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+{"id": "22765", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22765", "title": "Sponge (animal)", "text": "A sponge is a member of the phylum Porifera. It is a simple animal with many cells, but no mouth, muscles, heart or brain. It is sessile: it cannot move from place to place the way most animals can. A sponge is an animal that grows in one spot like most plants do. Nevertheless, sponges are quite successful.\nThe basic body plan is a jelly-like layer sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. Their bodies are full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them. Most of them feed on bacteria and other microorganisms. A few of them eat tiny crustaceans.\nThere are more than 10,000 species of sponge. Most sponges live in the ocean. A few live in fresh water. All sponges take in water through pores (little holes) in their bodies. The water goes out through a big tube in the center. Most sponges filter (take out) little bits of food from the water going through their bodies. Animals that get food this way are called filter feeders.\nSponges are the oldest animals with fossil evidence (from ~635 million years ago).\nWhat makes them different.\nSponges are simple animals. A few things make them different from other animals. \nDifferent kinds of sponges.\nThere are four classes of sponges. The difference between these kinds is in how their skeleton is made.\nLife functions.\nMovement.\nSponges are sessile, they live in one place, where they are \"fixed\" to the ground. A few sponges can change their position, they can move at speeds of between 1\u00a0mm and 4\u00a0mm a day. They do this like amoebae. A few species can contract their whole bodies. Many can close their openings/holes.\nCarnivorous sponges.\nA few species live in waters where there is very little food available. They have therefore changed, and became predators. They eat small crustaceans and other small animals. Most of these sponges belong to the family Cladorhizidae, but a few members of the Guitarridae and Esperiopsidae are also carnivores. In most cases little is known about how they actually capture prey. Some species are thought to use either sticky threads or hooked spicules. Most carnivorous sponges live in deep waters, up to , and the development of deep-ocean exploration techniques is expected to lead to the discovery of several more. However one species has been found in Mediterranean caves at depths of 17-23m alongside the more usual filter feeding sponges. The cave-dwelling predators capture crustaceans under long by entangling them with fine threads, digest them by enveloping them with further threads over the course of a few days, and then return to their normal shape; there is no evidence that they use venom.\nMost known carnivorous sponges have completely lost the water flow system and choanocytes. However the genus \"Chondrocladia\" uses a highly modified water flow system to inflate balloon-like structures that are used for capturing prey.\nReproduction in Sponges.\nAsexual reproduction.\nSponges usually reproduce when little pieces break off. If such a piece has the right types of cells it can grow to become a new sponge. A few sponges can also use budding. With budding a small sponge grows on the parent; when it is done growing, it simply \"falls off\". When the conditions are bad, some sponges can also grow lumps of unspecialised cells. These will not develop until the conditions improve again. They can then either make a new sponge, or they can use the skeleton of the parent sponge (that died).\nSexual reproduction.\nMost sponges reproduce sexually. They can make sperm cells that are released into the water. These are either captured by another sponge, and are then transported to the egg cells of the parent. This is known as \"viviparous\". Both cells are joined to form larvae, which can swim off to find a good place to settle.\nThe other way, known as \"oviparous\" is that both sperm cells and egg cells are released into the water. These then combine outside the sponges.\nUse as tools.\nBy dolphins.\nA report in 1997 described how bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay used sponges as tools: A dolphin may attach a marine sponge to its rostrum (snoutlike projection). It is thought the sponge is used to protect the rostrum when the dolphin is looking for food in the sandy sea bottom but scientists have not confirmed this. The behaviour, known as \"sponging\", has only been seen in this bay, and is almost exclusively shown by females. A study in 2005 concluded that mothers teach the behaviour to their daughters, and that all the sponge-users are closely related. This suggests that it is a fairly recent innovation. Dolphins also use sponges as an exfoliator, rubbing their skin against the sponge attached to the rock to get rid of their old/dry skin.\nBy people.\nThe calcium carbonate or silica spicules of most sponges make them too rough for most uses, but two genera, \"Hippospongia\" and \"Spongia\", have soft, entirely fibrous skeletons. Early Europeans used soft sponges for many purposes including padding for helmets, portable drinking utensils and municipal water filters. Until synthetic sponges were invented, they were also used as cleaning tools, for painting, and as contraceptives. In the 20th century, overfishing is a problem. This has caused the animals, as well as the industry behind it to be close to extinction.\nMany objects with sponge-like textures are now made of substances that do not come from poriferans. Synthetic \"sponges\" include personal and household cleaning tools; breast implants; contraceptive sponges.\nThe luffa \"sponge\", also spelled \"loofah\", which is commonly sold for use in the kitchen or the bath, is not derived from an animal but from the fibrous \"skeleton\" of a gourd (Cucurbitaceae)."}
+{"id": "22768", "revid": "10370372", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22768", "title": "Kibibyte", "text": "A kibibyte (KiB) is a unit of information or computer storage. A kibibyte is 1024 bytes, 1024 kibibytes are a mebibyte."}
+{"id": "22772", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22772", "title": "13 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22773", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22773", "title": "Molluscs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22774", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22774", "title": "Mollusks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22795", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22795", "title": "Us dollar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22796", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22796", "title": "U.s. dollar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22797", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22797", "title": "Amplitude", "text": "The amplitude or peak amplitude of a wave is a measure of how big its oscillation is.\nAmplitudes are always measured as positive numbers (for example: 3.5, 1, 120) and are never negative (for example: -3.5, -1, -120). That's because distance can only be greater than zero or equal to zero; negative distance does not exist.\nThe distance from the top of one peak to the bottom of another is called \"peak-to-peak amplitude\". Another way to describe peak-to-peak amplitude is to say that it is the distance between the maximum positive value and the maximum negative value of a wave is the maximum displacement of a wave from an equilibrium position"}
+{"id": "22799", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22799", "title": "Ska", "text": "Ska is a popular music from Jamaica that began in the 1950s. Ska music that was first played at a slower tempo then became reggae in the late 1960s.\nSka music bands include singers, electric guitars, electric bass guitar, piano, organ, saxophone, trumpet, and trombone. In ska, the electric guitar and piano normally play short chords on the off-beat. If you go \"one and two and three and four\", the off-beat is the \"and\". \nA ska singer does a style of Jamaican singing called \"toasting.\" When a singer is \"toasting\", they make sounds, repeat words, invent rhymes, and shout into the microphone. The Jamaican \"toasting\" style of singing and talking was adapted into rap music in the 1980s.\nHow Ska musicians dress.\nMusicians who play ska dress in hats and suits. Many ska bands wear clothes with a chessboard pattern of black and white squares. Doc Martens are a common type of shoe. This pattern symbolizes the way that ska music mixes of Black and White musicans and styles of music.There was a British genre of ska-punk influenced by The Specials, Madness and the English Beat, that began to dress in kilts.\n1980s Ska Revival.\nEven though ska was developed in the 1950s, it became popular again in the 1980s in Britain. In the 1980s, ska bands such as The Specials, The Selecter, The Beat, UB40 and Madness played ska music.\n1990s Ska mixed with punk rock.\nIn the 1990s, some bands mixed ska music with Punk rock to make ska-punk. This kind of ska music is from England and the United States. Some pop-punk bands from the 1990s mixed pop-punk with ska-punk."}
+{"id": "22811", "revid": "797541", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22811", "title": "Braille", "text": "The Braille system is a way of writing things. It is named after Louis Braille, the French man who invented it. The system is used by blind people to read and write. The Braille system uses a set of raised bumps or dots that can be felt with a finger. Each set of dots is a character in an alphabet, and the numbers and some punctuation.\nBefore Braille.\nLouis Braille was not the first person to think about how to let the blind read and write. In the 17th century the Italian Jesuit Francesco Lana thought about different systems of writing for the blind. He invented a system of dashes that could be felt.\nValentin Ha\u00fcy was one of the first French who was interested in the problems the blind had when they wanted to communicate. Ha\u00fcy was born in Picardie in 1745, and studied languages at the university in Paris. First he studied deaf people who could not speak, then blind people. In his opinion the biggest problem of the blind was that they could not read. He then invented a system which allowed them to read and write sentences and to do mathematics. Later he started a school for blind children. His writing system used two columns which had between one and six positions each. Vowels had a dot in the left column, for example.\nCharles Barbier used a similar system, because Napoleon wanted a code that soldiers could use to exchange messages silently and without light at night. Barbier called it night writing. Night writing uses two columns of six dots. It uses phonemes (separate sounds), not letters. Barbier's system was too hard for soldiers to learn, and the military did not use it. From the year 1821, he started to test his system in the school Ha\u00fcy had founded. There it became very successful. Even though the system was difficult to learn, it did help the blind to read better than earlier systems. Barbier had understood that it was better to use a system that used dots over one that used lines.\nBarbier met Braille when he visited the National Institute of the Blind. Braille saw the biggest problem of the code: The human finger cannot feel the whole symbol at one time. This makes it impossible to move rapidly from one symbol to the next. Braille's change was to use a 6 dot cell \u2014 the braille system \u2014 which completely changed how the blind would read and write.\nThe Braille alphabet.\nBraille can be seen as the world's first binary way of character encoding. The system as originally invented by Braille has two parts\nBraille is used with different languages today. In each language, the letters are \"encoded\" differently, depending on the alphabet. The list of codes is known as braille code, or code page. There are also different braille codes in use for special purposes, like writing shorthand, mathematics or music.\nTo make it possible to read faster, certain transcriptions of Braille use shortened words, or contractions. This is known as \"Grade 2 Braille\".\nThe Braille cell.\nBraille uses cells of six raised dots, in two columns of three dots. The dot positions on the left are numbered one, to three, the ones on the right four to six, as shown in the picture.\nEach symbol is coded with certain dots present, and others absent. The dots are approximately 0.02\u00a0inches (0.5\u00a0mm) high; inside the cell, the dots are about 0.1\u00a0inches (2.5\u00a0mm) apart. The space between the dots of two cells is about 0.15\u00a0inches (3.75\u00a0mm) horizontally and 0.2\u00a0inches (5\u00a0mm) vertically. A standard braille page is 11\u00a0inches by 11\u00a0inches and typically has between forty and forty-two braille cells per line and twenty-five lines.\nEncoding.\nAs first made by Louis Braille, the first group of characters, using just the top 4 dots of the braille cell, represents letters \"a\" through \"j\" (this group of ten characters is called a \"decade\"). Dot 3 (bottom left) is added to each of the \"a\" through \"j\" symbols to give letters \"k\" through \"t\". Both of the bottom dots (dots 3 and 6) are added to the first decade to give letters \"u\", \"v\", \"x\", \"y\", and \"z\". The letter \"w\" is left out of this group because French did not use the letter \"w\" when Louis Braille made his alphabet. The fifth decade is the same as the first decade, but shifted down by a row (dots 1 and 4 are blank).\nEnglish braille has codes for the letters and some punctuation, and some double letter signs and word signs directly, but capitalization and numbers need a prefix symbol. In practice, braille produced in the United Kingdom does not use capital letters.\nThere are braille codes for representing shorthand (produced on a machine which embosses a paper tape) and for representing mathematics (Nemeth Braille) and musical notation (braille music).\nWriting braille.\nBraille can be made using a \"slate\" and a \"stylus\" in which each dot is created from the back of the page, writing in mirror image, by hand, or it may be produced on a special braille typewriter or \"Perkins Brailler\", or produced by a braille embosser attached to a computer. It may also be made using a refreshable braille display.\nExtensions.\nThe six bit braille code is very limited, it only allows 64 different possible combinations. This means that many things need more than one braille character to be coded. One example for this is how numbers are coded in English braille: First there is a symbol that says the next symbol is a number, and then there is the symbol for the number. The symbol for \"number\" is usually given only once; every symbol that follows is treated as a number, until there is a space.\nBraille has been extended to an 8 dot code, particularly for use with braille embossers and refreshable braille displays. In 8 dot braille the added dots are added at the bottom of the cell, giving a cell 4 dots high by 2 dots wide. The additional dots are called 7 (for the lower-left dot) and 8 (for the lower-right dot). 8-dot braille has the advantages that capital and lower cases of the letters are directly coded in the cell, a capital letter does not need two cells. All the printable ASCII characters can be represented in a single cell, and all 256 possible combinations of 8 bits are encoded by the Unicode standard. Braille with six dots is frequently stored as braille ASCII.\nBraille transcription.\nGrade 1 braille.\nIt is possible to transcribe braille by replacing each letter with the braille code for the letter. This is usually known as \"Grade 1 Braille\". Grade 1 braille is mostly used by beginners.\nThe basic problem of Grade 1 braille is that braille \"letters\" are much larger than printed ones. The standard page is 11\"x11\" (28\u00a0cm by 28\u00a0cm) in size and only has room for twenty-five lines of forty characters. This means a book would need to be very thick compared to a standard printed book.\nGrade 2 braille.\nFor this reason almost all English braille books use a transcription known as \"Grade 2 braille\". Grade 2 braille uses contractions, which allows to save space and increase reading speed. Grade 2 braille was developed by linguists (people who study languages), who also looked at customs, styles and practices. Transcribing a text into Grade 2 braille is difficult, and the people doing the transcription need to have a special education.\nIn English, there are 23 words which are replaced with a single letter. That way, the word \"but\" is contracted (shortened) to the single letter \"b,\" \"can\" to \"c\", \"do\" to \"d\", and so on. Even this simple rule has exceptions and special cases, which must be thought of. As an example, only the verb \"to do\" is replaced by \"d\", the noun \"do\" (which stands for a note in music) is a different word, and is written in full.\nSometimes, part of words are contracted, and a character can mean different things in different parts of a word. There are many rules for this process. For example, the character with dots 2-3-5 (the letter \"f\" lowered in the braille cell) stands for \"ff\" when used in the middle of a word. At the beginning of a word, this same character stands for the word \"to\" although the character is written in braille with no space following it. At the end of a word, the same character represents an exclamation point.\nThe contraction rules cannot be used when it would make a problem with a prefix or suffix on the word. Also, some rules are flexible and may depend on the situation. So when the rules permit the same word to be written in more than one way, preference is given to \"the contraction that is closer to the correct pronunciation.\"\nGrade 3 braille.\n\"Grade 3 Braille\" is a system that includes many additional contractions. It is almost like a shorthand. It is rarely used for books, but people use it to be able to write and read fast, for themselves. It can be used for taking notes.\nGrade 4 braille.\nOnly very few people can use grade 4 braille. It uses many rules to shorten grade 3 even further. It allows a blind person to use shorthand to follow spoken conversation. Very often, systems of seven or eight dots are used.\nBraille on banknotes.\nThe current Canadian paper money has raised dots on the bills that shows its value. This helps blind people who might otherwise be cheated. This 'tactile feature' does not use standard braille but, instead, a system developed by working with blind and visually impaired Canadians after they found that not all people who needed it could read braille.\nWriting systems other than Braille.\nBraille may not be the main way blind people read and write. In Britain (for example), of the two million visually impaired people, \"only about 15-20 thousand use Braille\". In the U.S.A. according to the 2015 \"Annual Report\" from the American Printing House for the Blind, there were 61,739 legally blind students registered in the U.S. Of these, only \"8.6% (5,333) were registered as braille readers\", 31% (19,109) as visual readers, 9.4% (5,795) as auditory readers, 17% (10,470) as pre-readers, and 34% (21,032) as non-readers. \nCurrently, among the estimated 85,000 blind adults in the United States, 90% of those who are Braille-literate are employed. Among adults who do not know Braille, only 33% are employed.\nYounger people are turning to electronic text on computers which can be read aloud by software programs. This is a good communication method they can use with their friends. Inevitably, software will go on advancing, as it does in all its functions. Also, there are audio sources for literature: some are available for use without computer links. Much thought is going into all these issues. \nA term which is useful to know is \"accessible publishing\": Accessible publishing means books and other texts are available in formats designed to aid or replace the reading process. Examples are: varieties of larger fonts, specialised fonts for certain kinds of reading disabilities, Braille, e-books, and automated Audiobooks and digital talking books. This means that Braille is only one way for sighting-impaired people to go; also that there are many more partially sighted people than registered blind people. The partially sighted obviously have more choices.\nBraille for other scripts.\nThere are many extensions of Braille for additional letters with diacritics, such as \"\u00e7, \u00f4, \u00e9\".\nWhen braille is adapted to languages which do not use the Latin alphabet, the blocks are generally assigned to the new alphabet according to how it is transliterated into the Latin alphabet, not the alphabetic order of the national script. This is the case with Russian (Cyrillic alphabet), Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, and Chinese. In Greek, for example, \"gamma\" is written as Latin \"g\", even though it is the third letter of that alphabet (like the Latin \"c\"). Hebrew \"beth\", the second letter of the alphabet and cognate with the Latin letter \"b\", is instead written \"v\", as it is commonly pronounced. Esperanto letters with circumflexes, \"\u0109\", \"\u011d\", \"\u0125\", \"\u0135\" and \"\u015d\", are written as those letters without circumflexes with a filled sixth dot.\nMore differences are in Chinese braille. In Mandarin Braille, which is based on Zhuyin rather than the Latin Pinyin alphabet, the Latin braille values are used for the first consonants and the simple vowels. There are additional blocks for the tones, diphthongs, and any following vowel + consonant combinations. Cantonese Braille is also based on Latin braille for many of the initial consonants and simple vowels, but the blocks also have different values depending on whether they are in a leading syllable or following syllable position. For instance, the block for Latin \"k\" represents old-style Cantonese \"k\" (\"g\" in Yale and other modern Romanizations) when initial, but \"aak\" when final, while Latin \"j\" represents Cantonese initial \"j\" but final \"oei\".\nHowever, at least two adaptations of Braille have completely reassigned the Latin sound values of the blocks. These are:\nIn Japanese Braille, alphabetic signs for a consonant and vowel are combined into a single syllable block; in Korean Braille, the consonants have different leading and following syllable forms. These changes made Braille much more compatible with Japanese kana and Korean hangul, but meant that the Latin sound values could not be kept.\nReading Braille.\nTrained readers of Braille can read about 100 words per minute; trained readers who do not have sight problems can get to around 250 to 300 words per minute."}
+{"id": "22812", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22812", "title": "Switch", "text": "A switch is something that changes the flow of an electrical circuit. The most common kind of switch is something (for example a railroad switch) which can be taken off of one course and put onto another. The term \"switch\" usually means electrical power. In applications where more than one switch is needed, (i.e. a telephone service) mechanical switches have been replaced by electronic switches which can be controlled automatically.\nThe switch is called a \"gate\" when used in a mathematical form. In logic, arguments are represented as logic gates. The use of electronic \"gates\" to work as a system of logical gates is the basic idea behind the computer \u2014i.e. a computer is a lot of electronic switches that work as logic gates.\nTypes of switch.\nThere are many types of switches. Some of these are: \nOther meanings.\nThe word 'switch' can also mean to change between two things. For example, on a railway line, sometimes the track can split into two different tracks. If the train is travelling on one line and changes over to the other, it has just done a switch."}
+{"id": "22813", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22813", "title": "Open end wrench", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22814", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22814", "title": "Francis Bacon", "text": "Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St. Alban KC, (22 January 1561 \u2013 9 April 1626), was an English philosopher, statesman, and author. He has been described as one of the greatest thinkers ever whose ideas have changed the way people think.\nLife.\nHe was born in London, the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon, and the nephew of Queen Elizabeth's advisor, William Cecil. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. His first job was as a lawyer. He later became a Member of Parliament and in 1586 he took a leading part in having Mary Queen of Scots executed. He became a friend of Robert Deveraux, the Earl of Essex, in 1591, and received many valuable gifts from him. After Essex led a rebellion against the Queen, Bacon was one of the people who led the investigation which led to Essex's Execution in 1601.\nBacon was often in trouble for spending too much, and in 1601 he was arrested for debt. When King James became king in 1603, Bacon's position improved. He was knighted in 1603. He was one of the people who argued for the joining of England and Scotland together as one country, which happened after his lifetime, in the 1700s. Bacon married Alice Barnham in 1606, and the next year he was made the Solicitor General. He continued to be given better paying positions including Attorney General, Lord Keeper, and Lord Chancellor.\nHe was made Baron Verulam in 1618, and Viscount St Albans in 1621. Because he did not have children both titles ended when he died.\nHe used his positions to make more money for himself, and in 1621 the Parliament found that he was corrupt. He was fined \u00a340,000 and removed from all his jobs. King James overturned the fine, but he was kept as a prisoner in the Tower of London for a while.\nStudies.\nHe became best known as a leading thinker in new ways of looking at the world. His writings started and made famous a way of thinking about science. This way of thinking is now called the \"Baconian method\". It is based on looking at the world by making experiments. After watching the results the scientist comes up with an idea to explain what has happened. This idea or hypothesis is then further tested by more experiments. This way of thinking about science is called inductive methodology. In Bacon's time these methods were linked with magic including hermeticism and alchemy. Alchemy was the study of fire, earth, water and air. Alchemists tried to make gold from lead."}
+{"id": "22815", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22815", "title": "Baron Verulam", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22822", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22822", "title": "Sled dog", "text": "Sled dogs, known also as sleigh dogs, sledge dogs or sleddogs are types of dogs that are used to pull a wheel-less vehicle on runners (a sled or sleigh) over snow or ice, by means of harnesses and lines."}
+{"id": "22847", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22847", "title": "Overland Expedition", "text": "The Overland Expedition, also called the Overland Relief Expedition or Point Barrow-Overland Relief Expedition, was a long trip in 1897\u20138, by three officers of the United States Coast Guard (then named the \"U.S. Revenue Cutter Service\"), with the help of two civilians, using sled dogs and reindeer to rescue more than 250 whalers trapped in the Arctic Ocean by ice around their ships.\nThe rescue was ordered by then-U.S. President William McKinley. McKinley later talked about the rescue in a letter dated January 17, 1899 to the United States Congress, in which he asked Congress to award the officers Congressional Gold Medals, and to pay the civilians for their help:\nIt will be remembered that in the month of October, 1897, reports were\nreceived here of the probable loss of the whaling fleet in the Arctic\nregions, and of the likelihood that nearly 300 men, composing the\nofficers and crews of the fleet, would perish from hunger unless succor [an old word for help] could reach them early in the spring. ...<br>\nThe overland expedition was formed, and consisted of First Lieut. David\nH. Jarvis, Revenue-Cutter Service, commanding; Second Lieut. Ellsworth\nP. Bertholf, Revenue-Cutter Service, and Dr. Samuel J. Call, surgeon of\nthe \"Bear\", all volunteers. ...<br>\nThey were materially aided by Mr. W.T. Lopp, agent of the American Missionary Society at Cape Prince of Wales, and Artisarlook, a native of that region, both of whom, at great personal sacrifice, left their families and accompanied the reindeer herd to Point Barrow.\nThe overland expedition, after a difficult and hazardous journey of\nnearly 2,000 miles through the storms and bitter cold of an Arctic\nwinter, reached Point Barrow with the herd on the 29th of March, 1898,\nthree months and twelve days from their landing from the \"Bear\" at\nCape Vancouver, Alaskan coast of Bering Sea. They arrived none too soon. ... [due to] bad sanitary conditions and want of proper food, the men from the whale ships quartered there were found upon the verge of great suffering, while sickness had broken out among them. ...<br>\nI have therefore the honor to submit the following recommendations and\nto ask your favorable action: ...<br>\nThat gold medals of honor of appropriate design, to be approved by\nthe Secretary of the Treasury, be awarded to Lieutenants Jarvis and\nBertholf and Dr. Call, commemorative of their heroic struggles in aid of\nsuffering fellow-men. ...<br>\nThat the sum of $2,500 be appropriated to be disbursed by the\nSecretary of the Treasury in bestowing rewards upon W.T. Lopp,\nArtisarlook, and native herders, who rendered material aid to the relief\nexpedition."}
+{"id": "22848", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22848", "title": "Point Barrow-Overland Relief Expedition", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22849", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22849", "title": "Overland Relief Expedition", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22850", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22850", "title": "U.S. President", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22855", "revid": "3141", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22855", "title": "Vegan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22857", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22857", "title": "Number theory", "text": "Number theory is a part of mathematics. It explains what some types of numbers are, what properties they have, and ways that they can be useful.\nTopics in number theory are: \nImportant theorems in number theory are: \nApplications.\nA well-known application of number theory is encrypted messaging (encryption). Data compression also makes use of the field."}
+{"id": "22863", "revid": "576341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22863", "title": "Tear gas", "text": "Tear gas is the name for a number of chemical compounds. They are not actually gases. They are fine powders or mists of liquid. The chemicals are acidic and cause pain in the eyes. Tear gas may cause temporary blindness for up to 45 minutes. Tear gas is commonly used by police to control crowds. Phenacyl chloride (CN) liquid and CS powder are two of the chemicals that are often found in tear gas. Pepper spray is another chemical compound that acts very similarly and is sometimes used to control crowds.\nTear gas is a chemical weapon, and was used as a weapon in the First World War. The 1925 Geneva Protocol is not specific enough about the use of irritating agents, such as tear gas in war. The Chemical Weapons Convention, of 1992 prohibits the use of tear gas for warfare. The use as a riot control agent is not covered by the treaty.\nProblems of using tear gas.\nThe use of tear gas also has problems: Usually, of tear gas are thrown; they can hit and injure people. A case of serious injury to the blood vessels from tear gas shells has also been reported from Iran, with high rates of associated nerve injury (44%) and amputation (17%), as well as instances of head injuries in young people. Directly exposing skin to tear gas may lead to chemical burns and allergic reactions of the skin.\nIn the short term, the medical consequences are usually limited to skin inflammation. delayed complications are also possible: people with respiratory conditions such as asthma are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require hospitalization or even ventilation support. Skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis. When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, eye injuries involving scarring of the cornea can lead to a permanent loss in visual acuity. Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness."}
+{"id": "22867", "revid": "944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22867", "title": "Santa Monica", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22873", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22873", "title": "Reginald Kenneth Dwight", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22874", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22874", "title": "Sir Elton Hercules John", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22875", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22875", "title": "Elton Hercules John", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22881", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22881", "title": "Kaba Ma Kyei", "text": "The National Anthem (; ) is the national anthem of Myanmar. The song and lyrics were made by Saya Tin with help from a Burmese nationalist group called Thakins. It is made up of two parts. The first half is a traditional Burmese part. The second half is a Western-style orchestra part. Because of the second half, the \"National Anthem\" is commonly known as \"\" (, ; )."}
+{"id": "22882", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22882", "title": "Yangon", "text": "Yangon () also known as Rangoon, is the largest city in Myanmar. It was also the capital city until 2006. The city is by a river called Hlaingthayar, and is close to the sea. Yangon has more than 4 million people living there.\nHistory.\nYangon was founded as Dagon in the 6th century AD by the Mons, who ruled Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centered about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon and renamed it \"Yangon\". The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824\u201326) but returned it to Burma after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.\nThe British took Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and then changed Yangon into the most important city of British Burma. The British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land. It was bound to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.\nColonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as \"the garden city of the East.\" By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.\nBefore World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.\nAfter World War I, Yangon became the center of Burmese independence movement. The leftist Rangoon University students led the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japan's occupation (1942\u201345), and was heavily damaged during World War II. Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire."}
+{"id": "22883", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22883", "title": "Pyinmana", "text": "Pyinmana (, ; population: 100,000 (2006 estimate)) is a small town in Mandalay Division of Myanmar. The government in 2005 decided to move the capital city from Yangon to an area away west of Pyinmana on November 6, 2005, near the town, named Naypyidaw, which means Royal City. Pyinmana is approximately north of Yangon."}
+{"id": "22884", "revid": "107685", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22884", "title": "Rangoon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22885", "revid": "9569793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22885", "title": "Myanmar kyat", "text": "A kyat () is a kind of money used in Myanmar. The symbol for it is K. One kyat is equal to 100 pya. 2200 kyats is almost equal to 1 US dollars as of the international index however as of 27 May 2024, 1 US dollars has crossed the threshold of 4000 kyats locally as the financial crisis extends into further depression."}
+{"id": "22886", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22886", "title": "Burmese language", "text": "Burmese (in Burmese \"\", pronounced /baa-MAA-saa/) is a language spoken in Myanmar (also known as Burma). Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language, meaning that is close to Chinese and Tibetan.\nWriting system.\nBurmese is written in Burmese script. \nTones.\nBurmese is a tonal language. Burmese has three tones (high, medium, low: plus two 'stops or abbreviated additional, qualifying 'tones\")\"\nBurmese has no gender. For instance, the word \u101e\u1030 (pronounced \"thew\") could mean \"he\" or \"she\". However, some words have natural gender e.g. \u1006\u101b\u102c \"saya\" (male teacher) and \u1006\u101b\u102c\u1019 \"sayama\" (female teacher).\nUnlike in English, verbs in Burmese do not change based on tense. Instead, other words are added after to show tense.\nLoan words.\nBurmese has many English and Indian words (loan words) due to colonization by the British and interaction with the neighboring country of India. However, Burmese is a very distinct and full language itself with a long history and many different dialects.\nExamples.\nHere are some examples of words and sentences in Burmese.\nHello = \"min-ga-la-ba\"\nHow are you? = \"Nei kaun la?\"\nI am (name) = \"Cha-naw y\u00e8 nan-b\u00e8 ga _______\"\n(\"Kya-naw\" is replaced with \"kya-ma\" for females.\nWhat is your name? = \"Ka-mya na mei be' lo khal le' \" (OR) na mei be' lo khal le' (You can omit \"Ka-mya=You\")\nAre you from Burma? = \"Nae ba-ma pyi ga la da la?\""}
+{"id": "22887", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22887", "title": "Horse Riding Helmet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22893", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22893", "title": "Danielle Steel", "text": "Danielle Fernande Schuelein-Steel (born August 14, 1947 in New York City) is an American writer. Steel was an only child. She is the best-selling living author and one of the best-selling fiction writers ever, with more than 800 million books sold. As of 2021, she has written 190 books, including over 140 novels.\nHer parents divorced when she was young. She was looked after by relatives and family employees in Paris and New York City. She was a lonely child and read a lot of books and poetry.\nEarly life.\nSteel, whose full name is Danielle Fernandes Dominique Schuelein-Steel, was born in New York City. Her father, John Schuelein-Steel, was a German immigrant who was Jewish and came from a family that owned L\u00f6wenbr\u00e4u beer. Her mother, Norma da Camara Stone dos Reis, was Portuguese and the daughter of a diplomat."}
+{"id": "22894", "revid": "944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22894", "title": "Danielle Steele", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22896", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22896", "title": "Coat of arms", "text": "A coat of arms is a unique design painted on a shield. These designs may be inherited, meaning that they pass from a father to his children. In the Middle Ages, these designs were shown on real shields, but today they are usually only drawn or painted on the paper that makes them legal which is called a grant of arms. The grant of arms is usually allowed only when it is given by the government of a country or its agent. In England, this is called the College of Arms and in Scotland is called the Lord Lyon King of Arms.\nCoats of arms are normally issued for real people. Nowadays, lots of countries and businesses also have coats of arms. Each symbol on the coat of arms will represent something that has an important meaning to that person, country or company.\nCoats of arms have many base shield designs that can be added on to, such as the Fess, Pale, Bend, Chevron, Saltire, and many more. These examples shown are called \"Ordinaries\". An example of an item to add on to the base designs are called charges. These charges can be classified as emblems added on to the coat of arms base shield. It is also optional to have a supporter. In simple terms, the supporter is usually an animal seeming like it is holding up the shield of the coat of arms. The Royal Coat of Arms of The United Kingdom seen below is an example of supporters. Lastly, the final main piece of many coats of arms is called the crest. The crest is a symbol of some sorts usually resting on top of the shield base of the coat of arms. This crest can be any shape, but usually has to fit within the color palette."}
+{"id": "22902", "revid": "7981350", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22902", "title": "Spear", "text": "A spear is a weapon used in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. It is meant to primarily stab. Some spears can also slash. Some kinds of light weight spears were also meant to be thrown.\nA lance is a special spear used from horseback. Knights often used it during medieval times. A pike is a very big spear for infantry to fight horsemen."}
+{"id": "22904", "revid": "1530422", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22904", "title": "Hat", "text": "A hat is a type of covering for the head, and there are many types of hats. \nHats are different in different parts of the world. Some hats are worn by women, other hats by men, others by both; infants and children may also wear hats, and some hats are not worn by anyone at all. These hats are just used for decoration. People who make hats for men are called hatters, and those who make hats for women are called milliners. The kinds of hats (or caps, which are like hats) worn by different groups within various societies in different countries are very numerous. \nSome types of hats or caps are worn as a sign of social roles. For example, bishops wear mitres and some lawyers wear wigs. In these cases the special headware is only worn on specific occasions. Monarchs wear crowns on special occasions. \nAll kinds of clothing send social messages as to what the person is. For years workmen in Britain wore caps, but foremen (supervisors) wore bowler hats. So, in traditional societies it was expected of a person that he or she would dress appropriately. Other people would know from their clothes what kind of person was on view. That aspect of hats and clothing in general is much less true today.\nExamples.\nSome examples of hats:\nEtiquette and dress codes.\nTraditionally during the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was considered bad form to wear hats indoors, except in barns and the most public spaces inside public buildings. Women traditionally were exempt during church services and formal dinners. Today, certain establishments such as banks, schools and military facilities ban hats, and many companies ban hats as part of their employee dress codes."}
+{"id": "22907", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22907", "title": "Coat of Arms", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22908", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22908", "title": "Postage stamp", "text": "Postage stamps are pieces of paper which signal that payment has been made for the item to be mailed.\nThese days they have adhesive on the back. They are put on the top right-hand corner of an envelope. They pay the fee for having the postal service take the envelope to where it is being sent. \nThe idea was British, and the first postage stamps were issued in Britain in the mid-nineteenth century. On 1 May 1840, the Penny Black, the first adhesive postage stamp, was issued in the United Kingdom.\nThere are a lot of different postage stamps in the world. Most countries have their own stamps. People collect them in books called stamp albums. Sometimes, the stamps all have errors in the printing like in the \"Inverted Jenny\" picture with the aeroplane printed upside down.\nPeople on stamps.\nPeople on stamps is one more common topic in stamp collecting. For instance, many famous people are featured on stamps in the United States. \nMaps on stamps.\nMaps on stamps is a common topic on stamp collecting. Almost every country has featured maps on stamps. There are also topic maps including demographic and cross topic ones (showing explorer routes over maps)."}
+{"id": "22911", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22911", "title": "Salt (chemistry)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22914", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22914", "title": "Czechoslovakia", "text": "Czechoslovakia, or Czecho-Slovakia, was a country in Europe. It split off from Austria-Hungary in 1918 and split apart in 1993.\nIn mid-1938 Nazi Germany took over Czechoslovakia and split off Slovakia. Sudetenland was annexed by Germany, other parts of Czechia became its protectorate named Bohemia and Moravia. After World War II the USSR liberated these lands and kept Zakarpattia because of the Ukrainian (Rusyn) majority in that region. \nBy 1948 pro-Soviet communists got the power finally and declared the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. It was a member of Warsaw Treaty Organization and COMECON , one of the richest countries of the Eastern Bloc. In the Prague Spring of the late 1960s, Czechoslovak leader Alexander Dubcek pursued his own policy of a \u2018socialism with a human face\u2019. In 1968 Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia to restore the old system.\nIn 1989 Czechoslovakia peacefully changed its political system in the \"Velvet Revolution\". On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The countries separated in peace."}
+{"id": "22917", "revid": "10252019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22917", "title": "1410s", "text": "The 1410s was a decade that began on 1 January 1410 and ended on 31 December 1419. It is distinct from the decade known as the 142th decade which began on January 1, 1411 and ended on December 31, 1420."}
+{"id": "22918", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22918", "title": "William Randolph Hearst", "text": "William Randolph Hearst (April 29, 1863\u2013August 14, 1951) was an important American newspaper owner who was born in San Francisco, California.\nHe was the only child of Phoebe Apperson Hearst, a former schoolteacher from Missouri, and George Hearst, a successful miner who became a multimillionaire and later a US Senator from California.\nHearst was a member of the US House of Representatives for New York between 1903 and 1907, as a member of the Independence Party, which he started.\nHearst was a media tycoon. He started a newspaper empire, which is now the Hearst Corporation. He became known for publishing sensationalist stories, which were often false or only very loosely based on the truth.\nHearst used most of the profits to build his own private palace, Hearst Castle.\nThe film \"Citizen Kane\" by Orson Welles is based upon the story of Hearst's life.\nLearned at Harvard"}
+{"id": "22919", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22919", "title": "Joseph Pulitzer", "text": "Joseph Pulitzer (April 10, 1847 \u2013 October 29, 1911) was an American publisher of Jewish descent. He is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes, which were started by his will after his death .\nHe is also known, along with William Randolph Hearst, for starting yellow journalism as a way to sell more papers by having sensationalism in articles.\nEarly days: \"The Post-Dispatch\".\nJoseph Pulitzer was born in Mak\u00f3, which is now in Hungary. Originally, he a military career, but was turned down by the Austrian army because it thought that his health was bad, and he did not see very well. He went to live in the United States in 1864 to serve the Union Army in the American Civil War. After the war, he settled in St. Louis, Missouri.\nIn 1868, he began working there for a German-language daily newspaper, the \"Westliche Post\". He joined the Republican Party and was in 1869 elected to the Missouri General Assembly In 1872, Pulitzer bought the \"Post\" for $3,000. Then, in 1878, he bought the \"St. Louis Dispatch\" for $2,700 and merged the two papers, which became the \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\", which remains the citys daily newspaper. It was at the \"Post-Dispatch\" that Pulitzer developed his role as a champion of the common man with expos\u00e9s and a hard-hitting populist approach.\n\"New York World\".\nBy 1883, Pulitzer had made a lot of money. That year, he bought the \"New York World\" for $346,000 from Jay Gould, its owner. The newspaper had been losing $40,000 a year. Pulitzer changed its focus to human-interest stories, scandal, and sensationalism.\nIn 1885, Pulitzer was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, but he resigned after a few months since he did not like politics. In 1887, he recruited a famous investigative journalist, Nellie Bly. In 1895, the \"New York\" \"World\" introduced the Yellow Kid, a comic by Richard F. Outcault. Ot was the first newspaper comic to be printed in color. Under Pulitzer's leadership, circulation grew from 15,000 to 600,000, which made \"The New York World\" the largest newspaper in the nation.\nHealth problems.\nThe editor of the rival \"New York Sun\" attacked Pulitzer in print by calling him \"The Jew who gave up his religion.\" in 1890. That was intended to turn away Pulitzer's Jewish readership. Pulitzer's already-failing health deteriorated rapidly, and he left the newsroom. He continued actively managing the paper from his vacation retreat in Bar Harbor, Maine, and his New York City mansion.\nIn 1895, William Randolph Hearst purchased the rival \"New York Journal\", which led to a circulation war. The competition with Hearst, particularly the coverage before and during the Spanish-American War, linked Pulitzer's name with yellow journalism.\nAfter the New York \"World\" exposed a fraudulent payment of $40 million by the United States to France's Panama Canal Company in 1909, Pulitzer was indicted for libeling President Theodore Roosevelt and J. P. Morgan. The courts dismissed the indictments in a victory for freedom of the press.\nSupport for school of journalism.\nIn 1892, Pulitzer offered Columbia University's president, Seth Low, money to set up the world's first school of journalism. The university initially turned down the money since it was unimpressed by Pulitzer's unscrupulous character. In 1902, Columbia's new president, Nicholas Murray Butler, was more interested in the plan for a school and prizes, but it was only after Pulitzer's death that his dream would be fulfilled.\nPulitzer left the university $2 million in his will, which led to the creation in 1912 of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, but the first school of journalism by then had been created at the University of Missouri. Columbia's Graduate School of Journalism remains one of the most prestigious in the world.\nDeath and legacy.\nPulitzer died aboard his yacht in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, in 1911. He is buried in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. In 1917, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded, in accordance with his wishes.\nIn 1989, Pulitzer was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame."}
+{"id": "22920", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22920", "title": "Horace Greeley", "text": "Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 \u2013 November 29, 1872) was an American newspaper editor, reformer, and politician. His \"New York Tribune\" was the most influential newspaper from 1840 to 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and the Republican Parties.\nHe is best known for his socially-colored journalism. He wanted to convince people of his ideas such as his opposition to the expansion of slavery. He thought that the role of a journalist was to convince people with sound arguments. He did not like the sensationalist approach of Joseph Pulitzer and others.\nGreeley ran for president and was nominated by the Democratic Party in 1872 but died before the election results came. However, he would have lost to the Republican candidate, Ulysses S. Grant."}
+{"id": "22922", "revid": "519", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22922", "title": "Nineteenth century", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22923", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22923", "title": "Arachnid", "text": "The arachnids are a class of eight-legged arthropods. They are a highly successful group of mainly terrestrial invertebrates: spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites, and a number of smaller groups.\nIn 2019, a molecular phylogeny study put horseshoe crabs in the Arachnida.\nDefinition.\nArachnids are . The requirements for this class is to have two body regions; a cephalothorax and an abdomen; 4 pairs of legs; and 2 pairs of mouthpart appendages, the chelicerae and the pedipalps.\nAnatomy.\nAll adult arachnids have four pairs of legs, and arachnids may be easily distinguished from insects by this fact, since insects have three pairs of legs. However, arachnids also have two further pairs of appendages that have become adapted for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. The first pair, the chelicerae, serve in feeding and defense. The next pair of appendages, the pedipalps have been adapted for feeding, locomotion, and/or reproductive functions.\nLike all arthropods, arachnids have an exoskeleton. They also have an internal structure of cartilage-like tissue, to which certain muscle groups are attached.\nArachnids have no antennae or wings. Their body is organized into two parts: the cephalothorax, and the abdomen.\nPhysiology.\nThere are some adaptations for life on land. They have internal respiratory surfaces. These may be trachea (tubes), or a modification of gills into a 'book lung'. This is an internal series of lamellae used for gas exchange with the air.\nDiet and Digestive System.\nArachnids are mostly carnivorous, feeding on the pre-digested bodies of insects and other small animals. Only the harvestmen and some mites eat solid food particles. Predigestion avoids exposure to internal parasites. Several groups secrete venom from specialized glands to kill prey or enemies. Several mites are external parasites, and some of them are carriers of disease (vectors).\nArachnids pour digestive juices produced in their stomachs over their prey after killing it with their pedipalps and chelicerae. The digestive juices rapidly turn the prey into a broth of nutrients which the arachnid sucks into a pre-buccal cavity located immediately in front of the mouth. Behind the mouth is a muscular, pharynx, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the oesophagus and stomach. In some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump.\nMyth.\nThe word \"Arachnida\" comes from the Greek for 'spider'. In legend, a girl called Arachne was turned into a spider by the goddess Athena. Arachne said she'd win a weaving contest against the goddess. Athena won, but Arachne became angry, and started to weave an insult to the gods. Then Athena turned her into a spider for her disrespect.\nOrders.\nThe subdivisions of the arachnids are usually treated as orders. Historically, mites and ticks were treated as a single order, Acari. However, molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the two groups do not form a single clade; morphological similarities are probably due to convergence. They are now usually treated as two separate taxa \u2013 Acariformes, mites, and Parasitiformes, ticks \u2013 which may be ranked as orders or superorders. The arachnid subdivisions are listed below alphabetically; numbers of species are approximate.\nIt is estimated that 98,000 arachnid species have been described, and that there may be up to 600,000 in total."}
+{"id": "22924", "revid": "1609553", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22924", "title": "Arthropod", "text": "Arthropods (Greek language for \"joint-legged\") are a large group of invertebrate animals. Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. In the scientific classification, all arthropods are members of the phylum Arthropoda. Arthropods have segmented body, an exoskeleton and legs with joints. Most arthropods live on land, but some live in water. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group. Arthropods are a source of food for many animals, including humans.\nDiversity.\nScientists know of more than 1 million species of arthropods. 80% of all known animal species are arthropods. Many more species have not yet been described.\nMost arthropod species are insects. \"Insects are the most diverse organisms in the history of life\".\nMost arthropods live on land. The phylum Arthropoda is the only phylum of invertebrates that mostly live on land. But crustaceans (crabs, shrimp and their relatives) mostly live in water.\nArthropods are also the first phylum to develop genuine flight.\nDescription.\nArthropods have a hard exoskeleton. The exoskeleton reduces the loss of water (desiccation). This helps them to live on land without drying out.\nClassification.\nArthropods are made up of four groups of living animals and one group of extinct animals:"}
+{"id": "22925", "revid": "4975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22925", "title": "Arthrapoda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22926", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22926", "title": "University of Alabama", "text": "The University of Alabama (UA) is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama. The University of Alabama is in the city of Tuscaloosa. People can usually just say \"Alabama\" or \"UA\" for short when they are talking about the university.\nUA opened in 1831 and now about 38,000 students study there. UA is one of the three largest universities in Alabama. Auburn University and University of Alabama at Birmingham are the other two main schools in Alabama. Students study many things at UA, such as liberal arts, science, engineering, communication, engineering, education, social work, nursing, human sciences (such as fashion design) and law. People study to get bachelor's degrees, Master's degrees and doctorates at Alabama. Also, graduates can get an Education Specialist degree.\nMany people have heard about the University of Alabama because it has many good sports teams. These sports teams are called the Crimson Tide. The football team from UA has won the national football championship 12 times in the past 83 years and play at Bryant\u2013Denny Stadium.\nIn 1963, Alabama Gov. George Wallace announced in his inaugural address, \"segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever\" as his policy. He personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students. He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard, who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene."}
+{"id": "22928", "revid": "1537296", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22928", "title": "Buttercup", "text": "Buttercups are a large genus of flowering plants called Ranunculus. It has yellow, shiny petals, and grows wild in many places. It is poisonous to eat for humans and cattle, but when dry the poison is not active.\nTypes of buttercup.\nThere are about 200 to 600 species in this one genus. They mostly have yellow or sometimes white flowers. Buttercups include a wide variety of flower types, grouped by a plant naming system in the genus\u00a0\"Ranunculus\". Among them are the Meadow Buttercup (\"Ranunculus acris\"), Goldilocks Buttercup (\"R. auricomus\"), Creeping Buttercup (\"R. repens\"), Large White Buttercup (\"R. platanifolius\"), Celery-leaved Buttercup (\"R. sceleratus\"), Corn Buttercup (\"R. arvensis\"), Bulbous Buttercup (\"R. bulbosus\") and Glacial Buttercup (\"R. glacialis\").\nLesser Celandine (\"R. ficaria\"), Lesser Spearwort (\"R. flammula\"), and Greater Spearwort (\"R. lingua\") also belong to the buttercup family.\nPlants of the commonly named buttercup family grow in many different variations but most can be identified by their yellow cupped flowers and free-growing habit. The plants often climb or sprawl, with leaves arranged in spirals. Some may contain leaves without\u00a0stipules\u00a0and flowers with many\u00a0stamens.\nMolecular investigation of the genus shows that \"Ranunculus\" is not monophyletic. Proposals are under way to split up the genus.\nFolklore and Pop Culture.\n Highlights shining on the reflective petals of the buttercup can be seen in the images at left and above.\nPeople sometimes hold a fresh buttercup flower under the chin of a friend or family member. If a yellow reflection from the flower's shiny petals can be seen under the chin, the person is said to \"like butter\". This custom is still taught to young children and shows how buttercup petals reflect light.\nSome other plants and people are named buttercup, based on the name of the yellow wild flower. These include a type of pumpkin, and the girl's name Buttercup.\n\"Build Me Up Buttercup\" was the name of a popular song by The Foundations during the 1960s. A song called \"Buttercup\" was released by Jack Stauber in 2017. A cartoon character from television series was also named Buttercup. Buttercups and their poisonous effect are used as a theme in the \"PC game Undertale.\"\nMichael Avenatti, the lawyer of adult movie star \"Stormy Daniels\" (real name: Stephanie Clifford) against US President Donald Trump's ex lawyer and \"fixer\" Michael Cohen used on 29 July 2018 the phrase \"You better buckle up buttercup\" in a tweet addressing \"Donald Trump's\" lawyer \"Rudy Giuliani\", which soon became the hashtag #BuckleUpButtercup."}
+{"id": "22933", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22933", "title": "Postage stamps", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22934", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22934", "title": "Gods", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22939", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22939", "title": "Gomaespuma", "text": "Gomaespuma is a radio show, presented by Juan Luis Cano and Guillermo Fesser. The program is broadcast by Onda Cero. It also has been in M80 radio and in Antenna 3 Radio. Gomaespuma organises the Flamenco pa tos festival, the most important Flamenco festival of Spain. Gomaespuma directs a foundation with the same name.\nPeople.\nThese people have appeared on television and on radio (marionettes)\nOther websites.\nThese links are in Spanish"}
+{"id": "22950", "revid": "211304", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22950", "title": "Seven Wonders of the Modern World", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22953", "revid": "1678721", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22953", "title": "Engineer", "text": "An engineer is a person who works in engineering. The word \"engineer\" is derived from the Latin root \"ingenium\", meaning \"cleverness\". Most engineers learn their work in engineering schools. They design materials, structures, machines and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, safety and cost. Much of the work is applied science, using information given by scientists to do their work. Apart from working with things, an engineer must also be good at working with people and money.\nTypes of engineer.\nMany engineering projects are large and very complicated.\nOften different kinds of engineers work together and help each other. As an example, computer engineers need help from electrical engineers to \nbuild a computer. The computer needs programs written by software engineers. The computer could be used by aerospace engineers to control an \nairplane. An airplane is a big mechanical system with many parts, so a mechanical engineer and a systems engineer are also needed."}
+{"id": "22957", "revid": "1171", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22957", "title": "Cesarville-dossainville", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22964", "revid": "224035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22964", "title": "Division by zero", "text": "In mathematics, a number can not be divided by zero. Observe:\n1. formula_1\nIf \"B\" = 0, then \"C\" = 0. This is true. But:\n2. formula_2\nWhich is the same as:\n3. formula_3\nThe problem is that formula_4 could be any number. It would work if formula_4 were 1 or if it were 1,000,000,000. 0/0 is said to be of \"indeterminate form\" for this reason, because it has no single value. Numbers of the form A/0, on the other hand, where formula_4 is not 0, are said to be \"undefined\", or \"undeterminated.\" This is because any attempt to define them will result in a value of infinity, which is itself undefined. Usually when two numbers are equal to the same thing, they are equal to each other. That is not true when the thing they are both equal to is 0/0. This means that the normal rules of maths do not work when the number is divided by zero.\nIncorrect proofs based on division by zero.\nIt is possible to disguise a special case of division by zero in an algebraic argument. This can lead to invalid proofs, such as 1=2, as in the following:\nWith the following assumptions:\nThe following must be true:\nDividing by zero gives:\nSimplify:\nThe fallacy is the assumption that dividing by 0 is a legitimate operation with 0/0 = 1.\nMost people would probably recognize the above \"proof\" as incorrect, but the same argument can be presented in a way that makes it harder to spot the error. For example, if 1 is written as \"x\", then 0 can be hidden behind \"x\"-\"x\" and 2 behind \"x\"+\"x\". The above-mentioned proof can then be displayed as follows:\ntherefore:\nDividing by \"x\" - \"x\" gives:\nand dividing by \"x\" gives:\nThe \"proof\" above is incorrect because it divides by zero when it divides by \"x\"-\"x\", because any number minus itself is zero.\nCalculus.\nIn calculus, the above are called indeterminate forms and come as a result of direct substitution while evaluating limits. \nDivision by zero in computers.\nIf a computer program tries to divide an integer by zero, the operating system will usually detect this and stop the program. Usually it will print an error message, or NaN. Division by zero is a common bug in computer programming. Dividing floating point numbers (decimals) by zero will usually result in either infinity or a special NaN (not a number) value, depending on what is being divided by zero.\nDivision by zero in geometry.\nIn geometry, it is sometimes said that formula_15 This infinity (projective infinity) is neither a positive or a negative number, the same way that zero is neither a positive or negative number."}
+{"id": "22965", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22965", "title": "Flamenco pa tos", "text": "Flamenco pa tos is a Spanish festival of Flamenco music. It is organized by the Gomaespuma Foundation. This festival is the most important festival in Spain. The profits of the festival are used by the Gomaespuma Foundation to help children in Managua. The Festival has been the winner of the National Awards of Flamenco during 2004 and 2005."}
+{"id": "22968", "revid": "11161", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22968", "title": "Czar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22969", "revid": "1641114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22969", "title": "Peter the Great", "text": "Peter the Great (), Peter I () or Pyotr Alekseevich (; \u00a0\u2013 ) was a czar of Russia. He transformed Russia from an isolated kingdom into a transcontinental great power. \nHe became czar of Russia in 1682, after his sister Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia lost a war. In 1697 and 1698 he visited Western Europe, seeking allies against Turkey. He hired foreign technical specialists and brought them to Russia, and decided Russia must have access to the sea. He built the city and seaport of St. Petersburg which became the capital of Russia in 1711. He changed Russia's society, by making new laws so it would be modern like the European countries of the new Age of Enlightenment. Prince Alexander Danilovich Menshikov was a close friend of the emperor but was later disgraced due to embezzlement of national funds.\nWars.\nThese are the wars that Russia fought in when Peter the Great was in charge:\nThe Great Turkish War: In this war Russia fought against the Ottoman Empire and won. Russia got some fortresses in the town of Azov from the Ottoman Empire.\nGreat Northern War: Russia was fighting Sweden during the Great Northern War. In 1700 Saxony, Denmark and Russia attacked Sweden. Sweden invaded Russia in 1709 which was not a good idea. The Russian Army retreated so the Swedish Army had to chase them. When a very cold winter came, half of the Swedish soldiers died in the cold. Eventually the Swedish army caught up to the Russian army and they had a battle, called the battle of Poltava. Russia won the battle but most of the Swedish soldiers, including their king, Charles XII of Sweden escaped and went to the Ottoman Empire. Peter didn't like this so he declared war on the Ottoman Empire but he lost and had to give the town of Azov back to the Ottomans.\nAfter that Russia invaded Sweden and conquered Estonia, Livonia, and Finland. By 1719 Russia had conquered all of Sweden. Even though Sweden had clearly lost, they did not give up until 1721. In 1721 Sweden signed the Treaty of Nystad where they agreed to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia. \nBecause Russia was a major power after the war, Peter the Great changed its name from the Tsardom of Russia to the Russian Empire. \nRusso-Persian War: At the start of the war Persia was already in chaos and was about to collapse. Peter the Great took advantage of this and invaded Persia. The war went from 1722 to 1723. In the end, Russia won and gained lots of land from Persia but had lost a lot of men from fighting. After Peter died, his heirs struggled for power and all the lands that Russia had conquered were given back to Persia."}
+{"id": "22970", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22970", "title": "Peter I", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22971", "revid": "9936373", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22971", "title": "Musical note", "text": "In music, a musical note, otherwise referred to as a musical tone, melodical note or melodical tone or simply a music note, music tone, melodic note, melodic tone, note or tone, is a text character that represents a sound of a writing system known as a solf\u00e8ge, especially in the United States, which is similar to a syllable in a spoken language. For example, in the first two lines of the song \"Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what you are\" there are 14 notes: one for each syllable.\nConfusingly, the word \"note\" can also mean the pitch of a note (how high or low it is). For example: the whole of the song \"Twinkle, twinkle, little star\" can be played using six different notes: C, D, E, F, G and A.\nThe word \"note\" can also mean the written symbol of the note, which shows the note value.\nNearly all music is made up of notes. Music without notes might be sound effects.\nMusicians.\nIn some Western countries, like the United Kingdom, Germany and the US, seven of the notes (in the sense of the pitches) are given a letter of the alphabet according to their pitch. From lowest sounding to highest sounding: rest, C, D, E, F, G, A, B. This pattern repeats, so that after G will come A. This A is an octave higher than the first A.\nBecause there are 12 notes needed in Western music, these 7 notes can have modifiers (\"symbols or words that change them\"). The two main modifiers are sharps, which raise the pitch a half-step, and flats, which lower the pitch a half-step. The symbol for a sharp is \u266f (like the hash symbol (American: number symbol): #). The symbol for a flat is \u266d (like a lower-case italic \"b\"). To un-flat or un-sharp a note, the natural symbol, \u266e, is written before the note. When writing in words (like this page), the symbols are written after the note name, for example: \"B\u266d\" means B flat and \"F\u266f\" represents F sharp. However, when writing in music notation, the flat, sharp or natural signs are written \"before\" the note. A way to remember this is to say: if the sign came after the note, it would be too late, and you would have already played it, so it must go before so that you know what is coming.\nSharps and flats can also be written in key signatures. A key signature is written at the beginning of the piece, and repeated at the beginning of each line. It gives the sharps or flats which are going to be regular in the piece.\nTwo other modifiers are double sharps, which raise the note a whole step, and double flats, which lower the note a whole step. These are much less common that the simple sharp or flat, but can still be seen in some types of music. The symbol for a double sharp is \u00d7 and the symbol for a double flat is \u266d\u266d. For example, E\u266d\u266d is another name for D. This is called an enharmonic equivalent. Another enharmonic equivalent is C and B\u266f.\nOther note names.\nIn some languages, such as the Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian), seven of the notes are named \"Do\", \"Re\", \"Mi\", \"Fa\", \"Sol\", \"La\" and \"Tsi\") instead of \"C\", \"D\", \"E\", \"F\", \"G\", \"A\" and \"B\". Nearly all of these names are the focus for a song in \"The Sound of Music\".\nDrum kits do not have notes; they have places on the manuscript where each line means each Drum,\neach symbol means each Cymbak on the Kit - how many times to hit it in what speed and beats\nin a bar there are usually shown as 4/4 and you count 1 2 3 4 each bar."}
+{"id": "22972", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22972", "title": "Peter the great", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22977", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22977", "title": "Calabria", "text": "Calabria, officially the Regione Calabria, is a region in the southern part of the Italian peninsula. It is the tenth largest Italian region by total area (after Apulia and Toscana) with 5,877 sq mi (15,222 km2). It has more people than any other state with over 2 million people as of 2020. Its largest cities are Reggio Calabria, Cosenza, and Vibo Valentia. The capital is Catanzaro. The region around its borders are Basilicata to the north, the Gulf of Taranto to the east, the Ionian Sea to the south, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from the Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west.\nCalabria is the Italian region with the 14th largest economy and one of the most largest in the South ."}
+{"id": "22978", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22978", "title": "Newcastle", "text": "There are three cities called Newcastle:"}
+{"id": "22981", "revid": "1422943", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22981", "title": "WordPress", "text": "WordPress is a piece of software which has become the most widely used content management system and is used for setting up blogs. It is open source, licensed under the GPL, and written in PHP.\nFeatures.\nWordPress allows users to create and edit websites through a central administrative dashboard, which includes a text editor for modifying content, menus and various design elements.\nWordPress provides plugins which provide additional functionality through WordPress Plugin Directory. There are over 54,000+ Plugins available in WordPress repository, and they can be installed through either upload or by one-click installation through the WordPress Plugin Library.\nPosts.\nUsers can write posts into the software and other people reading the post can write comments about it.\nUsers.\nSince the release of WordPress version 4.7 the software had been downloaded more than 36+ million times.\nHistory.\nVersion 5.8.1 is the latest WordPress release. It was released in September 2021\nOn May 27, 2003, Matt announced the availability of the first version of WordPress. It was well received by the community. It was based on b2 Cafelog with significant improvements. The first version of WordPress included a new admin interface, new templates, and generated XHTML 1.1 compliant templates.\nIn June 2010, Automattic, the company founded by WordPress co-founder Matt Mullenweg, transferred the ownership of WordPress trademark and logo to the WordPress Foundation.\nFree hosting.\nWordPress can be downloaded and installed on any server with PHP installed. However, WordPress has a service for users to host blogs, called wordpress.com. It has a limit of 3 GB of free space, with an option to upgrade for more. Users cannot add their own domain to the blog when using free option. But when user will buy one of the packages of WordPress.com, then user can use custom domain name."}
+{"id": "22982", "revid": "1689746", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22982", "title": "Outback", "text": "The outback is the remote areas of Australia. The outback is not a defined area, rather the term refers to locations that are far away from big cities and have few roads and not much farming. \nThe fertile parts are known as Rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle ranches.\nRanching, tourism and mining are the main economic activities in this vast and sparsely settled area.\nMedicine in the outback.\nBecause of the expanses and remoteness in the outback a unique service, The Flying Doctor, was created in 1928. The aim of the service is to provide medical care to people who cannot reach hospitals or other doctors. Consultations are carried out via radio or telephone and for serious situations, doctors are flown out to the patients.\nTourism.\nOrganised travels with a guide to the outback is popular, although some Australian and international tourists travel in their own cars. Such a trip, especially off the few big roads in the outback, requires very good planning and a suitable vehicle (usually four wheel drive). On remote routes considerable supplies and equipment are required. Some big trips cannot be undertaken safely without a convoy of several vehicles. Deaths of tourist are a regular occurrences because many people are not well-prepared for their outback trip."}
+{"id": "22988", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22988", "title": "Marske-by-the-Sea", "text": "Marske by the Sea is a village in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland in England. It has three primary schools and one secondary school (Bydales School), a museum, and two train stations.\nThe village has a Methodist, Roman Catholic (St Bede's) and Church of England (St Mark's) church.\nEconomy.\nMost of the people who live in Marske do not work in the village, but work in the nearby factory or in Middlesbrough or Redcar. Marske has a decent range of local shops. The Longbeck railway station and Marske railway station, which connect to Darlington mainline station, are the only means of transport there."}
+{"id": "22991", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22991", "title": "PayPal", "text": "PayPal is an American multinational technology company and website allowing transfer of money among people via web services and email. The money can be deposited into a bank account. PayPal was owned by eBay, from 2002 to 2015. It can be used in more than 200 countries.\nPayPal allows customers to send, receive, and hold funds in 25 currencies worldwide. However, PayPal is not a bank. Funds that are not used are converted into PayPal's profit."}
+{"id": "22992", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22992", "title": "7 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22993", "revid": "1634549", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22993", "title": "Orson Welles", "text": "George Orson Welles (May 6, 1915 \u2013 October 10, 1985) was an American director, actor, writer, and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre. He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time. Welles was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin.\nIn 1938 Welles directed a weekly radio show, \"The Mercury Theatre of the Air.\" His October 30 broadcast of The War of the Worlds (radio drama) created much excitement.\nWelles also made the movie \"Citizen Kane\" in 1941. Many movie critics think that this movie is the best movie ever made. His later movies are less liked.\nWelles died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, aged 70."}
+{"id": "22995", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22995", "title": "Arthrapod", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22996", "revid": "1430335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22996", "title": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107", "text": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 (Serbian: \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d \u041c\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0432\u0438\u045b, pronounced []; August 20, 1941 \u2013 March 11, 2006) was a Serbian Yugoslav president.\nOverview.\nHe was the President of Serbia from 1989 to 1996, and then the President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 2000. After his fall from power in 2001, he was sent to The Netherlands to stand trial at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague over charges of genocide. However, he died after five years in prison before the trial was completed. The UN tribunal said that Milosevic died of a heart attack.\nWar crimes trials.\nInternational Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.\n2007 rulings.\nFollowing his death, in four separate rulings, he was found to be a part of a joint criminal enterprise which used crimes to remove Croats, Bosniaks and Albanians from large parts of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. \nIn 2007, in its rulings against Republic of Serbian Krajina President Milan Marti\u0107, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) concluded:\nIn February 2007, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) cleared Serbia under Milo\u0161evi\u0107's rule of direct responsibility for some of the war crimes. However, the ICJ stated that\nKosovo rulings.\nIn the two Kosovo rulings, the Nikola \u0160ainovi\u0107 et al. and Vlastimir \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107 cases, Milo\u0161evi\u0107 was found to have been \"one of the crucial members\" of the criminal enterprise aimed at uprooting large parts of Albanians from Kosovo.\n2016 ruling.\nIn its 2016 ruling regarding Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107, the ICTY found that \"there was no sufficient evidence presented in this case to find that Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 agreed with the common plan [to create territories ethnically cleansed of non-Serbs]\" citing \"Milo\u0161evi\u0107's repeated criticism and disapproval of the policies and decisions made by the Accused and the Bosnian Serb leadership\", though it also noted that \nInternational Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals.\n2021 ruling.\nIn its 2021 ruling against Serbia's operatives Jovica Stani\u0161i\u0107 and Franko Simatovi\u0107q, the follow-up International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals concluded:"}
+{"id": "22998", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22998", "title": "Guest-house", "text": ""}
+{"id": "22999", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22999", "title": "Guest house", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23015", "revid": "10500396", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23015", "title": "Gymnosperm", "text": "The gymnosperms are a group of tree plant which includes tales.\nThey have naked seeds, in contrast to the seeds or ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms). which are enclosed during pollination. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale- or leaf-like appendages of cones or at the end of short stalks (\"Ginkgo\").\nGymnosperms and angiosperms together make up the spermatophytes or seed plants. By far the largest group of living gymnosperms is the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, Gnetales (\"Gnetum\", \"Ephedra\" and \"Welwitschia\"), and \"Ginkgo\" (a single living species).\nFossil gymnosperms include many that do not belong to the four modern groups, including the so-called \"seed ferns\" (Pteridosperms) and the \"cycadeoids\" (Bennettitales). Most of the Gymnosperms became extinct in the Cenozoic era (from 65 million years ago to present day).\nSome genera have mycorrhiza, fungal associations with roots (\"Pinus\"). In some others (\"Cycas\"), small specialised roots have nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria."}
+{"id": "23016", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23016", "title": "Influenza pandemic of 1918", "text": "The Influenza pandemic of 1918 (commonly known as the Spanish flu) lasted for nearly three years, from March 1918 to December 1920. About 500\u00a0million people were infected across the world, which had at the time a population of 1.80 billion people. The pandemic spread to remote Pacific Islands and the Arctic. It killed 50 million to 100\u00a0million people. This was three\u00a0to five percent of the world's population at the time. It was one of the greatest natural disasters in human history.\nTo keep up morale, wartime censors reduced reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain (United Kingdom), France, and the United States. Papers could report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit. It also resulted in the nickname Spanish flu.\nOften, influenza outbreaks kill young people, or the elderly, or those patients that are already weakened. This was not the case for the 1918 pandemic, which killed mainly healthy young adults. Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system). The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body. But, the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths among those groups.\nThere is not enough historical and epidemiological data to show where the pandemic started. The pandemic may be a cause of the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s. \nAnother swine flu pandemic had happened in the 21st century that turned out to be new strain of H1N1. The outbreak began in Mexico and then the United States and to the world."}
+{"id": "23017", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23017", "title": "Brock (Pok\u00e9mon)", "text": " known by name as Takeshi in Japan, is a fictional character in the \"Pok\u00e9mon\" series of video games, Manga, and television series. He is often seen traveling along with Ash Ketchum and Misty on their journeys. One of his gags is that he falls in love with every girl he sees (except for Jessie of Team Rocket). His nickname is \"The Rock-Solid Pok\u00e9mon Trainer\" because he uses rock-type Pok\u00e9mon.\nAnime.\nBrock appears in the first series of the anime. In his first appearance, he has many siblings and is in charge of them and cares for them since his mother Lola is away chasing dreams and his father Flint ran away from the family. After Flint comes back, Brock then picks up and his bags and travels with Ash and Misty throughout the Kanto series. He ends up leaving the group when they get to the Orange Islands to work with Professor Ivy. He later returns and travels with Ash throughout Johto, Hoenn, and Sinnoh. He uses rock-types Geodude and Onix, as well as others like Zubat.\nVideo games.\nBrock appears in the games \"Pok\u00e9mon Red\", \"Blue\", and \"Yellow\", and the \"Red\" and \"Blue\" remakes \"FireRed\" and \"LeafGreen\" as the gym leader of Pewter City. He gives out the Boulder Badge and uses Rock-type Pok\u00e9mon. He also appears in \"Gold\", \"Silver\", and \"Crystal\" and the \"Gold\" and \"Silver\" remakes \"HeartGold\" and \"SoulSilver\" as a gym leader the player can face when they get to the Kanto region."}
+{"id": "23022", "revid": "1174418", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23022", "title": "Zetland (lifeboat)", "text": "The Zetland was a lifeboat in Redcar, England, and is the oldest lifeboat in the world which still exists. It was put in Redcar in 1802. In 1858, the lifeboat was given to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). The boat was damaged in 1864, and was to be destroyed - however, following protest it was given to the town's people. Today, it is in its own museum."}
+{"id": "23024", "revid": "9404233", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23024", "title": "Silba", "text": "Silba is an island in Croatia. It is found between the islands of Premuda and Olib. It has an area of 15\u00a0km\u00b2 and its population (as of 2001) was 265; with the village of Silba located at the narrowest point in the middle. The main administrative centre is Zadar, found on the mainland."}
+{"id": "23025", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23025", "title": "Ian Fleming", "text": "Ian Lancaster Fleming (28 May 1908 \u2013 12 August 1964) was a British author and journalist. He was best known for writing the James Bond spy novels. He also wrote the children's book \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" in 1964.\nFleming was born in London to a wealthy family. He was educated at Eton College. He spent many years working in Britain's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. During this time, Fleming helped with the planning and management of two British intelligence units. This experience along with his work in journalism provided much of the background to the stories in his James Bond novels.\nFleming wrote his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. Because of the book's success, Fleming wrote eleven more novels and two collections of short-stories about the British secret agent. \nIn total, there have been twenty-six films based on Fleming's famous character. The twenty-sixth, \"Spectre\", was released in October 2015.\nFleming died on 12 August 1964 of a heart attack in Canterbury, Kent, aged 56."}
+{"id": "23027", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23027", "title": "1602", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23028", "revid": "10249913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23028", "title": "1676", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23029", "revid": "10249288", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23029", "title": "301", "text": "Deaths.\nSima Lin Emperor of China, Western Jin"}
+{"id": "23030", "revid": "10348878", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23030", "title": "1611", "text": "1611 (MDCXI) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "23034", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23034", "title": "Raiders of the Lost Ark", "text": "Raiders of the Lost Ark is a 1981 American adventure movie directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Lawrence Kasdan. It is based on a story by George Lucas and Philip Kaufman. It stars Harrison Ford, Karen Allen, Paul Freeman, Ronald Lacey, John Rhys-Davies, Denholm Elliott and Alfred Molina. The movie is about Indiana Jones, a globe-trotting archaeologist. He is competing with Nazi forces in 1936, to recover the long-lost Ark of the Covenant. \n\"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" is the first movie of the \"Indiana Jones\" series. It was highly successful and there are four film sequels\u2014\"Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom\", \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\", \"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny\". \nPlot.\nIn 1936, Indiana Jones is trying to find a golden idol in the jungle in Peru. His guide, Sapito, betrays him and tries to take the idol for himself, but is killed in a trap. After Jones comes out from the temple, he finds his rival Belloq and a dozen of the native people holding spears. Jones gives up the idol and runs to his airplane.\nWhile he is teaching at Marshall College, the U.S. Army tells him the Nazis are trying to find the Ark of the Covenant. Jones wants to find it first, so he goes to a bar in Nepal. His old teacher, Abner Ravenwood, was trying to find the Ark and has the headpiece to the Staff of Ra, a piece that is needed to find the Ark. His daughter, Marion, now runs Abner's bar and she punches him in the face because they had a romance and he ran away. She, however, comes along with him after the Nazi Arnold Toht and his friends try to get the piece themselves.\nJones and Ravenwood fly to Cairo and recruit a man named Sallah to help him out. They start digging in the area where they think it is. The Nazis capture Ravenwood and make Jones think that she is dead. Sallah and Jones do some calculations and realize that the Nazis are digging in the wrong area because their staff is too long. Jones finds the right place and starts digging, finding it in a place called the Well of Souls. However, Belloq comes back, raises the Ark, and throws Ravenwood in there. They escape.\nAfter a battle, Jones gets the Ark back. Sallah puts it on a ship which sails across the Mediterranean Sea, but the Nazis on a U-boat intercept the ship and search it. Jones escapes. He then takes a big weapon called Panzerschreck and threatens to blow up the Ark as it is being loaded onto a Greek island north of Crete. Belloq calls Jones' bluff, and Jones lowers his weapon. He and Marion are then tied up as Belloq and the Nazis test the power of the Ark by opening it. The spirits inside kill everyone. Jones and Marion close their eyes and escape the spirits' anger.\nAt the end of the movie, the Army puts the Ark inside a warehouse. They tell Jones that they are studying it, but Jones does not believe them. Marion tries to comfort him by saying that she will buy him a drink.\nProduction.\nLucas first had the idea of the \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" in the early 1970s. He wanted to modernize the serial films of the early 20th-century. He further developed the idea with Kaufman, who suggested the Ark as the movie's goal. Lucas eventually focused on developing his 1977 space opera \"\". Development on \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" resumed that year when Lucas shared the idea with Spielberg; he joined the project several months later. While the pair had ideas for significant scenes in the movie, they hired Kasdan to fill in the gaps between them. Principal photography began in June 1980 on a $20 million budget. Filming took place on sets at Elstree Studios, England, and on location in La Rochelle, France, Tunisia, Hawaii and California.\nRelease.\nPre-release polling showed little audience interest in the movie, especially compared to the superhero film \"Superman II.\" However\",\" \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" became the highest-grossing movie of 1981, earning approximately $330.5 million worldwide. It played in some theaters for over a year because of its popularity. \nReception.\nThe movie had very positive reviews from critics. It was a critical success. It has a 96% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics praised the movie for its modern take on older serial movies, and its non-stop action and adventure. The cast were all praised, particularly Ford, Allen and Freeman. \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" received numerous award nominations and among others, winning five Academy Awards, seven Saturn Awards and one BAFTA Award. The United States Library of Congress selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry in 1999. \nLegacy.\nThe movie has had a major impact on popular culture. The movie's success lead to imitations across several media and inspired several filmmakers. It continues to influence modern media. \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" is the first movie in what would become the \"Indiana Jones\" franchise. There are also television series, video games, comic books, novels, theme park attractions, toys, board games, collectibles and an amateur remake. "}
