want Richard to argue with Archie. Their friend, Lionel Jefferson was fixing the toilet for them. When Richard and Gloria leave Archie and Edith come home, Edith is surprised to see the party. But when Richard and Gloria come back, Richard and Archie start to argue about controversial ideas. Gloria tells Archie that she is going to leave because they keep arguing but she does not. Lionel comes back to the house and Archie tries to show Richard that he likes African-Americans but insults Jewish people instead. Lionel and Richard play a joke on Archie and try to make him think that he is Jewish. Edith opens a present from Archie but he did not make it. She is very happy but Archie is confused. The episodes end with Archie insulting Richard.\nMaking the rest of the show.\nThis was the last pilot and it would be two years until the first episode of the \"All in the Family\" was made. Both of the pilot episodes were never put on television. ABC did not like the show because they thought it was too controversial and because another show, \"Turn-On\" was ended after one episode. They also thought that the people who watch ABC would not like Archie Bunker. Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin took back the screenplay and thought about making a movie with \"All in the Family\" and not a show because Norman and Bud has made good movies. Norman Lear had a meeting with United Artists about making movies and Bud had a meeting with CBS. CBS thought about getting \"All in the Family\" back. Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin agreed to make 13 episodes for the first season and CBS bought the show back. \nThe show was filmed at CBS Television City in Hollywood from 1971 to 1975 and then was filmed at Metromedia Square also in Hollywood, from 1975 to 1979. Tandem Productions was the company that produced the show. Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin created the company. Norman Lear wanted the show to be made in black and white but CBS would not let him. The furniture in the show did not have many colors in them this was because Norman Lear wanted the people watching the show to make it feel like they were looking at family photos. \"All in the Family\" was the first American sitcom to be recorded in front of a live audience. Each episode is 25 or 26 minutes long. CBS had a warning before each episode to warn the people watching that controversial topics would be talked about on the show, but they did it to make people laugh. CBS did this so people would know before the show started if they were going to be offended by what was on the show. Rob Reiner and Sally Struthers played Michael and Gloria instead and the first episode was put on television on January 12, 1971.\n\"All in the Family\" was not famous in the first season. But the show started to become famous when CBS had reruns of the first season on television.\nSetting and location.\n\"All in the Family\" takes place in Astoria which is a neighbourhood in Queens, New York. Many episodes of the show take place at Archie and Edith's house. The address for the house of Archie and his family is 704 Hauser but the address is not real. The house is real and is in Greendale also in New York. The Bunkers live near New York State Route 25A which is where Kelsey's Bar is and where \"Archie Bunker's Place\" is set. Many of the places mentioned in the show are real. Like the high school that Archie Bunker goes too is a real high school in Flushing, New York.\nCultural impact.\nMost sitcoms before \"All in the Family\" did not talk about controversial issues. \"All in the Family\" became very famous because it talked about controversial topics like race and sexuality but in a funny way. Many people liked the show because they thought the show was relatable for them because the show was about average people in the 1970s. Norman Lear used this when he made other shows like \"Sanford and Son\". \"All in the Family\" won many awards for it's success. The chairs that Archie Bunker and Edith sit in and the table that is in between the chairs are on display at the National Museum of American History. On the table is Archie's favorite beer and a bowl to stop his cigar when he is done smoking. The hat that Archie wears on the show is also at this museum.\nDuring the 1972 United States presidential election, shirts, and buttons were sold that said \"Archie Bunker for President.\" In 1998, the United States Postal Service created a stamp that cost 33 cents and was about \"All in the Family\".\nIn the sound recordings of the Watergate scandal the then-U.S President Richard Nixon was heard talking about how \"All in the Family\" \"glorifies homosexuality.\" He talks about Archie Bunker and calls Michael his \"hippie son-in-law\" but not does not say the show's name. Richard Nixon liked the show, having been mentioned many times in the sitcom and even been the plot of the second episode of the show. Nixon did not go on the show.\nThe rapper, Redman says Archie Bunker name in some of his songs when rapping about cigars because Archie is very well known for smoking large cigars.\nCharacters.\nMain characters.\nA main character is a character who is in almost all the episodes or is important to the story.\nSupporting characters.\nSupporting characters are characters who are in many episodes and help the main characters at times.\nRecurring characters.\nA recurring character is a character who is in only a few episodes but does not have a big part.\nTheme song.\nThose Were the Days.\nThe opening theme song for \"All in the Family\" is played at the start of each episode. The song is composed by Charles Strouse and the lyrics were written by Lee Adams. \"Those Were the Days\" is sung by Archie Bunker and Edith. Edith is playing during the piano during the song. In the introduction many clips of Manhattan from the sky are used. The clips start to show the neighborhoods as it gets closer to the Bunker's house. The final clip returns to the Bunker's house and Edith and Archie finish singing. There are many shorter versions of the lyrics here is the longest one which was made for Atlantic Records:\nBoy, the way Glenn Miller played\nsongs that made the hit parade\nGuys like me we had it made\nThose were the days\nDidn't need no welfare state\nev'rybody pulled his weight\ngee our old LaSalle ran great\nThose were the days\nAnd you knew who you were then\ngirls were girls and men were men\nMister we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again\nPeople seemed to be content\nfifty dollars paid the rent\nfreaks were in a circus tent\nThose were the days\nTake a little Sunday spin\ngo to watch the Dodgers win\nHave yourself a dandy day\nthat cost you under a fin\nHair was short and skirts were long\nKate Smith really sold a song\nI don't know just what went wrong\nthose were the days!\nIn 1975 Rob Reiner, Sally Struthers, Jean Stapleton, and Carroll O'Connor sung \"Those were the Days\" but changed the name to \"These are the days.\" The song was for the live audience but was not but on television. The lyrics were different and it was about what was currently going on and realizing the changes. This was the only time that Reiner and Struthers were also singing with Stapleton and O'Connor.\nRemembering You.\n\"Remembering You\" was the closing theme song for \"All in the Family\". The song would play after each episode had ended and the credits were being shown. The song was composed by Roger Kellaway. The lyrics were never added to the show but Carroll O'Connor did sing them when he was an television. During the song the clips from \"Those were the Days\" would play but instead it would be backwards. It used to just be a piano playing but lyrics sung by Archie Bunker actor, Carroll O'Connor were added. In the episode \"Stewie Loves Lois\" of \"Family Guy\" this song was played for the end credits:\nGot a feelin' it's all over now - All over now, we're through.\nAnd tomorrow I'll be lonesome, Remembering You.\nGot a feelin' the sun will be gone - The day will be long and blue.\nAnd tomorrow I'll be cryin', Remembering You.\nThere'a far away look in your eye when you try to pretend to me,\nThat everything is the same as it used to be.\nI see it's all over now - All over now, we're through.\nAnd tomorrow I'll be startin' Remembering You.\nFamily tree.\nThis is the family tree for the Bunker family. Archie and Edith have one daughter, Gloria who is married to Michael. They have one son named Joey. Archie also has a brother named Fred. The information about Archie's siblings do not work a lot. Early in the show Archie says that he has three siblings. But later on he says he was an only child. But there are episode after this that have Archie's brother Fred in them. \nEpisodes and ratings.\nEpisodes.\n<onlyinclude>\n</onlyinclude>\nAfter the two pilot episodes from 1968 and 1969, the first episode of the first season of \"All in the Family\" was called \"Meet the Bunkers\" and was on television January, 12 1971. Most of the seasons had 24 episodes but the first season only had 13 episodes. There were nine seasons of \"All in the Family\". In the episode, \"Sammy's Visit\" the longest laugh from the crowd happened when Sammy Davis Jr. kissed Archie during a photo. The episode was number 13 on \"TV Guide\"'s 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time. A special 90 minute episode was made in season nine for the 200th episode. The episode was called \"The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family\". The last episode is called \"Too Good Edith\" and is used to start the story of the spin-off \"Archie Bunker's Place\".\nFive episodes of \"All in the Family\" won awards for the episodes:\nSyndication.\nSyndication is when a television program is being shown on a different television network then the first one it was one. CBS started to do reruns of \"All in the Family\" during the sixth season of the show on September 1, 1975. Viacom stopped this in September 1979 and let other television networks air the show. In the late 1980s networks like TBS had the show on. From January 3, 2011, to December 31, 2017, the show aired on Antenna TV. As of January 1, 2018, the show began to air on GetTV.\nRatings.\n\"All in the Family\" is one of three shows ever to be number 1 in the Neilsen ratings five years in a row. The show was in the top 10 for seven of the nine seasons. 40.2 million people watch the show's last episode.\n\"All in the Family\" first season aired at 9:30 pm because more famous shows were aired at 8:00 pm. When a show is \"aired\" it means it is on television at that time. When the show started to be famous, CBS moved the show to 8:00 pm because more people would watch at that time. CBS moved the show to 9:00 pm but put the show back to 8:00 in the last season.\nHome media.\nSony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first six seasons of \"All in the Family\" on DVD from 2002 to 2007. Then in 2010 Shout! Factory released the seventh season of the show on DVD. In 2011, they released the eight and ninth season on DVD. In 2012 the whole show was released on DVD.\nSpin-offs.\nWhen a new show is created from a show that is already present, that is called a spin-off. \"All in the Family\" has the most spin-offs of any television show ever. There are even spin-offs of the spin-off shows. \"Maude\", \"The Jeffersons\", \"Good Times\", and \"Archie Bunker's Place\" were successful sitcoms and Norman Lear and CBS decided to make more. But \"Gloria\", \"Checking In\", and \"704 Hauser\" were not successful and were cancelled.\n2019 television special.\nOn May 22, 2019 ABC aired a television program special. The special was called \"Live in Front of a Studio Audience\" and new actors did an episode of \"All in the Family\" and \"Good Times\". Comedian and television host of \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" Jimmy Kimmel and the creator of \"All in the Family\", Norman Lear wrote the episode. Woody Harrelson played Archie Bunker and Marisa Tomei played Edith Bunker. The special was filmed in front of a live audience.\nCast.\nThese are the actors and the characters they play in \"All in the Family\".\nAwards and nominations.\n\"All in the Family\" is the first sitcom to have every actor who played the main characters win Primetime Emmy Awards for the show. The show also got nominated for many awards. A nomination is when something is picked with other people to maybe with something.\nTCA Heritage Award.\nIn 2013, the Television Critics Association gave \"All in the Family\" with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social ways it changed society."}
+{"id": "20411", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20411", "title": "Saint (disambiguation)", "text": "Saint can mean different things:\nReligion.\nDifferent religions & groups use the term \"saint\" differently. The word comes form Latin \"Sanctus\", which means holy. In general, saints are believed to be good examples of how people should live, or what people should do. Saints are synonymous, or are associated, with holiness. In the Roman Catholic Church, to become a saint, you have to go through a process called canonization, which is performed by the Pope."}
+{"id": "20412", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20412", "title": "Saint Lucia", "text": "Saint Lucia is a tropical island country in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is a part of the Lesser Antilles island group, and it is north of the islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and south of Martinique. As of 2010 there are about 174,000 people.\nThe official language is English. Saint Lucian Creole French (Kw\u00e9y\u00f2l), which is a French-based Creole is spoken by 95% of the people. About 70% of the people are Roman Catholic. \nTwo Nobel laureates, Arthur Lewis, an economist, and Derek Walcott, a poet and playwright, have come from the island.\nSaint Lucia is a full and participating member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and La Francophonie.\nSaint Lucia is the only country in the world to be named after a woman, Saint Lucy.\nHistory.\nThe first proven inhabitants of the island, the Arawaks, are believed to have first settled in AD 200\u2013400. Around 800 AD, the island would be taken over by the Kalinago. \nThe French were the first Europeans to settle on the island, and they signed a treaty with the native Caribs in 1660. England took control of the island in 1663. In ensuing years, England and France fought 14 times for control of the island, and the rule of the island changed frequently. Eventually, the British took full control in 1814. \nIn 1979, Saint Lucia peacefully gained independence from the United Kingdom but kept Elizabeth II as Head of State.\nGeography.\nThe volcanic island of Saint Lucia is more mountainous than many other Caribbean islands. The highest point is Mount Gimie, at above sea level. Two other mountains, the Pitons, form the island's most famous landmark. They are between Soufri\u00e8re and Choiseul on the western side of the island. Saint Lucia is also one of the few islands in the world that has a drive-in volcano. It is also famous for clear seas and sandy beaches.\nThe capital city of Saint Lucia is Castries. Over one third of all the people live in the capital. Major towns include Gros Islet, Soufri\u00e8re and Vieux Fort. \nThe local climate is tropical. They have northeast trade winds. There is a dry season from December 1 to May 31, and a wet season from June 1 to November 30.\nQuarters.\nSaint Lucia has 11 quarters, or parishes of the island.\nCities.\nThe cities in Saint Lucia are:\nPolitics.\nSaint Lucia is a constitutional monarchy, which means that the monarch (King Charles III) has no power in how the country is ruled. The King is represented by a viceroy. The Parliament is split into two \"houses\". The House of Assembly had 17 members who are elected by the people. The leader of the party with the most seats becomes the Prime Minister, who leads the government. \nEconomy.\nTourism is important to Saint Lucia's economy. There are more tourists during the dry season (January to April). Saint Lucia tends to be popular due to its tropical weather and scenery and its many beaches and resorts.\nOther tourist attractions include a drive-in volcano, Sulphur Springs, the Botanical Gardens, the Majestic twin Peaks \"The Pitons\", a world heritage site, the rain forests, and Pigeon Island National Park.\nMost tourists visit Saint Lucia as part of a cruise. Most of their time tends to be spent in Castries, although Soufriere, Marigot Bay and Gros Islet are popular locations to visit.\nSport.\nThe Windward Islands cricket team includes players from Saint Lucia. They play in the West Indies regional tournament. Darren Sammy is the first Saint Lucian to represent the West Indies. He is the current captain."}
+{"id": "20413", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20413", "title": "Yuri Gagarin", "text": "Yuri Alexeyevich Gagarin (; March 9, 1934 \u2013 March 27, 1968) was a Soviet and Russian cosmonaut (astronaut). He was the first person to travel into space. \nEarly life.\nYuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk (now in Smolensk Oblast, Russia), on 9 March 1934. Gzhatsk was renamed Gagarin in 1968 in his honour. His parents, Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina, worked on a collective farm. While manual workers are thought as \"peasants,\" this may be too-simple if applied to his parents\u00a0\u2014 his mother was said to love reading, and his father was a skilled carpenter. Yuri was the third of four children, and his elder sister helped raise him while his parents worked. Like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during the Nazi invasion in World War II. His two elder siblings were sent out to Nazi Germany for slave work in 1943, and did not return until after the war. While a youth, Yuri became interested in space and planets, and began to dream about his space tour which would one day become a reality. Yuri was thought by his teachers, as smart and hard-working, sometimes mischievous. His mathematics and science teacher had flown in the Soviet Air Forces during the war, which was said to make some impression on young Gagarin.\nAfter starting an apprenticeship in a metalworks as a foundryman, Gagarin was selected for further training at a technical high school in Saratov. While there, he joined the flight club, and learned to fly a light aircraft. In 1955, after finishing his technical schooling, he entered military flight training at the Orenburg Pilot's School. While there he met Valentina Goryacheva. Yuri married her in 1957, after gaining his pilot's wings in a MiG-15. Post-graduation, he was told to go to Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast, close to the Norwegian border, where bad weather made flying risky. As a full-grown man, Gagarin was tall, which was an advantage in the small Vostok cockpit. He became a lieutenant of the Soviet Air Force on November 5, 1957 and on November 6, 1959 he got the rank of senior lieutenant.\nSports.\nGagarin kept physically fit throughout his life, and was a good sportsman. As the space explorer Valery Bykovsky wrote:\nAs well as being a good ice hockey player, Gagarin was also a basketball fan, and coached the Saratov Industrial Technical School team, as well as being an umpire/referee.\nCareer in the Soviet space program.\nSelection and training.\nIn 1960, after the search and selection process, Yuri Gagarin was selected with 19 other space explorers for the \"Soviet space program\". Along with the other soon to be space explorers, he was tested by experiments made to test his physical and psychological score; he also underwent training for the upcoming flight. Out of the twenty originally selected, the final choice for the first launch was between Gagarin and Gherman Titov because of their performance in training, as well as their physical fitness.\nSpaceflight.\nOn 12 April 1961, Gagarin became the first man to travel into space, launching to orbit aboard the \"Vostok 3KA-3\" (Vostok 1). His call sign in this flight was Kedr (Cedar; ). During his flight, Gagarin famously whistled the song \"The Motherland Hears, The Motherland Knows\" (). The first two lines of the song are: \"The Motherland hears, the Motherland knows/Where her son flies in the sky\". This song was written by Dmitri Shostakovich in 1951 (opus 86), with words by Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.\nAround the same time, some Western people claimed that Gagarin, during his space flight, had made the comment, \"\"I don't see any God up here\".\" However, no such words appear in the direct record of Gagarin's talk with the Earth during the spaceflight. In a 2006 interview a close friend of Gagarin, Colonel Valentin Petrov, said that Gagarin never said such words, and that the phrase came from Nikita Khrushchev's speech at the fullness of the Central Committee of the CPSU, where the anti-religious propaganda was talked about. In a certain context Khrushchev said, \"\"Gagarin flew into space, but didn't see any God there\".\"\nFame and later life.\nAfter the flight, Gagarin became a world-famous celebrity. He toured in many places like in Italy, the United Kingdom, Germany, Canada, and Japan. He did this to promote the Soviet Union achievements.\nIn 1962, he began serving as a deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. He later came back to Star City. While there, he worked on designs for a reusable spacecraft. Gagarin worked on these designs in Star City for seven years. He became Lieutenant Colonel (or Podpolkovnik) of the Soviet Air Force on 12 June 1962. Then on 6 November 1963 he got the rank of Colonel (Polkovnik) of the Soviet Air Force. Soviet people tried to keep him away from any flights, being worried of losing their hero in an accident. Gagarin was backup pilot for Vladimir Komarov in the Soyuz 1 flight. As Komarov's flight ended in a deadly crash, Gagarin was banned from training for and helping out in further spaceflight/s.\nDeath.\nGagarin then became deputy training director of the Star City cosmonaut training base. At the same time, he began to re-join as a fighter pilot. On 27 March 1968, while on a routine training flight from Chkalovsky Air Base, he and flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin died in a MiG-15UTI crash near the town of Kirzhach. Gagarin and Seryogin were buried in the walls of the Kremlin on Red Square.\nPeople are not sure what caused the crash, but a 1986 investigation thinks that the turbulence from a Su-11 'Fishpot-C' interceptor using its afterburners may have caused Gagarin's plane to go out of control.\nRussian documents opened to the public in March 2003 showed that the KGB had changed their own investigation of the accident. In addition to this, one government and two military investigations. The KGB's report removed many conspiracy thoughts, instead of showing the actions of air base personnel added to the crash. The report says that an air traffic controller made Gagarin have old weather information. But by that time of his flight, conditions had become very bad. Ground crew also left fuel tanks on the aircraft. Gagarin's planned flight needed good weather and no outboard tanks. The investigation ended, saying that Gagarin's aircraft entered a spin, either because of a bird strike or because of a sudden move to avoid another aircraft. Because of the old weather report, the crew thought their altitude to be higher than it actually was, and could not properly react to bring the MiG-15 out of its spin.\nIn his 2004 book \"Two Sides of the Moon\", Alexey Leonov tells that he was flying a helicopter in the same area that day when he heard \"two loud booms in the distance.\" His thought was that the Sukhoi jet was flying below its minimum allowed altitude, and \"without realizing it because of the terrible weather conditions, he passed within 10 or 20\u00a0meters of Yuri and Seregin's plane while breaking the sound barrier.\" The resulting turbulence would have sent the MiG into an uncontrolled spin. Leonov thinks the first boom he heard was that of the jet breaking the sound barrier, and the second was Gagarin's plane crashing."}
+{"id": "20414", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20414", "title": "Yangtze River", "text": "The Yangtze River, or Yangzi (Simple Chinese: \u626c\u5b50\u6c5f / Traditional Chinese: \u63da\u5b50\u6c5f), or Chang Jiang (Simple Chinese: \u957f\u6c5f / Traditional Chinese: \u9577\u6c5f), is the longest River in China and Asia, as well as the world's third longest river (after the Amazon and the Nile). It is honored as one of the two main cradles of Chinese civilization. (another is Yellow River)\nThe river is about 3,900 miles long and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. It goes from the western part of China (Plateau of Tibet) into the East China Sea, which is part of the Pacific Ocean. It has been thought of as a dividing point between northern and southern China. It helped start the Chinese civilization.\nOn the river is a big dam called the Three Gorges Dam, which is the biggest in the world. It forms a man-made lake that stretches almost upstream.\nThe Yangtze River is home to many species. The Finless porpoise is endangered and the Lipotes vexillifer (Chinese river dolphin) which died in 2002. \nTop tourist attractions for the Yangtze river cruise are Chongqing Dazu Carvings, Three Gorges, lesser Three Gorges, Bai Di City, Fengdu Ghost City and so on.\nThe Yangtze River is also known as the Yanugzi or Chang Jiange.\nEtymology: \"The name Yangtze\" [... comes] from the name of the ancient fiefdom of Yang\", according to media.\nPollution.\nThe Yangtze river is becoming extremely polluted. The Yangtze river contains oil, dead animals and rubbish including cans, bags, wrappers, glass and plastic bottles. In 2001 about 23.4 billion tons of sewerage and factory waste was dumped in the river."}
+{"id": "20415", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20415", "title": "Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia", "text": "\"Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia\" is the national anthem of Saint Lucia. The song has been used since the country became independent in 1979. "}
+{"id": "20417", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20417", "title": "Soil Erosion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20418", "revid": "10252002", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20418", "title": "1590s", "text": "The 1590s was a decade that started on 1 January 1590 and ended on 31 December 1599.\nIt is distinct from the decade known as the 160th decade which began on January 1, 1591 and ended on December 31, 1600.\nEvents.\n1590"}
+{"id": "20419", "revid": "10249403", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20419", "title": "794", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20420", "revid": "10249363", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20420", "title": "537", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20422", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20422", "title": "Security Council", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20423", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20423", "title": "General Assembly", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20425", "revid": "1503295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20425", "title": "Tampico", "text": "Tampico is the main city in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico.\nIt was the site of an incident called the Tampico Affair during the Mexican Revolution in the early 20th century that led to armed conflict between Mexico and the United States. About 80 years earlier Tampico was part of a less serious conflict between the two countries, called the Tampico Expedition."}
+{"id": "20426", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20426", "title": "Teddy Roosevelt", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20427", "revid": "9553085", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20427", "title": "Goalkeeper", "text": "A goalkeeper is someone who protects a team's goal. There are goalkeepers in sports like football (soccer) and ice hockey, for example. The goalkeeper's mission is to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal. Goalkeepers normally wear more protective gear than other players on the team but this is not always true.\nFootball.\nA goalkeeper's kit (or \"uniform\") consists of shin guards and gloves to protect his hands from the impact of the ball when he catches it.\nHistorically, however, until the 1960s goalkeepers would wear no hand protection. \nUntil the early 20th century, the goalkeeper would often wear the same coloured strip as his teammates, with the only different item of clothing being his cap. However, in 1909, the Scottish Football Association took steps to ensure the goalkeeper would wear a different colour from the outfield players. This was to show his different role, as the only player allowed to handle the ball.\nIce hockey.\nThe goalkeeper in ice hockey (a \"Goalie\") uses thicker padding than the other players on the team. This is to prevent damage caused by being hit by the puck. The hockey stick of the goalie is much wider than the stick of other players. The bottom edge is also longer and flatter. The goalie has a very large leather glove on one hand. This glove has a large area to help catch the puck. Goalies normally wear masks that give protection to the entire face and head as well as the neck.\nField hockey.\nIn field hockey, the goalkeeper stands in the goal net, and stops the other team scoring. Goalkeepers need a lot of kit to protect them from the hockey balls that are hit at them. here is a list:\nGoalkeepers are the only position in hockey allowed to kick the ball. If another player kicked the ball it would be a foul."}
+{"id": "20429", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20429", "title": "BE IW", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20431", "revid": "32488", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20431", "title": "Fourth Crusade", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20432", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20432", "title": "Omaha Beach", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20433", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20433", "title": "Normandy invasion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20434", "revid": "10350820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20434", "title": "1580s", "text": "The 1580s started on 1 January 1580 and ended on 31 December 1589.\nIt is distinct from the decade known as the 159th decade which began on January 1, 1581 and ended on December 31, 1690."}
+{"id": "20435", "revid": "10391146", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20435", "title": "1583", "text": "1583 (MDLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar "}
+{"id": "20436", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20436", "title": "1810", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20437", "revid": "10251984", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20437", "title": "1730s", "text": "The 1730s was a decade that began on 1 January 1730 and ended on 31 December 1739. It is distinct from the decade known as the 174th decade which began on January 1, 1731 and ended on December 31, 1740."}
+{"id": "20438", "revid": "10344808", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20438", "title": "1730", "text": "1730 (MDCCXXX) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "20439", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20439", "title": "1754", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20440", "revid": "10252001", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20440", "title": "1600s", "text": "The 1600s was the decade that began on 1 January 1600 and ended on 31 December 1609. It is distinct from the decade known as the 161th decade which began on January 1, 1601 and ended on December 31, 1610"}
+{"id": "20441", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20441", "title": "1609", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20442", "revid": "10249999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20442", "title": "1601", "text": "1601 (MDCI) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar. It was the 1st year of the 17th century. "}
+{"id": "20443", "revid": "10249392", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20443", "title": "705", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20444", "revid": "10249293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20444", "title": "314", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20445", "revid": "10491994", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20445", "title": "1500", "text": "1500 (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar. The year was not a leap year in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. It was the last year of the 15th century.\nThe year was seen as being important by many Christians in Europe. They thought it would be the start of the end of the world. Their belief was based on the phrase \"half-time after the time\" when the apocalypse was due to occur. This phrase appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500. This time was also just after the Old World's discovery of the Americas in 1492. And it was greatly influenced by the New World. \nHistorically, the year 1500 is often seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Era."}