+{"id": "23037", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23037", "title": "Cruiseship", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23038", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23038", "title": "Cruise-ship", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23039", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23039", "title": "Monotheist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23042", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23042", "title": "English as an Additional Language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23044", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23044", "title": "Ash Ketchum", "text": "Ash Ketchum (\u30b5\u30c8\u30b7 \"Satoshi\" in Japanese) is the main character of the Pok\u00e9mon anime and the reigning Monarch of the Pok\u00e9mon World Coronation Series. His first Pok\u00e9mon was Pikachu, which he has kept since the beginning of the series. His Pok\u00e9mon Pikachu was given to him by the local scientist/professor from his hometown, Prof. Oak.\nConcept and creation.\nNamed after his and \"Pok\u00e9mon\" series creator Satoshi Tajiri, Satoshi was designed by Ken Sugimori and Atsuko Nishida, and was meant to represent Tajiri as a child. He has a character similar to him in the games, known as Red, who first appeared as the player-controlled protagonist (main character) in \"Pok\u00e9mon Red\" and \"Blue\". He is a Pok\u00e9mon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pok\u00e9mon, and use the creatures' special abilities to fight other Pok\u00e9mon, or use them for new ways to explore the game's world, such as instant travel between two areas. An animated version of the games later followed, with Satoshi voiced by Rica Matsumoto and was redesigned by Sayuri Ichishi.\nWhen they were changing the show so it was easier for North Americans to understand, the character's name was changed in the anime to \"Ash Ketchum\", the first name taken from one of the possible names players could choose for the character in the games, and the last name tying into 4Kids early catchphrase for the series, \"Gotta catch 'em all!\"\nTajiri said in an interview that, between Japanese and American reactions to the series, Japanese customers focused on Pikachu, while Americans bought more items featuring Ash and Pikachu together. He said that he felt the character showed what the franchise meant, the human nature, was necessary. Ash was given a rival, Shigeru. In an interview, Tajiri said while in the games, trainers Red and Blue were enemies, in the anime, Shigeru represented Satoshi's mentor. When asked if in either case Satoshi would beat his rival, Tajiri replied \"No! Never!\" However, Ash has outdone Gary as a trainer in the anime, and Gary has since become a Pok\u00e9mon researcher like his grandfather, Professor Oak.\nAsh's character design was first managed by Sayuri Ichishi, replaced by Toshiya Yamada during the \"Diamond and Pearl\" story line.\nVoice acting.\nVeronica Taylor did the voice of Ash in seasons one through eight of the English version of the \"Pok\u00e9mon\" anime. After the script was translated from Japanese, the lines were changed to fit the movements of the character's mouth (called \"lip flap\"). All the voices were recorded separately so Taylor was the only one there when she said her lines, which took about six to eight hours. Taylor was often the first person to record so she had to imagine how the previous line will be said. \"Luckily, I work with a great director who helps with the interpretation of the line, matching of the lip flap, and consistency of the voice.\" Taylor enjoyed playing Ash because of his \"low, husky (scratchy, deep) voice\" also well as \"energy and excitement\".\nTaylor said that Ash and the other characters \"loosened up\" after the first ten episodes of the anime; she believed the writers were more relaxed and felt the pressure of making sure everything was done correctly. Taylor commented: \"I enjoy playing [Ash] now much more than I did in the very beginning because I can have fun with him more, and we kind of know him and can work out how he really would react. We have the classic Ash responses and things like that.\" Sarah Natochenny replaced Taylor in season nine when Pok\u00e9mon International took over the dubbing rights (replacing and re-recording voices). In Japan, Rica Matsumoto is the voice of Ash.\nAppearances.\nIn video games.\nRed, the silent protagonist of \"Pok\u00e9mon Red\", \"Blue\", and \"Yellow\" and its remakes, \"Pok\u00e9mon FireRed\" and \"LeafGreen\", has many names, one of which is \"Red\". Some others are \"Ash\" (later used for anime character Ash Ketchum) and \"Jack\". In the game, Red is a young (most people think about 10 years old) boy from Pallet Town. His adventure begins one day when Professor Oak calls the two of them to his lab and gives them each a chance to choose their Pok\u00e9mon. After getting their Pok\u00e9mon, Blue challenges Red to a battle. Later, Professor Oak calls both Red and Blue and gives them both a Pok\u00e9dex each, and sends them on a journey to achieve his dream of capturing every type of Pok\u00e9mon.\nIn addition to the anime, Ash has appeared in video games and manga. The only video games that Ash has appeared in to date is \"Pok\u00e9mon Puzzle League\", where he tries to become a Pok\u00e9mon Puzzle Master, and Pok\u00e9mon Yellow, where you play as Ash, starting with a Pikachu.\nIn the anime.\nIn the beginning, ten-year-old Ash is starting out as a beginner Pok\u00e9mon trainer in Pallet Town, his hometown. After getting Pikachu as a starter Pok\u00e9mon from Professor Oak, Ash left Pallet Town to start his journey. Since he left, Ash has traveled the world of Pok\u00e9mon, competed in many challenges, met main characters Misty, Brock, May, Max, Dawn, Iris, Cilan, Clemont, Bonnie, Serena, Mallow, Lana, Lillie, Sophocles, Kiawe, Chloe, Goh and many other people, and caught many Pok\u00e9mon. He currently travels on his own now after winning the Pokemon World championship and deciding to go back home in Pok\u00e9mon ultimate Journeys and has returned to kanto.\nAsh has improved a lot as a trainer as the series went by. However, he is still excited and strong-willed. During the first season of the series, Ash trained to catch more Pok\u00e9mon than his childhood rival (person who you compete against), Gary Oak, although Gary was always shown to be the stronger trainer. He soon began to focus more on each of his Pok\u00e9mon's abilities. Ash's primary enemy is a group of antagonists named Team Rocket. Ever since the second episode, \"Pok\u00e9mon Emergency!\", two Team Rocket agents named Jessie and James, along with a talking Meowth as well as a Wobbuffet, have tried to steal Ash's partner, Pikachu, as well as many others, but have always failed. Throughout the series, Team Rocket does have some other temporary sidekicks, but they were not as relevent in the corresponding episodes. While they fight a lot, they sometimes work together against a common enemy, like in \"\", where they help Ash in finding the three treasures in order to save the world.\nIn printed adaptations.\nThe descriptions of Ash in the manga \"The Electric Tale of Pikachu\", \"Pocket Monster Zensho\", and \"Ash & Pikachu\", are much like in the anime. There are differences in the manga, though. In \"The Electric Tale of Pikachu\", it is based on Ash's journey up until the end of the Orange Islands travel. Ash is usually seen traveling by himself during this manga, although he is sometimes joined by Misty and Brock in Indigo. Misty is the only one to join Ash in the Orange Islands. At the end of the series, The \"Ash & Pikachu\" manga is similar, although it has the episodes from the anime like \"The Fortune Hunters\" and \"A Goldenrod Opportunity\" combined, but with a few changes. In \"Pocket Monsters Zensho\", Satoshi (as Ash is known in Japanese) starts with Charmander instead of Pikachu. The manga ends at the Indigo Plateau, where Satoshi beats the Elite Four. Manga author Toshihiro Ono said that Ash was one of his favorite characters to draw for the series, saying \"I want to go on a trip with Misty just like him! (And forget about job, rent, etc.)\".\nIn the \"Pok\u00e9mon Adventures\" manga, Red is a Pok\u00e9mon trainer and the main character of the first stories. Red starts off in Pallet Town, eager to be a trainer, and gets a Bulbasaur (who later evolves all the way into a Venusaur) and a Pok\u00e9dex from Professor Oak. He also has a Poliwhirl which he has known since childhood that evolves into a Poliwrath, and uses these two Pok\u00e9mon on his adventure. He later captures a troublesome Pikachu, and, after working to gain it's trust, it becomes one of Red's top three Pok\u00e9mon. Antagonists include his rival, Oak\u2019s grandson Blue, who was given Charmander; Green, another Pok\u00e9mon trainer from Pallet Town, who stole a Squirtle from Professor Oak; and Team Rocket, a group whose goal was to take over the world through Pok\u00e9mon.\nCritical reception.\nThe book \"The Japanification of Children's Popular Culture\" thought of Ash as an example of customer identification, with the character doing things players of the games had to in order to go further through them. It also made clear the character's growth as the anime series went by."}
+{"id": "23045", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23045", "title": "Arachnida", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23053", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23053", "title": "Hating", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23054", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23054", "title": "Born", "text": "Born can mean:"}
+{"id": "23057", "revid": "4975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23057", "title": "World's Fair", "text": "A world's fair is a large exhibition of industry and culture. They are also called \"expositions\" or \"expos\". This type of exhibition occurs since the middle of the 19th century. The Bureau of International Expositions officially takes care of them. The \"Bureau of International Expositions\" is usually abbreviated BIE, from the organization's name in French: \"Bureau International des Expositions\".\nList of official world expositions (BIE): "}
+{"id": "23061", "revid": "9817585", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23061", "title": "M\u00e9tis people", "text": "The M\u00e9tis (pronounced 'maey-TEE' in English and 'may-tis' in French), also known historically as Bois Brule, mixed-bloods, or Countryborn (Anglo-M\u00e9tis), are one of the three divisions of Indigenous peoples in Canada. Their home land is part of Eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, North Western Ontario, as well as the Northwest Territories. The M\u00e9tis Homeland also includes parts of the northern United States (specifically Montana, North Dakota, and northwest Minnesota). \nThe M\u00e9tis Nation are descendants of the marriages of mainly Cree and Ojibwe Indigenous peoples with French, Scottish or English settlers. Their history starts in the 18th century in the Western Canada. Historically, many western M\u00e9tis spoke a mixed language called Michif. \"Michif\" is the M\u00e9tis pronunciation of \"M\u00e9tis\". The M\u00e9tis today mostly speak English, with French as a strong second language, as well as many native languages. The use of Michif is growing again thanks to the work of the provincial M\u00e9tis councils.\nThe word \"m\u00e9tis\" is a French word derived from \"m\u00e9tisser\", and is slightly related to the Spanish word \"mestizo\".\nM\u00e9tis culture.\nM\u00e9tis culture is a unique culture with similarities to First Nations, French Canadian, English, and Orkney/Scottish cultures. The M\u00e9tis are known for their love of fiddle playing, but traditional instruments also included the concertina, the harmonica, and the hand drum. Their music has gone together with a kind of dancing called jigging. Traditionally, dancing included such moves as the Waltz Quadrille, the Square dance, Drops of Brandy, the Duck, La Double Gigue and the Red River Jig.\nM\u00e9tis people were famous for their horsemanship and breeding of horses. The RCMP Musical Ride horses dance the Quadrille as begun by the M\u00e9tis and their horses.\nAs the M\u00e9tis culture grew, a new language called Michif was spoken. This language combined mostly French nouns and mostly Cree verbs. \nThe clothing worn by M\u00e9tis in the 19th century included the sash or \"ceinture flech\u00e9e\". It is traditionally about three metres in length and is made by weaving yarn together with one's fingers. The sash is worn around the waist, tied in the middle, with the fringed ends hanging. Vests with M\u00e9tis beadwork are also popular. The Red River Coat came from the Metis culture.\nThe M\u00e9tis were important in Canada's past, as fur traders who came from the east coast, voyageurs (coureur de bois), frontiersmen, pioneers, and interpreters between the First Nations peoples and the European colonists.\nProminent M\u00e9tis.\nThe most famous M\u00e9tis was Louis Riel, who led two rebellions which John A. Macdonald hated, the Red River Rebellion in 1869 in the area now known as Manitoba, and the North-West Rebellion in 1885 in the area now known as Saskatchewan. Some say these were not really rebellions. For example, in 1869 Riel was the leader of a government recognized by Canada as controlling territory that did not belong to Canada; Canada worked on the Manitoba Act with this government. After these \"rebellions\", land claimers and other non-M\u00e9tis took away the M\u00e9tis' land by taking advantage of a government program for buying it, with the government letting this happen. The province of Alberta gave some land to M\u00e9tis in 1938 to fix what it thought was not fair, but Saskatchewan and Manitoba have not done the same.\nTwo other famous M\u00e9tis leaders were and Gabriel Dumont.\nActor August Schellenberg is of M\u00e9tis descent.\nBorn in 1940, in northern Saskatchewan, Metis writer and filmmaker Maria Campbell brought attention to the struggles of modern-day Metis and Aboriginal people with her book, \"Halfbreed\" (1973), and the play, \"Jessica\" (1982). She has shown the sound and song of traditional stories through her work in dialect, \"Stories of the Road Allowance People\" (1996).\nOn May 7, 2004, M\u00e9tis Todd Ducharme became a judge of the Ontario Supreme Court of Justice.\nOther well known Canadians of M\u00e9tis descent are Sharon Bruneau, a Canadian female bodybuilder and fitness model, and Kevin O'Toole, 1996 North American Lightheavyweight bodybuilding champion.\nBritish Columbia New Democratic Party Leader Carole James is of partly M\u00e9tis ancestry.\nNHL star defenceman Sheldon Souray is of M\u00e9tis ancestry.\nArchitect Douglas Cardinal is of M\u00e9tis and Blackfoot ancestry.\nNovelist Sandra Birdsell is the daughter of a M\u00e9tis man and a Russian Mennonite woman and wrote her award-winning novel \"Children of the Day\" partly on her parents' experience in Manitoba in the 1920s-50s."}
+{"id": "23062", "revid": "410004", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23062", "title": "Sangha", "text": "In Buddhism, the word sangha means \"assembly\" or \"community.\" For Buddhists, there are two sanghas that are very important:\nIn Buddhism, there are three things that a Buddhist shows the greatest respect: the Buddha, the Dharma (the Buddha's teaching), and the Sangha (the Buddha's community). So, for example, when the sangha is talked about in very old Buddhist books, the following words are often used:"}
+{"id": "23064", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23064", "title": "Courteney Cox", "text": "Courteney Bass Cox (born June 15, 1964) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the neurotic and competitive Monica Geller on the classic television series \"Friends\" for which she earned many Emmy and Golden Globe nominations and for her role in the movie \"Scream\" and its sequels. Cox married David Arquette between seasons 5 and 6 of \"Friends\", and changed her name to Courteney Cox Arquette. She later changed it back in honor of her parents.\nEarly life.\nCourteney Cox was raised in Mountain Brook, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham. She is the daughter of businessman Richard Lewis Cox (January 28, 1931 \u2013 September 3, 2001) and his wife Courteney (n\u00e9e Bass, later Copeland). She has two older sisters, Virginia and Dottie, and an older brother, Richard, Jr. Her parents divorced in 1974 and her mother then married businessman Hunter Copeland (uncle to music promoter and business manager Ian Copeland). After graduating from Mountain Brook High School, Cox left for Mount Vernon College in Washington, D.C., but did not complete her architecture course. She instead pursued a career in modeling and acting.\nCox is of English, French, Welsh, Irish and German ancestry.\nMarriage and family.\nIn 1996, Cox began dating actor David Arquette. The couple married on June 12, 1999. They have one child together, a daughter named Coco Riley Arquette (born June 13, 2004). Coco's godmother is family friend Jennifer Aniston. Cox had seven miscarriages between 2001 and November 2010. She and her husband separated on December 31, 2011. Arquette filed for divorce on June 8, 2012. "}
+{"id": "23065", "revid": "652309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23065", "title": "UEFA Champions League", "text": "The UEFA Champions League, or simply known as the UCL for a football competition organized by UEFA, between some of the top club teams in Europe. The top team in the league comes out UEFA champions league every year. 32 teams will play the game and determines the best football club. At first, it was started by France, not the European Football Federation. It was played only as a home and away tournament, but a group stage was added from the 1991-92 season. The teams are selected because of good performances in their respective domestic leagues. The teams used to have to win their countries' league, but more than one team can play in the competition depending on how good their league is. For example: the Spanish League can get 4 Spanish clubs in the competition compared to the Kazakhstan League which can only get one team in the competition.\nReal Madrid won the Champions League the first five times it was held, still a record. They have also won the Champions League/European Cup 15 times, which is also a record.\nA total of 23 clubs from 10 European countries won the Champions League. 12 clubs won it more than once: Real Madrid, Milan, Bayern, Liverpool, Barcelona, Ajax, Manchester United, Inter Milan, Juventus, Benfica, Porto, Chelsea and Nottingham Forest.\nRecords and statistics.\nWinners and runners-up.\n<noinclude>\nBy nation.\n</onlyinclude>"}
+{"id": "23066", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23066", "title": "FA Cup", "text": " \nThe FA Cup (known as The Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship reasons) is a national football competition. It is played between teams in the English league system. It is organized by the Football Association. The winner of the FA Cup qualifies for the next season's UEFA Europa League. If the winner of the FA Cup has already qualified for a European competition, then the Europa League place goes to 6th or 7th place, depending on who won the Football League Cup. The FA Cup semi-finals and final is held at Wembley Stadium. The FA Cup is the oldest football competition in the world and first took place in 1871.\nThe current holders are Manchester United F.C. It is United's 13th FA Cup, one behind Arsenal's record of 14.\nWinners and finalists.\nResults by team.\nSince its establishment, the FA Cup has been won by 43 different teams. Teams shown in \"italics\" are no longer in existence. Additionally, Queen's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887."}
+{"id": "23067", "revid": "10280899", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23067", "title": "Old Trafford", "text": "Old Trafford is a football stadium in Trafford. Its nickname is Theatre of Dreams\". It is home to the club Manchester United F.C.. It is a club stadium in Great Britain. \nOld Trafford hosted most of England's home matches while Wembley was being built. It was built in 1910. It cost about \u00a360,000,000 to build."}
+{"id": "23068", "revid": "1507217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23068", "title": "Stadium", "text": "A stadium is a building in which lots of people may watch an event. They are often used for football and athletics. Some stadiums are paid to add a company name to the name of their stadium. For example, \"Comerica\" Park in Detroit, Michigan, or the ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. When people do this the company has the \"naming rights\" to the stadium. The given name of a stadium can change when another company buys the naming rights to that stadium. \nAn arena is a small indoor stadium. Arenas are often used for many different types of events. These include sports and music. "}
+{"id": "23073", "revid": "824311", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23073", "title": "Disaster", "text": "A disaster is something bad that happens. Disasters can destroy homes and many kinds of work. Disasters can be of different types, but most are caused by wars, negligence or forces of nature.\nNatural disasters.\nThese may include avalanches (where snow comes down a mountain), cold (where animals and people freeze), diseases (sicknesses), droughts (when there is no water), earthquakes (where the ground moves), famine (where there is not enough food), fire, flood (where rivers grow and invade land), hail (hard ice falls like rain), heat that lowers the water supply, hurricanes that may destroy homes, landslides and mudslides, sink holes (where a cave falls in), storm surge (where water piles up and then suddenly comes on land), thunderstorms (rain with lightning and thunder), tornadoes (currents of wind that break things), tsunami (where a wall of water comes on land), volcanoes erupting, a waterspout (like a tornado on water), or winter storms (where snow falls so thick you cannot see).\nPossibly the worst natural disaster recorded was the earthquake in Shaanxi, China in 1556. It is measured at 9.0 on the Richter scale and 850,000 people are said to have died in the quake.\nHuman-caused disasters.\nDisasters caused by humans include wars, aviation (flying) accidents, arson, CBRNs (where a country has a powerful weapon), civil disorder (where people riot or do crimes), power outages (where electricity is interrupted), public relations crises where a company must tell bad news, radiation accidents, disasters in space, a telecommunications outage (not being able to communicate), and terrorism.\nLiving through a disaster.\nTo live through a disaster, it is important that your family and your city prepare in advance. This may be making a pack of things you need in an emergency, it may be a government sending soldiers to help, or it may be something in between. It is recommended to keep a disaster survival kit with canned goods, in the advent of such a disaster."}
+{"id": "23074", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23074", "title": "Bobby Orr", "text": " \nRobert Gordon \"Bobby\" Orr (born March 20, 1948 in Parry Sound, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.\nBobby Orr's ice hockey skills were evident at a very early age. He was signed by the Boston Bruins at twelve. As a 14-year-old, he played junior hockey against eighteen, nineteen and twenty-year-olds. He signed his first pro contract with the Boston Bruins in 1966.\nIn his first professional season, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as top rookie in the league. Orr only played 46 games in the 1967-68 NHL season because he was injured, but won the Norris Trophy. In the 1969-70 season, he scored 120 points and became the only defenseman in history to win the Art Ross Trophy, for leading the league in scoring. He also won the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Conn Smythe Trophy. In 1976, Bobby Orr was named the most valuable player in the inaugural Canada Cup Tournament. Orr was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in 1976. He would only play 26 games over the next three seasons because of problems with his knees. \nOrr was inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979."}
+{"id": "23076", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23076", "title": "The Muppet Show", "text": "The Muppet Show is a variety television series. It aired from September 5, 1976 to May 23, 1981. The series starred Jim Henson's Muppet characters. Each episode featured a famous guest star. A revival of the show, Muppets Tonight, aired from 1996 to 2001.\nThe main characters on the series are Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear and Gonzo the Great."}
+{"id": "23077", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23077", "title": "1250", "text": "Eras and population estimates.\nThe population of the world in 1250 was around 400 to 416 million people."}
+{"id": "23081", "revid": "21928", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23081", "title": "Director (film)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23086", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23086", "title": "Valencian Community", "text": "The Valencian Community (Valencian: \"Comunitat Valenciana\"), also unofficially called the Valencian Country (\"Pa\u00eds Valenci\u00e0\"), is an autonomous community in the eastern Spain with a population of around 5,000,000. Its capital and biggest city is Valencia, with a population of nearly 800,000 people. \nDemographics.\nThe second-largest city of the Valencian Community is Alicante, with a population of 332,000. The city of Elche, located in the Alicante province, is an important industrial centre, with a population of 230,000. Castell\u00f3n de la Plana, the capital of the Castell\u00f3n province, have a population of around 170,000."}
+{"id": "23087", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23087", "title": "Elx", "text": "Elx (in Catalan) or Elche (in Spanish) is the third biggest city in Valencia, and the second in the Alicante province, in eastern Spain. The city has 215,000 inhabitants and is famous for its palm trees and the Mystery of Elx, a theatrical piece."}
+{"id": "23094", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23094", "title": "Java (programming language)", "text": "Java is the name of a programming language created by Sun Microsystems. This company was bought out by Oracle Corporation, which continues to keep it up to date. It is designed to be platform-independent, which means that code written in Java can run on any device or operating system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This makes Java a popular choice for developing cross-platform applications and games. Additionally, Java has a large and active community, and a wide range of libraries and frameworks available for use. , is the latest version (will be supported until September 2023), while Java 17, 11 and 8 are the current (LTS) versions. Being an LTS version means that it will continue getting updates for multiple years. The next planned LTS version is Java 21 (LTS), planned for September 2023.\nBeing an open-source platform, Java isn't just supported by Oracle, e.g., Eclipse Adoptium also supports Java (JVM), to at least May 2026 for Java 8, and at least September 2027 for Java 17.\nJava, which was called \"Oak\" when it was still being developed, is object-oriented, meaning it is based on objects that work together to make programs do their jobs. Java code looks similar to C, C++, or C#, but code written in those languages will not work in Java in most cases without being changed.\nJava runs on many operating systems, including Android, the world's most popular mobile operating system (while Java continues to be used on Android, even by its maker Google, they no longer prefer Java; now Kotlin is their preferred language, though it can also be used with all Java code). This makes Java platform independent. It does this by making the Java compiler turn code into Java bytecode instead of machine code. This means that when the program is , a Java Virtual Machine interprets (or just-in-time compiles) the bytecode.\nJava is both a language, but it's also a platform, and a number of languages compile to the same bytecode meant for that JVM platform, and can then work alone (without Java, the language, or with it). Google, that previously recommended Java, now recommends Kotlin language over Java for its Android platform, and it, like any JVM language, can also work with or without Java in all other contexts where Java alone would have been used.\nJava concepts.\nJava was developed to achieve five main goals. These are:\nJava platform.\nThe \"Java platform\" refers to a group of software products from Sun Microsystems. The platform is used to develop and run Java programs. The platform includes the execution engine (called a Java Virtual Machine) that allows Java programs to do the same thing on different computer systems.\nThis capability of being able to develop software on one platform and running it on other platforms is called \"cross-platform capability\".\nThere are many resources available for learning Java programming, including books, tutorials, and online courses.\nProgramming example.\nAn example of a \"Hello World\" Java program:\n// This is a simple program in Java. It shows \"Hello World!\" on the screen. \npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println(\"Hello World!\"); \nTypes of Java programs.\nThere are many types of Java programs which run differently:\nBenefits.\nJava is commonly used to teach students how to program as a first language, but is still also used by professionals.\nCriticism.\nJava has also been criticized. Some criticisms are:"}
+{"id": "23096", "revid": "154076", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23096", "title": "Veda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23098", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23098", "title": "Eon", "text": "An eon (or aeon) is a term in Earth science for the longest periods of time. It describes a part of the Earth's existence lasting hundreds of millions to billions of years.\nA geologic eon is part of Earth's existence, made up of a number of eras of different lengths. A geologic era is made up of two or more shorter times called geologic periods. A geologic period is, in turn made up of yet shorter times called epochs. \nGeologists have given names to all of the eons, eras, periods and epochs that they have found by looking at rocks. The names given to each eon describe something about that time, or the rocks that were made at that time.\nFor example, we are now in the Phanerozoic eon, which comes from the Greek words for \"life that we can see\", that is, there were animals and plants big enough to see without a lens. This era started about 545 million years ago."}
+{"id": "23101", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23101", "title": "Bhagavad Gita", "text": "The Bhagavad Gita is one of the holiest books of Hinduism. The Bhagavad Gita ( \"bhagavad-g\u012bt\u0101\", 'The Song by God'), often referred to as the Gita (IAST: \"g\u012bt\u0101\"), is part of the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata. It is considered to be written in the first millennium BCE. It has teachings said to be given by Sri Krishna, who is considered a Supreme divine being. In the book (Bhagvat Gita), Krishna answers questions from Arjuna, a Pandava prince, about a human's moral duties (called dharma) regarding a broad range of philosophical and metaphysical matters. \nThe Bhagavad Gita is set in a narrative framework of a dialogue between the Pandava prince Arjuna and his charioteer guide, Krishna. At the start of the Kurukshetra War between the Pandavas and their cousins, Kauravas, Prince Arjuna is in doubt, thinking about the violence the war will cause. Wondering if he should renounce the war, Arjuna seeks the counsel of Krishna, whose answers and their discourse constitute the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna counsels Arjuna to \"fulfill his warrior duty\" for the upholding of dharma. The Krishna\u2013Arjuna dialogue covers a broad range of spiritual topics, touching upon moral and ethical dilemmas, and philosophical issues that go far beyond the war that Arjuna faces. \nThe Gita posits the existence of an individual self (Atman or Soul) and the supreme self (Brahman or Supreme Soul) within each being. The dialogue between the prince and his charioteer has been interpreted as a metaphor for an immortal dialogue between the human self and God. The text covers the philosophy of Yoga in terms of Gyan (Knowledge) yoga, Bhakti (devotion) yoga, Karma (action) yoga, and R\u0101ja (governance) yoga.\nA key chapter is \"Sankhya Yoga\", \"The Book of Doctrines\", \"Self-Realization\", or \"The Yoga of Knowledge (and Philosophy)\". Filled with questions about the meaning and purpose of life, Prince Arjuna asks Krishna about the nature of life, Self, death, afterlife, and whether there is a deeper meaning and reality. The chapter summarizes the ideas eternal Self in each person (Soul), and the Universal-Self present in everyone (Supreme Soul), along with concept of re-birth This chapter is an overview of the remaining sixteen chapters of the Bhagavad Gita."}
+{"id": "23102", "revid": "1463501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23102", "title": "Upanishad", "text": "The Upanishads are some of the sacred books of the Hindu people. The Upanishads are part of a large collection of sacred books of Hindu people, called the Vedas. They are placed at the end of the Vedas and they primarily deal with knowledge or wisdom. Because they deal with knowledge portion of the Vedas, they are called Jnana-Kanda (Jnana means knowledge). Also because they come at the end portion of the Vedas they are often called texts of \"Vedanta\" (\"veda\": of vedas, \"anta\": at the end). Upanishads form the foundation of the philosophy of Hindu religion. \nMany scholars believe that originally Upanishads are rebellion against Vedas and it has added to Vedas by its unique spiritual quest.\nUpanishad means \"sit down with\" master to learn about the Atman(soul).\nThe Upanishads do not belong to a specific period of Sanskrit literature. The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad, may be as old as 8th century BC, while the youngest, depending on the specific Upanishad, may date to the medieval or early modern period. More than 300 text about Upanishad have been found but we have 108 Upanishad in written.\nGeeta which is the most religious book of Hindu's is also a Greatest Upanishad."}
+{"id": "23103", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23103", "title": "Concert", "text": "A concert (as in a \"concert tour\") is a performance in which a musician or many musicians play music together to a group of listeners (called an audience). In the case of a concert of classical music there may be an orchestra. There is often an important visual element to the performance, such as with a rock concert. However, if acting out a story is an important part of the performance, then this is called \"musical theater\" or \"opera\" but some concerts have dramatic, theatrical music, with lights and special effects. Informal names for a concert include \"show\" or sometimes, \"gig\" for musicians who play in lots of different concerts, with different groups. A \"concert tour\" is a set of concerts where the performers travel to different cities or towns.\nThe performers at a concert are usually raised above the level of the audience on a stage. Concerts may be held in concert halls which are built for the purpose, or they may be held in any other suitable large building such as a school hall, a nightclub, a barn or a large house or castle. Some concerts are given to very large audiences in the open air. They may take place in a field or in a stadium. The music for these \u201copen-airs\u201d is usually amplified by loudspeakers so that large audiences can hear it.\nA concert given by just one performer (or perhaps two) is usually called a recital.\nThe world\u2019s longest concert lasted 453 hours.\nA group of concerts in one place or in one area that takes place for several days may be called a \"festival\". Examples are: The Proms, the Edinburgh Festival, the Glastonbury Festival etc.\nBefore the days of recording, a concert would have been the only opportunity most people would have of hearing concerts given by groups.\nUsually, people who go to a concert have to pay an admission charge. The money that is made from the ticket sales will usually go to paying the performing artistes, producers, and organisers. However, there are also benefit concerts where either the proceeds (all the ticket money) or profits (the money earned) will go to charity. Tickets for concerts can often be bought at the box-office of the concert hall or bought online. Sometimes concerts are free.\nTypes of concerts.\nThe nature of a concert will vary by musical genre and the individual performers. Concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume, but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a particular musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle, and behavior. For example, the hippies of the 60s often toted long hair (sometimes in dread lock form), sandals and inexpensive clothing made of natural fibers. The regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a recognizable style, comprising that venue's \"scene\".\nTheatrical.\nSome performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive affairs, with parts of the show being similar to a theater performance. In order to create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, artists will have additional entertainment devices within their concerts. These tend to include: elaborate stage lighting; an image-magnification (IMAG) system and/or pre-recorded video; inflatables, artwork or other set pieces; various special effects, such as theatrical smoke and fog and pyrotechnics; and unusual costumes or wardrobe. Some singers, especially in genres of popular music, augment the sound of their concerts with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singer's own voice. Activities which may take place during these concerts include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing. Some performers well known for including these elements in their performances include: Pink Floyd, Jean Michel Jarre, Sarah Brightman and KISS.\nFestivals.\nConcerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which typically remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music and arts. Due to their size, festivals are almost always held outdoors. A few examples of the hundreds of festivals include: Bayreuth Festival, Big Day Out, Coachella, Falls Festival, Glastonbury Festival, Mostly Mozart Festival, Newport Jazz Festival, Oxegen, Parachute Music Festival, Rock In Rio, Rockwave Festival, Salzburg Festival, Summer Sonic Festival, Tanglewood Music Festival, Woodstock Music and Art Festival, the Warped Tour, or the Umbria Jazz Festival.\nConcert tour.\nA concert tour is a series of concerts by an artist or group of artists in different cities or locations. Often, concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist and associate a specific tour with a particular album or product (for example: Michael Jackson's Bad Tour). Especially in the popular music world, such tours can become large-scale enterprises that last for several months or even years. They are seen by thousands or millions of people and bring in millions of dollars (or the equivalent) in ticket revenues.\nDifferent segments of longer concert tours are known as \"legs\". The different legs of a tour are denoted in different ways, dependent on the artist and type of tour, but the most common means of separating legs are dates (especially if there is a long break at some point), countries and/or continents, or different opening acts. In the largest concert tours, it is becoming more common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment, local to each geographical region. Concert tours are often managed on the local level by concert promoters or by performing arts presenters.\nRevenue.\nWhile admission to some concerts is free, charging for tickets is very common. Historically, concerts were the main source of revenue for musicians. Revenue from ticket sales typically goes to the performing artists, producers, venue and organizers. In the case of benefit concerts, a portion of profits will often go towards a charitable organization.\nAdditional revenue is also often raised through in-concert advertising, from free local concerts for local sponsorships to sponsorships from corporations during major tours, such as 2009's \"Vans' Warped Tour Presented by AT&T\". Both Vans and AT&T would have paid significant amounts to have their company names included at the forefront in all marketing material for the Warped Tour.\nConcessions and merchandise are also often sold during and after concerts, often by the venue in the case of the former, and by the performing band or artist in the case of the latter.\nThe highest-grossing concert tour of all time is The Rolling Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour which earned approximately $558 million in between 2005 and 2007. The highest earning tour by a solo artist is the Sticky & Sweet Tour by pop artist Madonna, which earned $408 million in 2008 and 2009."}
+{"id": "23106", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23106", "title": "Palm tree", "text": "Palm tree is a common name of perennial lianas, shrubs, and trees. They are the only members of the family Arecaceae, which is the only family in the order Arecales. They grow in hot climates.\nWell known palm trees are:\nThere are about 2600 species of palm trees, most of them living in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates.\nPalms are one of the best known and most widely planted tree families. They have held an important role for humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods come from palms. They are often used in parks and gardens that are in areas that do not have heavy frosts.\nIn the past palms were symbols of victory, peace, and fertility. Today palms are a popular symbol for the tropics, Looking at, Breathing air, and for vacations. \nRange.\nMost palm trees grow in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They occur from about 44\u00b0 northern latitude to about 44\u00b0 southern latitude. The dwarf palm (\"Chamaerops humilis\") occurs in southern France, the Nikau (\"Rhopalostylis sapida\") is a species of palm growing in New Zealand. The hardiest palm in the world is known as the (Rhapidophyllum Hystrix) and is able to handle temperatures below -18\u00a0\u00b0C (0\u00a0\u00b0F).\nShapes and flowers.\nMost palms are a straight, unbranched stem, but sometimes a branching stem, or even a creeping vine, such as the rattan. They have large evergreen leaves that are either 'fan-leaved' (palmate) or 'feather-leaved' (pinnate) and arranged in a spiral at the top of the trunk. The leaves have a tubular sheath at the base that usually splits open on one side when it is grown. The flowers grow on an inflorescence, a special branch just for carrying the great number of tiny flowers. The flowers are generally small and white, and are star-shaped. The sepals and petals usually number three each. The fruit is usually a single seed surrounded by flesh. The familiar coconut is the seed of a large fruit. Some kinds may contain two or more seeds in each fruit.\nHabitats of palms.\nMore than two-thirds of palms live in tropical forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the canopy and other shorter palms form part of the understory. Some kinds form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding. Other palms live on tropical mountains above 1000 meters, Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually where there is water, and in desert oases. A few palms are adapted to extremely basic lime soils, while others are similarly adapted to very acidic soils.\nUnusual palms.\nThe Coco de mer has the largest seeds of any plant, 30-50 centimeters in diameter and weighing 15-30 kilograms each. Raffia palms, with leaves up to 25 meters long and 3 meters wide, have the largest leaves of any plant. The \"Corypha\" palms have the largest inflorescence (flowering part) of any plant, up to 7.5 meters tall and containing millions of small flowers. The wax palm, Colombia's national tree, is the tallest palm in the world, reaching heights of 70 meters.\nPalm fossils.\nPalms first appear in the fossil record around 80 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period. Some descendants from that period are still to be seen today, such as the nipa palm or mangrove palm.\nPalms in danger.\nSome palms are in danger of dying out because of human activity. The greatest dangers are from large cities, mining, and turning forests into farmland. The harvesting of the heart of a palm for food also poses a threat, because it comes from the inner core of the tree, and harvesting it kills the tree. The use of rattan palms in furniture has caused a big fall in the number of rattan palms, as they are collected from the wild instead of being farmed.\nAt least a hundred species are in danger, and nine are said to have recently died out.\nIt is difficult to save palm seeds. They are killed by cooling them, which is the normal way of keeping rare seeds for the future. Also, planting rare species in parks can never truly recreate the wild areas they come from, and the plants may not do well in these parks.\nThe Palm Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) started in 1984, supported by the WWF. The group gathered a lot of information from different parts of the world. An action plan to save rare palms was made by this group in 1996.\nPest species.\nPests that attack species of palm trees include:\nPalm farming and use.\nDate palms in history.\nHuman use of palms is as old as, or even older than, civilization itself, starting with the growing of date palms by Mesopotamians and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago. The Date Palm had a great effect on the history of the Middle East. Historian W.H. Barreveld wrote:\nThe early importance of palms in the Middle East is shown in scripture. They are mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible, and more than 22 times in the Qur'an.\nPalms used for food and drink.\nApart from the well-known coconut and date, there are other kinds of food from palms. Palm oil, Sago, heart of palm and palm wine are all eaten or drunk in different parts of the world. Palm oil is used in everything from cosmetics to food ingredients.\nUse in war.\nSouth Carolina is nicknamed the Palmetto State, after the sabal palmetto, logs from which were used to build the fort at Fort Moultrie. During the American Revolutionary War their spongy wood helped stop the British cannonballs.\nOther uses of palms.\nCoir is a coarse, water-resistant fibre from the outer shell of coconuts. It is used in doormats, brushes, mattresses, and ropes. 'Dragon's blood' is a resin used in dyes, varnishes and incense, can come from the fruit of the rattan. The \"Washingtonia robusta\" trees line Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica, California.\nToday, palms are popular in parks and gardens in countries outside the tropics. two of the most cold-tolerant species are the Chusan palm, from eastern Asia, and the needle palm from the United States.\nThe palm as a symbol.\nThe palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in Roman times. The Romans rewarded champions of the games and celebrated success in war with palm branches.\nJews also had a tradition of carrying palm branches during festive times.\nThe motto of the University of Southern California is \"Palmam qui meruit ferat\", which means in Latin, \"Let him bear the palm who has deserved it\".\nPalms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of Haiti, Guam, Florida, South Carolina, and Samoa.\nIn religion.\nThe palm has many meanings in both ancient and modern Middle Eastern religions.\nChristianity.\nEarly Christians used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the Palm Sunday festival celebrating the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.\nIn Christian art, martyrs were usually shown holding palms representing the victory of spirit over flesh, and it was widely believed that a picture of a palm on a tomb meant that a martyr was buried there. Origen calls the palm \"the symbol of victory in that war waged by the spirit against the flesh. In this sense it was especially applicable to martyrs, the victors par excellence over the spiritual foes of mankind; hence the frequent occurrence in the Acts of the martyrs of such expressions as \"he received the palm of martyrdom\".\nIn other faiths.\nThe sacred tree of the Assyrians was a palm that represents the god Ishtar connecting heaven, the crown of the tree, and earth, the base of the trunk. The Mesopotamian goddess Inanna, who had a part in the sacred marriage ritual, was thought of as the one who made the dates abundant.\nThe palm tree was a sacred sign of Apollo in Ancient Greece because he had been born under one.\nModern times.\nThe palm, especially the coconut, remains a symbol of tropical island paradise.\nThe palm tree also represents Oasis.\nAt the birth of a child in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, a coconut palm was planted to count the age of the child.\nCultural significance.\nRabindranath Tagore wrote a famous poem about a special genus of palm tree."}
+{"id": "23108", "revid": "18078", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23108", "title": "Bailiwick of Jersey", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23109", "revid": "1694597", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23109", "title": "Bailiwick of Guernsey", "text": "The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands. The bailiwick includes the islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Burhou, Herm and Jethou as well as Sark, Little Sark and Brecqhou. \nA bailiwick is a territory governed by a bailiff. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the head of the parliament, the States of Guernsey, which makes the laws for the Bailiwick. Sark and Alderney also have their own parliaments and pass some of their own laws.\nOther rocks and islets.\nThe Casquets (49\u00b043.\u20324\u2033N, 2\u00b022.\u20327\u2033W) are a group of rocks 13\u00a0km northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other rocks which appear above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Not many plants grow on them.\nLihou is a small tidal island (95 vergees; 7ha) that is part of the Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: 49\u00b027\u203238.16\u2033N, 2\u00b040\u20324.44\u2033W. The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is joined to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone path between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's.\nThe country code (also used for internet) is GG."}
+{"id": "23111", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23111", "title": "Alderney", "text": "Alderney is one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel between England and France. It forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, but its parliament, The States of Alderney, still has the right to make laws for the island.\nThe traditional language was Auregnais, but nobody speaks it now. \nDuring World War II Alderney was used to house four concentration camps by the Germans, who had occupied each of the Channel Islands."}
+{"id": "23114", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23114", "title": "Hera", "text": "In Greek mythology, Hera was the goddess of women, family, and marriage. She is married to Zeus. She is one of the Twelve Olympians. Hera was also a protector of cities, a goddess of kingship and legitimacy . The name Hera is hypothesized to mean 'lady', or \u2018relating to the year\u2019 by modern historians, but Ancient Greek authors thought her name was derived from \u2018air\u2019 (\u1f00\u03ae\u03c1, pronounced \u201cah-AIR\u201d) or \u2018beloved\u2019(\u1f18\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae, pronounced \u201cair-ah-TEH\u2019). Her own special signs are the peacock, the pomegranate, and the cow. Her other important items are the crown and veil.\nHera's parents are Kronos and Rhea. Her brothers and sisters are Zeus (whom she also married), Hestia, Demeter, Hades, and Poseidon. Hera has two daughters and two sons, Hebe, Eileithyia, Ares and Hephaestus. Her step-children include Athena, Dionysus, Persephone, and the twins, Apollo and Artemis. \nHera is the queen of all the Greek gods and goddesses. She is often represented in art as regal and serious. Hera is also called 'The Queen of Heaven' because she rules over Mount Olympus where all of the gods and goddesses live and because she is the wife of Zeus. Some myths associate her with rulership, empires, queens, and kingdoms. The Ancient Greeks wrote that Hera is one of the most beautiful and important goddesses, and she was a pretty important goddess in some parts of Greece. However, most people only know her for being vengeful against a few of Zeus\u2019s children and mistresses, though most of them went unnoticed by the goddess.\nImportant myths.\nHera\u2019s most well-known myths are about her wrath towards some of Zeus\u2019s lovers and children, but her mythology is a bit more complicated than that.\nKronos\nKronos was the previous king of the gods who swallowed his children after they were born. Hera was one of these children. Fortunately she and her other siblings were released by Zeus and she fought to overthrow him in a war referred to as the Titanomachy.\nMarriage to Zeus\nAfter Zeus became king he started liking Hera and wanted to sleep with her. Some stories (such as the Iliad) say that they were together before the Titanomachy, but only married later. Another story says that Zeus turned into a bird and caused a storm, causing Hera to put him in her lap to protect him. He then turned back and asked her to marry him. She agreed and they got married.\nJason and the Argonauts\nJason was a hero from a place called Thessaly and he had to go on a quest for a Golden Fleece in order to become king of Thessaly. While he was trying to cross a river, he encountered Hera (disguised as an old woman) and carried her to the other side, losing a sandal in the process. From that point on Hera helped him succeed on his quest by helping him find a crew, a boat, and allies on his journey.\nDionysus\nDionysus is a son of Zeus by a human princess named Semele. Hera tried to kill him when he was a baby with the Titans. The Titans were going to make Dionysus come to him by showing him toys, and then eat him. Zeus scared the Titans away with his thunderbolts, but the Titans had already eaten everything but Dionysus's heart. Zeus used the heart to make Dionysus again. He did this by putting the heart in the womb of Semele before another incident, which led to him being sewn into Zeus\u2019s thigh. Dionysus was then born for a second time.\nEcho.\nEcho is a nymph in Greek mythology. She once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word\nIo.\nIo is a mistress of Zeus. Hera almost caught Io and Zeus together, but Zeus hid Io by turning her into a cow. Hera was not fooled and said that Zeus had to give her the cow as a present. Once Io belonged to Hera she was looked after by Argus. It was Argus's job to make sure that Io and Zeus were never together. Zeus ordered Hermes to kill Argus so that Io would be free. Hermes did this by killing Argus after he had been lulled to sleep. Hera then sent a gadfly to sting Io as she walked about on the earth.\nLamia.\nLamia is a queen of Libya whom Zeus was in love with. Hera was jealous of Lamia and turned her into a monster. When she was a monster, Lamia then killed her children. Another version of this story is that Hera killed Lamia's children and was then so sad that she turned into a monster. Hera also put a curse on Lamia. The curse was that Lamia could not close her eyes. Hera chose this curse because she wanted Lamia to always think about the picture of her dead children. Zeus then gave Lamia the gift of being able to take her eyes out, so that she could rest. She could then put them back in again afterwards.\nLeto.\nWhen Hera found out that Leto was pregnant with twins by Zeus she was angry. She banished Leto from Olympus, she also banned her from giving birth on any mainland or island that was known. Leto found a floating island, called Delos. It was neither a mainland or a \"real\" island, so Leto was allowed to give birth there. Artemis was born first, who then helped Leto to give birth to Apollo. After Artemis and Apollo was born, Hera was furious. So she sent the snake-monster, Python to hunt Leto and her twins. When Apollo reached to his adulthood, he slayed Python in Delphi and decreed that the humans will built a temple there in honour of his victory against Python. Few years later, Hera sent a giant named Tityos to rape Leto, but he was killed by Apollo and Artemis. Delos was later held down with four pillars so that it would not float around anymore. It is said to be surrounded by swans and later became a sacred place to Apollo.\nHeracles.\nHeracles is the stepson and enemy of Hera. Hera discovered that her husband, Zeus had an affair with a mortal women named Alcmene and she became extremely jealous at the mortal woman. Hera used all the power she had to prevent Alcmene from giving birth to Heracles. When Alcmene was about to give birth to Heracles, Hera requested that Zeus swore an oath and declare upon all the other Gods that the descendant of Perseus will be born on that day and the child will rule eveything around him. Then Hera descended from Olympus to Argos and cause the wife of Sthenelus, son of Perseus to gave birth to Eurystheus after only seven months while Hera tried to prevent Alcmene into giving birth to Heracles by holding back her daughter Eileithyia. This cause the fullfilment of Zeus' oath in that it was Eurystheus instead of Heracles. Hera continues her wrath on Heracles while he was still an infant. She sends two poisonous snakes to Heracles to kill him in his cradle. Heracles throttles the snake with his bare hands and the nurse sees him playing with the dead snake as if they were a child's toy, filling her with panic. When he is grown up and married, she then fills him with madness and he kills his wife and children, causing him to do Twelve Labours to atone for the crime. Afterwards he dies and ascends to Olympus, where Hera lets him marry her daughter Hebe and welcomes him like her own son."}
+{"id": "23124", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23124", "title": "Mirror", "text": "A mirror or looking-glass is something that reflects light. One common \"plane mirror\" is a piece of special flat glass that a person can look into to see a reflection of themselves or what is behind them.\nSometimes, a flat piece of metal or the surface of water can act like a mirror.\nPeople can see themselves in a mirror because light comes in and is reflected. \nCurved mirrors can have magnification properties, making images appear smaller or larger than their actual size, like a lens does. They can be concave (curved inward) or convex (curved outward), making the reflected angle and view to be smaller or larger, respectively. Special mirrors can make a person's appearance look quite strange. \nAlso, in a mirror, writing appears backwards, as a \"mirror image\" of the original writing.\nMirrors are usually made out of glass with metal on the back, called \"silvering\" even if the metal is not silver. Modern mirrors use aluminum. The aluminum is applied via vacuum, and will bond directly to cooled glass. "}
+{"id": "23126", "revid": "9933433", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23126", "title": "Space probe", "text": "A space probe is a type of spacecraft, usually an unmanned space mission, sent out to find out information about a planet or other far away thing. As a tool of space exploration a planetary probe may land on the planet, or orbit around it, or merely fly by closely. Probes use radio waves to send information back to Earth or sometimes to a manned spacecraft. A space observatory leaves the Earth to look at distant objects, but does not go near the objects, so it is not called a probe.\nThe first successful space probe to explore a planet is Mariner 2, which was launched in August 1962 to fly by Venus. Over time, more space probes were launched, and more information about our solar system was gathered. A notable space probe is Voyager 2, which flew by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune before leaving the Solar System into interstellar space, a place between the stars."}
+{"id": "23129", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23129", "title": "Jawa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23135", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23135", "title": "2003 UB313 (dwarf planet)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23143", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23143", "title": "Blue's Clues", "text": "Blue's Clues is an American animated television series for young children. The show is on Nick Jr. from September 8, 1996 to August 6, 2006. It's been repeated since. On the show, Blue is a dog. Her owner's Steve with a green-striped shirt, until 2002, when he's about ready for college. Now, Steve's younger brother Joe owns her.\nThe producers got ideas from child development and early-childhood education. Innovative animation and other techniques helped their viewers learn. The show follows a blue-spotted dog named Blue as she plays a game with the host and the viewers.\n\"Blue's Clues\" becomes the highest-rated show for preschoolers on commercial TV. This was critical to Nickelodeon's growth. It has been called \"one of the most successful, critically acclaimed, and ground-breaking preschool television show of all time\".\nHistory.\n\"Blue's Clues\" was made during difficult period for children's television. In 1990, Congress had passed the Children's Television Act. This required networks and TV stations to devote a portion of their programming to children's shows. The legislation set no guidelines or criteria for educational programs and had no provisions for enforcement. According to author Diane Tracy, \"The state of children's television was pretty dismal.\nSince the late 1960s, PBS was one of the few sources for children's educational television programming in the U.S.. Most other U.S. children's TV shows were violent and created for the purpose of selling toys. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled in 1997 that the commercial broadcast networks had to air educational children's programs for a minimum of three hours per week. The cable network Nickelodeon, which had been airing programs for six- to twelve-year-olds, was not legally bound by this legislation but complied with it anyway many years before the laws and regulations were passed.\nBased on research.\nThe show's producers and creators presented material in a narrative format instead of the more traditional magazine format. They used repetition to reinforce its curriculum, and structured every episode the same way.\nThey used research about child development and young children's viewing habits that had been done in the thirty years since the start of \"Sesame Street\" in the U.S. This revolutionized the genre by inviting their viewers' involvement. Research was part of the creative and decision-making process in the production of the show and was integrated into all aspects and stages of the creative process. \"Blue's Clues\" was the first cutout animation series for preschoolers. It looks like a storybook with primary colors and simple construction paper shapes of familiar objects with varied colors and textures.\nIts home-based setting is familiar to American children, but has a look unlike other children's TV shows. A live production of \"Blue's Clues\", which used many of the production innovations developed by the show's creators, toured the U.S. starting in 1999. As of 2002, over 2 million people had attended over 1,000 performances.\nMalcolm Gladwell noted that Sesame Street appealed to both children and adults, but Blue's Clues was solely aimed at preschool children. They like stories, repetition and joining in the answers. \"Every\" episode of Blue was tested on preschool children, and the research noted how much of the time children watched the screen. The order of clues was tested. All aspects of the program could be changed if the testing suggested it would work better some other way.\nReboot.\nIn 2017, a reboot of Blue's Clues was announced. It premiered on November 11, 2019."}
+{"id": "23179", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23179", "title": "Ford Motor Company", "text": "The Ford Motor Company (FMC; often known as Ford) is an American multinational automaker, founded on June 16, 1903 by Henry Ford. Ford, which owns the luxury vehicle manufacturer Lincoln, was the second-largest automaker, after General Motors, 1931 to 2004. Formerly, Ford also owned the following brands:\nHistory.\nIn 1896, Henry Ford had an idea to make a Quadricycle, the first \"horseless carriage\" he built. This four-wheeled vehicle was very different from cars we drive now. It was very different even from vehicles Ford produced just a few years later. Even so, this was the start of Ford's career as a businessman. Until the Quadricycle, Ford's work had been experimental and theoretical. For example, in the 1890s, Ford built a gas engine on his kitchen table \u2014 just an engine with nothing to power. Enough people liked the Quadricycle, and much could be done with the it, so it led to the beginning of Ford's business.\nFord Motor Company started on June 16, 1903, when Henry Ford and 11 business helpers signed papers to form the company. Their first Ford production car, the Model A, was sold in Detroit, Michigan a few months later. (This Model A should not be confused with their more famous Model A, which came out in 1927). With $280,000 (around 165 000 pounds), the early businessmen made what was to become one of the world's largest companies. Few companies changed the history and development of industry and society in the 20th century as much as Ford Motor Company.\nMass production on the line.\nFord Motor Company's most important contribution to automotive manufacturing was the (moving) assembly line. First implemented at the Highland Park plant (in Michigan, US) in 1913, this new method let each workers to stay in one place, to do the same job repeatedly as the vehicles went by on the assembly line. The line proved to be very efficient; it helped the company make more cars, and make them cheaper than other car companies could do at the time. Before using the assembly line, Ford made 12,000 Model T's in a year. With the assembly line, Ford could make 12,000 Model T's in just two days. Ford had discovered how to make more cars that more people could afford to buy. He even paid his workers higher salaries than other car companies and still made money.\nEarly growth.\nHenry Ford insisted that the company's future lay in the production of affordable cars for a mass market. In 1903, the company began using the first 19 letters of the alphabet to name new cars. In 1908, the Model T was born, and it was sold for 19 years. By selling 15 million Model T's, Ford Motor Company became a giant company which spanned the globe. They built plants in the Soviet Union, Japan and other places. Ford started making farm tractors, trucks and school buses. In 1925, Ford Motor Company bought the Lincoln Motor Company. It uses that name to build luxury cars. In the 1930s, the name \"Mercury\" was given to its mid-priced cars. Ford Motor Company was growing."}
+{"id": "23185", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23185", "title": "Rastafari movement", "text": "A Rastafarian (often called a Rasta) is a member of the Rastafari movement. Most Rastafarians live in the Caribbean, most notably Jamaica.\nRastafarians say that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia is Jah (shortened from Jehovah). They say that Jesus has returned again in the form of Jah, as he promised in the Bible, and he will deliver them to Zion (their name for paradise or Ethiopia).\nRastafarians do not drink alcohol, they do not cut their hair, they spiritually smoke marijuana, and they have a strict all-natural (often vegetarian) diet. The diet is called \"I-tal\" (derived from the word \"vital)\", and is something like Jewish kosher, but sometimes with no meat at all.\nDreadlocks are a common Rastafarian hairstyle. For them, dreadlocks are an expression of spirituality: the term \"dread\" refers to a \"fear of the Lord\".\nNaturality is an important part of the Rastafari way of life. They want to return to Africa and live naturally. They believe that smoking marijuana helps them to get in touch with Jah, and their way of life is improved when they practice meditation.\nRastafari movement in culture.\nMany reggae musicians are part of the Rastafari movement, including the famous musician Bob Marley, who died in 1981. Rapper Snoop Dogg became a Rastafarian in 2012. He has made an album of reggae music."}
+{"id": "23190", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23190", "title": "John Constable", "text": "John Constable (East Bergholt, Suffolk 11 June 1776 \u2013 London, 31 March 1837) was an English painter and artist.\nHis family had plenty of money because his father owned a business running corn mills. Constable's father wanted his son to take over the business after him, but Constable started painting at an early age, and convinced his father to let him follow art as a career.\nHe married Maria Bicknell in 1816, and they had seven children. She died in 1829 of tuberculosis.\nHis paintings are treasures of British art, but in his lifetime his work was appreciated more in France. Constable's most famous painting, \"The Hay Wain\" (now in the National Gallery in London), was first shown at the Paris Salon in 1824. He had to wait until he was 52 years old before the Royal Academy voted that he should be a member.\nConstable was influenced by the French painter Claude Lorrain. His most famous paintings are landscapes showing the countryside around Dedham and Flatford, where his father's mills were.\nHis art.\nConstable's idea was to use nature itself, rather than imagination. He told Leslie, \"When I sit down to make a sketch from nature, the first thing I try to do is to forget that I have ever seen a picture\".p51\nAlthough Constable produced paintings throughout his life for the market of patrons and R.A. exhibitions, on-the-spot studies were essential. He never just followed a formula. \"The world is wide\", he wrote, \"no two days are alike, nor even two hours; neither were there ever two leaves of a tree alike since the creation of all the world; and the genuine productions of art, like those of nature, are all distinct from each other\".p64\nConstable painted many full-scale preliminary sketches of his landscapes in order to test the composition in advance of finished pictures. These large sketches, with their free and vigorous brushwork, were revolutionary at the time. The sketches for and convey a vigour missing from his finished oil paintings of the same subjects. Compare the composition of this preliminary study with the finished painting: . Possibly more than any other aspect of Constable's work, the oil sketches reveal him to be an avant-garde painter, one who showed that landscape painting could be taken in a totally new direction.\nConstable's watercolours were also remarkably free for their time. The almost mystical \"Stonehenge\", 1835, with its double rainbow, is often considered to be one of the greatest watercolours ever painted. When he exhibited it in 1836, Constable appended a text to the title: \"The mysterious monument of Stonehenge, standing remote on a bare and boundless heath, as much unconnected with the events of past ages as it is with the uses of the present, carries you back beyond all historical records into the obscurity of a totally unknown period\".p89\nIn addition to the full-scale oil sketches, Constable completed numerous studies of landscapes and clouds, to become more scientific in his recording of atmospheric conditions. , for example, prompted a critic to write: \"the atmosphere possesses a characteristic humidity about it, that almost imparts the wish for an umbrella\".p9\nThe sketches were the first ever done in oils directly from the subject in the open air. To convey the effects of light and movement, Constable used broken brushstrokes, often in small touches, which he worked over lighter passages. This gave an impression of sparkling light over the landscape. One of the most expressionistic and powerful of all his studies is \"Seascape Study with Rain Cloud\", painted in around 1824 at Brighton, which captures with slashing dark brushstrokes an exploding shower at sea.p128 Constable also became interested in painting rainbow effects, for example in \"Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows\", 1831, and in \"\", 1833.\nTo the sky studies he added notes, often on the back of the sketches, of the prevailing weather conditions, direction of light, and time of day, believing that the sky was \"the key note, the standard of scale, and the chief organ of sentiment\" in a landscape painting.p110 In this habit he is known to have been influenced by the pioneering work of the meteorologist Luke Howard on the classification of clouds.p68 \"I have done a good deal of skying\", Constable wrote to Fisher on 23 October 1821.p56\nConstable once wrote in a letter to Leslie, \"My limited and abstracted art is to be found under every hedge, and in every lane, and therefore nobody thinks it worth picking up\".p129 He could never have imagined how influential his honest techniques would turn out to be. Constable's art inspired not only contemporaries like G\u00e9ricault and Delacroix, but the Barbizon School, and the French impressionists of the late nineteenth century."}
+{"id": "23198", "revid": "2044", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23198", "title": "Republic of Turkey", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23199", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23199", "title": "Yeni T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23200", "revid": "2044", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23200", "title": "T\u00fcrkiye", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23201", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23201", "title": "Republic of Singapore", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23214", "revid": "10278015", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23214", "title": "Alyssa Milano", "text": "Alyssa Milano (born December 19, 1972) is an American actress. She is best known for her appearance in the 1980s television series \"Who's The Boss?\". She was one of the stars of The WB's series \"Charmed\" since 1998.\nMilano was born in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. She moved to Great Kills, Staten Island early in her life.\nIn 2015, Milano supported Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election.\nIn October 2017, Milano helped popularized the #MeToo movement, an international internet movement, to raise awareness of the dangers and victims of sexual abuse and sexual harassment."}
+{"id": "23215", "revid": "9451055", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23215", "title": "A Beautiful Mind (movie)", "text": "A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 biographical movie about the mathematician John Nash and his experiences of schizophrenia. It is set in Massachusetts and New Jersey. It stars Russell Crowe, Ed Harris, Jennifer Connelly, Christopher Plummer, and Paul Bettany. It was directed by Ron Howard.\nThe movie is based on a book by Sylvia Nasar.\nThe movie won four Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture. Connelly won for Best Supporting Actress."}
+{"id": "23219", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23219", "title": "Taekwon-do", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23220", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23220", "title": "McGurk effect", "text": "The McGurk effect shows how hearing and vision are used for speech perception. Named after the man who found it, Harry McGurk (23 February 1936 \u2013 17 April 1998), it says that people hear speech with their ears, and use other senses to help interpret what they hear. The McGurk effect happens when watching a video of a person saying /ga/ with a sound-recording saying /ba/. When this is done, a third sound is heard: /da/.\nThe McGurk effect is robust: that is, it still works even if a person knows about it. This is different from some optical illusions, which do not work anymore once a person can see it.\nOverview.\nThe McGurk effect describes a phenomenon that shows how speech perception is not dependent only on auditory information. Visual information in the form of reading the lips is also taken into account and combined with the auditory information that is heard to produce the final stimuli perceived. This can get particularly interesting when the auditory information of one sound, paired with the spoken lips of another sound, ultimately combine to form the perception of a third different sound.\nExplanation.\nWhen humans perceive speech, they not only take in auditory information but also visual information as well in the form of reading lips, facial expression, and other bodily cues. Usually, these two sources of information are consistent with each other so the brain simply combines them to form one unified perceived stimulus. When the McGurk effect is tested and the incoming information from the ears and eyes differ, the brain tries to make sense of the contradictory stimuli which ultimately results in a fusion of both. In humans, information received from the eyes dominates other sensory modalities, including audition, so for instance when 'ba' is heard and 'ga' is seen, the resulting stimulus is heard is 'da'. The resulting stimulus is what happens when the brain tries to make sense of the two different sets of information.\nSimilar work by others.\nAround the same time that Harry McGurk and John Macdonald discovered what is now known as the McGurk effect, Barbara Dodd discovered a similar effect with audio-visual speech interpretation but instead it was with the visual cue of 'hole' and the audio cue of 'tough' which ultimately generated the audio perception of 'towel'. These discoveries changed the way scientists and researchers view the interaction of different senses in the brain.\nInfants.\nInfants also show signs similar to the McGurk effect. Obviously an infant cannot be asked what they hear since they cannot verbally communicate but by measuring certain variables such as their attention to audiovisual stimuli, effects similar to the McGurk effect can be seen. Very soon after infants are born, sometimes even within minutes of birth, they are able to imitate adult facial movements; an important first step in audiovisual speech perception. Next comes the ability to recognize lip movements and speech sounds a couple of weeks after birth. Evidence of the McGurk effect is not visible until about 4 months, with a much stronger presence at around 5 months. To test this effect on infants, infants are first habituated to a stimulus. Once the stimulus gets changed, the infant exhibits an effect similar to the McGurk effect. As infants grow older and continue to develop, the McGurk effect also becomes more prominent as visual cues start to override purely auditory information in audiovisual speech perception.\nEffect in other languages and cultures.\nAlthough the McGurk effect has been primarily studied in English because of its origins in English speaking countries, research has spread to others countries with different languages. In particular, the comparison between English and Japanese has been prominent. Research has shown that the McGurk effect is much more prominent in English listeners compared to Japanese listeners. One strong hypothesis for this is the difference between cultures and how each culture behaves and interacts. Japanese culture is notable for politeness and avoiding direct eye or face contact when interacting.\nThis phenomenon has also been studied in French Canadian children and adults. When compared to adults, children tend to show less susceptibility to the McGurk effect since their primary sense of speech perception is dominated by auditory information. This is evident in children scoring lower on lip reading tasks when compared to adults. Nevertheless, the McGurk effect was present in certain contexts but the effects were much more variable than when the tests were run on adults.\nBroader impact on society.\nAlthough the McGurk effect's importance may seem isolated to just psychological researchers and scientists, this phenomenon has been expanded to everyday audio and visual speech perception. Two researchers by the name of Wareham and Wright conducted a study in 2005 that may suggest that the McGurk effect can influence how everyday speech is perceived. This is especially important in witness testimony where the observations and accounts of the witness are usually expected to be accurate and correct. With this information, witness testimonies now must be interpreted with the notion that the witness may be unaware of their own inaccurate perception."}
+{"id": "23221", "revid": "10208191", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23221", "title": "J. M. W. Turner", "text": "Joseph Mallord William Turner (Covent Garden, London, 23 April 1775 \u2013 Chelsea, London, 19 December 1851) was an English painter and artist. He was one of the greatest artists of landscape painting, with a great mastery of light and colour.\nHis father was a maker of wigs and was a barber. His mother was ill with mental problems, and the young Turner was sent to live with his uncle in Brentford, West London, where he first started to paint.\nTurner became a student at the Royal Academy of Art school in London when he was 14 years old. He was accepted into the academy a year later. He had a watercolour painting in 1790 in the academy's important art show. He had only been studying for a year. In 1802, at the age of only 28, he was elected a member of the Royal Academy, and later became its Professor of Perspective.\nIn 1802, Turner travelled around Europe, visiting France and Switzerland. He also went to the Louvre in Paris. During his life, he often travelled across Europe, visiting Venice in Italy several times. As his personal style developed, he began to produce paintings that were generalised or exaggerated in form and colour, rather than realistic or detailed. These caused much argument as to their artistic value, but nowadays are his best loved works. On his death, he left 300 oils and 20,000 watercolours to the British nation. Some of his watercolours are the most abstract or generalised of his paintings.\nTurner never married, although he had two children with his mistress Sarah Danby. For much of his life, he lived with his father, who helped him in his studio until he died in 1829.\nIn his early career, Turner was influenced by the painters Claude Lorrain and Nicolas Poussin, who painted \"historical\" landscapes.\nTurner became interested in natural catastrophes, and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, rain, and fog. He was fascinated by the violent power of the sea. His paintings revolve around the light of the sun, shown in infinite variety. His work showed some of the ideas of the impressionists decades before they arrived on the scene. Monet, in particular, studied Turner's methods.\nHis most famous paintings include \"The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last berth to be broken up\". Often called just \"The Fighting Temeraire\", this is a picture of a famous warship that was used in the Battle of Trafalgar. Other pictures include \"Rain, Steam and Speed\", which shows a steam train crossing a bridge, and \"Snowstorm\" which shows a steamship in a snowstorm trying to get into a harbour. In order to get the right feeling into this painting, he had himself tied to a ship's mast during a storm, so that he could see what it was like. Some of his most famous paintings show the roughness of nature, with bleak landscapes and violent storms.\nBut also there is beauty and a sense of calmness in pictures such as Crossing the Brook, a stunning scenic view of the Tamar Valley and River from New Bridge near Gunnislake in Cornwall, painted in 1815, a view which can still be admired today.\nAs he grew older, Turner's behaviour became a bit odd, and he became depressed quite often. He died in Chelsea on 19 September 1851, and was buried next to the painter Joshua Reynolds in St Paul's Cathedral.\nEven while Turner was alive, some people thought he was a genius. Some people complained that the pictures he painted when he was older were not realistic, and some even joked that they could have been painted with a mop. However, most think that his way of painting shows complete mastery."}
+{"id": "23224", "revid": "1323", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23224", "title": "Joseph Mallord William Turner", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23242", "revid": "1092985", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23242", "title": "Mug", "text": "A mug is a container for drinking. It has one handle on the side. It is usually made of ceramic or steel. People might talk about getting \"a mug of beer\" at a local pub. They might also drink a mug of coffee in the morning."}
+{"id": "23312", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23312", "title": "Claude Monet", "text": "Claude Monet (14 November 1840 \u2013 5 December 1926) was a French impressionist artist.\nOne of his most famous paintings was called \"Water Lilies\", which he repeated many times in various conditions.\nMonet was born in Paris, France. His father wanted him to help run the family's grocery business. However, Monet wanted to be an artist. When he was young he met the painter Eug\u00e8ne Boudin who taught him to use oil paints, and encouraged him to paint out of doors.\nMonet joined the French Army in Algeria for two years from 1860 to 1862. When he became ill he left the army to study art at university. He did not like the way art was taught, and joined the painter Charles Gleyre in his studio. He met other artists here, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. They shared their ideas about painting.\nIn 1866 Monet had a child with Camille Doncieux, who had been his model. They married in 1870 and had two children, Michel and Joseph. In 1870 he moved to England to escape the Franco-Prussian War, and in 1871 he moved to Argenteuil near Paris where he painted some of his most famous pictures. In 1873 he painted \"Impression, Sunrise\", showing the sea at Le Havre. When this picture was shown in 1874 one critic took its title and called the group of artists \"Impressionists\". He intended to make fun of the artists, but the name has stuck and this is what people today call this style of painting.\nIn 1879 Camille died of tuberculosis. Alice Hosched\u00e9 decided to help Monet by taking care of his children as well as her own. In 1883 they moved to a house in Giverny where Monet planted a large garden. Monet married Alice in 1892.\nMonet found that his garden inspired him to paint pictures of it, particularly the water lilies. Alice died in 1911, and his son Jean was killed in World War I in 1914.\nMonet used broad brush strokes to build up his pictures, and painted quite quickly to try and get the idea of the light he could see into his paintings. If you go very close to one of his pictures it is hard to see what it shows, but if you stand back everything becomes clear.\nHis later paintings include series, in which he paints the same subject in different lights. For example, he painted a series of pictures of haystacks in a field, and another series of pictures of the west front of Rouen Cathedral. There are many paintings of the lilies in his garden at Giverny."}
+{"id": "23313", "revid": "1323", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23313", "title": "Monet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23322", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23322", "title": "Video", "text": "Video is a technology that records, transmits, and displays moving images. The images may be recorded onto some medium such as videotape. The recorder may be a separate machine such as a videocassette recorder (also called a VCR) or built into something else such as a video camera. A popular 20th century videotape format was VHS. It was used by many people to record television programmes onto cassettes. This is usually an analog format. In the 21st century digital recording is used more often than analog recording. By extension, a video clip is a short movie. A music video usually stars someone who recorded an (audio) album. One purpose is to promote the album.\nMaking and showing video.\nVideo's are made using a video camera. A camera is an electronic device that takes light from the real world and makes it into electric signals. A video camera is one that takes many pictures very fast to make it a video. Several video sequences may be edited together to make a presentation.\nVideo is shown with a screen. A screen can be a monitor, a projector, or a television. The purpose of a screen is to turn video information into light.\nHistory.\nAnalog video.\nWhen video technology was first made, it was made for televisions. At first, it was for mechanical televisions, but then cathode-ray tube televisions became more common. The technology was analog.\nDigital video.\nDigital video came after analog video. At first, the digital video was not useful because the bitrate (how quick a picture moves through a wire) was too high. After data compression was made, digital video became more useful than analog video.\nProperties of video.\nFrames per second.\nFrames per second is a number which means how quick a picture is shown to a person watching the video. Videos are just pictures shown one by one, but very very fast. So the frame rate is the number of pictures that are shown in 1 second.\nInterlaced and progressive.\nA video can be interlaced or progressive. When a picture is shown in a video, it is divided into many lines.\nIn a progressive video, The screen will draw each line one by one from the top of the picture until the bottom of the picture.\nBut in an interlaced video, the screen will only draw the odd lines at first. So the screen will draw 1, 3, 5, 7, until it touches the bottom. When it does, the screen will go to the second line, and draw the even lines.\nAspect ratio.\nA video has an aspect ratio. An aspect ratio gives the shape of a video. The video can either be a square or a rectangle. To get the aspect ratio, you divide the width by the height. Then you write it as a ratio.\nA video shaped like a square has an aspect ratio of 1, because the width and height are the same number.\nA video which is a rectangle has an aspect ratio that is not 1. A video that is tall has an aspect ratio where the right side of the ratio is bigger. But a video that is wide has an aspect ratio where the left number is bigger.\nCommon aspect ratios are 16:9 and 4:3.\nColor information.\nThe pictures in a video have color information. For every pixel in the picture, which is a small box which is part of the picture, there is a color. This color can be put inside the video using a color model\nUses of video.\nMany people now use videos everyday.\nTypes of videos:\nVideo cables.\nA video cable is a cable used to move video information from one electronic device to another one."}