+{"id": "20446", "revid": "10249790", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20446", "title": "1780", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20447", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20447", "title": "1245", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20448", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20448", "title": "Mel Brooks", "text": "Melvin James Kaminsky (born June 28, 1926) also known as Mel Brooks is a Jewish American actor, comedian, writer, movie director, and producer. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.\nHe has directed, produced and written several movies. Most of these are comedies that make references to other movies.\nLegacy.\nBrooks is one of the few artists who have received an Oscar, Emmy, Tony, and Grammy. He was awarded his first Grammy for Best Spoken Comedy Album in 1999 for his recording of \"The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000\" with Carl Reiner. His two other Grammys came in 2002 for Best Musical Show Album for the soundtrack of \"The Producers\" and for Best Long Form Music Video for the DVD \"Recording the Producers - A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks\". He won his first of four Emmy awards in 1967 for Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety for a Sid Caesar special. He went on to win three Emmys in 1997, 1998, and 1999 for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role of Uncle Phil on \"Mad About You\". He won his three Tony awards in 2001 for his work on the musical, \"The Producers\" for Best Musical, Best Original Musical Score, and Best Book of a Musical. He also won a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award for \"Young Frankenstein\". Three of Brooks's movies are on the American movie Institute's list of funniest American films: \"Blazing Saddles\" (#6), \"The Producers\" (#11), and \"Young Frankenstein\" (#13).\nBrooks worked with some people many times. Performers who worked on three or more of Brooks' movies are: Gene Wilder, Dom DeLuise, Madeline Kahn, Harvey Korman, Cloris Leachman, Ron Carey, Dick Van Patten and Andr\u00e9as Voutsinas.\nOn December 5, 2009 Brooks was one of five recipients of the 2009 Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C.\nOn April 23, 2010 Brooks was awarded the 2,406th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.\nPersonal life.\nBrooks was married to Florence Baum from 1953 to 1962. Their marriage ended in divorce. Mel and Florence had three children, Stephanie, Nicky, and Eddie.\nBrooks was married to the actress Anne Bancroft from 1964 until her death from uterine cancer on June 6, 2005. They met at a rehearsal for the Perry Como Variety Show in 1961 and married three years later. Their son, Max Brooks, was born in 1972. In 2010, Brooks said Bancroft was the main force behind his involvement in making \"The Producers\" and \"Young Frankenstein\" for the musical theater."}
+{"id": "20451", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20451", "title": "Advert", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20452", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20452", "title": "Hawai\u02bbi Volcanoes National Park", "text": "Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is a national park in the U.S. state and island of Hawaii. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park was created in 1916. It includes The Mauna Loa, which is the Earth's biggest volcano, and Kilauea, the Earth's most active volcano.\nThe park shows the results of millions of years of volcanism, and evolution. These processes produce bare land from the sea, and with complex and unique ecosystems, a distinct Ancient Hawaiian culture. K\u012blauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa is the biggest, it offers scientists with insights on the birth of the Hawaiian Islands, and can give visitors views of the dramatic volcanic landscapes.\nIn recognition of its outstanding natural values, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park has been designated as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage Site in 1987.\nRecent events.\nOn March 19, 2008, there was a small explosion in Halemaumau crater, the first explosive event since 1924 and the first eruption in the K\u012blauea caldera since September 1982. \nDebris from the explosion was scattered over an area of . A small amount of ash was also reported at a nearby community. The explosion covered part of Crater Rim Drive and damaged Halemaumau overlook. The explosion did not release any lava, which suggests to scientists that it was driven by hydrothermal or gas sources.\nThis explosion event followed the opening of a major sulfur dioxide gas vent, greatly increasing levels emitted from the Halemaumau crater.\nIn 2008, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park and Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes became sister parks."}
+{"id": "20456", "revid": "1478380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20456", "title": "Km\u00b2", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20459", "revid": "1675177", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20459", "title": "Pertussis", "text": "Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory infection (of the lungs and breathing tubes) caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In 2018, there were more than 151 000 cases of pertussis globally. There were 92,407 cases of whooping cough in England and Wales in 1957. In 2022, after the success of the vaccination programme there were 3,506. \nPertussis spreads easily from person to person mainly through droplets in the breath put out by coughing or sneezing. The disease is most dangerous in infants, and is a significant cause of disease and death in this age group. The disease usually infects younger people, as they are more prone to diseases. \nPeople with pertussis are most contagious up to about 3 weeks after the cough begins, and many children who contract the infection have coughing spells that last 4 to 8 weeks. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection. There is a vaccine that can prevent it, so most cases of it are in places where people cannot afford, cannot get, or refuse to get the vaccine. \nHowever, this vaccine does not work forever. The three-dose primary series diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP3) (- containing) vaccines lower the risk of severe pertussis in infancy. In 2018, 86% of the global target population had received the recommended three doses of DTP-containing vaccine during infancy. There is also a 6-in-1 vaccine which includes this infection for babies at 8, 12, and 16 months. WHO recommends that the first dose of the 3-in-1 vaccine is administered as early as 6 weeks of age; with the next doses given 4-8 weeks apart, at age 10-14 weeks and 14-18 weeks. A booster dose is recommended, best during the second year of life. Based on local epidemiology, further booster doses may be warranted later in life.\nVaccination of pregnant women is effective in preventing disease in infants too young to be vaccinated.\nThe first symptoms generally appear 7 to 10 days after infection. The disease lasts about 6 weeks (or 3 weeks after the cough begins), and symptoms include vomiting from coughing up thick mucus, and other flu-like symptoms (mild fever (high temperature is uncommon), runny nose, cough). In typical cases the cough gradually develops into a hacking cough followed by whooping (hence the common name of whooping cough). Infants may have a problem breathing and turn blue or grey. Adults commonly become red in the face. Pneumonia is a relatively common complication, and seizures and brain disease occur rarely. \nPetussis can be dangerous. Babies under 6 months old with whooping cough have an increased chance of having problems such as:\nWhooping cough is less severe in older children and adults but coughing may cause problems including:"}
+{"id": "20460", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20460", "title": "Whooping cough", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20461", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20461", "title": "Whooping-cough", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20462", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20462", "title": "Sickness", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20464", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20464", "title": "Deity", "text": "A deity is thought to be a powerful spirit that controls events and the nature of things. Deities are also called gods. A female god is often called a goddess. The adjective of deity is \u2018divine\u2019. This word comes from the Latin \"deus\" (female: \"dea\").\nDifferent religions believe in different deities. Since there are many religions in the world there are many different ideas about how many deities there are, what they are, and what they can do. Followers of many ancient religions and some modern religions believe in many deities, which is called polytheism. \nThe two largest religions on earth, Christianity and Islam, believe in only one God, which is called monotheism. Deism is the belief that a deity exists, but that the deity does not very often change or never changes things in the universe. Pantheism is the belief that the universe is the deity, while atheism is the belief that there are no deities.\nIn most religions, believers think deities are immortal (cannot die), and have powers far beyond human powers.\nExamples.\nSome of the deities of different religions are:"}
+{"id": "20465", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20465", "title": "Tb", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20468", "revid": "10033473", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20468", "title": "Odin", "text": "Odin (Old Norse: \"\u00d3\u00f0inn\") is the god of wisdom, knowledge, air, poetry, death, healing, royalty, divination, gallows, frenzy, magic and runic alphabet in Norse mythology. Son of Borr and the giantess (j\u00f6tunn) Bestla, Odin is the chief of the \u00c6sir (all the Germanic gods) and king of Asgard. He is married to the goddess Frigg, and is father to the gods Thor, Baldr, H\u00f6\u00f0r, V\u00ed\u00f0arr, and V\u00e1li.\nKnown as the All-Father, Odin is often accompanied by two ravens, Huginn and Muninn, along with the wolves Geri and Freki; the god rides into battle atop an eight-legged steed, Sleipnir, and wields the mighty spear Gungnir, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi and is said to never miss its target. \nA defining feature of Odin is his being one-eyed, a result of him having sacrificed an eye to drink from the Well of Ur\u00f0r, which granted him an incomprehensible amount of knowledge of the universe. Odin himself often receives counsel from the severed head of the being M\u00edmir, which recites secret knowledge to him. Half of the souls of those slain in battle will be guided by the Valkyries, battle maidens, to Valhalla, Odin's enormous and majestic hall: the other half go to F\u00f3lkvangr, Freyja's realm. Odin was known in Old English as W\u014dden, in Old Saxon as W\u014ddan, and in Old High German as Wuotan or W\u014dtan, all of which stem from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *\"w\u014d\u0111anaz\". \nThe modern English weekday name Wednesday bears the god\u2019s name. (from Old English \"W\u014ddnesd\u00e6g\", \u201cW\u014dden\u2019s day\u201d).\nFamily.\nOdin is the son of Borr and the j\u00f6tunn Bestla. He is married to the goddess Frigg, by whom he is the father of the twin gods Baldr and H\u00f6\u00f0r. With the giantesses Gr\u00ed\u00f0r and Rindr, Odin has two other sons named V\u00ed\u00f0arr and V\u00e1li. His eldest son is Thor, god of thunder, born to him by J\u00f6r\u00f0, the personification of the Earth. "}
+{"id": "20470", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20470", "title": "Qazi Muhammad", "text": "Qazi Muhammad (1893 \u2013 1947) was the Nationalist and religious Kurdish leader and the Head of the Republic of Mahabad, the second modern Kurdish state in the Middle East (after Republic of Ararat). He acted as the president of the Russian backed Republic of Mahabad, in Kurdistan of Iran (Eastern Kurdistan) in 1946. He was also the founder of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran. A year later, the Kurdish national movement (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd) that he helped organize was crushed by Iran's central government. The Iranian military court sentenced him to death, and he was hanged in Chuwarchira Square in the center of city of Mahabad at 30 March 1947. Mustafa Barzani, the father of nationalist Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan (Southern Kurdistan), was the defence minister in his cabinet. One of his sons Ali Qazi is today an active member in the Kurdish movement."}
+{"id": "20471", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20471", "title": "Fresh-water", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20472", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20472", "title": "Salt-water", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20473", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20473", "title": "Sea water", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20474", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20474", "title": "Brine", "text": "Brine is water that has more than 5% salt in it. It is used for preserving food. For this it is much like vinegar or sugar. Brine is also used to transport heat. Adding salt to water lowers the freezing point of the water. The solubility of salt in water depends on temperature. At 15.5\u00b0C, a saturated solution of brine can hold 26.4 % salt by weight. At 0\u00b0C, it can hold 23.3% salt.\nBrines also have some pharmaceutical properties, which can be used to treat people, especially those with diseases of the skin, allergies and common colds."}
+{"id": "20475", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20475", "title": "Sea salt", "text": "Sea salt is salt that is produced by the evaporation of salt water. It is used as a seasoning in foods, cooking, cosmetics and for preserving food. It is also called bay salt or solar salt."}
+{"id": "20476", "revid": "10252016", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20476", "title": "1450s", "text": "The 1450s was the decade that started on January 1, 1450 and ended on December 31, 1459. It is distinct from the decade known as the 146th decade which began on January 1, 1451 and ended on December 31, 1460."}
+{"id": "20477", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20477", "title": "1855", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20478", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20478", "title": "The Philippines", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20479", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20479", "title": "Music writer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20480", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20480", "title": "Aladdin", "text": "Aladdin is a fictional person from the story \"Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp\", which is part of the \"Book of One Thousand and One Nights\". \nStory.\nThe young man Aladdin is told by a sorcerer (magician), who is pretending to be his uncle, to get him an oil lamp from a cave. Aladdin gets the lamp, but the sorcerer tries to trick him. So, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself. Aladdin learns that inside the lamp there is a djinn. The djinn can fulfill every wish of the lamp's owner. With the djinn's help, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries a princess. \nThe sorcerer returns and tricks Aladdin's wife into giving him the magic lamp. Aladdin finds out that in a ring he has, there is another djinn. This djinn helps Aladdin defeat the sorcerer, get back the magic lamp, and save his wife.\nAdaptions (new versions of the story).\nThere have been different versions of the story:"}
+{"id": "20482", "revid": "10471140", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20482", "title": "Nirvana", "text": "In Buddhism, Nirvana is the state of perfect peace free from reincarnation reached by not wanting more than you have. Meaning happiness and peace, it is every Buddhist's goal. The Buddha described it as:\n\u201cthe far shore, the subtle, the very difficult to see, the unaging, the stable, the undisintegrating, the unmanifest, the unproliferated, the peaceful, the deathless, the sublime, the auspicious, the secure, the destruction of craving, the wonderful, the amazing, the unailing, the unailing state, the unafflicted, dispassion, purity, freedom, the unadhesive, the island, the shelter, the asylum, the refuge...\u201d (SN 43:14)"}
+{"id": "20483", "revid": "9742866", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20483", "title": "Lahti", "text": "Lahti is a city in P\u00e4ij\u00e4nne Tavastia, Finland. Literally it means \"bay\". It is part of the province of Southern Finland. As of April 2014, there were about 103,450 people living in Lahti. Lahti was the eighth biggest city in Finland as of 31 August 2012.\nThe concert house Sibelius Hall () in Lahti is named after Jean Sibelius. Many stars, including Antti Tuisku, have performed there.\nHistory.\nLahti's transport was big already at 14th century. Lahti was first a village that belonged to Hollola. It was been burned in 1877. Lahti has been a city since 1905. The population then was 2,779.\nIn 2016, Nastola merged with the city of Lahti."}