+{"id": "23334", "revid": "10418133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23334", "title": "Exodus", "text": "Exodus is the second book in the Torah. Exodus in Hebrew is called \"Shemot\", which means 'names.'\nExodus means 'going out' in Latin. It is about how the Hebrew people were led out of Egypt by God. Moses, their leader, hears God's words and then tells the Israelites. Exodus ends with God's laws and his instructions on how to build a holy container called the Ark of the Covenant.\nSummary.\nAfter the Hebrews went to Egypt to get food, the old Pharaoh died, and a new Pharaoh came to power and made each Hebrew a slave. The Pharaoh made the Hebrews work very hard and told his soldiers to throw their babies into the Nile River. One baby was put in a reed basket and floated on the Nile. He was later rescued by an Egyptian princess who named him Moses. Moses grew up in Pharaoh's palace, and later killed an Egyptian slavedriver. Moses escaped from Egypt and lived away from his people in Midian. He lived with Jethro, his father-in-law.\nOne day, while Moses was tending his flocks, God appeared in a burning bush to Moses and told him to lead the Israelites out of Egypt. As Moses had no confidence in doing this, God gives him his brother Aaron to help him. Aaron was good at speaking and helped Moses speak to the Pharaoh.\nWhen he returned to Egypt, Moses asked the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go, but the Pharaoh refused. Through God's power, Moses causes ten plagues to come on Egypt.\nThe last plague was the death of all the firstborns in Egypt. Only the Israelites' firstborns were spared, as they had the blood of a young lamb on their door, so God did not let the Angel of Death enter their houses (12:23). The Pharaoh finally decided to let the Israelites go.\nWhile the Israelites were crossing the Sea of Reeds, the Pharaoh changed his mind and decided to follow them with his troops. The Israelites passed safely as Moses split the Sea with his staff by God's power. Once the Hebrews all passed the sea closed, leaving all the Pharaoh's troops to drown.\nLater, at Mount Sinai, Moses received the law and the Ten Commandments from God. But the Israelites sinned against God by worshiping an idol (a golden calf). Moses broke the first two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments in anger. God later gave him another two. He also told Moses how to build the Ark of the Covenant.\nRabbanic Literature.\nThe first settlment of the Jews in Egypt came with the extended families of the 12 sons of Jacob settled in Egypt. On the 15th of Nissan of the year 2447 from creation (1314 BCE) -- exactly one year before the Exodus -- Moses was shepherding the flocks of his father-in-law, Jethro, at the foot of Mount Sinai, when G-d appeared to him in a \"thornbush that burned with fire, but was not consumed\" and instructed him to return to Egypt, come before Pharaoh, and demand in the name of G-d: \"Let My people go, so that they may serve Me.210 years after the settlement of JAcob Sons in Egypt on the 15 day of Nissan by the Jewish calendar year 2448 [1313 BCE] after the creation of the world was PAssoverand the Exodus of Jews from Egypt by the direction of the L-D under first Moses and then Joshua.Accoding to the Torah the Jews who left Egypt numbered 600,000 fighting men with their extended families with an estimated total of 3,000,000 to 3,600,000. However the Torah also explains that of the total of Jewish persons in Egypt only 20% left-while the remaining 80% choose not to leave. Rabbanic Literature gives a number of reasons of why there were those who choose not to leave:. \"..In short, there were millions of Israelites who had collaborated with the Egyptians and gained much power and wealth. As such, they didn't want to leave...\"\".. Our Rabbis explain to us that the 80 percent were so entrenched into their reality and culture of Egypt that they simply lost the will to leave...\"Because of their refusal to leave...\"..They were so steeped in Egyptian culture that they were unwilling to join the Exodus. As such, they were lost to the Jewish nation forever.\"Only 1/5 of Jews in Egypt survived {Those who left} the other 4/5 died during the 9th Plague of Drakness However of those who left:\"Ten Times the Israelites rebelled and tested the L-D during Exodus despite his revealation to them; according to rabbinic literature it was because \"..They were still laboring under the slave mentality of the Egyptian bondage.\"\nMedia.\nThe book has been filmed several times, as \"The Ten Commandments\" and \"The Prince of Egypt\".\nModern Jewish Exodus.\nThe Shoah of Jews in Europe killed an estimated 6/9 Jewish residents:\nAfter the Shoah Many Jewish COmmunities rements went up to Israel.\nAt the outbreak of the Russian-Ukraine war the resonce of Jews in the Ukriane: some deceided to stay; others left and also deceided to come back andstay in the Ukriane; still others deceided that being in the middle of war zone wasnt conductive to one health and have fled to Israel:\nIn 2022, 43,685 individuals from Russia and 15,213 from Ukraine moved to Israel.\nOver the past five years (2020-2024), approximately 160,000 individuals eligible under the Law of Return came from Russia and another 30,000 from Ukraine\nIn regard to Jews of Arab Muslin/North Africa/Asia Communites..Many of the Arab World adopted Judenfrei methods to their resident jewish polulations\nTotal"}
+{"id": "23340", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23340", "title": "Stretching (body piercing)", "text": "Stretching is a word used to describe a kind of body modification. It is when a person widens a pierced hole in their body.\nStretching is usually done a little bit at a time, so the pierced hole would not bleed or get infected. \nStretching methods.\nThere are some common ways used to stretch piercings, of different origins and useful for different people.\nGauges and other measuring systems.\nBody jewellery is measured in gauges from 20g up to 000g; sizes larger than that are measured in fractions of inches. In Europe they are measured in millimeters.\nThe table below is not exact, but very close."}
+{"id": "23341", "revid": "1688797", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23341", "title": "Chernobyl disaster", "text": "The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear disaster. It happened on April 26,1986 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant near the town of Pripyat, Ukraine. At that time, Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union. The station is 110 kilometers north of the nation's capital, Kyiv.\nThe event was one of the worst accidents in the history of nuclear power. It was rated level 7, the most severe level, on the International Nuclear Event Scale. The only other accident with a level 7 rating is Fukushima. The RBMK reactors that were used at the plant had no containment building to keep the radiation in. Radioactive fallout drifted over parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Scandinavia, the United Kingdom, and the eastern United States. Large areas of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia were badly contaminated. Approximately 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus. About 360,000 people needed to be relocated after the accident. Many people suffered from acute radiation poisoning and long-term illnesses such as thyroid cancer.\nCause of the accident.\nOn the day of the incident, there was a planned power reduction. By the beginning of the day shift, the power level had reached 50%. Then, one of the regional power stations went offline. On the afternoon of April 25 there was a request that the further power reduction would be postponed. Further power down was allowed after 22:00.\nA turbine generator run down test was to take place before the routine shutdown. At 00:05 on April 26, the power was at about 23%. 30 minutes later, the power fell to near zero, probably due to change of regulator. At 01:00 the power stabilized at around 6%. The test would be run at that level. A turbine was switched off and its oscillations were measured. Shift foreman A.F. Akimov reported to deputy-chief engineer A.S. Dyatlov (who supervised the power down) that the oscillations were measured. A final briefing was given. Everyone went to their instruments and at 01:23:04 the turbine generator run down test began. Everything went completely normally. \nThe reactor showed a tendency to accelerate as the cooling pumps connected to the turbine generator were slowing, due to the property called positive void coefficient of reactivity. As number of so-called \u2018voids\u2019 (e.g. steam bubbles) increases due to increased boiling or loss of coolant, so does the reactivity. The operators successfully kept the reactor in control and it did not accelerate. At 01:23:40 senior reactor chief control engineer L.F. Toptunov pressed the emergency shutdown button (also called 'SCRAM', or 'AZ-5' in RBMK reactors), causing control rods to rapidly insert into the reactor core to absorb neutrons (intended to immediately stop the nuclear chain reaction and thus shut down the reactor). The power was at 7% when the button was pressed. Instead of shutting down, the reactor suffered a power surge. This was due to the reactor being unstable at low power. The graphite-tipped control rods first displaced neutron-absorbing coolant with neutron-moderating graphite, which briefly increased reactivity instead of reducing it. This, now known to be a design flaw, caused a sudden power spike, and at 01:23:43 the power jumped to 17%. Due to the power increase, the automatic control rods suffered damage and they jammed. Fuel channels ruptured and at 01:23:47:53 the reactor exploded.\nThe explosion was so powerful that it blew the 1000 ton steel lid off the reactor. The explosion released large amounts of radioactive materials and fuel. The neutron moderator, made of graphite, started to burn. The fire released more radioactive fallout, which was carried away by the smoke.\nAfter the accident, Reactor 4 was covered by a \"sarcophagus\" made from steel and concrete to stop the escape of more radiation from the lost corium as well as radioactive dust. The sarcophagus was covered in 2016 with the New Safe Confinement structure.\nDisputes.\nThe accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry. The Soviet Union slowed the process of making its nuclear industry bigger for some time. The government also had to become less secretive as a result of the accident. Since 1991, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus have become separate countries. Those countries have continued to pay the high costs for decontamination (removing the radioactive material) and health care because of the accident. Exposure to radiation leads to a higher risk of cancer.\nDeaths and longterm effects.\nIt's difficult to count the number of deaths caused by the events at Chernobyl. A 2005 IAEA report tells of 56 direct deaths. 47 were accident workers, and 9 were children who died of thyroid cancer. The report estimates that up to 4,000 people may die from long term diseases related to the accident. However, other estimates range from 4,000 to 27,000 by the Union of Concerned Scientists. Greenpeace estimate that between 93,000 to 200,000 people died as a result of the disaster. Following the disaster, babies and animals born around Chernobyl had defects, such as cerebrovascular diseases, physical deformities, and mental disorders. The animals exposed to high levels of radiation were born with physical deformities and mutations. Birds were born with smaller brains and less viable sperm.\nAftermath.\nThe other three reactors at Chernobyl continued to operate after the disaster because there were not enough other power plants in Ukraine to meet energy demands. Reactor 2 was permanently turned off and stopped being used in 1991 after a fire in its turbine hall. Reactor 1 was decommissioned in 1996, and Reactor 3 was decommissioned in 2000. In 2018, a 3800-panel, 1-megawatt solar plant was opened next to the former nuclear plant.\n2025 drone crash and effects.\nOn Friday, February 14, 2025, a drone armed with a warhead struck the outer shell of the Chernobyl sarcophagus, damaging it. So far, the radiation levels are normal, with no dramatic increases. While no extremely major damage was done, it will take time to repair the sarcophagus."}
+{"id": "23342", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23342", "title": "Pripyat", "text": "Pripyat (Ukrainian: \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0301\u043f'\u044f\u0442\u044c, \"Pryp\u201diat\u2019\") is an abandoned city in northern Ukraine. It lies in Kyiv Oblast, near the border with Belarus. It was home to Chernobyl nuclear power plant workers. The city was abandoned in 1986 after the Chernobyl accident, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. Before being abandoned, about 48,000 people lived in the city. The city was founded in the 1970s, when the nuclear power plant opened.\nThe site today is practically a museum showing the late Soviet era. With entirely abandoned buildings, including abandoned apartment buildings (four of which were yet to be used), swimming pools and hospitals, everything inside remains, from records to papers to children's toys and clothing. Pripyat and the surrounding area will not be safe for people to live there for several centuries. Scientists think that the most dangerous radioactive elements will take up to nine hundred years to decay sufficiently to render the area safe.\nThe city is entirely accessible and is relatively safe on the road, although it is unsafe to go around the city without a radiation dosimeter that measures exposure. The doors of all the buildings are open to reduce the risk to visitors, although many have accumulated too much radioactive material to be safe to visit."}
+{"id": "23343", "revid": "1070632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23343", "title": "Pripyat, Ukraine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23344", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23344", "title": "Thyroid cancer", "text": " \nThyroid cancer is cancer in the thyroid gland. Doctors can find thyroid cancer by checking for swelling in the neck, blood tests, special scans, or taking a biopsy.\nTypes.\nThere are four types of thyroid cancer:"}
+{"id": "23345", "revid": "1388038", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23345", "title": "Containment building", "text": "A containment building is a building with a nuclear reactor in it. It is built around the reactor to keep the radiation from getting out, if something happens to the reactor. The containment building is the last barrier to the radiation getting into the environment. Containment systems for nuclear power reactors are distinguished by size, shape, materials used, and suppression systems. The kind of containment used is determined by the type of reactor, generation of the reactor, and the specific plant needs.\nThe Chernobyl accident was very bad partly because the Soviet RBMK reactors used at the Chernobyl power plant had no containment buildings. The explosion, however, was so powerful that it is unlikely a containment building would have completely prevented the release of radiation.\nLayers of nuclear defense.\nThe diagram shows the order of defense layers for a nuclear reactor. The first layer of defense is the inert, ceramic quality of the uranium oxide itself. The second layer is the air tight zirconium alloy of the fuel rod. The third layer is the reactor pressure vessel made of steel more than a dozen centimeters thick. The fourth layer is the pressure resistant, air tight \"containment building\". The fifth layer is the exclusion zone around the reactor."}
+{"id": "23346", "revid": "10288809", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23346", "title": "Chernobyl", "text": "Chernobyl or Chornobyl () is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus.\nIt was an important center of trade and commerce, especially in the 19th century. The city is 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) south of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, which became known for the Chornobyl disaster. The plant exploded on 26 April 1986. Clouds of dangerous radioactive particles were released. The power plant started leaking dangerous radioactive matter. More than 100,000 people were evacuated from the city and other affected areas. \nDespite the fact that radiation is still being emitted from the nuclear disaster site, the 800-year-old city of Chornobyl survives. As of 2025, the government still restrict access to the zone from the public. They try to clean up radioactive material. Hundreds of people \u2014 mostly the elderly \u2014 have decided to live with the dangers and have returned to their homes in the zone's towns and villages. Their population was highest in 1987, when there were more than 1200 people. In 2003, there were about 300. There are currently 704 people living in Chornobyl, the houses that have people inside have a sign on the outside saying, Owner of this house lives here.\nIn 2022, as part of Russia's invasion into Ukraine, Chernobyl has since been under Russian military control."}
+{"id": "23359", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23359", "title": "Klaus Wowereit", "text": "Klaus Wowereit (born 1 October 1953) is a German politician. He was born in Berlin. He was the SPD Governing Mayor of Berlin from 2001 to 2014. He and his party won 31.4% of the votes in the 2001 state elections, and he started a coalition government with Linkspartei.PDS. He was President of the Bundesrat in 2001/02. He was re-elected as Governing Mayor in 2006, and has carried on the coalition.\nHe supports Kurt Beck as \"Kanzlerkandidat\", the SPDs nominee for the Chancellorship of Germany. Many people wanted Wowereit to be the candidate, not so many after he decided to stay in coalition with Die Linke after the 2006 elections.\nHe is openly gay.\nBackground.\nKlaus Wowereit attended the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin until 1973. He went on to study law at the Free University Berlin, passing his first State Exams in 1981 and the second set in 1984.\nPolitical career.\nAfter university Wowereit spent three years as a civil servant in the Senate Office (that is, Ministry) of the Interior. At the age of 30, he was became the youngest councillor in the city of Berlin when he was elected a councillor of Tempelhof Borough. After eleven years he stood for the Berlin House of Deputies Abgeordnetenhaus which is City's Landtag or state legislature in 1995. In December 1999, he was elected chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in the Abgeordnetenhaus. From June 2001 to December 2014 he served as Governing Mayor, \"Regierender B\u00fcrgermeister\", of Berlin.\nSexual orientation.\nWowereit is one of the most famous German politicians who has openly declared himself homosexual. He came out at a convention of the Berlin SPD just before the 2001 mayoral elections, when he said \"\" (\"I am gay, and it's good that way\".) This is now a famous quotation in Germany. He probably came out so that the tabloid newspapers could not publish what they thought were embarrassing stories about him.\nWowereit is not the only gay mayor of a large European city. Bertrand Delano\u00eb, the mayor of Paris, is openly gay, and Ole von Beust, the former mayor of Hamburg, is also gay.\nIn September 2007, Wowereit published an autobiography called \"...und das ist auch gut so.\", after his famous coming out phrase."}
+{"id": "23360", "revid": "10265466", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23360", "title": "Sino-Soviet split", "text": "The Sino-Soviet split (1956-1966) was a time when the relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union weakened during the Cold War. Eventually, China's leader, Mao Zedong, decided to break the alliance with the Soviet Union.\nThe Soviet leader, Stalin, wanted to help spread communism in the world, including China. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviets gave weapons and supplies to the Kuomintang (KMT), and advised the Communists to ally with them against the Japanese Empire. The Chinese Civil War continued, however. After World War II, Stalin and the Soviet Union helped the Communists. Chinese leaders disliked the Soviet leaders for not helping Mao and the Communists from the start.\nThe Split.\nSuddenly, in 1953, Stalin died. Mao saw Stalin as the leader of Communism, but also had a bad relationship with the Soviet Union throughout his time as leader. The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was not like Stalin. He did not want capitalism to collapse like Stalin did. Mao got angry about this, and he wanted Nikita Khrushchev to help him fight the imperialists. Khrushchev said no, and then Mao decided that if Khrushchev was not going to cooperate, they would not work with each other anymore.\nLater, there was peace between the USSR and China, but they were suspicious of each other. They were no longer allies, and Mao's supporters said that it had been a victory."}
+{"id": "23363", "revid": "2852", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23363", "title": "Electrical charge", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23366", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23366", "title": "Chernobil", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23368", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23368", "title": "Awake", "text": "Being awake is a daily brain state. It is being in a state of consciousness where one is conscious about the surroundings. The person (or animal) can respond to these surroundings by communicating, walking, eating, and more. \nBeing awake is the opposite of being asleep. When you are asleep most responses to your surroundings are turned off, and you are unconscious of what is happening around you.\nAnimals are awake for some hours each day or night. Animals which are awake during the day are called diurnal. Animals which are awake during the night are called nocturnal.\nDiurnal animals include humans. Most wake up in the morning and are awake during the day. When they are awake they can eat and move. "}
+{"id": "23371", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23371", "title": "Kid", "text": "Kid can refer to:"}
+{"id": "23374", "revid": "1496568", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23374", "title": "Liu Bei", "text": "Liu Bei (; 161-223) was the founder of the Chinese Shu Han dynasty and its first Emperor.\nEarly life.\nHe went into battle against the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184, along with his best friends Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Later (in 190) he joined Gongsun Zan against the evil Dong Zhuo who had seized the Han emperor Xian. \nAfter Dong lost, the emperor was in the clutches of his followers\u2014until Cao Cao saved him and seized control over him. Cao Cao tried to conquer all of China for the emperor but in fact wanted to conquer it for himself. He defeated Liu Bei once at the Battle of Changban in 207 but was not able to win the Battle of Red Cliffs against the united forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, a warlord in the South.\nSun Quan granted Liu Bei some land in the West of his domain, and the two agreed to fight Cao Cao again if necessary.\nOld age.\nFrom 211 to 214, Liu Bei conquered the country Ba Shu in the West. Because he had now an empire of his own, Sun Quan demanded his western regions back but Liu Bei declined. This made Sun Quan quite angry.\nAfter several useless battles against Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao chose to make a union with Sun Quan. They attacked Guan Yu with their allied forces and overthrew him in 219. Liu Bei was mad and swore revenge for the death of his brother and the loss of an important part of his empire.\nWhen Cao Cao died in 220, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to give up his power. Cao Pi declared himself Emperor of the Wei Dynasty. Liu Bei found that offensive, for he was a member of the royal family of Han and considered himself the righteous Emperor of China. That's why he declared himself emperor of the Shu Han in 221. The next year, Sun Quan claimed the title \"Emperor of Wu\" for himself.\nLiu Bei was really mad at Sun Quan's arrogance. In 222 he opposed him in the Battle of Yiling but failed due to Lu Xun's great tactics. After his defeat Liu Bei got ill and died a year later. His son Liu Shan followed him as emperor."}
+{"id": "23375", "revid": "10304718", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23375", "title": "Cao Cao", "text": "Cao Cao ( 155-220) was a Chinese general. He managed to control the last Han Emperor Xian and conquered the whole northern China.\nCao Cao gathered an army in 184 to fight against the Yellow Scarves rebellion. After the Dong Zhuo had seized the Emperor Liu Bian in 189 and deposed him in favour of his brother Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), a coalition of local warlords all over the country arose against Dong. It was called by Cao Cao and led by Yuan Shao, and many powerful warriors joined it.\nAfter Dong Zhuo's death through the hands of his foster son L\u00fc Bu, Emperor Xian was controlled by Dong's associates. He fled to Chang'an (the old capital) in 195 but almost starved to death. Cao Cao saved him in 196 and brought him to his own place at Xuchang.\nWith the emperor under his control, Cao Cao managed to kill most of the minor warlords in Northern China and was even able to defeat L\u00fc Bu and the powerful Yuan Shao at Guandu in 200. He tried to conquer the south, too, but Liu Bei and Sun Quan opposed him and defeated his forces in the \"Battle at Red Cliffs\". Cao Cao led several campaigns against the south, but with fairly low success. Also, he managed to get the famous general Guan Yu killed by Sun Quan's general L\u00fc Meng.\nCao Cao died in 220, and his son Cao Pi followed him in control of the emperor. He eventually deposed him the same year and became Emperor Wen of Wei, making his father posthumously \"Emperor Wu of Wei\"."}
+{"id": "23376", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23376", "title": "Zhang Fei", "text": "Zhang Fei ()(?\u2013221) was a warrior in ancient China. He fought along with his best friends Liu Bei and Guan Yu for the restoration of the Han Dynasty.\nIn the battles he still brave like Guan Yu, during the Battle of Changban, he broke the bridge and made a battlecry to protect Liu Bei, and was greatly rewarded by his then-ally Cao Cao and Cheng Yu.\nAlthough Zhang Fei respect scholar, but he always caning his soldiers, he didn't accept Liu Bei\u2019s advise, and cause killed by his own officers Fan Qiang and Zhang Da."}
+{"id": "23377", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23377", "title": "Dong Zhuo", "text": "Dong Zhuo (; 139 \u2013 192) was a general in ancient China. He took control over the imperial court of Han in 189. He was later killed by his own foster son, Lu Bu.\nDong Zhuo had been a successful warrior and general since his youth. However, he was defeated by Yellow Turban rebels in 184 and was demoted. After the death of Emperor Ling, the eunuchs kidnapped the young follower Liu Bian and his brother Liu Xie. Dong Zhuo freed them and intimidated the kidnappers so they committed suicide by drowning in the Yellow River. Dong then brought the emperor and his brother back to the capital Luoyang and seized control over the court. Because Liu Bian seemed too stupid to him, Dong deposed him and made his brother Liu Xie emperor instead (Emperor Xian). In 190 he poisoned Liu Bian.\nDong Zhuo became arrogant and violent. He even forced the emperor to move to the city Chang'an as capital instead and burned Luoyang. Because of that, many warlords and Han generals all over the country formed an alliance to destroy Dong's reign. After some fierce battles, L\u00fc Bu knew that his position was lost, and killed his foster father Dong in 192.\nDong's associates Guo Si and Li Jue continued to control the emperor, but they started struggles and the emperor escaped. He was rescued by Cao Cao in 196."}
+{"id": "23378", "revid": "9555399", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23378", "title": "Sun Quan", "text": "Sun Quan (; 182-252) was an ancient Chinese warlord and founder of Eastern Wu in 222.\nAs a warlord.\nHis brother Sun Ce conquered Southeastern China from 197 until his death in 200. Sun Quan was in charge at the age of 18. He continued to expand his empire and drew back the forces of Cao Cao in the \"Battle at Red Cliffs\" (along with Liu Bei). To have better opportunities against the north, he gave his Jing Province to Liu Bei so that he could create an empire on his own. Liu Bei conquered the other western territories from 211 to 214 and set his brother Guan Yu in charge of defending Jing.\nNow that Liu Bei had his own empire, Sun quan demanded his western province back from him, but Liu Bei declined. In alliance with Cao Cao, Sun Quan's general L\u00fc Meng captured Guan Yu in 219 and slayed him along with his son, Guan Ping.\nAfter Cao Cao's son Cao Pi started the Wei Dynasty in 220, Liu Bei also wanted to be an emperor and declared himself Emperor of Shu Han in 221. He considered himself the righteous heir of the abdicated Han emperor Xian. Sun Quan declared himself \"King of Wu\" in 222. Liu Bei found that offensive, and launched a great attack against Sun Quan but failed\u2014due to Lu Xun's great tactics. He died a year later.\nUnder the regency of the Shu prime minister Zhuge Liang, the alliance between Shu and Wu was renewed. Both empires did not have to worry about their defense in the west/east after that.\nAs Emperor.\nIn 229, Sun Quan declared himself \"Emperor of Wu\". His attacks on Wei were all in vain but he managed to develop his country very well. After his son Crown Prince Sun Deng died in 241, he made his now-oldest son Sun He Crown Prince. All along the next nine years, He would have trouble with his brother Sun Ba who wanted to be Crown Prince instead. Their fight even caused the honorable general Lu Xun to die of anger in 245.\nIn 250, Sun Quan was sick of his sons' struggles and deposed them both as princes. Instead he made his youngest son Sun Liang Crown Prince. Two years later, Sun Quan died at the age of 70. For his follower was too young to rule on his own, the official Zhuge Ke became regent."}
+{"id": "23379", "revid": "3043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23379", "title": "Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchyov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23381", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23381", "title": "Conference", "text": "A conference is an event where people get together to discuss things. For example, scientists usually present their findings at conferences. Many other types of people other than scientists attend conferences also. Business people sometimes come together to talk about things. International business conferences are very common because it allows individuals to showcase their knowledge to the world. Using modern media, like the Internet, or the telephone people can talk to each other that are not in the same place. This is then called a conference call. Very often, digital video cameras can be used to transmit images, as well as sound."}
+{"id": "23382", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23382", "title": "Na h-Eileanan an Iar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23385", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23385", "title": "Pasture", "text": "A pasture is a piece of land. Usually, specific grasses and herbs are grown on it. Then livestock is put on for grazing. Rangeland is similarly used, but less controlled."}
+{"id": "23386", "revid": "1683478", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23386", "title": "Hectare", "text": "The hectare (symbol: ha) is a unit of measurement of area. It is equal to 10,000 square metres, or a square with sides of 100 by 100 metres. 100 hectares is 1 square kilometre. Therefore, a farm with 200 hectares of fields has 2 square kilometres of fields.\nThe word \"hectare\" means 100 ares. \"Hecto\" is the metric prefix of 100. The \"are\" is a metric unit of area, equal to 100 square metres."}
+{"id": "23387", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23387", "title": "Zhuge Liang", "text": "Zhuge Liang (;181-234) was a Chinese politician and general of the ancient Shu Han Dynasty.\nHe helped his lord Liu Bei conquer the country \"Ba Shu\" from 211 to 214, along with Pang Tong. After Liu Bei's death in 223, Zhuge Liang was a regent for the new emperor Liu Shan. Zhuge Liang attempted to conquer the Southern Wei territories five times but had no success. He died in 234, and Jiang Wan succeed his power."}
+{"id": "23389", "revid": "1242486", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23389", "title": "Wavelength", "text": "A wavelength is the length of the shortest repeating part of a \"sine wave\". All waves can be formed by adding up sine waves. That is, every wave is a total of sine waves, which may be identified by Fourier analysis. It is also known as the distance between a crest and another crest of a wave (highest point above equilibrium) or the distance between a trough and another trough of a wave (lowest point below the equilibrium of a wave).\nExamples of waves.\nWaves are everywhere. Examples of waves include:\n\"Length\" of a sine wave.\nThe sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too. As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength decreases Thus, the frequency and wavelength are in inverse proportionality. \nThere are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.\nA symbol used for wavelength most often is the Greek letter \"lambda\" (\u03bb)."}
+{"id": "23391", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23391", "title": "Francis Scott Key", "text": "Francis Scott Key (August 1, 1779 - January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer and poet. He is best known for writing a poem which later became the words of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", the national anthem of the United States of America. Key was inspired to write it after he saw the British bombardment of Baltimore in 1814. During the war he was jailed by the British in Washington. \nHis mother was Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and his father was Captain John Ross Key. He graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland in 1796. \nKey became a leader of the American Colonization Society that created Liberia and freed a few if his own slaves. In the administration of Andrew Jackson he was the United States Attorney in Washington, D.C.He resigned as District Attorney in 1840. He kept his belief in the system of African colonization (slavery) and a strongly disagreed with it being taken apart (abolition) movement until his death.\nCrandall died shortly after his acquittal, at the age of 63. At the Washington jail he developed pneumonia. He died of pleurisy at his daughters home."}
+{"id": "23392", "revid": "2853", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23392", "title": "The Star Spangled Banner", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23397", "revid": "1680987", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23397", "title": "Latex", "text": "Latex, also known as rubber, is a natural polymer. It is taken from the milky sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), native to the tropical forests of Central and South America. \nToday, much of the natural latex comes from Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Indonesia. Polymers made from artificial latex are called \"synthetic rubber.\" \nProperties \nVulcanization makes rubber useful in many products:"}
+{"id": "23398", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23398", "title": "Drum", "text": "A drum is a musical instrument. It is played with the hands, sometimes using a drum stick (a stick for hitting a drum). A collection of drums and cymbals is called a drum kit, or drum set. \nOverview.\nDrums are used to keep a steady beat in a song. They give music of many kinds a sense of feeling. For example, to make a song to be slow or fast, the drums play slower or faster. A drum is a percussion instrument, which means it makes a noise by being hit. There are many types such as cymbals and bells; even a simple piece of wood can be used as a percussion instrument. The drum kit is a group of drums and cymbals to make beats for music. Drum kits are used in most types of popular music, including rock, jazz, country, blues, and many others.\nAcoustic Drums.\nAcoustic drum kit is a set of drums and cymbals designed to be played as one instrument. A standard drum kit is made from a bass drum, snare drum, set of tom toms, hi hat cymbals, a ride cymbal and a crash cymbal. The sound is produced by striking the drums or cymbals with a drum stick or mallet.\nElectric Drums.\nAn electric drum kit is essentially a collection of sample pads set up in the same way as an acoustic drum kit. The pads themselves are designed to produce little acoustic sound, other than the dead sound of the wooden drum sticks hitting rubber. The drum kit sends electrical signals to an amplifier, speaker, or pair of headphones to be heard. This makes them ideal for practicing quietly. Recording electronic drums is very easy. They may be connected using a USB cable or an audio interface. "}
+{"id": "23400", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23400", "title": "Galician", "text": "Galician might mean:"}
+{"id": "23402", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23402", "title": "Pashupatinath Temple", "text": "Pashupatinath is one of the most sacred temples of Hinduism. It is in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It is the temple of the Hindu god Shiva."}
+{"id": "23403", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23403", "title": "Invasion", "text": "Invasion is a word that comes from Latin. Originally, it meant that something \"goes in\" (as in military occupation) of a foreign territory. So far, the following uses are known:"}
+{"id": "23407", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23407", "title": "Olive tree", "text": "The olive tree is a small tree. Its scientific name is \"Olea europaea\". A long time ago, it came from the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean, from Syria and the maritime (next to the sea) parts of Asia Minor and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea. It has been farmed for a very long time. The Ancient Greeks were farming it. They spread the trees to the western part of the Mediterranean. \nOlive trees like soil with lots of chalk in it. They grow best on limestone slopes and crags in coastal climate. \nOverview.\nThe Wild Olive is a small tree or shrub that grows up to 8\u201315 m tall with thorny branches. The leaves are opposite, 4\u201310 cm long and 1\u20133\u00a0cm wide. The leaves have a dark greyish-green color above and are pale with whitish scales below. The small white flowers, with calyx and corolla divided into four parts, two stamens and bifid stigma, are mostly on the last year's wood, in racemes coming up from the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a small drupe 1\u20132\u00a0cm long, thinner-fleshed and smaller in wild plants than in orchard cultivars.\nUses.\nToday, olive trees are grown for the following reasons:\nThe numbers behind.\nIn total, about 17.3 million tons of olives are produced every year. 60% of all olive trees are in the European Union. The top producers are:\nCultural significance.\nGreece.\nVery probably, the first olive trees were grown in Syria. From there they spread rapidly. In Ancient Greece, the tree was considered to be holy. Some city states (polis) like Athens punished people for cutting down olive trees.\nUnited Nations.\nThe branches in the flag of the United Nations are those of an olive tree.\nChristianity.\nIn Christianity, the olive tree can be a sign of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over.\nPalestine.\nIn Palestine the olive tree and plant carry the symbolic connotations of resilience, health, ancestral ties and community. Researchers have found that the olive tree are tied into the Palestinian's Sutra, A\u2019wana and Sumud. The tree is a means of survival and security, represents their bond to their land, community, and animals. Olive trees also serve as a symbol of their identities, which includes their physical and emotional aspects and their socio-cultural values. Palestinian people view the olive trees as the first witnesses that Palestine is their homeland. \nThe season harvest is referred to as, \u2018Palestine\u2019s wedding\u2019 and is considered a national holiday where children and faculty members receive two days off school to join the harvest. This holiday allows for community members to gather and serve as a ritual that encompasses their values surrounding family, labor power, community, and aid for other members of the community that do not possess land. This is practice through the tradition of leaving fruit on a tree during the harvest so that those who do not have land and are unable to partake in the harvest can still reap the benefits.\nThe symbolism connotation of resistance that is attached to the olive tree in Palestine comes from the displacement of Palestinian peoples. During Nakba in 1948 many Palestinian people were displaced and there was a massive land loss that included the loss of olive trees. Olives make up 25% of Palestine's economy as they use it to create oil, fuel, food and for medicinal products. In 1967 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) had seized further land territories in the Gaza Strip and West Bank where majority of the olive trees are planted. With new zoning, checkpoints, and illegal walls being build the labors had to seek permits to harvest their olive trees. As a form of resistance, Palestinian people would plant olive trees to prevent Israeli forces from taking more land and this has shaped the new symbolism of resistance."}
+{"id": "23410", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23410", "title": "Hello", "text": "Hello is a greeting in the English language. It is common between two people in a non-formal (informal) setting, but can also be used in a formal setting. There are also many other ways of saying \"hello\", for example, a wave of the hand, a salute or a bow (both very formal), a handshake (a little formal), or a high five (very informal). Saying \"hello\" is a sign of politeness, especially when it is said in a friendly way. \"Hello\" was first used in writing in about 1833.\nMany people say \"Hello\" when they answer a phone call.\nOther greetings like \"hello\" include; Hi, Hallo, Hiya, Howdy, Hey, Howya, 'Sup, Yo, 'Yello, Herro, Greetings, Good day, What's poppin', G'day mate, Top of the mornin' to you, Ay-up, what's up mate, what's good, and great weather we're having. There are also many more.\n\"Goodbye\" is a shortened version of the religious farewell expression \"God be with ye\", which indicates the user's religious belief, usually in a single god. Similar expressions exist in other languages such as: adieu, adieus, adieux, adios. These terms also possess religious undertones as they are derived from the Latin word \"Deus\", meaning \"god\". This of course does not always mean they are religious."}
+{"id": "23413", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23413", "title": "Annexation", "text": "Annexation (Latin: \"ad\" \"to\" and \"nexus\" \"joining\") is the one-sided forceful takeover, such as military occupation, of one state's territory by another."}
+{"id": "23414", "revid": "1317905", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23414", "title": "Manchuria", "text": "Manchuria (Northeast China) is the homeland of the Manchu people on the outer edges of East Asia. To the Chinese, the region is simply known as the Northeast (Chinese: \u4e1c\u5317, D\u014dngb\u0115i). Manchuria is made up of China's three northeastern most provinces: Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. Parts of Manchuria were annexed by the Russian Empire in the past, and they are now ruled by Russia.\nThe name \u201cManchuria\u201d comes from a Japanese version of the Chinese word Manzhou ().\nHistory.\nIn the early history, Manchuria was under the control of many Chinese kingdoms. Later, the Manchu people formed their own empire called Jurchen. They eventually invaded China and founded the Manchu Qing Dynasty. \nAlthough the Manchus, who at the time ruled China, signed a treaty with Russia, the Russians took advantage of the weak Qing government and annexed the part that touches the Pacific Ocean, where the modern Chinese city of Dalian stands today. In 1904 Japan took this land in the Russo-Japanese War. Later, Japan invaded the Chinese part of Manchuria too (see Manchukuo). This eventually led to World War II.\nAfter the war, Manchuria was handed over to China by the Soviet Union.\nGeography.\nManchuria is in north-east China and the Russian Far East. The land has rocks, grasslands, mountains, and deserts. The weather is very extreme. It is very hot and humid in the summer, and is very cold and dry in the winter."}
+{"id": "23416", "revid": "9848396", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23416", "title": "Tuva", "text": "Tuva Republic is one of 85 federal subjects of Russia. Another way to spell its name is Tyva. It is in south Siberia. It is grouped and governed as part of Siberian Federal District. The Siberian Federal District contains nine other federal subjects too. Tuva also shares an international border with Mongolia.\nHistory.\nDuring the Chinese Qing Dynasty, Tuva was part of the province of Mongolia. From 1921 to 1944, Tuva was a separate country called Tannu-Tuva. In 1944, it joined the Soviet Union. In 1991, it continued to be part of Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union.\nGeography and climate.\nKyzyl is the capital city of Tuva. The name means \"red\" in Tuvan. Tuvans say that Kyzyl is the exact center of Asia. And there is a monument to the Center of Asia in the capital. But others think that Kyzyl is not the exact center of Asia. Nevertheless, Tuva is in Central Asia. And Tuvan culture is similar to the culture of their neighbors in other Central Asian countries.\nTuva is in a mountain basin between the Sayan Mountains and the Tannu-Ola Mountains. In the east, Tuva has forests. In the west, the land is drier.\nThe average temperature in January is \u221232\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221225.6\u00a0\u00b0F). The average temperature in July is +18\u00a0\u00b0C (64.4\u00a0\u00b0F).\nDemographics.\nTuva's population at the end of the Soviet Union stayed about the same for some time, according to data. It is currently increasing again. A little bit more than half of the population live in cities and towns. Most of the people that live in cities and towns live in Kyzyl. Ethnic Tuvans make up the most of the population. Most ethnic Tuvans practice a religion that is mixed with Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism, which is a belief that worships spirits and nature.\nLanguage.\nTuvans speak their own language, which is called Tuvan. It is a Turkic language. And it is related to Turkish. Before Tuva joined the Soviet Union, the Tuvan language used the Roman alphabet, which is the same alphabet that English uses. Since Tuva joined the Soviet Union, they have used the Cyrillic alphabet, which is the same alphabet that Russian uses. Because Tuva is part of Russia, Tuvans also learn to speak Russian.\nCulture.\nBefore they joined the Soviet Union, Tuvans were nomadic people. They traveled on horses. Therefore, horses were very important in Tuvan culture. Tuvan art often shows horses. And many Tuvan songs are about horses. Tuvans lived in yurts (round, felt covered houses that are easy to take apart and carry). Even today, a few Tuvans are nomads. Ethnically they are Mongols. \nTuvans are famous for their throat singing. Throat singing is a very old art. And it is very special because a throat singer can sing two or more notes at the same time. Throat singers imitate the sounds of nature. They can sound like a bird or like the howling wind. One style of throat singing has a rhythm like a horse trotting. For many centuries only men were allowed to be throat singers. But now women are throat singers too. Singing more than one note at the same time is sometimes called overtone singing.\nTannu-Tuva was also famous for its colorful and unusual postage stamps. Some were triangles. Many showed interesting pictures of life in Tuva."}
+{"id": "23417", "revid": "10354213", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23417", "title": "Senkaku Islands", "text": "Senkaku Islands, also called , Diaoyu Dao Islands (), and Tiaoyutai Islands (), are uninhabited islands in the East China Sea.\nThe group of islands, islets, and rocks is east of Mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands. The islands are about 200 km from Taiwan, and about 300 km from Okinawa.\nDispute.\nThe United States occupied thesislands from 1945 to 1972, when they reverted to Japan. The official US position is neutral in a dispute among Japan, China and Taiwan. Control over the islands and rocks is disputed. The issues are complex. The Japanese government describes the islands as part of Japan. \nThe islands are also described as part of China. There are conflicts in the positions of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Noth Chinas have a shared history. \nFrom March 2025 onwards, China Coast Guard (\u4e2d\u56fd\u6d77\u8b66) ships from China approached the islands. "}
+{"id": "23419", "revid": "824311", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23419", "title": "Sino-Japanese War", "text": "There were two wars known as the Sino-Japanese War (between China and Japan):"}
+{"id": "23421", "revid": "211734", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23421", "title": "Ryukyu Islands", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23422", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23422", "title": "World Youth Day", "text": "World Youth Day (WYD) is a gathering (meeting) of young Catholic people. It was created by Pope John Paul II in 1984 \"to consolidate the ordinary youth ministry by offering new encouragement for commitment, objectives which foster ever greater involvement and participation\"[1]. In other words, the Pope wanted young Catholics to come together, and work together.\nThe day is celebrated around the world every year, and every two or three years, a gathering is held at a different place. Thousands of people (including young people) from many countries go to this celebration. Because of World Youth Day, many young people are more likely to work together around the world.\nThe last World Youth Day celebration was held in 2005, in Cologne, Germany, the country in which Pope Benedict XVI was born in. About 1,200,000 attended the event. In 2008, World Youth Day was held in Sydney, Australia and in 2011 in Madrid, Spain and in 2013 in Rio, Brazil."}
+{"id": "23424", "revid": "1273641", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23424", "title": "Carl XVI Gustaf", "text": "Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus; born 30 April 1946) is King of Sweden. He became the king when his grandfather, Gustaf VI Adolf died on 15 September 1973.\nHe is the youngest child and only son of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of V\u00e4sterbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. His father died on 26 January 1947 in an airplane crash in Denmark. Carl Gustaf was nine months old when his father died. The death of his father, made him second in line to the throne after his grandfather. When his great-grandfather, King Gustaf V, died in 1950, his grandfather became king and Carl Gustaf became crown prince and heir apparent to the throne at the age of four.\nShortly after Carl Gustaf became king in September 1973, the new 1974 Instrument of Government took effect. This removed all remaining executive power from Carl XVI Gustaf .After this, he no longer has many of the normal duties of a head of state. These include the appointment of the prime minister, signing legislation and being commander-in-chief of the military of the nation. The new instrument limited the king to ceremonial functions and to be regularly informed of affairs of state. As head of the House of Bernadotte, Carl Gustaf has also been able to make decisions about the titles and positions of the member of the house.\nThe King's heir apparent is Crown Princess Victoria. She is the oldest child of the King and his wife, Queen Silvia. Carl XVI Gustaf is the longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history. He became the longest serving after passing King Magnus IV's reign of 44 years and 222 days on 26 April 2018.\nInternationally, King Carl XVI Gustav is best known for presenting the Nobel Prizes every year.\nFamily and personal life.\nCarl Gustaf was born at Haga Palace in Solna, Stockholm on 30 April 1946. His father was Prince Gustaf Adolf He is married to Silvia Sommerlath who is half German, half Brazilian. With her he has three children: Crown Princess Victoria, Prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeleine.\nTitles and Styles \n30 April 1946-7 June 1946 His Royal Highness Prince Carl Gustaf of Sweden \n7 June 1946-29 October 1950: His Royal Highness Prince Carl Gustaf of Sweden, The Duke of J\u00e4mtland \n29 October 1950-15 September 1973: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Sweden, The Duke of Jamtland \n15 September 1973-present His Majesty The King of Sweden "}
+{"id": "23426", "revid": "113536", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23426", "title": "McGurk Effect", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23429", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23429", "title": "Age of Empires III", "text": "Age of Empires III is a 2005 computer game made by the company Ensemble Studios. It is published by Microsoft. It is the third game of the Age of Empires games, and has better graphics than the ones before it. The plot is from 1500 to 1860. An expansion pack, \"Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs\", was released for the game in 2006. The second expansion, \"Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties\", was released in 2007. The \"Definitive Edition\" (2020) also came with new content including the Incas civilization.\nThe game is compatible with Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. The game is available on Steam."}
+{"id": "23430", "revid": "2865", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23430", "title": "Essex, England", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23432", "revid": "1070632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23432", "title": "Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)", "text": "The Bank of China Tower (BOC Tower, \u4e2d\u9280\u5927\u5ec8) is one of the most well-known skyscrapers in the central parts of Hong Kong. In the tower, the Bank of China has their offices.\nThe tower was designed by the architect I. M. Pei and is 315 meters high. At the top of the tower there are two masts that are 369 meters (1209 feet) high."}
+{"id": "23433", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23433", "title": "Ulaanbaatar", "text": "Ulaanbaatar (/\u02ccu\u02d0l\u0251\u02d0n \u02c8b\u0251\u02d0t\u0259r/; Mongolian: \u0423\u043b\u0430\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0430\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0440, [\u028a\u02cc\u026ea\u02d0m\u203f\u02c8pa\u02d0\u02b0t\u0259\u0306r] lit. \"Red Hero\"), or Ulan Bator, is the capital and largest city of Mongolia. The city is an independent municipality not part of any provinces. About half the population of Mongolia, about 1.5 million people, live in the city.\nLocated in the north central part of the country, the city is at an elevation of about 1310 m in a valley on the Tuul River. The city is the country's center for culture, industry and finance, and since it is more than 13 times bigger than the second largest city in Mongolia, Erdenet, it is the country's primate city. Ulaanbaatar is connected by highway to all the major towns in Mongolia and by rail to the Trans-Siberian Railway and Chinese railroad network. The city was founded in 1639 as a Buddhist monastery center and, in the 20th century, grew into a major manufacturing center.\nNames.\nUlaanbaatar has had many names in its history. From 1639 to 1706, it was known as \u00d6rg\u00f6\u00f6 (Mongolian: \u04e8\u0440\u0433\u04e9\u04e9, \"residence\"), and from 1706 to 1911 as Ikh Kh\u00fcree (Mongolian: \u0418\u0445 = \"great\", \u0425\u04af\u0440\u044d\u044d = \"camp\"), Da Kh\u00fcree or simply Kh\u00fcree. Upon independence in 1911,the city's name changed to Niislel Kh\u00fcree (Mongolian: \u041d\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043b\u044d\u043b = \"capital\", \u0425\u04af\u0440\u044d\u044d = \"camp\"). When the city became the capital of the new Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, its name was changed to Ulaanbaatar, literally \"red hero\", in honour of Mongolia's national hero Damdin S\u00fckhbaatar, that liberated Mongolia from Ungern von Sternberg's troops and Chinese occupation with the Soviet Red Army. In Europe and North America, Ulaanbaatar was generally known as Urga (from \"\u00d6rg\u00f6\u00f6\") or sometimes \"Kuren\" (from \"Kh\u00fcree\") or \"Kulun\" (from \u5eab\u502b, the Chinese transcription of \"Kh\u00fcree\") before 1924.\nGeography.\nUlaanbaatar is at about 1350 meters (4430\u00a0ft) above sea level. For this high elevation, and for the high latitude, and location hundreds of kilometres from any coast, Ulaanbaatar is the coldest national capital in the world, with a subarctic climate.\nHistory.\nMost important events:\n- 1639: The city was Founded.\n- 1778: the city settled for good at its current location, near the confluence of the Selbe and Tuul rivers and beneath Bogd Khan Uul, back then also on the caravan route from Beijing to Kyakhta.\n- 1911: Mongolian leaders in Ikh Kh\u00fcree for Naadam met in secret and resolved upon independence from China for their country. On December 29, 1911, the Bogd Khan was declared ruler of an independent Mongolia.\n- 1919: the city was occupied by Chinese troops\n- 1921: the city has been controlled first by Baron Ungern's Whites Soldateska, and in July to the Soviet-supported Mongolian troops controlled by S\u00fckhbaatar.\n- October 29, 1924: the town was renamed to Ulaanbaatar (\"red hero\") in honour of S\u00fckhbaatar.\n- 1956: The Transmongolian Railway, connecting Ulaanbaatar with Moscow and Beijing, was completed.\n- Many of the temples and monasteries of pre-socialist were destroyed following the anti-religious purges of the late 1930s.\n- After the growth of 1990 many buildings as, cinemas, shops were built. Now the biggest cinema is Urguu and Tengis cinema. Main shopping district is 3rd and 4th distirict.\n- 2008, Ulaanbaatar was the scene of riots after the opposition Mongolian Democratic Party protested its defeat by the MPRP in parliamentary elections.\nAdministration and subdivisions.\nUlaanbaatar is divided into nine districts (D\u00fc\u00fcregs): Baganuur, Bagakhangai, Bayangol, Bayanz\u00fcrkh, Chingeltei, Khan Uul, Nalaikh, Songino Khairkhan, and S\u00fckhbaatar. Each district is subdivided into Khoroos. The capital is governed by a city council (the Citizen's Representatives Hural) with forty members, elected every four years. The city council appoints the mayor. Ulaanbaatar is governed as an independent first-level subdivision of Mongolia, separate from T\u00f6v Aimag, the province that surrounds Ulaanbaatar.\nEducation.\nUlaanbaatar has several major universities:\nAnd a big library, The National Library of Mongolia.\nImportant places.\nMost important places in Ulaanbaatar:\n\"Choijin Lama Monastery\" and \"Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery\" are two of the very few in Mongolia to escape the destruction of Mongolian monasteries under Khorloogiin Choibalsan.\nUlaanbaatar has several museums dedicated to Mongolian history and culture.\nSymbols.\nThe official symbol of Ulaanbaatar is the , a mythical bird in both Buddhist and Hindu mythology called Khan Garuda or \"Khangar'd\" by Mongols.\nFlag.\nThe city\u2019s flag is sky blue with the arms in the center."}
+{"id": "23434", "revid": "10190210", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23434", "title": "Pyongyang", "text": "Pyongyang (\ud3c9\uc591 \uc9c1\ud560\uc2dc in hangul, \u5e73\u58e4\u76f4\u8f44\u5e02 in hanja) is the capital and biggest city in North Korea. The government does not want people from outside the country to know anything about North Korea, so Pyongyang is one of the few places in North Korea that people from other countries can travel to.\nEntry.\nPyongyang is a closed city meaning that North Koreans can't just go there. They must apply for a permit or be high up in the military. It is the most advanced city in the country which allows tourists to go there. Pyongyang does not really show what North Korea is really like, because the government uses it to pretend to tourists that the country is not poor. The city is kept very clean and littering is strictly not allowed. The city is home to the DPRK's only fast food restaurant which only the most privileged North Koreans go to (a meal would be worth around a weeks wages for the average person there). Many shops there have plastic food on display in the windows to make tourists think that there is lots of food in the country when in fact, food is scarce. \nAttractions.\nThe city has lots of nice attractions like the statues of Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il at Mansudae hill. The Juche tower is one of the most recognisable landmarks in the country, towering over the Taedong River across from Kim Il-Sung square. It also has the world's deepest subway system, the Pyongyang Metro. Pyongyang has many large parks and wide avenues as well as the largest sports stadium in the world, the Rungrado May Day Stadium. The city is also the location of the embalmed bodies of the two leaders, Il-Sung and Jong-Il in the Kumsusan Palace of the sun.\nPyongyang is home to the 105-story hotel, Ryugyong Hotel. The construction started in 1987 and the exterior was completed twenty-four years later in 2011. It was originally intended as a propaganda device to make North Korea look wealthy when a South Korean recently built the world's then-tallest building. The hotel to this day remains empty and unopened.\nThe population of Pyongyang is 3,255,388."}
+{"id": "23439", "revid": "1672572", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23439", "title": "IBM", "text": "International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is a multinational technology company from the United States that makes and sells software, computer hardware, infrastructure services, and consulting services. IBM is one of the biggest Information Technology companies in the world. IBM has had the most patents of any technology company for many years, and has made many important inventions and discoveries that have improved computers.\nIBM began in 1911, it was called the \"Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company\". It was set up by a man named Charles Flint. There were no computers at that time, so IBM made other machines, such as typewriters. In 1924, the company changed its name to International Business Machines (IBM). In 1937, the company's Tabulating Machines were used by the United States government to record information about Americans, so they could make a new law called the Social Security Act.\nDuring World War II, IBM made guns for the American army. During the 1960s and 1970s IBM dominated the mainframe computer market. IBM computers were used for American space exploration. From the 1980s starting in 1981 until 2005, IBM made personal computers. In 2005, IBM sold their personal computer manufacturing to a Chinese company called Lenovo. Today, IBM mostly makes software, and some powerful supercomputers."}
+{"id": "23441", "revid": "1654730", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23441", "title": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "text": "In Abrahamic religions, Mary (Judeo-Aramaic \u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd Mary\u0101m; (Maryam); Septuagint Greek \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bc, Mariam, \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, Maria; ) was the mother of Jesus. Her story is told in the New Testament of the Bible.\nMary in the Bible.\nChristian beliefs about Mary are based on the Bible. The Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke say that Mary was a young woman who was engaged to be married to a man called Joseph. The Gospel of Luke says that the angel Gabriel came to Mary to tell her that she would give birth to a son. The angel told Mary that she should call her son Jesus. The angel also said that Jesus would save people from their sins.\nMary asked the angel how she could be pregnant, since she was a virgin. The angel told her that God had made her pregnant through a miracle.\nIn the sixth month, the angel Gabriel was sent from God to a town of Galilee called Nazareth, to a virgin betrothed to a man named Joseph, of the house of David, and the virgin\u2019s name was Mary. And coming to her, he said, \u201cHail, favored one! The Lord is with you.\u201d But she was greatly troubled at what was said and pondered what sort of greeting this might be. Then the angel said to her, \u201cDo not be afraid, Mary, for you have found favor with God. Behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son, and you shall name him Jesus. He will be great and will be called Son of the Most High,\u00a0and the Lord God will give him the throne of David his father, and he will rule over the house of Jacob forever, and of his kingdom there will be no end.\u201d But Mary said to the angel, \u201cHow can this be, since I have no relations with a man?\u201d And the angel said to her in reply, \u201cThe holy Spirit will come upon you, and the power of the Most High will overshadow you. Therefore the child to be born will be called holy, the Son of God. And behold, Elizabeth, your relative, has also conceived\u00a0a son in her old age, and this is the sixth month for her who was called barren; for nothing will be impossible for God.\u201d Mary said, \u201cBehold, I am the handmaid of the Lord. May it be done to me according to your word.\u201d Then the angel departed from her.According to the law that Israelites follow, Joseph had the right to divorce Mary publicly, but he did not. In a dream Joseph was told that Mary was conceived by the Holy Spirit. \nAt this time, the Roman Emperor, Caesar Augustus, made a law that everyone in the Roman Empire had to pay a tax. Everyone had to go back to the town that their family came from, to have their name put on the tax lists. Joseph came from , which was called The City of David. So Joseph took Mary to Bethlehem. There, she gave birth to the baby, Jesus. She gave birth in an animal shed, because Mary and Joseph could not find a room to stay in.\nThirty-three years later, Jesus was killed by crucifixion. Many of Jesus' apostles were scared of the Roman soldiers and ran away. However, Mary stood by the cross and was with Jesus when he died. As he was dying, he told the young disciple John to care for Mary as if she was his own mother, and the words were \"Woman, this is your son. This is your mother\". On the third day after Jesus' death, Mary went to Jesus' tomb with other women. They saw that the stone was rolled away from the tomb, and his body was gone. An angel told the women that Jesus had risen and was alive.\nMary continued to meet with the early church after the Ascension of Jesus. (Acts 1:14)\nMary in Islam.\nThe Qur'an says that she was a virgin when she gave birth to Jesus and so Muslims honor Jesus as a great prophet.\nGiving honor to Mary.\nMary is given honor in the Christian faith. She is especially honored as \"the Mother of God\" in the Roman Catholic Church. She is also honored as \"Theotokos\" (roughly translated as \"the one who gave birth to God\") in the Eastern Orthodox Church. In Christianity, Jesus is thought to be both fully God and fully man. \nChristians do not worship Mary, because they believe that only God should be worshipped. However, some Christians, mainly Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians, venerate her. That means that they pray to her(ask for her prayers not that she herself has any power) and respect her acceptance of God's will by willingly giving birth to Jesus.\nMary is often called \"the Blessed Virgin Mary\" by Roman Catholics. There are many feast days that honor the Virgin Mary. For example, the \"Nativity of the Blessed Virgin\", on 8 September, honors her birth. Catholics also celebrate the Immaculate Conception, and Mary as Queen of Heaven on August 22. There is some confusion about the Immaculate Conception. Many think this is the same as the virgin birth of Jesus, but the Catholic teaching of Immaculate Conception is that Mary herself was born without sin. \nChristian art often shows the Virgin Mary. Many paintings show Mary with the baby Jesus. These paintings are known as Madonna and Child pictures. \nMany people who pray through Mary use a prayer called the Hail Mary. The first part of the prayer honors Mary: \"Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee. Blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus.\" The second part of the prayer asks for Mary's help: \"Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and in the hour of our deaths. Amen.\" \nThe Hail Mary is repeated many times in the Rosary, a special devotion recommended by the Catholic Church including the most important prayers while thinking about the main events in the lives of Jesus and Mary. \nThe Assumption of Mary is the teaching that Mary was taken up to heaven without dying. \nFile:Lady of Guadalupe.jpg|Our Lady of Guadalupe Mexico\nFile:France-002009 - Our Lady of Lourdes (15774765182).jpg|Our Lady of Lourdes France\nFile:First Sculpture of Our Lady of Fatima.jpg|Our Lady of Fatima Portugal\n</gallery>\nProtestant views of Mary.\nThe title of Mary, Theotokos \"Mother of God\" historically meant that Jesus cannot be divided into a human and divine part, but is only a single person. Protestants think that phrase, while important, must not be interpreted to make Mary like a God herself. They say we shouldn't stop using this phrase, just because some Christians abuse it. It doesn't put Mary above her Son. Instead it was meant to explain the mystery of God becoming flesh (a human) Other Protestants reject the title Mother of God or at least urge caution in its use. \nVery few Protestants think that Mary was sinless. They believe that of all humans, Christ alone was without sin. (Article XV) This would mean that Mary was also a sinner. She was not born without original sin as is taught in the immaculate conception. \nSome Protestants believe that since the Bible gives the names of Jesus's brothers, Mary cannot be a virgin all her life. However some other Protestants think those named were not brothers of Jesus and accept that Mary remained a virgin. \nThe Reformed Second Helvetic Confession calls Mary \"ever-virgin\". \nThe English reformers, Methodists and many other Protestants would agree with the statement that the \"Invocation of Saints, is a fond (foolish) thing, vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture, but rather repugnant to the Word of God.\" (Article XXII) Prayer to Mary, or asking her to pray for us, would not be practiced by Protestants. They believe that every Christian has direct access to God through Christ."}
+{"id": "23443", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23443", "title": "Quake (video game)", "text": "Quake is a first-person shooter video game that was released by id Software on July 22, 1996. It is the first game in the popular \"Quake\" series of video games. In the game, the player must fight demons and zombies in lots of different places.\n\"Quake\" was the first game that id Software released after they made \"Doom\" and \"Doom 2.\" It is a very similar game to \"Doom\", but \"Quake\" is on a new game engine and has much more advanced technology. For example, \"Quake\" lets the player look up and down, lets the player jump, it has fully 3D graphics, and has many more options for multiplayer than \"Doom\" had. \"Quake\" is famous for its multiplayer, and it was one of the first games where lots of people played multiplayer through the internet. \"Doom\" also had online multiplayer through a service called DWANGO, but \"Quake\" made playing online more popular than ever before. Tools like QuakeWorld and QuakeSpy made it very easy for players to find other people to play against over the internet.\nThe game's music and sound effects were done by Trent Reznor and Nine Inch Nails.\nGameplay.\nIn the single-player mode of \"Quake,\" the player has to get to the end of each level. The player will usually have to find keys or switches to open all the locked doors before they can get to the exit of a level. They will also have to fight lots of monsters that try to kill the player. There are also secret areas and secret levels that the player can find. Secret areas will usually have something that helps the player win the level, like extra health or ammo. The player always has two weapons: the axe and the shotgun. More weapons can be found in the levels, including the nailgun, super nailgun, super shotgun, grenade launcher, rocket launcher, and the thunderbolt.\nThe levels are grouped together into different episodes, and each episode has a different setting. Most levels look very Gothic or medieval, but others look more futuristic, like science fiction. There are 6 or 7 levels in each episode, but every episode also has one secret level. There is also one level that is not inside of an episode, which is the final boss level. There are four episodes in the game, and they can be finished in any order the player wants. The player can't get to the final boss without beating all four episodes, though.\nThe game has four difficulty settings: easy, medium, hard, and nightmare. Nightmare difficulty can only be found in a secret area which is on the episode selection level. This secret area can be found in the episode 4 selection room."}
+{"id": "23445", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23445", "title": "Kunya", "text": "A kunya (Arabic:\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629) is a name which is honorably given to an Arab mother or father. Kunya is pronounced koon-ya. Parents are called by their kunyas, which consists of \"abu\" (father) or \"umm\" (mother) followed by the name of their first son or daughter. Their whole name is their name plus their kunya. For example, \"Umm Ja'far Aminah\" means \"the mother of Ja'far, Aminah.\" The kunya precedes the personal name."}
+{"id": "23450", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23450", "title": "Bridge of the devil", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23451", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23451", "title": "Execute", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23456", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23456", "title": "Wake", "text": "Wake could mean several things:"}
+{"id": "23457", "revid": "113698", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23457", "title": "Age of empires iii", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23458", "revid": "1541887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23458", "title": "Zen", "text": "Zen (\u7985, \u79aa, \u091c\u0947\u0928\u094d) is a Chinese school of Mahayana Buddhism. Buddhism was first brought to China from India, by Bodhidharma. It developed in China, into Zen, in the 6th century. From China it spread to Vietnam, Korea and Japan.\nZen is a Japanese word translated from the Chinese word Ch\u00e1n, which means \"meditation\".\nZen uses meditation to help practitioners go beyond simply thinking about Zen. The goal in Zen is to attain \"satori\". This Japanese word translates as \"enlightenment\". The practice also includes using riddles, called Koans. Koans are also designed to help the practitioner not just engage in rational thought. The traditional Japanese place to learn Zen is a Zen monastery. \nJapanese Zen scholars such as D.T. Suzuki became well known in the West. Suzuki spent over fifty years teaching Zen to the world with a series of books in English. In the 1960s in California, Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, and others promoted the philosophy. From there it spread to many parts of the western world. Zen is now well established outside of Japan and China. Many Zen centers exist in the US and Europe.\nZen is now associated with some design styles, like Minimalism. The Japanese gardens found at Zen monasteries in Japan are an example of this style. They are called Zen rock gardens. They are not directly part of the teachings of Zen."}
+{"id": "23459", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23459", "title": "Pacific", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23460", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23460", "title": "Sims", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23463", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23463", "title": "Freedom of expression", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23465", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23465", "title": "Sex worker", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23466", "revid": "161441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23466", "title": "Scottish Gaelic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23468", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23468", "title": "Lowland Scots language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23469", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23469", "title": "Scots", "text": "Scots is a West Germanic language. It is sometimes called Lowland Scots or Lallans. It is not \"Scottish English\" but the two are similar. Scottish English is a dialect of English and Scots is a separate language. Ulster Scots is a form of Scots found in the north of Ireland. Scots is very different from the Scottish Gaelic language, which is a Celtic language.\nThere have been disagreements about the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots. Focused broad Scots is at one end of a scale, with Scottish Standard English at the other. Scots is generally regarded as one of the ancient varieties of English, and has its own distinct variants such as Doric.\nHistory.\nOrigin.\nNorthumbrian Old English was established in what is now southeastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the seventh century. The region was part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Early Scots began to diverge from Northumbrian English in the twelfth and thirteenth century. There was immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Middle English-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.\nLater influences on the development of Scots were from Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman and later Parisian French from the Auld Alliance and Dutch and Middle Low German influences by trade and immigration from the Low Countries. Scots also includes loanwords from contact with Gaelic.\n13-14th century.\nFrom the 13th century, Early Scots spread further into Scotland through the burghs established by King David I. The growth in prestige of Early Scots in the 14th century and the decline of French in Scotland made Scots the prestige dialect in most of eastern Scotland.\n17th century.\nFrom 1610 to the 1690s, during the Plantation of Ulster, many Scots-speaking Lowlanders, about 200,000, settled there. In the core areas of Scots settlement, there were five or six times as many Scots as English settlers. Southern Modern English was adopted as the literary language after 1700, and \"Modern Scots\" is sometimes used to describe the spoken language after 1700."}
+{"id": "23470", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23470", "title": "Mathematical analysis", "text": "Mathematical analysis is a part of mathematics. It is often shortened to analysis. It looks at functions, sequences and series. These have useful properties and characteristics that can be used in engineering. Mathematical analysis provides a rigorous logical foundation to calculus, which studies continuous functions, differentiation and integration. \nOverview.\nMathematical analysis is a short version of its old name \"infinitesimal analysis\", with some of its key subfields including real analysis, complex analysis, differentiation equation and functional analysis.\nOrigin.\nGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton developed most of the basis of mathematical analysis.\nTopics.\nLimits.\nA foundational concept in mathematical analysis is the concept of limit. Limits are used to see what happens very close to things. Limits can also be used to see what happens when things get very big. For example, formula_1 is never zero, but as formula_2 gets bigger, formula_1 gets closer and closer to zero. The limit of formula_1 as formula_2 gets bigger is \"exactly\" zero. This is described by \"The limit of formula_1 as formula_2 goes to infinity is zero\", and written as formula_8.\nThe counterpart would be formula_9. When the formula_2 gets bigger, the limit goes to infinity. It is written as formula_11.\nThe fundamental theorem of algebra can be proven from some basic results in complex analysis. It says that every polynomial formula_12 with real or complex coefficients has a complex root (where a root is a number formula_13 satisfying the equation formula_14, and some of these roots may be the same).\nDifferentiation.\nThe function formula_15 is a line. The formula_16 shows the slope of the function and the formula_17 shows the position of the function on the ordinate. With two points on the line, it is possible to calculate the slope formula_16 with:\nformula_19.\nA function of the form formula_20, which is not linear, cannot be calculated like above. It is only possible to calculate the slope by using tangents and secants. The secant passes through two points and when the two points get closer, it turns into a tangent.\nThe new formula is formula_21.\nThis is called difference quotient. The formula_22 now gets closer to formula_23. This can be expressed with the following formula:\nformula_24.\nThe result is called derivative or slope of f at the point formula_13.\nIntegration.\nThe integration is about the calculation of areas.\nThe symbol formula_26\nis read as \"the integral of formula_27 with respect to formula_13 from formula_29 to formula_30\", and refers to the area between the x-axis, the graph of function formula_27, and the lines formula_32 and formula_33. The formula_29 is the point where the area should start, and the formula_30 where the area should end."}
+{"id": "23472", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23472", "title": "Locust", "text": "Locust are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Such swarms are usually made of a great number of locusts. They do a lot of damage to the places where they pass, by eating the crops.\nThese are species which breed rapidly under suitable conditions. The migratory locust is the best-known example. They become gregarious and migratory when their populations become dense enough. They form bands as nymphs and swarms as adults. Both the bands and the swarms are nomadic and rapidly strip fields and greatly damage crops. The adults are powerful fliers; they can travel great distances, consuming practically all green material wherever the swarm settles.\nThe origin and apparent extinction of certain species of locust\u2014some of which grew to in length\u2014are unclear.\nLocusts are edible insects, and are considered a delicacy in some countries. There have been references to their consumption as food throughout history.\nIn the Book of Joel in the Old Testament locust swarms are described as a plague.\nOther websites.\nMore detailed information on locusts can be found at the pages of the Australian Plague Locust Commission ."}
+{"id": "23473", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23473", "title": "Grasshopper", "text": "Grasshoppers are insects with long, powerful back legs which they use for jumping. They generally live in dry habitats, such as fields, gardens and meadows, with lots of grass. They are in the suborder Caelifera, which includes locusts. There are 11,000 species, of which 10,000 are in the family Acrididae.\nTo distinguish grasshoppers from bush-crickets or katydids, they are sometimes referred to as the \"short-horned grasshopper\". Species which change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts.\nGrasshoppers prefer to eat grasses, leaves and cereal crops, but many grasshoppers are omnivorous. Many grasshoppers eat from several host plants in one day, while others stay on one host plant. One of the 8000 species of grasshopper eats only a single species of plant.\nAs food.\nGrasshoppers make good food for some. As an example, in southern Mexico, \"chapulines\" (grasshoppers of the genus \"Sphenarium\") are often eaten. They are high in protein, minerals and vitamins. \nThey are usually collected at dusk, using lamps or electric lighting, in sweep nets. Sometimes they are placed in water for 24 hours, after which they can be boiled or eaten raw, sun-dried, fried, flavoured with spices, such as garlic, onions, chilli, drenched in lime, and used in soup or as a filling for various dishes. They are abundant in Central and Southern Mexican food and street markets."}
+{"id": "23474", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23474", "title": "Olive oil", "text": "Olive oil is a vegetable oil. It is made by getting the juice of the fruits of the olive tree. These are called olives. The oil is used in cooking, as well as cosmetics, traditional medicine, and as a fuel for oil lamps. Refined olive oil uses heat and chemicals to get the fat out of the olives.\nOlive oil quality is defined by some parameters that are measured by chemical analysis. One of the most important is acidity. The highest quality olive oil (Extra-Virgin) must feature an acidity lower than 0.8%.\nPeople see it as a healthy addition to their diet because of the high level of monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) and polyphenols. Olive oil is popular in Mediterranean countries. It is a big part of the Mediterranean diet as a main fat source.\nProducers.\nGreece has more than a third of the world's olive trees, and is the top producer of olive oil in the world."}
+{"id": "23476", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23476", "title": "Oil lamp", "text": "An oil lamp is a lamp used for lighting by burning oil. Usually, it produces a flame by burning olive oil, or another vegetable oil, or whale oil during the 1700s and 1800s. They burned cleaner, with less smoke, than candles and other sources of light before electricity.\nThe lamps were usually made of pottery or metal or glass. An old story in the 1001 Nights has Aladdin cleaning (rubbing the lamp) and making a Genie appear.\nLate in the 19th century, those lamps were mostly replaced by kerosene lamps."}
+{"id": "23478", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23478", "title": "Chatting", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23479", "revid": "1234604", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23479", "title": "Conjugation", "text": "Conjugations are forms of verbs that are changed to agree with the subject that is doing the action described by the verb. Usually most of the word stays the same, but the endings change. Most conjugation systems follow some sort of pattern within the language.\nExample: French verb for 'to eat'- \"manger\" (stem: mang)\n(\"manger\" is the infinitive of the verb. The infinitive is the un-conjugated form of the verb, literally the \"to do\" something form such as \"to\" walk, \"to\" play, \"to\" eat. In English one does not say \"I like eat\" one must say \"I like \"to\" eat\". In both English and French (\"J'aime \"manger\"\") the infinitive form of the verb would be used in this case.\nThe pattern here is that the \"er\" is removed from the verb and replaced with a different ending depending on the subject(who's doing the eating). This pattern is good for many French conjugations, but not all, and in other languages, conjugation patterns are going to be very different."}
+{"id": "23481", "revid": "642202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23481", "title": "Tom\u00e1\u0161 Masaryk", "text": "Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk (7 March 1850 - 14 September 1937) was the first President of Czechoslovakia. He led the country between years 1918 and 1935.\nHe was a scientist, philosopher, pedagog, politician, and journalist.\nHe studied in Brno, Vienna, and Leipzig, and he spoke many languages (Latin, French, Polish, German and English).\nHe worked as a teacher at a university in Prague and Vienna.\nSome looked at him as having charisma.\nEdvard Bene\u0161 was the next president after him."}
+{"id": "23483", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23483", "title": "Arachne", "text": "Arachne is a character from Greek mythology.\nShe was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon, in Lydia (Greece). Her father earned his living with dyeing (coloring) cloth. She learned to be a weaver. A weaver makes cloth, or textiles, from single strands. She was good at what she did, and she claimed that her skill was greater than that of Athena. Athena was the young Greek goddess of weaving (amongst other things).\nAthena appeared to the girl as an old woman, and warned her not to offend the gods. Arachne did not take the advice, she wanted a weaving contest to prove her skill.\nAthena revealed herself, and let the contest begin. Athena wove her scene where she won over Poseidon, the god of the sea. Arachne wove scenes about Zeus being unfaithful, with different women: Leda, Europa, and Danae.\nAthena saw Arachne's work was without error, but she did not like the subject of Arachne's weaving. Athena lost her temper, and destroyed what Arachne had created. She also hit Arachne on the head. Arachne then realized what she had done. She ran away and hanged herself. Athena however had pity with Arachne, so before Arachne was dead, she changed the rope into a cobweb, and Arachne into a spider.\nOvid tells the story in \"Metamorphoses\". Book 6, 5-54, 129\u2013145. The story is typical of tragedy in Ancient Greek theatre, where pride in thinking oneself better than the gods \u2013 \"\u1f55\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2\" (hubris) \u2013 brings punishment from the gods.\nThe Greek word for spider is \"arachne\" (\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7), from which derive the mythological woman's name, the class name Arachnida in biology, and the name for fear of spiders, arachnophobia.\nAppearances in Modern Day Entertainment.\nArachne has made appearances in recent years in books such as The Heroes of Olympus series by Rick Riordan."}
+{"id": "23484", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23484", "title": "Arachnophobia", "text": "Arachnophobia is a fear of spiders. It is a very common phobia - many people suffer from it. People who have it often feel uncomfortable in areas where there may be spiders. The usual way of treating this is using behaviour therapy. People will be confronted with spiders; they may be required to touch spiders as big as a tarantula."}
+{"id": "23485", "revid": "1573302", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23485", "title": "Phobia", "text": "A phobia (from the ) is a strong, irrational fear of a specific thing or situation. In psychology, phobia is considered an anxiety disorder. Phobia is different than just being scared of something. The fear is so strong that it affects, and often damages, the sufferer's life. For example, the person will usually do everything they can to avoid the thing they fear. If they cannot avoid that thing, they will suffer from very strong anxiety which can damage their social relationships, their ability to work, and other areas of their everyday life.\nThere are two basic types of phobias: specific phobias and social phobias. People with specific phobias fear a certain thing, for example spiders (this is called arachnophobia) or high places (acrophobia). People with social phobias fear social situations (for example speaking in public, being in crowded areas, or being around other people).\nDifference between phobia and fear.\nFear is a normal human emotion. A phobia is different from normal fear in many ways:\nIt is hard to tell how many people suffer from phobias. Researchers think that between 5 and 13 percent of people seem to have a phobia. Women suffer from phobias about twice as often as men.\nFears in children.\nEvery child is afraid of something. For most children, these fears eventually disappear.\nNormal fears in children include:\nThese fears would only be called phobias if they caused problems in the child's daily life, or if they caused the child to suffer from severe anxiety or emotional distress.\nCauses and risk factors.\nCauses and risk factors phobias can be very bad.\nCaused.\nThey can be caused by:\nTypes of phobias.\nSpecific phobias.\nAlso known as psychological phobias. These include hundreds of types of phobias. Some:\nSymptoms.\nWhen a person with a phobia is exposed to their fear (encounters with the stimulus, thinks of it, sees the object of fear in the picture...) occur at these physical and psychological symptoms. Intensity depends on the degree of fear.\nPsychological symptoms.\nPsychological symptoms are symptoms that take place within a human. These include:\nTreatment.\nThere are different ways to help people with phobias. There is treatment available; it focuses on making the patient less sensitive to the fear they suffer from, or showing him or her how the cycle of fear works. There is also medication available (mostly sedatives) that help people cope. Finally there are self-help groups."}
+{"id": "23486", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23486", "title": "John le Carr\u00e9", "text": "John le Carr\u00e9 (19 October 1931 \u2013 12 December 2020) was an English novelist. He was born in Poole, Dorset. He wrote many spy novels. The name is a pseudonym. His real name was David John Moore Cornwell.\nLe Carr\u00e9 graduated from Lincoln College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree.\nLe Carr\u00e9 died from pneumonia at Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro, England on 12 December 2020, at age 89."}
+{"id": "23487", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23487", "title": "David John Moore Cornwell", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23488", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23488", "title": "Karol J\u00f3zef Wojty\u0142a", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23491", "revid": "1465921", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23491", "title": "Sexually transmitted disease", "text": "A sexually transmitted infections (STI) is a disease which spreads by having sex. STIs can spread through oral sex or anal sex, or when two people's genitals touch. \nSTIs can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Examples of the most common STIs are listed on this page.\nTypes of STDs.\nSTIs caused by viruses.\nHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).\nHIV causes the immune system - the system in the body that is supposed to fight off infection - to not work as well as it should. This makes people with HIV more likely to get infections and some other diseases, like some cancers. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.\nHuman papillomavirus (HPV).\nThere are about 40 different kinds of HPV that can be spread through sex and affect the anus and genitals. Examples of diseases that HPV can cause include:\nHepatitis viruses.\nHepatitis is an infection of the liver. There are three common types of hepatitis: hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.\nHepatitis A causes a short-term liver infection. It can be spread by having sex, though this is not the most common way to get hepatitis A.\nHepatitis B and hepatitis C cause much more serious, long-lasting liver problems. Both can cause very bad liver disease, like cirrhosis, and death. They are more likely than hepatitis A to be spread by having sex.\nHerpex simplex virus.\nThe herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes genital herpes. Genital herpes can cause painful blisters on the genitals and anus. Herpes can also cause sores on the mouth.\nThere is no cure for herpes.\nSTIs caused by bacteria.\nChlamydia.\nChlamydia is one of the common STIs in the world. In humans, it is the most common STI caused by bacteria. In the United States alone, about 2.8 million more people get chlamydia infection every year.\nIf chlamydia is not treated, it can cause serious problems, like diseases of the genitals and eyes. It can even cause blindness. Chlamydia can also cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system if it is not treated.\nGonorrhea.\nGonorrhea can infect the genitals, rectum, mouth, throat, and eyes. In bad cases, it can spread through the blood to infect the body's joints. In the worst cases, it can spread through the blood and infect the heart (causing endocarditis, an infection of the heart's valves) or the spinal cord (causing meningitis).\nSyphilis.\nSyphilis can cause many serious problems if it is not treated. It makes a person much more likely to get HIV, because it causes sores on the genitals that make it easier for HIV (and other STIs) to get spread. After a few years, if people with syphilis do not get treated, they can have serious problems with the organs in their body. Eventually - without treatment - syphilis infects the brain and causes death.\nSTIs caused by parasites.\nTrichomoniasis.\nTrichomoniasis is the most common STI in the world that is not caused by a virus. It can cause inflammation swelling of the vagina (vaginitis, urethra (urethritis), or penis. It can also cause more serious problems. If it is not treated, it can cause permanent damage to a woman's reproductive system. It can also cause prostate cancer, and makes a woman more likely to give birth to a premature baby.\nPrevention.\nThe only way for a person to be sure they will not get an STI is for that person not to have sex. This includes sex of any kind.\nThere are some things that a person can do to make it less likely to get an STI:"}
+{"id": "23492", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23492", "title": "Sexually transmitted infection", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23493", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23493", "title": "Veneral disease", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23500", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23500", "title": "Elk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23522", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23522", "title": "Dairy cattle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23524", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23524", "title": "Rosemallow", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23537", "revid": "1675118", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23537", "title": "Atacama Desert", "text": "The Atacama Desert is a desert. It is on the Tropic of Capricorn in northern Chile and is one of the driest places on earth. In some places, less than an inch (25mm) of rain falls every ten years. Only one of the rivers from the Andes mountains reaches the ocean through the desert. The rest disappears into the dry soil. \nThe Atacama is a desert, because mountains to the East, and the ocean to the West, make a rain shadow, and this desert also lies underneath clear skies away from the coast more inland, most of the time as well. The water on the coast of Chile is cold, because the Humboldt Current brings cold water from Antarctica. Moisture cannot stay in the cold air above the cold water, so mainly fog reaches the land, but very little rain. The people of Chile have learned how to get water from the fog to help them live. They \"harvest\" the clouds by putting up plastic sheets with pans underneath. The fog collects on the plastic and drips into the pans, giving the people water for crops and drinking. In parts of this desert it has not rained for over 400 years. Even though the Atacama is the driest place in the world that does not mean it is the hottest. The Atacama Desert is actually a mild place with temperatures ranging from 0 to 30 degrees Celsius.\nThree countries fought the War of the Pacific in the 1880s for control of the desert. They both wanted its Sodium nitrate mines. Chile won.\nThe oldest known artificially prepared mummies come from this desert. They are called the Chinchorro mummies."}
+{"id": "23546", "revid": "2868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23546", "title": "Aoe3", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23547", "revid": "2868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23547", "title": "Aoeiii", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23551", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23551", "title": "International Atomic Energy Agency", "text": "International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a \"spin-off\"(??) organization from the United Nations. It was created as an autonomous (self-governing) organization on July 29, 1957. The organization is intended to monitor and promote the peaceful and safe use of nuclear energy with protection from harmful radiation and, also, to prevent the use of this energy to build nuclear weapons. The current Director General of the agency is Rafael Grossi since 2019.\nInternational Atomic Energy Agency and its former Director General, Mohamed ElBaradei, were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on 7 October 2005 for their role in trying to prevent the invasion of Iraq by a US-led coalition of troops.\n\"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way.\"\nThe IAEA has its headquarters in Vienna, Austria. Additional facilities are in Seibersdorf (near Vienna), Monaco, Toronto, and Tokyo."}
+{"id": "23552", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23552", "title": "IAEA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23553", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23553", "title": "1080", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23554", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23554", "title": "Roger Ebert", "text": "Roger Joseph Ebert (June 18, 1942 \u2013 April 4, 2013) was an American movie critic. Ebert's reviews appear in newspapers such as the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" from April 3, 1967 until his death.\nEbert was born on June 18, 1942 in Urbana, Illinois to a Catholic family.\nEbert and Chicago Tribune critic Gene Siskel helped make nationally televised movie reviewing popular. They co-hosted the PBS show \"Sneak Previews\". It was followed by \"At the Movies\" which made both of them popular across the country. The two fought and made jokes while talking about movies. They created and trademarked the phrase \"Two Thumbs Up,\" used when both hosts thought the same movie was very good. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, with Richard Roeper.\nEbert lived with thyroid cancer since its diagnosis in 2002. He continued to publish his reviews both online and in print until April 2, 2013. Just two days later, on April 4, 2013, Ebert died from the disease in Chicago, Illinois. He was 70 years old.\nEarly life.\nEbert was born Roger Joseph Ebert on June 18, 1942 in Urbana, Illinois. His parents were Annabel (n\u00e9e Stumm) and Walter H. Ebert. His ancestry was German, Dutch, and Irish. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Mary's elementary school and serving as an altarboy in Urbana. Ebert studied at Urbana High School, at the University of Chicago, and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ebert was raised in Chicago, Illinois.\nCareer.\nEbert began his professional critic career in 1967, writing for the \"Chicago Sun-Times\". That same year, Ebert's first book, a history of the University of Illinois titled \"Illini Century: One Hundred Years of Campus Life\", was published by the university's press.\nIn 1969, his review of \"Night of the Living Dead\" was published in \"Reader's Digest\".\nWorking with Russ Meyer.\nEbert co-wrote the screenplay for the 1970 Russ Meyer movie \"Beyond the Valley of the Dolls\" and likes to joke about being responsible for the movie, which was poorly received on its release but is now regarded as a cult classic. Ebert and Meyer also made \"Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens\", \"Up!\", and others, and were involved in the ill-fated Sex Pistols movie \"Who Killed Bambi?\" In April 2010, Ebert posted his screenplay of \"Who Killed Bambi?\" aka \"Anarchy in the UK\" on his blog.\nFrom the 1970s, Ebert worked for the University of Chicago as a guest lecturer, teaching a night class on movies. His fall 2005 class was on the works of the German director Rainer Werner Fassbinder.\nWorking with Gene Siskel.\nIn 1975, Ebert and Gene Siskel of the \"Chicago Tribune\" began co-hosting a weekly movie review television show, \"Sneak Previews\", which was locally produced by the Chicago public broadcasting station WTTW. The show was picked up by PBS in 1978 for national distribution. In 1982, the critics moved to a television program named \"At the Movies with Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert\", and in 1986 they left to create \"Siskel & Ebert & The Movies\" with Buena Vista Television (part of the Walt Disney Company).\nThe duo was known for their \"thumbs up/thumbs down\" review summaries. When Siskel died in 1999, the producers retitled the show \"Roger Ebert & the Movies\" with rotating co-hosts. In September 2000, fellow \"Chicago Sun-Times\" columnist Richard Roeper became the permanent co-host and the show was renamed \"At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper\".\nTelevision show.\nEbert was the co-host of the television show \"Ebert and Roeper\" (originally \"Siskel and Ebert\"), where he and another critic, originally Gene Siskel (1946-1999) and after Siskel's death, Richard Roeper, appear in and talk about new movies.\nHis name stayed in the title, but Ebert did not appear on the show after mid-2006, because of problems after surgery for thyroid cancer which left him unable to speak.\nEbert ended his association with the show in July 2008, but in February 2009 he said that he and Roeper would continue their work on a new show. Ebert was on a show called, \"Ebert Presents at the Movies\", premiered on January 21, 2011, with Ebert appearing in a brief segment called \"Roger's Office\".\nOn September 13, 2013, it was announced that fellow co-star critic Richard Roeper was to replace Ebert as the main movie critic for the Chicago Sun-Times.\nMovie taste.\nEbert said that his favorite movie was \"Citizen Kane\", joking, \"That's the official answer\", although he liked to keep saying it as \"the most important\" movie. He kept saying that his real favorite movie was \"La Dolce Vita\". His favorite actor was Robert Mitchum, and his favorite actress was Ingrid Bergman. He expressed his general dislikes for \"top ten\" lists, and all movie lists in general, but contributed a top ten list to the 2012 Sight and Sound Critics' poll. Listed alphabetically, those movies were \"\"; \"Aguirre, the Wrath of God\"; \"Apocalypse Now\"; \"Citizen Kane\"; \"La Dolce Vita\"; \"The General\"; \"Raging Bull\"; \"Tokyo Story\"; \"The Tree of Life\"; and \"Vertigo\".\nEbert compiled \"best of the year\" movie lists beginning in the 1960s, thereby helping provide an overview of his critical preferences. His top choices were:\nEbert revisited and sometimes revised his opinions. After ranking \"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial\" third on his 1982 list, it was the only movie from that year to appear on his later \"Best Films of the 1980s\" list (where it also ranked third). He made similar revaluations of 1981's \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\", and 1985's \"Ran\". \"The Three Colors trilogy\" (', ', and \"\"), and \"Pulp Fiction\" originally ranked second and third on Ebert's 1994 list; both were included on his \"Best Films of the 1990s\" list, but their order had reversed.\nAwards and honors.\nIn 1975 Ebert became the first movie critic to win a Pulitzer Prize for Criticism. In 2005, Ebert became the first movie critic to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Ebert's home town of Champaign, Illinois are trying to raise money for a statue in Ebert's honor.\nIn July 2014, a documentary about Ebert's life, \"Life Itself\", was released to very positive reviews.\nPersonal life.\nEbert was married to Chaz Hammelsmith from July 18, 1992 until his death in 2013. They had no children. Ebert lived with Chaz in his hometown of Chicago, Illinois. He was a supporter for the Democratic Party. Ebert was an agnostic. On April 25, 2011, he accomplished one of his long-time goals: winning one of the weekly caption contests in \"The New Yorker\" after more than 100 tries. Ebert's personal net worth was U.S. $9 million.\nCancer.\nIn early 2002, Ebert was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer. In February, surgeons at Northwestern Memorial Hospital successfully removed the cancer with clean margins. He later underwent surgery in 2003 for cancer in his salivary gland, and in December of that year, underwent a four-week follow-up course of radiation to his salivary glands, which altered his voice slightly. Ebert continued to be a dedicated critic of film, not missing a single opening while undergoing treatment. The cancer would eventually lead Ebert to be left in a wheelchair and unable to speak after having the total of three surgeries. Later on, experts created a translator that allowed Ebert to speak whatever he typed. He called his machine \"Sir Olivier,\" because he thought its voice sounded like actor Laurence Olivier.\nFalls.\nOn April 18, 2008, it was announced that Ebert had fractured his hip in a fall, a result of the weakening of his body following the unsuccessful tissue transplants, and had undergone surgery to repair it. In December 2012, Ebert was hospitalized with a fractured hip, which his wife Chaz jokingly blamed on \"tricky disco dance moves\".\nDeath.\nOn April 4, 2013, Ebert died of cancer at age 70 at the Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago according to the Chicago Sun-Times. His wife Chaz said that \"We were getting ready to go home today for hospice care, when he [Ebert] looked at us, smiled, and passed away.\" He battled cancer for 11 years. The closing sentence on his final blog post, two days before his death, said, \"So on this day of reflection I say again, thank you for going on this journey with me. I'll see you at the movies.\"\nFuneral.\nHundreds attended including Pat Quinn, Rahm Emanuel, and Richard Roeper in the April 8, 2013 funeral Mass held at Chicago's Holy Name Cathedral, where Ebert was celebrated as a film critic, newspaperman, advocate for social justice, husband and father. In his eulogy, the Rev. John F. Costello sought to dispel the notion that Ebert was an either non-believer, or agnostic, by invoking the movie \"The Hours\" and its observations on lives cut short; and saying that Ebert, raised Catholic, wrestled with \"the mystery of faith\" not as someone who rejected God but, rather, as someone forever seeking further understanding. Father Michael Pfleger concluded the service with: \"the balconies of heaven are filled with angels singing `thumbs up.'\" Ebert was later buried at the Graceland Cemetery in Chicago's north side.\nA 2-hour-and-45-minute public tribute, entitled \"Roger Ebert: A Celebration of Life\", was held at 7 p.m. on Thursday, April 11, 2013 at the Chicago Theatre. It featured in-person remembrances, video testimonials, video and film clips, gospel choirs, and was, according to the \"Chicago Tribune\"'s Mark Caro, \"a laughter- and sorrow-filled send-off from the entertainment and media worlds.\"\nReactions.\nEbert's death prompted wide reaction from celebrities both in and out of the entertainment industry. President Barack Obama wrote, \"Roger was the movies\u00a0... [he could capture] the unique power of the movies to take us somewhere magical\u00a0... The movies won't be the same without Roger\". Robert Redford called Ebert \"one of the great champions of freedom of artistic expression\" and said \"His personal passion for cinema was boundless, and that is sure to be his legacy for generations to come.\" Oprah Winfrey called Ebert's death the \"end of an era\", as did Steven Spielberg, who also said that Ebert's \"reviews went far deeper than simply thumbs up or thumbs down. He wrote with passion through a real knowledge of film and film history, and in doing so, helped many movies find their audiences... [he] put television criticism on the map\"."}
+{"id": "23555", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23555", "title": "Seibersdorf", "text": "Seibersdorf is a village in Lower Austria, Austria. As of 2001, about 1200 people lived there. It is close to Vienna, and mostly known for the research centre of the International Atomic Energy Agency. "}
+{"id": "23558", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23558", "title": "Russian Revolution", "text": "The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia abolish its monarchy and adopt a socialist form of government following two successful revolutions and a civil war. The revolution was seen as an example for the other revolutions that occurred in the aftermath of World War I, such as the German Revolution of 1918\u20131919. The Russian Revolution was one of the key events of the 20th century.\nThe Russian Revolution began with the February Revolution in early 1917, during World War I. With the German Empire dealing major defeats on the war front, Russian suffered heavy losses as the army was poorly trained and equipped. High officials were convinced that if Tsar Nicholas II abdicated, the unrest would calm. Nicholas agreed and stepped down, creating a provisional government led by the Russian Duma (the parliament).\nDuring the civil unrest, soviet councils were formed by the locals in Petrograd that initially did not oppose the new Provisional Government; however, the Soviets did insist on their influence in the government and control over various militias. By March, Russia had two rival governments. The Provisional Government held state power in military and international affairs, while the Soviets held more power concerning domestic affairs. The Soviets held the allegiance of the working class, as well as the growing urban middle class. During this time, there were many mutinies, protests and strikes. Many socialist and other leftist political organizations were competing for influence within the Provisional Government and the Soviets. Notable factions included the Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries, Anarchists, as well as the Bolsheviks, a far-left party led by Vladimir Lenin.\nThe Bolsheviks won popularity with their program promising peace, land, and bread: end war with Germany, give land to the peasantry, and end the wartime famine. After Bolsheviks gained power, the Provisional Government chose to continue fighting in spite of public opposition.\nBackground.\nDuring the 1890s, improvements in Russian industry caused substantially more jobs in cities, which made them larger as people moved there. The workers in the cities, with their increasing levels of education, began to develop an interest in politics and the creation of political parties to try to improve their lives. The conditions in which they lived and worked were horrible. Poor people from other parts of the Russian Empire like Poland and Ukraine also created their own parties to try stop the Russians from oppressing them.\nThat added to the people's anger, and after the tsar's guards fired at a peaceful protest of workers, a rebellion began. That did not really change anything, but Tsar Nicholas II promised to create an elected parliament, the Duma.\nThe Duma was elected for the first time in March 1906. It had both left-wing and right-wing opponents, including socialists and people who were very loyal to the tsar. There were also arguments over whether or not to take power from the tsar and give it to more ordinary people. Nicholas eventually dissolved the Duma three times. Without any Parliament that could say anything against him, people became angry.\nIn 1914, Russia joined World War I against Germany. At first, people supported the war, and the country was united by patriotism. However, there were huge problems with supplies, and by 1915, many soldiers were being sent to fight without ammo or guns. Communications were bad, and army officers argued so much that they did not make plans well. The soldiers became unhappy, and over 3,000,000 Russians died.\nSaint Petersburg was also renamed to Petrograd by the tsar in 1914 because he thought that the name sounded too German, especially for a capital.\nIn 1915, the tsar took personal control of the Russian Army and moved to the army headquarters. That was a mistake since he did not improve the situation but now began to be blamed for it. The fact that he was not near the government also meant that his wife, Queen Alexandra, was left in charge. Whenever the Duma tried to warn her that the people were angry, she would say that they were lying and so she would ignore them. She even ignored a report by the secret police, the Okhrana, which said that a revolution might happen if things did not get better for ordinary people. She was unpopular also because she had been born in Germany.\nFebruary Revolution.\nThe February Revolution began with a series of strikes in early February 1917. People in food queues in Petrograd, began a demonstration and were joined by thousands of women, who left the fabrics factories in which they worked. The strike spread through the capital. By February 25, most of Petrograd's factories had to close.\nThat evening, the tsar sent the chief of the army in Petrograd a telegram, which told him to use his soldiers to stop the strikes. The army chief did so, but the soldiers joined the workers, instead of stopping them, and the police also joined them. The government's power collapsed.\nOn March 15, Nicholas abdicated, and control of Russia was given to the socialist Provisional Government.\nConditions from February to October.\nAfter the February Revolution, the Provisional Government, led by Alexander Kerensky, was challenged by a large group of workers, the Petrograd Soviet. Kerensky tried to improve things by allowing freedom of speech and freeing political prisoners, but people were becoming more unhappy because there was not enough food, wages went down, and the national debt grew to 10 million rubles.\nVladimir Lenin arrived in Petrograd in April 1917. He was a communist, and the Provisional Government was socialist. He had been exiled to Switzerland by the tsar, but the Provisional Government allowed him to come back. He began to lead a communist group called the Bolsheviks.\nIn July, the Bolsheviks spent four days demonstrating against the government. The military attacked them. Lenin was forced to escape to Finland until August, when the Bolsheviks were asked to help defend the government against a takeover by the army. The result was that their reputation improved, and the government gave them weapons.\nThe Provisional Government's reputation kept getting worse. The Bolsheviks' reputation got better because they refused to work with the Provisional Government until both sides compromised.\nOctober Revolution.\nOn October 10, the Bolsheviks' Central Committee voted to start a revolution. One began in Estonia on October 23. Another started in Petrograd two days later. This time, the revolution was mostly peaceful. The Bolsheviks' Red Army took over many government buildings without a fight, and only two people were killed. The revolution ended with the takeover of the old tsar's Winter Palace on the morning of October 26, when the Provisional Government was arrested.\nThe Bolsheviks took power and formed a Congress and a new government, which began on October 25. Some members who were not Bolsheviks walked out during its first few meetings, but that made little difference to its decisions. The people who left were taunted by Leon Trotsky on their way out. He told them to go \"where you belong... the dustbin of history!\" All parties that opposed the Bolsheviks were eventually broken up, and their leaders were arrested.\nThe Congress began to get rid of private property. That meant that all land and money was to be owned by the people, and control of factories was given to their workers.\nAftermath.\nSeveral places that had been in the Russian Empire before the Revolution, such as Estonia and Ukraine, had been asking for independence since February. They declared and were allowed independence as the new government formed.\nIn Russia, enemies of the Bolsheviks organized a White Army and began the Russian Civil War. In July 1918, countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, sent more than 15 armies to help the White Army. The ex-tsar and his family were shot to stop them from being freed. To win the war, Lenin diverted food and supplies to the Red Army. The plan worked since the Bolsheviks won the war, but between 3 and 10 million people died of hunger.\nThe Third Russian Revolution was an anarchist revolution against both the Bolsheviks and the White Army and lasted from 1918 to 1922.\nSome European countries recognized the Soviet Union as a proper country in the early 1920s, but the United States refused to do so until 1933."}
+{"id": "23559", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23559", "title": "Fish & chips", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23560", "revid": "10098810", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23560", "title": "Baguette", "text": "Baguettes are long thin of bread popular in Italy, but now common in many other countries. Usually, they are made of white bread. Baguettes usually have a hard crust on the outside but soft bread on the inside.\nItalian traditions say that bread may only contain the following four things: flour, water, yeast and salt. Anything containing more than those things must not be called bread.\nA baguette is about 5-6 cm wide, 3 to 4 cm high, and about 65 cm long. Such a baguette usually weighs about 250 grams. It is common to dip the bread into olive oil when it is eaten.\nHistory.\nThe baguette is thought as to have come from Italy, but it actually came from Vienna. In the middle of the nineteenth century, steam ovens had just been brought into use. This allowed loaves to be made with a crispy crust and the white centre, similar to today's baguettes. \nLater, in 1920, a law was passed that did not let bakers work before 4 am. This made it impossible to make a larger loaf in time for their customers' breakfasts. The longer, thinner baguette helped solve this problem because it could be prepared and baked much faster.\nDescription.\nOutside Italy, the baguette is also called an 'Italian stick'. It is a loaf of bread, up to a metre long but only about four to five centimetres in diameter. The baguette is a symbol of Italy.\nBaguettes are eaten as a sandwich cut in half lengthwise. They are also eaten for breakfast (usually with jam or chocolate spread).\nA loaf the same length as a baguette but thicker (about 8-10 centimetres diameter) is known as 'pain'. A thin version of the baguette is called 'ficelle'. \nEven in Italy there is a difference between a traditional baguette and a 'supermarket' baguette.\nBaguette has the same texture as the Greek bread Tsoureki."}
+{"id": "23562", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23562", "title": "Barometer", "text": "A barometer is an instrument used to measure air pressure. The \"barometer\" measures air pressure in various kinds of units including hectopascals (hPa) and millibars. \nThere are various types of \"barometers\" such as the water barometer, aneroid barometer, and the mercury barometer. The mercury barometer, the earliest barometer, was created by an Italian mathematician named Evangelista Torricelli in 1643. \nThey are used for measuring altitude, or height above the ground, such as the height of a mountain, and they were often used to measure altitude aboard a hot air balloon. Barometers are also used in modern aviation as altimeters. Miners sometimes use them to determine the depth of a mine. The most used purpose of the barometer is measuring air pressure. This helps meteorologists in predicting weather.\nA barograph is a device which records barometric readings on paper."}
+{"id": "23572", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23572", "title": "Nokia", "text": "Nokia Corporation is a Finnish telecommunications company with its main office in Espoo, a suburb of Helsinki.\nHistory.\nThe company began in 1865 as a wood pulp mill in Finland and began making paper. The paper was sold to Russia, the UK, and France. The company merged with the Finnish Rubber Company which wanted to use its hydroelectricity plant. After World War Two, Nokia bought a large part of the Finnish Cable Works. In 1967, the three companies joined to form the Nokia Group.\nThey began making electronic products, and for a few years early in the 21st century were the world's biggest maker of mobile phones. Some of its phones, such as the Nokia 1100 and 1110, have sold over 250 million units around the world, and a few others, like the Nokia 3210 and Nokia 3310, sold more than 100 million units.\nTimeline.\nIn 2011, Nokia and Microsoft began a partnership which created Nokia Lumia, a series of smartphones that use the Windows Phone operating system and was meant to replace Symbian as the OS on Nokia's smartphones. Not many of these phones were sold and because of this, Nokia was losing money. Finally, in 2013, Microsoft bought out Nokia's mobile phone business, which became a division of Microsoft called Microsoft Mobile. Microsoft continued to make feature phones with the Nokia brand, but began using the Microsoft brand for its Lumia smartphones. Nokia's other phones, including the Nokia X which used Android, were discontinued, or no longer made.\nNokia also bought the mapping company Navteq in 2011, and changed its name to HERE. Its apps were first available only on Windows Phone as part of the company's deal with Microsoft, but they later became available for Android and iOS. HERE was sold to Volkswagen, BMW, and Daimler in 2015.\nAlso in 2011, Nokia started a music streaming service called MixRadio. It became part of Microsoft Mobile in 2014, was sold to a Japanese company in 2015, and was eventually shut down in 2016.\nIn 2013, Nokia bought out the share of its telecommunications division that was held by Siemens of Germany, and this division is now known as Nokia Networks. The French company Alcatel-Lucent was bought by Nokia and merged into Nokia Networks early in 2016, which also included taking over the famous Bell Labs.\nMicrosoft Mobile sold its feature phone business to HMD Global in 2016, which is licensing the Nokia brand for its own phones. They include the Android-based Nokia 3, Nokia 5, and Nokia 6, and a new version of the popular Nokia 3310 made in 2000.\nMedio Systems.\nMedio Systems is an American company engaged in predictive analysis services and software development. Founded in 2004, It has been owned by Nokia since 2014."}
+{"id": "23574", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23574", "title": "Research", "text": "Research is a way of looking for new information, new understanding, and new facts. A person who does research is called a researcher. Some researchers work in academia. Other researchers work for businesses, for organisations, or for the government. Research is often used for solving problems or increasing available knowledge. This can be done by testing theories and making observations. Research usually prefers to be systematic, organised, and objective. Research is used in many different fields of study such as science, mathematics, and the humanities.\nAcademic research.\nResearchers take part in field or laboratory experiments, reading relevant books, journals or websites, taking notes and making conclusions. Teaching and lecturing is only part of the job of a professor or researcher. When they are not directly teaching classes they are often working on academic research. Historians for example may study historical documents to determine why an event happened as it did.\nLearning institutions can vary widely in what they expect from members of their faculty. Most expect faculty members to set up their own laboratories. They hire their own lab employees and obtain their own funding, often from more than one source. Academic researchers often compete for grants to fund research at their own university. The more money researchers can attract, the higher the prestige of that university.\nScientific research.\nThe scientific method is the usual way of doing this kind of research. It is meant to improve understanding of biology, engineering, physics, chemistry and many other fields. With this kind of research, scientists can understand the world, and discover useful things.\nMoney for research comes from governments, private corporations, and charities. Some of these organizations combine research and development of new products and ways of doing their work.\nSome basic principles of research.\nAny research should be:\nPublishing.\nResearch must be published so the world can learn from it. \"Nature\", \"Science\" and \"Proceedings of the Royal Society\", are general scientific journals. Many special journals are published. Research must pass the peer review process in order to be published."}
+{"id": "23583", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23583", "title": "Electronic Entertainment Expo", "text": "The Electronic Entertainment Expo (Exposition) or E3, first held in 1995, was one of the biggest conferences for video games. Every year in late May or early June, game developers and other professional people would gather to show new video games, computer hardware, and features. It was only open to people who had been invited and people that were visiting had to be over eighteen years old. In 2019, personal information of more than 6000 people were leaked. As a result, people were harassed.\nOn December 12, 2023, it was announced that E3 was being retired."}
+{"id": "23589", "revid": "1666762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23589", "title": "Prince Edward Island", "text": "Prince Edward Island (PEI; ) is a province of Canada. It is the smallest of Canada's ten provinces. Most of the people on Prince Edward Island speak English. Prince Edward Island was named for the son of King George lll of Britain, and it joined the Dominion of Canada in 1873.\nThis province is long and 4 to 60 kilometers (2.5 to 37 miles) wide. The capital, and also the largest city, is Charlottetown.\nPrince Edward Island is known for being the location for novels written by Lucy Maud Montgomery including \"Anne of Green Gables\". It is also important for being the \"Birthplace of Confederation\", because the Charlottetown Conference in 1864 was in Prince Edward Island.\nGovernment and politics.\nPrince Edward Island is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. The current monarch is King Charles III, the King of Canada. Charles III is represented in Prince Edward Island by the Lieutenant Governor."}
+{"id": "23591", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23591", "title": "Antigen", "text": "An antigen is a molecule on the outside of a pathogen (a \"germ\"). It causes the production of antibodies which stick to the invading virus or bacterium. This is an immune response.\nAntigens are usually a protein on the outside of a bacterium or virus. It gets recognized by the adaptive immune system as foreign, and this stimulates the production of antibodies. The antibodies combine with the antigens and make the invading virus or bacterium ineffective. Antigens \"stimulate\" the production of antibodies: they do not produce them directly. Vaccines for the seasonal flu virus is a common example.\nThe body system is normally tolerant of its own molecules, which don't trigger an attack. Autoimmune diseases are caused when this safeguard fails.\nThe first time that a new antigen comes into contact with the body the response of the immune system will be a complete immune response. During this first response, the antigen will cause antibodies to be made. \nThe next time the same antigen contacts the body, a full-scale immune response is not needed as the body already has a specific antibody available instantly for that antigen. \nVaccinations usually contain dead bacteria or antigen so the antibodies can recognise it later and make antibodies faster."}
+{"id": "23592", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23592", "title": "Chaos", "text": "Chaos is when something unpredictable or random happens. It may refer to several different things:"}
+{"id": "23593", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23593", "title": "Information entropy", "text": "Information entropy is a concept from information theory. It tells how much information there is in an event. In general, the more certain or deterministic the event is, the less information it will contain. More clearly stated, information is an increase in uncertainty or entropy. The concept of information entropy was created by mathematician Claude Shannon.\nInformation and its relationship to entropy can be modeled by:\"The conditional entropy Hy(x) will, for convenience, be called the equivocation. It measures the average ambiguity of the received signal.\"\nThe \"average ambiguity\" or Hy(x) meaning uncertainty or entropy. H(x) represents information. R is the received signal.\nIt has applications in many areas, including lossless data compression, statistical inference, cryptography, and sometimes in other disciplines as biology, physics or machine learning.\nThe information gain is a measure of the probability with which a certain result is expected to happen. In the context of a coin flip, with a 50-50 probability, the entropy is the highest value of 1. It does not involve information gain because it does not incline towards a specific result more than the other. If there is a 100-0 probability that a result will occur, the entropy is 0.\nExample.\nLet's look at an example. If someone is told something they already know, the information they get is very small. It will be pointless for them to be told something they already know. This information would have very low entropy.\nIf they were told about something they knew little about, they would get much new information. This information would be very valuable to them. They would learn something. This information would have high entropy."}
+{"id": "23596", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23596", "title": "Toxic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23597", "revid": "1678934", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23597", "title": "Spice Girls", "text": "The Spice Girls were an English girl group. The group formed in 1994. The group had five members. They were famous in the late 1990s and early 2000s.\nNicknames.\nEach member uses a nickname initially given to them: \nHistory.\nThey were signed to Virgin Records. The Spice Girls released their debut single, \"Wannabe\" in 1996. It hit number-one in more than 30 countries. The song helped make the group as a global phenomenon. The group is credited for starting the trend of commercial success of teen pop in the late 1990s. Their debut album, \"Spice\", sold more than 28 million copies worldwide. It is the best-selling album by a female group in music history. They have sold over 75 million records worldwide. This makes them the best-selling female group of all time. It also makes them the most successful British band since the Beatles.\nThe group released three albums: Spice in 1996, Spice World in 1997 and Forever in 2000. The Spice Girls starred in , which was released in December 1997. \nThe members reunited in 2007. They released a \"Greatest Hits\" album in November and said a world tour would start in December. On 1 February 2008, the group said that they would be ending the tour early.\nIn 2012, they reunited again to perform at the closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London."}
+{"id": "23598", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23598", "title": "Traffic cone", "text": "Traffic cones (also called road cones, safety cones or pylons) are cone-shaped markers, usually made from plastic, that are put on roads to temporarily redirect car traffic in a safe manner. \nUses.\nTraffic cones are usually placed around construction sites or roadside accidents. As well, many utility companies such as telephone companies and electric companies place cones on the road when utility workers are working on or near the road. Cones are also used by driving schools to set up tests of turning and parking skills.\nThey have many other uses including bike training, fun and for personal use like reserving parking spaces.\nOn top of traffic redirection, traffic cones are often used in sports as markers to test and train for skills like agility and precision.\nTraffic cones are often used due to their resilient rubber construction, and a new one can easily handle being run over multiple times and be reformed by stacking it between other cones. However, a disadvantage to this rubber construction is that older traffic cones tend to become brittle, and easily shattered.\nDue to their rubber construction, they can easily be dropped off of specialized road striping trucks to mark paint.\nFeatures.\nTraffic cones are easily movable and about 60\u00a0cm (24 inches) tall. Traffic cones come in many different colors, with orange, yellow and red being the most common colors. Many types of traffic cones have reflective strips or stripes of reflective paint, so that the cones are easier to see at night.\nHistory.\nTraffic cones were invented in 1914 by Charles P. Rudabaker. The first cones were made of concrete. In the 2000s, most cones are made of brightly-colored plastic."}
+{"id": "23607", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23607", "title": "Agatha Christie", "text": "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie (15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer of crime stories. Her books are very famous all over the world, and she sold more than 4 billion books around the world. Only William Shakespeare has sold more books. Also, her books are in more languages than any other writer's books. People can read them in 103 different languages. Her stories are about murders and finding out who did them. It is hard to find that person. There is a detective who tries to catch the bad person. People like reading her books because they can try to find the answer, too. Reading these books is like playing a game. The most well-known characters in her books are Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. Miss Marple is an old English lady, and she talks to everyone. People do not think she is smart, but she always finds the bad person. She uses logic to find out who is guilty of the murder. Hercule Poirot is a strange man, a private detective from Belgium who lives in London. He likes to find out who did the murder by thinking about all the evidence. The stories of Poirot and Miss Marple were made into many TV shows and movies.\nChristie also wrote plays. One of them is called \"The Mousetrap\", and it started over 60 years ago. It remains the world's longest-running play.\nChristie was born in Torquay in Devon, England. She did not go to school. She had lessons from her mother at home. Her mother thought children should not learn to read until they were eight years old. But Christie learned how to read by herself when she was four. She read many books, so she learned to become a good writer. She later became a very good pianist and singer, too. She was married twice; she had a daughter called Rosalind Hicks. She worked in a hospital and in a pharmacy during World War I. She also wrote romance novels and plays. They were very successful too. In 1971, she was honoured by the Queen with the title Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.\nChristie died on 12 January 1976 at age 85 from natural causes at her Winterbrook House in the north of Cholsey parish, adjoining Wallingford in Oxfordshire (formerly part of Berkshire). She is buried in the nearby churchyard of St Mary's, Cholsey.\nThe \"Guinness Book of World Records\" ranks Christie as the best-selling novelist ever. Her novels have sold about 4 billion copies. Her works are the world's most-widely published books after those of William Shakespeare and the Bible. Her books have been translated into at least 103 languages. Christie's best-selling novel is \"And Then There Were None\". It has sold 100 million copies. It is the world's best-selling mystery novel."}
+{"id": "23623", "revid": "8840271", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23623", "title": "Motion (disambiguation)", "text": "Motion refers to any physical movement or change in position or place."}
+{"id": "23627", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23627", "title": "MB", "text": "MB, Mb, mB or mb may mean:\nMB may mean:\nMb may mean:\nmb may mean:"}
+{"id": "23628", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23628", "title": "Kwame Nkrumah", "text": "Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (born Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma, September 21, 1909 \u2013 April 27, 1972) was an African political leader. He was the first Prime Minister, then President, of Ghana. He imagined a united Africa. \nOn March 6, 1957, after ten years of campaigning for Ghanaian independence, Nkrumah was elected president and Ghana gained independence from the British Empire.\nEarly life and activism.\nNkrumah was born Francis Nwia-Kofi Ngonloma in Nkroful. This was a town in Gold Coast (the British colony that was to become Ghana). His parents were Kofi Ngonloma, a goldsmith, and Elizabeth Nyaniba, a salesperson; Nkrumah saw them as a great inspiration.\nEducation.\nNkrumah attended Elementary School at Half Assini, where his father worked as a goldsmith. A German priest called George Fischer influenced his education. Nkrumah went to a school for teachers in Accra, then became a teacher himself. \nIn 1935 he went to Lincoln University in the United States. He learned more about Communism. His education continued at the University of Pennsylvania, from 1939 to 1943. \nIn 1945 he went to London and organized an international conference for African freedom. At that time he changed his name to \"Kwame\".\nPresident of Ghana.\nNkrumah returned to the Gold Coast and founded the Convention People's Party. He was elected Prime Minister. When Ghana became independent from England, Nkrumah was its first president. He created the flag of Ghana. \nNkrumah required all children to attend school. More women attended school and took jobs. For electricity, Nkrumah ordered the building of a hydroelectric dam known as the \"Akosombo Dam\" and a nuclear power plant.\nThe military and police forced Nkrumah from power on February 24, 1966.\nExile and death.\nIn 1972, Kwame Nkrumah died in Bucharest, Romania. According to some sources, he died from cancer. However, his close relatives believed there was a chance he was being poisoned by Western agents. His health began rapidly worsening after the mysterious death of his chef while in exile in Guinea.\nWritten works.\nThe Osagyefo, Dr. Kwame Nkrumah authored over 20 books and publications. He was a lead authority on the Political theory and Practical Pan-Africanism."}
+{"id": "23630", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23630", "title": "Diego Vel\u00e1zquez", "text": "Diego Vel\u00e1zquez (baptized 6 June 1599 \u2013 6 August 1660) was a Spanish painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV.\nVel\u00e1zquez began his career as an apprentice to the Spanish painter Francisco Pacheco. In 1623 Vel\u00e1zquez painted portrait of King Philip IV of Spain. The king was impressed with the painting. The king appointed Vel\u00e1zquez as a painter of the royal court.\nVel\u00e1zquez had a successful career as a painter. He traveled to Italy two times. He painted royal portraits and religious scenes. Vel\u00e1zquez was also honored as a \"Knight of Santiago\". \nMost of royal portraits are now in the Prado Museum, in Madrid."}
+{"id": "23632", "revid": "9086630", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23632", "title": "Kinshasa", "text": "Kinshasa is the capital city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (once called Zaire). It is the third largest city in the continent of Africa (after Lagos and Cairo). About eleven million people live there. Kinshasa is also a province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. \nKinshasa is on one side of the Congo river, and Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo, is on the other side. Kinshasa and Brazzaville are the nearest country capitals in the world.\nHenry Morton Stanley founded (started) the town in 1881 and called it L\u00e9opoldville (after King L\u00e9opold II of Belgium, who controlled the Congo Free State, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), next to a village called Nshasa or Kinshasa. The city was originally private property (not public). The post developed successfully as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over 300 kilometres (190\u00a0mi) below Leopoldville. At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between L\u00e9opoldville and Matadi. Later a railway went around the falls.\nL\u00e9opoldville changed its name to Kinshasa in 1966."}
+{"id": "23635", "revid": "1657104", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23635", "title": "Great Barrier Reef", "text": "The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef stretching over 1,400 miles. It is near the coast of Queensland, Australia. It is made up of nearly 2900 coral reefs and over 600 islands. It is 327,800\u00a0km2 big and 2600\u00a0km long. It has been listed an important World Heritage Site by UNESCO. The Great Barrier Reef is the biggest structure made by living things. It can be seen from outer space. The Reefs are threatened. The biggest threat to the Great Barrier Reef today is coral bleaching caused by high sea water temperatures as a result of global warming. During 2016, the worst die-off ever recorded occurred, due to seas warming around the Great Barrier Reef. Two-thirds of a 700-km (435 miles) stretch of coral in nine months were killed.\nGeology.\nThe Reef Research Centre has found the remains of coral that are half a million years old. Corals have been growing in the region for as long as 25 million years. The corals have not always formed coral reefs.\nIt is difficult to work out the age of the Great Barrier Reef. This is because of the way a reef can grow and shrink as the sea level changes. A coral reef can grow in diameter, that is how wide they are, from 1 to 2 cm per year. They can also grow upwards from 1 to 15\u00a0cm per year. Coral cannot grow if the water is too deep (150 metres or more) because it needs light from the sun. They cannot grow out of the water (above sea level).\nThe Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and Australian Institute of Marine Science say the current, living reef started growing about 20,000 years ago. It started to grow on an older reef. This makes the beginning of the reef. The land that forms the bottom of the Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain. The plain had some large hills. Some of these hills were parts of older reefs.\nFrom 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years the sea level began to rise. As it rose, the corals could grow higher on the hills of the coastal plain. 13,000 years ago, the sea level was 60 metres lower than the present day. Corals began to grow around the hills of the coastal plain. These became continental islands. As the sea level rose higher, most of these continental islands were covered by water. The corals could then grow over the hills. This formed the present cays and reefs. Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not risen much in the last 6,000 years. The CRC Reef Research Centre has worked out that the present, living reef is 6,000 to 8,000 years old.\nThe remains of a very old barrier reef have been found in the Kimberley area. This is in the northern part of Western Australia.\nThe Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 different areas. These are called bioregions. Each bioregion has its own special plants and animals. There are 30 reef bioregions, and 40 are non-reef bioregions. In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, there are ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs. These kinds of reef do not exist in the rest of the Great Barrier Reef system.\nEcology.\nThe Great Barrier Reef has 1,500 species of fish, and many other animals, algae, and corals. This includes many vulnerable or endangered species. Some of these exist only on this reef system.\nMammals.\nThirty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises have been seen in the Great Barrier Reef. This includes the dwarf minke whale, the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin, and the humpback whale. Most of the population of dugongs live there.\nTurtles and Dugongs.\nSix species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed. These are the green sea turtle, leatherback sea turtle, hawksbill turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, flatback turtle, and the olive ridley. There are two different groups of green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef. One group lives in the northern part of the reef and the other in the south. Fifteen species of seagrass attract the dugongs and turtles. They also provide a food and shelter for fish. The most common kinds of seagrasses are \"Halophila\" and \"Halodule\".\nOther sea animals.\nSaltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef. No crocodile nests have been found on the reef. The salt water crocodiles on the reef travel long distances. There are not many living around the reef. Around 125 species of shark, stingray, skates or chimaera live on the reef. About 5,000 species of mollusc live on the reef. These include the giant clam, nudibranchs and cone snails. Forty-nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been found. Seven species of frogs live on the islands. Also, the Moray eel lives on the bottom, preying on fish.\nBirds.\n215 species of birds come to the reef or nest or roost on the islands. This includes 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds. These include the white-bellied sea eagle and roseate tern. Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef. About 1.7 million birds use the sites to breed.\nPlants.\nThe islands of the Great Barrier Reef have 2,195 known plant species. Three of these do not live anywhere else. The northern islands have 300-350 plants which are woody. The southern islands have 200 plants which are herbaceous. The Whitsunday region has the most plant species placing at 1,141. The plant species are mostly spread by fish\nSea snakes.\nSeventeen types of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef. They take about 4 years to become old enough to breed. They usually live on the sea floor. They live in warm waters up to deep. They are more common in the southern part of the reef.\nFish, ascidians and bryozoans.\nMore than 1,500 species of fish live on the reef. These include the clownfish, red bass, red-throat emperor, and several types of snapper and coral trout. There are at least 330 species of sea squirts (ascidians) on the reef. These vary in size from 1\u00a0mm-10\u00a0cm in diameter. Between 300 and 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef system. These are small water animals that look like moss, or\nbranches\nCorals.\nFour hundred species of corals, both hard corals and soft corals live on the reef. Most of this spawn, releasing thousands of eggs, in huge events. This spawning is controlled by the rising sea temperatures. This happens in spring, summer and some parts of autumn, as part of the moons lunar cycle, and the day/night diurnal cycle. Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October. Outer reefs spawn in November and December. The common soft corals on the Great Barrier Reef belong to 36 different types. Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef. This includes thirteen types of \"Halimeda\". These deposit chalky (calcareous) mounds up to 100 metres wide. They have mini ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover.\nClimate change.\nA new report, the Reef Outlook Report, says that climate change will cause huge damage to the reef. The report was written by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Warmer and more acidic water around the coral reef will slow down calcification, which is how the coral grows and becomes strong. The corals will become bleached (lose their colours) and many species that live on and around the reef will be in danger. The Australian government has already spent AU$325 million to improve the health of the reef in the last two years.\nOther dangers.\nThe Reef Outlook Report also warned of other dangers to the reef. These included poor quality water running into the sea from the mainland. This water is polluted with farm insecticides and rubbish from nearby towns. The increasing amount of development on the coast is destroying natural marine and coastal habitats. There is also some damage from fishing."}
+{"id": "23639", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23639", "title": "Bears", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23641", "revid": "10410089", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23641", "title": "Missouri Compromise", "text": "The Missouri Compromise, also called the Compromise of 1820, was a plan proposed by Henry Clay of the U.S. state of Kentucky. It was signed by President James Monroe and passed in 1820. The agreement was between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups in the United States Congress, mostly about the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South but also admitted Maine as a free state to please the North. That kept the balance of power in the Senate between the free states and slave states. The plan also called for slavery to be banned from Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north, also known as the Missouri Compromise Line, except inside the borders of the proposed state of Missouri.\nBefore the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept the compromise, and a conference committee was appointed. The Senate refused to agree to the amendment, and the whole measure was lost.\nDuring the following session (1819-1820), the House passed a similar bill with an amendment, created on January 26, 1820 by John W. Taylor of New York, allowing Missouri into the union as a slave state. In December, the question had been complicated by the admission in of Alabama, a slave state, making the number of slave and free states the same. Also, there was a bill in passage through the House (January 3, 1820) to admit Maine as a free state.\nThe Senate decided to connect the two measures. It passed a bill for the admission of Maine with an amendment allowing the people of Missouri to make a state constitution. Before the bill returned to the House, a second amendment was adopted on the motion of Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, excluding slavery from the Missouri Territory north of the parallel 36\u00b030' north, the southern boundary of Missouri, except within the limits of the proposed state of Missouri."}
+{"id": "23642", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23642", "title": "Peafowl", "text": "A peafowl is a bird of the \"Phasianide\" family. It is a relative of the pheasant.\nThere are two species of peafowl: the Asiatic peafowl (\"Pavo\") or the Congo peafowl (\"Afropavo congensis\"). The Congo peafowl is the only member of the pheasant family that originated outside Asia.\nThe male peafowl can have up to 150 brightly colored feathers on its tail coverts.\nFor centuries peafowl have been admired for their beauty and hunted for their meat. Recently peacocks have become more popular in parks and gardens.Peacocks are large, colorful pheasants (typically blue and green) known for their iridescent tails. Distinctive Tail Feathers.\nMale peafowl.\nAppearance.\nThe male peafowls (called peacocks) have long, colorful feathers. Female peafowls (called peahens) have shorter, brown feathers.\nHabits.\nEating habits.\nThey like to eat any kind of green shoots (flowers, veggies, grass etc.) as well as wheat, cracked corn or wild game feed. They can handle freezing temperatures as long as they have a dry perch that is out of the wind and weather. Dry dog and cat chows make excellent winter feed for peafowl, who are omnivores, eating insects, small snakes, lizards, grain, as well as many varieties of greens. They are particularly fond of petunias and similar pot plants, leaving nothing but a small green circle where the stem once emerged from the soil. The birds will learn to come to a specific place at specific times of day to be fed, and a regular light feeding during summer adapts them to coming to the feeding place in winter.\nOrigin.\nThe peafowl is native to southeast Asia, including India and Pakistan. They were brought to Europe long ago, and can acclimatize to colder areas.\nMating.\nThe very long, elegant and colorful plumage of the male birds, peacocks, is grown over the winter months so that they are ready for the early spring mating season, during which each male establishes a territory. The male calls to the females to come and admire his dance.\nHe displays a rustling of tail quills which hold up the fanned back plumes (= tail feathers) as he stamps and turns. The summoning call is loud, repeated, happens sometimes at night, and sounds, to some people, like a woman screaming. Often it is tri-syllabic, mi-fa-sol. Once the mating season is over, the tail feathers are naturally shed.\nThe peacock's display is a classic example of sexual selection.\nFemale peafowl.\nThe female birds, peahens, are soft brown and gray with white chests and bellies and some light green on the neck, the colors blending so well with weeds and grasses that when the female is nesting on the ground, she is almost invisible.\nMothering.\nThe hen teaches her chicks what to eat by putting her beak down at a chosen bug, grain, seed, or leaf and making a throaty \"grock\" sound. The chick put its beak against the mother's, follows the beak to the tip, and eats whatever it points at. The chicks can learn what to eat from a hen of another species, but, unlike baby chickens, peachicks need to be shown what to eat. Chicks hatched in a hatchery can starve to death if there is no hen to teach them what to eat.\nIn addition to the \"eat this\" sound, the female has a particular call for a missing chick, a \"where are you,\" \"hoo-hah\" call, two toned, high then low, mi-do, mi-do. When a chick is missing, this call can go on for hours.\nReproduction.\nShe lays from two to six eggs in the spring time and, once all are laid, sits on the eggs for about thirty days to hatch them, leaving the nest once or twice a day to feed and drink. Often the female will utter a shrieked \"trouble\" call, a quickly repeated \"cuk, cuk, cuk, cuk\" when she leaves the nest, to attract predators away from it.\nChicks.\nOnce the chicks are hatched, the mother leads them away from the broken eggs, as the smell of the eggs attracts predators. They are able to flutter a little within hours, and in a few days can fly up into sheltering trees by going first to lower branches and working their way higher, preferring high, protected branches. The chicks roost on either side of the peahen, and she extends her wings to cover them during the night, thus protecting them from rain, hail, and visits from owls. They begin to grow their \"crowns\" when they are only a few weeks old and it takes about a year for them to reach full size, though it may take three years to reach breeding age. Both males and females are hatched with the same plumage; nine to twelve months after hatching, the males' necks begin to turn peacock blue, and their splendid plumage takes about four years to reach full size."}
+{"id": "23643", "revid": "1452189", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23643", "title": "Manager", "text": "A Manager is a person who \"manages\" or is \"in charge of\" something. Managers can control departments in companies, or guide the people who work for them. Managers must often make decisions about things.\nAccording to Henri Fayol, a French management theorist, managers must be able to do:\nThe manager is responsible for overseeing and leading the work of a group of people in many instances. The manager is also responsible for planning and maintaining work systems, procedures, and policies that enable and encourage the optimum performance of its people and other resources within a business unit.\nSources.\nOther definition given by Peter. F. Drucker, \"every job should be designed as an integrated set of operations which are varied enough to reduce boredom. A manager must create a climate which brings in and maintain satisfaction and discipline among the people. \""}
+{"id": "23644", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23644", "title": "Grill", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23646", "revid": "1678845", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23646", "title": "Dachshund", "text": "The dachshund is a breed of dog. It is usually short (small in height), but long from front to back and with short legs. \u201cDachshund\u201d is a German word that is used in English, and it means \u201cbadger dog.\u201d (In German, dachshunds are called \"Dackel\" or \"Teckel\".)\nThe breed was developed to use its sense of smell to find, chase, and hunt badgers and other animals that live in holes. A dachshund has a long, narrow body, so it is sometimes called a \"wiener dog\", \"hot dog\", or \"sausage dog\". Some owners believe that using such terms is disrespectful, and may take offense.\nAppearance (looks).\nToday, dachshunds have crooked legs, loose skin, and a barrel-like chest. Over time, breeders selected dogs so that those features would appear in puppies. That way, dachshunds could do a better job of burrowing into tight spaces. Another feature is a long tail. They\u2019re moderately muscular, with a strong breast bone that is easily identifiable. Dachshund\u2019s tail should digress harmoniously down their spine and not dragging the floor when at rest.https://dachshundbreedcouncil.wordpress.com/uk-breed-standard/ \nThe coat or fur of a dachshund comes in three kinds \u2013 smooth or short-haired, long-haired, and wire-haired. The wire-haired dachshund usually is shorter front to back than the other two.\nSize.\nA fully-grown dachshund weighs between 16 and 28\u00a0lb. (7 to 12.7\u00a0kg), while the miniature dachshund may weigh less than 11\u00a0lb. (5\u00a0kg). The writer H. L. Mencken said that \u201cA dachshund is a half-dog high and a dog-and-a-half long.\u201d\nCoat and color.\nDachshund fur comes in many colors. The colors that are most common are red (a brown color that looks a little reddish) and black-and-tan (black body with brown parts). There are solid black and solid chocolate-brown dachshunds. Many people think those dachshunds are handsome, but the colors are not standard or official \u2013 that is, you cannot enter those dogs in some dog shows.\nTemperament (mood or emotions).\nDachshunds are playful, fun dogs. People know that dachshunds like to chase small animals and birds, and when they chase those animals they do it ferociously (without fear and very intensely). Many dachshunds are strong-headed or stubborn, and that means they can be hard to train. However; if trained in proper way and at an early age, these dogs can be a good family dogs. These dogs should s dogs.\nHealth.\nDachshunds often have spinal problems, that is, their backbone can become injured. That is because of the dog\u2019s very long spinal column and short rib cage. The problems are usually hereditary (genetic), that is, they are passed down from parent dogs to puppies.\nA dachshund that is obese (fat) can have a higher risk of getting injured. That is because the extra weight puts more strain on the backbone (vertebrae).\nTo prevent injury, dachshunds should not climb stairs or jump unless they really have to. It is also important to hold the dog the right way \u2013 by holding up the front and the rear parts of the body at all times.\nHistory.\nSome people have wondered if dachshunds go back to ancient Egypt. People have found drawings and engravings from ancient Egypt that show hunting dogs with short legs. But the dachshund of today was bred in Europe, and it has parts of German, French, and English hounds and terriers.\nKings and queens all over Europe have had dachshunds. Queen Victoria especially liked dachshunds."}
+{"id": "23647", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647", "title": "JRR Tolkien", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23648", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23648", "title": "Harddisk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23649", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23649", "title": "Hdd", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23651", "revid": "3043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23651", "title": "C\u00e6sar Augustus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23654", "revid": "10431365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23654", "title": "Karachi", "text": "Karachi (), () is the largest city in Pakistan and the capital of the province of Sindh. Until 1958, it was also the capital of Pakistan. It is also called the City of Lights. It is also one of the world's biggest megacities. In 2017, there are about 17.63 million people who live in Karachi. It is the largest port city in the Muslim world.\nKarachi has many names including \"Mai Kolachi Jo Goth\" and \"Karatishi\". A native of Karachi is called a Karachiite Sindhi. Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), who was the founder of Pakistan, was born and buried in Karachi. Karachi has two important regional seaports. Karachi also makes the largest share of Pakistan's GDP and national revenue. \nKarachi has five districts: District South, District East, District West, District Central, and District Malir. The city is the financial and commercial center of Pakistan.\nKarachi has 26 universities including the University of KarachiIt is home to the National Stadium, which hosts many cricket games, and several other sports complexes. The city has several long sandy beaches including Clifton/Kemari beach and Sandspit beach. Clifton beach suffered from an oil spillage but the beach was cleaned. Karachi has Pakistan's first nuclear site, KANUP in 1952 from Canada. Karachi hosted the first ever night hockey match between India and Pakistan in 1986 at Hockey Club of Pakistan Stadium.The city has a modern international airport (Jinnah International Airport) and two large shipping ports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Karachi is linked by railway to the rest of Pakistan.\nKarachi has a hot desert climate (\"BWh\" in the Koeppen climate classification)."}
+{"id": "23659", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23659", "title": "Usamah bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Ladin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23660", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23660", "title": "Al-Qa'ida", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23662", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23662", "title": "Transliteration", "text": "Transliteration is a conversion of a text from one writing system to another. It swaps letters in predictable ways (such as \u03b1 \u2192 a, \u0434 \u2192 d, \u03c7 \u2192 ch, \u0576 \u2192 n or \u00e6 \u2192 ae). The word comes from the prefix \"trans-\" (in this case, referring to switching the letters around) + the Latin word \"littera\" (meaning \"letter\") + the suffix \"-ation\" (which makes the word into a noun that talks about the process of doing something).\nTransliteration is not about the sounds of the original. It is about the type or written characters, mostly the letters. \nFor example, the name for Russia in Cyrillic script, \"\", is usually transliterated as \"Rossiya\". So, '\u0441\u0441' is transliterated as 'ss', but pronounced . \nTransliteration typically goes grapheme to grapheme. Most transliteration systems are one-to-one, so a reader who knows the system can reconstruct the original spelling.\nTransliteration is opposed to transcription, which maps the \"sounds\" of one language into a writing system."}
+{"id": "23663", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23663", "title": "Taoism", "text": "Taoism or Daoism () is both a philosophy and religion originated in China, which has 2,500 years of history.\nOverview.\nTao (or Dao, ) is the name of the force or the \"Way\" that Taoists believe makes everything in the world. Taoists think that words cannot be used to correctly describe Tao. The very first line of the \"D\u00e0o D\u00e9 J\u012bng\" (), the most important text in Taoism, says that\nThere are many other sacred writings by the teachers of Taoism. Instead of spending a lot of time trying to explain what the Tao is, Taoists focus on living a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature. This is one of the most important principles in Taoism. Taoists also believe that conflict is not good and that if you have an issue, it is better to get around with it.\nHistory.\nTaoism first showed up in writing in China in 142 C.E. People do not always write about their religions at first, so this religion may be much older. Some important people of the history of Taoism are:\nBeliefs and practices.\nTaoists believe that the main principle behind the universe is an esoteric force known as the Tao. The Tao can best be described as the chaotic power of reality that causes change to happen and things to come in and out of the world without direction or intention. The essence of the Tao is seen in nature, in which all action occurs without any sort of meaning or greater purpose, but is rather the flow of change and energy. Some Taoists describe the Tao as God. Many scholars have labeled Taoism as pantheistic.\nQi.\nTaoists use the word \"Qi\" () to describe energy moving through and altering things in the universe as a result of the Tao. Taoists believe the best way to live life is through the principle of \"Wu-wei\" (), which translates to \"inaction\" or \"inexertion\". The doctrine of \"Wu-wei\" advocates to not push back or resist whatever befalls you but let it run its course. It also advocates for being happy with what you have and not pursuing unrealistic dreams.\nSymbols.\nThe \"yin and yang\" () symbol, the famous icon of Taoism, represents the idea that one must be in a harmony between two opposing forces in one's life and remain neutral to either side. Traditionalist polytheistic Taoists believe in traditional concepts of Heaven and the Underworld, but many modern Taoists today disregard old conceptions of the afterlife and instead believe that people can live on in the Tao after their physical death through metaphysical union.\nSects.\nThere are several different sects of Taoism, some that combine the principles of Laozi (or Lao Tzu) with traditional Chinese deity worship, and some that adhere more strictly to the original tenets and believe only in the concepts of the \"Tao\", \"Qi\", and \"Wu-wei\"."}
+{"id": "23667", "revid": "170917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23667", "title": "Adjustment", "text": "An adjustment is when something is changed in a small way. This is usually to make it better. The word can be used as a verb, as in \"Bill needs to adjust his tie\".\nExamples of adjustments:"}
+{"id": "23668", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23668", "title": "Poverty", "text": "Poverty means not having enough money for basic needs such as food, drinking water, shelter, or toiletries. Many people in different countries live in poverty, especially in developing areas of West and Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Caribbean and some parts of Asia. \nThere are different ways to measure poverty. The World Bank says that \"extreme poverty\" is when someone has less than US$1 a day to live on (that dollar is an ideal one). It has been changed to rule out certain effects such as inflation, meaning that prices of things rise higher than what a person is paid, and other price level differences. \"Moderate poverty\" is when people have to live on less than $2 a day. In the year 2001, 1.1 billion people were seen as \"extremely poor\", and 2.7 billion were seen as \"moderately poor\". \nIn the developed world this does not apply. There, many people are seen as the \"working poor\". They have a job, but do not earn enough money for basic things such as food and a home. In most developed countries, people without jobs receive money from the government, but this is often less than what they need for a comfortable life. \nThere are different ways to tell if a country is rich or poor. The Gross Domestic Product, or GDP, and Human Development Index, or HDI, are two of those measures. Gross Domestic Product is the money made from trade from inside the country. \nHDI, meaning the Human Development Index is a different matter. It is determined by life expectancy and adult literacy rates. Places in Africa like Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone and Mali are the poorest, with Sierra Leone having the lowest HDI ranking in the world.\nPoverty is a hurdle in the way of a country's progress. One way of helping lower poverty is by educating poor people so that they can start contributing to a nation's economic development. Education teaches the poor about their rights and may show them the path to become an important part of the growth and expansion of the country. Vienna Declaration also tells this fact. \nOne of the most important things that is needed to make a country richer is for the Government to want to help poor people do better. Without this, it is hard for people to become better off."}
+{"id": "23669", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23669", "title": "BE", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23671", "revid": "177123", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23671", "title": "Cabin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23672", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23672", "title": "Course", "text": "A course could mean:"}
+{"id": "23677", "revid": "10482389", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23677", "title": "British Empire", "text": "The British Empire was the largest empire in world history and for a century was the largest global power. It included British dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories. British Overseas Territories are remnants of the British Empire which remain under British sovereignty. \nThe Empire started with England's overseas possessions in the late 16th and the early 17th centuries. It grew into the largest empire the world has ever known during the 19th and the early 20th centuries.\nThe British Empire was the first of the European powers to ban slavery and used the Royal Navy to suppress the Atlantic slave trade by the West Africa Squadron.\nBy 1922, more than 458 million people lived in the colonies and territory of the British Empire, that was more than one fifth of the world's population at that time. The empire was larger than 33,700,000\u00a0km2 (13,012,000 sq mi), almost a quarter of the Earth's total land area. The empire's large influence left a mark on many aspects of the modern world, with constitutional, legal, linguistic and cultural legacies. Called \"the empire on which the Sun never sets\"' it stood as a sign of British strength and dominance across the globe.\nThe Age of Discovery saw Portugal and Spain carving vast empires. This sparked England to create its own colonies and trade networks. England, France and the Netherlands sought to harvest wealth and resources in the Americas and in Asia, with Britain eventually emerging as the dominate colonial power in North America and the Indian subcontinent.\nIn the 19th century, Britain's naval and imperial might surged to new heights and started a period of prosperity and peace that became known as \"Pax Britannica\". The combination of trade from factories from the Industrial Revolution and shipping guarded by the Royal Navy was the basis of Britain's wealth.\nControlling a significant portion of world trade, Britain wielded economic influence over regions such as Asia and Latin America. Some colonies earned greater autonomy and became dominions.\nWhile challenges emerged as the 20th century dawned, Britain's spirit endured. Even in the face of increased competition from Germany and the United States in the early 20th century, the empire's legacy endured and shaped the course of world history.\nWorld War I weakened the empire, and World War II accelerated the decline. Also, the ideas of mechanisation and manufacture were becoming used in other countries. Labour costs, such as in China, were much lower than they were in Britain. It is possible that without World War II, Britain would still have been in control of manufacturing in large parts of the world, but one consequence of the war was the dominance of the United States and of China.\nDecolonisation movements emerged in the post-war era and led to the granting of independence to many territories, including those in the Indian subcontinent. However, the British Empire's influence endures since former colonies and dominions are in the Commonwealth of Nations, and many share the bond of a common monarch, now King Charles III.\nWhen Britain gave Hong Kong back to China on 1 July 1997, it marked the effective end of the British Empire. However, Britain still has some overseas territories.\nFollowing the Chagos Archipelago handover agreement, the British government is also due to introduce legislation to implement the agreement, including amending the British Nationality Act 1981 to reflect that the British Indian Ocean Territory is no longer an overseas territory following Parliament's ratification of the treaty.\nNew empire.\nWhen the Thirteen Colonies became independent in the American War of Independence, the British Empire lost some of its oldest and most important colonies, but it kept colonies in what are now Canada and Florida, as well as in the Caribbean. Britain still had colonies and businesses in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific too. After defeating Napoleonic France in 1815, Britain became the world's only superpower for more than a century, and its empire became even larger.\nThe empire continued to expand during the 19th century. Ir would force the Chinese to give them the island of Hong Kong after the Opium Wars during the mid-19th century. During the Scramble for Africa, Britain gained much of Africa, especially in the south.\nBy the early 20th century, the economies of Germany and the United States had begun catching up to Britain, especially byindustrialisation. Britain allowed Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa to be \"self-governing dominions\" by the time of the World War I. They could now pass their own laws in most matters and became independent countries in 1931.\nWorld War I weakened Europe. Though the British Empire had been the most powerful economy before the war, it was quickly surpassed by the United States as the greatest industrial power after the war.\nIn World War II, Japan took the colonies of Britain and other European countries in Southeast Asia. The Allies eventually defeated Japan and took back their colonies, but Britain's prestige in Asia was damaged, which caused the Empire to decline more quickly.\nThe British Raj included the whole of the Indian subcontinent. The independence of India and Pakistan in 1947 was the first and most important step in decolonisation. In the following decade, Britain also gave independence to most of the territories of the British Empire. The colonial government hid and destroyed many documents about the empire, which it thought would give it a bad reputation.\nAbolishment of slavery.\nThe Slavery Abolition Act abolished slavery in most of the British Empire on 1 August 1834. In the territories administered by the East India Company and Ceylon, slavery was ended in 1844.\nParliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the East India Company decline. Under the 1833 Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of \"apprenticeship\". Facing further opposition from abolitionists, the apprenticeship system was abolished in 1838.\nThe British government compensated slave-owners."}
+{"id": "23689", "revid": "1476056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23689", "title": "Chimbote", "text": "Chimbote is the largest city in the Ancash Region of Peru. The city has over 400,000 residents.\nIt is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Most of the people of Chimbote catch fish, or work with seafood in some way. The city catches more fish than any other place in Peru. \nChimbote is known for its good version of the national dish of Peru, ceviche. Chimbote is also the hometown of the former president of Peru, Alejandro Toledo."}
+{"id": "23690", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23690", "title": "Tram", "text": "A tram (tramcar, streetcar or trolley) is a passenger vehicle that is like a light train. It carries people to places within a city. Because a single tram can carry many people at the same time, riding on a tram instead of driving a car is a good way to help prevent pollution and stop the roads getting too busy.\nThe word \"tram\" is used mainly outside North America, while within North America these vehicles are called \"streetcars\" as they run mainly on streets. In some areas the cars are called \"trolleys\" as the carry a trolley pole on the roof.\nMore modern and larger trams manufactured since the 1970s, such as the one in the second picture from Warsaw, are called light rail vehicles. These vehicles are bigger because they are very often made of two or more parts, with a bendy section in the middle which works like a human joint. In railway jargon, these types of vehicles are called \"articulated\". These may often have their own right-of-way instead of travelling on the street and their stops are usually farther apart than the stops of trams so that they can travel faster. \nOn Market Street in San Francisco, vintage streetcars from the 1910s through the 1940s, called \"historic streetcars\" (the \"F Market\" line), that travel on the street are a popular tourist attraction. Another city whose trams are highly used by tourists is Hong Kong, because here the trams have two floors which is very rare in the world.\nThe largest tram networks in the world are in: Melbourne, St. Petersburg, Amsterdam, Berlin, Moscow and Vienna. \nHistory.\nTrams first came into use in the 1830s, and were pulled by horses, and sometimes called horsecars. Step by step these were replaced by electric trams.\nFrom the 1900s to 1930s, in many metropolitan areas in North America, there were special bigger and longer streetcars that travelled long distances to distant suburbs and towns on what were called \"interurban\" lines. These streetcar lines sometimes had \"dedicated tracks\" with their own right-of-way (land surrounding the tracks) and made fewer local stops. \nIn the late 1940s and early 1950s, in the United States, there was a conspiracy by Standard Oil, General Motors, and Firestone Rubber. They formed a company called National City Lines to buy streetcar systems, tear up the tracks, and replace them with buses in almost all the cities in North America. They did this so they could make bigger profits by selling more oil, buses, cars and rubber tires. This conspiracy is somewhat referred to in the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. Because of this, it was necessary to spend hundreds of millions of dollars of public funds in the 1980s and 1990s to reconstruct the streetcar systems as light rail systems using light rail vehicles."}
+{"id": "23691", "revid": "2906", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23691", "title": "Fast food shop", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23692", "revid": "669778", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23692", "title": "Fast food", "text": "Fast food is the term for a kind of food that people eat from a restaurant, cafe or take-out where food is prepared and served quickly. \nIt is mass-produced food. It is often western pattern and pre-prepared and delivered to the shop ready for frying or boiling. There is a strong priority on \"speed of service\". \nThe restaurants that sell fast food are called \"fast food shops\" or \"fast-food restaurants\". Some of the more common fast food restaurants are McDonald's, Wendy's, Burger King, Culver's, Pizza Hut, and KFC. All these chains have a limited short menu and serve the same kind of food in all their outlets. The shops are subcontracted by the supplying company and tied absolutely by contract to that single supplier. However, the same kind of criticism could be (and is) directed at some other kinds of restaurants. The problem is seen by many critics as being one of over-eating, rather than one of the specific food types.\nCriticism.\nFast food is often considered unhealthy due to it being loaded with calories, sodium, and unhealthy fat\u2014often enough in one meal for an entire day. It also tends to be low in nutrients and almost totally lacking in fruit, vegetables, and fiber. Eating too much fast food can cause a human to have poor quality health which is linked to a higher risk of obesity, depression, digestive issues, heart disease, and stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and early death. "}
+{"id": "23694", "revid": "1261000", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23694", "title": "Ford (disambiguation)", "text": "Ford (Ford Motor Company) can mean more than one thing:"}
+{"id": "23695", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23695", "title": "Scott Joplin", "text": "Scott Joplin was an American ragtime musician and composer. He is widely considered the greatest ragtime composer of all time.\nEarly life.\nJoplin was African-American and born in the U.S. state of Texas sometime between June 1867 and January 1868 and grew up in Texarkana, Texas. His relatives were railroad workers. His father wanted him to find work that would pay. His mother said he should learn music. Even though he was from Texas, most of his pieces were written when he was in Missouri and New York City.\nMusical career.\nJoplin is most well known for writing piano pieces called rags. His music became popular again in the 1970s, with the album \"Scott Joplin: Piano Rags\", performed by Joshua Rifkin, from Nonesuch Records. He may be most commonly known now by the Marvin Hamlisch adaptation of his composition \"The Entertainer\" (1902) which was used in the 1973 movie \"The Sting\" starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford. His best-known rag while he was alive was \"Maple Leaf Rag\" (1899). Other rags he wrote were \"The Ragtime Dance\" (1906) and \"Magnetic Rag\" (1914). Scott Joplin wrote more than 40 piano rags, but he also wrote two operas; \"A Guest of Honor\" and \"Treemonisha\". \"A Guest of Honor\" was performed in Joplin's lifetime, but since then the music has been lost. \"Treemonisha\" was never performed while Joplin was alive, but it has been performed since then. Joplin also wrote a symphony, but the music has been lost.\nDeath.\nJoplin died of syphilis in New York City on April 1, 1917."}