+{"id": "20484", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20484", "title": "British Virgin Islands", "text": "The British Virgin Islands is a British Overseas Territory and are part of the Virgin Islands, a chain of islands in the Caribbean. The islands comprise of the eastern half of the island chain. The British Virgin Islands has sixteen inhabited islands and more than twenty uninhabited islands. Over 22,000 people live there, which is fewer than the neighbouring United States Virgin Islands.\nThe capital city, Road Town, is on Tortola, one of the islands in the group. Most of the people live on Tortola, but the other main inhabited islands include Anegada, Virgin Gorda and Jost Van Dyke.\nHistory.\nThe islands were originally lived in by Caribbean Indians called Arawaks. By the time the first European explorers discovered the British Virgin Islands all of the Arawaks had left. The first Europeans to try and settle in the British Virgin Islands were the Dutch, but the English came soon after and the English and the Dutch settlers used to fight. The Spanish also claimed the islands, but no Spanish people ever tried to settle there. But the Spanish did attack the British and Dutch settlers.\nIn 1672 the British took control of the islands during a war against the Dutch and they have held on to them ever since.\nDuring the early years after European settlement the British Virgin Islands was a plantation economy which relied heavily upon slave labour. After slavery was abolished in the British Virgin Islands there was a long period of decline and many people left. Those who remained were mostly descended from African slaves, although many of them also left to try and find better lives elsewhere.\nIn the 1950s the British Virgin Islands got its own government, and the economy of the islands began to get better with the introduction of tourism and financial services.\nGovernment.\nThe British Virgin Islands are mostly self-governing, but some parts of the government is run by the United Kingdom.\nA new constitution was introduced in 2007. It grants more control over everyday life to the Islanders, and lists the protection a person can expect from the government. The head of Government in the British Virgin Islands is called the Premier, and he is in charge of a group of ministers of government which is called the Cabinet. Laws are passed by a group of elected politicians in the House of Assembly. Most of the international relations are still dealt with by the British Government in London on behalf of the people of the British Virgin Islands.\nEconomy.\nMost people in the British Virgin Islands work in the tourist trade or in financial services. There are also a small number of farmers and fishermen."}
+{"id": "20487", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20487", "title": "Lamp", "text": "A lamp is a device that makes light and heat. Lamps usually work with electricity, using a lightbulb. In the United States, a lamp is usually considered a desk lamp or floor lamp. Other sources of light are called 'lights', such as streetlights, flashlights, and headlights, which in some countries are called streetlamps, torches and headlamps.\nBefore electric lamps were invented, gas lamps, oil lamps or candles were used."}
+{"id": "20488", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20488", "title": "Breslau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20489", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20489", "title": "Pinocchio", "text": "Pinocchio is a fictional character from the 1883 book \"The Adventures of Pinocchio\" by Carlo Collodi.\nPinocchio is a puppet, made by wood carver, Geppetto. When he tells lies, his nose gets longer. Pinocchio learns about being a real life boy and wants to be a real human being instead of a puppet made of wood and strings.\nThe most well-known and beloved version of the story is the 1940 animated Disney movie \"Pinocchio\". \nThe other two most famous and beloved versions and adaptations of the story are from the Mexican Guillermo Del Toro and the Italian Giuliano Cenci."}
+{"id": "20491", "revid": "10258859", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20491", "title": "Diplomacy", "text": "Diplomacy is about relations between countries. For example, countries can make an agreement together, such as a treaty. Diplomacy is the talk between the representatives of states, such as their heads of state. Sometimes, these talks are about trade or business, and sometimes they are about war and peace. Diplomacy happens a lot when two or more countries fight.\nOverview.\nDiplomacy can be an action, a skill, or a job. The skill of diplomacy uses tact, like choosing words that are friendly and polite when writing to other countries. People doing diplomacy as a job find solutions to a common problem between countries, or put their country in a better strategic position among other countries.\nDiplomats.\nThe people doing the job of diplomacy are called diplomats. They are sent from their home country, to meet with and talk to diplomats and leaders of foreign countries. An important type of diplomat is called an ambassador. An ambassador lives in a foreign country and works in an embassy to be available for meetings with the government of that country."}
+{"id": "20492", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20492", "title": "Acellular", "text": "Acellular or non-cellular life is life that exists without a cellular structure. Some scientists say that a virus is a type of life form."}
+{"id": "20493", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20493", "title": "Manaos", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20495", "revid": "1560550", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20495", "title": "Mexico (state)", "text": "The state of M\u00e9xico is one of the administrative divisions of the country of Mexico. It is one of 32 administrative divisions. It is in the south central part of the country. It borders Hidalgo, Quer\u00e9taro, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Michoac\u00e1n, Morelos and Guerrero as well as Mexico City. The capital of the state is Toluca. Its biggest city is Ecatepec de Morelos, which borders Mexico Federal district. Teotihuacan is also in this state. It is about 21.355 km\u00b2 in surface. About 14 million people live there as of 2005.\nHistory.\nThe Tepexpan man is an important discovery for Mexican and foreign anthropologists, as it is an important key to understanding what the Valley of Mexico was like almost 3,000 years ago; it also allows us to date the beginning of the settlement of the area that occupies near Mexico City. Some scholars initially attributed an age of 11,000 years to it; others, 5,000, and some have even suggested 3,000 years. This individual was initially identified as a man, but recent research identifies it as a woman, although this is a matter of debate."}
+{"id": "20501", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20501", "title": "Yawn", "text": "A yawn is a reflex. It involves a large, long taking in of air, the stretching of eardrums as the jaw opens wide, and last a (sometimes loud) breathing out. Pandiculation is the act of yawning and stretching simultaneously. It is easy to see when someone is yawning, but no-one knows what its function is but it may serve as a way of communication. \nYawning is commonly associated with tiredness, stress, overwork, lack of stimulation and boredom. In humans, yawning is often triggered by others yawning (e.g. seeing a person yawning, talking to someone on the phone who is yawning) and is a typical example of positive feedback. This \"infectious\" yawning has also been observed in chimpanzees and dogs. Cats both yawn and stretch, though not necessarily at the same time.\nContagiousness.\nThe yawn reflex has long been observed to be contagious. In 1508, Erasmus wrote, \"One man's yawning makes another yawn.,\" and the French proverbialized the idea to \"Un bon b\u00e2illeur en fait b\u00e2illier deux.\" (\"One good gaper makes two others gape\"). Often, if one person yawns, this may cause another person to \"empathetically\" yawn. Observing another person's yawning face (especially his/her eyes), even reading, or thinking about yawning, or looking at a yawning picture can cause a person to yawn.\nThe immediate cause for contagious yawning may be the mirror neurons in the frontal cortex of certain vertebrates, which, upon being exposed to a stimulus, activates the same regions in the brain. Mirror neurons have been proposed as a driving force for imitation which lies at the root of much human learning such as language acquisition. Yawning may be an offshoot of the same imitative impulse.\nReasons, functions.\nCharles Darwin argued, in \"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals\", that if a behaviour was present in many cultures, then it must be inherited (wholly or partly). All traits which appear in a wide range of animals must have some function which is supported (or was supported) by natural selection. In most cases the function is obvious, but with yawning we do not know what that function is. Suggestions have been made, but they do not seem to account for its widespread occurrence in mammals, and possibly in other vertebrates.\nOther vertebrates.\nBecause mammals have similar emotions, and can show their emotions very clearly, it is agreed that when they look as if they are yawning, it is yawning in every sense. The reasons for this are similar to the reasons why we think other humans feel the same as us when the show the same signs."}
+{"id": "20507", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20507", "title": "Constantine", "text": "Constantine can mean:"}
+{"id": "20510", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20510", "title": "Constantine Maroulis", "text": "Constantine Maroulis (born September 17, 1975) is an American singer, actor and writer from New York. He was on the popular television program \"American Idol\". With his past work experiences, he stands out from other \"American Idol\" singers. Before he was on television, he sang in the rock band Pray for the soul of Betty. Right now, he is taking a break from his band to sing on his own. He is the first \"Idol\" alum to sign a contract for the making of a new television sitcom."}
+{"id": "20511", "revid": "1174782", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20511", "title": "Sean Lennon", "text": " is an American actor, musician, singer and writer.\nLennon was born on October 9, 1975 at New York Hospital in New York City, He is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono. He is Japanese on his mother's side and English, Welsh and Irish on his father's side. This makes him Eurasian. He has the same birthday as his father.\nLennon is currently dating model/musician Charlotte Muel. Lennon had been engaged to musician Bijou Phillips.\nGroups involved in.\nLennon has worked with Mark Ronson and childhood friend Jordan Galland.\nHe has been a member of the groups Cibo Matto, Ghost of a Saber Toothed Tiger and Dopo Yume."}
+{"id": "20512", "revid": "1455501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20512", "title": "Eurasian people", "text": "A Eurasian person is a person of mixed European and Asian descent or mixed parentage (someone with one Caucasian parent and one Asian parent). In Hawaii, the term \"hapa\" is used. Eurasian people can also mean people who live in Europe or Asia, or by the Ural Mountains."}
+{"id": "20513", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20513", "title": "Wallonia", "text": "Wallonia (, , , , , ) or the Walloon Region (French: \"R\u00e9gion wallonne\") is a French-speaking region in the south of Belgium. Its official languages are French (98%) and German (2%). Many people understand the local language Walloon, some still speak it, and few people write it. German is spoken mainly in the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.\nThe capital of the region is Namur. Other important cities are: Li\u00e8ge, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Verviers.\nFrench speaking Walloons share the French community with French speaking people of Brussels.\nCurrent Minister-President of the Walloon Government is Elio Di Rupo.\nProvinces.\nWallonia has five provinces:\nRelated pages.\nWallonia (or Walloon Region) is one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are:"}
+{"id": "20514", "revid": "10251999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20514", "title": "1610s", "text": "The 1610s was a decade that began on 1 January 1610 and ended on 31 December 1619. It is distinct from the decade known as the 162th decade which began on January 1, 1611 and ended on December 31, 1620."}
+{"id": "20515", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20515", "title": "1498", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20516", "revid": "10249799", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20516", "title": "1772", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20518", "revid": "9045095", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20518", "title": "Cryptorchidism", "text": "Cryptorchidism is a condition where one or both testicles does not drop down (\"descend\") into the scrotum."}
+{"id": "20519", "revid": "10101651", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20519", "title": "Buddy Holly", "text": "Buddy Holly (born in Lubbock, Texas as Charles Hardin Holley, September 7, 1936 \u2013 February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singersongwriter. In April 1959, he had a number one song (after death) on UK Singles Chart music chart. He wrote \"That'll Be the Day\"; In 1957 the song when played by The Crickets, went to number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart.\nHolly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music.\nHolly played several different types of instruments. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues. The style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. His group were called The Crickets.\nBuddy Holly died on February 3, 1959 when a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near Mason City, Iowa. Also killed in the crash were Ritchie Valens and J.P. \"The Big Bopper\" Richardson, including pilot Roger Peterson.\nIn popular culture.\nSinger Don McLean's popular 1971 song \"American Pie\" made February 3 known as \"The Day the Music Died.\""}
+{"id": "20521", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20521", "title": "4 August", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20522", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20522", "title": "John Denver", "text": "Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. (December 31, 1943 \u2013 October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter. He was of German and Irish ancestry. He was very popular in the 1970s. He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California.\nDenver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as \"among the most beloved entertainers of his era\" On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53.\nAwards and recognition.\nAcademy of Country Music\nAmerican Music Awards\nCountry Music Association\nEmmy Awards\nGrammy Awards\nSongwriters Hall of Fame\nDeath.\nOn October 12th, 1997 Denver was piloting his own \"experimental ultralight plane\" off of Monterey Bay, California. He made an error in calculating his remaining fuel levels and fatally crashed directly into the ocean near Lover's Point, Pacific Grove, after the plane ran completely out of gas. After a thorough investigation completed by the National Aviation Services and supporting law enforcement, it was deemed that he was too confined within the limited space of his plane to successfully engage his reserve tank. Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains.\nReferences.\n5. https://gulfnews.com/today-history/october-12-1997-singer-john-denver-dies-in-plane-crash-1.2104320"}
+{"id": "20524", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20524", "title": "Castaic, California", "text": "Castaic is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the U.S. state of California. It is in Los Angeles County."}
+{"id": "20525", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20525", "title": "North West England", "text": "North West England is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom. The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are in the south of this region. The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages.\nLocal government.\nThe official region consists of the following subdivisions:"}