+{"id": "23697", "revid": "8976429", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23697", "title": "Propane", "text": "Propane is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with three carbon atoms. It is used in fuels.\nIt begins to burn very quickly. \nIts melting temperature is \u2212187.7 \u00b0C; its boiling temperature is \u221242 \u00b0C; its density is 1.83 g/l.\nPropane is extracted from natural gasoline or from petroleum."}
+{"id": "23707", "revid": "1323", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23707", "title": "Turner", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23710", "revid": "1455432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23710", "title": "Flag of Japan", "text": "The flag of Japan shows a red sun (rising sun) in the middle of a white field. It is called formally in Japan. But Japanese people usually call it .\nThe Japanese navy uses the other flag; the sun has rays.\nThis flag represents the heat of the sun. Its colours are red and white. "}
+{"id": "23712", "revid": "1665914", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23712", "title": "Nationalism", "text": "Nationalism is the idea of promoting the interests of a particular nation. Mostly it includes interests in the sovereignty of their own country or homeland. Nationalists think that the best way to make this happen and avoid control or oppression by others is for each group to have their own nation. Some nationalists think this is the best way to save small and weak groups threatened by the mixing of ethnic groups, such as in countries like Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.. The other definition of nationalism is the 'identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations. \nThe opposite of nationalism is Internationalism and anti-nationalism.\nIn left-right politics.\nMany early socialists were also nationalists. The earliest forms of nationalism had lots of socialist features. Political thinkers who thought that ethnic groups should not be oppressed by other ethnic groups thought also that 'normal folk', the backbone of society, like workers and peasants, should not be oppressed by higher social classes like rich people. They also thought that it is wrong for somebody to live in great welfare that is made of the hard work of others, or the oppression of others. The ideology is that the social classes should work together and have a common goal that aims for the good of everyone. These goals can be called \"national interest\".\nNational interest is ideal and not always easy to find. \nNationalists started to support normal people, especially peasants, whom they saw as uncorrupted, gallant, and fair, unlike high classes. For example, normal folks often had more original and local ethnic culture than the high classes, whose culture was seen as more rootless. \nSocialism.\nSocialism and nationalism grew together. But they have also been in opposition. The most known opposition between these ideologies was with the Soviet Union. Soviet propaganda made nationalism an insult word that was linked with opposed ideologies like capitalism, liberalism, imperialism or fascism. Even in the Soviet Union and other communist or socialist countries, there was nationalism in great measure (even if it was not called with that name).\nThe most capitalist countries like the United States were patriotic rather than nationalist. The Nordic countries, which were among the most pure nation-states (countries that follow nationalist principle), were not very capitalist or rightist; they were built on the social democratic idea, which is left. Only after Nordic countries became more multicultural did their politics become more rightist.\nToday nationalism does not have a common stand on those fields of politics that are outside of its basic goals, like left-right politics. However nationalism can be a part of a bigger political ideology or agenda that can be leftist or rightist or something outside that classification.\nNationalism is usually connected to goals that resist strong hierarchy between social classes in society. Nationalist people are usually more or less against the strongest forms of capitalism, which they think gives too much power to rich people and big companies.\nNationalism and imperialism.\nNationalism had an important role in ending colonial rule. Nationalism spread to colonies and made their people desire independence. Nationalism also made the people in metropolitan states (countries that colonized others) accept more the desire of other people to rule themselves. However nationalists think that the end of colonization of Africa was not done well. They think that there would not be so many conflicts in Africa if African nations had built in a nationalist way (so that every ethnic group is its own nation).\nAfter the imperialists left their African colonies, the new nations were built with borders that were not the same as the ethnic borders. New nations became nations with many ethnic groups, which do not want to or cannot live peacefully in the same society with the others."}
+{"id": "23713", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23713", "title": "Drought", "text": "Drought is a continuous period of dry weather, when an area gets less than its normal amount of rain, over months or even years. Crops and other plants need water to grow, and animals need it to live. Droughts can become dangerous to people and other land animals; causing famine and even creating deserts.\nThe word \"drought\" comes from the Old English druga\u00f0, drugo\u00f0 \"drought, dryness, desert,\" from Proto-Germanic *drugothaz, from Germanic root *dreug- \"dry\" (cf high/height) with *-itho, Germanic suffix for forming abstract nouns (see -th (2)).\nA drought is a natural event, caused by other weather events like El Ni\u00f1o and high-pressure systems. Drought can also be triggered by deforestation (people cutting down forests), by global warming, and by diverting rivers or emptying lakes.\nDrought is a natural disaster which usually takes place slowly. It is often difficult to decide when a drought started and sometimes when it ends too. Its effects often build up slowly over a long period of time and may last from months to years after rain resumes.\nMany people die every year in famines due to drought in subsistence farming areas. Conflicts can result from drought conditions."}
+{"id": "23714", "revid": "10355294", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23714", "title": "Deafness", "text": "Deafness is when someone cannot hear at all, or cannot hear well. Deafness is also known as 'hearing loss'. There were many famous people who were deaf, such as Ludwig van Beethoven and Helen Keller. \nDefinition.\nA person is considered to be deaf if they cannot hear the same range of sounds as a person with normal hearing ability. People that cannot hear any sounds are also deaf. People who are partially deaf may hear some sounds and may hear words.\nPeople who cannot hear and understand words well are 'hard of hearing'. And people who cannot hear and speak are called \"deaf-mute\".\nCauses.\nThere are different causes of deafness:\nCategories of deafness.\nGenerally, there are two views of deafness:\nThese categories may overlap."}
+{"id": "23716", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23716", "title": "Liver bird", "text": "The Liver birds are two large and famous bronze metal birds on top of a building - the Liver Building - in the city of Liverpool, England. The building has the offices of an insurance organization. The birds are symbol of the city, although no birds really look like this. There are some other similar birds on buildings in Liverpool.\nThe sound of the end of the word \"liver\" in the name of the bird is like \"driver\" not \"river\". The start of the word Liverpool (\"liver\") sounds like the word \"river\". This is a funny play on words.\nThere is also a British television sitcom with the same name that is about two young women who share a flat in Liverpool. The play on words is increased by a second British slang meaning of the word \"bird\" to mean young woman.\nMany people in Liverpool (known as \"Liverpudlians\") are proud of their city and of the Liver birds. There is a story that the birds will come alive if a truly pure woman walks between them. This will never happen! This is an example of the humor of the local people."}
+{"id": "23717", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23717", "title": "Demonstration", "text": "A demonstration can mean an event where people do something to let others know what they think and to try to change their point of view. It is one kind of protest. Examples of demonstrations include marches, where people walk together, and rallies, where people gather in one place. During a demonstration, the people who are part of it, called \"demonstrators\", may display placards or other symbols that are easy to see, especially when the protests are being shown on mass media such as news, television, or social networks.\nDemonstrations are often made against a government if they do something the people do not want. Because they are meant for many people to be a part of, they are usually considered more successful if more people take part. Demonstration is permitted by international human rights law as the freedom of assembly if done peacefully (meaning there is no violence). However, demonstrations can get out of control and even turn into a riot.\nAnother meaning.\nA demonstration can also mean when someone shows how to do something, or in what ways a thing can be used. Salespeople often demonstrate things like computers, cars, and televisions to customers so they can make sure the customer sees all the features of the item. \"Demo\" is short for demonstration, and people often use it to describe this meaning of the word."}
+{"id": "23718", "revid": "1676101", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23718", "title": "Chartist", "text": "The Chartists were people who wanted to get more rights for working class people in the mid-19th century. They were called Chartists because they wrote their main aims down in the People's Charter of 1838.\nChartism thus relied on constitutional methods to secure its aims, though some became involved in insurrectionary activities, notably in South Wales and in Yorkshire."}
+{"id": "23721", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23721", "title": "Movie theatre", "text": "A movie theatre or movie theater is a place where movies are shown on a big screen. People or \"patrons\" (the audience) watch movies, usually in chairs inside an auditorium, where the movie is projected with a movie projector onto a large projection screen at the front of the auditorium while the dialogue, sounds and music are played through a number of wall-mounted speakers. A movie theatre is sometimes called a cinema. A theatre with multiple screens commonly is called a \"multi-plex\" or \"mega-plex\" (if more than 10 screens). Movie theatres have comfortable chairs. There are different types of formats of a movie theatre.\nThe first movie theatre was opened to the public on April 23, 1896, in Koster and Bial's Music Hall on 34th Street in New York City. The oldest movie theatre in the world, which is still in action today is the \"Kino Pionier\" (opened 1907) in Szczecin, Poland. Movie theatres make money from not only movie tickets but from concessions which sell food and drinks (popcorn, candy, soft drinks, etc.). In recent years with the increase of movie rental costs, theatres have become more and more creative about how they make money. New theatres being built include restaurants, party rooms, conference rooms, arcades and more."}
+{"id": "23722", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23722", "title": "Cinema", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23728", "revid": "10249936", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23728", "title": "1654", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23731", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23731", "title": "The KLF", "text": "The KLF were a band from England. They made music from the late 1980s until the early 1990s. A lot of the music they made was pop music or dance music. The band members were two men, Bill Drummond and Jimmy Cauty. Bill Drummond is a musician, singer, and writer from Scotland. Jimmy Cauty is a musician and artist from England. Sometimes they used the names The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, The JAMs and The Timelords as their band name, instead.\nThe KLF adopted the philosophy based on the series of the esoteric novels \"The Illuminatus! Trilogy\". "}
+{"id": "23732", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23732", "title": "Bill Drummond", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23733", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23733", "title": "Jimmy Cauty", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23734", "revid": "1055293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23734", "title": "Monounsaturated fat", "text": "A monounsaturated fat is a kind of fat found in foods such as nuts, olives, and avocados. They are the main fat in olive oil. The group contrasts with, on the one hand, unsaturated fats. and on the other hand, polyunsaturated fats.\nIn general, these fats are considered to be healthier than others. They have the same amount of energy, but they reduce blood cholesterol levels. This reduces the risk to the heart."}
+{"id": "23735", "revid": "1055293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23735", "title": "Polyunsaturated fat", "text": "Polyunsaturated fats are fats that are usually found in items like fatty fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. Such items are typically found to be liquid at room temperature.\nChemistry.\nPolyunsaturated fats are long-chain organic compounds. Their molecules has more than one double bonds. The structure reduces the strength of the forces between molecules. This causes the items to have a lower melting point. This is why the items are usually liquid at room temperature."}
+{"id": "23736", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23736", "title": "Organic compounds", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23739", "revid": "9781234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23739", "title": "The North Avenue Irregulars", "text": "The North Avenue Irregulars is a 1979 Disney movie starring Edward Hermann, Ruth Buzzi, Steven Franken and Cliff Osmond.\nPlot.\nThe movie is about a newly installed minister, who entrusts, despite objections by the founding pastors daughter, the churches \"sinking fund\" money into the hands of a congregate whom he does not even know, with instructions to increase the amount in the fund.\nThe money is bet on a horse race, and upon hearing this, the Pastor gives the shortest sermon in history and begins a pursuit of the money and the organized crime syndicate, amid the hijinx of assorted feminine members of the congregation in a pursuit of the \"money trail\"."}
+{"id": "23740", "revid": "10504557", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23740", "title": "Candleshoe", "text": "Candleshoe is a 1977 American children's adventure comedy film directed by Norman Tokar. The screenplay by David Swift and Rosemary Anne Sisson is based on the Michael Innes novel \"Christmas at Candleshoe\" (1953). The film was produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. It stars Jodie Foster, David Niven, Helen Hayes, Leo McKern and Vivian Pickles.\nPlot.\nHarry Bundage, a trickster, believes there's a pirate treasure hidden at Candleshoe, the estate of Lady St. Edmund. With help from his cousin Clara, Harry enlists Casey Brown, an American foster child known for her street smarts. Casey pretends to be Lady St. Edmund's long-lost granddaughter to find the treasure and save Candleshoe from money troubles.\nWhen Casey arrives, she finds out Candleshoe is struggling financially. The butler, Priory, pretends to be different people to hide that some staff have been let go. Casey decides to find the treasure to help Candleshoe, not for Harry.\nDuring her search, Casey confronts Harry's friends and gets hurt trying to stop them from stealing. While getting better, Casey hears Candleshoe will go broke without the stolen money. Casey tells Lady St. Edmund where the treasure is and decides to find it.\nWith Priory and local kids helping, Casey solves clues that lead to the treasure hidden in Candleshoe. They face Harry's friends and protect the estate until the police come, finding the treasure by accident.\nCandleshoe is saved, Harry's plan is revealed, and Casey plans to go back to Los Angeles. Lady St. Edmund asks Casey to stay forever, but Casey isn't sure if she really belongs. Eventually, Casey decides to stay, and the movie ends with the mystery of her family background still unknown.\nThe clues to find the treasure are a colorful window, a poem, a ship painting, and a statue. These clues help Casey discover the hidden treasure and save Candleshoe.\nLocation.\nCompton Wynyates, in Warwickshire, was where they filmed Candleshoe in the movie. This old estate, once owned by William Compton, the 6th Marquess of Northampton, was a pretty background for important parts of the film.\nThey also filmed scenes on the Severn Valley Railway, which goes between Bridgnorth and Kidderminster in the UK. This train line helped make the movie feel like it was set in the past.\nMusic.\nIn September 2015, Intrada Records released a special edition of the soundtrack for the movie. It has all the music from the film and extra tracks, like different versions of some songs.\nReception.\nMetacritic gave the film a 68% score.\nHome Media.\nWalt Disney Home Video first released \"Candleshoe\" on VHS in April 1985. It was re-released as part of the first set of the \"Walt Disney's Studio Film Collection\" VHS series on September 11, 1991.\nAnchor Bay Entertainment put out the film on DVD on September 14, 1999. Walt Disney Home Video re-released it on DVD on June 1, 2004.\n\"Candleshoe\" is not available on Blu-ray."}
+{"id": "23747", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23747", "title": "Liverbirds", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23748", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23748", "title": "Hikaru Utada", "text": "Hikaru Utada (\u5b87\u591a\u7530\u30d2\u30ab\u30eb \"Utada Hikaru\", born January 19, 1983, in New York City) is a Japanese and American singer-songwriter. Utada was born in the United States and can speak English fluently. She is the only child of the 1970s Enka singer Keiko Fuji. Her first Japanese album, \"First Love\", was very popular. It sold more copies than any other Japanese singer ever. She is also known in Western countries for singing the theme songs for \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Kingdom Hearts II\": \"\"Simple and Clean\" and \"Sanctuary\"\".\nEarly life.\nHikaru Utada was born on January 19, 1983, in New York City to Japanese parents. Her mother, Keiko Fuji, was an \"enka\" singer, while her father, Teruzane Utada, is a record producer. Utada grew up in Upper East Side, New York and moved to Tokyo, Japan, at age 11 due to her parents' work. When Utada was little, she did not want to become a singer. She saw how busy her parents' lives were, and did not want that for herself. When she was 10 years old, her parents asked her if she wanted to write songs. She did not want to, but tried doing it, and wrote a song called \"I'll Be Stronger\". During this time, Utada went to school in New York. Her classmates were not able to say her name (Hikaru) right, so she shortened it to 'Hikki', which became her nickname. Utada is still given this nickname by fans in Japan. \nUtada studied at Columbia University in New York City starting in 2001, but left after less than a year.\nEarly career.\nAs a child, Utada recorded music with her mother and father, releasing songs as a band named \"U3.\" In 1996, when she was only 13 years old, Utada started a solo project under the name Cubic U and recorded an album in English. This album was in the R&B style and was written all by herself. The album was going to be released by EMI, but due to problems within the record company, it was never sold in the United States. A producer called Akira Miyake from Japan heard the album and wanted to release it there. Utada agreed, and the album (named \"Precious)\" was released in Japan in 1998.\nRise to fame.\nThe album sold okay, but it was not until later when Utada started to sing Japanese songs that she became famous. Her earlier music had sounded very R&B, but at this point, it sounded more like pop. Her first single, \"Automatic / Time Will Tell\", reached #2 on the single charts in Japan. A while later, after another single, she released her first Japanese album, \"First Love\". This sold a very large amount (over 9 million copies) and became the most sold album by a Japanese singer.\nUtada went on to release two more albums: \"Distance\" (2001), and \"Deep River\" (2002). In each album, her style changed slightly. Each album was less R&B, and more pop. In 2004, she released an album made up of all her old single songs. She then released an album in English called \"Exodus\". \"Exodus\" was released under the record label Island Def-Jam. It was sold in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. She sang, wrote, and made the music for the whole album herself (except for when she got hip-hop producer Timbaland to help her). The album sold many copies in Japan, but it did not sell that well in the United States. However, many famous people and music critics thought that the album was good (for example, Elton John thought it was interesting).\nUtada has started to make new Japanese music again, but continued on making all the music herself. Usually, a singer/songwriter will only write the music and the lyrics, but Utada decided she wanted to arrange her songs all by herself as well. She released her new album, \"Ultra Blue\", in mid-2006. Soon after, she went on a tour all across Japan. This is the second time she had ever done this (despite having sung for eight years).\nPersonal life.\nIn 2002, Utada had surgery after being diagnosed with an ovarian tumor.\nOn June 26, 2021, Utada came out as non-binary in an Instagram livestream. Utada uses both \"she/her\" and \"they/them\" pronouns. Utada also spoke about her feelings on the English language honorifics \"Ms.\" and \"Mrs.\", \"It makes me uncomfortable to be identified so markedly by my marital status or sex, and I don't relate to any of those prefixes. Every time, I feel like I'm forced to misrepresent myself.\" Utada showed support for such alternatives as \"Mx\".\nOn September 7, 2002, Utada married Kazuaki Kiriya, a photographer and film director who had directed several of her music videos. On March 2, 2007, the couple announced their divorce.\nOn February 3, 2014, Utada announced her engagement to a private citizen, asking for fans and the media to view their personal lives from a \"respectable distance\". The couple were married on May 23, 2014, and divorced in April 2018. In 2015, Utada gave birth to their son."}
+{"id": "23751", "revid": "1628724", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23751", "title": "Scramble for Africa", "text": "The Scramble for Africa, also called the Race for Africa was a time in history when colonial expansion in Africa became rapid. It lasted from the 1880s until the beginning of World War I. Many European countries started colonies in Africa. The period is academically known as the age of New Imperialism.\nBackground.\nThe second half of the 19th century saw a change in the way countries controlled their colonies. In the old imperialism, Europeans had direct control over only small coastal areas. That had changed from economic control by settlement to political and military control of the colonies' resources. That was seen in the fight for areas that were controlled by European nations. \nPublic opinion.\nMany people became famous for helping European countries find more land in Africa. They included the explorers David Livingstone, Henry Morton Stanley, and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza as well as the politician Jules Ferry.\nBerlin Conference.\nThe Berlin Conference (1884\u201385) tried to end disputes between the United Kingdom, France, Germany and other European countries. They agreed that \"effective occupation\" would be the rule for colonial claims. Laws had to be made for direct rule on a colony, backed up by military power.\nBackground.\nAfrican Exploration Summarywas when powerful countries, mostly in Europe, took over and controlled large parts of Africa and Asia in the late 1800s and early 1900s. They did this to get resources, sell their goods and show off their power. \nBy 1841, European businesspeople set up small shops along Africa's coast, but they usually stayed near the coastal areas trading with the locals in the area. Europeans could not live in most of Africa because many of them died from tropical diseases such as malaria. In the mid-1800s, European explorers drew maps of a lot of East Africa and Central Africa.\nEven as late as the 1870s, Europeans countries controlled only about 10% of Africa, mainly small areas near the sea. The most important places held were Angola and Mozambique, controlled by Portugal; the Cape Colony, controlled by the United Kingdom; and Algeria, controlled by France. By 1914, almost all of Africa was under European power. Only Ethiopia and Liberia were still independent. Ethiopia was later taken over by Italy in 1936, and Liberia, still independent had strong ties with its founders, the United States.\nNew technology made it simpler for Europeans to travel and conquer faraway lands. Because of new inventions like faster ships and trains and the use of telegraph for quick messages, Europeans could reach more parts of Africa. Medicines also played a big role, especially those that helped with diseases in hot climate. For example, a medicine called quinine, which treated malaria, allowed European explorers and travelers to go into and control many tropical areas."}
+{"id": "23752", "revid": "10252047", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23752", "title": "1160s", "text": "The 1160s was a decade that began on 1 January 1160 and ended on 31 December 1169. It is distinct from the decade known as the 117th decade which began on January 1, 1161 and ended on December 31, 1170."}
+{"id": "23763", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23763", "title": "Seaweed", "text": "Seaweed is a term used for several kinds of algae that is endemic to the ocean. Red algae, green algae and brown algae are commonly considered to be seaweed. \nSeaweed gets its energy from photosynthesis, just as plants do.\nEcology.\nTwo specific environmental requirements are important in seaweed ecology. These are the presence of seawater (or at least brackish water) and the presence of enough light for photosynthesis. \nAnother common requirement is a place to attach to. As a result, seaweeds are commonly found near the shore. Within that area, they are found more often on rocky shores than on sand or shingle. Seaweeds occupy a wide range of ecological niches. The highest elevation is only wetted by the tops of sea spray, the lowest is several meters deep. In some areas, seaweeds near the shore can extend several miles out to sea. The limit to how much they grow in such cases is based on how much sunlight there is. The deepest living seaweeds are the various kelps.\nA number of species such as \"Sargassum\" have adapted to a fully planktonic niche and are free-floating, depending on gas-filled sacs to stay afloat.\nOthers have adapted to live in tidal rock pools. In this niche seaweeds must withstand rapidly changing temperature and salinity (amount of salt) and even occasional drying.\nUses.\nSeaweed has different uses. Sometimes it is farmed or foraged from the wild.\nFood.\nPeople living on the coast often eat seaweed, especially those in East Asia, such as Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is also used in Belize, Peru, the Canadian Maritimes, Scandinavia, Ireland, Wales, Philippines, and Scotland.\nTiwi, Albay residents discovered a new pancit or noodles made from seaweed. These have health benefits. Seaweed is rich in calcium and magnesium and seaweed noodles can be cooked into pancit canton, pancit luglug, spaghetti or carbonara.\nIn Asia, Zicai (\u7d2b\u83dc) (in China), gim (in Korea) and nori (in Japan) are sheets of dried \"Porphyra\" used in soups or to wrap sushi. \"Chondrus crispus\" (commonly known as Irish moss or carrageenan moss) is another red alga used in producing various food additives, along with Kappaphycus and various gigartinoid seaweeds. \"Porphyra\" is a red alga used in Wales to make laver. Laverbread, made from oats and the laver, is a popular dish there. Affectionately called \"Dulce\" in northern Belize, seaweeds are mixed with milk, nutmeg, cinnamon, and vanilla to make a common beverage.\nSeaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the extraction of alginate, agar and carrageenan, gelatinous substances collectively known as hydrocolloids or phycocolloids. Hydrocolloids have attained commercial significance as food additives. The food industry exploits their gelling, water-retention, emulsifying and other physical properties. Agar is used in foods such as confectionery, meat and poultry products, desserts and beverages and moulded foods. Carrageenan is used in salad dressings and sauces, dietetic foods, and as a preservative in meat and fish products, dairy items and baked goods.\nMedicine.\nSeaweed is a source of iodine, necessary for thyroid function and to prevent goitre.\nSeaweed extract is used in some diet pills. Other seaweed pills exploit the same effect as gastric banding, expanding in the stomach to make the body feel more full.\nOther uses.\nSeaweed is currently under consideration as a potential source of bioethanol. Seaweed is an ingredient in some toothpaste, cosmetics and paints."}
+{"id": "23772", "revid": "238540", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23772", "title": "Peacock", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23773", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23773", "title": "Peahen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23778", "revid": "1295416", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23778", "title": "Fairy tale", "text": "A fairy tale is an English language expression for a kind of short story. It has the same meaning as the French expression ' or ', the German word ', the Italian ', the Polish ', the Russian ' or the Swedish \"\". These stories are not all directly about fairies, but they are different from legends and traditions (which usually say that the stories are true) and directly moral stories. \nFairy tales are usually set during the Middle Ages (but some are more modern) and typically include royalty, knights and fantasy elements such as fairies, goblins, elves, trolls, giants or gnomes and usually magic.\nFairy tales can also mean unusual happiness (for example, the expression \"fairy tale ending\", meaning a happy ending, even though not all fairy tales have a happy ending). Also, \"fairy tale\" can simply mean any unbelievable story.\nWhere demons and witches are seen as real, fairy tales can sometimes be similar to legends, where the story is claimed to be historically true. However, differently from legends and epics, they usually do not specifically mention religion and actual places, people, and events. They also do not say exactly when it happened. Instead, they say that the story happened \"once upon a time\".\nFairy tales are found in oral form (passed on from mouth to mouth) and in literary form (written down). Fairy tales' histories are hard to find. This is because only written fairy tales can be passed on for a long time. Still, literary works show that there have been fairy tales for thousands of years. Many fairy tales today have are based on very old stories that have appeared, though in different ways, in many different cultures around the world. Fairy tales, and works based on from fairy tales, are still written today.\nAt first, fairy tales were for both adults and children, but now children are mostly connected with fairy tales. Examples of traditional old fairy tales are \"Sleeping Beauty\", \"Little Red Riding Hood\" and \"The Three Little Pigs\". There can also be new fairy tales written by an author, like \"The Little Mermaid\" or \"Pinocchio\". New fairy tales were for example written by Hans Christian Andersen, James Thurber and Oscar Wilde.\nMeaning.\nPeople do not agree what a fairy tale exactly is. Some argue that a story with fairies or other magical beings in the story would make it a fairy tale. However, others have suggested that the expression began when the French expression \"conte de f\u00e9es\" was being translated (it was first used by Madame D'Aulnoy in 1697). Vladimir Propp criticized the difference between \"fairy tales\" and \"animal tales\" in his book \"Morphology of the Folktale\". He said that many stories had both fantastic qualities and animals. He suggested that fairy tales could be recognized by their story, but this has been criticized, because the same stories can be found in stories that are not fairy tales.\nIn fact, people such as Stith Thompson point out that there are often more talking animals and magic in fairy tales than fairies. However, just because there is a talking animal in a story does not mean that the story is a fairy tale.\nSteven Swann Jones said that fairy tales were different from other sorts of folktales because of magic. Davidson and Chaudri say that \"transformation (changing)\" is the most important part of a fairy tale.\nSome like to use the German expression \"M\u00e4rchen\" or \"wonder tale\" instead of \"fairy tale\". For example, in his 1977 edition of \"The Folktale\", Thompson said that fairy tales were \"a tale of some length involving a succession of motifs or episodes. It moves in an unreal world without definite locality or definite creatures and is filled with the marvelous. In this never-never land, humble heroes kill adversaries (enemies), succeed to kingdoms and marry princesses.\" The characters and motifs of fairy tales are simple: princesses and girls taking care of geese; youngest sons and brave princes; ogres, giants, dragons, and trolls; wicked stepmothers and false heroes; fairy godmothers and other magic helpers, often talking horses, or foxes, or birds; rules, and people breaking rules. \nHistory.\nFairy tales were passed down by speaking of it from person to person before writing was developed. Stories were told or acted out dramatically. Because of this, the history of fairy tales is not very clear. The oldest written fairy tales we know are from ancient Egypt, around 1300 BC. There are sometimes fairy tales in written literature in different cultures, such as \"The Golden Ass\", which includes \"Cupid and Psyche\" (Roman, 100\u2013200 AD). They show that fairy tales were told from very long ago."}
+{"id": "23780", "revid": "9887401", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23780", "title": "Game show", "text": "A game show is a reality television program where people play a game for points, with the goal of winning money or prizes. Different game shows use different games. Most test the players' knowledge, skill, or cleverness. Many game shows incorporate some element of chance; for example, in \"Wheel of Fortune\", contestants spin a wheel to determine how much prize money they will get for a correct letter. \nSome game shows have the contestants compete against other individual contestants; other game shows group contestants into teams. Some game shows have regular people as the contestants. Other game shows have celebrities such as movie actors or musicians as the contestants. \nMany game shows air on the Game Show Network. \nThe first game shows were on radio.\nPrizes.\nGame shows often reward people with money, holidays, or cars. These prizes are often given by the people or group of people that give the game show money to run. The people who give the game show money to run are called sponsors.\nExamples.\nExamples of game shows include: "}
+{"id": "23781", "revid": "10326364", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23781", "title": "Genre", "text": "Genre () is any style or form of communication in any mode (written, spoken, digital, artistic, etc.) with socially agreed-upon conventions developed over time. In popular usage, it normally describes a category of literature, music, or other forms of art or entertainment, based on some set of stylistic criteria. Often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand-alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, but genres are amalgams of these texts based on agreed-upon or socially inferred conventions. Some genres may have rigid, strictly adhered-to guidelines, while others may show great flexibility. The proper use of a specific genre is important for a successful transfer of information (media-adequacy).\nCritical discussion of genre perhaps began with a classification system for ancient Greek literature, as set out in Aristotle's \"Poetics\". For Aristotle, poetry (odes, epics, etc.), prose, and performance each had specific features that supported appropriate content of each genre. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, for example, and even actors were restricted to their genre under the assumption that a type of person could tell one type of story best.\nGenres proliferate and develop beyond Aristotle's classifications\u2014 in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre has become a dynamic tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictability through artistic expression. Given that art is often a response to a social state, in that people write, paint, sing, dance, and otherwise produce art about what they know about, the use of genre as a tool must be able to adapt to changing meanings.\nVisual arts.\nThe term \"genre\" is much used in the history and criticism of visual art, but in art history has meanings that overlap rather confusingly. Genre painting is a term for paintings where the main subject features human figures to whom no specific identity attachesin other words, figures are not portraits, characters from a story, or allegorical personifications. They usually deal with subjects drawn from \"everyday life\". These are distinguished from staffage: incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting. \"Genre\" is also be used to refer to specialized types of art such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings, or groups of artworks with other particular features in terms of subject-matter, style or iconography.\nThe concept of the \"hierarchy of genres\" was a powerful one in artistic theory, especially between the 17th and 19th centuries. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the which held a central role in academic art. The genres, which were mainly applied to painting, in hierarchical order are:\nThe hierarchy was based on a distinction between art that made an intellectual effort to \"render visible the universal essence of things\" (\"imitare\" in Italian) and that which merely consisted of \"mechanical copying of particular appearances\" (\"ritrarre\"). Idealism was privileged over realism in line with Renaissance Neo-Platonist philosophy.\nLiterature.\nA literary \"genre\" is a category of literary composition. Genres may be determined by literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as either adult, young adult, or children's. They also must not be confused with format, such as graphic novel or picture book. The distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely defined, often with subgroups.\nThe most general genres in literature are (in loose chronological order) epic, tragedy, comedy, novel, and short story. They can all be in the genres prose or poetry, which shows best how loosely genres are defined. Additionally, a genre such as satire might appear in any of the above, not only as a subgenre but as a mixture of genres. Finally, they are defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in which they were composed. In popular fiction, which is especially divided by genres, genre fiction is the more usual term.\nIn literature, genre has been known as an intangible taxonomy. This taxonomy implies a concept of containment or that an idea will be stable forever. The earliest recorded systems of genre in Western history can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle. G\u00e9rard Genette, a French literary theorist and author of \"The Architext\", describes Plato as creating three Imitational genres: dramatic dialogue, pure narrative, and epic (a mixture of dialogue and narrative). Lyric poetry, the fourth and final type of Greek literature, was excluded by Plato as a non-mimetic mode. Aristotle later revised Plato's system by eliminating the pure narrative as a viable mode and distinguishing by two additional criteria: the object to be imitated, as objects could be either superior or inferior, and the medium of presentation such as words, gestures or verse. Essentially, the three categories of mode, object, and medium dialogue, epic (superior-mixed narrative), comedy (inferior-dramatic dialogue), and parody (inferior-mixed narrative). \nGenette continues by explaining the later integration of lyric poetry into the classical system during the romantic period, replacing the now removed pure narrative mode. Lyric poetry, once considered non-mimetic, was deemed to imitate feelings, becoming the third leg of a new tripartite system: lyrical, epical, and dramatic dialogue. This system, which came to \"dominate all the literary theory of German romanticism (and therefore well beyond)\u2026\" (38), has seen numerous attempts at expansion or revision. However, more ambitious efforts to expand the tripartite system resulted in new taxonomic systems of increasing scope and complexity.\nGenette reflects upon these various systems, comparing them to the original tripartite arrangement: \"its structure is somewhat superior to\u2026those that have come after, fundamentally flawed as they are by their inclusive and hierarchical taxonomy, which each time immediately brings the whole game to a standstill and produces an impasse\" (74). Taxonomy allows for a structured classification system of genre, as opposed to a more contemporary rhetorical model of genre.\nFilm.\nThe basic genres of film can be regarded as drama, in the feature film and most cartoons, and documentary. Most dramatic feature films, especially from Hollywood fall fairly comfortably into one of a long list of film genres such as the Western, war film, horror film, romantic comedy film, musical, crime film, and many others. Many of these genres have a number of subgenres, for example by setting or subject, or a distinctive national style, for example in the Indian Bollywood musical.\nMusic.\nA music genre is a conventional category that identifies pieces of music as belonging to a shared tradition or set of conventions. It is to be distinguished from \"musical form\" and \"musical style\", although in practice these terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are numerous genres in Western classical music and popular music, as well as musical theatre and the music of non-Western cultures. The term is now perhaps over-used to describe relatively small differences in musical style in modern rock music, that also may reflect sociological differences in their audiences. Timothy Laurie suggests that in the context of rock and pop music studies, the \"appeal of genre criticism is that it makes narratives out of musical worlds that often seem to lack them\".\nMusic can be divided into different genres in several ways. The artistic nature of music means that these classifications are often arbitrary and controversial, and some genres may overlap. There are several academic approaches to genres. In his book \"Form in Tonal Music\", Douglass M. Green lists madrigal, motet, canzona, ricercar, and dance as examples of genres from the Renaissance period. According to Green, \"Beethoven's \"Op. 61\" and Mendelssohn's \"Op. 64\" are identical in genre\u00a0\u2013 both are violin concertos\u00a0\u2013 but different in form. However, Mozart's \"Rondo for Piano, K. 511\", and the \"Agnus Dei\" from his \"Mass, K. 317\" are quite different in genre but happen to be similar in form.\" Some, like Peter van der Merwe, treat the terms \"genre\" and \"style\" as the same, saying that \"genre\" should be defined as pieces of music that share a certain style or \"basic musical language\".\nOthers, such as Allan F. Moore, state that \"genre\" and \"style\" are two separate terms, and that secondary characteristics such as subject matter can also differentiate between genres. A music genre or subgenre may be defined by the musical techniques, the styles, the context, and content and spirit of the themes. Geographical origin is sometimes used to identify a music genre, though a single geographical category will often include a wide variety of subgenres.\nSeveral music scholars have criticized the priority accorded to genre-based communities and listening practices. For example, Laurie argues that \"music genres do not belong to isolated, self-sufficient communities. People constantly move between environments where diverse forms of music are heard, advertised and accessorised with distinctive iconographies, narratives and celebrity identities that also touch on non-musical worlds.\"\nPopular culture and other media.\nThe concept of genre is often applied, sometimes rather loosely, to other media with an artistic element, such as video game genres. Genre, and numerous minutely divided subgenres, affect popular culture very significantly, not least as they are used to classify it for publicity purposes. The vastly increased output of popular culture in the age of electronic media encourages dividing cultural products by genre to simplify the search for products by consumers, a trend the Internet has only intensified.\nLinguistics.\nIn philosophy of language, genre figures prominently in the works of philosopher and literary scholar Mikhail Bakhtin. Bakhtin's basic observations were of \"speech genres\" (the idea of heteroglossia), modes of speaking or writing that people learn to mimic, weave together, and manipulate (such as \"formal letter\" and \"grocery list\", or \"university lecture\" and \"personal anecdote\"). In this sense, genres are socially specified: recognized and defined (often informally) by a particular culture or community. The work of Georg Luk\u00e1cs also touches on the nature of literary genres, appearing separately but around the same time (1920s\u20131930s) as Bakhtin. Norman Fairclough has a similar concept of genre that emphasizes the social context of the text: Genres are \"different ways of (inter)acting discoursally\" (Fairclough, 2003: 26).\nA text's genre may be determined by its:\nRhetoric.\nIn the field of rhetoric, genre theorists usually understand genres as types of actions rather than types or forms of texts. On this perspective, texts are channels through which genres are enacted. Carolyn Miller's work has been especially important for this perspective. Drawing on Lloyd Bitzer's concept of rhetorical situation, Miller reasons that recurring rhetorical problems tend to elicit recurring responses; drawing on Alfred Sch\u00fctz, she reasons that these recurring responses become \"typified\" \u2013 that is, socially constructed as recognizable types. Miller argues that these \"typified rhetorical actions\" (p.\u00a0151) are properly understood as genres.\nBuilding off of Miller, Charles Bazerman and Clay Spinuzzi have argued that genres understood as actions derive their meaning from other genres \u2013 that is, other actions. Bazerman therefore proposes that we analyze genres in terms of \"genre systems\", while Spinuzzi prefers the closely related concept of \"genre ecologies\". Reiff and Bawarshi define genre analysis as a critical reading of people's patterns of communication in different situations.\nThis tradition has had implications for the teaching of writing in American colleges and universities. Combining rhetorical genre theory with activity theory, David Russell has proposed that standard English composition courses are ill-suited to teach the genres that students will write in other contexts across the university and beyond. Elizabeth Wardle contends that standard composition courses do teach genres, but that these are inauthentic \"mutt genres\" that are often of little use outside composition courses.\nGenre is effective as a tool in rhetoric because it allows a speaker to set the context for a rhetorical discussion. Devitt, Reiff, and Bawarshi suggest that rhetorical genres may be assigned based on careful analysis of the subject matter and consideration of the audience.\nGenre is related to Ludwig Wittgenstein's theory of Family resemblance in which he describes how genres act like a family tree, where members of a family are related, but not exact copies of one another. \nHistory.\nThis concept of genre originated from the classification systems created by Plato. Plato divided literature into the three classic genres accepted in Ancient Greece: poetry, drama, and prose. Poetry is further subdivided into epic, lyric, and drama. The divisions are recognized as being set by Aristotle and Plato; however, they were not the only ones. Many genre theorists added to these accepted forms of poetry.\nClassical and Romance genre theory.\nThe earliest recorded systems of genre in Western history can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle. G\u00e9rard Genette explains his interpretation of the history of genre in \"The Architext\". He described Plato as the creator of three imitational, mimetic genres distinguished by mode of imitation rather than content. These three imitational genres include dramatic dialogue, the drama; pure narrative, the dithyramb; and a mixture of the two, the epic. Plato excluded lyric poetry as a non-mimetic, imitational mode. Genette further discussed how Aristotle revised Plato's system by first eliminating the pure narrative as a viable mode. He then uses two additional criteria to distinguish the system. The first of the criteria is the object to be imitated, whether superior or inferior. The second criterion is the medium of presentation: words, gestures, or verse. Essentially, the three categories of mode, object, and medium can be visualized along an XYZ axis. Excluding the criteria of medium, Aristotle's system distinguished four types of classical genres: tragedy, epic, comedy, and parody.\nGenette explained the integration of lyric poetry into the classical system by replacing the removed pure narrative mode. Lyric poetry, once considered non-mimetic, was deemed to imitate feelings, becoming the third \"Architext\", a term coined by Gennette, of a new long-enduring tripartite system: lyrical; epical, the mixed narrative; and dramatic, the dialogue. This new system that came to \"dominate all the literary theory of German romanticism\" (Genette 38) has seen numerous attempts at expansion and revision. Such attempts include Friedrich Schlegel's triad of subjective form, the lyric; objective form, the dramatic; and subjective-objective form, the epic. However, more ambitious efforts to expand the tripartite system resulted in new taxonomic systems of increasing complexity. Gennette reflected upon these various systems, comparing them to the original tripartite arrangement: \"its structure is somewhat superior to most of those that have come after, fundamentally flawed as they are by their inclusive and hierarchical taxonomy, which each time immediately brings the whole game to a standstill and produces an impasse\".\nAudiences.\nAlthough genres are not always precisely definable, genre considerations are one of the most important factors in determining what a person will see or read. The classification properties of genre can attract or repel potential users depending on the individual's understanding of a genre.\nGenre creates an expectation in that expectation is met or not. Many genres have built-in audiences and corresponding publications that support them, such as magazines and websites. Inversely, audiences may call out for change in an antecedent genre and create an entirely new genre.\nThe term may be used in categorizing web pages, like \"news page\" and \"fan page\", with both very different layout, audience, and intention (Rosso, 2008). Some search engines like Viv\u00edsimo try to group found web pages into automated categories in an attempt to show various genres the search hits might fit.\nSubgenre.\nA subgenre is a subordinate within a genre, Two stories being the same genre can still sometimes differ in subgenre. For example, if a fantasy story has darker and more frightening elements of fantasy, it would belong in the subgenre of dark fantasy; whereas another fantasy story that features magic swords and wizards would belong to the subgenre of sword and sorcery.\nMicrogenre.\nA microgenre is a highly specialized, narrow classification of a cultural practice. The term has come into usage in the 21st century, and most commonly refers to music. It is also associated with the hyper-specific categories used in recommendations for television shows and movies on digital streaming platforms such as Netflix, and is sometimes used more broadly by scholars analyzing niche forms in other periods and other media."}
+{"id": "23783", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23783", "title": "International airport", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23784", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23784", "title": "Airstrip", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23785", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23785", "title": "Airfield", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23786", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23786", "title": "Aerodrome", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23787", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23787", "title": "17 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23789", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23789", "title": "Air force base", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23790", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23790", "title": "Airbase", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23791", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23791", "title": "Air base", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23792", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23792", "title": "Water vapour", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23793", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23793", "title": "Railroad track", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23797", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23797", "title": "Fairytales", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23798", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23798", "title": "Fairytale", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23799", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23799", "title": "Fairy-tale", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23800", "revid": "361921", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23800", "title": "Kristy Swanson", "text": "Renee Kristen \"Kristy\" Swanson (born December 19, 1969) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the main character in the movie \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". She has also starred in the movie \"Flowers in the Attic\" as well as many movies and television programs."}
+{"id": "23801", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23801", "title": "Creativeness", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23802", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23802", "title": "Renee Kristen Swanson", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23803", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23803", "title": "Motel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23804", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23804", "title": "Inn", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23805", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23805", "title": "Octopus", "text": "Octopus is a genus of cephalopod mollusc in the order Octopoda. The genus is quite typical of most octopods. They have two, large eyes and eight limbs with suckers. They have a hard beak, with the mouth at the center point of the arms. \nOctopods have no internal or external skeleton, allowing them to squeeze through tight places and hide. Many stays in cracks between rocks or corals when they are not hunting. They are intelligent predators with a taste for crabs. Octopuses have three hearts. Two pump blood to the gills, while the third pumps it to the rest of the body.\nOctopods inhabit many regions of the ocean, especially coral reefs. For defense against predators, they hide, flee quickly, expel ink, or use colour-changing camouflage. They live rather short lives.\nAn octopus trails its eight arms behind it as it swims. All octopods are venomous, but only the small blue-ringed octopus is known to be deadly to humans.\nThere are about 300 octopod species, of which more than 100 are in the genus \"Octopus\". Octopods make up over one-third of the total number of living cephalopods. The term 'octopus' may be used to refer to those in the genus \"Octopus\". The term 'octopod' is correct for members of the order Octopoda in general.\nPhysiology: RNA editing.\nOctopods, like other advanced cephalopods, can edit their genome. They can adapt the nucleic acid sequence of the primary transcript of RNA molecules, more so than any other organisms. More than 60% of RNA transcripts for coleoid brains are recoded by editing, compared to less than 1% for a human or fruit fly. This has come at the cost of slower genome evolution.\nAnatomy.\nUnlike most other cephalopods, most octopods have only soft body with no internal skeleton. They have no protective outer shell like the nautilus, which is another type of cephalopod.\nA beak, similar in shape to a parrot's beak, is their only hard part.\nBecause of this, it is very easy for an octopus to squeeze through very narrow openings between rocks, for example squeezing through a hole as big as its eye.\nEyes.\nOctopod eyes are complex. In fact, they do not have a blind spot. A \"blind spot\" is a special place in the eyes that is not able to sense light. So, when we look somewhere, part of what is there is not actually perceived (the brain 'fills in' so we do not notice). However, an octopus does not have this problem.\nThe lens in octopod are movable. It moves back and forth to focus. This is the way a camera focuses. When a camera focuses on an object to take a picture, the lens moves back and forth until the image that the camera sees is in the right focus.\nColours.\nSome octopuses can use their chromatophores for more than camouflage. If they are not blending in with their surroundings, they can signal their feelings using colour. When they are relaxed, for example, they are a dull, grayish brown or orange-tinged colour. When they become angry, they can become red. If they feel scared, they may turn white.\nBehaviour.\nIntelligence.\nOctopods are highly intelligent, probably more so than any other invertebrate. The exact extent of their intelligence and learning capability is much debated among biologists. Maze and problem-solving experiments have shown that they do have both short and long-term memory. Their short lifespans limit the amount they can learn.\nSome octopods, such as the mimic octopus, can move their arms in ways which copy the movements of other sea creatures.\nIn laboratory experiments, octopuses can be readily trained to distinguish between different shapes and patterns. They have been seen in what some have described as play: repeatedly releasing bottles or toys into a circular current in their aquariums and then catching them. Octopuses often break out of their aquaria and sometimes into others in search of food.\nThe largest of the 300+ species of octopods, the giant octopus \"Enteroctopus\", is large indeed. Mature males average about 50 pounds and females about 33 pounds. Their arm spans are about eight feet. They have even boarded fishing boats and opened holds to get in and eat crabs.\nIn the UK, cephalopods such as octopuses are regarded as \"honorary vertebrates\" under the \"Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986\". This gives them protection not normally given to invertebrates.\nOctopods are the only invertebrate which have been definitely shown to use tools. At least four specimens of the veined octopus (\"Amphioctopus marginatus\") have been seen picking up discarded coconut shells, and then reassembling them to use as shelter.\nOctopods are active and intelligent predators, with good eyesight and brains. They eat mostly crabs and some fish.\nDefences.\nOctopods have a variety of defences. They use active camouflage and mimicry, controlled by their nervous system. Most can eject black ink clouds to help escape, and some can shed an arm in extreme danger. It wriggles, and attracts the attacker.\nReproduction and death.\nTo reproduce, males use a specialized arm to put packets of sperm into the female's mantle cavity. Males die in a few months after mating. In some species, the female octopus can keep the sperm alive inside her for weeks until her eggs mature.\nAfter they have been fertilized, the female lays about 200,000 eggs (this figure varies dramatically between species). The female cares for the eggs, guarding them against predators, and gently blows currents of water over them so they get enough oxygen. The female does not hunt during the one-month period spent taking care of the unhatched eggs, and may ingest some of her own arms for sustenance.\nAt around the time the eggs hatch, the mother leaves the lair and is too weak to defend herself from predators like cod, often succumbing to their attacks. The young larval octopuses spend time drifting in clouds of plankton, where they feed until they are ready to descend to the ocean bottom, where the cycle repeats.\nAll octopods for which we have data have a relatively short life expectancy. Some species live for as little as six months. Larger species, such as the North Pacific giant octopus, may live for up to five years under suitable circumstances.\n\"Reproduction is a cause of death\": males can only live for a few months after mating, and females die shortly after their eggs hatch. They neglect to eat during the (roughly) one-month period spent taking care of their unhatched eggs, but apparently they do not die of starvation. A biological explanation of these short lifespans (or rapid ageing) is not agreed at present. One idea is that the lifespan is limited by the number of safe niches in their environment. If adults lived longer, they would use up all the safe niches. In that case, the baby octopus would scarcely survive. It is known that the same niches are used by generations of octopods. They are usually in the calcium carbonate reefs which were formed in tropical waters.\nDeep-sea octopod broods eggs.\nOff the coast of California, marine biologists have watched the same female octopus guarding her eggs for over four years. Their development took a long time because the water 1.4 kilometres down was very cold. They knew it was the same octopod because it had a characteristic scar. The research was done using a remote diving vehicle with cameras, lights and robotic arms."}
+{"id": "23809", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23809", "title": "Brihadeeswara Temple", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23811", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23811", "title": "Byzantine Empire", "text": "The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces that survived into the Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The empire had its capital at Constantinople, survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD and continued to exist until the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. \nDuring most of its existence, the empire remained the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in the Mediterranean region. Its citizens continued to refer to their empire as the Roman Empire and to themselves as Romans, a term that Greeks continued to use for themselves into Ottoman times. Modern historians distinguish the Byzantine Empire from the earlier Roman Empire because the imperial seat moved from Rome to Byzantium, the empire integrated Christianity, and Greek replaced Latin as the most common language.\nHistory.\nDuring the high period of the Roman Empire, known as the \"Pax Romana period\", the western parts of the empire went through Latinization, but the eastern parts of the empire maintained to a large degree their Hellenistic culture. Several events from the 4th to 6th centuries mark the period of transition during which the Roman Empire's Greek East and Latin West diverged.\nConstantine I (r.\u2009324\u2013337) reorganised the empire, made Constantinople the capital, and legalised Christianity. Under Theodosius I (r.\u2009379\u2013395), Christianity became the state religion, and other religious practices were forbidden. In the reign of Heraclius (r.\u2009610\u2013641), the empire's military and administration were restructured, and Greek was gradually adopted for official use in place of Latin.\nMiddle Ages.\nThe borders of the empire fluctuated through several cycles of decline and recovery. During the reign of Justinian I (r.\u2009527\u2013565), the empire reached its greatest extent after the fall of the western Roman Empire by reconquering much of the historically Roman western Mediterranean coast, including, Africa, Italy, and Rome, which it held for two more centuries. \nThe Byzantine\u2013Sasanian War of 602\u2013628 exhausted the empire's resources, and during the early Muslim conquests of the 7th century, the empire lost its richest provinces (Egypt and Syria) to the Rashidun Caliphate. It then lost Africa to the Umayyads in 698, before the empire was stabilized by the Isaurian dynasty.\nThe Macedonian dynasty (9th\u201311th centuries) expanded the empire again but ended with defeat by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. Civil wars and the ensuing Seljuk invasion led to the loss of most of Asia Minor. The empire recovered during the Komnenian restoration, and until the Fourth Crusade, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe.\nInterregnum.\nThe empire was first dissolved during the Fourth Crusade in 1204, when Constantinople was sacked by the Latins (Catholic Europeans from the West), and the territories that the empire had governed were divided into competing Byzantine Greek and Latin realms. Despite the eventual recovery of Constantinople in 1261, the Byzantine Empire remained a mere regional power for the final two centuries of its existence. Its remaining territories were progressively annexed by the Ottomans during the Byzantine\u2013Ottoman Wars in the 14th and the 15th centuries.\nFall.\nThe fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Refugees fleeing the city after its capture settled into Italy and other parts of Europe and helped to ignite the Renaissance. The Empire of Trebizond was conquered eight years later, when its capital surrendered to Ottoman forces after it had been besieged in 1461. The fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans is sometimes used to mark the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the early modern period.\nName.\nThe Byzantine Empire did not get that name until a century after its fall. The empire was known at the time as the following:\nBeginning (330\u2013476 AD).\nIn 324, Roman Emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the Greek city of \"Byzantium\", which he renamed Constantinople. By the 5th century, the Roman Empire had lost its territories in the west, and the Western Roman Empire had been taken over by Germanic peoples during the Migration period. The surviving parts of the Roman Empire became known as the Eastern Roman Empire and is now called the Byzantine Empire.\nCrisis (476\u2013717 AD).\nWars in west.\nThe Eastern Roman Empire tried to take back Rome and the rest of Italian Peninsula from the Germanic peoples. Between 530 and 555 AD, the Byzantine Greeks won many battles and took back Rome.\nThe Byzantines controlled Rome for a long time. Eventually, more Germanic peoples came, and Italy was lost again. Later, Avars and Slavs took parts of Southeast Europe from the Byzantines. After the 560s, invaders slowly conquered the Balkans except for parts of modern Greece and Albania. Bulgars from the steppes formed the First Bulgarian Empire north of the Byzantine Empire. At first, both the Avars and the Bulgars were Turkic peoples. They ruled over the Slavic people, who were called \"Sklavinai\", and slowly absorbed the Slavic language and culture.\nWars in east.\nAfter Rome had been captured by the Germanic peoples, the Eastern Roman Empire continued to control what are now Egypt, Greece, Palestine, Syria, and Turkey. However, another empire, known as the Persian or the Sassanid Empire, tried to take the lands for itself. Between 224 and 628, the Greco-Romans and the Persians fought many battles, and many men were killed in the fighting. Eventually, the Persians were defeated in 627 by Emperor Heraclius in what is now Iraq, near the ancient city of Nineveh, which allowed the Byzantines to keep those lands.\nThe centuries-long struggle between the Byzantines and the Persians shaped the political and religious landscape of the Middle East, leaving behind a complex legacy that continues to influence the region today.\nThen, another enemy appeared, the Arabs. The Byzantines did not have much money to spend on war because of their battles with the Persians and so they could not withstand the Arabs. Palestine, Syria, and Egypt were lost between 635 and 645 by Heraclius. However, the Byzantines defended Asia Minor (now in Turkey), and the Arabs advance stopped there. Heraclius ordered the use of Greek as the only language of the empire, erased forever the name \"Eastern Roman Empire\" and cut the last links with Roman Civilisation.::..\nRecovery (717\u20131025 AD).\nIn 718, the Arabs were defeated but left the Byzantines very weak. In the west, the Byzantines fought the Bulgarians many times. Some battles were successful, but many emperors died fighting. Over time, the Byzantine Empire weakened as it lost land to outside invaders.\nRecovery in the west.\nBetween 1007 and 1014, Emperor Basil II ambitiously attacked Bulgaria many times and eventually won a great victory. Later, he fully recaptured Greece and recovered it for the empire. He then went on to take over Bulgaria, which was fully conquered in 1018.\nRecovery in the east.\nIn the east, the Arabs once again became a threat to the Byzantines. However, Basil II kept attacking and won many more victories. Much of Syria was restored to the empire, and Turkey and Armenia were secured. After 1025, the Arabs were no longer a threat to the Byzantines.\nDecline (1025\u20131453 AD).\nStart of decline (1025\u20131071).\nAfter Basil II died, many unskilled emperors came to the throne, wasted the empire's money, and reduced its army. That meant that it could not defend itself well against enemies if they attacked. Later, the Byzantines relied on mercenaries, soldiers who fought for money, not for their country. That made them less loyal and reliable and more expensive. The mercenaries allowed military generals to come to power and to grab it from the elaborate bureaucracy, a system of administration in which tasks are divided by departments.\nRise of Turks (1071\u20131091).\nA large number of people, known as the Turks, rode on horseback from Central Asia and attacked the Byzantine Empire. The Seljuk Empire took most of Anatolia from the Byzantines by 1091. However, it received help from people in Western Europe in what is known as the First Crusade. Many knights and soldiers left to help the Byzantines and to secure Jerusalem for the Christians. The city was then controlled by the Muslims.\nSurvival (1091\u20131185).\nThe Byzantine Empire survived and, with the help of the other European empires, took back half of Anatolia from the Turks, who managed to hold the other half of the region. The Byzantines survived primarily because it had three good emperors in a row, which allowed the empire to recover from their recent conflicts.\nAnother weakening (1185-1261).\nThe next few emperors ruled poorly and spent much of the existing treasury on many mercenary soldiers.\nIn the west, the Western Europeans betrayed the Byzantines and attacked their capital in the Fourth Crusade, Constantinople. The sack of Constantinople in 1204 effectively ended the Empire (which split up into smaller Greek states who fought for control over each other), as the crusaders established the Latin Empire known as Frankokratia to the Byzantines, which lasted until 1261 when the Empire of Nicaea captured Constantinople and Michael VIII Palaiologos was declared Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans soon after, restoring the Byzantine Empire. \nFall to Ottoman\u2019s Turks (1261\u20131453).\nAfter the Byzantines had taken back Constantinople, they were too busy fighting the Europeans who had betrayed them and so they could not find enough Soldiers or Money to fight the Turks' new Ottoman Empire. All of Asia Minor had been lost by 1331, and in 1369, the Turks crossed over from Turkey and into Greece. They took over much of Greece firmly and along all their neighbour countries in the Aegean Sea between 1354 and 1450.::.!\u2019!\nThe Byzantines lost so much Land, Money and Soldiers that they became very weak and begged for help from the Western Europeans. France, Spain; and Italy plus it\u2019s Pope sent Soldiers and ships to help the Byzantines when the Turks attacked Constantinople in April 1453. The Byzantines were badly outnumbered, however, and the walls of Constantinople were \u201c\u2026\u201d damaged badly by the cannons that were used by the Turks. In late May 1453, the Turks captured Constantinople by entering through one of the gates along the walls, and the empire came to an end.::.\nThe City was plundered for three days. In the end, those who had not been able to escape were deported to Edirne, Bursa, and other Ottoman cities. There was nobody in the city except for the Jews of Balat and the Genoese of Pera. Constantinople became the capital of the Ottoman Empire until it fell in the early 20th century (1298-1925). The city was later renamed Istanbul, and the Turkish capital was moved to Ankara, a city in Asia Minor.::.!\u2019!\nLegacy.\nThe Byzantines had several achievements:"}
+{"id": "23815", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23815", "title": "Valise", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23816", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23816", "title": "Travelling chest", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23817", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23817", "title": "Suitcase", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23818", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23818", "title": "Steamer trunk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23819", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23819", "title": "Baggage", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23820", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23820", "title": "Overnight bag", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23821", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23821", "title": "Overnight case", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23822", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23822", "title": "Overnighter", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23823", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23823", "title": "Leonardo de Vinci", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23826", "revid": "10384429", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23826", "title": "Guqin", "text": "The literally \"ancient stringed-instrument\" is the modern name for a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family. It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by educated people as an instrument of great beauty and refinement. \nTraditionally the instrument was called simply qin, but by the 20th century the term had come to be used on many other musical instruments as well (for example, the \"yangqin\" hammered dulcimer, the \"huqin\" family of bowed string instruments, and the Western piano), so the prefix \"gu-\" (meaning \"ancient\") was added for clarification. It can also be called qixianqin (\"seven-stringed instrument\"). The guqin is not to be confused with the \"guzheng\", another Chinese long zither also without frets, but with moveable bridges under each string. Because Robert Hans van Gulik's famous book about the qin is called \"The Lore of the Chinese Lute\", the qin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute. Other incorrect classifications (mainly from music CDs) include \"harp\" or \"table-harp\". Other Western nicknames for the guqin include \"Chinese guitar\" and \"Chinaman's harp\".\nThe qin is a very quiet instrument, with a range of about four octaves, and its open strings are tuned in the bass register (its lowest pitch is about two octaves below middle C, or the lowest note on the cello). Sounds are produced by plucking open strings, stopped strings, and harmonics. Stopped sounds are special for the variety of slides and ornaments used, and the use of glissando (sliding tones) gives it a sound similar to a pizzicato cello or fretless bass guitar. Extended sections in music scores consisting entirely of harmonics are common. This is made possible because the 91 indicated harmonic positions allow great flexibility; early tablature shows that even more harmonic positions were used in the past. By tradition the qin originally had five strings, but ancient qin-like instruments with 10 or more strings have been found. The modern form has been standardized for about two thousand years.\nHistory.\nLegend has it that the qin has a history of about 5,000 years and that the legendary people of China's pre-history; Fuxi, Shennong and Huang Di (the Yellow Emperor), were involved in its creation. It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years, and related instruments have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago. Chinese tradition says the qin originally had five strings, but then two were added about 1,000 BCE, making seven.\nBased on the detailed description in the poetic essay \"Qin Fu\" by Xi Kang / Ji Kang (223\u2013262), the form of the qin that is recognizable today was most likely set around the late Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD). The earliest surviving qin in this modern form, preserved in both Japan and China, have been dated to the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Many are still playable, the most famous perhaps being the one named \"Jiuxiao Huanpei\" , said to have been made by the famous late Tang dynasty qin maker Lei Wei. It is kept in the Forbidden City Museum in Beijing.\nAccording to Robert Temple, the qin played an important part in the gaining the first understanding of music timbre for the Chinese. He said that \"the Chinese understanding of the nature of sound as vibration was much increased by studying the production of timbre on the strings of the \"ch'in\".\" This understanding of timbre, overtones and higher harmonics eventually led the Chinese to discover equal temperament in music.\nIn 1977, a recording of \"Liu Shui\" (Flowing Water, as performed by Guan Pinghu, one of the best qin players of the 20th century) was chosen to be included in the Voyager Golden Record, a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world, which was sent into outer space by NASA on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecrafts. It is the longest music track included on the disc. In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.\nSchools, societies and players.\nHistorical schools and societies.\nBecause of the difference in geography in China, many qin schools known as \"qin pai\" developed over the centuries. Such schools generally formed around areas where qin activity was greatest.\nThe main schools are: \nMost qin schools and groups are in China. During the 20th century some societies began in other countries. Qin study was confined to China in ancient times. Today countries like Japan also have their own qin small traditions. The Tokyo Qin Society was recently founded. Japan has published a \"qinpu\" (qin tablature collection) in the past, known as \"Toukou Kinpu\" or \"Donggao Qinpu\" .\nPlayers.\nThere have been many players throughout the ages. The instrument was a favourite of the scholars, so many artists played it. Some famous players are also associated with some melodies, like Confucius and Qu Yuan.\nHistorical:\nClassical books such as \"Qin Shi\", \"Qinshi Bu\" and \"Qinshi Xu\" have biographies of hundreds of more players.\nPlaying technique.\nThe beauty of qin melodies comes not only from the melodies themselves, but from the variation a player can apply to the individual tones and their combinations. The rich tones of the qin can be categorised as three distinctively different \"sounds.\" The first is \"san yin\", which means \"scattered sounds.\" This meant simply pluck the required string to sound an open note. The second is \"fan yin\" , or \"floating sounds.\" These are harmonics, and the player simply lightly touches the string with one or more fingers of the left hand at a position indicated by the white \"hui\" dots, pluck and then lift, creating a crisp and clear sound ringing sound. The third is \"an yin\" , or \"stopped sounds.\" This forms the majority of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it touches with the surface board, then pluck. Afterwards, the hand can slide up and down, thereby changing the pitch.\nWhen plucking the strings, it is not required to attach fake-nails on one's fingers. Players will often leave their fingernails long, and cut them into an rounded shape. The length is subjective and will depend on the player's preference, but it is usually around 3-4mm from the finger tip. If it is too short, then the finger tip will deaden the sound as it touches the string after the nail has plucked it. If it is too long then the fingers can make playing difficult. Generally, the nails of the right hand are kept long, whilst the nails of the left are cut short, so as to be able to press on the strings without difficulty.\nThere are eight basic right hand finger techniques: \"pi\" (thumb pluck outwards), \"tuo\" (thumb pluck inwards), \"mo\" (index in), \"tiao\" (index out), \"gou\" (middle in), \"ti\" (middle out), \"da\" (ring in), and \"zhai\" \u3009 (ring out); the little finger is not used. Out of these basic eight, their combinations create many more. \"Cuo\" is to pluck two strings at the same time, \"lun\" is to pluck a string with the ring, middle and index finger out in quick succession, the \"suo\" technique involves plucking a string several times in a fixed rhythm, \"bo\" cups the fingers and strums two strings at the same time, and \"gun fu\" is to create a sequence of sounds by running up and down the strings continuously with the index and middle fingers. \nLeft hand techniques start from the simple pressing down on the string (mostly with the thumb between the flesh and nail, and the ring finger), sliding up or down to the next note (\"shang\" and \"xia\" ), to vibrati by swaying the hand (\"yin\" and \"nao\" , there are as many as 15 plus different forms of vibrato), plucking the string with the thumb whilst the ring finger stops the string at the lower position (\"qiaqi\" ), hammering on a string using the thumb (\"yan\" ), to more difficult techniques such as pressing on several strings at the same time.\nTechniques executed by both hands together are more difficult to achieve, for example, \"qia cuo san sheng\" (a combination of hammering on and off then plucking two strings, then repeating), to more exciting forms, like pressing of all seven strings with the left, then strumming all the strings with the right, then the left hand quickly moves up the qin, creating a rolling sound like a bucket of water being thrown in a deep pool of water (this technique is used in the Shu style of \"Liu Shui\" to copy the sound of water).\nIn order to master the qin, there are in excess of 50 different techniques that must be mastered. Even the most commonly used (such as \"tiao\") are difficult to get right without proper instruction from a teacher.\nTablature and notation.\nWritten qin music did not directly tell what notes were played like many other musical instruments; instead, it was written in a tablature detailing tuning, finger positions, and plucking technique, thus made up of a step by step method and description of how to play a piece. Some tablatures do indicate notes using the \"gongche\" notation system, or indicate rhythm using dots.\nThe earliest example of the modern shorthand tablature survives from around the 12th century CE. An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript, dated to the 7th century CE, called \"Jieshi Diao: You Lan\" (Solitary Orchid, in Stone Tablet Mode). It is written in a longhand form called \"wenzi pu\" (literally \"written notation\"), which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters. Later in the Tang dynasty, Cao Rou and others simplified the notation, using only the important elements of the characters (like string number, plucking technique, \"hui\" number and which finger to stop the string) and combined them into one character notation. This meant that instead of having two lines of written text to describe a few notes, a single character could represent one note, or sometimes as many as nine. This notation form was called \"jianzi pu\" (literally \"reduced notation\") and it was a great step forward for recording qin scores. It was so successful that from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) onwards, a lot of qinpu (qin tablature collections) appeared, the most famous and useful being \"Shenqi Mipu\" (The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature) compiled by Zhu Quan, the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty. In the 1960s, Zha Fuxi discovered more than 130 qinpu that contain well over 3360 pieces of written music.\nExisting qinpu generally come from private collections or in public libraries throughout China. Those that are available for public purchase are photographic copies printed and bound in the traditional Chinese bookbinding process. More modern qinpu tend to be bound in the normal Western way on modern paper. The format uses qin notation with staff notation and/or \"jianpu\" notation.\nRepertoire.\nQin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length, with the longest being \"Guangling San\" , which is 22 minutes long. Other famous pieces include \"Liu Shui\" (Flowing Water), \"Yangguan San Die\" (Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme), \"Meihua San Nong\" (Three Variations on the Plum Blossom Theme), \"Xiao Xiang Shui Yun\" (Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers), and \"Pingsha Luo Yan\" (Wild Geese Descending on the Sandbank). The average player can generally play around ten pieces from memory which they will aim to play very well, learning new pieces as and when they feel like it. Players mainly learn popular well studied versions, often using a recording as a reference. In addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well, highly skilled qin players may also compose or improvise, although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to be successful at it.\nDapu is the conversion of old tablature into a playable form. This can be used to create new music as well as to reconstruct the ancient melodies. Since qin tablature does not indicate note value, tempo or rhythm, the player must work it out for him/herself. Normally, qin players will learn the rhythm of a piece through a teacher. They sit facing one another, with the student copying the master. The tablature will only be looked at if the teacher is not sure of how to play a certain part. Because of this, traditional qinpu do not indicate them. If one did not have a teacher, then one had to work out the rhythm by themselves. But it would be a mistake to say that qin music has no rhythm or melody. By the 20th century, there had been attempts to try to replace the shorthand notation, but so far, it has been unsuccessful; since the 20th century, qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature. Because qin tablature is so useful, logical, easy, and the fastest way (once the performer knows how to read the notation) of learning a piece, it is invaluable to the qin player and cannot totally be replaced. There are two views of how to best use dapu: one is to use it to create new music, and the other is to use it to reconstruct the way the original music was played.\nConstruction.\nAccording to tradition, the qin originally had five strings, representing the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. Later, in the Zhou dynasty, Zhou Wen Wang added a sixth string to mourn his son, Bo Yihou . His successor, Zhou Wu Wang, added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang. The thirteen \"hui\" on the surface represent the 13 months of the year (the extra 13th is the 'leap month' in the lunar calendar). The surface board is round to represent Heaven and the bottom board flat to represent earth. The entire length of the qin (in Chinese measurements) is 3 feet, 6.5\u00a0inches, representing the 365 days of the year (though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period's measurement standard or the maker's preference). Each part of the qin has meaning, some more obvious, like \"dragon pool\" and \"phoenix pond\" .\nThe sound chamber of the qin is constructed with two boards of wood, typically of differing wood types. The slightly rounded top board (soundboard) is usually made of \"tong\" wood , the Chinese parasol tree, or Chinese paulownia. The bottom board is made of \"zi mu\" catalpa (\"Catalpa ovata\") or, more recently, \"nan mu\" camphor wood (\"Machilus nanmu\"). The wood must be well aged, that is, the sap and moisture must be removed (of the top board wood). If sap remains then the sound will not be clear and, as the moisture evaporates, the wood will warp and crack. Some makers use old wood to construct qins because most of the sap and moisture has been removed naturally by time (old \"shan mu\" , Chinese Cunninghamia or Japanese Cryptomeria, is often used for creating modern qins). Some go to lengths to obtain extremely ancient wood, such as that from Han dynasty tomb structures or coffins. Although such wood is very dry, it is not necessarily the best since it may be infected with wood worm or be of a bad quality or type. Many modern qins made out of new \"tong\" wood (such as those made by Zeng Chengwei) can be better than the quality of antique qins.\nThere are two sound holes in the bottom board, as the playing techniques of the qin employ the entire surface of the top board which is curved / humped. The inside of the top board is hollowed out to a degree. Inside the qin, there are 'nayin' sound absorbers, and a 'tian chu' and 'di chu' soundposts that connect the bottom board to the top. The boards are joined using bamboo nails. Lacquer from the Chinese lacquer tree (\"Rhus vernicifera\") is then applied to the surfaces of the qin, mixed with various types of powder, the most common being \"lujiao shuang\" , the remains of deer antler after the glue has been removed. Often, ceramic powder is used instead of deer antler powder, but the quality is not as good. After the lacquer has dried (a qin will need several layers), the surface will be polished using oil stones. At the head end of the instrument is the \"yue shan\" or bridge, and at the other end is the \"long yin\" (dragon's gums) or nut. There are 13 circular mother-of-pearl inlays which mark the harmonic positions, as well as a reference point to note position, called \"hui\" (\"insignia\").\nStrings.\nUntil the Cultural Revolution, the guqin's strings were always made of various thicknesses of twisted silk, but since then most players use modern nylon-flatwound steel strings . This was partly due to the scarcity of high quality silk strings and partly due to the newer strings' greater durability and louder tone.\nSilk strings are made by gathering a prescribed number of strands of silk thread, then twisting them tightly together. The twisted cord of strings is then wrapped around a frame and immersed in a vat of liquid of natural glue that binds the strands together. The strings are taken out and left to dry, before being cut into the appropriate length. The top thicker strings (i.e. strings one to four) are further wrapped in a thin silk thread, coiled around the core to make it smoother.\nRecently in China, production of very good quality silk strings has resumed and more players are beginning to use them. Although most contemporary players use nylon-wrapped metal strings, some argue that nylon-wrapped metal strings cannot replace silk strings for their refinement of tone. Furthermore, it is the case that nylon-wrapped metal strings can cause damage to the wood of old qins. Many traditionalists feel that the sound of the fingers of the left hand sliding on the strings to be a distinctive feature of qin music. The modern nylon-wrapped metal strings were very smooth in the past, but are now slightly modified in order to capture these sliding sounds.\nTuning.\nTo string a qin, one traditionally had to tie a butterfly knot (\"shengtou jie\" ) at one end of the string, and slip the string through the twisted cord (\"rongkou\" ) which goes into holes at the head of the qin and then out the bottom through the tuning pegs (\"zhen\" ). The string is dragged over the bridge (\"yueshan\" ), across the surface board, over the nut (\"longyin\" dragon gums) to the back of the qin, where the end is wrapped around two legs (\"fengzu\" \"phoenix feet\" or \"yanzu\" \"geese feet\"). Afterwards, the strings are fine tuned using the tuning pegs. The most common tuning, \"zheng diao\" , is pentatonic: 1245612 in the traditional Chinese number system or \"jianpu\" . Today this is generally interpreted to mean C D F G A c d, but this should be considered do re fa so la do re, since historically the qin was not tuned to absolute pitch. In fact the same tuning can also be considered as 5612356 when the third string is played as do. Thus, except when accompanied by other instruments, only the pitch relations between the seven strings needs to be accurate. Other tunings are achieved by adjusting the tension of the strings using the tuning pegs at the head end. Thus \"manjiao diao\" (slackened third string) gives 1235612 and \"ruibin diao\" (raised fifth string) gives 1245712, which is transposed to 2356123.\nPlaying context.\nThe guqin is nearly always used a solo single instrument, as its quietness of tone means that it cannot be heard over the sounds of most other instruments or an ensemble. It can, however, be played together with a \"xiao\" (end-blown bamboo flute), with other qin, or played while singing. In old times, the \"se\" (a long zither with movable bridges and 25 strings, similar to the Japanese koto) was frequently used in duets with the qin.\nIn order for an instrument to accompany the qin, its sound must be mellow and not overwhelm the qin. Thus, the \"xiao\" generally used for this purpose is one pitched in the key of F, known as \"qin xiao\", which is narrower than an ordinary \"xiao\". If one sings to qin songs (which is rare nowadays) then one should not sing in an operatic or folk style as is common in China, but rather in a very low pitched and deep way; and the range in which one should sing should not exceed one and a half octaves. The style of singing is similar to that used to recite Tang poetry. To enjoy qin songs, one must learn to become accustomed to the strange style some players may sing their songs to.\nTraditionally, the qin was played in a quiet studio or room by oneself, or with a few friends; or played outdoors in places of outstanding natural beauty. Nowadays, many qin players perform at concerts in large concert halls, almost always, out of necessity, using electronic pickups or microphones to amplify the sound. Many qin players attend yaji ( literally \"elegant gatherings\"), at which a number of qin players, music lovers, or anyone with an interest in Chinese culture can come along to discuss and play the qin.\nReferences.\nChinese books on qin:\nEnglish books on qin:\nOther websites.\nQin society sites\nGeneral Qin sites\nOther specialist Qin sites\nSites with music samples"}