+{"id": "20526", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20526", "title": "Central Point, Oregon", "text": "Central Point is a city in Oregon, USA. It has a population of 18,997 people as of 2020. It has an area of 3.9 square miles."}
+{"id": "20528", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20528", "title": "Puebla City", "text": "Puebla, Mexico is a Mexican city. It is southeast of Mexico City in a broad valley. The city has had many names over the years including City of Angels, City of Tiles, and Heroic City of Zaragoza.\nPuebla was the main city of colonial Mexico. The architecture and look of Puebla is the most European of all the colonial cities. This is because it was built completely by a Spanish. Most cities at the time were built within an existing Native American community.\nPuebla is highly industrialized, having factories belonging to Volkswagen, Audi, and Bimbo. The historic downtown area remains a Spanish colonial treasure. It is filled with 17th and 18th century European architecture. The city has a nice climate all year around, friendly and courteous people living there and good food."}
+{"id": "20530", "revid": "1478794", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20530", "title": "Puebla", "text": "Puebla is part of the name of several places:"}
+{"id": "20531", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20531", "title": "Subtract", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20532", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20532", "title": "Multiply", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20533", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20533", "title": "Divide", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20535", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20535", "title": "Namur (city)", "text": "Namur (, ) is a municipality in Belgium. It is the capital of both Namur Province and of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium. It is in the French-speaking part of Belgium. \nIn 2012, there were 112'246 people in Namur.\nNamur is at 50\u00b0 27 North, 04\u00b0 51 East."}
+{"id": "20536", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20536", "title": "Namen (city)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20540", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20540", "title": "Mariska Hargitay", "text": "Mariska Magdolna Hargitay (born January 23, 1964 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American actress. She is best known for her role on the television series \"\". She is also the daughter of actors Jayne Mansfield and Mickey Hargitay.\nCareer.\nHargitay plays Detective Olivia Benson on the television series \"Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. \"Olivia is a sex-crimes detective who works with people and children who have been abused, assaulted, raped, molested, and otherwise victimized.\nHargitay was inspired by the sad stories she learned on SVU, and she created the real-life Joyful Heart Foundation in 2004. The Joyful Heart Foundation helps real-life survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault."}
+{"id": "20542", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20542", "title": "Santa Cruz de Tenerife", "text": "Santa Cruz de Tenerife is a municipality in the Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, in Canary Islands, Spain.\nIt has an area of 150.4 km\u00b2 and a population of 208,103 people."}
+{"id": "20545", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20545", "title": "Saint Helena", "text": "Saint Helena is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean at . It is named after Saint Helena of Constantinople. It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about and has a population of 4,084 (2008 census).\nNapoleon was sent to this island by the British and their allies as a result of Napoleon's return from the Elba island and loss at the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon died there in 1821.\nThe island is on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.\nHistory.\nEarly history (1502\u20131658).\nThe island was discovered in 1502 by the Portuguese admiral Jo\u00e3o da Nova, and he named it \"Santa Helena\" after Helena of Constantinople. The traditional date of this discovery was long thought to be 21 May, but the results of an investigation into the discovery published in 2015 concluded this date is probably wrong, the 3 May seeming to be historically more valid. Another theory holds that the island found by De Nova was actually Tristan da Cunha, to the south, and that Saint Helena was discovered by some of the ships under the command of Est\u00eav\u00e3o da Gama on 30 July 1503.\nThe Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and fresh water. They imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island was, for ships travelling from Asia to Europe, an important place to stop to get food and water, and frequently sick sailors were left on the island to recover. After 1588, the island was visited also by Dutch and English ships.\nThe Dutch Republic formally made claim to St Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope.\nEast India Company (1658\u20131815).\nIn 1657, the English East India Company was given a permit to govern St\u00a0Helena by Oliver Cromwell, and the following year the Company decided to colonise the island with farmers. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, got there in 1659, and made St\u00a0Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort was completed and a number of houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a Royal permit to start a colony in the island. The fort was named \"James Fort\" and the town \"Jamestown\", in honour of the Duke of York, later King James II of England.\nThe importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792 and Chinese workers were brought to work in the farms. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population.\nBritish rule (1815\u20131821) and Napoleon's exile.\nIn 1815, the British government decided to use the island of St. Helena as a place of detention for Napoleon Bonaparte. To prevent any attempt to escape from the nearby islands, they formally annexed the islands of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. In 1821, Napoleon died on the island of St\u00a0Helena.\nIn 1858, the French emperor Napoleon III got the possession, in the name of the French government, of Longwood House and the lands around it, last residence of Napoleon I (who died there in 1821). It is still French property.\nCrown colony (1834\u20131981).\nOn 22 April 1834, the island of St\u00a0Helena became a colony of the British crown.\nA local industry using the fibre from New Zealand flax was successfully reestablished in 1907 and generated considerable income during the First World War. However, the industry declined because of transportation costs and competition from synthetic fibres and the last flax industry closed in 1965.\nIn 1922, the Ascension then was attached as a dependency followed by the Tristan da Cunha Island 12 January 1938.\n1981 to present.\nIn 1981, the British governmente changed the status of Saint\u00a0Helena and the other Crown colonies to \"British Dependent Territories\".\nIn 2009, Saint Helena and its two territories received equal status under a new constitution, and the British Overseas Territory was renamed Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.\nGeography, plants and animals.\nThe island of Saint Helena has a total area of . The centre is covered by forest, of which some has been planted. Much of the island has been identified by BirdLife International as being important for bird conservation, especially the endemic Saint Helena Plover or Wirebird, and for seabirds breeding on the islets near the coast.\nThe highest point of the island is Diana's Peak () at . In 1996 it became the island's first national park. In 2000 a project began to replant part of the lost Great Wood, called the Millennium Forest, and is now managed by the Saint Helena National Trust, established in 2002.\nThere are several rocks and islets off the coast, including: Castle Rock, Speery Island, the Needle, Lower Black Rock, Upper Black Rock (South), Bird Island (Southwest), Black Rock, Thompson's Valley Island, Peaked Island, Egg Island, Lady's Chair, Lighter Rock (West), Long Ledge (Northwest), Shore Island, George Island, Rough Rock Island, Flat Rock (East), the Buoys, Sandy Bay Island, the Chimney, White Bird Island and Frightus Rock (Southeast), all of which are within one kilometre of the shore.\nThe national bird of Saint Helena is the Saint Helena Plover, known locally as the Wirebird. It appears on the coat of arms of Saint Helena and on the flag.\nClimate.\nThe climate of Saint Helena is tropical, marine and mild, tempered by trade winds that blow almost continuously.\nAdministrative divisions.\nSaint Helena is divided into eight districts. People that works and lives in the Jamestown Harbour and in the Royal Mail Ship \"St. Helena\" (RMS) are included in the census in their work places (see reference).\nEconomy.\nThe island had an economy of only one crop until 1966, based on the cultivation and processing of New Zealand flax for rope and string. St\u00a0Helena's economy is now weak, and is almost entirely sustained by aid from the British government.\nThe tourist industry is heavily based on the presence of Napoleon in the island.\nSaint Helena produces what is said to be the most expensive coffee in the world. It also produces and exports \"Tungi Spirit\", made from the fruit of the prickly or cactus pears, \"Opuntia ficus-indica\" (\"Tungi\" is the local St Helenian name for the plant). Ascension Island, Tristan da Cunha and Saint Helena all issue their own postage stamps which provide a significant income.\nBanking and currency.\nSaint Helena has its own currency, the Saint Helena pound, which is at parity with the pound sterling. The government of Saint Helena produces coins and banknotes. The Bank of Saint Helena was established on Saint Helena and Ascension Island in 2004. It has branches in Jamestown on Saint Helena, and in Georgetown, Ascension Island."}
+{"id": "20547", "revid": "1531155", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20547", "title": "Helicopter", "text": "A helicopter (also often used: chopper or heli) is a kind of flying machine or aircraft. A helicopter lifts up off \nof the ground and moves because of its rotors. A rotor is several small wings, called rotor blades, that spin together around a shaft. For that reason, helicopters are sometimes called \"rotary-wing aircraft\". A helicopter flies differently from an airplane. An airplane must move forward to stay in the air, but because the helicopter's rotor blades are always moving, the helicopter can stop and stay in one place above the ground. Not needing a runway, they can land in places where an airplane cannot. Helicopters can move by tilting their rotor blades, which causes the aircraft to fly in the direction the blades are tilted.\nHistory.\nSince around 400 BC, the Chinese had a flying top that was used as a children's toy. The flying top was made from bamboo and used the same method of spinning wings to fly up in the air. Later flying tops were made of feathers tied to a stick. Leonardo da Vinci first thought of a helicopter flown by a man in 1490, and drew pictures of his ideas. It was hundreds of years later (in the early 20th century) before anyone built one that could really fly. The first practical helicopters were built by Frenchman Louis Breguet in 1935 and by German Henrich Focke in 1936. A Russian immigrant, Igor Sikorsky, built and perfected the first practical helicopter in America in 1939.\nUses.\nHelicopters are especially useful when there are disasters when infrastructure is damaged. Food packets, water, medicines and clothes are dropped from the air to people on the ground who cannot be reached by road. When people are injured, helicopters can carry them to hospitals faster than an ambulance on the road. \nHelicopters are also used by the military, because they can move troops and equipment to places an airplane cannot take them. Attack helicopters act as attack aircraft carrying and shooting guns and missiles.\nTraining helicopter is used for learning how to be a helicopter pilot."}
+{"id": "20548", "revid": "10476282", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20548", "title": "Baku", "text": "Baku (Azerbaijani: Bak\u0131), the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, is situated on the western coast of the Caspian Sea, along the Absheron Peninsula. Known as the \"City of Winds,\" Baku is the cultural, economic, and political hub of Azerbaijan. The city is home to approximately ~2.5 million residents within its administrative boundaries (2024 estimate), while the greater metropolitan area houses nearly ~4 million (unofficially ~5 million) people. The population is ethnically diverse, predominantly Azerbaijani, with minorities including Russians, Lezgins, and other Caucasian groups. Modern Baku is a thriving economic hub, with its economy heavily reliant on oil and gas exports. The city also focuses on diversifying into tourism, manufacturing, and technology. The Baku International Sea Trade Port is the largest on the Caspian, bolstering its regional economic significance. Baku boasts modern infrastructure, including the Heydar Aliyev International Airport, extensive highways, and the Baku Metro. Its skyline features iconic buildings such as the Flame Towers and the Heydar Aliyev Center, designed by Zaha Hadid. Baku is also a center of education, with prestigious institutions like Baku State University, Azerbaijan Medical University, and international schools \nFuture Prospects\nAs of 2024, Baku continues to grow as a cosmopolitan city, aiming to enhance its global standing through economic reforms, cultural diplomacy, and infrastructure development\nGeography and Climate.\nBaku is the lowest-lying national capital in the world, situated 28 meters below sea level, making it unique among global cities. It has a semi-arid climate (BSh), characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, windy winters. Strong winds, locally known as the Khazri and Gilavar, frequently sweep through the city, shaping its daily life and architecture.\nHistory and Heritage.\nBaku has a history dating back over 1,500 years. It became a major cultural and trading hub during the medieval period. The city's Old City (Icherisheher), a UNESCO World Heritage Site, includes landmarks such as:\nThe Maiden Tower, a symbol of the city.\nThe Palace of the Shirvanshahs, a 15th-century architectural masterpiece.\nDuring the late 19th century, Baku became a focal point of the world\u2019s first oil boom, attracting industrialists and architects from across the globe. This legacy has left the city with a mix of European-style mansions and Soviet-era buildings.\nModern Architecture.\nBaku\u2019s skyline combines historical monuments with modern architecture. Key landmarks include:\nThe Flame Towers, a trio of skyscrapers symbolizing Azerbaijan's progress.\nHeydar Aliyev Center, designed by Zaha Hadid, known for its futuristic design.\nBaku Crystal Hall, built for the Eurovision Song Contest 2012.\nThe city also features Baku Boulevard, a 26-kilometer-long promenade along the Caspian Sea, one of the longest in the world.\nEconomy.\nBaku is an important energy hub due to its proximity to large oil and gas reserves in the Caspian region. The city played a significant role during the industrial revolution in the late 19th century and remains a global energy center today.\nKey industries include:\nOil and Gas: SOCAR (State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic) is headquartered in Baku.\nPetrochemicals and Energy: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline is a major export route.\nTrade and Transportation: The Baku International Sea Trade Port is the largest port in the Caspian Sea.\nIn recent years, Baku has diversified its economy, investing in technology, tourism, and finance.\nMetropolitan Region.\nThe Baku metropolitan area includes surrounding cities such as Sumgayit, with a population of around ~500,000, and Khirdalan, with around ~200,000 people. These cities form a dynamic urban region connected by modern infrastructure, such as highways, railways, and the Baku Metro, which is expanding to meet growing demand.\nCultural Significance.\nBaku hosts major international events, enhancing its reputation as a global city:\nFormula 1 Azerbaijan Grand Prix, held annually on its street circuit.\nBaku International Jazz Festival, showcasing its vibrant music scene.\nEurovision Song Contest 2012, hosted at the Baku Crystal Hall.\nThe city is also home to numerous museums, theaters, and cultural sites, including the National Museum of History and the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum.\nEducation and Innovation.\nBaku is a hub for education and research. It hosts leading institutions such as Baku State University and ADA University, focusing on international studies and technology. The city also promotes innovation through tech startups and regional summits.\nTourism.\nTourism in Baku is growing rapidly, with attractions ranging from the historical Gobustan National Park, featuring ancient rock carvings, to the Ateshgah Fire Temple, a Zoroastrian site. Visitors also enjoy modern attractions like shopping malls, luxury hotels, and world-class restaurants serving Azerbaijani cuisine, such as plov, dolma, and kebab.\nEnvironmental Efforts.\nBaku is working hard to improve its environmental sustainability by creating more green spaces, using renewable energy, and making the city more modern in a way that helps the environment. The city is building more parks, gardens, and green areas where people can relax and enjoy nature. These green spaces help clean the air, reduce heat, and give homes to local plants and animals.\nBaku is also focusing on using renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, to help reduce pollution and save energy. Solar panels have been installed on public buildings, and the city is encouraging people to use clean energy in their homes and businesses. These efforts are part of Baku's plan to use less oil and gas and protect the environment for future generations.\nAs Baku grows, the city is also renewing old areas to make them more sustainable. This includes building energy-efficient homes and offices, improving public transport so people can travel without using cars, and finding better ways to manage waste. Baku wants to create a city where people can walk or ride bikes instead of relying on cars, which will help reduce pollution.\nNearby, the Absheron National Park is protecting local wildlife and nature. The park is home to many types of plants and animals, and it provides a safe place for them to live. It also gives people a chance to enjoy nature and escape the busy city.\nIn 2024, Baku is hosting COP29, an important meeting about climate change. Leaders from around the world will come to Baku to discuss ways to protect the planet. This event shows that Baku is serious about fighting climate change and is becoming an important city for environmental action. By hosting COP29, Baku is helping to bring people together to find solutions for a cleaner and greener future.\nConclusion.\nBaku is a city of contrasts, combining ancient history with modern development. Its strategic location, dynamic economy, and vibrant cultural scene make it one of the most important cities in the Caspian region and the South Caucasus. With its rapid growth and global outreach, Baku continues to shine as Azerbaijan\u2019s most prominent and iconic city.\nDivisions.\nToday, Baku is divided into 11 \"raions\" (administrative districts) and 5 settlements of city type. "}
+{"id": "20549", "revid": "1579795", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20549", "title": "Windows ME", "text": "Windows ME was the Millennium Edition of the Microsoft Windows operating system. Windows ME was based on MS-DOS (as were Windows 98 and 95), and was meant for people using computers in their homes. Windows ME and Windows 2000 were in use during the same time period, and were similar in looks. Windows ME was meant for home use and had more features that families found useful, while Windows 2000 was meant for businesses. Despite this, many home users also used Windows 2000, especially after Windows ME got bad reviews.\nWindows ME was released in the year 2000 and thus was called Windows Millennium Edition. It was the last Windows to be based on MS-DOS. Unlike Windows 2000, Windows ME got bad reviews due to bugs and incompatible hardware. Support and updates for Windows ME (and Windows 98) ended in 2006, whereas Windows 2000 was supported until 2010.\nReception.\nWindows Me initially received generally positive reviews, with reviewers citing the operating system's integrity protection (branded as \"PC Health\") and the new System Restore feature as steps forward for home users. However, users' real-world experience did not bear this out, with industry publications receiving myriad reports of issues with the \"PC Health\" systems, PCs refusing to shut down cleanly, and general stability problems.\nAs time went on, the reception became more negative, to the point where it was heavily panned by users, mainly due to stability issues. Retrospectively, Windows Me is viewed as the worst operating system Microsoft has ever produced, being unfavorably compared to its immediate predecessor and successor. Due to its many bugs and glitches, Windows Me is considered as the worst version of Windows. A \"PC World\" article dubbed Windows Me the \"Mistake Edition\" and placed it 4th in their \"Worst Tech Products of All Time\" feature in 2006. The article states: \"Shortly after Me appeared in late 2000, users reported problems installing it, getting it to run, getting it to work with other hardware or software, and getting it to stop running.\" Consequently, most home users remained with Windows 98, while some moved to Windows 2000 despite the latter being enterprise-orientated.\nSystem Restore suffered from a bug in the date-stamping functionality that could cause System Restore to date-stamp snapshots that were taken after September 8, 2001, incorrectly. This could prevent System Restore from locating these snapshots and cause the system restore process to fail. Microsoft released an update to fix this problem.\nByron Hinson and Julien Jay, writing for ActiveWin, took an appreciative look on the operating system. On the removal of real mode DOS, they had noted \"The removal of DOS has clearly made a difference in Windows Me in terms of stability (far less Blue screen of death are seen now) and booting speed has greatly increased.\" In a recommendation of the operating system upgrade for users of Windows 95 and 98, they had stated \"If Windows Me isn't a revolutionary OS it's clear that Microsoft has focused its efforts to make it more user-friendly, stable and packed full of multimedia options. The result is great and the enhancements added are really worth the wait.\" The new features that Windows Me introduced were also praised and have since remained part of subsequent Windows generations.\nAlong with Windows 2000 from the NT family, Windows Me was the last version of Windows that lacked product activation."}
+{"id": "20550", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20550", "title": "Librarian", "text": "A librarian is a person responsible for selecting, organizing, and delivering information materials in a variety of formats such as electronic databases, primary source materials, or printed books. Librarians also teach people to find and evaluate information found on the World Wide Web using Internet search tools and strategies. Librarians may work in different areas. Purchasing materials, putting them into categories, teaching, assisting people with questions, and working with information technology are a few of the possible specializations.\nThe role of a librarian varies across different types of libraries and locations.\nTraining.\nTo become a librarian in a university a person needs to have a master's degree in Library Science (MLS) or a Bachelor's degree in Library and Information Science.\nEmployment.\nMost librarians work for libraries in schools, colleges, or universities or in municipal, regional, or national libraries. Some librarians also work for private companies, to help them to organize their documents and reports. There are librarians that also work with the deaf and in prisons.\nRelated jobs.\nOther jobs in libraries include the job of library technician. To become a library technician, a person needs to complete a college diploma."}
+{"id": "20553", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20553", "title": "Graveyard", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20554", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20554", "title": "Geronimo", "text": "Geronimo (\"Chiricahua\" Goyaa\u0142\u00e9 'One Who Yawns'; often spelled Goyathlay in English), (June 16, 1829 \u2013 February 17, 1909) was a well-known Native American leader, but not chief, of the Chiricahua Apache tribe, but he was a Bedonkohe Apache. He was born in what is now the state of New Mexico and was also a respected medicine man. The name Geronimo was given to him by Mexican soldiers who either called to Saint Jerome while fighting him or transcribed his name into Spanish wrong. He led 38 Apache men, women, and children to resist being sent to reservations by the United States government or being captured by the Mexican Army. He surrendered in 1886. After that, he was moved to many different forts in the United States. In 1904 during the world fair in St. Louis, he sold souvenirs and pictures of himself. He died in 1909 from pneumonia."}
+{"id": "20555", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20555", "title": "Namur", "text": "Namur has these meanings:"}
+{"id": "20556", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20556", "title": "Namen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20557", "revid": "2337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20557", "title": "Gold Rush", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20558", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20558", "title": "Gold rush", "text": "A gold rush is when a lot of miners go to a mining place full of gold. Well-known examples are the California Gold Rush of 1848, the Australian gold rush which began in 1851, or the Fraser river gold rush in British Columbia, Canada in 1858."}
+{"id": "20559", "revid": "1639261", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20559", "title": "California Gold Rush", "text": "During the California Gold Rush, around 300,000 people traveled to California after gold was found at Sutter's Sawmill. The Gold Rush lasted from 1848\u20131855, peaking in 1852.\nWhile around $2 billion in gold was found during the Gold Rush, very few gold miners got rich.\nThe Gold Rush had major effects on California's history, economy, and population. People came from all over the world to look for gold. The population boomed, and San Francisco became one of America's major cities.\nBeginnings and growth.\nBefore gold was discovered in 1848, California's population was around 160,000; most of these people were Native Americans. California became a state in 1850, and by about 1855, more than 300,000 people had arrived in California.\nIn early 1848, a carpenter named James Wilson Marshall found small flakes of gold in a river while building a water-powered sawmill for John Sutter. He immediately went to tell Sutter, and they tried to keep the gold a secret. But word soon got out, and thousands of people started rushing west to look for gold. People who arrived in 1849 were nicknamed \"forty-niners.\"\nOver the next few years, hundreds of thousands of people traveled to California to seek their fortunes:\nPeople and jobs.\nSome of the gold miners (also called \"prospectors\") found large amounts of gold and became wealthy, but most did not.\nNot everyone who went to California during the Gold Rush looked for gold. Some opened businesses to provide services to gold miners (like clothing stores, barber shops, bakeries, and launderers). A few got rich and powerful this way, like Levi Strauss, who invented jeans made of strong denim.\nUsually merchants, farmers, and other people who sold supplies earned more than gold miners. Sometimes a woman could earn more than her gold-mining husband.\nEffects.\nThe Gold Rush had a major impact on California's history, economy, and population. California was not a state when the Gold Rush began, but it became a state in 1850.Before gold was discovered in 1848, the California territory's population was around 160,000; most of these people were Native Americans. By about 1855, more than 300,000 people had arrived. However, from 1851\u20131853, around one in every five people who arrived in California died within the next six months.\nCalifornia's population grew very rapidly. Between 1847 and 1860, California's population tripled. Meanwhile, San Francisco became a major American city. When the Gold Rush started, around 1,000 people lived there. Within two years, its population increased by 2,400%, and it had 25,000 full-time residents.\nThis was also a time when many people immigrated to the United States. For example, of 67,000 people who came to California in 1852, 4 in every 10 (20,000 people) came from China. They mined, built railroads, and worked on farms.\nNative Americans, dependent on traditional hunting, gathering and agriculture, became the victims of starvation and disease, as gravel, silt and toxic chemicals from prospecting operations killed fish and destroyed habitats. The surge in the mining population also resulted in the disappearance of game and food gathering locales as gold camps and other settlements were built amidst them. \nEnding.\nAs the Gold Rush went on, gold became harder and harder to find. Many of the forty-niners returned to their home countries, or gave up mining gold and found other work in California.\nThe California Gold Rush ended in 1855."}
+{"id": "20560", "revid": "1666689", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20560", "title": "Jeans", "text": "Jeans are a type of pants made from heavy, strong cotton material (fabric) called denim. They were invented in the United States by Levi Strauss in 1872. In the late 1800s, jeans were worn by workers. Jeans are one of the most obvious symbols of American cultural influence in the world. They are worn in many countries around the world.\nIn the 1950s, jeans became a popular fashion for teenagers and young adults. In the 1950s, jeans were part of rockabilly fashion for teenagers. Now, jeans are a very popular type of pants. They are usually worn as casual fashion clothing. Jeans are made in many styles and colors.\nThe word \"jeans\" came from the French name of the city in Italy where a strong cotton fabric was made. The Italian city's name, Genoa, was spelled \"jene\" in Middle English and \"G\u00eanes\" in the French language. "}
+{"id": "20561", "revid": "932285", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20561", "title": "Sovereignty", "text": "Sovereignty is the right of a government to have complete control over its area. The idea that this right comes from doing good things for the people under control of the government is as old as Ancient Greece if not older.\nThe exact meaning of Sovereignty has changed some in the past. The present meaning of Sovereignty is said to come from the Peace of Westphalia, an agreement between the rulers of Europe in 1648 which said:\nThe Past.\nAncient Rome.\nAncient Rome was first the Roman Republic, but then when Octavian made the Roman Empire the Emperor of Rome said that he was \"Sovereign\". The meaning of this was that he could make any law he wanted, and he did not have to do what the law said himself.\nMiddle Ages.\nIn the time of the Middle Ages many kings and rulers had to do what other leaders said, such as the leader of the Catholic Church, the Pope. Because of this, the idea of \"Sovereignty\" was not much used.\nReformation.\nIn the time of the Protestant Reformation, in the 16th century, governments were breaking away from religious leaders. Also many wars were fought between different rulers inside areas that are now sovereign countries. The English Civil War is one example of a war fought in this time between leaders inside one country.\nThe Peace of Westphalia was made in 1648 and the idea of \"Sovereignty\" came back. Governments were now separate from outside leaders and only one government or ruler inside a country could make laws. The divine right of kings became more widespread.\nThe Enlightenment and Social Contract theory.\nThe English thinker Thomas Hobbes wrote a book in 1651 that said rulers and governments are \"Sovereign\" because they are good for the safety of the people. The idea that people could change rulers if they were not safe was new with Hobbes.\nJean-Jacques Rousseau wrote a book in 1763 that said the choice of the people is the only thing sovereignty comes from.\nBoth Rousseau and Hobbes advanced a \"Social Contract\" in which people consent to a government's sovereignty just by living in the country and that people give up at least some of their liberty for security\nIn 1789 the French Revolution made an important country's government ruled by the choices of the people for the first time after the Middle Ages (some cities and small countries were democracies in the Middle Ages). There were many problems and France went back to the old way soon after, but would be ready for Democracy in 1870's. In England, many people got to vote after The Reform Act in 1832. The United States broke away from England in 1776-1783, but was not an important country at that time.\nPresent.\nBetween Countries.\n\"Sovereignty\" when talking about relations between countries mostly means the rights a Sovereign state has over its territory.\nSometimes there is discussion about when a government loses Sovereignty because it is doing bad things for its people. In this case justice may mean other countries need to intrude on the sovereignty of the government.\nInside a Country.\n\"Sovereignty\" when talking about relations between groups inside one country usually means which group has the Legitimacy to rule. This may not be certain. Sometimes the group who is most able to rule (because of a strong military) is not Legitimate."}