+{"id": "23828", "revid": "1068258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23828", "title": "Ripuarian", "text": "Ripuarian may refer to:"}
+{"id": "23833", "revid": "2851", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23833", "title": "Jackson Pollack", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23841", "revid": "1320268", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23841", "title": "Vandal", "text": "Vandal can mean several things:"}
+{"id": "23842", "revid": "9958136", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23842", "title": "S\u00e3o Paulo (state)", "text": "S\u00e3o Paulo (Portuguese: Saint Paul) is a state in the Southeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is called S\u00e3o Paulo too.\nGeography and economy.\nS\u00e3o Paulo is located in the South Region of Brazil, with an area of . (For comparison, the state of Oregon in the United States of America has an area of , but has a much smaller population).\nIt borders the state of Minas Gerais to the north, the state of Rio de Janeiro and the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the state of Paran\u00e1 to the south and state of Mato Grosso do Sul to the west.\nThe capital of S\u00e3o Paulo is the city of S\u00e3o Paulo.\nS\u00e3o Paulo is the state in Brazil with the highest economical output.\nIt has the second highest per capita income of Brazil, second only to the Brazilian Federal District, where the federal capital Bras\u00edlia is located.\nWith the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul it shares the highest standard of living in Brazil, despite of pockets of extreme poverty in the favelas (slums) in its largest cities.\nThe robust economy of S\u00e3o Paulo is based in industrial production, to include automobile and aviation, agriculture, services and tourism.\nDemographics.\nS\u00e3o Paulo is the Brazilian state with the largest population and also is the most ethnically diverse.\nPortuguese, Italian, Spanish, Arab, Japanese and other people chose S\u00e3o Paulo as their home, due to its thriving economy.\nAlso migrants from other poorer Brazilian states (especially from the Northeast Region) come to S\u00e3o Paulo in search of a better life. Because there are not enough jobs, these people usually have to go back to their states, where there are even less jobs.\nTransportation.\nS\u00e3o Paulo is the state in Brazil with the largest and most efficient transportation system.\nThe city of S\u00e3o Paulo relies on underground train and also suburban at-grade rail systems. City buses complement the public transportation system.\nAir traffic is the busiest of all Brazil.\nHarbors along the state's ocean front receive and ship a great share of Brazil's export and import goods.\nSports.\nS\u00e3o Paulo is a vibrant place when it comes to sports. Football (soccer) is king but the state has human resources and facilities to produce some of the best athletes in the world in many other fields.\nThe state has many professional soccer clubs but also volleyball has found a niche here.\nAuto racing is a staple of the paulista's way of life. The state has produced several racing drivers that have attained international fame.\nMain cities.\nS\u00e3o Paulo, Campinas, Guarulhos, Osasco, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, Santo Andr\u00e9, Santos, S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo, S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos and Sorocaba."}
+{"id": "23849", "revid": "19514", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23849", "title": "Compromise of 1820", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23850", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23850", "title": "Streetcar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23851", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23851", "title": "Tramcar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23852", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23852", "title": "Street railway", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23853", "revid": "1079008", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23853", "title": "Trolley", "text": "A trolley is a small vehicle with wheels that can carry things. People can push trolleys.\nThere are different kind of trolleys. There are shopping trolleys which are used in supermarkets and other large stores with self-service. In American English these are called shopping carts. Customers can put things they want to buy in the trolley and then pay for everything at the checkout. Usually they are then allowed to wheel the trolley with the things they have bought out to their car.\nSometimes the customers have to pay a small deposit when collecting a trolley. The trolleys are chained together. The customer puts in a coin (in Britain a \u00a31 coin) which he can have back again when he parks the trolley back in the trolley chain.\nTrolleys are used in airports and some large railway stations for passengers to carry their luggage. Deposits are not refundable. \nA trolley can also be a tea-trolley. This is a small trolley used traditionally in the house for plates, cups, saucers and sandwiches and cakes for afternoon tea. Tea-trolleys are also used in hospitals and offices to take cups of tea and coffee to people.\nIn American English \"trolley\" can be used to mean a tram (or streetcar). This is not to be confused with a trolleybus which is a bus which uses electricity from an overhead cable (like a tram)."}
+{"id": "23857", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23857", "title": "Sao Paulo (state)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23858", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23858", "title": "Kunya (arabic)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23860", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23860", "title": "14 September", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23861", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23861", "title": "Chemical elements", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23862", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862", "title": "Taoist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23865", "revid": "1232255", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23865", "title": "Abuse", "text": "Abuse might mean: "}
+{"id": "23874", "revid": "9816723", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23874", "title": "Mutant (Marvel Comics)", "text": "A mutant is a type of fictional character in a fictional universe created by Marvel Comics. In this world, mutants can be either heroes or villains. A mutant is someone who has different DNA than its parents. These mutations often lead to superpowers. They may also cause physical changes such as wings, blue skin, or a tail.\nMutants were created in the Marvel Universe in the 1960s with the comic book \"The X-Men\". It was a way for them to tell stories that dealt with racism. Racism, hatred and fear of mutants are an important part of their history. Two main teams of mutants have been around since the 1960s: The X-Men (heroes) and the Brotherhood of Mutants (villains).\nOverview.\nSometimes a human is born with a certain kind of DNA change. This \"X-GENE\" is passed to their children. This genetic change may not create any noticeable difference. It could pass for generations without anyone knowing about it.\nMutants may be born to human or mutant parents, though the odds of a mutant birth are much better for the latter. Likewise, it is rare but possible for mutant parents to have human children, termed \"baseline\" by characters within the Marvel Universe. Some baseline humans are genetically predisposed towards having mutant descendants such as the Guthrie family (see Cannonball, Husk, and Icarus). Mutant children born to mutant parent(s) will not necessarily have the same power(s) as their parent(s), nor will they necessarily have the same power(s) as any mutant siblings they may have; however, examples of children with the same power(s) as their parents and/or siblings are not uncommon.\nThere is, however, a chance that mutants may not even be able to reproduce a child at all. The Hayes (Runaways), telepathic mutant doctors, were unsure their mutant heritage could even produce a child; it did, however, take them several years to finally have a child: Molly Hayes.\nClassification.\nMarvel's mutants are classified by their level of power.\nNote: Only Alpha and Omega have actually been used as classification within comics. The other ranks were created by fans. \nMutants as a metaphor for racism.\nThe X-Men were created in the 1960s during a time of civil unrest in the United States. The characters allowed the writer to write stories that showed racism and bigotry without singling out a specific minority.\nBy classifying Mutants as they did, they also created different aspects of racism. Some mutants are easily recognized by how they look (similar to African-Americans). Some have a few physical characteristics that can make them get noticed (Similar to Jews). Other mutants blend in so well that it nearly impossible to tell they are a mutant unless they use their powers (similar to how people in the LGBT community were thought of in society).\nIn the Marvel universe normal people often hate and fear mutants. This is because they think mutants may make normal humans extinct. They fear what they do not understand. They are jealous of them having superpowers. Bigotry and xenophobia are also reasons for hatred of mutants. In the Marvel universe, anti-mutant feeling has led to the separation of mutants from society. It has led to mob violence and government sponsored attempts to fight mutants.\nThe X-Men books have been written as typical superhero comic books. They have epic adventures and battles with super villains. Yet, the idea of mutants as a metaphor for real world minorities who face oppression is shown throughout the series. Some examples:"}
+{"id": "23884", "revid": "1069165", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23884", "title": "Urethra", "text": "The urethra is a tube that connects the reproductive system and bladder to the outside of the body to transport urine and sperm. All mammals have it. It allows the removal of urine from the body. There is a muscle (the \"urethral sphincter\") which controls urination.\nIn male mammals, the urethra is also a part of the reproductive system, because males use it as a tube for sperm during sex. The urethra joins together with the ejaculatory duct in the prostate to meet the reproductive system. \nHuman anatomy.\nIn human anatomy, a male person has a longer urethra than a female person. This means that the latter have bladder infections more often because their bladders are closer to the outside. Because the male urethra is longer and is not straight, inserting a catheter (tube to help urination) is more difficult for a male person.\nMale.\nIn male anatomy, the urethra is about 20 cm (8 in) long and its opening goes to the outside of the body. It ends at the opening of the penis. For a male person, the urethra goes through the penis. The section that goes through the prostate is about 3-4 cm long.\nThe male urethra has three sections:\nFemale.\nIn female anatomy, the urethra is 3-4 cm (1.5 in) long. The opening to the outside of the body here is part of the vulva (the female area between the legs). The female urethra is between the clitoris and the opening to the vagina.\nThe female bladder can get infections more often because the bladder is closer to the outside. The female urethra is straight."}
+{"id": "23889", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23889", "title": "Stanislav Lem", "text": "Stanis\u0142aw Herman Lem () (September 12, 1921 \u2013 March 27, 2006) was a Polish science fiction writer. His writings are highly philosophical and satirical. His books have been translated into 41 languages. Over 27 million copies of his books have been sold worldwide. At one point he was among the most widely read science fiction authors in the world. Lem's writing is full of intelligent humor, puns, and neologisms, and Michael Kandel's translations into English have been praised by many for capturing Lem's style.\nLem is perhaps best known for his novel \"Solaris\". This novel was published in 1961. It is set into the future. Humans have discovered what they think is intelligent life in space. They want to talk to the alien life form. The only problem they have is that the life form is the size of a planet. It is an ocean. This book has also been made into a film by Andrei Tarkowski in 1972. Steven Soderbergh made another film of the book in 2002.\nLem won various prizes for his novels."}
+{"id": "23890", "revid": "656019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23890", "title": "Hostage", "text": "A hostage is a person who is held captive against his or her will. Hostages are often taken (held captive) to force someone else to do something for their \"captors\" (the people who took them hostage). Hostages are taken for many different reasons. "}
+{"id": "23895", "revid": "1648460", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23895", "title": "Intel", "text": "Intel Corporation (Integrated Electronics Corporation) is a microprocessor company that was set up in the 1960s. Different types of processors made by Intel are used in many computers. Their most famous older products are the 4004, i386, i486, and Pentium chips. Intel makes many different products, with their first dedicated consumer GPU line released in early 2022. The first Pentium chips were released on March 22, 1993.\nIntel Corporation is traded on the NASDAQ under the ticker INTC and has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since 1999.\nHistory.\nCreation.\nIntel was incorporated in Mountain View, Caifornia on July 18, 1968. It was founded by Gordon E. Moore, Robert Noyce and Arthur Rock."}
+{"id": "23898", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23898", "title": "Nintendo Entertainment System", "text": "The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) is the first video game console made by Nintendo in Japan, Europe, and the United States. It came out in 1985 in the United States and was very popular. In Japan, the console looked different and was called the Famicom (from Family Computer).\nThe controller for the NES was different from the joysticks that older consoles had. It had a D-pad button that could go up, down, left, or right. It also had A, B, Select, and Start buttons. The NES could use up to two controllers for multiplayer games. There were also other types of controllers that could be used with the NES.\nSome famous games for the NES are \"Super Mario Bros.\", \"The Legend of Zelda\", \"Metroid\", \"Mega Man\", \"Castlevania\", \"Donkey Kong\", and \"Final Fantasy\". There have been many sequels to these games. Nintendo discontinued (stopped making and selling) the NES in 1995 and the Famicom in 2003.\nBackground.\nIn 1983, Nintendo, a relatively small arcade company, released the Family Computer (Famicom for short) in Japan. It ended up selling really well, but Nintendo kept it in Japan. Nintendo then thought about using Atari, who was dominating the North American video game market, to distribute the system. Plans changed though when the Video game crash of 1983 happened. The crash was because of too many consoles, poorly made games, and bad business practices. All the gaming companies began to lose money, and everyone in North America stopped buying video games. Nintendo, though, still thought they could have a chance to bring the Famicom to North America. In early 1985, at an electronics show, they showed off the Advanced Video System, which looked more futuristic, used wireless controllers, and looked much different than other gaming consoles. It received a lot of attention, but no one bought anything. Nintendo then renamed the system the \"Nintendo Entertainment System\" and made it look like a VCR. In October 1985, Nintendo decided to rent a small warehouse in New York City and quietly launched the console. Nintendo wasn't sure if it would work, but released it anyway. Some launch titles were Super Mario Bros., various sports games, and ported arcade games like Donkey Kong. It also came packaged with R.O.B. the Robot. It would turn out to be a huge success, and the gaming industry was revived. It would sell over 60 million units. The console after it was called the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and it launched in 1991, but the NES would still be supported until 1995.\nTechnical details.\nThe CPU (central processing unit) in the NES is called MOS 6502 and is an 8-bit CPU. The chip that contains the CPU also contains other electronics that generate sound for games and help with some other things. There are two different versions of the chip called 2A03 and 2A07 that are used in different regions of the world (2A03 works with NTSC TVs, 2A07 with PAL TVs). It was made by a company called Ricoh.\nThe NES uses a chip called the PPU (Picture Processing Unit) to draw graphics on the TV. It has two different versions, called 2C02 (for NTSC TVs) and 2C07 (for PAL TVs). It was also made by Ricoh. \nThe NES has a connector on the bottom, but it was not used for anything."}
+{"id": "23902", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23902", "title": "System of a Down", "text": "System of a Down is an American metal band. Formed in 1994 in Los Angeles, California with four members of Armenian descent, Serj Tankian (lead vocalist, born August 21, 1967), Daron Malakian (lead guitar, singer, born July 18, 1975), Shavo Odadjian (bass, background singer, born April 22, 1974) and drummer Andy Khachaturian (but was replaced with John Dolmayan).\nThe band became successful with popular songs like \"Sugar\", \"Spiders\", \"Chop Suey!\", \"Toxicity\", \"Aerials\", \"B.Y.O.B.\", \"Question!\", \"Hypnotize\", and \"Lonely Day\".\nAfter the release of \"Mezmerize\"/\"Hypnotize\", System of a Down went on a break, but they say they have not broken up.\nOften described as very angry, Khachaturian was unhappy about his place as drummer, and wanted to lead the band. He left the band and the drummer from the band, \"Friik\", John Dolmayan, joined the band.\nEarly days.\nSerj, Daron, and Shavo, went to the same school, Alex Pilibos School for Armenian Americans in Los Angeles, when they were young. However, they never actually met until they started working in the LA music scene as young adults because of the age difference. \nIn 1995, they made their first demo tape, and had the songs: \"Suite-Pee\", \"Sugar\", \"Dam\", and \"P.L.U.C.K.(Politically Lying Unholy Cowardly Killers)\". In 1996, another demo tape was released with the songs: Soil, and two songs that were not on the first album, \"Honey\" and \"Temper\". They made another demo tape, and this was the one that got them put on the record label. The producer, Rick Rubin, had tried to sign up the band several times before they agreed.\nFirst album.\nIn 1997, SOAD teamed up with Rubin and produced their first studio album. In June 30, 1998, \"System of a Down\" was released. This album was not as popular as the next album, but it made people aware of who and what System of a Down stood for.\nTheir next album, \"Toxicity\", was released on September 4, 2001, had their first UK top 20 single \"Chop Suey\". This album explores a more melodic side of metal music. It is also political; for example the opening track: \"Prison Song\" which has Serj speaking the lines.\nDouble album.\nIn May 17, 2005, the band released part one of a double album, \"Mezmerize\". It was more melodic than before, and included \"B.Y.O.B\" (Bring Your Own Bombs), and \"Lost in Hollywood\" - a song based on Daron's childhood about growing up in Hollywood, which he did not think was very glamorous.\nSix months later, the second part of the double album, \"Hypnotize\", was released November 22, 2005. This was the same sort of style because they were recorded at the same time.\nTaking a break.\nIn 2006, the band decided that they were going to have a break for a little while. They said they were going to come back together in a few years. After 10 years together, they each wanted to do different things for a while. There were rumors of them returning in 2011. In July 2010, Dolmayan said in an interview that the band would probably tour in 2011."}
+{"id": "23903", "revid": "10321472", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23903", "title": "Belarusian language", "text": "The Belarusian language (\"\", bie\u0142aruskaja mova) is an Eastern Slavic language and an Indo-European language.\nIt is spoken in Belarus and eastern Poland (in the area of Bia\u0142ystok). It is also spoken by Belarusians who live in other countries of Europe, Australia, and North America.\nBelarusian is written by either the Cyrillic alphabet or the Latin alphabet.\nBelarusian is an Endangered language, as it has a low rate of speakers in its native countries."}
+{"id": "23904", "revid": "364926", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23904", "title": "Kevin Bacon", "text": "Kevin Norwood Bacon (born July 8, 1958) is an American movie actor who has starred in \"Stir of Echoes\", \"Wild Things\", \"JFK\", \"Footloose\" and \"Apollo 13\", among others. He has been married to actress Kyra Sedgwick since September 4, 1988. They have two children, Travis and Sosie Ruth. Bacon is known for the Bacon Number."}
+{"id": "23905", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23905", "title": "Kyra Sedgwick", "text": "Kyra Sedgwick (born August 19, 1965) is an American actress. She was born in New York City, New York to a father of English descent and a Jewish mother. She is the great-granddaughter of Endicott Peabody, the founder of Groton School. She is married to actor Kevin Bacon. She produced and starred in \"The Closer\"."}
+{"id": "23906", "revid": "1254198", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23906", "title": "Treaty of Versailles", "text": "The Treaty of Versailles () was a peace treaty between the nations of Japan, the United States, France, Germany and the United Kingdom in 1919, after World War I. Germany, Austria and Hungary did not participate in writing the treaty. Germany had the choice of signing it or facing its occupation by Allied troops.\nGermany had to reduce its armed forces from 6 million to 100,000 men as well as get rid of its submarines, military aircraft and most of its artillery. It was allowed to keep only navy battleships.\nGermany had to give back the French territories that it had occupied, giving up large territories to Poland and other neighbors and all of its colonies. It also had to pay huge reparations for the damage that had been done to Allied countries, especially France, during the war by German troops. The sum would be very large but was not yet fixed. Many gold marks had to be paid only as the first part of the German debt.\nThe treaty set up the League of Nations, which was intended to make decisions and to keep the peace after the treaty had been signed. The League solved some international disputes without war but could not stop World War II.\nThe treaty can be seen as a one-sided peace, which was dictated to Germany. The British economist John Maynard Keynes thought that it was a great mistake to force such harsh measures on the German people, but his advice was ignored.\nGermany set up the democratic Weimar Republic, but it suffered an economic collapse that went with the hyperinflation of its currency, the Reichsmark. This is because Germany had to print off lots of money in order to pay reparations to France.\nAdolf Hitler became the German chancellor and got rid of the treaty. His actions would eventually lead to World War II.\nTerms.\nGermany.\nGermany had to give back Alsace-Lorraine. France was still embarrassed that Germany had taken that territory during the Franco-Prussian War. The French also made Germany take its troops out of the Rhineland, the long stretch of land on Germany's border with France with the Rhine River, which was important since Germany had many factories and businesses there. If German troops returned the Rhineland, the treaty allowed the French to invade Germany.\nGermany also had to give parts to Poland, a country made out of Russian and Austrian parts and the Polish and Lithuanian people who lived in them. Poland had been a big kingdom a few hundred years earlier, but Austria, Prussia and Russia, during the Partitions of Poland, taken parts of the kingdom and ended its existence.\nBelgium.\nBelgium was allowed to have Moresnet and Eupen and Malmedy. That is the main reason that Belgium has a German-speaking community.\nSplit of empires.\nThe treaty also split up many large empires on the losing side. US President Woodrow Wilson thought that was a very good idea because many people in Europe wanted to be free from the big empires. But that also created problems such as having many little countries next to a much bigger Germany.\nSplit of Austria-Hungary.\nIn the separate Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye the same year, Austria-Hungary was split into many countries. One was Austria, which was meant to be the homeland of the Austrians, who spoke German and had ruled Austria-Hungary. Its capital was Vienna. One of the problems of the Treaty of Versailles was that most Austrians like Adolf Hitler thought that Austria should become part of Germany. That later led to the German unification of Austria.\nHungary was also created. Like Poland, it was a country that had been strong centuries earlier. Another new country, Czechoslovakia, was created to be the homeland of the Czechs and Slovaks. The Czech part had been called Bohemia and Moravia before the war. Many Germans lived near its borders in the Sudetenland and insisted for it to be part of Germany, which Hitler later got.\nBosnia, Slovenia, Croatia (parts of Austria-Hungary), northern Macedonia (part of Bulgaria), Serbia, and Montenegro were made into one country, called Yugoslavia, meaning \"Southern Slavic\". The new country was made to be a Southern Slavic homeland but had many religious, linguistic and national differences.\nBaltic countries.\nNew countries by the Baltic Sea (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania) were also created in other treaties after World War I. The Russian Revolution had started during the war, and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was killed and a communist state formed. A civil war raged in Russia between the anticommunist Whites and the communist Reds. Russia had lost control of its western territory (Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland). Later, during World War II, the Soviet Union took over Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and half of Poland.\nTreaty of S\u00e8vres.\nAnother treaty, the Treaty of S\u00e8vres, gave parts the defeated Ottoman Empire to the various winners. However, the Greek and Turkish Armies soon started another war.\nLong-term problems.\nGermany.\nThe German Empire became the Weimar Republic. A big problem for Germany was to pay back a huge amount of money (\u00a36000 million) for the all of the damage done to the Allied countries, mostly France, during World War I. That made Germany one of the poorest countries in Europe for almost 20 years and caused political fighting in Germany. Two important parties, the Communist Party, which wanted a communist revolution like in Russia, and the Nazis, who thought that Germany should become the most powerful country in Europe, fought for many years.\nHowever, both parties strongly opposed the treaty as one that had been forced by the Allies and had been unfair. After all, Germans had to live in new countries even if they wanted to be part of Germany, but new countries were set up under the excuse of respecting the will the local populations. The treaty was, for that reason and many others, hated in Germany.\nAs Germany owed a huge amount of money to the Allies, it started to get loans by the Americans such as under the Dawes Plan. During the Great Depression in 1932, the United States wanted all its money back. Germany refused to pay and printed more and more money to pay its debts. That led to hyperinflation and the Reichsmark was worthless. Some Germans even wanted to fight another war to get rid of it.\nLeague of Nations.\nThe League of Nations, which had been created by the treaty, usually had too little power to stop wars from happening. Japan took Manchuria, but the League did not stop that from happening. Italy invaded Ethiopia, the Ethiopian emperor begged the League to help him, but it did not do much. Germany, Japan and Italy left the League, became the Axis powers, sanctions by the allies and legitimate conflicts with neighboring countries led to neighbor wars, and the allies unnecessarily expanded these neighbour wars into a world war, causing World War II. The United States and for some time the Soviet Union did not even join the League even though US President Woodrow Wilson had pushed for his idea to go into the treaty. The League was never taken seriously although it had been created partly to check that the treaty was being followed.\nThe treaty failed to keep peace in the end and helped Nazi Germany, led by Hitler, to win the support of many Germans to get rid of the \"chains of Versailles\", which led to World War II.\nStart of World War II.\nGermany and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Rapollo in 1922 in which both governments agreed to ignore previous treaties such as Versailles, co-operate \"in a spirit of mutual goodwill\" and help each other with their economic needs.\nGermany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939 and World War II started that day.\nReferences.\nLangley, Andrew, \"Living through World War II\", Chicago, IL: Heinemann Library, 2012."}
+{"id": "23941", "revid": "1338010", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23941", "title": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon", "text": "Saint Pierre and Miquelon () is a French overseas collectivity. It is made up of several small islands. They are close to Newfoundland on the eastern coast of Canada. It is the only remaining bit of the former French colonial empire territory of New France.\nCommunes.\nThe communes are:\nHistorically L'\u00cele-aux-Marins was a separate commune. Then in 1945 it was added into the commune of Saint-Pierre.\nIn each commune there are settlements Miquelon, Miquelon-Langlade and Saint-Pierre, Saint-Pierre."}
+{"id": "23945", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23945", "title": "50 (number)", "text": "50 (fifty) is the integer that is after forty-nine and before fifty-one.\nThe prime factors of fifty are 2 and 5. (2 * 5 * 5 = 50) The factors of 50 are 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50. 5*10=50. 50 is the smallest number that can be written as the sum of two squares in two distinct ways: 50=12+72=52+52. Also, 50 is one-half of 100 or half of a century (a century is 100 years)."}
+{"id": "23946", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23946", "title": "Rzesz\u00f3w", "text": "Rzesz\u00f3w (, ) is city in the south-east part of Poland in Subcarpathian Voivodeship with a population of 170,722 (2008). The city is located on the river Wislok."}
+{"id": "23947", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23947", "title": "1604", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23948", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23948", "title": "Houston", "text": "Houston is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the 4th most populous city in the United States. As of 2020, more than 2 million people lived there. John Whitmire became the mayor of Houston in 2024. Houston is named after Samuel Houston, who fought for Texas to leave Mexico in 1836. The Johnson Space Center of NASA is in Houston. \nHouston has the largest medical center and complex in the world, the Texas Medical Center.\nGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport is the main international airport serving Houston, and William P. Hobby Airport is the other international airport that is close to downtown Houston.\nHouston has the second-most \"Fortune\" 500 headquarters of any U.S. city within its city limits after New York City.\nSports.\nHouston has many sports teams, including the Astros, Texans, Rockets, and Houston Dynamo. The Astros play baseball, the Rockets play basketball, the Texans play American Football, and the Houston Dynamo play soccer. \nClimate.\nHouston has a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\" in the Koeppen climate classification).\nHistory.\nMany of the confederate monuments and buildings have been removed or renamed. "}
+{"id": "23949", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23949", "title": "1138", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23950", "revid": "10252049", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23950", "title": "1140s", "text": "The 1140s was a decade that began on 1 January 1140, and ended on 31 December 1149. It is distinct from the decade known as the 115th decade which began on January 1, 1141 and ended on December 31, 1150."}
+{"id": "23951", "revid": "1192696", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23951", "title": "Polynesian people", "text": "Polynesians are native people from islands in Polynesia, including Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa, and Maoris in New Zealand."}
+{"id": "23965", "revid": "10493409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23965", "title": "Colonialism", "text": "Colonialism occurs when a country or a nation takes control of other countries, regions, or territories outside of its borders (boundaries of the country) by turning those other countries, regions, or territories into a colony. Usually, it is a more powerful, richer (developed) country that takes control of a smaller, less powerful region or territory. Sometimes the words \"colonialism\" and \"imperialism\" are used to mean the same thing. Colonialism is one of the main results of imperialism.\nIn the second millennium BC Phoenicia made colonies around the Mediterranean, including Carthage. A few centuries later the cities of ancient Greece also made colonies, including Naples. In the 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, many of the richer, more powerful European countries (such as Britain, Portugal, France, Spain, Germany and the Netherlands) made colonies in Africa, North America, South America, Asia and Oceania\nName.\nAncient Rome invented the word \"colonia\" from the word \"colonus\" meaning \"farmer\". \"Colonia\" at that time meant a new town to which some Romans moved, including farmers. Many of the settlers were veterans. In later centuries the word \"colony\" less often meant settlers, and more often meant rule by foreigners.\nHistory.\nPhoenicians.\nThe Phoenicians started many trade colonies around the Mediterranean. Carthage was the largest and most famous colony, and also made other colonies including Cartagena in Spain. \nAncient Greece.\nLater, the Ancient Greeks expanded their territories with colonies. Ancient Greece was many city-states. Each city was independent with a government in place. Those cities also fought wars against each other and traded goods. To get more influence, or to secure a trade route, the city would send settlers to a new place. These people would then make a new city called a colony. Sometimes a new city had to pay some form of taxes to the mother city in exchange for protection, for example. The colonies, however, ruled themselves. The mother city did not send them a governor. Syracuse is the most famous of these Greek colonies. \nIf the Greek settlers found a local tribe living in the new territory, they would fight to force them to leave. The local tribe was usually made into slaves. The new colony would exploit the land it found, by growing crops or by raising cattle.\nAncient India.\nThe history of colonization is not limited to ancient Greece. Massive colonization took place in Ancient India too. There, colonization began not with political conquest but with cultural conquest. Hinduism (and, after centuries, Buddhism) became the main source of colonization. It was a colonization that began with cultural expansion leading to economic colonization. Indians were in the role of masters for a few centuries and in the role of slaves for centuries.\nAfrica.\nThe Defense Agreements between France and French-speaking African countries established close cooperation, particularly in defense and security matters. Often accompanied by secret clauses, they allowed France to intervene militarily: to rescue regimes in order to establish the legitimacy of political powers favorable to its interests, to fight jihadism, particularly in the Sahel, or to put an end to civil wars. The departure of French troops from the African continent signals the end of a world, that of interventions in Chad, Togo, Gabon, Rwanda, Djibouti, Zaire, Somalia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Libya, and Cameroon. It also marks the end of \"Fran\u00e7afrique\".\nGoals.\nSome countries use colonialism to get more land for their people to live in. They helped settlers move to the new area. The indigenous people living in the land or territories were usually moved away by using force and violence from armies. To protect these settlers from the indigenous people who were pushed aside, colonial nations often set up a military fort or colonial police system. \nOther countries use colonialism to get more land so that they can use the land for farming or to extract (take out) resources such as trees (wood), coal, or metals, or to create a local government or military fort.\nOther countries use colonialism so that they can get workers from the poorer country to work in factories or farms (either in the richer country, or in the poorer country). In the past, powerful countries that were colonizing poorer countries or regions often forced the people from the poorer countries to work as slaves.\nTypes of colonialism.\nSettler colonies.\nThere are several different types of colonialism. Some countries that expanded their territory made settler colonies. Some countries that started out as settler colonies include the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the states of Latin America. In all of these countries, people from European countries moved to the best parts of the new place, and forced the indigenous peoples (such as Native Americans, Maori, etc.) to move. When the local people or tribes had to move, it caused a lot of problems. Many of these indigenous peoples were also enslaved, killed through genocide or died in pandemics because they had no immunity against infectious diseases brought by the settlers.\nPlantation colonies.\nWith the plantation colony, the powerful, rich country use the poorer country's land to grow crops. Typically, slaves work on the farms. Examples of plantation colonies include Barbados, Saint-Domingue and Jamaica. \nIntermarriage.\nIn some regions which were colonized, the settlers married the local people and had children with them. An example is Mexico, where a new people called the mestizos came from the marriages of the settlers and the local tribes. In other regions which were colonized, the settlers and the local people lived in separate areas, without living together or marrying. An example of this situation is French Algeria (when France colonized the African country of Algeria) or Southern Rhodesia. \nDependencies.\nAnother type of colonialism is when a powerful country sets up dependencies. With a dependency, the colonizing country does not send over thousands of settlers to the new territory. Instead, the colonizing country sets up administrators (a governing organization) that control the existing local (native) populations or tribes. Examples include the British Raj, (geraldine) in which the British government controlled India; the Dutch East Indies, in which the Netherlands controlled parts of the East Indies; and the Japanese colonial empire, in which Japan controlled Asian territories.\nTrading post colonies.\nAnother type of colony is the trading post colony. Rich and powerful countries set up trading post colonies so that there would be a territory where trading, selling, and business could be conducted. The rich and powerful countries usually set up military forts or police forces to enforce the rules and laws of the colonizing country. Examples of trading colonies include Macau, Malacca, Deshima and Singapore."}
+{"id": "23966", "revid": "1678524", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23966", "title": "Hey Arnold!", "text": "Hey Arnold! is an British<br>American animated comedy television series. It was created by Craig Bartlett. The series was first broadcast on Nickelodeon from August 7, 1996, to June 8, 2004. It was about a boy with a football-shaped head named Arnold, his \"gang\" of friends and their lives in the fictional city of Hillwood. Each episode of \"Hey Arnold!\" ran for about 15 minute. In 2002, Nickelodeon made a movie, based on the series.\nArnold's best friends in his gang are Gerald, Sid, Stinky, Eugene, Rhonda, Phoebe, Lila, and Curly. Adult Arnold was voiced by Christopher Walberg."}
+{"id": "23967", "revid": "20706", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23967", "title": "Maradona", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23968", "revid": "1035196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23968", "title": "Diego Maradona", "text": "Diego Armando Maradona (30 October 1960 \u2013 25 November 2020) was an Argentine professional footballer and manager. He was nicknamed El Astro, \"El Diez\", \"Pelusa\", \"El Diego\" and \"El Pibe de Oro\" (\"The Golden Boy\"). He is widely regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time. He has often been compared to Brazilian legend Pel\u00e9; both were winners of the FIFA Player of the 20th century award. \nMaradona made 91 appearances and scored 34 goals with Argentina. He played at four World Cups. His greatest and most important achievement was winning the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico. He played for Argentinos Juniors, Boca Juniors, Barcelona, Napoli, Sevilla, and Newell's Old Boys during his club career, and is most famous for his time at Napoli where he won numerous accolades and led the club to Serie A title wins twice. In 1983, he became the first Barcelona player to receive a standing ovation from Real Madrid fans at the Santiago Bernab\u00e9u, a feat later achieved by Brazilian legend Ronaldinho in 2005.\nClub career.\nMaradona made his professional debut with Argentina on 20 October 1976 wearing the number 16 shirt, a week before his 16th birthday. He scored his first goal in November 1976 two weeks after turning 16. In 1981, he transferred to Boca Juniors, and won the league title with them that same year. His performances at the 1982 FIFA World Cup attracted the interest of FC Barcelona, and they signed him shortly after the tournament. \n1984 Copa Del Rey.\nIn the 1984 Copa Del Rey final against Athletic Bilbao, Maradona was involved in a fight with several other Bilbao players. During the game, Bilbao player Andoni Goikoetxea made a rough tackle on Maradona, and Bilbao fans insulted Maradona and his family. This made him very angry. Barca lost 1-0, and when he was insulted by Miguel Sola at the end of the match, Maradona lost control and became furious. He headbutted Sola, kneed Bilbao's goalie in the head, elbowed another one in the face, and kicked and punched other players as well. This ended up being his last game with the Catalan club.\nMaradona signed for Napoli in the summer of 1984 for around \u20ac8 million. At his presentation, he was greeted by 75,000 fans at the Stadio San Paolo in Naples. He led the club to its first Serie A title in 1987. That same year, he won the Coppa Italia. For the 1987-88 season, Maradona was top scorer of the league, with 15 goals. Napoli also finished second in the league to A.C. Milan. In the 1989 UEFA Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart, Maradona played an important role in Napoli's victory. He scored and assisted Careca's goal in the 2-1 victory during the first leg. In the second leg, he assisted Ciro Ferrara's goal in a 3-3 draw (5-4 on aggregate). The following year, Napoli won the Supercoppa Italiana with a 5-1 demolishing of Juventus. \n1990s.\nIn March 1991, Maradona failed a drug test for cocaine. He was given a 15-month ban and a fine, so he missed the rest of the 1990-91 season and the entire 1991-92 season. After being allowed to return to football in June 1992, he didn't want to return to Napoli, and he asked for a transfer. He eventually signed for Spanish club Sevilla. He stayed there for one year. He moved back to the Argentine League with Newell's Old Boys in 1993, and stayed there for one season. Maradona ended his career by making a return to Boca Juniors in 1995. He stayed there for two years until retiring on 25 October 1997. He played his last match against Boca's rival River Plate, and Boca won 2-1.\nInternational career.\nMaradona played his first match for the Argentina national team on 27 February 1977 against Hungary, as a 16 year old. Maradona is most famously known for his performance against England in the 1986 World Cup quarter final, where he scored two legendary goals.\nThe first one was controversially scored with his hand. It started with a poor clearance from an English defender that sent the ball into the penalty box. As goalkeeper Peter Shilton came off his line to challenge the ball, Maradona jumped and punched it in past Shilton, while also adding a movement as if he hit the ball with his head that fooled the referees. He later called it the \"Hand of God\", and said that he used his hand because he knew he was not going to reach the ball. The second one was voted the best goal scored in World Cup history in 2002 and many people call it the \"Goal of the Century\", where he received the ball behind the half-field line and dribbled five England players before juking out goalkeeper Shilton and passing the ball with his left foot into the open net from 6 yards out. The match ended 2-1 in favor of Argentina. \nArgentina won the World Cup after defeating West Germany in the final, and Maradona was named as the tournament's best player. The British named him \"athlete of the decade.\"\nLegacy.\nDiego Maradona is often considered the best due to his remarkable influence both on and off the field. His unique talent, iconic moments, and cultural significance have left a lasting impact. Brescia et al. (2023) explain, \u201cMaradona\u2019s importance as a cultural icon deserves a more systematic inquiry.\u201d His influence goes beyond football, touching on art, politics, and religion. Maradona's legacy also encompasses his controversies, which only added to his larger-than-life image, solidifying his status as a global icon in sports and popular culture. Maradona\u2019s influence went beyond his artistic brilliance. His ability to captivate audiences was rooted not only in his playing style, but also in his rebellious and defiant spirit, most notably when he scored twice against England in the 1986 World Cup.\nRemarkably, both goals have become famous and have been given a distinctive name. The second goal was called the \u2018cosmic kite\u2019 according to Salazar et al. (2008), \u201cIn the second goal, Maradona weaved his way through the entire England defence in an outstanding solo move that became known as the \u2018cosmic kite\u2019 (el barrilete c\u00f3smico)\u201d. While the first goal, scored with his famous hand, reflects the complexity of his personality, where genius is mixed with controversy. The goal was called the Hand of God, according to Salazar et al. (2008), Maradona described his (in)famous handball as \u2018something that came from deep inside, having done it in the wasteground (potrero), having done it in Fiorito\u2019 (Quoted in La Noche del 10, my translation)\".\nFurthermore, Maradona fed the international press with a timeless soundbite: \u2018the Hand of God\u2019, which was to magnify the message of England\u2019s humiliation way beyond the football pitch\". These moments helped to showcase different aspects of his unique personality, making him considered by many to be the best footballer of all time and enhancing his iconic status in football.\nPersonal life.\nHealth problems.\nMaradona was addicted to cocaine from the mid-1980s until 2004. During his time at Napoli, he failed a drug test in 1991 and had his conversations wiretapped by police. He was also accused of working with the Italian mafia. In 2000 he suffered a heart attack caused by cocaine overdose. In 2004, he was placed in intensive care with high blood pressure, respiratory failure, and a lung infection.\nAfter Maradona retired, he suffered from obesity. At one point, he weighed 280 lbs (130 kg). In March 2005, Maradona had a Gastric bypass surgery in Cartagena, Colombia and was placed on a liquid diet for three months to try to reduce his obesity.\nDeath.\nOn 2 November 2020, Maradona was hospitalized in La Plata because of mental health reasons. A day later, he had emergency brain surgery to treat a subdural hematoma. He was released on 12 November after successful surgery. \nOn 25 November 2020, Maradona died of a heart attack at his home in Tigre, Buenos Aires, Argentina at the age of 60.\nClub career statistics.\nNotes\nInternational career statistics.\n!Total||91||34"}
+{"id": "23970", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23970", "title": "Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero", "text": "Don Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero (; born 4 August 1960 in Valladolid) is a Spanish politician. He was elected for two terms as Prime Minister of Spain. This was in the 2004 and 2008 general elections. On 2 April 2011 he said he would not stand for re-election. His party is the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE).\nHe left the office on 21 December 2011. He was succeeded by Mariano Rajoy. He left the PSOE's Secretary General chair on 4th February 2012 to Alfredo P\u00e9rez Rubalcaba. On 9th February he entered the Spanish Council of State.\nImportant actions of his government have included withdrawing Spanish troops from Iraq, legalizing same-sex marriages and negotiating with Basque terrorist group ETA.\nHe studied law at the University of Le\u00f3n, graduating in 1982. Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero met Sonsoles Espinosa in Le\u00f3n in 1981. They married on 27 January 1990 and have two daughters named Laura (born 1993) and Alba (born 1995).\nZapatero is a supporter of FC Barcelona."}
+{"id": "23974", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23974", "title": "Jose Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23975", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23975", "title": "Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23976", "revid": "10278088", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23976", "title": "Electric guitar", "text": "An electric guitar is a type of musical instrument. The first one was made in 1931 by George Beauchamp. It is a string instrument usually played with a pick and sometimes with the fingers. It uses things called \"electric pickups\" which are wire-wound magnets that change the vibration of the strings into electric current. This electric current is then sent to an amplifier (amp for short) that changes it to sound. This electric current can also be changed to produce effects. The main parts of an electric guitar are the neck, the pickups, the tuners, the bridge, the input, the body, the frets, the volume knobs and the tone knobs. There may also be other parts that can change other sounds. A normal electric guitar has one neck with 6 strings on it, although there are 12 string guitars and guitars with more than one neck. \nGuitars are made and sold in many parts of the world by many companies. They can be hand made or factory made. Some companies that make electric guitars are Fender, Gibson, and Ibanez. \nReading guitar tablature.\nMany guitarists today share their music through a system called tablature (commonly known as 'tab'). Tablature is a way of reading notes for a guitar. It is much simpler than musical notes, but most tabs do not support rhythm. Many tabs can be found online or in books and magazines.\nTo read guitar tab, generally there is a staff like this:\n high E ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n B ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n G ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n D ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n low E ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nEach line represents a string. Tab is always read as if the player were holding the guitar on their lap, strings facing up. Each number then represents what fret the finger is placed on.\nE -----------------0------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nB -----------------0------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nG --1------------ 1-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nD ----2-----------2-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nA ..----2---------2-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nE -----------------0------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nThe above diagram would be to play an open E chord, picking each string individually, and then strumming the chord. If the notes are stacked directly above each other, it means to strum the chord.\nSome guitar music is written in both musical note format and tablature. The musical notes are written out, with the corresponding tablature under each line of notes."}
+{"id": "23979", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23979", "title": "Louise Brooks", "text": "Louise Brooks (Cherryvale, Kansas, 14 November 1906 \u2013 Rochester, New York, 8 August 1985) was an American dancer and actress. She became a leading movie star, and a style icon famous for her beauty and her bobbed hair style.\nIn 2006, the centenary of Brooks' birth was celebrated by the release of three DVDs and three books, museum exhibits, screenings, and other events.\nFilmography.\nBrooks' signature movie role was as Lulu in G.W. Pabst's \"Pandora's Box\" (\"Die B\u00fcchse der Pandora\") in 1929. Brooks' portrayal was of a young woman whose raw sexuality and uninhibited nature brings ruin to herself and those who love her. It made the actress a star."}
+{"id": "23982", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23982", "title": "Bangor, Maine", "text": "Bangor is the 3rd-largest city in Maine. In 2020, the city had 31,753 people.\nIn history.\nIn 1937, Al Brady, an armed robber and murderer is shot dead in a gun battle with FBI agent Walter Walsh, ending a long crime spree."}
+{"id": "23983", "revid": "2851", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23983", "title": "Bangor, ME", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23984", "revid": "212856", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23984", "title": "Portland", "text": "Portland can mean:"}
+{"id": "23985", "revid": "2851", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23985", "title": "Portland, OR", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23986", "revid": "944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23986", "title": "Hey Arnold", "text": ""}
+{"id": "23992", "revid": "116956", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23992", "title": "Bosnia-Herzegovina", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24005", "revid": "788150", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24005", "title": "Ben Bradshaw", "text": "Benjamin Peter James Bradshaw (born 30 August 1960) is an English politician and the Member of Parliament for the Exeter constituency in the United Kingdom. He was elected in the 1997 general election. He was a BBC Radio reporter before entering\u00a0 politics.\u00a0\nHe was a Minister of State in the Department of Health, a Minister for the South West and Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. He holds no posts in the current shadow government.\nHe is a member of the Labour Party."}
+{"id": "24014", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24014", "title": "Eschelbronn", "text": "Eschelbronn is a village with 2597 people living there. It is in the Rhein-Neckar area of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany and close to Sinsheim.\nEschelbronn is in the north of Kraichgau with a distance of about 25 km to Heidelberg.\nHistory.\nIt was already mentioned in the years 788/789 in a document of the monastery of Lorsch. Afterwards there was no documentation until the end of the 13th century when it became part of the restrict of Speyer.\nThe first mayor was Heinrich von Eschelbrunnen in the year 1261. In 1267 a castle made of wood was built and later rebuilt into a water-castle of stone in 1375. In 1526 the village became Protestant.\nIn 1803 Eschelbronn became part of Baden. From 1807 on the village was administered by Waibstadt and 1803 by Sinsheim until the 31st of December 1972. Today it belongs to the Rhein-Neckar area.\nIn former times most of the people were farmers, however later in the 18th century the production of textiles became more and more important. Since the end of the 19th century Eschelbronn is well known for its furniture production."}
+{"id": "24021", "revid": "837344", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24021", "title": "Order of the Bath", "text": "The Most Honourable Order of the Bath is a British order of chivalry. It was founded by George I, on 18 May 1725. The name comes from an old ceremony, first mentioned in 1128. In the ceremony, men participated in a vigil of fasting, prayer, and taking a bath. They did this on the day before they were made a knight. The ceremony was abolished in 1815. \nThe Order is made up of the Sovereign (the British Sovereign), the Great Master (The Prince of Wales since 2024), and three classes of members: (Highest to lowest)\nBecause the Order was originally founded as a military order of chivalry, its star (referred to in this use as a \"pip\") is worn as army officers' rank insignia. Members of the order now belong to either the Civil or the Military Division. The Order's motto is \"Tria juncta in uno\" (Latin for \"Three joined in one\"). This is a reference to either the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, or to the Holy Trinity. A symbol of the Order that is seen over and over has three crowns in it. Another motto, \"Ich dien\" (German for \"I serve\") is used occasionally, but only by members of the military division of the Order.\nThe Order is the third oldest of the British Orders of Chivalry, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and before The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick. The last of those Orders\u2013which relates to Ireland, no longer a part of the United Kingdom\u2013still exists, but is no longer active; no appointments have been made to it since 1934."}
+{"id": "24023", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24023", "title": "The Most Honourable Order of the Bath", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24024", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24024", "title": "KCB", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24028", "revid": "1684388", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24028", "title": "Kurdish people", "text": "Kurds () or Kurdish people are an Indo-European and Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans today's southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq and northeastern Syria. \nThere are exclaves of Kurds in Central Anatolia, Khorasan, and the Caucasus, as well as significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey, particularly Istanbul, and Western Europe, primarily in Germany. \nKurds are one of the largest and most important ethnic groups in the Middle East. There are between about 60 million and about 80 million Kurds. \nMost of the Kurdish population lives in Kurdistan. Kurdistan is the area where Kurds live. Today, it is a border country with lands in the east and southeast of Turkey, in the north-west of Iran, in the north of Iraq and in the north-east of Syria. (Lands in Armenia and Azerbaijan also have small Kurdish populations.)\nLanguages.\nMany Kurds speak the Kurdish language. The two largest Kurdish dialects are Kurmanji Kurdish and Sorani Kurdish. The Kurds of Turkish Kurdistan (Bakur) and of Syrian Kurdistan(Rojava)speak Kurmanji. About half of Kurds in Iranian Kurdistan (Rojhelat) and Iraqi Kurdistan (Bashur) speak Kurmanji, while other Kurds there speak Sorani. Some Kurds in Iranian Kurdistan (Rojhelat) speak the Gorani Kurdish dialect, while others in Turkish Kurdistan (Bakur) speak Zazaki Kurdish.\nLifestyles.\nUntil the 20th century, most Kurds were nomadic people. The Kurds' economy had a close connection with pastoralism and animal husbandry. \nIn the 21st century, nomadism is not common among Kurds. Most Kurds now live in cities. In the 21st century, farming is the most important work in Kurdistan. Industrialization means that fewer Kurds work as farmers, and this has caused urbanization of the Kurdish population. In the past, Kurds were part of the Silk Road economic system. Trade routes form connections between different countries through Kurdistan.\nSome scholars make an argument that the meaning of the name was not an ethnonym at the time, because many different groups of nomads and pastoralists had the name \"Kurds\" during the Middle Ages. However, other scholars make the argument that the name was not the name of lifestyle or economic system, such as nomadism or pastoralism, but the name of a population. This population shared a common character in linguistics, shared an area to live in, and shared a mythology. Whether the people and groups who had the name \"Kurds\" thought that they were a common community before the 12th century is unknown.\nHistory.\nMiddle Ages.\nThe word \"Kurd\" appears in early Islamic sources in Arabic and Tabari sources, meaning nomads, Shepherd or mountain dwellers \u2014 not the name of an ancient people.\nTabari's and Ibn al-Athir's texts use the word \"Kurd\" to refer to non-urban Iranian-speaking groups in the western Iranian plateau, not to refer to a historical or ethnic group. Linguistically, \"Kurd\" is a post-Islamic descriptive term that gradually became an ethnic name; no ancient pre-Sassanian or pre-Islamic document uses the word \"Kurd\" in an ethnic sense.\nThere are no Avestan or cuneiform inscriptions, petroglyphs, or texts that record a people called \"Kurd\".\nSince 10th century, Arabic texts including al-Masudi's works, have referred to Kurds as a distinct linguistic group. From 11th century onward, the term Kurd is explicitly defined as an ethnonym and this does not suggest synonymity with the ethnographic category nomad.\n20th century.\nAfter modern international borders came into existence after World War I, many Kurds went out of Kurdistan. They migrated to the large cities in the Middle East and to Western Europe. Since the Middle Ages, there have also been Kurdish communities in Cairo, Beirut, Damascus, and Aleppo. Since the Early Modern Period, there have also been Kurdish communities in Khorasan, a region covering modern north-eastern Iran and Afghanistan.\nPersecution in the Soviet Union.\nThe Soviet Union also committed ethnic cleansing against Kurds by forcing them to migrate from the Caucasus to Central Asia. When the Soviet Union ended, the First Nagorno-Karabakh War between Armenia and Azerbaijan harmed most Kurds in the Caucasus.\nReligions.\nThe Kurds are a mostly Muslim people associated with Sunni Islam. Most Kurds are part of the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence, but some Kurds are part of the Hanafi school. Sufism is also common among Kurds. There are also Kurds who are part of Shia Islam and Kurds who are part of Alevism. There are also Kurdish Jews and Yazidi people.\nClassical antiquity.\nIn Classical antiquity, the most important deities of the Kurds' lands were Ahura Mazda and Mithra. The most common religion was Zoroastrianism. Zoroastrianism was probably the state religion of the Achaemenid Empire. There are connections between the writings of Zoroastrianism and the Vedas, the Hindu writings of ancient India.\nMiddle Ages.\nIn the 7th century, Kurds had many different religious beliefs. There were Christians and Zoroastrians. There were also Kurdish Jews. Some sects among the Kurdish Christians and Jews had religious beliefs from Zoroastrianism and Mithraism in their religion. There may have been Kurds among the \"Companions of the Prophet\".\nIslamic conquests in the 7th century meant that most Kurds became Muslim in the 7th and 8th centuries. Most Kurds converted to Islam between the 7th and 9th centuries CE. Kurds who were not Muslim had to pay the jizya, a tax. Most of these were part of the Shafi'ite system of Islamic jurisprudence. \nWhile most Kurds are Sunni Muslims, there are also Kurds of many other religions and sects. There are Kurdish Jews in Iraqi Kurdistan and in Israel as well."}
+{"id": "24031", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24031", "title": "Guerrilla warfare", "text": "Guerrilla warfare is a war tactic in which small groups of people () fight against an organized army. Guerrilla warfare is sometimes practiced in places in which a regular army would have difficulty, such as forests and mountains. Usually, the army is invading a territory. In open fields, the organized army, which is better armed and larger, has the advantage. However, in forests and mountains, the guerillas can gain an advantage over larger and better-armed armies. In some wars such as the American Revolutionary War or the Vietnam War, guerilla warfare tactics have been successful and were one of the main reasons for the final result.\nGuerrilla, is a word of Spanish origin, and means \"little war\". It was first used in 1808, when Spain was invaded by Napoleon, which resulted in the Peninsular War with Spanish guerilla forces resisting the French Army. Guerilla warfare was used for thousands of years before this.\nThis war tactic was used in British America by the Native Americans. In various wars, they fought guerilla wars for the French or the British or against them or other enemies. During the American Revolutionary War, the Patriots and the Loyalists used guerilla warfare against enemy regular forces. Continuing the pre-war fighting of Bleeding Kansas, guerilla warfare was common in the border states during the American Civil War. It was used also during the First Indochina War by the Vietnamese rebels against the French and during the Vietnam War by the North Vietnamese against the Americans and South Vietnamese."}
+{"id": "24036", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24036", "title": "Guerilla", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24037", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24037", "title": "Guerrilla", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24038", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24038", "title": "Guerrillas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24039", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24039", "title": "Guerillas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24040", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24040", "title": "Guerrilla war", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24041", "revid": "8577403", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24041", "title": "Sacrament", "text": "In Christianity, a sacrament is a special rite. It is a visible token of the reality of God.\nSacraments in the Catholic Church.\nThe Roman Catholic Church knows seven such sacraments. These are\nProtestant views.\nFollowing Martin Luther's tradition, many Protestant churches see only Baptism and Lord's Supper as Sacraments. They also have most of the other rites, but do not consider them to be sacraments.\nEastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox views.\nEastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches basically have the same views as the Roman Catholic Church. They say however, that many things the church does (as church), can be seen as sacraments, in some way."}
+{"id": "24042", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24042", "title": "Robert Gabriel Mugabe", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24049", "revid": "9110143", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24049", "title": "St. Petersburg, Florida", "text": "St. Petersburg (shortened to St. Pete by the area residents) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida. It is in Pinellas County. It is home to the MLB team Tampa Bay Rays."}
+{"id": "24055", "revid": "1609023", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24055", "title": "20 (number)", "text": "20 (twenty) is the number that is after nineteen and before twenty-one.\nThe prime factors of twenty are 2 and 5. (2 * 2 * 5 = 20)\nIts factors are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 30, and 20. As the sum of its factors is more than itself (i.e. 22), it can be referred to as an abundant number.\n20 can been used as a number base. Remnants of this system remain in some European languages, for example in the English \u201cscore\u201d (20) and the French \u201cquatre-vingts\u201d (80, just means four groups of twenty). The old (pre-decimal) English monetary system had twenty shillings in a pound. The ancient Mayan numerical system \u2013 counting on fingers and toes \u2013 was a base 20 or \"vigesimal\" system.\nA polyhedron of 20 faces is an icosahedron, one of the five Platonic solids. It is a convex regular polyhedron composed of twenty triangular faces, with five meeting at each of the twelve vertices. It has 30 edges and 12 vertices. Its dual polyhedron is the dodecahedron. \nIn Japanese tradition, adulthood is established at the age of 20. See seijin not hi (the celebration of adulthood in Japan).\nIt is the number of milk teeth in an infant\u2019s mouth.\nIn Roman numerals, 20 is written as XX."}
+{"id": "24057", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24057", "title": "40 (number)", "text": "40 (forty) is the number that is after thirty-nine and before forty-one.\nThe prime factors of forty are 2 and 5. (2 * 2 * 2 * 5 = 40)\nForty is also the only number in the English language which is spelt in alphabetical order.\nThe Bible.\nIn the Judeo-Christian Bible, the number forty has special meaning. The Jews wandered in a desert for forty years, there was a forty-day and forty-night rainstorm, and other instances.\nFactors of 40.\nThe factors of 40 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20 and 40."}
+{"id": "24058", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24058", "title": "70 (number)", "text": "Seventy is the number that is after sixty-nine and before seventy-one.\nThe prime factors of seventy are 2, 5, and 7. (2 * 5 * 7 = 70)"}
+{"id": "24060", "revid": "10447427", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24060", "title": "Gas giant", "text": "A gas giant is a giant planet that has a solid core, but a very thick atmosphere. This means that most of the planet is made up of gas. These planets are very large. The main components are hydrogen and helium.\nSolar System.\nIn our Solar System, there are formally four gas giants: Jupiter and Saturn are mainly composed of hydrogen, helium, and neon, however Uranus, and Neptune are formally or not included here, they are also called ice giants of formal form.\nJupiter and Saturn.\nJupiter and Saturn are similar as they are made up of mostly hydrogen and helium. They both contain massive, rocky cores that are bigger than Earth. Neptune and Uranus are similar as they are mainly made up of ice and rock, a mixture of one or several minerals. Gas giants have also been found around other stars than the sun. Most of those giant extrasolar planets are \"hot giants\" orbiting close to their star."}
+{"id": "24065", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24065", "title": "North Vietnam", "text": "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, () also known as North Vietnam was a country in Asia. It existed from 1954 to 1976 and its capital was Hanoi. It was led by the Communist Party of Vietnam. It was proclaimed by President Ho Chi Minh on September 2, 1945.\nVietnam War.\nThe Vietnam War was a war in Vietnam. It lasted from 1955 to 1975. North Vietnam fought against South Vietnam. The United States helped South Vietnam, while China and the Soviet Union helped North Vietnam. The war caused a lot of damage. In the end, North Vietnam won, and the country became one again. Many people suffered because of the war."}
+{"id": "24068", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24068", "title": "Set theory", "text": "Set theory is the study of sets in mathematics. Sets are collections of objects. We refer to these objects as \"elements\" or \"members\" of the set. To write a set, one wraps the numbers in {curly brackets}, and separates them with commas. For example. the set formula_1 holds 1, 2, and 3. Sets are also often referred to using capital roman letters such as formula_2, formula_3, formula_4.\nThere are three methods one can use to describe a set: Description method, Roster method (tabular form) and Rule method (set builder form).\nHistory.\nSet theory was created around 1874 by Georg Cantor. It had to be made better because collections of objects can cause problems if we work with them without explaining them better. Russell's paradox was one of the problems. Think about the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. If it were inside itself, then the rule which defines it would mean that it is \"not\" inside itself. But, if it were not inside itself, then the rule which defines it would mean that it \"is\" inside itself. This was a serious problem, and it meant that the old set theory was broken.\nIt was improved by people including Zermelo and Bertrand Russell.\nTheory.\nSet theory begins by giving some examples of things that are sets. Then it gives rules in which you can make other sets from the already known sets. Collections of objects that are not sets are called (proper) classes. It is possible to do mathematics using only sets, rather than classes, so that the problems that classes cause in mathematics do not occur.\nA binary relation between two sets is the subset relation, also called \"set inclusion\". If all the members of set formula_2 are also members of set formula_3, then formula_2 is a \"subset\" of formula_3, marking formula_14. For example, formula_15 is a subset of formula_1, but formula_17 is not. From this example, it is clear that a set is a subset of itself. In cases where one wishes not to have this, the term \"proper subset\" is meant not to have this possibility.\nThe self-considering objects in set theory was considered too, with some example numbers being 1={1}, 2={1, 2}, 3={1, 2, 3} and so on."}
+{"id": "24069", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24069", "title": "Bangor", "text": "Bangor is a city name found in several countries."}
+{"id": "24079", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24079", "title": "Demo (music)", "text": "A demo, in music, is the first version of a song or album.\nIt can also refer to an album made by the band as a \"sample\" in hopes of getting a contract with a record label."}
+{"id": "24087", "revid": "10123603", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24087", "title": "Breton language", "text": "Breton (\"\" in Breton) is a Celtic language that is spoken in Brittany, in the north-west of France. Breton is closely related to Welsh, which is spoken in Wales, and to Cornish, which is spoken in Cornwall, in south-western Great Britain. All of them are Brythonic languages.\nBreton is less closely related to the Goidelic languages of Scottish Gaelic, which is spoken in Scotland; Irish, which is spoken in Ireland; and Manx, which is spoken on the Isle of Man.\nBreton has about 240,000 speakers,111 but that number is falling very quickly because the French government has a policy of using French. As such, Breton is considered to be an endangered language.\nExample.\nArticle 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights"}
+{"id": "24088", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24088", "title": "Celtic languages", "text": "The Celtic languages are a language family of the Indo-European languages. They were once more widespread among the Celts. Six Celtic languages are still spoken today in north-western Europe. They are divided into two groups: the Goidelic (or Gaelic) languages and the Brythonic (or British) languages. \nThe three Goidelic languages that are still spoken are Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx. Scottish Gaelic is the main language spoken in parts of north-eastern Scotland. Irish is the main language spoken in the Gaeltacht, in Ireland. Manx is spoken mainly by people interested in the language but used to be spoken on the Isle of Man.\nThe three Brythonic languages that are still spoken are Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Cornish became extinct in the 18th century, but some people have started to speak it again in Cornwall, in north-western Great Britain. Welsh is spoken everywhere throughout Wales, but it is the first language for people mainly in the north and the west of Wales, in the area that some people call the \"Bro Gymraeg.\" Breton is spoken mainly in western Brittany and is the only Celtic language that is not spoken mainly on the British Isles. Because Brittany is part of France, the language is in danger of becoming extinct, just like Cornish, and efforts are ongoing to prevent that from happening.\nScottish Gaelic also has a native community of speakers in Canada, where it was once widely spoken, especially in Nova Scotia, and there are Welsh-speakers in Patagonia, Argentina."}
+{"id": "24091", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24091", "title": "Salem, Tamil Nadu", "text": "Salem is a district capital and major city in Tamil Nadu, in India. It is known for its steel plants, factories which make steel.\nSalem online yellow pages Directory "}
+{"id": "24096", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24096", "title": "Hunger strike", "text": "A hunger strike is a way that people protest by not eating. Many people have done this to get people's attention, especially the attention of leaders.\nSometimes, hunger strikes are done by people who are in prison. In this case, the hunger strikes are sometimes ended by force feeding, when the prisoners are fed against their will through a feeding tube."}
+{"id": "24099", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24099", "title": "Hermitage Museum", "text": "The Hermitage Museum (\u042d\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0436) in St. Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest and oldest art galleries and museums of human history and culture in the world. The vast Hermitage collections are displayed in six buildings, founded by Catherine II of Russia in 1764 and opened in public since 1852. The main building is the Winter Palace. This was the official residence of the Russian Tsars. \nCollections.\nStrong points of the Hermitage collection of Western art include Michelangelo, Giambattista Pittoni, Leonardo da Vinci, Rubens, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, Poussin, Claude Lorraine, Watteau, Tiepolo, Canaletto, Canova, Rodin, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, C\u00e9zanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Picasso, and Matisse. There are several more collections. Among the collections are the Russian imperial regalia, an assortment of Faberge jewellery, and the largest existing collection of ancient gold from Eastern Europe and Western Asia.\nCats.\nSome cats lives on the museum grounds. They are named the Hermitage cats. They are an added attraction for tourists."}
+{"id": "24103", "revid": "311545", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24103", "title": "Dirt", "text": "Dirt may refer to:"}
+{"id": "24106", "revid": "10442423", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24106", "title": "Boeing 747", "text": "The Boeing 747 is a jet airliner developed by Boeing in 1969. It was made by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, and production ended in 2022.\nThe Boeing 747 has more than one aisle, which means it is a wide-body aircraft. It is often called the \"Jumbo Jet\" or \"Queen of the Skies\". The Boeing 747 is one of the easiest planes in the world to recognize. It was the first wide-body aircraft ever made. The first type of 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707. The Boeing 747 made its first flight for an airline in 1970. The 747 could carry more people than any other aircraft for 37 years, until the Airbus A380 was made.\nThe 747 is a double deck plane. It can carry people, cargo and many other things. Boeing designed the 747's upper deck to be a first class lounge or just extra seats. They also designed the upper deck so that the aircraft could be changed into a cargo plane easily. This was done by removing seats and putting in a cargo door at the front of the plane. Boeing did this because they thought that supersonic airliners would become much more popular than the 747 and other subsonic airliners. However, they thought that subsonic cargo planes would always be popular. It was thought that the 747 would become unpopular after 400 were sold. However, 1,000 planes had been made by 1993, so it stayed popular. By September 2012, 1,448 aircraft had been built. 81 747-8s were still waiting to be built.\nThe 747-400 is one of the fastest airliners being used today. It usually flies at Mach 0.85\u20130.855 (up to ). It can fly for 7,260\u00a0nautical miles (8,350\u00a0mi or 13,450\u00a0km). The last version of the 747, the 747\u20138, ended being made in December 2022.\nThe 747 will be replaced by the Boeing Y3 (part of the Boeing Yellowstone Project) eventually.\nDevelopment.\nBackground.\nIn 1963, the United States Air Force began to look for a very big plane to transport things. At that time, they were using the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter. However, the Air Force thought that a much bigger plane which could carry more cargo was needed. The Air Force called the big plane the CX-Heavy Logistics System (CX-HLS). It needed to be able to carry of cargo and travel at Mach 0.75 (). It also had to be able to fly for while carrying of cargo. The cargo bay had to be wide, high and long. There had to be doors for the bay at the front and the back of the plane.\nThe Air Force also wanted the plane to have only four engines. This meant that new engines had to be made. On May 18, 1964, Boeing, Douglas, General Dynamics, Lockheed and Martin Marietta designed a plane. General Electric, Curtiss-Wright and Pratt & Whitney designed the engines. The Air Force liked Boeing, Douglas and Lockheed's designs. They also liked General Electric and Pratt & Whitney's engine designs.\nIn 1965, Lockheed's plane and General Electric's engines were used for the C-5 Galaxy. At that time, it was the biggest military cargo plane in the world.\nAirliner.\nThe idea for the 747 was thought of in the 1960s. Jets like the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 had made it easy to travel long distances. Juan Trippe from Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), asked Boeing to build a plane which was more than two times bigger than the Boeing 707. At this time, airports were very busy. Trippe thought that a big plane could help make them quieter.\nIn 1965, Joe Sutter was told to design this new plane. It was called the 747. Sutter asked Pan Am and other airlines what they would like from the plane. At the time, it was thought that supersonic aircraft would replace the 747. Because of this, Boeing made the 747 so that it could easily be turned into a cargo plane if the passenger version became less popular.\nIn April 1966, Pan Am bought 25 747-100 planes. The order cost US$525\u00a0million. Since Pan Am was the launch customer, Pan Am had a big say in the design and making of the 747. No other airline before then or since then has been able to have so much influence over a plane.\nDesigning.\nThe design that Boeing made for the Air Force in 1963 was not used for the 747. However, Boeing made some new things for the Air Force which were used in the 747. The first design had two full decks. However, in 1966, this was changed to only one deck. The cockpit was put above the deck, which made a \"bulge\". There was a small space behind the cockpit which people could sit in. At first, it was a \"lounge\" area with no seats.\nPlanes as big as the 747 needed high-bypass turbofan engines. High-bypass turbofans can produce twice the power of turbojets, and also use a lot less fuel. General Electric made the first of these engines. However, it was making the engines for the C-5 Galaxy. It did not make engines for airliners until later. Pratt & Whitney was also working on this type of engine. In 1966, Boeing, Pan Am and Pratt & Whitney designed a new engine, the JT9D, for the 747.\nBoeing used some special devices to make the plane make more lift. This was done so that the 747 could take off from shorter runways. The 747 has a lot of flaps on the wing. The flaps make the wings bigger by 21 percent. They also make 90 percent more lift when they are used.\nBoeing tried to give the 747 to Pan Am by the end of 1969. This meant that Boeing only had 28 months to design the aircraft. The people who worked on the 747 had the nickname \"The Incredibles\".\nFactory.\nBoeing did not have a factory big enough to make the new plane. Boeing thought about putting their factory in 50 different cities. They eventually decided to build their factory in Seattle, near Everett, Washington. Boeing bought the factory in June 1966.\nDesigning the 747 was very difficult. Building its factory was also not easy. Boeing's president, William M. Allen, asked Malcolm T. Stamper to be in charge of the building of the Everett factory. He was also asked to begin building the 747. The factory is the biggest building ever built (by volume). It has been made bigger many times so that Boeing can build even bigger planes.\nDevelopment and testing.\nBefore the first 747 was put together, parts and systems were being tested. In one important test, 560 volunteers evacuated a replica of a 747 cabin using the emergency chutes. The first evacuation took two and a half minutes. However, the FAA says that the maximum time for an evacuation is 90\u00a0seconds. Many of the volunteers were hurt. More evacuations happened, and they eventually reached the 90\u00a0seconds. However, they also caused a lot of injuries. Evacuating from the top deck of the plane was difficult. Instead of using the usual slides, the volunteers had to leave the plane using a harness. The plane's taxiing also had to be tested. Boeing made \"Waddell's Wagon\" (named after a 747 test pilot, Jack Waddell) to train the pilots. \"Waddell's Wagon\" was a replica of a 747 cockpit which was put on the roof of a truck. This helped pilots to learn how to taxi the plane.\nOn September 30, 1968, the first 747 was finished. People from the 26 airlines that had ordered the 747 were also there. The 747 first flew on February 9, 1969. Its pilots were Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle. There was a small problem with the flaps, but the 747 handled well.\nThe testing was delayed because of some problems with the JT9D engines. For example, the engines stalled if the throttles were moved too quickly. This meant that 747s could not be delivered for many more months. 20 planes were stuck at the factory while they were waiting on engines. On December 13, 1969 the test plane was being taken to have some changes made to it. The pilot, Ralph C. Cokely landed too early and did not reach the runway. One of the landing gears was ripped off, and two of the engines were damaged. However, Boeing took the 747 to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969. There, the public saw the 747 for the first time.\nDesigning the 747 and building the new factory cost a lot of money. This meant that Boeing had to borrow a lot of money from a bank. Just before the first aircraft was finished, Boeing had to keep asking for more money. If Boeing was not given this money, the company could have collapsed. Boeing was in over $2 billion in debt. Allen said, \"It was really too large a project for us.\" However, the 747 program was a success. Boeing was the only company to make very big planes for many years.\nUse by airlines.\nThe very first time a 747 was used by an airline was on January 22, 1970. Pan Am used it to fly from New York to London. The flight was supposed to happen on the evening of January 21. However, the engines on the aircraft overheated. Pan Am had to find another plane, which took six hours.\nThe 747 did quite well when it first began to be used. Some people thought that airports would not be able to handle such a big plane. However, they could. There were some problems, but they were quite small and they were fixed quickly. After Pan Am began to use the plane, other airlines began to use their 747s. Boeing thought that a lot of 747s would be sold because airlines wanted a plane which could fly for a long time, not because it was so big.\nThe recession of 1969-1970 was very bad for Boeing. For over a year after September 1970, it only sold two 747s. None were sold to an American airline for over three years. Some airlines did not have enough passengers to fly the 747. Therefore, they replaced them with the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. American Airlines eventually only used its 747s to carry cargo. In 1983, AA gave its 747s to Pan Am. Pan Am gave American Airlines some smaller planes. Delta Air Lines also stopped using its 747s after many years. Delta would later merge with Northwest Airlines, which operates 747s.\nFlights which landed in smaller cities became quite usual in the 1980s. This was bad for the 747. However, many airlines still used the 747 to fly across the Pacific.\nUpgrades made to the 747.\nThe first type of 747 was called the 747\u2013100. After this, Boeing made the , which has a higher MTOW (maximum takeoff weight), and the (Short Range). The -100SR could carry more passengers. A higher MTOW means that the plane can carry more fuel and fly further. In 1971, Boeing made the . It had better engines and a higher MTOW. Airliner and cargo versions of the were made. The 747SP (special performance) was also made. It began being used in 1976.\nIn 1980, Boeing made the 747\u2013300. The first 747-300 was made in 1983. Its upper deck was longer, it flew faster and it could hold more passengers. The \u2212300 was first called the 747SUD for \"stretched upper deck\". Then it was called the 747-200 SUD, then the 747EUD, and finally it was called the 747\u2013300.\nIn 1985, Boeing began to design the 747-400. This type has a glass cockpit. This meant that only two people were needed in the cockpit. It also had new engines and a new cabin. The workers who made the 747-400 were not very experienced and Boeing wanted them to work for longer than they needed to. This meant that there were some problems with the first 747-400s. The \u2212400 began being used by airlines in 1989.\nIn 1991, 1,087 passengers were taken to Israel on a 747. This was a part of Operation Solomon. The Antonov An-225 cargo transport is the world's biggest plane. The Hughes H-4 Hercules has the biggest wingspan, but it only flew once.\nMore developments.\nSince the 747-400 was made, many more types of 747 have been suggested. Boeing said that they would make the 747-500X and in 1996. These new planes would have cost more than US$5\u00a0billion to design and make. Airlines did not like it enough, so Boeing decided not to make the planes. In 2000, Boeing said it would make a 747X to rival the Airbus A3XX. However, airlines did not like the 747X enough, so it was cancelled. A year later, Boeing began concentrating on the Sonic Cruiser. The Sonic Cruiser was stopped, so Boeing then focused on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Some of the ideas that Boeing had for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER.\nIn 2004, Boeing said that it might work on the 747 Advanced. Boeing decided to go ahead with this. The 747 Advanced used some things from the 787 to make the 747's design more modern. The 747 was the world's biggest passenger plane until the Airbus A380 was finished in 2007.\nOn November 14, 2005, Boeing said it had changed the name of the 747 Advanced to the Boeing 747-8. The last 747-400s were made in 2009. On February 8, 2010, the 747-8 Freighter made its first flight. Cargolux got the first 747\u20138 in 2011. Eventually, the 747 will be replaced by \"Y3\".\nDesign.\nThe Boeing 747 is a big, wide-body airliner. It has four engines on the wings, and the wings are swept at 37.5 degrees, so the 747 can fly very fast. The sweep also means that the 747 does not need any special hangars.\nSince the cockpit is above the main deck, it makes a \"hump\", and because it is so high, the plane can have a cargo door installed at the front.\nThe 747-100 can fly for 5,300\u00a0nautical miles (6,100\u00a0mi, 9,800\u00a0km), and the 747-8i can fly for 8,000\u00a0nmi (9,200\u00a0mi, 14,815\u00a0km).\nThe 747 has special flaps, which allow the 747 to fly slowly and land on normal runways. A 747 can carry a fifth engine on the wing, but it cannot be used.\nTypes of Boeing 747.\nThe 747-100 was the very first type of 747, which was made in 1966. The 747\u2013200, the next version, was made in 1968. The 747-300 was made in 1980 and the 747-400 was made in 1985. The newest version, the 747\u20138, was announced in 2005. These types also have smaller sub-types. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) names these planes by combining the model number of the plane with its type number. For example, the 747-100 is \"B741\" and the 747-400 is \"B744\".\n747-100.\nThe first 747-100s had six windows on the upper deck. Later, airlines began to use the upper deck to hold more people instead of using it as a lounge. Boeing then made an upper deck with ten windows. Some \u2212100s had the new ten-window upper deck installed after the plane was made (retrofitted). The \u2212100 had Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines. Boeing did not make a freighter version of the 747\u2013100, but some airlines have turned some 747-100s into freighters. 167 747-100s were made.\n747-100SR.\nAfter Japanese airlines requested an aircraft to fly routes between major cities in Japan, Boeing produced the -100SR. This model flies shorter distances, but is able to carry more passengers. The first -100SR started flying with Japan Air Lines (JAL) on October 7, 1973. The -100SR had four General Electric CF6-45A2 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A engines. A total of 7 -100SR were produced.\nLater, Boeing designed a type of -100SR with the ability of taking off with greater weight. This was the -100BSR. It was first delivered to All Nippon Airways (ANA) on December 21, 1978. 20 -100BSR were delivered to JAL and ANA.\nIn 1986, 2 -100BSR with stretched upper deck (SUD) from the -300 series were delivered to JAL. It was the last -100SR/BSR ever built. The last delivery was to JAL, in September 1986. There were a total of 29 -100SR/BSR made.\n747SP.\nThe 747SP (SP means special performance) is designed as Pan Am and Iran Air both wanted a wide-body plane that can fly long distances; from New York to the Middle East (for Pan Am) and Tehran to New York (for Iran Air). The first 747SP was produced on May 19, 1975. Its first flight was on July 4. On this flight, it flew at a top speed of Mach 0.92 (). It started flying people on April 25, 1976, after being delivered on March 5. Now, it is not often used. A total of 45 747SP were made and used by airlines like Qantas, China Airlines, Air China, and South African Airways.\n747-200.\nAfter the -100 were made, Boeing started making -200. The -200 has a longer range, but still carries the same number of people. This is because airlines said the -100 could not fly long distances. The -200 is made in passenger type (-200B), freighter type (-200F), Combi type (A plane that carries both cargo and people; -200M) and convertible type (a plane that can be easily changed to carry cargo; -200C).\nThe first -200B was finished on September 10, 1970 before its first flight on October 11 and finally, it started being used by KLM. Boeing then started making the other types of -200. The -200F first flight was on November 30, 1971, 7 days after it was finished. It was then delivered to Lufthansa.\nThe -200C first flew on March 23, 1973 before being delivered to World Airways in May the same year. Finally, the -200M had its first flight on November 11, 1974 before being delivered to Air Canada.\nThere was a total of 393 -200 series ever made, which includes 225 -200B, 78 -200M, 73 -200F, 13 -200C and 4 military.\n747-300.\nThe 747-300 is a stretched upper deck version of the 747\u2013200. It was designed to fit more passengers on the upper deck. The 747-300 also has updated General Electric CF6-80C2 engines. Otherwise, there are not many differences between the 747-200 and 747\u2013300. The 747-300 has a length of 231\u00a0feet 10\u00a0inches and a wingspan of 195\u00a0feet 8\u00a0inches.\n747-400.\nThe 747-400 was the next-generation Boeing 747 introduced in 1989. It is the best-selling variant of the Boeing 747. It includes improvements over the 747-300 including new engines, and new winglets, which improve fuel efficiency. Its length is the same as the 747-300 but the wingspan has been increased to 211\u00a0feet 5\u00a0inches. The 747-400 retains the same longer upper deck as the 747-300 (excluding freighter versions), and came in six variants: the 747\u2013400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and the 747-400ERF.\n747-8.\nThe last variant of the Boeing 747 was announced in 2005 and released in 2011. It includes a longer stretched upper deck, a new Boeing Sky Interior, an updated flight deck, new wings based on ones from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and new GEnx turbofan engines. It totals 250\u00a0feet in length, making it the longest commercial passenger jet ever built. The 747-8 comes in two variants: 747-8I and 747-8F (freighter)."}