+{"id": "20565", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20565", "title": "U.S. Virgin Islands", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20567", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20567", "title": "Dairy products", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20568", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20568", "title": "Borders", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20569", "revid": "1679217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20569", "title": "FIFA", "text": "The International Federation of Association Football (FIFA ; French \"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association\") controls international football (also called soccer). The organization\u2019s main buildings are i\u0125n Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland. FIFA organizes major international football tournaments, and the most famous one is the FIFA World Cup, which has been held since 1930. FIFA was established on May 21, 1905 in Paris and has 209 national associations as its members. The organization\u2019s official languages are English, French, German and Spanish.\nThe president of FIFA is currently Gianni Infantino, serving since 26 February 2016.\nThe most powerful organ of FIFA is the FIFA Congress, which is an assembly made up of representatives from each member association. The Congress holds a regular meeting once a year, and since 1998 an additional meeting has been held every year. Only the Congress can pass changes to FIFA's laws.\nThe Congress decides whether FIFA should accept new national associations and elects the President of FIFA, its General Secretary and the other members of FIFA's executive committee. The President and General Secretary take care of what goes on within and around FIFA. The executive committee, with the President as its head, is responsible for deciding the dates, locations and format of tournaments.\nAlso, there are six regional confederations recognized by FIFA which take care of the game in the seven different continents of the world. National associations must be members of both FIFA and their regional confederation in order for their teams to compete in FIFA's competitions. The six confederations are AFC (Asian Football Confederation in Asia and Australia), CAF ( Confederation of African Football in Africa), CONCACAF (Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football in North America and Central America), CONMEBOL (\"Confederaci\u00f3n Sudamericana de F\u00fatbol\" or the South American Football Confederation), OFC (Oceania Football Confederation in Oceania) and UEFA (Union of European Football Associations in Europe)."}
+{"id": "20570", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20570", "title": "Federation Internationale de Football Association", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20572", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20572", "title": "Federation of International Football Associations", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20573", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20573", "title": "International Federation of Football Associations", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20576", "revid": "1685581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20576", "title": "American Idol", "text": "American Idol is an American reality-singing competition series created by Simon Fuller, produced by 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It aired on Fox from June 11, 2002 to April 7, 2016, as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol and has since become one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. On March 11, 2018, the 16th season aired on ABC.\nEventually the American people are allowed to vote by calling or texting, and the person with the fewest votes is off the show.\nThe TV show consists of multiple rounds of elimination. The singers can be anyone between the age of 15 and 29 years.\nHost and judges.\n\"American Idol\" often has three or four judges, who give comments on performances.\nThe three judges are: "}
+{"id": "20577", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20577", "title": "Smile", "text": "A smile is a face made by flexing the muscles near both ends of the mouth. The smile can also be made through the eyes (See 'Duchenne smile' below). Smiles usually express happiness. A smile can be natural or fake. However, smiling can be different with animals. When smiling, the teeth shows, but sometimes animals do this when they are threatening. When chimpanzees show their teeth, it can also be a sign of fear.\nDimples.\nDimples are genetically inherited. They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.\nDuchenne smile.\nAlthough there are many different types of smiles, researchers are interested in the duchenne smile because it is done with the eyes. The Duchenne smile was named after the French physician Guillaume Duchenne. Duchenne identified two types of smiles. A Duchenne smile is when the cheek raises and forms a wrinkle around the eyes. Many researchers think that Duchenne smiles are usually hard to make when you are pretending to smile.\nInternet.\nOn the Internet, smiles can normally be typed up. This is normally called a smiley, smiley face, or happy face. Smileys show emotion when people are not able to see it in real life. Smileys typed on the computer are called emoticons. Smileys can change depending on where the person typing the smiley is.\nWestern Style: :-), :-(, ;-), :-O, :-D, (;D)\nEastern Style: d(^.^)b, \\(^o^)/, >.<, ^_^, *<):)"}
+{"id": "20578", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20578", "title": "States of Brazil", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20583", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20583", "title": "Maceio", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20584", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20584", "title": "Apatheists", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20588", "revid": "156271", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20588", "title": "Parasites", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20591", "revid": "10050697", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20591", "title": "S\u0142upsk", "text": "S\u0142upsk is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship. It has about 100.000 inhabitants and 43,15\u00a0km\u00b2.\nHistory\nFirst mentioned in 1015. City rights granted in 1265 (confirmed in 1310, 1313 and later). It belonged to Poland, 1307-41 - to the Teutonic Order, 1342-1648 - the center of the Duchy of Pomerania. 14-16 centuries belonged to the Hanseatic League, had the right to mint coins. It flourished under the rule of Boguslav X. In 1630 it was occupied and devastated by the Swedish army. After 1648 it passed to Brandenburg (called Stolp in German). In 1807, the city was occupied by Napoleon's army. 19th-20th centuries flourished in the beginning.\nA Nazi concentration camp operated during World War II, where 800 people (mostly Jews) were killed in 1944-45. In 1945, the Nazi German army shot about 50 Polish civilians. In 1945, the city was occupied without a fight and the center was burned by the USSR army. 1975\u201398 S\u0142upsk \u2013 voivodeship, 19th century \u2013 1975 and since 1999 \u2013 county center."}
+{"id": "20592", "revid": "94773", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20592", "title": "Slupsk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20596", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20596", "title": "Motor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20598", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20598", "title": "Emperor of Ethiopia", "text": "The Emperor of Ethiopia was the name of the ruler of Ethiopia until 1975 when the emperors and the royal family, the Solomonids, were taken out of power.\nThe name that was used for \"Emperor\" by the Ethiopians means \"King of Kings\"."}
+{"id": "20599", "revid": "1529102", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20599", "title": "Solomonid dynasty", "text": "The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. The dynasty was restored by Yekuno Amlak, who overthrew the Zagwe dynasty in 1270. His successors claimed he was descended from the legendary king Menelik I, the son of the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba, in order to legitimize the dynasty's assumption of power. Based on a genome study published in the \"American Journal of Human Genetics\", there is genetic (DNA) evidence that there was gene flow from the Levant (today's Israel and Syria) into Ethiopia 3,000 years ago, during the times of Solomon and David. The origin and date of the admixture is in support of the dynasty's claims (\"Ethiopian Genome and Queen of Sheba\", Sergio Prostak, Sci.News). The Solomonic dynasty remained in power until 1974, when its last emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a coup d'\u00e9tat.\nThe emperors did not use their real name when they became Emperor of Ethiopia, but they made up a regnal name for their rule. For example, the first Emperor of the Solomonids was Yekuno Amlak. But he used the name \"Tasfa Iyassus\" after he became ruler.\nThe dynasty began in 1270, when Yekuno Amlak killed the last king of the Zagwe dynasty, which had ruled Ethiopia. Yekuno Amlak was made king, and European historians say was the first ruler of the dynasty. But most Ethiopian books say that Menelik I, the son of King Solomon of Israel and the Queen of Sheba, was the first Emperor of this dynasty.\nThe leaders of Ethiopia from 1270 to 1975 (mostly Solomonids):"}
+{"id": "20601", "revid": "9929404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20601", "title": "The Sound of Music", "text": "The Sound of Music is a musical. It was based on a 1956 German movie, \"Die Trapp-Familie\" and \"The Story of the Trapp Family Singers\" by Maria von Trapp. The book was written by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. The lyrics were written by Oscar Hammerstein II. The music was written by Richard Rodgers. It was the last musical written by Rodgers and Hammerstein. Hammerstein died nine months after the Broadway opening.\nStory.\nA young Austrian woman named Maria Rainer becomes the governess to the children of Captain Georg von Trapp, a widow. The children included Liesl (16), Friedrich (14), Louisa (13), Kurt (10 or 11), Brigitta (9), Marta (7) and Gretl (5). Maria teaches the children how to sing, during the famous song \"Do Re Mi\". The captain and Maria fall in love and marry. Von Trapp refuses to join the Nazis and escapes from the Salzburg Festival, where his family performed. The story ends with Maria and her family leaving from Austria to Switzerland.\nProductions.\n\"The Sound of Music\" was released on 16 November 1959 at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on Broadway. It starred Mary Martin as Maria and Theodore Bikel as Captain von Trapp. It moved to the Mark Hellinger Theatre on 6 November 1962, and closed on 15 June 1963 after 1,443 performances. The musical opened on the West End at the Palace Theatre on 18 May 1961. It starred Jean Bayless as Maria and Roger Dann as Capt. von Trapp. The musical ran for 2,385 performances.\nAwards.\nThe musical won a Tony Award for Best Musical.\nAdaptations.\nThe musical was released as a 1965 movie starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer."}
+{"id": "20604", "revid": "1688176", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20604", "title": "Academy Award for Best Picture", "text": "The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards. Also called Oscars, the Academy Awards are given to people working in the movie industry by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). The name of the award has changed over time. It was first Outstanding Picture in 1927. In 1930, the name was changed to Best Picture. It is still called that today.\nIn the list below are the winners of the award for each year. A list of the winners and other nominees is in the main article for each decade."}
+{"id": "20605", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20605", "title": "Quetelet Index", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20606", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20606", "title": "Slav", "text": ""}
+{"id": "20607", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20607", "title": "Bulimia nervosa", "text": "Bulimia nervosa is a serious eating disorder. It is normally called just bulimia. People with bulimia have cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors to stop them gaining weight. These behaviors may include self-induced vomiting, the misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise. Bulimia typically starts during adolescence or early adulthood and can have significant physical, emotional, and social consequences if left untreated.\nSymptoms.\nThe symptoms of bulimia nervosa can be divided into physical, behavioral, and psychological categories: \nPhysical symptoms: People with bulimia can have swollen cheeks or jawline due to repeated womiting. They also have sore throat and dental issues, such as enamel erosion and increased tooth sensitivity, caused by stomach acid. Dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, can lead to heart irregularities. People with bulimia also have gastrointestinal problems, including stomach pain and bloating. Fatigue and weakness can appears due to low food intake.\nBehavioral symptoms: They appears as episodes of eating unusually large amounts of food in a short time, often feeling out of control. Engaging in compensatory behaviors like womiting, using laxatives or over-exercising. In public they avoiding meals or eating in secret to hide disordered eating habits and also they have obsessive focus on body weight and shape. \nPsychological symptoms: People often have persistent feelings of guilt, shame or self-disgust related to eating habits. With bulimia are often associated anxiety or depression, often linked to distorted self-image. People experience difficulty concentrating or mood swing due to emotional distress and physical strain.\nThis disorder not only impacts an individual\u2019s physical health but also affects their mental well-being and quality of life, often requiring a multidisciplinary approach to treatment.\nConsequences.\nBulimia nervosa is a serious mental disease causing many side issues having a huge impact on all areas of our life. There are several possible consequences both on physical and mental health, but also our social life.\nPhysical health: Bulimia is usually characterized as a deeply destructive pattern of eating and purging. This behavior results in more or less serious condtitions. The bodily system that usually struggles the most is the digestive one. The first obvious symptoms are sore throat, stomach pain or teeth damage. This is caused by the excessive levels of acid. Acids also irritate your esophageus, your stomach, cause acid reflux, damage intestine and sometimes cause for example IBS (= irritable bowel syndrome). Another symptom can be a constipation. Bulimic people often use laxatives or some specific diet pills in order to get rid of the excessive calories in your body. These poeple might struggle with slower bowel order to get rid of the excessive calories in your body. Since the body experienced a long-term lack of energy, someone can struggle with low blood pressure or fainting before the body is fully recovered. What is unfortunately very common as well is a hormonal disbalance. Girls and women usually experience irregular period or even no period at all. In more severe cases, it can lead to infertility. Other possible consequences of bulimia may include hair loss, thin nails or skin problems. \nMental health: People with bulimia usually experience several mental problems, such as depression, anxiety or obsessive compulsive behaviors. Moodiness is also very common. That can occur due to lack of vitamins. Suicidal beahvior may form as a result of the stress and extremely unhealthy body image. That is why people with bulimia should be under constant control of psychiatric or psychologist. It is very important to have someone to talk to because it is incredibly hard for those recovering from an eating disorder to go back to normal life. \nSocial life: Eating disorders have a strong influence not only on our physical or mental health, but also on our social wellbeing and overall quality of life. Individuals struggling with bulimia nervosa often get the feeling of guilt, shame or embarassment. This usually leads to social isolation and other difficulties with maintaining relationships or even forming the new ones. It is also connected with possible communication issues in the future since bulimia patients tend to be constantly alone. Understanding how bulimia affects social life is crucial, especially when we might have someone with bulimia right next to us. This general awareness could help everyone to handle this situtation in a better way.\nStatistics.\nMost people who have bulimia are between the ages of 10 to 25. It is more common in females than it is in males. People who have had past trauma are more likely to be bulimic. People with obsessive compulsive disorder or perfectionism are also likely to have bulimia."}
+{"id": "20609", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20609", "title": "Turks and Caicos Islands", "text": "The Turks and Caicos Islands are two groups of islands in the Caribbean Sea, near the Bahamas. The islands lie southeast of Mayaguana in the Bahamas island chain and north of the island of Hispaniola. Cockburn Town, the capital since 1766, is in the Grand Turk Island about east-southeast of Miami, United States.\nThe islands have a total land area of . and they are on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.\nGovernment.\nThe government of Great Britain is also the ruler of the Turks and Caicos, but that ruler always acts through a governor. There are local elections for premier (similar to a president). Government offices are in the Grand Turk Island.\nGeography.\nThe two island groups are in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Bahamas, north of Hispaniola, at . The Caicos Islands are separated by the Caicos Passage from the closest Bahamian islands, Mayaguana and Great Inagua.\nThe eight main islands and more than 299 smaller islands have a total land area of , consisting primarily of low, flat limestone with extensive marshes and mangrove swamps and of beach front. The weather is usually sunny and relatively dry, but hurricanes are frequent during summer. The islands have limited natural fresh water resources; private cisterns collect rainwater for drinking. The primary natural resources are spiny lobster, conch and other shellfish.\nTurks Islands.\nThe Turks Islands are separated from the Caicos Islands by Turks Island Passage, which is more than deep, The islands form a chain that goes from north to south.\nThere are only two inhabited islands, and these are:\nCaicos Islands.\nThe inhabited islands of the group are:\nClimate.\nTurks and Caicos Islands features a relatively dry and sunny marine tropical climate with relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year. The temperature during summer rarely is over and during winter rarely is below .\nPopulation.\nDemographics.\nEight of the thirty islands in the territory are inhabited, with a total population in 2012 of 31,458: 16,037 males and 15,421 females. The population density is 214 persons per square mile.\nTotal population by island 2001-2012\nLanguage.\nThe official language of the islands is English and the population also speaks Turks and Caicos Islands Creole which is similar to Bahamian Creole. Due to its close proximity to Cuba and Hispaniola, large Haitian Creole and Spanish-speaking communities have developed in the territory due to immigration from Creole-speaking Haiti and from Spanish-speaking Cuba and Dominican Republic.\nReligion.\nThe people of Turks and Caicos was 72.8% Protestant (35.8% Baptists, 11.7% Church of God, 10% Anglicans, 9.3% Methodists, 6% Seventh-Day Adventists), 11.4% Catholics, 1.8% Jehovah's Witnesses, and 14% other.\nCities.\nThis is a list of cities in the Turks and Caicos Islands."}
+{"id": "20610", "revid": "10462371", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20610", "title": "Vichy France", "text": "The Vichy France, officially the French State, was the government of France during the early 1940s. It included all of France except for Alsace-Lorraine and Pas-de-Calais. It also governed the French colonial empire. The state was led by Philippe P\u00e9tain. He had been notable for helping to win World War I. The Vichy French Military took place from July 1940 to September 1944.\nHistory.\nWhen the French and the British armies lost the Battle of Dunkirk, and the rest of the Battle of France was being lost, the French Parliament made P\u00e9tain Minister. He negotiated an armistice with Germany. He agreed that France would be neutral in World War II. He became head of state and ruled as a dictator. He usually did what the Germans told him to do. \nThe Axis powers militarily occupied northern and western France. They also controlled part of the southeastern part of the country. The Vichy government, as a client state of Germany, controlled the Free Zone, the unoccupied parts of France. In November 1942 the United States joined the North African Campaign by invading French North Africa, so the German army occupied the Vichy zone. In 1943, the Vichy government, now a puppet state, moved to Paris. In 1944, it moved to Germany. The government disbanded in 1945 with the defeat of Nazi Germany."}
+{"id": "20611", "revid": "9350881", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20611", "title": "Anguilla", "text": "Anguilla is a group of five islands in the Caribbean Sea. The islands are ruled by the United Kingdom.\nAnguilla was colonized by the British Empire and used to be part of what is now Saint Kitts and Nevis, but broke away in 1980 so it could stay part of Great Britain. Saint Kitts and Nevis wanted to be independent.\nIt is named after the Spanish word for \"eel\", because it has such a shape.\nAnguilla was first settled by Arawakan-speaking Indians who called it Malliouhana. \nPolitics.\nThe King or Queen of the United Kingdom is the ruler of Anguilla, but she works through a governor. He or she names, or \"appoints\" the governor, and he is just working there in place of the monarch. The legislature is elected by the people, has 11 members, and is called the House of Assembly.\nEconomy.\nAnguilla has mostly been part of the British Empire since the 17th century. The British brought thousands of slaves from Africa and forced them to work, like they did all over the Caribbean and North America. Many of the slaves decided to run away rather than be forced to work. When the British decided to abolish slavery they paid all the slave owners a lot of money, but didn't give anything to the slaves. Now Anguilla gets most of its money from fishing and tourism.\nCulture.\nMost people in Anguilla are Protestants, and speak English."}
+{"id": "20612", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20612", "title": "Bermuda", "text": "Bermuda (/b\u025cr\u02c8mju\u02d0d\u0259/ \"Ber-myu-dah\"; officially, the Bermudas or Somers Islands) is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The land has one main island and 180 smaller islands. Bermuda is a popular tourist place, with mild weather during the winter months.\nOff the east coast of the United States, Bermuda's nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about 1,030 kilometres (640\u00a0mi) to the west-northwest. It is about 1,373 kilometres (853\u00a0mi) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and 1,770 kilometres (1,100\u00a0mi) northeast of Miami, Florida. Its capital city is Hamilton.\nHistory.\n in 1505 by Spanish navigator Juan de Berm\u00fadez (who said it to be inhabited only with pigs), after whom the islands are named. Berm\u00fadez claimed it for the Spanish Empire. Unoccupied, the island was settled by England in 1609, making it the oldest and most populous remaining British overseas territory. Its first capital, St George's, was founded in 1612 and is the oldest continuously inhabited English town in the Americas.\nGeography.\nThe country is in the Atlantic Ocean, near the western edge of the Sargasso Sea. It is about 580 nautical miles (1070\u00a0km, 670\u00a0mi) east-southeast of Cape Hatteras on the Outer Banks of North Carolina and about 590 nautical miles (1100\u00a0km, 690\u00a0mi) southeast of Martha's Vineyard. The island is due east of Fripp Island, South Carolina. It has 103\u00a0km (64\u00a0mi) of coastline.\nThe territory has 181 islands. The total area is 53.3 square kilometres (20.6\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). The largest island is \"Main Island\", sometimes itself called \"Bermuda\".\nClimate.\nBermuda has a subtropical climate. The weather is humid and, as a result, the summertime heat index can be high, even though mid-August temperatures rarely exceed Winters are mild, with average daytime temperatures in January and February around The temperature rarely drops below 10\u00a0\u00b0C \nBermuda is very likely to be affected by hurricanes. The island's small size means that direct landfalls are rare. The last hurricane to cause significant damage to Bermuda was category 3 Hurricane Fabian on 5 September 2003.\nThe only source of fresh water in Bermuda is rainfall. It is collected on roofs and catchments and stored in tanks. Each home usually has at least one of these tanks forming part of its foundation.\nFlora and fauna.\nWhen discovered, Bermuda had no people. It was mostly covered by forests of Bermuda cedar, with mangrove marshes along its shores. Only 165 of the island's current 1000 vascular plant species are considered native. Of those 15, including the cedar, are endemic.\nMany species of palm trees have been introduced to Bermuda. Coconut palms grow there, making it the furthest north place for the natural growth of this species. While coconuts grow on Bermuda, the lack of heat does not usually let them properly set fruit.\nThe only indigenous mammals of Bermuda are five species of bats. All of these bats are also in the eastern United States \u2014 \"Lasionycteris noctivagans\", \"Lasiurus borealis\", \"Lasiurus cinereus\", \"Lasiurus seminolus\" and \"Perimyotis subflavus\". Other commonly known fauna of Bermuda includes its national bird, the Bermuda Petrel, and the Bermuda Rock Skink. The skink was long thought to have been the only indigenous land vertebrate of Bermuda. It has recently been discovered, however, that a species of terrapin predated the arrival of humans on the archipelago.\nParishes and municipalities.\nBermuda is divided into nine parishes and two municipalities.\nBermuda's nine parishes:\nBermuda's two municipalities:\nBermuda's two informal villages:\nDespite their names, Jones Village (in Warwick), Cashew City (St. George's), Claytown (Hamilton), Middle Town (Pembroke) and Tucker's Town (St. George's) are merely neighborhoods. Dandy Town and North Village are sports clubs and Harbour View Village is a small public housing development.\nEconomy.\nBermuda has a wealthy economy, with finance as its largest sector, followed by tourism. In 2005, Bermuda was even claimed to have the world's highest GDP per capita, yet these statistics are hard to verify as Bermuda is not classified as a country but rather as a territory of the U.K.\nMain sights.\nBermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore many wrecks and coral reefs in shallow water (typically in depth) with nearly unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are easy to access from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.\nBermuda's most popular visitor attraction is the Royal Naval Dockyard. It includes the Bermuda Maritime Museum. Other attractions include the Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo, Bermuda Underwater Exploration Institute, the Botanical Gardens, lighthouses, and the Crystal Caves with its impressive stalactites and underground saltwater pools.\nIt is not possible to rent a car on the island. However, visitors can hire motor scooters for use as private transport, or use public transport.\nArts and culture.\nBermuda has produced, or been home to, actors such as Oona O'Neill, Earl Cameron, Diana Dill, Lena Headey, Will Kempe, and most famously, Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Other movie and television personalities who were born, or have lived, in Bermuda include producer Arthur Rankin, Jr., and cartoonist and Muppet man Michael Frith.\nMusic and dance are important in Bermuda. Noted musicians have included local icons The Talbot Brothers, who performed for many decades both in Bermuda and the United States, and were on Ed Sullivan's televised variety show. Other musicians are jazz pianist Lance Hayward, singer-songwriter Heather Nova and her brother, Mishka, tenor Gary Burgess, classical musician and conductor Kenneth Amis, and more recently, dancehall artist Collie Buddz.\nIn 1979, Gina Swainson was crowned \"Miss World\".\nSports.\nBermuda's national cricket team was in the Cricket World Cup 2007 in the West Indies. Their most famous player is Dwayne Leverock. Also very well known is David Hemp. The yearly \"Cup Match\" cricket tournament between rival parishes St George's in the east and Somerset in the west is the time for a popular national holiday.\nIn 2007 Bermuda hosted the 25th PGA Grand Slam of Golf. The event returned to Bermuda again in 2008 and 2009. Bermudian Quinn Talbot was once the World one-armed golf champion.\nThe Government said in 2006 that it will provide substantial financial support to Bermuda's cricket and football teams. Bermuda's most famous footballers include Clyde Best, Shaun Goater, Reggie Lambe, Sam Nusum and Ralph Bean. In 2006, the Bermuda Hogges were formed as the nation's first professional football team. The team plays in the United Soccer Leagues Second Division.\nSailing, fishing, and equestrian sports are popular with both residents and visitors alike. The Newport\u2013Bermuda Yacht Race is a more than 100-year-old tradition. A sport unique to Bermuda is racing the Bermuda Fitted Dinghy. International One Design racing also started in Bermuda.\nAt the 2004 Summer Olympics, Bermuda competed in sailing, athletics, swimming, diving, triathlon and equestrian events. In those Olympics, Bermuda's Katura Horton-Perinchief made history by becoming the first black female diver in the Olympic Games. Bermuda has had one Olympic medallist, Clarence Hill. Hill won a bronze medal in boxing. Bermuda also was in Men's Skeleton at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy. Jillian Teceira was in the Beijing Olympics in 2008. Bermuda also competes in the biennial Island Games. It will host in 2013.\nBermuda has a proud Rugby Union community. The Bermuda Rugby Union team won the 2011 Caribbean championships \u2013 defeating Guyana in the final.\nBermuda Triangle.\nBermuda is the easternmost point of the so-called \"Bermuda Triangle\"\u2013 a region of sea in which a number of aircraft and ships have allegedly disappeared under mysterious circumstances. Some people think there is a pattern to the disappearances, while other people think it is only coincidence."}
+{"id": "20613", "revid": "1547780", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20613", "title": "Tarja Halonen", "text": "Tarja Halonen (born December 24, 1943) is the former President of Finland. She is from Helsinki. She was elected in 2000 and 2006. Her mandate ended in 2012 and she left office on 1 March 2012."}
+{"id": "20614", "revid": "9388754", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20614", "title": "Turku", "text": "Turku () is a city in Southwest Finland. It is the fifth-largest city in Finland, with a population of around 190,000.\nIt is next to the municipalities of Aura, Kaarina, Lieto, Masku, Myn\u00e4m\u00e4ki, Naantali, Nousiainen, P\u00f6yty\u00e4, Raisio and Rusko.\nThe official languages spoken in Turku are Finnish and Swedish.\nThe harbour of Turku is an important port. Many ships go from there to Mariehamn and to Stockholm. Turku Airport is also one of Finland's busiest airports.\nTurku is located near the mouth of Aura river, and is spread on either side of the river. There are ten bridges over the Aura river in Turku. \nHistory.\nTurku is the oldest city in the country. it was founded in 13th century, when Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. It used to be the largest city and capital of Finland. From 1809 Russia ruled Finland, and in 1812 the government moved to Helsinki. A big fire destroyed much of Turku in 1827. After that, even the university moved to Helsinki.\nThe first school in Finland was established in Turku, the old Cathedral school in 13th century. The first university in Finland, \"The Royal Academy of Turku\" was established in the city in 1640, but it has moved to Helsinki and become the University of Helsinki. Now there are five universities in Turku: three in Finnish language and two in Swedish language."}
+{"id": "20615", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20615", "title": "MASH (movie)", "text": ""}