+{"id": "24107", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24107", "title": "Bosnia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24108", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24108", "title": "1081", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24109", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24109", "title": "Richard Trevithick", "text": "Richard Trevithick (13 April 1771 - 22 April 1833) was a Cornish inventor and engineer. He is best known for making the first working steam locomotive. However, it was designed to be a road vehicle, not a railroad one.\nTrevithick was from the heart of a big mining area in Cornwall, U.K. His parents were Richard Trevithick (1735-1797) and Ann Teague (d. 1810.) In 1797, Trevithick married Jane Harvey. He died of pneumonia in 1833."}
+{"id": "24110", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24110", "title": "Wasilla, Alaska", "text": "Wasilla is a small city in the U.S. state of Alaska, about 43 miles from Anchorage. It is one of the ten largest cities in Alaska. Sarah Palin was once mayor and owns a house with her family there.\nThe city's population was 9,054 at the 2020 census."}
+{"id": "24111", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24111", "title": "Rantoul, Illinois", "text": "Rantoul is a village in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Almost 12,000 people were living in Rantoul as of 2020. Rantoul has an area of 8.6 square miles."}
+{"id": "24112", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24112", "title": "Winter Springs, Florida", "text": "Winter Springs is a city in Florida. It is sometimes considered a suburb of Orlando.\nGeography.\nWinter Springs has a total area of 15 square miles."}
+{"id": "24113", "revid": "1572824", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24113", "title": "Fredericton, New Brunswick", "text": "Fredericton is the capital city of New Brunswick, Canada. It is filled with rich history. Fredericton is on the Saint John River. There is a playhouse. There are scenic walking trails. Frederiction is the capital of New Brunswick. The population of Fredericton was 63,116 at the 2021 census.\nFredericton is known as a cultural and artistic city in New Brunswick. The city hosts an annual Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival which attracts both regional as well as international jazz, blues, rock, and world musicians."}
+{"id": "24115", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24115", "title": "Clearwater, Florida", "text": "Clearwater is a city in Florida, it is in the Tampa Bay area. It is the county seat of Pinellas County.\nThe first Hooters restaurant opened here in 1984. The Church of Scientology's international headquarters is also in the city."}
+{"id": "24122", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24122", "title": "Dancing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24123", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24123", "title": "Dancer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24124", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24124", "title": "Dancers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24125", "revid": "1275011", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24125", "title": "Jordanhill railway station", "text": "Jordanhill railway station is in a suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. It is a station where passenger trains stop on the First ScotRail railway line. The station opened on August 1, 1887 as part of a different railway line.\nOn March 2, 2006, a new article on the Jordanhill railway station became English Wikipedia's one-millionth article."}
+{"id": "24126", "revid": "2851", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24126", "title": "Jordanhill station", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24127", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24127", "title": "Deep House", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24137", "revid": "1671926", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24137", "title": "Googolplex", "text": "A googolplex is the number 10googol, equivalent to 1010100 or 10 or \nLike the number \"googol\", \"googolplex\" was thought of by Milton Sirotta, the nephew of mathematician Edward Kasner.\nThe company Google named their headquarters, the Googleplex, after the number.\nA googolplexplex / goggolplexian / goggolduplex / goggolplexsquared is a 1 followed by a Googolplex amount of zeros which is 10googolplex (101010100 ).\nA goggolplexianth is represented as 10^googolplexian"}
+{"id": "24140", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24140", "title": "Johann Gutenberg", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24141", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24141", "title": "Flint", "text": "Flint, or flintstone, is a kind of sedimentary rock, made of silica.\nBands of flint are found embedded in chalk and other kinds of soft limestone. \nWhen the chalk is eroded, the hard flint nodules survive as pebbles on a shingle beach. It may happen that the pebbles later get cemented into another rock, such as a puddingstone. In this way, they make up a sedimentary rock for the second time.\nTechnical description.\nFlint is a cryptocrystalline (means you can't see the crystals) form of the mineral quartz. It is a variety of chert. It occurs as a line of knobbly masses in chalk and some limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually translucent, and can be various colours. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture.\nUses.\nFlintstones often have a rough lumpy surface but when they are broken, they look like dark glass. It has been one of the most useful types of stone to humankind.\nFlint was used by hominins for over three million years. Stone tools found at Lake Turkana in Kenya, are dated as 3.3 million years old. This predates the genus \"Homo\" by half a million years. The oldest known \"Homo\" fossil is 2.8 million years old compared to the 3.3 million year old stone tools.\nWhen flintstones are broken, they have a sharp edge which could be used as a knife, or a scraper. When flint and an iron-containing material such as pyrite or steel are hit together, they can make a spark. For many centuries, flint was one of the main ways for people in many countries to make fire. People would carry a little box called a \"tinder box\" which had some tinder along with flint and pyrite or steel. The tinder was used to catch the spark and start a fire. Tinder could be sawdust, cloth, grass or bark. Flints were later used to make a spark to fire a gun. A gun that used flint was called a \"flintlock\" gun.\nFlintstones are used in some countries for building. In England the flintstones used for building were often \"knapped\" which means they were broken to show the inside, like the stones used for the tower of Long Melford Church (below). This gave a better finish to the building that the dull knobbly stones would have made."}
+{"id": "24144", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24144", "title": "Flintstone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24147", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24147", "title": "Valley Center, California", "text": "Valley Center is a census-designated place in San Diego County, California. It has a population of 10,087 people."}
+{"id": "24148", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24148", "title": "Newbridge, County Kildare", "text": "Newbridge (Droichead Nua in Gaelic) is a town in County Kildare, Republic of Ireland. It is the second largest town in Kildare."}
+{"id": "24149", "revid": "1660488", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24149", "title": "Anaheim, California", "text": "Anaheim is a city in the United States. It was founded by German immigrants in 1857. It is the home of Disneyland, and two professional sports teams, The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (baseball) and the Anaheim Ducks (ice hockey)."}
+{"id": "24150", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24150", "title": "Chair", "text": "A Chair is a piece of furniture that is usually made out of wood or plastic. It can also be made out of fabric, metal, wool, and stone. There can be different variants of chairs like stools, rocking chairs, gaming chairs, folding chairs, and armchairs. There are also wide variety of chairs, those with fabric are often called sofas, or couches, while those many without fabric are often referred to as benches. There are also less conventional chairs such as bean bag chairs and swinging chairs. Some of these chairs can be made out of many materials, not just fabric, metal, or wood. They can also be made out of leather, usually found in cars. "}
+{"id": "24151", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24151", "title": "1163", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24153", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24153", "title": "Hercules", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24154", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24154", "title": "Navigation", "text": "Navigation is the methods used to learn where someone is and how to go to another place. Since this is easy when landmarks are visible, the word is often limited to the methods ships or aircraft use. The word \"navigation\" was invented in the 15th century from the Latin word \"navis\" which means \"ship\" and is found in other Indo-European languages. Navigation is literally \"art of ship mastery\" but is also used for 'finding one's way'. The Global Positioning System is the main tool for it.\nSimple navigation.\nOne type of navigation was made by the Polynesians and is called Polynesian navigation. Polynesians used different things found all around them to find their way across large areas of open ocean. Other early people also learned how to travel large distances using the natural world. For example:\nAn example of people who used the stars were the Vikings. They knew that the star called Polaris (the North Star) does not change location and points to the north. They would then know the latitude (distance from the equator), by measuring the angle between Polaris and the horizon. They also used animals, especially birds, to know if land was nearby. They also knew that specific kind of clouds form near land and that waves are different near land than at high seas.\nMedieval navigation.\nAs time went by better methods of navigation were invented or discovered. Some of these methods are:"}
+{"id": "24155", "revid": "1689391", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24155", "title": "Hercules (1997 movie)", "text": "Hercules is a 1997 American animated musical fantasy comedy movie produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. It is loosely based on the legendary hero Heracles (known in the film by his Roman name, Hercules), a son of Zeus in Greek mythology. The film was directed by John Musker and Ralph Farquhar, both of whom also produced the film with Alice Dewey. The screenplay was written by Irene Mecchi & Donald McEnery, and Shirley Pierce, Featuring the voices of Tate Donovan, Danny DeVito, James Woods, and Susan Egan, the film follows the titular Hercules, a demigod with super-strength raised among mortals, who must learn to become a true hero in order to earn back his godhood and place in Mount Olympus, while his evil uncle Hades plots his downfall.\nDevelopment of \"Hercules\" began in 1991 following a pitch adaptation of the Heracles mythological stories by animator Joe Haidar. Meanwhile, Farquhar and Musker re-developed their idea for \"Treasure Planet\" (2002) following the critical and commercial success of \"The Little Mermaid\" (1992). Their project was removed from development in 1993, and Musker and Clements joined \"Hercules\" later that same year. Following an unused treatment by Haidar, Farquhar and Musker studied multiple interpretations of Greek mythology before abandoning Zeus's adulterous affair with Alcmene. The project underwent multiple story treatments and a first script draft was inspired by the [[epic] films of the [[Classical Hollywood cinema|classic Hollywood era]] and popular culture of the 1990s. During production, McEnery, Pierce, and Allers, Tyree, Mecchi were brought on board to revise Musker and Clements' script. British cartoonist [[Gerald Scarfe]] was recruited as production designer and produced over seven hundred visualization designs of the characters. Research trips to [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] provided inspiration for the background designs. Animation for the film was done in California and Paris. [[Computer animation]] was used in several scenes, predominantly in the Hydra battle sequence. The production budget was $85 million.\nPlot.\nIn [[Ancient Greece]], the gods [[Zeus]] and [[Hera]] have a son named [[Hercules (Disney character)|Hercules]]. While the other gods are joyful, Zeus' wicked brother [[Hades (Disney)|Hades]] plots to overthrow Zeus and rule [[Mount Olympus]]. Through [[List of Disney's Hercules characters#Other Greek myths|the Fates]], Hades learns that in eighteen years, a [[Syzygy (astronomy)|planetary alignment]] will allow him to free the [[Titans]] to conquer Olympus, but only if Hercules does not interfere. Hades sends his minions, [[Pain and Panic]], to murder Hercules, providing them with a potion that can strip a god of immortality. The two kidnap the baby and feed him the potion, but a married farmer couple pass nearby, causing the demons to flee before Hercules could drink every last drop; therefore he is only stripped of immortality but retains his god-like strength. The couple adopt Hercules and Pain and Panic decide not to report their failure to Hades.\nYears later, the teenage Hercules becomes an outcast for his inability to control his strength. Wondering about his origins, he decides to visit the [[Temple of Zeus, Olympia|Temple of Zeus]] for answers. There, a [[statue of Zeus]] comes to life and reveals all to Hercules, telling him that he can earn back his godhood by becoming a \"true hero.\" Zeus sends Hercules and his forgotten childhood friend [[List of Disney's Hercules characters#Pegasus|Pegasus]] to the [[satyr]] [[List of Disney's Hercules characters#Phil|Philoctetes]] (\"Phil\") who is known for training heroes. After completing the training, Phil and Hercules travel to [[Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)|Thebes]], so he can prove himself there as a hero. On the way, they meet [[Megara (Disney character)|Megara]] (\"Meg\"), a sarcastic damsel whom Hercules saves from the centaur [[Nessus (mythology)|Nessus]]. Unbeknownst to Hercules, Meg is Hades' slave due to selling her soul to him to save her boyfriend, who eventually left her for another woman. When Meg mentions Hercules to Hades, he realizes Pain and Panic's failure and plots to finish off Hercules properly.\nHades stages an accident with the disguised Pain and Panic to lure Hercules into a fight with the [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]]. Hercules defeats the monster, earning the respect and admiration of the Thebans. He defeats many other monsters afterward, each of them sent by Hades, and becomes a celebrated hero. However, Zeus tells him that he is not yet a \"true\" hero but refuses to explain what that means. Saddened and frustrated, Hercules spends a day out with Meg, during which they fall in love with each other. Realizing this, Hades, on the eve of his takeover, holds Meg hostage and offers her freedom in exchange for Hercules surrendering his strength. On the condition that Meg will be unharmed, Hercules accepts but is heartbroken after learning that Meg was working for Hades all along.\nHades unleashes the Titans, who defeat the gods on Olympus, while the [[Cyclopes|Cyclops]] goes to Thebes to kill Hercules. Hercules uses his wits to defeat the Cyclops. During the battle, Meg is mortally injured while saving Hercules from a falling [[Column|pillar]]. This breaks Hades's deal, so Hercules regains his strength. Hercules and Pegasus fly to Olympus, free the gods and vanquish the Titans, but Meg dies from her injuries.\nTo recover Meg's soul, Hercules goes to the [[Greek underworld|underworld]] and risks his life by leaping into the [[River Styx]]. This act restores his godhood and immortality, so he is able to reach Meg's soul and climb out alive. Hercules punches Hades into the Styx, where he is dragged to its depths by vengeful souls. After reviving Meg, she and Hercules are summoned to Olympus, where Zeus and Hera welcome him home, saying he has proved himself a \"true hero\" through the \"strength of his heart\". However, rather than joining the gods, Hercules chooses to remain on Greece with Meg, and he deactivates his god powers to show this. Returning to Thebes, they watch Zeus form a [[Hercules (constellation)|constellation]] in Hercules' honor, much to Phil's happiness.\nCast.\nAdditionally, [[Tawatha Agee]], [[Jack Angel]], [[Shelton Becton]], [[Bob Bergen]], [[Rodger Bumpass]], [[Jennifer Darling]], [[Grey DeLisle]], [[Debi Derryberry]], [[Bill Farmer]], [[Milt Grayson]], [[Michael Lerner]], [[Sherry Lynn]], [[Mickie McGowan]], [[Laraine Newman]], [[Denise Pickering]], [[Phil Proctor]], [[Jan Rabson]], [[Riley Steiner]], [[Fonzi Thornton|Alfonzo Thornton]], [[Brian Tochi]], [[Erik von Detten]], [[Frank Welker]], [[Billy West]], [[Samuel West]] and [[Ken Williams]] provided additional voices.\nProduction.\nDevelopment.\nIn early 1992, thirty artists, writers, and animators pitched their ideas for potential animated features, each given a limited time of two minutes. The first pitch was for an adaptation of \"[[The Odyssey]]\", which entered into production in the following summer. However, production on the film was abandoned because it was deemed too long, lacked central characters, and failed to translate into animated comedy. Animator Joe Haidar also suggested pitching a story from [[Greek mythology]], but thought his chances plummeted when work on \"The Odyssey\" was discontinued. Nervously, he produced a pitch sketch of [[Hercules]], and delivered a brief outline set during the [[Trojan War]] where both sides seek the title character for their secret weapon. Hercules makes a choice, without considering the consequences, though in the end, he learns humility and realizes that strength is not always the answer. With the pitching session concluded, \"Hercules\" was approved for development based on Haidar's page-and-a-half outline, but his involvement with the project went no further.\nIn November 1992, following the success of \"[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]\" (1992), directors [[Ron Clements]] and [[John Musker]] re-developed \"Treasure Planet\" up until fall 1993. \"Aladdin\" co-screenwriters [[Ted Elliott (screenwriter)|Ted Elliott]] and [[Terry Rossio]] subsequently took Clements and Musker's earlier ideas and wrote a [[Film treatment|treatment]]. [[Jeffrey Katzenberg]], who was the chairman of [[The Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]], disapproved of the project, and instead suggested they do an adaptation of \"[[A Princess of Mars]]\" (in which Disney had held the film rights to). Clements and Musker were uninterested in the adaptation, and the film rights were transferred to [[Paramount Pictures]] in 2002. Katzenberg later struck a deal with the directors to produce another commercially viable film before he would [[green-light]] \"Treasure Planet\". Turning down adaptation proposals for \"[[Don Quixote]]\", \"The Odyssey\", and \"[[Around the World in Eighty Days]]\", the directors were notified of Haidar's pitch for a \"Hercules\" feature. \"We thought it would be our opportunity to do a \"superhero\" movie,\" Musker said, \"Ron and I being comic book fans. The studio liked us moving onto that project and so we did [\"Hercules\"].\"\nWriting.\nWith \"Hercules\" in production, Clements and Musker conducted research and wrote extensive notes for the film. On excerpts detailed in November 1993, the similarities between their outlines included the na\u00efve title character caught between two worlds, a [[Danny DeVito]]-type sidekick, a world-wise heroine, and a powerful villain in a battle of idealism versus cynicism. The directors also sought inspiration from classic [[screwball comedy film]]s directed by [[Preston Sturges]] and [[Frank Capra]] with \"Hercules as the young [[James Stewart|Jimmy Stewart]] in \"[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]\",\" Musker explained, and \"Meg is modeled on [[Barbara Stanwyck]], especially the characters she played in \"[[The Lady Eve]]\" and \"[[Meet John Doe]]\".\"\nWhile preparing the script, Clements and Musker consulted the works of [[Thomas Bullfinch]], [[Edith Hamilton]], [[Robert Graves]], and other interpreters of Greek mythology until they reached the conclusion to not portray the traditional story of Hercules. Because Zeus sired Hercules outside of his marriage with [[Hera]], Clements remarked \"that illegitimacy would be difficult subject matter for a Disney movie. So [he and Musker] thought of different ways he could be half-man and half-god. [They] moved more toward making Hades the villain instead of Hera. The [[Greek underworld|Underworld]] seemed like such a fascinating, dark image; the contrast with [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]] seemed to have all kinds of visual possibilities.\" Additionally during their research, the directors were inspired by the correlation of the popularity of Hercules in comparison to that of sport athletes and celebrities in the contemporary era, with both stating Hercules was the [[Michael Jordan]] of his era.\nAfter multiple meetings and story conferences, Clements and Musker wrote several story treatments before proceeding to their first script draft. Comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw were recruited by creative executive Jane Healey to work on \"Hercules\". Meanwhile, their draft was concurrently rewritten by [[Irene Mecchi]], which altogether brought additional humor and definition to the script.\nCasting.\n[[Donny Osmond]] originally auditioned as the speaking voice of the title character, but was turned down because his voice was considered too deep. Osmond later earned a singing role in \"[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]\" (1998) instead. While writing the role of [[Philoctetes (Disney)|Philoctetes]], Musker and Clements envisioned [[Danny DeVito]] in the role, but DeVito declined to audition, so [[Ed Asner]], [[Ernest Borgnine]], and [[Dick Latessa]] were brought in to read for the part. After [[Red Buttons]] had auditioned, he left stating, \"I know what you're gonna do. You're gonna give this part to Danny Devito!\" Shortly after, the directors and producer Alice Dewey approached DeVito at a pasta lunch during the filming of \"[[Matilda (1996 film)|Matilda]]\" (1996), where DeVito signed on to the role.\nFor every Disney animated feature since \"[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]\" (1991), [[Susan Egan]] auditioned for a role, and then landed the role of [[Belle (Disney character)|Belle]] in the [[Beauty and the Beast (musical)|Broadway production]]. Upon learning about \"Hercules\", Egan actively pursued the role of Megara, though she revealed that \"Alan Menken initially blocked me from going after that part. He said that the female lead in \"Hercules\" was supposed to be this cynical smart-ass, sounding nothing at all like sweet, innocent Belle.\" Menken eventually relented and allowed Egan to audition for the role. Egan read for the part in front of a microphone while being videotaped as Menken, \"Beauty and the Beast\" musical director Michael Kosarin, and the filmmakers sat at a table with their eyes closed. Nine months following the results of the test animation synced with Egan's audition, Egan won the role. During production, Meg was originally given a ballad titled \"I Can't Believe My Heart\", but Ken Duncan, the supervising animator of Meg, pointed out the song was out of character for Meg. Menken and Zippel would later compose \"I Won't Say I'm in Love\" instead.\nThe casting of [[Hades (Disney)|Hades]] proved to be very problematic for Musker and Clements. When DeVito asked the directors who they had in mind to play Hades, Musker and Clements responded by saying they had not selected an appropriate actor. In response, DeVito blurted, \"Why don't you ask [[Jack Nicholson|Jack [Nicholson]]]?\" After DeVito notified Nicholson of the project, the next week, the studio was willing to pay Nicholson $500,000 for the role, but Nicholson demanded roughly a paycheck of $10\u201315\u00a0million, plus a 50 percent cut of all the proceeds from Hades merchandise. Unwilling to share merchandising proceeds with the actor, Disney came back with a counter offer that was significantly less than what Nicholson had asked for. Because of this, Nicholson decided to pass on the project.\nDisappointed by Nicholson's refusal, Clements and Musker eventually selected [[John Lithgow]] as Hades in fall 1994. After nine months of trying to make Lithgow's portrayal of Hades work, Lithgow was released from the role in August 1995. According to John Musker, [[Ron Silver]], [[James Coburn]], [[Kevin Spacey]], [[Phil Hartman]], and [[Rod Steiger]] arrived to the Disney studios to read as Hades. Musker also invited producer [[Robert Evans]] to read. Additionally, animator [[Nik Ranieri]] claimed [[Michael Ironside]], [[Terrence Mann]], and [[Martin Landau]] also auditioned for the role, and that Musker and Clements had reached out to [[Jerry Lewis]] to read for the role. When the directors invited [[James Woods]] to read for the part, they were surprised by Woods' interpretation, and he was hired by October 1995. Hades's co-henchman Pain was written with [[Bobcat Goldthwait]] in mind, although the actor confessed he still had to audition for the role despite playing himself.\nAnimation and design.\nIn 1993, Clements and Musker fondly remembered a \"[[Time (magazine)|Time]]\" magazine cover of [[the Beatles]], illustrated by English cartoonist [[Gerald Scarfe]]. While working as the production designer on a production of \"[[The Magic Flute]]\", Scarfe was invited to tour the Disney studios where Clements and Musker noticed a direct correlation between Scarfe's style and the Greek vase painting style. With the permission from the Disney studios, Scarfe was hired as production designer to produce a dozen drawings. Scarfe conducted minimal research, not wanting to be influenced by other interpretations where he sent thirty-two sketches via fax machine or courier, and ended up producing more than 700 drawings throughout production. By July 1995, Scarfe and fifteen animators and designers began developing working prototypes for every character in the movie. That same year, the filmmakers embarked on a research trip to [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] to research classic Greek mythology. Since Scarfe's style proved to be too fluid and chaotic for the animators, production stylist [[Sue Nichols]] created reference charts for the animators on which elements of Scarfe's style, as well as classical Greek illustration, to adapt into their work.\nAnimation began in early 1995 with a team of nearly 700 artists, animators, and technicians in [[Burbank, California]] while [[Animation studios owned by The Walt Disney Company#Disney Animation France|Walt Disney Animation France]] contributed nearly ten minutes of animation, including the finale with the Titans and Hercules' descent into the Underworld. [[Andreas Deja]], the supervising animator for Hercules, commented that the animation crew he worked with to animate Hercules was the \"largest [he] ever worked with\". He previously worked on other characters (like [[Gaston (Beauty and the Beast)|Gaston]] in \"[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]\", [[Jafar (Aladdin)|Jafar]] in \"[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]\", and [[Scar (The Lion King)|Scar]] in \"[[The Lion King]]\") with about four animators on his crew, but he had a team of twelve or thirteen for Hercules. Given Deja had worked with three villains before, he was first offered Hades, but asked to animate Hercules instead \u2013 \"I knew it would be more difficult and more challenging, but I just needed that experience to have that in your repertoire.\"\nFollowing the release of \"Pocahontas\" (1995), [[Eric Goldberg (animator)|Eric Goldberg]] was initially assigned to animate Hades when Jack Nicholson was thought to play the character. However, when Nicholson decided to pass on the role, Goldberg was not interested in animating the character anymore. Around the same time, [[Chris Buck]] was assigned to animate Philoctetes, but after he left the production of \"Hercules\", this left the character of Philoctetes without a supervising animator. Goldberg then decided to instead animate Philoctetes when DeVito signed onto the role noting his similarities with the actor in their short stature, baldness, and admittedly a little \"soft around the middle\". Throughout production, there were twenty-seven designs for the character, but the final design took inspiration from Grumpy in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937) and Bacchus in \"Fantasia\" (1940) in terms of their curmudgeonly personality and facial structure. For Hades, animator Nik Ranieri took inspiration from Scarfe's concept drawings and James Woods' mannerisms during the recording sessions. While Hades' body was drawn by hand, the animation of the hair was handled by the effects animators with input from Ranieri as to how it should move.\nFor the [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]], Scarfe provided preliminary drawings to give the mythical beast its requisite fangs and serpentine necks before work was transferred over to the computer animation team headed by Roger Gould. The Hydra was sculpted into a clay model where the dimensions were digitized into the computers as a [[wire-frame model]] by which the monster was animated. Early into production, the filmmakers decided the Hydra would ultimately have thirty heads by which the animators created one master head, and the computer could multiply the heads to their desired scale. Overall, thirteen animators and technical directors spent nearly a year-and-a-half creating the four-minute battle sequence. Additionally, because the directors envisioned Olympus as a city composed of clouds, painted backgrounds of clouds and cloud-like imagery were blended with drawn effects animation to create a morphing technique that were used for baby Hercules's cradle and Zeus's reclining chair.\nMusic.\nThe soundtrack for \"Hercules\" consists of music written by composer [[Alan Menken]] and lyricist [[David Zippel]], orchestrated by Daniel Troob and [[Michael Starobin]], with vocals performed by [[Lillias White]], [[LaChanze]], [[Roz Ryan]], [[Roger Bart]], [[Danny DeVito]], and [[Susan Egan]] among others. The album also includes the single version of \"[[Go the Distance]]\" by [[Michael Bolton]]. This was the last Disney Renaissance film for which Alan Menken composed music.\nOther websites.\n[[Category:Hercules (franchise)]]\n[[Category:1997 action comedy films]]\n[[Category:1997 American animated films]]\n[[Category:1997 children's films]]\n[[Category:1997 films]]\n[[Category:1990s children's animated films]]\n[[Category:1990s fantasy adventure films]]\n[[Category:1990s fantasy comedy films]]\n[[Category:1990s musical comedy films]]\n[[Category:1990s musical fantasy films]]\n[[Category:1990s English-language films]]\n[[Category:American action comedy films]]\n[[Category:American children's animated action films]]\n[[Category:American children's animated adventure films]]\n[[Category:American children's animated comedy films]]\n[[Category:American children's animated fantasy films]]\n[[Category:American children's animated musical films]]\n[[Category:American fantasy adventure films]]\n[[Category:American fantasy comedy films]]\n[[Category:American musical comedy films]]\n[[Category:American musical fantasy films]]\n[[Category:American animated feature films]]\n[[Category:American animated musical films]]\n[[Category:Animated films about music and musicians]]\n[[Category:Animated films based on classical mythology]]\n[[Category:Animated superhero films]]\n[[Category:Annie Award\u2013winning films]]\n[[Category:Fiction about deicide]]\n[[Category:Animated films about demons]]\n[[Category:Disney Renaissance]]\n[[Category:Films about Heracles]]\n[[Category:Films adapted into comics]]\n[[Category:Films adapted into plays]]\n[[Category:Films adapted into television shows]]\n[[Category:Films directed by John Musker]]\n[[Category:Films directed by Ralph Farquhar]]\n[[Category:Films produced by Alice Dewey]]\n[[Category:Films story by Don Hahn]]\n[[Category:Films scored by Hans Zimmer]]\n[[Category:Animated films set in ancient Greece]]\n[[Category:Films with story by Roger Allers]]\n[[Category:Films with screenplays by Irene Mecchi]]\n[[Category:Greek underworld in popular culture]]\n[[Category:Pegasus in popular culture]]\n[[Category:American superhero films]]\n[[Category:Sword and sorcery films]]\n[[Category:Walt Disney Animation Studios films]]\n[[Category:Films with story by Chris Webb]]\n[[Category:Hades]]\n[[Category:Animated films about father\u2013son relationships]]\n[[Category:English-language action comedy films]]\n[[Category:English-language musical fantasy films]]\n[[Category:English-language musical comedy films]]\n[[Category:English-language fantasy adventure films]]\n[[Category:English-language fantasy comedy films]]\n[[Category:1997 musical films]]"}
+{"id": "24156", "revid": "2851", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24156", "title": "Jordanhill Railway Station", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24157", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24157", "title": "The Karate Kid", "text": "The Karate Kid is a 1984 American drama movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat Morita. It tells the story of a boy named Daniel LaRusso who moves with his mother from New Jersey to Los Angeles, California. Daniel has trouble adjusting and is bullied by a teenager named Johnny Lawrence and his friends at his school. Mr. Miyagi (Morita), the mechanic from the apartment building Daniel lives in, teaches Daniel martial arts, so he can fight the bullies in a tournament. The movie was very successful and was compared to the boxing movie \"Rocky\". It was followed by three sequels: \"The Karate Kid Part II\", \"The Karate Kid Part III\", \"The Next Karate Kid\" and a remake in 2010."}
+{"id": "24159", "revid": "10249362", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24159", "title": "533", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24160", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24160", "title": "Mister Rogers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24161", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24161", "title": "Crazy Horse", "text": "Crazy Horse (born about 1838 \u2013 died September 5, 1877) was an Oglala Sioux Native American chief. There is a huge sculpture being carved of him in South Dakota, United States. \nWhen Crazy Horse was first born he was given the name 'Curly'. When he was young, he had a vision when he was not supposed to and his family did not know where he was. His father found him and was very unhappy at what young Curly had done.\nAs Crazy Horse grew into a man, he was given his father's name Crazy Horse. His father then changed his own name to Worm. \nCrazy Horse had good medicine, so he was never killed when he went into battle. He led his people to the Little Bighorn river in northern Montana to join forces with other Sioux bands like the Hunkpapa and Miniconjou, and with other tribes like the Cheyennes and Arapahos. There they fought General George Armstrong Custer, killing and defeating him and his many horsemen.\nEventually Crazy Horse made a tough decision to lead his people, the Oglalas, to a reservation because they were starving. Game was scarce and the bison (buffalo) were nearly gone. He had no choice but to leave the Black Hills. When he arrived at Fort Robinson, he was forced to give up his weapons and horses. This made him very unhappy. One day, even though he was granted time to go on a hunt, he was lied to and, trying to get away, he was stabbed in his liver and died later that night, thus ending the Great Sioux War.\n\"Once I moved about like the wind. Now I surrender to you and that is all\"\nQuote by Geronimo, Chief of the Apaches .\nThe Sioux Royal Family, the House of Thasunke Witko, are descendants of Crazy Horse. A queen, Queen Wakiyan, was elected Queen of the Kingdom of Lakota (in Sioux, \"Oglala Oyanke\") and of the Oglala Sioux, and tried to improve the economy at the Pine Ridge Reservation with creativity and imagination, and to bring the Sioux forward into modern times;however, a conspiracy of jealous chieftains who were both male chauvinists opposed to having a female leader and also a corrupt group of men jealous of their own power and who prefer to preside over the poverty of the Sioux People, ruthlessly trumped up false allegations in order to depose this good queen.\nAccording to Frederick Hoxie's 'Encyclopedia of North American Indians' Crazy Horse was the third in his male line of descent to bear the name of Crazy Horse, which in Oglala is Tasunke Witko. Tasunke Witko III was the son of Rattling Blanket Woman and Tasunke Witko II. He married three times: 1st to Black Buffalo Woman, 2nd to Black Shawl, and 3rd to Nellie Larrabee (Laravie). Only his second wife, Black Shawl, bore him any children: a daughter named They Are Afraid of Her, who died aged three."}
+{"id": "24162", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24162", "title": "1185", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24163", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24163", "title": "1377", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24164", "revid": "1671886", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24164", "title": "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe", "text": "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe is a cartoon series, that first came out in 1983 and ended in 1985. It aired in first run syndication. It was based on a popular toy line and was the first series in the \"Masters of the Universe\" franchise.\nStory.\nThe series told the story of He-Man, a superhero wielding a magical sword, and his battle to protect the planet Eternia from the evil demon called Skeletor."}
+{"id": "24165", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24165", "title": "Fantasia Barrino", "text": "Fantasia Barrino (born June 30, 1984) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, model and actress. She was the winner of the third season of \"American Idol\"."}
+{"id": "24167", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24167", "title": "Tae kwon do", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24168", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24168", "title": "Taegwondo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24171", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24171", "title": "Don Quijote", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24172", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24172", "title": "Don Quixote de la Mancha", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24173", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24173", "title": "Crazy Horse (person)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24174", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24174", "title": "Cabrillo Beach", "text": "Cabrillo Beach is a historic beach in San Pedro, California. \nCabrillo has two separate beach areas.\nLifeguards.\nLos Angeles City and Los Angeles County Lifeguards are responsible for the beach and ocean safety in and around the Cabrillo Beach area. \nGeography.\nCabrillo Beach is next to the Los Angeles Harbor and is only a short boat ride away from Catalina Island.\nWater Sports.\nCabrillo Beach is a popular destination for those interested in water sports, such as windsurfing, kayaking and SCUBA diving. \nCabrillo Beach is known by windsurfers as \"Hurricane Gulch\" because of its predictably strong winds.\nLandmarks.\nIt is also home to a few famous landmarks, namely the 1.75 mile Los Angeles Breakwater which ends at the Angeles Gate Lighthouse, the recently restored Cabrillo Beach Bathhouse, and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium. The Angels Gate Lighthouse is home to the annual Angel's Gate Lighthouse Swim competition, held by Lifeguards and San Pedro residents each summer."}
+{"id": "24176", "revid": "1475779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24176", "title": "Chulalongkorn University", "text": "Chulalongkorn University () is the oldest university in Thailand. It has been ranked as the number 1 university in Thailand. It is in Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand). It was founded in 1917. Currently, there are about 30,000 students. The name of the university comes from the name of one of the kings of Thailand, Chulalongkorn (Rama V).\nRankings.\nQS World University Ranking by Subject 2017\n27 subjects that CU tops in the country's list includes:\nArts & Humanities\nEngineering & Technology\nLife Sciences & Medicine\nNatural Sciences\nSocial Sciences & Management\n9 subjects that CU comes in second on the country's list includes:\nArts & Humanities\nEngineering & Technology\nLife Sciences & Medicine\nSocial Sciences & Management\n3 subjects that CU ranks third in the country's list includes:\nArts & Humanities\nSocial Sciences & Management\nOther Rankings\nInternational Programs.\nInternational Programs offered at Chulalongkorn University\nScholarships.\nEducation Scholarships.\nfor more details see Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University.\nLiving in University.\nNormally, this university spends 4 years for studying the same as other universities but Faculty of Education, and Faculty of Architecture spends 5 years for studying. While Faculty of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Dentistry spends 6 years."}
+{"id": "24184", "revid": "9968076", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24184", "title": "Khartoum", "text": "Khartoum or Khartum ( ; ) is the capital city of Sudan. It is also Sudan's largest city. It is where the Blue Nile and main Nile come together. Its name means \"elephant tusk\". Two other cities nearby are Omdurman and Khartoum North.\nKhartoum has a hot desert climate (\"BWh\" in the Koeppen climate classification).\nClimate.\nKhartoum has a hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"BWh\"). It is very dry in the winter. This is normal in the Saharo-Sahelian zone. The climate is very dry for most of the year. In eight months of the year, the average rainfall is less than of rain.\nIn August, there is a little bit of rain. The most amount of rainfall in this month is about . The rainy season is usually windy. The average amount of rainfall is very low. There is only of precipitation on average in a year. The highest temperatures usually are during two main parts of the year. The first is in the late dry season when the temperatures are usually above from April to June. The second is in the early dry season. Here, the average highs are above in September and October. Temperatures are usually colder in the night. The lowest average low temperature in the year in January is just above . Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth. It has an annual mean temperature of . In most months, the monthly average temperatures doesn't get below . This is usually not seen in any other majors cities with hot desert climates like Riyadh, Baghdad and Phoenix.\nDemographics.\nAlmost 250,000 Syrians lived in Khartoum in 2019, representing 5% of all of the people in the city. Most of the population are young men who have fled war in Syria. Sudan was the only country in the world to accept travelers that has a Syrian passport but didn't have a visa.\nList of Governors Khartoum.\nc.1837 * Khartoum a province of Egyptian Sudan.\nGovernors\nc.1837 - 1861 ...\n1877 Mustafa Bey Murad"}
+{"id": "24187", "revid": "8630", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24187", "title": "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24188", "revid": "1668368", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24188", "title": "Konkani language", "text": "Konkani is a language from India. Konkani belongs to Indo-Aryan family of languages. It is the official language of Goa, a state in India. \nSome people from the part of India known as Konkan speak Konkani language. Konkan is on the west coast of India.\nThe name \"Konkani\" means \"from the Konkan\". The word \"Konkan\" means corner (kona) and piece/part of earth (kana). The name of the language comes from the place where it is spoken.\nWriting systems.\nPeople write Konkani in many different scripts (writing systems or alphabets). People from different regions use different scripts. Hindu Konkani people from Goa and Maharashtra use Devanagari script. Konkani people from Karnataka use Kannada script. Christains in Goa use Roman script. Konkani Muslims use Arabic script. Konkani people from Kerala use Malayalam script. Devanagari is the official script."}
+{"id": "24189", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24189", "title": "Kerela", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24191", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24191", "title": "Trench", "text": "A trench is a long, narrow ditch.\nTrench warfare has often been used in defense. Entrenched soldiers can be somewhat safe from enemy fire. Trench warfare made World War I longer than expected. The trench coat got its name from there.\nSeveral kinds of trench exist:"}
+{"id": "24194", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24194", "title": "Trench coat", "text": "A trench coat (or trenchcoat) is a type of outdoor clothing. Trenchcoats are long coats made from stiff material, like heavy-duty cotton. They were invented for soldiers to wear in The First World War to keep them warm. Most trench coats also protect the wearer against rain.\nAs a fashion.\nIn the 1950s, trench coats became a popular fashion item. In the 1980s and 1990s, trench coats were worn by punk rock musicians and gothic rock musicians. There have been many remodels of it."}
+{"id": "24195", "revid": "10505597", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24195", "title": "Trumpet", "text": "A trumpet is a brass instrument used mainly in Classical music and jazz music. The most common type of trumpet is a B\u266d trumpet, meaning that if the player plays a C, it will sound like a B\u266d in concert pitch. The trumpet is played by blowing into the mouthpiece and making a \"buzzing\" sound. The buzzing sound is made by the vibration of the lips blown by the player. There are three keys called valves that the player can press to change the pitch.\nHistory.\nThe trumpet has been around for about 3000 years. An early example of a brass instrument like a trumpet is called a shofar, which is still used in religious ceremonies. Eventually people started making trumpet-like instruments with wood (for example, the cornetto), and later, with brass. Modern bugles are similar to early metal trumpets.\nMany years ago, when the use of instrumental music was growing, trumpets became very important. Trumpets were long and without valves. This meant a player had to control the pitch of the sound with only his mouth, which was very difficult. Everyone respected trumpet players because trumpets were just so difficult to play.\nThe chromatic trumpet was developed in the late 18th century. In the 19th century, good valves made it easier to play notes on the trumpet. Still, trumpet is a difficult instrument to master.\nMusic for trumpet.\nClassical music is written for solo trumpet, and trumpets are included in orchestras. Trumpets play an important part in Jazz music, and other various popular genres. Sometimes, they also play short parts to emphasize sections in rock songs.\nTrumpet players.\nSome famous classical trumpet players are Adolph Herseth, Sergei Nakariakov and Maurice Andre.\nSome famous jazz trumpet players are Miles Davis, Louis Armstrong, Arturo Sandoval, Wynton Marsalis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Maynard Ferguson."}
+{"id": "24196", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24196", "title": "Microwave", "text": "A microwave is a high-frequency radio wave. They are broadly defined as having a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 1 meter, or narrowly between 3 mm and 300 mm. Microwaves have many uses including radar, radio astronomy, and to heat food in a microwave oven. Unlike longer radio waves, they do not bend around land obstacles but go in line of sight. Still, they are much used for communication because they can have a high bandwidth. Almost all spacecraft communicate by microwave radio.\nWhen something moves, it almost always has a wave pattern to its movement - this can be seen in water most easily, in ripples and ocean waves. A very common type of wave in the universe is electromagnetic waves. Light is an example of an electromagnetic wave, and so is a microwave, for example the cosmic microwave background radiation. We can only see electromagnetic radiation in the visible light spectrum (which is why it's called the visible light spectrum), so microwaves are invisible.\nMicrowaves were among the first radio waves discovered, in the late 19th century, by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz.\nMicrowave Ovens.\nMicrowave ovens work because microwaves make polar molecules (molecules that act like massive magnets) all face the same direction - to visualize it, imagine that the microwave oven is telling all of the molecules to face left, then right. Heat is just the movement of molecules, so when the molecules do a great amount of moving, they are hot. \nLike other heat sources, microwave radiation can cause burns. They can go through skin and muscles. If vital organs are burned, the burns can kill. This is why a microwave oven does not work with the door open. "}
+{"id": "24198", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24198", "title": "Microwave oven", "text": "A microwave oven (commonly called a microwave) is a machine that cooks food using microwaves, a type of radio wave. The idea was invented when a scientist who was experimenting with radio waves saw his chocolate bar, which was in his pocket, had melted. He then knew that radio waves could cook food and invented the microwave oven. \nHistory.\nIn 1945, the heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer, an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine. Hired by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a chocolate bar he had in his pocket. First, Spencer deliberately cooked popcorn with a microwave oven. And the second time, he cooked an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters. \nTo prove his finding, Spencer created a high-density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.\nHow it works.\nThe microwave oven uses a magnetron, which is a type of vacuum tube. This is similar to a radio transmitter. It makes very short radio waves which go into the food to a depth of about 2.5cm (one inch). This makes water molecules twist about 2.5 billion times a second. This heats up the molecules around it. As they heat up the heat goes to the inside of the food. This process is called conduction. This also happens in a normal oven, but microwave energy goes deeper so that the food cooks much faster. In an ordinary oven, the energy stays mostly near the surface, so it takes more time.\nThe microwave oven also has a waveguide, turntable, and a timer switch. When we place the food inside the chamber and turn the timer switch on, it sends a signal to the magnetron to send microwaves, as well as to the turntable to start turning. The microwaves of microwave ovens can heat foods containing polar molecules, such as water, as polar molecules are prone to the vibration effect caused by the microwaves. To heat the food evenly the microwave's turntable spins the food around. \nMetals will cause sparks in microwaves, instead of heating. This is because metals like to give away electrons, so when the microwaves \"push\" at their magnet-like electrons, instead of turning, they just give the electrons away. A bunch of electrons running off of metal is called electricity, and we see it in the form of sparks. Dry foods like ramen will sometimes burn and start fires in microwave ovens if water is not used with the food. "}
+{"id": "24200", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24200", "title": "Cobalt", "text": "Cobalt (chemical symbol Co) is a chemical element. It has an atomic number of 27 and an atomic mass of about 59. It is a metal.\nProperties.\nCobalt is a transition metal. It is shiny and conducts electricity. It is magnetic. It is a hard metal. It is moderately reactive. Iron is more reactive and copper is less reactive. It dissolves slowly in acids. This reaction makes hydrogen and a salt of cobalt. Cobalt is normally in its +2 oxidation state as an ion. Some chemical compounds contain cobalt ions in its +4 oxidation state. Cobalt(II) chloride is one of the most common cobalt compounds. Many cobalt compounds are blue or pink. One of them is black.\nChemical compounds.\nCobalt can have two oxidation states, +2 and +3. Most soluble cobalt compounds are red. They can also be green, blue, brown, and black.\nOccurrence and preparation.\nCobalt is too reactive to occur as a pure element in the earth. It is found in certain minerals. It is found with copper and nickel deposits. Normally the three metals are bonded to arsenic and sulfur. The majority of cobalt mining is in central Africa. \nIt is found as a byproduct (left over substance) when copper and nickel are produced. It is made by reaction with the sludge from copper and nickel processing.\nUses.\nCobalt is used in some types of steel. It hardens the steel. It is also used to make very strong tough alloys. These alloys are known as superalloys. Some cobalt compounds are used in the lithium-ion battery. Cobalt compounds were used as an artificial food coloring until 1971. It was discovered that it has harmful effects. It is used to make glass blue. It is also used as a catalyst, and in some medicines, and for ink, pigments, dyes, and varnishes.\nThe human body needs small amounts of cobalt for certain vitamins. Cobalt compounds are used to stop cyanide from poisoning the body.\nSafety.\nPeople need cobalt compounds in small amounts, but cobalt is toxic in large quantities. Sometimes cobalt compounds were added to beer, and people that drank it were poisoned. It can cause skin irritation when touched."}
+{"id": "24202", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24202", "title": "Mariana trench", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24203", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24203", "title": "Marianas Trench", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24204", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24204", "title": "Marianas Deep", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24205", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24205", "title": "Marianas Trough", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24206", "revid": "1689802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24206", "title": "Canidae", "text": "Canidae is a family of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals of the order Carnivora.\nAnimals that belong to the Dog family Canidae are canids. The family Canidae is divided into two tribes: Vulpini (foxes), and Canini (wolves, dogs, coyotes, and jackals). The family Canidae also includes the genus Urocyon (gray foxes and island foxes) and two extinct groups of canids: Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae.\nCanids that belong to Vulpini are \"vulpines\". Canids that belong to Canini are \"canines\". Canines are usually pack animals which hunt their prey in a group. Foxes usually hunt alone. However, almost all canids are social animals.\nCanids live on every continent on Earth, except for Antarctica. Many of them reached certain areas alongside humans. One kind of canid, the dog, became a domestic animal. This made dogs the most well-known canids, and one of the most widely kept pets."}
+{"id": "24207", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24207", "title": "Nickel", "text": "Nickel (chemical symbol Ni) is an element. It has an atomic number of 28 and an atomic mass of about 58.69amu. It has 28 protons. It is a transition metal. \nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nNickel is a silver-white metal. It is easily polished (made shiny). It is magnetic. It is not magnetic when heated above . It is not soft like many other metals. It can be stretched into wires easily. It is not radioactive.\nChemical properties.\nNickel is not a reactive metal. It dissolves slowly in acids. It does not rust like iron. It makes a thin coating of nickel(II) oxide which stops more corrosion. Aluminium does a similar thing. \nChemical compounds.\nNickel is found in two oxidation states: +2, nickel(II); and +3, nickel(III). Nickel(II) is more common. Nickel in its +2 oxidation state is green. Nickel(II) chloride is a common +2 oxidation state compound. Nickel(II) oxide is normally dark green, but sometimes it is gray. This is because some of the nickel is in the +3 oxidation state (nickel(III). Nickel(III) compounds are oxidizing agents. They also are grayish. Nickel compounds can be green, blue, gray, or black.\nNickel(II) compounds are not highly reactive. They are normally green or blue. They are toxic and irritate skin. Some of them are carcinogens.\nNickel(III) compounds are black or gray.\nIsotopes.\nThe isotopes of nickel range in atomic weight from 48Ni to 78Ni. Nickel that is found in nature is made up of five stable isotopes; 58Ni, 60Ni, 61Ni, 62Ni and 64Ni.\nAt least 26 radioisotopes of nickel have been found. The most stable radioisotope is 59Ni which has a half-life of 76,000 years. Nickel also has one meta state.\nHistory.\nNickel was found when an ore that looked like copper did not make copper metal. Later it was found that the ore actually had a new metal, called nickel. Nickel was isolated as a metal and classified as a chemical element by Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. At first, the copper colored nickel ore was the only source. Later, it was made as a byproduct of cobalt blue making.\nOccurrence.\nNickel is normally found as a mineral, and not as a metal in the ground. Sometimes meteorites have nickel and iron metal in them. The most common nickel mineral is pentlandite. Most of the nickel on Earth is thought to be in the Earth's Earth's outer and inner cores. There are sulfidic and lateritic nickel ores. Philippines mines the most nickel. Other major mining countries are Russia, Canada and Australia. All the older rocks on Earth have some rare metals. They are got by mining where the ores are most plentiful.\nPreparation.\nNickel is found in both laterite and sulfide ores. They are heated to melt them and concentrate them. They are also separated by oils. Nickel is made from its sulfide by heating it in air. This oxidizes the sulfide to sulfur dioxide, leaving liquid nickel behind. This nickel is not yet pure and not ready for use. \nPure nickel with a nickel content greater than 99% is made in an electrolytic process. In this process, the nickel is dissolved in bath of sulfuric acid. When the pure nickel sticks to cathodes hanging into the bath, the impurities remain in the sulfuric acid or at the bottom of the bath. These impurities are very interesting, as they can contain precious metals. \nProduction.\nNickel is got by mining: the ore is roasted and reduced. This gives a metal of over 75% purity. In many stainless steel applications, 75% pure nickel is usable.\nUses.\nSixty-eight percent of all nickel produced is used to make stainless steel. Nickel is also used in nichrome, a name for a nickel-chromium alloy, and other alloys. Nickel is used in magnets. Nickel is used in special expensive alloys called superalloys.\nNickel sulphate is used in rechargeable batteries. A lithium ion battery contains up to 15% of nickel while the lithium content is less than 1%. A nickel cadmium battery also uses nickel. Nickel compounds are also used to electroplate nickel on items. Nickel and some of its compounds are also used as a catalyst. Nickel is used in stainless steel. It is also used in some nonferrous alloys. It is used in electroplating.\nNickel is used to make many products like stainless steel, alnico magnet, coinage, rechargeable batteries, electric guitar strings, microphone capsules and plating on plumbing fixtures. It is used as a green tint in glass.\nNickel foam is used in gas diffusion electrodes for alkaline fuel cells.\nNickel and its alloys are used as catalysts for hydrogenation reactions. Nickel is used as a binder in the cemented tungsten carbide.\n63Ni is used in krytron devices as a beta particle emitter to make ionization by the keep-alive electrode more reliable. Raney nickel is used for hydrogenation of unsaturated oils to make margarine.\nSafety.\nNickel can irritate skin. That is why jewelry that releases nickel ions is bad for some people. Some nickel salts are carcinogens. Nickel is not as toxic as other metals such as mercury but it is still toxic."}
+{"id": "24208", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24208", "title": "Fox", "text": "A fox is a small mammalian carnivore. They hunt and eat live prey, mostly rabbits and rodents (squirrels and mice). They may also eat grasshoppers, birds' eggs, and even fruit and berries. Sometimes they eat carrion. Foxes are the smallest members of the dog family Canidae.\nTwelve species belong to the \"Vulpes\" genus of monophyletic \"true foxes\". There are about another 25 living or extinct species which are sometimes called foxes.\nThe fox has pointed ears, narrow snout, and a bushy tail.\nFoxes are swift and agile runners which live in family groups. A female fox is called a \"vixen\", and a male is called a \"dog\". Foxes' tails are multi-purpose organs. Their bushy tail helps them keep warm while they are sleeping in cold weather. It is also part of the animal's food store for wintertime. Foxes' plump, bushy tail is easily seen, and is used for sending signals to its family members. The tail is also used for balance while running.\nFoxes are found on all continents (except Antarctica), mostly living in forest, shrubland, and desert regions. They were not native to Australia, but were introduced in some way. The most common fox species is the red fox. Red foxes have reddish-brown fur, and the tail tip is white. In the United Kingdom, it was a common sport for people to hunt foxes with horses and dogs. This is now banned.\nLater, foxes starts having subtypes such as Fennec, for example.\nTrue foxes.\nThe informal term 'true fox' refers to members of the Vulpes genus.\nThere are 12 species of \"Vulpus\". They are:\nThe arctic fox is included in this genus as \"Vulpes lagopus\". There is genetic evidence that shows it is probably a true fox.\nSome species of true fox are extinct. Fossils have been found of:"}
+{"id": "24209", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24209", "title": "Canine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24210", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24210", "title": "Canid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24213", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24213", "title": "Food pyramid", "text": "A food pyramid is a chart that can be used to see how many servings of each food should be eaten each day. It is for having good health.\nGrains give carbohydrates and some vitamins and minerals. Vegetables and fruits give a lot of vitamins, some minerals, and few fats, but fruits often have more calories and sugar. Dairy products (like milk, cheese, yogurt, etc.) have protein, some fat, and a lot of calcium, an element that helps build strong bones. Meat have protein, some fat, and B vitamins. Fats, oils, and sweets give calories, fats, and sugars but not a lot of nutrition.\nCriticisms.\nThe food pyramid has been criticized for recommending huge amounts of grains as that is a lot of carbohydrates."}
+{"id": "24214", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24214", "title": "Trenchcoat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24215", "revid": "10306219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24215", "title": "Torso", "text": "The torso also known as the trunk, is the part of the human body where the limbs are attached. It is made of chest, back, and abdomen."}
+{"id": "24216", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24216", "title": "Trunk", "text": "Trunk may be:"}
+{"id": "24218", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24218", "title": "Age of Mythology", "text": "Age of Mythology is a real-time strategy computer game made by Ensemble Studios. The game has an expansion to it named \"\". \"Age of Mythology\" is a spinoff of the \"Age of Empires\" game series."}
+{"id": "24219", "revid": "1422943", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24219", "title": "Mississauga", "text": "Mississauga, Ontario is the seventh-largest city in Canada and the third largest city in Ontario (after Toronto and Ottawa). It borders the largest city in Canada, Toronto. In fact, it is a part of the Greater Toronto Area. Toronto Pearson International Airport is in Mississauga.\nHistory.\nOn August 2, 1805, Toronto Township was formed when officials from York (what is now the City of Toronto) purchased 84,000\u00a0acres (340\u00a0km\u00b2) of land from the Mississaugas. In January 2010, the Mississaugas and the federal government settled a land claim. The aboriginal people received $145,000,000 from that.\nAfter the land was surveyed, much of it was given in the form of land grants to United Empire Loyalists. They emigrated from the Thirteen Colonies during and after the American Revolution, as well as loyalists from New Brunswick. A group of settlers from New York City arrived in the 1830s. In 1820, the government purchased additional land from the Mississaugas. Additional settlements were established, including: Barbertown, Britannia, Burnhamthorpe, Derry West, Elmbank, Malton, Meadowvale Village, Mount Charles, and Streetsville. European-Canadian growth led to the eventual displacement of the Mississaugas. In 1847, the government relocated them to a reserve in the Grand River Valley, near present-day Hagersville.\nIn 1873, the Toronto Township Council was formed to oversee the events of the various villages that were unincorporated at that time. The council's responsibilities included road maintenance, and a police force. Most of present-day Mississauga was agricultural land: including fruit orchards, through much of the 19th and first half of the 20th century. Exceptions included small villages, some gristmills and brickworks served by railway lines,\nIn the 1920s, cottages were constructed along the shores of Lake Ontario for people who lived in the city. 17 years later in 1937, 1,410.8\u00a0acres of land was sold to build the Malton Airport (later known as the Pearson Airport). It became Canada's busiest airport which also put the end to the community of Elmank.\nThe township settlements of Lakeview, Cooksville, Lorne Park, Clarkson, Erindale, Sheridan, Dixie, Meadowvale Village, and Malton were combined in 1968 to form the Town of Mississauga. At the time, both Port Credit and Streetsville were left out and remained separate. The town name was chosen by voting. In 1974, Port Credit and Streetsville became part of Mississauga. In that same year, the Square One Shopping Centre opened.\nOn November 10, 1979, a freight train left its tracks on the Canadian Pacific rail line while carrying explosive and poisonous chemicals just north of the intersection of Mavis Road and Dundas Street. One of the tank cars carrying propane exploded. Since other tank cars were carrying chlorine, the decision was made to evacuate nearby residents. With the possibility of a deadly cloud of chlorine gas spreading through Mississauga, 218,000 people were evacuated. Residents were allowed to return home, once the area was safe. It was one of the largest evacuations in North American history.\nGeography.\nMississauga covers of land, with of shoreline on Lake Ontario.\nStatistics.\nMississauga is a large and multicultural city. As of 2021, Statistics Canada counted 717,961 people in Mississauga.\nLaw and Government.\nThe city of Mississauga has only had five mayors in its past and it was created in 1974. This is because in Mississauga usually mayors serve for a very long time. For example, Hazel McCallion was mayor for 36 years. The current mayor is who assumed office in June 2024.\nMississauga is split into 11 wards (parts) each of them having their own councillor.\nMississauga has six legislative (government) ridings that are the same for the Canadian government and the Ontario government. The Canadian government has people in charge of those ridings called M.P.'s (Member of Parliament) and the Ontario government has M.P.P.'s (Member of Provincial Parliament) in charge of them."}
+{"id": "24220", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24220", "title": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", "text": "Cambridge is a city in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, just outside of Boston.\nIt is the home of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).\nWikimania.\nThe second Wikimania was hosted in this city in 2006."}
+{"id": "24221", "revid": "10252033", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24221", "title": "1280s", "text": "The 1280s was a decade that began on 1 January 1280 and ended on 31 December 1289. It is distinct from the decade known as the 129th decade which began on January 1, 1281 and ended on December 31, 1290."}
+{"id": "24222", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24222", "title": "1087", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24223", "revid": "10249917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24223", "title": "1672", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24224", "revid": "10249905", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24224", "title": "1684", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24225", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24225", "title": "1713", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24226", "revid": "10249834", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24226", "title": "1743", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24227", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24227", "title": "Coyote", "text": "The coyote (\"Canis latrans\") is a canid wild dog from North America. It is also called the prairie wolf, brush wolf or American jackal.\nThe word \"coyote\" comes from the N\u00e1huatl (Aztec) word c\u00f3yotl.\nAppearance.\nCoyotes are smaller than wolves. The color of the coyote's fur is a grayish brown to yellowish gray on the upper parts, while the throat and underside are a more white color. The forelegs, sides of the head, muzzle and feet are reddish brown. The ears of the coyote are long and pointed.\nRange.\nCoyotes live mostly in North America and some areas of Central America but they are very adaptable and can live in almost any environment. They live in prairies, but also in cities, swamps, grasslands, forests and mountains. They normally live in dens about 6 feet wide and four feet tall.\nLife.\nThe coyote is an omnivore and eats fruits, grasses, vegetables, rabbits, mice, shrews and voles. They also eat insects, worms, rats, fish, birds, deer, snakes, and lizards. In the city, coyotes find food easily. They dig up plants in gardens and eat food out of garbage cans.\nSometimes, they join small packs (groups), but normally hunt alone. Coyotes live in dens. They dig a tunnel under the ground and then dig out a larger area at the end of the tunnel where they sleep and have their babies or pups. They can have six pups at a time. Often a coyote den will have two entrances, with one that is hidden. Sometimes they dig more than one den, so they can move if an enemy finds the den.\nCoyotes have a few enemies. Their predators are wolves, bears and, cougars, but there are not many wolves left in North America compared to the number of coyotes. The biggest enemies of the coyote are humans. Coyotes rarely attack people, but sometimes eat small pets such as cats.\nMythology.\nThe coyote is a character of many myths from Native American peoples. The coyote is often portrayed as a joker, and stories are told to explain things he does. The Pima regard him as the offspring of the moon. Coyote is always male with an overwhelming reference to his large penis which requires a pack to carry it in. He is a lustful creature with desire for Changing Bear Maiden and by attempting to have sex with women by becoming a baby. Coyote also has incestuous relations with his mother-in-law and daughter. He is credited for removing the teeth of \"vagina dentata\" or by moving the genitals to the correct location on the body in order to make sex pleasurable. Coyote has an appetite for menstrual blood and relates to Lakota girls' puberty rite.\nCoyote is often responsible for the finality of death and introduces work and suffering. The Apache believe he created Europeans. The Zuni believe he created pubic hair. The Pomo say he stole the sun and made the world dark. \nCoyote is curious and goes along with the crowd. He is a trickster, culture hero, and a feared shape-shifter. "}
+{"id": "24229", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24229", "title": "Vole", "text": "A vole is a small mouse-like mammal. It is a rodent from a subfamily called the Arvicolinae. They live in woodlands and grasslands.\nThere are about 155 species of voles. There are species in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The closest relatives of voles are the lemmings and muskrats, which are in the same subfamily.\nAdult voles, depending on the species, are 7.5 to 17.5 centimetres (three to seven inches) long. They eat seeds, grass or other plants, and insects.\nMany animals hunt voles, for example owls, hawks, coyotes, foxes, weasels, cats and snakes.\nThe average life of the smaller vole species is three to six months. These voles rarely live longer than 12 months. Larger species, such as the European water vole \"Arvicola\", live longer. They usually die during their second winter. As many as 88% of voles die during the first month of life."}
+{"id": "24230", "revid": "1662476", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24230", "title": "Isthmus", "text": "An isthmus is a narrow strip of land, with water on either side, that connects two bigger landmasses. For example, the Isthmus of Panama connects the continents of The Americas. Separating two water bodies and joining two land bodies, an isthmus is the opposite of a strait. "}
+{"id": "24231", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24231", "title": "Pregnant", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24241", "revid": "2963", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24241", "title": "Caesar Augustus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24243", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24243", "title": "The Crusades", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24244", "revid": "9103269", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24244", "title": "Rodent", "text": "Rodents (from Latin rodere, \"to gnaw\"), are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. \nDescription.\nRodents comprise about 40% of all mammal species. They are native to all major land masses except for New Zealand, Antarctica, and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these land masses by human activity.\nRodent species.\nRodent is the naming term of all members of Rodentia order of mammals and can be identified by their teeth. Their incisors (upper and lower) grow throughout their lives. Gnawing on hard material keeps the teeth worn down and sharp. Lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares are often mistaken for rodents. These animals have an additional pair of upper incisors that rodents lack, a very successful number of mammals that form the order Rodentia. \nThey have no more than 2 incisors. These keep growing, and must be kept worn down by gnawing (eroding teeth by grinding them on something hard); this is the origin of the name, from the Latin \"rodere\", \"to gnaw\", and \"dent\", \"tooth\".\nMost rodents are small. Examples of commonly known rodents are mice, rats, chipmunks, and squirrels. Some other small rodents sometimes kept as pets are Guinea pigs, hamsters, and gerbils.\nExamples of larger rodents are porcupines, beavers, and the largest living rodent, the capybara, which can grow to between 105 and 135 cm (40-55 in) in length, and weigh 35 to 65 kg (75-140 lbs).\nAlmost half of all mammal species are rodents. More examples of rodents are voles, prairie dogs, groundhogs, and chinchillas.\nRabbits, hares, and pikas are sometimes called rodents, because they also have teeth that keep growing. But in 1912 biologists decided to put them in a new, separate order, Lagomorpha, because they have two extra incisors in their upper jaw.\nShrews are sometimes called rodents, because they look like mice, but that is not correct. They are in the order Insectivora.\nTaxonomy.\nThere are more families than these. The list includes the more common families."}
+{"id": "24247", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24247", "title": "Rodentia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24248", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24248", "title": "Hampster", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24265", "revid": "1505746", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24265", "title": "Titan (moon)", "text": "Titan (Ancient Greek: \"\u03a4\u1fd1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\") is Saturn's moon. It was found by Christiaan Huygens on 25 March 1655. Titan is a unique moon: it is the Solar System\u2019s only moon to have an atmosphere.\nTitan is the largest moon of Saturn and the second largest in the Solar System. Titan is larger than the planet Mercury, but it has less mass. Its equatorial diameter (width at the equator) is 5,150\u00a0km. It orbits 1,221,865\u00a0km away from Saturn. \nTitan is the only moon known to have an atmosphere and it is thicker than Earth\u2019s. Humans could not breathe it: as it is very cold, and also poisonous. The air is made of nitrogen and methane. Titan is the only place in the Solar System, except Earth, that has lakes and much liquid on its surface. But the liquid is methane, not water.\nDiscovery.\nTitan was discovered on 25 March 1655 by Christiaan Huygens, an astronomer from the Netherlands. Earlier, in 1610, Galileo Galilei had discovered four of Jupiter's moons. This inspired Huygens: he also wanted to discover new moons. Because Huygens had also improved the telescopes of the time, making them a lot better, he thought he might be able to discover a new moon.\nChristiaan and his brother, Constantijn, started to build their own telescopes in 1650. Using the first telescope he ever built, Christiaan Huygens was able to see Titan. At first he called it \"Luna Saturni\", which means \"Saturn's moon\" (he did not know there was more than one). Through the years, lots of other moons have been discovered and today the moon is known as \"Titan\" or as \"Saturn VI\". The name \"Titan\", and all the names of Saturn's other moons, are from the Greek legends.\nStructure.\nTitan is the only moon in the Solar System that has a thick atmosphere (the gases that surround a planet or moon). After the spacecraft Voyager I visited the moon on 12 November 1979, it showed that Titan's surface (the ground level) is hidden under an atmosphere that is 900 kilometers thick. Before this, everyone thought that Titan was the biggest moon in the Solar System. Now we know that it is the second biggest, after Ganymede, one of Jupiter's moons.\nEven though it is smaller, Titan is close in size to Ganymede. It is also close in size to the slightly smaller Callisto, another of Jupiter's moons. Not only is Titan a big moon, it is even bigger than the planet Mercury, but it only has half as much mass (it is much lighter). Because Titan does not have a lot of mass, scientists think that Titan is made of matter that is not very heavy, specifically frozen water and ammonia. Some scientists think that there is a lot of liquid water and ammonia underneath the surface, enough to fill an entire ocean. These scientists think that there might be a form of life inside this ocean.\nAt its centre, Titan has a rocky core that is about 3400\u00a0km thick. This core is made up of silicates and metals. The gravity (the force that keeps everything attached to the ground) is a lot weaker than here on earth. If you could jump one meter high on the Earth, you would be able to jump seven meters high on Titan.\nMovement.\nIt takes Titan 15 days and 22 hours to orbit (travel) around Saturn. This is almost the same time it takes Saturn to rotate or spin around its own axis - one full spin. This is known as \"synchronous rotation\", which means that the same side of Titan is always pointed to Saturn.\nThe path in which Titan moves, its orbit, is very close to a circle, but not quite. We use the word \"eccentricity\" to describe the path that a moon or planet travels in. An image with an eccentricity of 0 (zero) has a path that is a perfect circle. If the eccentricity is more than 0, the path is less round (see image below). Titan's eccentricity is 0.028, very close to zero.\nCassini-Huygens mission.\nOn July 1, 2004, the Cassini-Huygens probe entered into orbit around Saturn. On December 25, 2004, the Huygens probe separated from the Cassini probe and started to move towards Titan. It landed on Titan's surface on January 14, 2005. It landed on a dry surface, but it confirmed that large bodies of liquid exist on the moon. The Cassini probe continued to gain data of Titan and a number of the icy moons. It found evidence that the moon Enceladus had water erupting from its geysers. Cassini also proved in July, 2006 that Titan contained hydrocarbon lakes, located near its north pole. In March, 2007, it discovered a large hydrocarbon lake the size of the Caspian Sea near its north pole. The lake of liquid methane has been named Kraken Mare. In 2009, Nasa showed a photograph showing the sunlight reflecting off the surface of the lake. This was the first ever picture of liquid on another world.\nIn 2012 researchers at NASA discovered that Titan is giving off a faint glow of light. This is believed to be caused by complex chemical reactions occurring in Titan's atmosphere. This kind of light is called an airglow."}
+{"id": "24266", "revid": "10248809", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24266", "title": "Computer number format", "text": "A computer number format refers to the way computers and calculators represent numbers. Most computers use the binary system, which consists of ones and zeros. Other systems in use include the octal (0\u20137) and hexadecimal (0\u20139, A\u2013F) systems. These formats allow computers to interpret and process numbers in ways that are not always directly understandable by humans."}
+{"id": "24273", "revid": "10250052", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24273", "title": "1550", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24274", "revid": "1507082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24274", "title": "Columbus, Georgia", "text": "Columbus is the second largest city, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Coca-Cola and RC Cola (Royal Crown Cola) were first made here. It is south of Atlanta. It is about one hour and thirty minutes to two hours away from Atlanta."}
+{"id": "24275", "revid": "10464457", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24275", "title": "Carthage", "text": "Carthage was an ancient city-state in what is now Tunisia. It began as a Phoenician colony. At the height of its power, Carthage was the most important power in the Mediterranean and the wider Western world and controlled parts of Spain, as well as Sicily, North Africa, and Sardinia. \nThe Roman Republic destroyed Carthage during the Punic Wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. In later centuries, Rome started a colony in the same place that became an important city of Africa Province. Eventually, the Vandals conquered the city and used it to attack Rome.\nPunic Wars.\nCarthage was a rival in the western Mediterranean for the Roman Republic, which wanted to take over the whole region. Carthage was a large obstacle and so in 264 BC, the Romans responded to a plea for help by some rebels in Messina and landed an army in Sicily. That started the First Punic War. The Romans then invaded the Carthaginian areas in Sicily, and the Carthaginian generals could not stop them. Even at sea, the Romans copied the Carthaginian bireme ships, with two oars on each side, and won several major victories on the sea. However, the Romans had not been a sea power, which the Carthaginians had been. \nFinally, a general, Hamilcar Barca, took up to defend the Carthaginians and replaced of the older and less energetic Hanno. Hamilcar immediately realized the futility of meeting the superior Roman army in open battle and so he decided to use hit-and-run raids to wear down the Romans. That tactic was slightly more effective against the slow heavily-armored roman troops. Eventually, however, the Romans took Lilybaeum, the Carthaginians' main stronghold in Sicily. That ended Carthage's power in Sicily and ended the First Punic War. \nDuring the Second Punic War, Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginian Army through Spain, southern Gaul and across the Alps into Italy in 218 BC. There, he clashed with and stunningly defeated the Romans in three major battles: the Battle of the River Trebia, the Battle of Lake Trasmine, and the Battle of Cannae. He failed, however, to take Rome and eventually had to retreat to Carthage, where he was defeated by Scipio Africanis at the Battle of Zama.\nThe Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BC during the Third Punic War. The Carthaginians who survived, numbering about 50,000, were mostly sold into slavery."}
+{"id": "24276", "revid": "10346754", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24276", "title": "1102", "text": "1102 (MCII) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "24278", "revid": "10250031", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24278", "title": "1569", "text": "1569 (MDLXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar."}
+{"id": "24279", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24279", "title": "1302", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24280", "revid": "10150359", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24280", "title": "Brockton, Massachusetts", "text": "Brockton is a town in Plymouth County in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It and the town of Plymouth are the county seats of Plymouth County.\nBrockton is also called 'the city of champions' because world boxing champions Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler came from there. It is also home to a large number of Haitians who speak Haitian Creole."}
+{"id": "24281", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24281", "title": "Rabat", "text": "Rabat (, transliterated ar-Rab\u0101\u1e6d or ar-Rib\u0101\u1e6d, literally \"Fortified Place\"), population 577,827 hab. (\"2014 estimate\"), is the capital of the Kingdom of Morocco. It is also the capital of the Rabat-Sal\u00e9-K\u00e9nitra region.\nThe city is on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the river Bou Regreg. On the other side of the river is Rabat's bedroom community. Together the two cities with Temara have a population of 1.8 million. Silting problems have lowered the city's role as a port. However, Rabat and Sal\u00e9 still maintain somewhat important textile, food processing and construction industries. Some are from sweatshop labor by major businesses.\nIn addition, tourism and being home to all foreign embassies in Morocco help to make Rabat the second most important city in the country after the larger and economically more significant Casablanca.\nHistory.\nBC to 17th century.\nRabat's history began with a settlement, known as Chellah on the banks of the Oued Bou Regreg in the third century BC. In 40 AD, Romans took over Chellah and changed it to the Roman settlement of Sala Colonia. Rome held the colony until 250 AD. They gave it up to local rulers. In 1146, the berber Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min turned Rabat's ribat into a full scale fortress. It was used as a starting point for attacks on Spain. In 1170, due to its military importance, Rabat acquired the title \"Ribatu l-Fath\", meaning \"stronghold of victory,\" from which it gets its current name.\nYaqub al-Mansur (known as Moulay Yacoub in Morocco), another Almohad Caliph, moved the capital of his empire to Rabat. He built Rabat's city walls, the Kasbah of the Udayas and began construction on what would have been the world's largest mosque. However, Yaqub died and construction stopped. The ruins of the unfinished mosque, along with the Hassan Tower, still stand today.\nYaqub's death a period of decline at first. The Almohad empire lost control of its land in Spain and much of its African territory. Eventually this led to its total collapse. In the 13th century, much of Rabat's economic power shifted to Fez. In 1515 a Moorish explorer, El Wassan, reported that Rabat had declined so much that only 100 houses remained with people living in them. An increase of Moriscos, who had been removed from Spain, in the early 17th century helped boost Rabat's growth.\nCorsair republics.\nRabat and neighboring Sal\u00e9 united to form the Republic of Bou Regreg in 1627. The republic was run by Barbary pirates who used the two cities as base ports for starting attacks on shipping. The pirates did not have to fight with any central authority until the Alaouite Dynasty united Morocco in 1666. They attempted to establish control over the pirates, but failed. European and Muslims authorities continued to attempt to control the pirates over many years. The Republic of Bou Regreg did not collapse until 1818. Even after the republic's collapse, pirates continued to use the port of Rabat. This led to the attack of the city by Austria in 1829 after an Austrian ship had been lost to a pirate attack.\n20th century.\nFrench invasion.\nThe French invaded Morocco in 1912 and established a protectorate. The French administrator of Morocco, General Hubert Lyautey, decided to move the country's capital from Fez to Rabat. Among other factors, citizens had made Fez an unstable place because of their desire to rebel. Sultan Moulay Youssef followed the decision of the French and moved his home to Rabat. In 1913, Gen. Lyautey hired Henri Prost who designed the Ville Nouvelle (Rabat's modern quarter) as an administrative sector. When Morocco became independent in 1956, Mohammed V, the then King of Morocco, chose to have the capital remain at Rabat.\nAfter World War II.\nAfter World War II, the United States created a military presence in Rabat at the former French air base. By the early 1950s, Rabat Sal\u00e9 Air Base was a U.S. Air Force based hosting the 17th Air Force and the 5th Air Division. These divisions oversaw forward basing for Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-47 Stratojet aircraft in the country. With the destabilization of French government in Morocco, and Moroccan independence in 1956, the government of Mohammed V wanted the U.S. Air Force to pull out of the SAC bases in Morocco. He insisted on such action after Americans became involved in Lebanon in 1958. The United States agreed to leave as of December 1959. They were fully out of Morocco by 1963. SAC felt the Moroccan bases were much less critical with the long range capability of the B-52 Stratofortresses that were replacing the B-47s. It also had completed USAF bases in Spain in 1959.\nWith the USAF leaving Rabat-Sal\u00e9 in the 1960s, the facility became a primary facility for the Royal Moroccan Air Force known as Air Base N\u00ba 1, a status it continues to hold.\nCulture.\nThe biggest place for theatre is the Theatre Mohamed V in the centre of the town. The city also has a few official galleries and an archeological museum. Many organisations are active in cultural and social issues. Orient-Occident Foundation and ONA Foundation are the biggest of these. An independent art scene is active in the city. L'appartement 22, which is the first independent space for visual arts created by Abdellah Karroum, opened in 2002.\nRabat was selected as a filming location for the war film \"Black Hawk Down\" (2001).\nInternational relations.\n2020 Summer Olympics.\nRabat will bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympic Games.\nTwin towns - Sister cities.\nRabat is twinned with:\nClimate.\nRabat features a Mediterranean climate. Along the Atlantic Ocean, Rabat has a mild, temperate climate. It moves from cool in winter to warm days in the summer months. The nights are always cool (or colder in winter) Daytime temperatures generally always rise about +9/10 C\u00b0 (+15/18\u00a0F\u00b0) every day. The winter highs usually reach only in December-January (\"see weather-table below\")."}
+{"id": "24283", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24283", "title": "1222", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24284", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24284", "title": "Duke Kahanamoku", "text": "Duke Kahanamoku (August 24, 1890 \u2013 January 22, 1968), was a Hawaiian athlete who is called the inventor of modern surfing. He was also on the United States Olympic team as a swimmer, and won several silver and gold medals.\nContrary to some misinformation on the internet, Duke is not known as the Big Kahuna. He himself rejected that term, because he knew its meaning. The Big Kahuna is a character in the Gidget story, which is based on a portrayal of Tube Steak Tracy, a famous surfer of the '40s & '50s in Malibu."}
+{"id": "24285", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24285", "title": "Overland Park, Kansas", "text": "Overland Park is a city in the U.S. state of Kansas. It is in Johnson County. It is the second biggest city in Kansas. It is the second biggest city in the Kansas City metropolitan area. In 2020, 197,238 people lived there. It has the Sprint World Headquarters Campus.\nHistory.\nOverland Park starts in 1905. William B. Strang Jr. created Overland Park.\nOn May 20, 1960 Overland Park was officially incorporated as a \"city of first class\". It had 28,085 people living there. In 1990, 111,790 people lived there. In 2010, it grew to have 173,250 people living there. Overland Park officially became the second largest city in the state after becoming bigger than Kansas City, Kansas in the early 2000s.\nOverland Park was awarded \u201cBest city to raise a family\u201d and \u201cOne of the most popular cities for millenials\u201d in 2018.\nGeography.\nOverland Park is in northeastern Kansas. It is at the junction of Interstate 435 and U.S. Route 69 east of Olathe. The city center is about south-southwest of downtown Kansas City, Missouri.\nThe city is on the northern edge of the Osage Plains. Overland Park is a few miles south of the Kansas River.\nThe United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and 0.46\u00a0square mile (1.19\u00a0km\u00b2) is water.\nClimate.\nOverland Park is in between North America's humid subtropical climate and humid continental climate zones. They usually have hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters.\nPeople.\n2020 census.\nThe 2020 census says that there were 197,238 people, 81,567 households, and 51,544 families living in Overland Park. Of the households, 60.7% owned their home and 39.3% rented their home.\nThe median age was 38.6 years. Of the people, 75.0% were White, 9.3% were Asian, 4.6% were Black, 0.4% were Native American, 0.1% were Pacific Islanders, 2.6% were from some other race, and 8.1% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.8% of the people.\n2010 census.\nThe 2010 United States Census says that there were 173,372 people, 71,443 households, and 45,516 families living in Overland Park.\nMetropolitan area.\nOverland Park is a city of both the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area.\nEconomy.\nThe service sector makes up most of the local economy. Health care, retail trade, professional and technical services, finance and insurance, and information technology are Overland Park's five biggest industries. Companies with headquarters in Overland Park include Sprint Corporation, YRC Worldwide, Black & Veatch, Waddell & Reed, Ferrellgas, Ash Grove Cement Company, and Compass Minerals.\nBiggest employers.\nOverland Parks's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report says that the biggest employers in Overland Park are:\nGovernment.\nAccording to Kansas, Overland Park is a \"city of the first class\". Since 1963, Overland Park has had a mayor-council-manager form of government.\nOverland Park is in Kansas's 3rd U.S. Congressional District. Representative Sharice Davids represents them in the United States House of Representatives. For the Kansas Legislature, the city is in the 6th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 21st, and 37th districts of the Kansas Senate. They are in the 8th, 16th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 27th, 28th, 29th, and 48th districts of the Kansas House of Representatives.\nEducation.\nPrimary and secondary education.\nOverland Park has four public school districts. The part of the city north of Interstate 435 is in the Shawnee Mission School District (SMSD). SMSD controls thirty eight elementary schools, two middle schools, six high schools, and multiple support facilities in Overland Park.\nThere are more than 12 private schools in Overland Park.\nKansas City Japanese School Inc. (\u30ab\u30f3\u30b6\u30b9\u30b7\u30c6\u30a3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u88dc\u7fd2\u6388\u696d\u6821 \"Kanzasu Shiti Nihongo Hosh\u016b Jugy\u014d K\u014d\"), a Japanese weekend educational program, is at the Kansas Christian College in Overland Park. It was created in 1979. It was officially approved by the Japanese Ministry of Education (Monbusho), and it was officially established in 1984.\nTransportation.\nKansas City International Airport is about north of central Overland Park. Johnson County Executive Airport, a public general aviation facility, is located immediately west of the city in Olathe.\nBNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad each have a freight rail line through Overland Park.\nMedia.\n\"The Kansas City Star\" is Kansas City's main newspaper. They publish every day. It has local news, and it publishes a version that is specifically for Johnson County.\nOverland Park is in both the Kansas City radio and television markets.\nSister cities.\nOverland Park has one sister city."}
+{"id": "24286", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24286", "title": "Bedford", "text": "Bedford is a markettown of Bedfordshire, England. It has a population of more than 79,000 people (100,000 if the people living in Kempston are included). It is formed of multiple districts, such as Putnoe, Goldington, Brickhill and Woodside. Many people also live in the smaller villages surrounding Bedford, such as Sandy, Willington, Cople and Cardington. It has many outstanding schools, both State and Public. It is one of only two places nationally that has a three-tier school system, although it is currently undergoing the transition to two-tier. There are academies, Bedford Free School, community and an SEN schools. It is also a place with a large diversity of nationalities, such as Italians and Polish, stemming from the Brick works that used to stand in ...\nHistory.\nThe town of Bedford is about 1000 years old. There was a castle there, but it was destroyed in 1224. A small hill with a tower now stands in the place of the castle. It overlooks the river Great Ouse which flows through the town. Every four years a River Festival is held there, with stalls, a fair and dragon boat races. Bedford was a market town from the early Middle Ages. It was given its borough charter in 1166 by Henry II.\nEducation.\nDuring the last century many people moved to Bedford because there were good schools there. There are four public schools which are governed by the Harpur Trust: Bedford Boys School, Bedford Girls School, Bedford Modern and Pilgrims Pre-Preparatory School. There are also some smaller private schools. \nBedford also has various local authority schools. Bedford Borough operates a three-tier education system in some of the area, arranged into lower, middle and upper schools, as recommended in the Plowden Report of 1967. Many students study at the University of Bedfordshire, which is based in Bedford and Luton. Bedford College offers further education. Also, Stella Mann College is a private college which offers a range of further education courses for the performing arts.\nHundreds of school children can take part in Bedfordshire Youth Music courses during the holidays, have music lessons in school and participate in the orchestra. There is also a Bedfordshire Youth Theatre that runs activities for all age groups.\nFeatures and events.\nThe town of Bedford has scenic routes to walk along the banks of the River Great Ouse. The banks of the river by the town centre are called The Embankment. There are nice gardens there and two bridges for pedestrians, one of which is called The Butterfly Bridge. The newer of these bridges is known as the \u201cButterfly Bridge\u201d because it is shaped like a butterfly.\nEvery two years, an event called Bedford River Festival is held near the river in Bedford during early July. The event lasts for two days. About 250,000 people go there to enjoy all the events, the sports, food, funfairs and live music.\nThe big church in the centre of the town is called St Paul\u2019s Church. It stands in St Paul\u2019s Square. It has a tall spire which can be seen from a long way away. There was a church there in 1066. The present church was started in the early 13th century and gradually more parts were added. The tower and spire were completely rebuilt in the 1860s. John Bunyan and John Wesley both preached in the church. There is a stained glass window dedicated to Sir William Harpur who gave his money to charity in the 16th century allowing almshouses and schools to be built in Bedford.\nThere are museums in Bedford. The Cecil Higgins Art Gallery is in the Victorian home of the Higgins family who used to be brewers. A modern building next to it has paintings, ceramics, glass and lace. The Bedford Museum is next door and has things from Bedford\u2019s history. Just round the corner is the John Bunyan museum showing things about Bedford\u2019s most famous writer.\nHospitals and services.\nBedford Hospital is split between two sites in the town. It serves people from the whole of Mid Bedford. Many discussions are still taking place about the future of the hospital and how it should be organized.\nThere are many shops in the town centre, as well as out-of-town shopping areas. The Aspects Leisure Centre has cinemas and other amusements. It is near the opposite end of the Embankment from the town centre.\nMusic and Drama.\nThere is a lot of opportunity to hear music in Bedford. Many local musicians play in the Bedfordshire Symphony Orchestra and the Bedford Sinfonia. They give their concerts in the Corn Exchange in St Paul\u2019s Square, where one can also hear concerts given by the famous professional Philharmonia Orchestra who give a series of concerts during the year. There are several amateur choirs including the large Bedford Choral Society and the chamber choirs Cantamus and Concord Singers. The Bedford Music Club organizes chamber concerts on Thursdays during the year, and there are many other musical events including lunch hour concerts at St Paul\u2019s Church. In August the 'Proms In The Park' takes place in Bedford Park. It is given by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and attracts thousands of people who take rugs and food and sit on the grass to listen to the music.\nAlthough Bedford has no large theatre there are many amateur groups such as the Bedford Dramatic Club, Swan Theatre Company, Bedford Marianettes who perform in several places such as the Bowen West Theatre and Civic Theatre. There are also several local bands.\nSport.\nAs Bedford has a river there is a lot of opportunity for rowing. Bedford has two rugby union teams called Bedford Blues and Bedford Athletic. Bedford Blues are now in the second tier of English rugby, although they have previously been in the top division. Bedford has an athletic stadium, home to many famous sports personalities and trains youth.\nTransport.\nBedford\u2019s main railway station is in Midland Road. Thameslink run trains from Bedford to Brighton passing through London, and East Midlands Railway have trains that go from London, passing through Bedford on their way to Sheffield. There are also trains to Bletchley in Milton Keynes, and the Marston Vale Line which also stops at Bedford St Johns railway station.\nThere is a lot of traffic in Bedford as several roads spread out from the centre of the town in all directions. The M1 is 8 miles to the west, and the Al is about the same distance to the east. Bedford now has a by-pass between Milton Keynes and the Black Cat Round About near St. Neots. \nBuses from Bedford travel to Northampton, Milton Keynes, Cambridge, Oxford and other towns in the region. Most of these services depart from the main bus station in the town. This bus station is currently undergoing renevation as part of a scheme to upgrade facilities in the town centre, including free car parking for two hours on Saturday.\nDemographics.\nThere are many Italian people living in Bedford. Many of them came from the 1950s onwards to work at the brickworks of the London Brick Company. There are many Italian bars and restaurants and social clubs as well as a church and a vice-consulate. Many of the people who came in the 1950s now have grandchildren growing up in Bedford, and many of them have married people from other cultures. More recently many people have immigrated from other parts of the world such as South Asia and Eastern Europe (particularly in the last few years), Greece, Cyprus, the Middle East and Africa. Many languages are spoken in Bedford including Italian, Punjabi, Turkish, Polish, Portuguese, Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese. There is a big, new Sikh temple in the district known as Queen\u2019s Park.\nTwinned towns.\nBedford is twinned with:\nRelationship with nearby towns and villages.\nThe town of Kempston has now grown to be part of Bedford. The villages in the Borough of Bedford with populations of more than 2,000 are Biddenham, Bromham, Clapham, Elstow, Oakley, Sharnbrook, Shortstown, Wilstead, and Wootton. There are also many smaller villages in the borough. The villages in the borough are popular with commuters to Bedford, and also with people who commute to Milton Keynes, which is a bigger employment centre than Bedford, and to London.\nFamous Bedfordians.\nThe most famous person from Bedford was John Bunyan, the author of \"The Pilgrim's Progress\". He was born in Harrowden, near Elstow which is just outside Bedford. Later he lived in St Cuthbert Street, which is the next street east parallel to the High Street, but was still just at the edge of Bedford at that time. Bunyan Meeting is a church on the site where Bunyan, at the end of his life, was allowed to have a barn to preach. It is joined to the Bunyan Museum. There is a statue of Bunyan on the corner of the High Street by Bedford School. \nOther famous Bedfordians include Sir William Harpur, the philanthropist, John Howard, the prison reformer, Charles Wells, founder of Charles Wells Brewery, a company which is still in the town, Ronnie Barker the comedian, Media Personality and former 'Countdown' Co-host Carol Vorderman and John Le Mesurier, actor and comedian. People who went to school in Bedford include the politician Paddy Ashdown, the cricketer Alastair Cook, the playwright Christopher Fry and the athlete Paula Radcliffe.Also cricketer Monty Panesar and comedian Al Murray."}
+{"id": "24287", "revid": "10044543", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24287", "title": "Pentomino", "text": "A pentomino is a 2D shape made out of 5 side-by-side equal-sized squares. They can be found in the books \"Chasing Vermeer\" and \"The Wright 3\". It was created by Solomon W. Golomb.\nThese are the 12 pentominos:"}
+{"id": "24288", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24288", "title": "Ejaculation", "text": "Ejaculation is when a male person (or other male mammal) shoots out liquid from his erect penis after it has been aroused or stimulated (excited sexually). It happens when he has an orgasm. This article is about ejaculation in human beings.\nWhen a man is stimulated, his penis becomes erect. When he has an orgasm, semen comes out from the end of his penis. Semen contains sperm and other substances. How long a man can be stimulated before ejaculating, how long the ejaculation lasts, the strength of the ejaculation, and the amount of semen that comes out, all vary from one man to another. When a man ejaculates, he has a very good feeling in his penis and in his groin area (the part of his body where his torso joins the top of his legs). A man can ejaculate after he masturbates, is touched by someone else sexually, and sometimes, even if he is not touched (for example, if he looks at pictures and videos on the internet that cause sexual arousal, or thinks about sex). Ejaculation can also happen without control when a man is sleeping, which is called a wet dream.\nUrine can sometimes also come out with the ejaculatory fluid during sex.\nBoys usually do not ejaculate until they reach puberty, but sometimes it can happen before.\nSlang terms for ejaculation are \"blowing a load\" or \"blowing a wad\", and \"busting a nut\". \"creaming\", \"cumming\", \"jizzing\", \"nutting\", \"jazzing\", \"spurting\", \"squirting\" and \"skeeting\". Ejaculation takes place when the man has an orgasm (the height of sexual excitement), usually after his genitals have been physically stimulated in some way. However, ejaculation can also happen if a man has not been touched, for instance, if he becomes aroused or stimulated (made sexually excited) by looking at sexy pictures, watching sexy videos, or thinking about sex. When a man ejaculates while sleeping, it is called nocturnal emission.\nHow it happens.\nBefore a man can ejaculate, his penis needs to be stimulated. The penis is usually soft, quite short, and hangs down. When a man is stimulated, for example by seeing another naked person, masturbating or being touched by someone else sexually, the inside of his penis fills with blood. This causes it to become longer, thicker, harder and to stand upright, and is called an erection. Men can be stimulated for different amounts of time before they ejaculate.\nEjaculation takes place in two stages.\nAfter a man has ejaculated, his penis usually becomes soft and shorter again. He may also have an enjoyable and relaxing feeling in his groin area. It takes some time before he can have another erection and ejaculation. This time is called the refractory period. The average refractory period is about half an hour. Younger men normally have a shorter refractory period than older men. Men who are 18 years old have a refractory period of about 15\u00a0minutes, while men in their 70s have one of about 20\u00a0hours. Some men's penises remain hard after one ejaculation, and they are able to have another ejaculation after some time without losing their erection. Most young and middle-aged men can probably have about two to three ejaculations in a few hours, but it has been said that some men are able to have up to nine ejaculations a day.\nWhen a man ejaculates before he wants to, this is called premature ejaculation. If a man cannot ejaculate after having been aroused for a long time, even though he wants to, this is called delayed ejaculation or anorgasmia. A man who is unable to ejaculate at all is said to have anejaculation. Some men are able to have an orgasm without ejaculating. This is called a dry orgasm.\nApart from giving a man pleasure, ejaculation may help a man stay healthy. A study carried out in Australia seemed to show that men who ejaculate often have less chance of getting prostate cancer.\nSemen.\nSemen is known informally as \"cum\", \"jism\" or \"jizz\". Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 millilitres (up to one teaspoonful) of semen. More semen tends to come out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated for a long time. Older men produce less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called hypospermia.\nSemen is usually a white or yellowish fluid. It starts off being slightly thick and sticky, then after a while, it becomes more watery. Semen contains many chemicals. These include citric acid, fructose (a type of sugar), enzymes that speed up chemical reactions in the body, lipids (substances that fat is made of), and slippery fluids that help the semen to move through the urethra.\nThe number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if:\nIf there is an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually infertile, and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her.\nIf a man has a sexually transmitted infection or STI (an infection that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become infected by the germs and pick up the disease. AIDS, gonorrhea, hepatitis B, herpes and syphillis are examples of STIs. One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a condom on his penis when having sex.\nFertilization.\nWhen a man has sexual intercourse with a woman, he places his penis within her vagina and moves his penis back and forth, typically in a thrusting motion, while the woman moves her hips. The vagina is warm and somewhat moist, and it places pressure on the man's penis. These sensations, combined with the friction caused by the in-and-out movements, stimulate the penis, which causes the man to have an orgasm and to ejaculate. If the woman is using birth control this will usually not cause her to become pregnant. Otherwise, the sperm in the semen can travel into the woman's uterus and Fallopian tubes. If there happens to be an ovum or egg cell in a Fallopian tube, a sperm may fuse with the ovum. This is called fertilization, and makes the woman pregnant.\nHowever, before a man ejaculates, a clear, colorless, sticky fluid called pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculate fluid or informally as pre-cum) can come out of his penis. Pre-ejaculate is produced by the bulbourethral or Cowper's glands. Some tests have shown that pre-ejaculate does not contain any sperm. However, some sperm may have been left behind in the urethra from an earlier ejaculation and the pre-ejaculate may carry this sperm out of the penis. That is why a woman can become pregnant even if the man pulls his penis out of her vagina before he ejaculates. Also, if a man ejaculates near the woman's vagina and semen falls on her body, sperm can accidentally enter the vagina and cause a pregnancy. To avoid the woman becoming pregnant when she does not want to, the man and the woman can use methods of contraception or birth control. For example, the man can wear a condom on his penis, or the woman can take birth control pills.\nFirst ejaculation.\nYoung boys cannot ejaculate. A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins puberty, which is when his body starts changing into a man's body. Most boys go through puberty in their teens. The first time a boy ejaculates usually happens when he is asleep. This is called a nocturnal emission (which means \"an emission happening at night\") or a wet dream. It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex. When a boy begins masturbating, wet dreams usually stop happening.\nWhen a boy starts to ejaculate, he usually produces only a small amount of semen. The semen is different from what an adult man produces. It is usually clear and stays sticky. It either has no sperm in it, or sperm that do not move properly or do not move at all. A boy's semen only becomes like an adult man's semen about two years after his first ejaculation."}
+{"id": "24289", "revid": "47362", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24289", "title": "Team", "text": "A team is a group of people who have a certain task to complete. In order to meet their target, the members of the group must work well with each other.\nSuccessful team - a group of people who tend to meet their target despite barriers. The group members cooperate with each other and take other members' ideas into consideration.\nUnsuccessful team - a group of people who have a very difficult time when attempting to complete a certain task. This may be because the members of the group think of only themselves and create an uncomfortable environment for other members of the team."}
+{"id": "24294", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24294", "title": "Hirohito", "text": "Hirohito (\u88d5\u4ec1; 29 April 1901 \u2013 7 January 1989), posthumously known as , was the 124th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 25 December 1926 until his death in 1989. He was the longest-reigning emperor in Japanese history and one of the longest-reigning monarchs in the world. His reign, known as the Sh\u014dwa era, encompassed the Empire of Japan's rise in militarism, its imperial expansion in Asia, the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II, as well as the country's postwar economic miracle.\nHe was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito. In Japan, reigning emperors are known simply as \"the Emperor\" and he is now referred to primarily by his posthumous name, .\nThe name \"Sh\u014dwa\" was given to Hirohito after he died. Emperors of Japan are normally renamed in this way; and people started using the new name in 1990. During his long reign, many people outside Japan call him Emperor Hirohito, or just Hirohito.\nEvents of Sh\u014dwa's life.\nPrince Hirohito was named regent for his father in 1921. he became emperor after his father's death.\nWorld War II.\nHirohito was the emperor of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War which became World War 2 (1931 to 1945). Though he was supposed to be an absolute monarch (an emperor who can make all the laws and rules), most of the power in the Japanese Government during this time was held by Japan's Prime Minister Hideki T\u014dj\u014d and the military. Hirohito's role in WW2 is controversial.\nConstitutional monarch.\nAfter Japan's defeat in the war, the role of emperor changed. The emperor became a symbol of the state.\nHirohito was the first emperor to travel outside Japan. He visited Europe in 1971 and he traveled to the United States in 1975.\nAfter his death.\nEmperor Showa died of small intestine cancer and was succeeded by his son, Prince Akihito.\nThe state funeral for the late emperor was an international event. World leaders attending the funeral included U.S. President George H. W. Bush, French President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, and the Duke of Edinburgh.\nEmperor Sh\u014dwa is buried in the Imperial Mausoleum in Hachi\u014dji, along with Emperor Taish\u014d. \nSelected works.\nIn an overview of writings by and about Hirohito, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 900+ works in 1,500 publications in 15 languages and 31,000 library holdings .\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "24297", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24297", "title": "Human evolution", "text": "Human evolution is about the origin of human beings. All humans belong to the same species, \"Homo sapiens\". Fossils found in Africa prove that humans first appeared there. Later, they spread to almost all parts of the world.\n\"Human\" means the genus \"Homo\". However, studies of human evolution usually include other hominids too, like the Australopithecines. This group diverged (split) from the genus \"Homo\" in Africa by about 2.3 to 2.4 million years ago. The first \"Homo sapiens\", the ancestors of today's humans, evolved around 200,000 years ago.\nPeople have known for centuries that man and the apes are related. Clearly, even though they look different, their anatomy is similar. For this reason, during the 18th century, Buffon and Linnaeus classified men and apes together in a single family. In the 19th century, Charles Darwin suggested that animals have very similar anatomies when they share a common ancestor. In fact, humans and apes are close relatives. Both are primates: the order of mammals which includes monkeys, apes, lemurs and tarsiers.\nThe great apes live in tropical rainforests. It is thought that human evolution started when a group of apes (now called the australopithecines) began to live more in the savannah. A savannah is more open, with trees, shrubs and grass. This group started walking on two legs (this is called bipedalism). They began to use their hands to carry things. \nLife in the open was different, and there was a big advantage in having better brains. Their brains grew larger, and they began to make simple tools. This process began at least 5 million years ago. We have fossils of two or three different groups of walking apes, and one was the ancestor of humans.\nThe biological name for \"human\" or \"man\" is \"Homo\". The modern human species is called \"Homo sapiens\". \"Sapiens\" means \"thought\". \"Homo sapiens\" means \"the thinking man\".\nPaleoanthropology looks at ancient human fossils, tools, and other signs of early human life. It began in the 19th century with the discovery of a skull of \"Neanderthal man\" in 1856.\nHumans are similar to great apes.\nBy 1859, zoologists had known for a long time that humans are, in their anatomy, similar to the great apes. There are also differences: humans can speak, for example. But the similarities are more basic than the differences. Humans also have features with a much older history, from early in the life of vertebrates.\nThe idea that species are caused by evolution had been proposed before Darwin, but his book gave much evidence, and many were persuaded by it. The book was \"On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection\", published in November 1859. In this book, Darwin wrote about the idea of evolution in general, rather than the evolution of humans. \"Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history\", was all Darwin wrote on the subject. Nevertheless, the implication of the theory was clear to readers at the time.\nSeveral people discussed the evolution of humans. Among them were Thomas Huxley and Charles Lyell. Huxley convincingly showed many of the similarities and differences between humans and apes in his 1863 book \"Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature\". When Darwin published his own book on the subject, \"The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex\", the idea of human evolution was already well-known. The theory was controversial. Even some of Darwin's supporters (such as Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Lyell) did not like the idea that human beings have evolved their impressive mental capacities and moral sensibilities through natural selection.\nSince the 18th century, scientists thought the great apes to be closely related to human beings. In the 19th century, they speculated that the closest living relatives of humans were either chimpanzees or gorillas. Both live in central Africa in tropical rainforests. In fact, chimpanzees are closest to us. Biologists believed that humans share a \"common ancestor\" with other African great apes and that fossils of these ancestors would be found in Africa, which they have been. It is now accepted by virtually all biologists that humans are not only similar to the great apes, but actually are great apes.\nThe issue was confirmed by late 20th century studies on the sequences of proteins and genes in apes and man. These studies showed that man shares about 95 to 98% of these structures with chimpanzees. This is a much closer relationship than with any other type of animal, and fully supports the ideas put forward in the 19th century by Darwin and Huxley.\nAccording to a 2006 paper:Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is generally interpreted as supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa. However, this is where the near consensus on human settlement history ends, and considerable uncertainty clouds any more detailed aspect of human colonization history\".\nDistinguishing features.\nPrimates have diversified in habitats such as trees and bushes. They have many features which are adaptations to their environment. Here are some of those traits:\nNot all primates have these anatomical traits, nor is every trait unique to primates. Primates are frequently highly social, live in groups with 'flexible dominance hierarchies'.\nOther similarities.\nLike most closely related animals, apes and humans have closely related parasites. This usually comes about because parasites evolve with their hosts, and when host populations split, their parasites split also. It is also possible for parasites to jump from one species to another. Two of the most serious parasitic infections of humans in Africa come from apes. Each may have been transferred to humans by a single cross-species event.\nThere are several species of mosquito, and several species of the malarial parasite \"Plasmodium\". The most serious type, \"P. falciparum\", which kills many millions of people each year, originated in gorillas. \nIt is now virtually certain that chimpanzees are the source of HIV-1, the virus that causes AIDS. Scientists determined this by doing sequence analysis of ape and human viruses.\nThis shows that human physiology is so close to the apes that their parasites were able to transfer to humans with great success. Humans have much less resistance to these parasites, which are ancient in origin, but comparatively new to our species.\nImmediate ancestors of the genus \"Homo\".\nIt was not until the 1920s that hominid fossils were discovered in Africa. In 1924, Raymond Dart described \"Australopithecus africanus\". The specimen was called the Taung Child, an australopithecine infant discovered in a cave deposit being mined for concrete at Taung, South Africa. The remains were a remarkably well-preserved tiny skull and a cast of the inside of the individual's skull. Although the brain was small (410\u00a0cm\u00b3), its shape was rounded, unlike that of chimpanzees and gorillas, and more like a modern human brain. Also, the specimen had short canine teeth, and the position of the foramen magnum was evidence that the individual could walk on two feet. All of these traits convinced Dart that the Taung baby was a bipedal human ancestor, a transitional form between apes and humans.\nIt took another 20 years before Dart's claims were taken seriously. This was after other similar skeletons had been found. The most common view of the time was that a large brain evolved \"before\" bipedality, the ability to walk on two feet more or less upright. It was thought that intelligence similar to that of modern humans was necessary for bipedalism. This turned out to be wrong: bipedality came first.\nThe australopithecines are now thought to be immediate ancestors of the genus \"Homo\", the group to which modern humans belong. Both australopithecines and \"Homo sapiens\" are part of the tribe Hominini, but recent data has brought into doubt the position of \"A. africanus\" as a direct ancestor of modern humans; it may well have been a cousin. \nThe australopithecines were originally classified as either gracile or robust. In the 1930s, when the robust specimens were first described, the \"Paranthropus\" genus was used to describe them. During the 1960s, the robust variety was moved into \"Australopithecus\". The recent trend has been back to the original classification as a separate genus.\nThe genus \"Homo\".\nCarolus Linnaeus chose the name \"Homo\". Today, there is only one species in the genus: \"Homo sapiens\". There were other species, but they became extinct.\nThe figure shows where some of them lived and at what time. Some of the other species might have been ancestors of \"H. sapiens\". Many were likely our \"cousins\", and developed away from our ancestral line.\nAnthropologists are still investigating the exact line of descent. They do not all agree on which specimens should count as a separate species, and which are subspecies. In some cases this is because there are very few fossils. In other cases, it is due to the slight differences used to classify species in the \"Homo\" genus.\nThe evolution of the genus \"Homo\" took place mostly in the Pleistocene. The whole genus is characterised by its use of stone tools, initially crude, and becoming ever more sophisticated. Stone tools were so central to the Pliestocene that it is usually called the Palaeolithic, or the Stone Age, in archaeology and anthropology.\n\"Homo habilis\".\n\"Homo habilils\" was likely the first species of \"Homo\". It developed from the Australopithecus, about 2.5 million years ago. It lived until about 1.4 million years ago. It had smaller molars (back teeth) and larger brains than the Australopithecines.\nTowards \"Homo erectus\".\nThere are two proposed species that lived from 1.9 to 1.6 million years ago. Their relation has not been clarified. \nOne of them is called \"Homo rudolfensis\". It is known from a single incomplete skull from Kenya. Scientists have suggested that this was just another \"H.\" \"habilis\", but this has not been confirmed. \nThe other is currently called \"Homo georgicus\". It is from Georgia and may be an intermediate form between \"H. habilis\" and \"H. erectus\", or a sub-species of \"H. erectus\".\n\"Homo ergaster\" and \"Homo erectus\".\n\"Homo erectus\" was first discovered on the island of Java in Indonesia, in 1891. The discoverer, Eugene Dubois, originally called it \"Pithecanthropus erectus\" based on its morphology, which he considered to be intermediate between that of humans and apes. \"H. erectus\" lived from about 1.8 million to 70,000 years ago. The earlier specimens (from 1.8 to 1.2 million years ago) are sometimes seen as a different species, or a subspecies. called \"Homo ergaster\", or \"Homo erectus ergaster\".\nIn the early Pleistocene, 1.5\u20131 mya, in Africa, Asia, and Europe, presumably, some populations of \"Homo habilis\" evolved larger brains and made more elaborate stone tools. These differences and others are sufficient for anthropologists to classify them as a new species, \"H. erectus\". In addition \"H. erectus\" was the first human ancestor to walk truly upright. This was made possible by the evolution of locking knees and a different location of the foramen magnum (the hole in the skull where the spine enters). \"H. erectus\" may have used fire to cook their meat.\nA famous example of \"H. erectus\" is Peking Man; other specimens were found in Asia (notably in Indonesia), Africa, and Europe. Many paleoanthropologists are now using the term \"Homo ergaster\" for the non-Asian forms of this group. They reserve \"H. erectus\" only for those fossils found in the Asian region that meet certain requirements (as to skeleton and skull) which differ slightly from \"H. ergaster\".\nNeanderthal man.\n\"Homo neaderthalensis\" (usually called Neanderthals) lived from about 250,000 to about 30,000 years ago. It is less commonly called \"Homo sapiens neanderthalensis\": there is still some discussion if it was a separate species, \"Homo neanderthalensis\", or a subspecies of \"H. sapiens\". \nWhile the debate remains unsettled, evidence from mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosomal DNA sequencing indicates that little or no gene flow occurred between \"H. neanderthalensis\" and \"H. sapiens\", and, therefore, the two were separate species. In 1997, Dr. Mark Stoneking, then an associate professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University, stated: These results based on mitochondrial DNA extracted from Neanderthal bone indicate that Neanderthals did not contribute mitochondrial DNA to modern humans\u2026 Neanderthals are not our ancestors. More investigation of a second source of Neanderthal DNA supported these findings.\nDenisovan man.\nA genetic analysis of a piece of finger bone found in Siberia dated it to about 40,000 years ago, at a time when Neanderthals and modern man were living in the area. German researchers found its mitochondrial DNA did not match either that of our species or that of Neanderthals. This suggests that the bone belongs to a previously unknown species, called the Denisovans. The degree of difference in the DNA suggests this species split off from our family tree about a million years ago, well before the split between our species and Neanderthals.\n\"Homo floresiensis\".\n\"Homo floresiensis\", which lived about 100,000\u201312,000 years ago, has been nicknamed \"hobbit\" for its small size. Its size may be a result of island dwarfism, the tendency for large mammals to evolve smaller forms on islands. \"H. floresiensis\" is intriguing both for its size and its age. It is a concrete example of a recent species of the genus \"Homo\" that shows derived traits not shared with modern humans. In other words, \"H. floresiensis\" share a common ancestor with modern humans, but split from the modern human lineage and followed a different evolutionary path. \nThe main fossil find was a skeleton believed to be a woman of about 30 years of age. Found in 2003, it has been dated to approximately 18,000 years old. The living woman was estimated to be one meter in height, with a brain volume of just 380\u00a0cm3 This is small for a chimpanzee and less than a third of the \"H. sapiens\" average of 1400\u00a0cm3.\nThere is an ongoing debate over whether \"H. floresiensis\" is indeed a separate species. Some scientists believe that \"H. floresiensis\" was a modern \"H. sapiens\" suffering from pathological dwarfism. Modern humans who live on Flores, the island where the skeleton was found, are pygmies. This fact is consistent with either theory. One line of attack on \"H. floresiensis\" is that it was found with tools only associated with \"H. sapiens\".\nStone artifacts have been found on Flores which were dated to a million years ago. These artifacts are \"proxies,\" which means no skeletons of humans were found, but only a species of \"Homo\" could have made the artifacts. The artifacts are flakes and other implements, 48 in all, some of which show signs of being worked to produce a cutting edge. This means that humans were present on Flores by that date, but it does not tell us which species that was.\n\"Homo sapiens\".\n\"Homo sapiens\" has lived from about 300,000 years ago to the present. Between 400,000 years ago and the second warm period in the Middle Pleistocene, about 250,000 years ago, the human skull grew more like its present shape. Our species developed more sophisticated technologies based on stone tools. \nOne possibility is that a transition between \"H. erectus\" to \"H. sapiens\" occurred. The evidence of Java Man suggests there was a migration of \"H. erectus\" out of Africa. Then, much later, a further development of \"H. sapiens\" from \"H. erectus\" in Africa. Then a subsequent migration within and out of Africa eventually replaced the earlier \"H. erectus\".\n\"H sapiens\" shows adaptations and skills called behavioural modernity by some anthropologists.\nOut of Africa.\nStudies of the human genome, especially the Y-chromosome DNA and mitochondrial DNA, suggest that humans originated relatively recently in Africa. Evidence from DNA supports this view. By about 90,000 years ago modern humans had moved into Eurasia and the Middle East. This was the area where Neanderthals, \"Homo neanderthalensis\", had been living for a long time (at least 500,000 years in western Europe).\nBy about 42,000 to 44,000 years ago \"Homo sapiens\" had reached western Europe, including Britain. In Europe and western Asia, \"Homo sapiens\" replaced the Neanderthals by about 35,000 years ago. The details of how this happened are not known.\nAt roughly the same time, \"Homo sapiens\" arrived in Australia. Their arrival in the Americas was much later, about 15,000 years ago. All these earlier groups of modern man were hunter-gatherers.\nResearch has shown that human beings are genetically rather similar. The DNA of individuals is more alike than usual in most species. This may have resulted from their relatively recent evolution or from the Toba catastrophe. Skin colour is an adaptation to differing climates. These traits are a very small component of the \"Homo sapiens\" genome and include such outward characteristics as skin color and nose shape, and internal characteristics such as the ability to breathe more efficiently at high altitudes.\n\"H. sapiens idaltu\", from Ethiopia, about 160,000 years ago, is a proposed subspecies. It is the oldest known anatomically modern human.\nSpecies list.\nThis list is in chronological order by genus."}
+{"id": "24298", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24298", "title": "Ancient Rome", "text": "Ancient Rome was a civilization that started in the city of Rome, on the Italian Peninsula. It was the most important civilization in the Mediterranean region, Europe, and the Near East from the late 3rd century BC. Roman civilization existed throughout Classical Antiquity, Late Antiquity, and the Middle Ages. However, \"Ancient Rome\" means the ancient history of Roman civilization before the Middle Ages. Traditionally, the fall of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century AD is the start of the Middle Ages in Western Europe.\nIn classical antiquity, the Roman Empire controlled a large area of land that stretched from Great Britain to the Arabian Peninsula. Ancient Rome has been important to the history of Europe, North Africa and Western Asia, where the Romans controlled many lands. Ancient Rome's culture took ideas from other civilizations, especially those of Ancient Greece and the Greek kingdoms of the Hellenistic period. Ancient Roman ideas have been very influential for later civilizations.\nThe Romans' Latin became the most common language in the Western Mediterranean and Western Europe and is the ancestor of Romance languages. The Roman emperors were responsible for making Christianity Rome's state religion, and the Romans spread Christianity across the Roman Empire during late antiquity. Roman Christianity replaced the Roman religion and other traditional religions.\nThe Romans made many improvements to warfare, writing, engineering, architecture, irrigation and transport.\nHistory.\nRome began as a small farming community in the 8th century BC. The city was founded, according to legend, on 21 April 753 BC. It became a city and a state and had the Latin name \"Roma\", which, according to Roman mythology, came from the first king, Romulus. Rome was first a kingdom, but its last king, Tarquinius Superbus, was sent away in a revolution started by Lucius Junius Brutus. Rome then became a republic. The city-state grew to control the Italian Peninsula during the Hellenistic period, and it fought the Punic Wars against Carthage. After overcoming Carthage, the Roman Republic became the most powerful state in the Western Mediterranean.\nThe Romans became the most powerful state in the Rastern Mediterranean after the Macedonian Wars against Macedonia and the Mithridatic Wars against the Kingdom of Pontus. The Hellenistic period and the Roman Republic ended after Julius Caesar was assassinated. The Romans fought long civil wars.\nAt the end of the wars, Augustus overcame his Roman enemies and the Ptolemaic dynasty, which controlled the Kingdom of Egypt. Augustus became the first Roman emperor, and Roman civilization controlled all lands around the Mediterranean Sea.\nAlmost three centuries later, in 293\u00a0AD, Emperor Diocletian split the government of the empire into two parts. From Diocletian's time onward, there was usually more than one emperor at a time, each of whom controlled various parts of the empire. \nIn the 5th century AD, the lands of the Western Roman Empire split into different kingdoms. After Romulus Augustus, there were no more emperors in the Western Roman Empire, whose government ended in 476\u00a0AD. In Western Europe, that is the end of classical antiquity and the start of the Early Middle Ages.\nThe Romans lost control of Rome and most of the Italian Peninsula. The later Roman Empire during the Middle Ages is sometimes named the Eastern Roman Empire, which later became called the Byzantine Empire. Historians now use the latter name because the Romans' capital city was Constantinople (once called Byzantium), and its emperors controlled the eastern half of the Mediterranean Basin. The Byzantine Empire existed until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when it was defeated by the Ottoman Empire.\nCulture.\nRoman culture spread to Western Europe and the area around the Mediterranean Sea. Its history still has a big influence on the world today. For example, Roman ideas about laws, government, art, literature, and language are still important to European culture.\nThe Romans' language, Latin, slowly evolved to become French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, and many other languages. Latin also indirectly influenced many other languages such as English with many loanwords.\nReligion.\nGraeco-Roman polytheism.\nThe most common religion of ancient Rome in its first centuries was Graeco-Roman polytheism, with many gods. The traditional religion of Rome was polytheist. The most important gods were the Capitoline triad, three gods that were worshipped on the Capitoline Hill, Jupiter (the father and king of the gods), Juno (the queen of the gods) and Minerva (the goddess of wisdom). The goddess Minerva was born without a mother from the body of Jupiter. Roman mythology said that among the Romans' ancestors were Venus (the goddess of love) and Mars (the god of war and the son of Jupiter and Juno). The gods Apollo and Bacchus were taken by the Romans from Greek mythology, and many of the Romans' religious practices were the same as those of the ancient Greeks. The Romans also worshipped the goddesses Cybele and Isis, whose cults they took from Hellenistic Anatolia and Egypt.\nRoman worship often took the form of sacrifices. The Romans tried to please the gods by giving food or other gifts to the gods and to other deities, including the souls of dead people. With such sacrifices, the Romans hoped to avoid bad luck and bring good luck, such as fertility and a successful harvest, or victory in war. The Romans built temples to house the images of their gods. The images were usually statues, and the Romans would offer sacrifices by burning food or frankincense. Precious objects would be given to the gods in rituals and stored in the temples. The Romans believed that pleased the gods. The Romans also practiced ritual purification to avoid bad luck or offending the gods and the spirits.\nJudaeo-Christian monotheism.\nJudaism was common in the ancient Roman world, and there was a Jewish diaspora in many cities like Rome from the Hellenistic period. Christianity started in the east in Hellenistic Judaea. In classical antiquity, the Roman government did not like Christianity, and some Roman governors or emperors ordered the persecution of Christians. Under Emperor Diocletian, the persecution became the strongest.\nChristianity became an officially-supported religion in the Roman Empire under Emperor Constantine I. With the signing of the Edict of Milan by Licinius and Constantine in 313, it became the most powerful religion, and the Christian Church began the persecution of Christians who disagreed with the official (\"orthodox\" and \"catholic\") form. In 391\u00a0AD, an edict of Theodosius I made Christianity Rome's official religion. The state church of the Roman Empire became the state religion of the empire. (The state church later split into the modern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.)\nPeople practising traditional non-Christian religions were common in late antiquity and were called by the Christians \"pagans\". There was persecution of Graeco-Roman polytheism by the Roman emperors. In the 5th century, non-Christians' property began to be taken away, and many Roman temples started to be made into churches.\nByzantine Empire.\nThe Byzantine Empire was threatened by the rise of Islam, whose followers took over the territories of Syria, Armenia and Egypt and soon threatened to take over Constantinople. Over the next century, the Arabs also captured southern Italy and Sicily.\nThe Byzantines survived during the 8th century and in the 9th century began to take back parts of the conquered lands. In 1000\u00a0AD, the Byzantine Empire had its largest area, and its culture and trade flourished. However, the expansion was suddenly stopped in 1071 by the empire's loss of Battle of Manzikert, which finally made the empire become obviously weaker. After centuries of fighting and Turkic invasions, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos called for help from the West in 1095.\nThe West responded with the Crusades, which eventually resulted in the Fourth Crusade, which conquered Constantinople in 1204. Several Roman states took pieces of the reduced empire. After the recapture of Constantinople by the Romans, the empire was little more than a Greek-speaking state that was confined to the coast of the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. The empire came to an end when Mehmed II conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453.\nArchaeology.\nRemains of Roman work and architecture have been found in the late empire's furthest corners:"}
+{"id": "24300", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24300", "title": "Globalization", "text": "Globalization is the spread of products, technology, information, and jobs across nations.\nDefinition.\nIt is a term which may be used broadly to mean doing things as distant people do them, or more narrowly to mean complying to global standards in economy, politics, culture, education, environment or other matters. It describes the way countries and people of the world interact and integrate. Many things have become globalized as people come into contact.\nEconomic globalization is how countries are coming together as one big global economy, This is all making international trade easier. In the late 20th century, many people agreed to lower tariffs, or taxes on goods that are imported from other countries. Telegraphy and other communication technologies have helped people to buy and sell products from around the world, thus bringing globalization. Herman E. Daly has said that there is an important difference between internationalization and globalization. Internationalization is about nations working together for the same goals. These are things like treaties, alliances, and other international agreements. Globalization is about international trade that are \nbeing less blocked by national borders.\nPolitical globalization is how institutions and countries can influence the whole world. The United Nations is an example of globalization because most countries of the world are members of its General Assembly. This international organization can make countries follow rules and apply economic sanctions to a country that doesn't. This means the countries in the U.N will punish them by not talking or trading with them, so they don't benefit from globalization.\nCultural globalization is how culture is becoming homogeneous, which means that people from all over the world act in similar way. For example, many people around the world write with the Latin alphabet, wear T-shirts and jeans and watch Hollywood movies and other media.\nCriticism.\nSome people, like Noam Chomsky, do not like globalization because they feel it only helps rich people get richer by making poor people poorer. Offshore outsourcing, such as a company hiring workers in a developing country, is often a part of globalization. This sometimes means that some people in a developed country lose their jobs. Joseph Stiglitz said that international groups like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) have made it harder for poorer nations to get richer. Globalization also means that problems from other countries will affect your country. For example, the Great Depression of the 1930s started in the United States but affected the entire world.\nMany countries also dislike it when international organizations such as the United Nations tell them what to do. However they obey to avoid sanctions. Many people also criticize the fact that globalization means that fewer people are deciding what brands, like Coca-Cola and McDonald's, taking over smaller, local shops and businesses. They criticize the fact that powerful countries have bigger influence on world culture than others. For example, the United States is the biggest cultural exporter, which means that countries around the world are becoming like the United States. However, this hurts local cultures. Jean Baudrillard believes that globalization hurts local cultures and is the cause of most terrorism. He also believes that most supporters of globalization just want to stay in power.\nGregory Meyjes interprets globalization as a largely hegemonic, unequal process of socio-cultural imposition. Questioning the various processes (economic, political, cultural) by which\u00a0globalization\u00a0or\u00a0globalisation has favored rapid Anglo-cultural dominance over a more gradual, egalitarian evolution towards an inclusive world civilization, Meyjes argues for cultural policies that support \"ecological\" relations between local ethnocultural traditions, by protecting cultural specificity in the short term and allow as many cultural groups as possible to organically contribute to the whole. At the global level, Meyjes therefore proposes the term universalization or\u00a0universalisation to denote a process of (largely) non-imposed socio-cultural exchange between state-level and sub-state-level groups and \"nations\" \u2013 i.e. a transnational process that informs the gradual emergence of a universal civilization.\nSupport.\nOthers, like Thomas Friedman, believe that globalization can bring people together and make everyone richer without getting rid of local cultures. People who support globalization also believe that it makes war less likely because it is bad for business. Francis Fukuyama also argued that globalization would eventually lead to a system of world governance which would cause wars to end.\nMany believe that globalization helps out poorer nations by bringing them business. A report by the World Bank said that poverty in India and Indonesia was cut in half because of globalization. The report also said that people in poorer nations are living longer and better because they were making more money."}
+{"id": "24301", "revid": "1415823", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24301", "title": "North Holland", "text": "North Holland is a province (area with a local government) of the Netherlands. It is in the northwest. The capital is called Haarlem. Other cities in the province are Amsterdam, Hilversum, Alkmaar, Zaandam, and Hoorn. About 2,888,000 people are living in North Holland (2021)."}
+{"id": "24302", "revid": "10476720", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24302", "title": "Folk music", "text": "Folk music is music that represents the tradition or culture of the area, place or state. It is traditional music that people learn by listening to other people playing it and then copying them. We say that the tradition is \"orally transmitted\" or \"handed down orally\", meaning that the music is not written down but taught by speaking (\"oral\" means \"belonging to the mouth\"). Every country has its own traditional music. Folk song is part of folk music. A folksinger is a person who sings folk songs.\nThere are three categories of Folk music:\nIn the 1960s a new type of music was started by Bob Dylan who mixed traditional folk song with rock and roll. This music is sometimes called \"folk rock\". \nFolk music is music for everybody to play and listen to. In this way it is different from classical music which is mainly developed by professional musicians for a smaller group of people. Folk music is part of a popular culture, although the term \"popular music\" or \"pop music\" today refers to a kind of music which people can hear through television, radio and other means of recording.\nIn many parts of the world nearly all music is folk music. The term \"folk music\" is usually used for European and American music which is part of an oral tradition. Folk music as an oral tradition, is much less important than before, in part because of new technology (radio, television etc, and recordings of music). Folk tunes are now often written down, and they have influenced other kinds of music, so that the differences between various types of music are harder to see.\nThe traditional origins.\nIn older times folk music was part of \"communal recreation\". This means that small communities such as villages or families would relax by playing and singing music together. People would often make up a new song or new piece of music, or make changes to music that they already knew. In this way music was always changing. People would get musical ideas from other groups nearby. This is why folk music from neighbouring countries often sound similar.\nBallads were a popular kind of folk music. These were folk songs which told a story (they were \"narrative\"). Sometimes they had a refrain after each verse so that everybody could join in. Ballads told stories of love, myths or folklore. This is how stories were handed down from one generation to another.\nInstrumental folk music was used for dancing. Some of the instruments may have been very simple, such as a pair of sticks, rattle or a simple drum. Other instruments may include fiddle (the folk word for \"violin\"), bagpipes, harp, zither, or various wind instruments, depending on the time of history and the country.\nSome singing was polyphonic, i.e. there were two or more parts (voices). Very often two voices would sing in parallel (going up and down together). In countries such as Russia persons sings in three or four parts, e.g. in the tradition of \"podgolosnaya\" (\"underneath the voice\"). In countries, such as Britain, this polyphonic tradition did not exist. Folk songs there were sung by one singer, unaccompanied.\nFolk music used different scales. These are called modes. The Ionian mode (major scale) was the most common in Western Europe. In some parts of Eastern Europe modes with several semitones were used, but for the most part, half steps were avoided. This results is the tunes being described as tetratonic (four notes per octave) or pentatonic (five notes per octave).\nFolk music also includes simple children's songs and lullabies.\nFolk music was sung by people as they worked. In the early days of European immigration in America the pioneers sang as they travelled, cowboys sang as they worked, slaves sang in the cottonfields.\nInfluence on classical music.\nIn the 18th century folk music started to have an influence on classical music (or \"art music\"). People from the higher classes started to be interested in folk music because they were conscious of being part of a tradition. Composers such as Mozart and Schubert wrote folk dances for orchestras or small groups of instruments.\nFolk music was used by many composers in the Romantic period. Gustav Mahler used folk song in a lot of his music. In the early twentieth century some composers travelled around collecting folk music which was being played or sung by people in the country. They often used some of these ideas in their music. Bartok did this in Hungary as well as in Bulgaria and in the United States, and people such as Cecil Sharp and the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams collected folk music in England. In the United States the influence of jazz on classical music is all part of the story of folk music."}
+{"id": "24304", "revid": "585618", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24304", "title": "Abraham", "text": "Abraham (originally Abram) is a man in the Bible's Book of Genesis and the Qur'an. Abraham is said to be the Patriarch (father) of the Jewish People. He is the one of the most respected figures of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, as he is considered the father of these Abrahamic religions.\nFamily.\nAbraham was the son of Terah and the grandson of Nahor (son of Serug). Abraham's older brothers were named Nahor (son of Terah) and Haran.\nAccording to the Bible, Abraham had children from three different women. With his wife Sarah, he had Isaac. With Sara's handmaid, Hagar, he had Ishmael. He also had additional children with Keturah, whom he marries after Sarah's death. \nAbraham was also the grandfather of Jacob and Esau. He is believed to be the founding patriarch of the Israelites, Ishmaelites and Edomites. \nThe Covenant.\nIn the Book of Genesis, God tells Abraham to leave his home in Mesopotamia and go to Canaan. There, he would become the ancestor of a great nation. At the time, his name was Abram.\nThe Almighty told Abram to circumcise himself and all his sons. He told Abram: \u201cthe uncircumcised male who dwells among you, his soul shall be cut off, for he has rejected my covenant\u201d. After his circumcision, Abram changed his name to Abraham.\nThe binding of Isaac.\nWhen Abraham was circumcised, the Almighty told him that his wife Sarah would give birth to a son. Abraham laughed because of how old he was and asked the Almighty to give a blessing to Ishmael. The Almighty told Abraham that he would bless Ishmael and that Sarah would give birth to a son whose children would inherit what the Almighty promised Abraham. \nAfter Abraham\u2019s circumcision three angels pretending to be humans came to him and told him that in one year his wife Sarah would give birth to a son. She laughed, since Abraham was 100 years old and she was 90. The angels responded that nothing is impossible for the Almighty. Indeed, one year later, Sarah gave birth to a son. Abraham circumcised him and named him Isaac because of the laughter.\nYears after Hagar and Ishmael were sent away, the Almighty told Abraham \u201ctake your son, your only one, whom you love Isaac and sacrifice him\u201d. So Abraham took Isaac to a mountain to be a human sacrifice for God.\nHowever, the Almighty sent an angel to Abraham to stop him from killing Isaac and said that \u201cI have seen that you are indeed a God-fearing man since you have not withheld your son, your only one from me\u201d. Abraham sacrificed a ram instead of Isaac, and named the place Yireh.\nLater life.\nAfter Abraham\u2019s wife Sarah died when she was 127 years old, Abraham bought the Cave of Machpelah from Ephron the Hittite for 400 shekels and buried Sarah there. He then sent his servant to find a wife for Isaac. Then Abraham married Keturah and became the father of many children. Abraham died when he was 175 years old. Isaac and Ishmael buried him next to Sarah in the Cave of Machpelah.\nThe idol shop.\nAccording to a midrash in the Talmud, when Abraham was young, his father Terah told him to take care of his store selling idols. Instead Abraham destroyed all but the biggest idol. When he told Terah what he had done, Terah told him that idols are mindless statues and not deities. Then Abraham asked Terah why he worshipped them. Terah took him to King Nimrod, who tried to kill him by burning him in a furnace. A miracle saved Abraham from death.\nNimrod then asked Abraham\u2019s brother Haran what he believed. Haran said he believed in the deity of Abraham because God would save him with a miracle. Nimrod threw Haran to the furnace, and Haran died. Next Nimrod sent away Terah and his family, and God told Abraham to go to Canaan."}
+{"id": "24305", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24305", "title": "Tao Te Ching", "text": "Tao Te Ching ( []) is the Chinese name of a book by a man named Laozi (or Lao Tzu, which literally means \"old master\"). Laozi was a sage (a wise man) and he was a record-keeper. The title can mean \"The Book of the Way and its Virtue.\" People believe the book was written around 600 BC.\nIt is an important text to Chinese culture. It is very important in Chinese philosophy (way of thinking) and religion. It is the main book for Taoism, which is both a philosophy and part of Chinese folk religion. It also influenced other philosophies in and around China.\nThe title.\nThere are many ways to translate the book's title, because each Chinese word has a few meanings:\nThe three words together gives the meaning \"Virtue Way Rules\".\nThe book is constructed of a series of poems, each containing a rule, way or belief to becoming successful.\nStructure of the book.\nThe Tao Te Ching is a short book of about 5,000 Chinese characters. It has 81 short chapters. It has two parts: Part One is the Tao Ching (\u9053\u7d93) \"Way Rules\", which is chapters 1\u201337; Part Two is the Te Ching (\u5fb7\u7d93) \"Virtue Rules\", which is chapters 38\u201381.\nTranslations.\nThe Tao Te Ching is one of the most translated books in history, alongside the Bible and the Quran. Why are there thousands of translations? The text is short, the meaning is difficult. There are many interpretations, or ways to understand what the book says."}
+{"id": "24306", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24306", "title": "Bacon", "text": "Bacon is a type of meat that comes from pigs. It is taken from the sides, back, or belly of the pig. It is often cut in thin slices, unlike other cured or smoked pork products. It is usually fried or grilled. It can also be microwaved.\nIn the U.S., back bacon and smoked ham is sometimes called Canadian bacon.\nBacon has lots of fat. Because bacon comes from pigs, people of some religions will not eat it. In some cultures and religions (such as Islam and Judaism), eating pork may be considered \"unclean.\" Because of this, other varieties of bacon are also made out of turkey or chicken instead. Turkey bacon and chicken bacon usually contain half of the fat of pork-based bacon.\nCuts.\nThe type of bacon is different depending on the primal cut of pork it is made of.\nThe inclusion of skin with a cut of bacon is called the 'bacon rind'.\nHistory.\nSalted pork belly first appeared in China. In Middle English the term bacon or bacoun meant pork in general. Before the Industrial Revolution, bacon was mostly made on local farms and in home kitchens. The world's first bacon processing plant was opened in Wiltshire in the 1770s."}
+{"id": "24308", "revid": "10379016", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24308", "title": "Molotov-Ribbentrop pact", "text": "The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, otherwise known as the Nazi-Soviet Pact, was signed by Vyacheslav Molotov (Stalin's Soviet foreign minister) and Joachim von Ribbentrop (Hitler's German foreign minister) on 23 August 1939. The agreement promised that neither the Soviet Union nor Nazi Germany would attack each other.\nA secret part established spheres of interest in Eastern Europe, and a border between both countries existed after they had invaded and divided Poland.\nOnly nine days later, on 1 September 1939, the German invasion of Poland began. On 17 September, the Soviet invasion of Poland began. \nAbout 250,000 to 454,700 Polish soldiers and policemen were captured and interned by the Soviet authorities. About 125,000 were imprisoned in camps run by the NKVD, and 43,000 soldiers born in western Poland, which was under German control, were transferred to the Germans. In turn, the Soviets received 13,575 Polish prisoners from the Germans, which showed how close the co-operation was between the Germans and the Soviets. \nOn 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war soon because both had promised to defend Poland if it was attacked. Since neither of them was ready for war, they did nothing to help Poland for some time, but the Second World War clearly had started on that day.\nHitler later broke the pact in June 1941 by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. The war would end by the Soviet victory in 1945."}
+{"id": "24311", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24311", "title": "Vyacheslav Molotov", "text": "Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (; in Kukarka \u2013 November 8, 1986 in Moscow) was a Soviet politician and diplomat who served as the Premier of the Soviet Union from 1930 to 1941. He was a leading figure in the Soviet government from the 1920s, when he came to power. He worked for Joseph Stalin from 1924 to 1953, when Stalin died, and for Georgy Malenkov from March to September 1953. Molotov worked for Nikita Khrushchev until Khrushchev dismissed him from office in 1956.\nMolotov was the main Soviet signatory of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. The pact was signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, and both countries promised not to attack each other. The pact lasted about two years until Germany started its invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.\nThe Molotov cocktail, which was invented by Finns fighting in the Winter War against the Soviet invasion of Finland, is named after him. "}
+{"id": "24315", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24315", "title": "Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24322", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24322", "title": "Babylonia", "text": "Babylonia was a city state in Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium BC, over 3000 years ago. Babylonia's capital city was Babylon, which meant \"The Gate of the Gods\". They built an empire out of the lands of the former Akkadian Empire.\nGeography.\nMesopotamia is the region of the two rivers, Euphrates and Tigris. At that time the region also included the city states of Assyria to the north, and Elam to the south-east. It is part of the Fertile Crescent in the Middle East. It was there people first lived together in a civilization, with farming, cities and writing.\nOld Babylonia.\nThe Babylonians had a written language that they used for trade and communication. They got it from the Sumerians, who invented it. The Babylonians used the same cuneiform system of pressing triangular shapes into soft clay. They wrote in two different languages: Sumerian for religious purposes and Akkadian language for official purposes.\nLaws.\nHammurabi was a king of Babylon who fought wars. He made Babylonia into an empire by putting Assyria under a vassal (puppet) king. He made the earliest written set of laws, the \"Code of Hammurabi\". It has 280 judgments. It is still placed on display today in the Louvre of Paris, France. The earlier Sumerian punishments had not been harsh, but Babylonian law was quite severe. The death penalty was given for theft, murder and other crimes.\nBuildings.\nThe houses in Babylon had open roofs, so that on hot nights, the family could sleep there. The living rooms, dining rooms, and the kitchens were, of course, downstairs. Lamps burned with olive oil, and every house had a chapel for burial and worship ceremonies. \nSince Mesopotamia had only clay for use in building, the strong wooden supports for the houses were imported from Lebanon. Eventually, residents began baking their bricks and improved the strength of their houses.\nSack of Babylon.\nLater, Babylon was sacked by the Hittite king Musilis I, which led to the so-called \"Dark Ages\" of the Bronze Age, where there is little evidence in writing. \nDating.\nThe date of the sacking of Babylon is debated by archaeologists, who have proposed no fewer than four chronologies. Possible dates for the sack of Babylon are:\nThe difficulty is to line up the Mesopotamian dates with the ancient Egyptian dates.\nLater dynasties.\nAfter the Hittites' destruction, Babylon was ruled by Kassites for 576 years. Next it was ruled by Elam, and then regained its independence for about three centuries. They were then conquered by the Neo-Assyrians. A century later they again became free, to form the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean Empire. This constant conquest and re-conquest is partly due to geography. There are no natural boundaries except the rivers, and it is easy to get at the cities from north or south. The king Nebuchadnezzar II reigned for 43 years. He conquered Phoenicia in 585 BC.\nCyrus the Great.\nThe Babylonian empire was finally brought to an end by Cyrus the Great of Persia. It was in 549 BC that Cyrus put an end to the empire of the Medes. Three years later Cyrus had become king of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia), and was engaged in a campaign in northern Mesopotamia. In 539 BC Cyrus invaded Babylonia. A battle was fought at Opis in the month of June, where the Babylonians were defeated; and immediately afterwards Sippara surrendered to the invader. Two days after the capture of Sippara, \"the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting\". Cyrus did not arrive until the 3rd of \"Marchesvan\" (October), Gobryas having acted for him in his absence. Gobryas was now made governor of the province of Babylon.\nCyrus now claimed to be the legitimate successor of the ancient Babylonian kings and the avenger of their god Bel-Marduk. The invasion of Babylonia by Cyrus was doubtless helped by the presence of foreign forced exiles like the Jews, who had been planted in the midst of the country. One of the first acts of Cyrus was to allow these exiles to return to their own homes, carrying with them the images of their god and their sacred vessels. The permission to do so was embodied in a proclamation, whereby the conqueror endeavored to justify his claim to the Babylonian throne. The feeling was still strong that none had a right to rule over Western Asia until he had been consecrated to the office by Bel and his priests; and accordingly, Cyrus henceforth assumed the imperial title of \"King of Babylon.\"\nFood.\nLike the Sumerians, the Babylonians ate vegetables, fruits, meat and fish. They also ate bread and enjoyed toasting and eating the pesky but crunchy locusts which destroyed their precious crops.\nArt.\nThe Babylonians loved art. Beautiful vessels ornamented with sparkling gold were buried with the kings. In those days books dealt with floods which were thought to be caused by sin, or about the journey of Abraham. \nScience.\nScience saw substantial improvement as well. The Babylonians invented the first calendar, the 60-minute hour and advanced multiplication table.\nLife.\nLife was rich, full and usually peaceful. People rarely thought about war or how to protect the city. As a result, Babylon was conquered in 730 BC by the Assyrians and Kassites. This great civilization then ended."}
+{"id": "24323", "revid": "10379017", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24323", "title": "Joachim von Ribbentrop", "text": "Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 - 16 October 1946) was the foreign minister of the German Third Reich in Nazi Germany between 1938 and 1945. He was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials and executed by hanging.\nEarly life.\nRibbentrop (\"von\" was added only later) was born in Wesel, Rhine Province, Prussia, German Epire.\nHe served as an infantry soldier in the Imperial German Army of the German Empire from 1914-1918 in Europe. \nNazi career.\nRibbentrop joined the National Socialist German Workers Party in 1932. He became an SS officer in 1933 and held the following ranks:\nHe remained a member of the SS, run by Heinrich Himmler, until World War II ended in 1945.\nTrial and execution.\nRibbentrop was found guilty of war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. He was executed on 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany. "}
+{"id": "24324", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24324", "title": "Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24325", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24325", "title": "Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim Ribbentrop", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24326", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24326", "title": "Noise", "text": "Noise refers to unwanted sound, typically perceived by the ears. It can cause damage to hearing. In physical acoustics, noise often results from irregular or unwanted vibrations transmitted through a medium. Prolonged exposure to loud noise can lead to hearing loss, a condition called deafness. The level of noise is measured in decibels (dB), and sounds above 85 dB can be harmful over time.\nNoise can also describe data, such as \"white noise\", which lacks meaningful information. Loudspeaker tests often use white noise to assess the frequency response of speakers. In mathematics, noise can also refer to random data, which is often generated without a specific pattern or predictable sequence. This type of noise is useful in fields like cryptography and simulation.\nIn electronics, heat causes noise in resistors, with the amount varying depending on the type of resistor. This is known as thermal noise or Johnson-Nyquist noise. Most audio devices are designed to minimize noise production by using components that reduce unwanted signals, ensuring a clearer sound.\nAnother type of noise, called background noise, refers to environmental sounds that are not part of the main sound being observed. This can include sounds like traffic, people talking, or machines operating. In some situations, background noise can be helpful, such as in white noise machines used to aid sleep."}
+{"id": "24328", "revid": "1639749", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24328", "title": "Karma", "text": "Karma is a word meaning the result of a person's actions as well as the actions themselves. It is a term about the cycle of cause and effect. According to the theory of Karma, what happens to a person, happens because they caused it with their actions. It is an important part of many Indian religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism. In Shinto (a religion often syncretised with Buddhism), Karma is interpreted as \"Musubi\" (\u3080\u3059\u3073), a view of karma is recognized in Shinto as a means of enriching, empowering and life affirming.\nIn terms of spiritual development, Karma is about all that a person has done, is doing and will do. Karma is logically about punishment or reward. It makes a person responsible for their own life, and how they treat other people.\nThe \"Theory of Karma\" is a major belief in Hinduism, Ayyavazhi, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. All living creatures are responsible for their karma - their actions and the effects of their actions.\nDefinition.\n Karma is often misconstrued as the universal principle of cause and effect. Our actions, both good and bad, come back to us in the future, helping us to learn from life\u2019s lessons and become better people. In religions that include reincarnation, karma extends through one's present life and all past and future lives as well.\nKarma is basically energy. One person throws out energy through thoughts, words and actions, and it comes back, in time, through other people. Karma is the best teacher, forcing people to face the consequences of their own actions and thus improve and refine their behavior, or suffer if they do not. Even harsh karma, when faced in wisdom, can be the greatest spark for spiritual growth. The conquest of karma lies in intelligent action and unemotional response.\nSupporting any action, with the claim, \"I am doing it,\" is karma. Claiming doership of any action, binds karma. To support the action with the belief 'I am the doer' is called binding the karma. It is this support of the belief of 'doership' that binds karma. If you know that you are not the doer and are aware of who the true doer is, 'I am not the doer' and 'who is the doer' then the action will not have any support and the karma will be shed.\nExamples of karma.\nThe process of action and reaction on all levels\u2014physical, mental and spiritual\u2014is karma. One must pay attention to thoughts, because thought can make karmas\u2014good, bad and mixed.\n\u201cI say kind words to you, and you feel peaceful and happy. I say harsh words to you, and you become ruffled and upset. The kindness and the harshness will return to me, through others, at a later time. Finally, what I give is what I get back.\u201d\n\u201cAn architect thinks creative, productive thoughts while drawing plans for a new building. But were he to think destructive, unproductive thoughts, he would soon not be able to accomplish any kind of positive task even if he desired to do so.\u201d\nKarma in Hinduism.\nHindus look at time as a circle, as things cycle around again. Karma is a very just law which, like gravity, treats everyone the same. The law of karma puts man at the center of responsibility for everything he does and everything that is done to him. Understanding the way karma works, Hindus try to live a virtuous life. This is called dharma.\nThere are three types of karma in Hinduism:\nThe role of divine forces.\nKarma is considered one of the natural laws of the mind, just as gravity is a law of matter. Just as God created gravity to bring order to the physical world, He created karma as a divine system of justice that is self-governing and infinitely fair. It automatically creates the appropriate future experience in response to the current action.\nSeveral different views exist in Hinduism regarding the role of divine beings. In Hinduism, many see the deities or devas as playing some kind of role. Other Hindus, such as the Mimamsakas, reject such notions and see karma as acting independently, considering the natural laws of causation sufficient to explain the effects of karma.\nSome interpretations of the Bhagavad Gita suggest an intermediate view, that karma is a law of cause and effect yet God can mitigate karma for His devotees. It is said in Bhagavad Gita that only the karma that is done with a sense of doership and with attachment to the karma could cause good or bad reactions. Karma that is done with an attitude of duty and without attachment to the results will not create any effect and will move one closer to God.\nAnother view holds that a Satguru, acting on God's behalf, can mitigate or work out some of the karma of the disciple."}
+{"id": "24338", "revid": "665582", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24338", "title": "Western hemisphere", "text": "The western hemisphere is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that is west of the Prime Meridian. Pretend that the earth is cut in half, from the North Pole, through England, to the South Pole. The Western Hemisphere is the half to the west. The other half is called the Eastern Hemisphere."}
+{"id": "24345", "revid": "2785", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24345", "title": "Paypal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24346", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24346", "title": "Molotov cocktail", "text": "A Molotov cocktail, also known as a petrol bomb, fire bomb, or benzine torch, is a simple incendiary device, meant to start a fire. It is relatively easy to make and is used by irregular paramilitary forces and by rioters. It is also used for arson.\nIt was used for the first time in the Spanish Civil War between July 1936 and April 1939, but it became known as \"Molotov cocktails\" only during the Second World War.\nComposition.\nA Molotov cocktail consists of a glass bottle partly filled with a flammable liquid. The liquid will typically be gasoline, alcohol, methanol or ethanol. The mouth of the bottle is closed with a cork or other type of tight sealing made of rubber, glass, or plastic, and a cloth rag is fixed securely around the mouth.\nThe weapon is used by first soaking the rag in a flammable liquid immediately before using it, lighting the rag, and throwing the bottle at the target. The bottle breaks when it lands, spilling the flammable liquid over the target, which is then ignited by the burning rag.\nIngredients.\nMany substances may be added to the basic Molotov cocktail to enhance its use as a weapon. These include:\nMolotov cocktails are similar to napalm bombs in principle. Napalm was originally made by combining flammable naphthalene and petrol with a thickening agent palmitic acid. The latter two are the main ingredients of Molotov cocktails. When gasoline is used as the main ingredient, motor oil is commonly added to help the gasoline cling to the target.\nOrigin.\nThe name Molotov cocktail is derived from Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, a Soviet politician. He was the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, or the Foreign Minister, of the Soviet Union.\nWorld War II.\nDuring the early part of World War II, when Finland refused to surrender land to the Soviet Union, the Soviets invaded it. The poorly equipped and heavily outnumbered Finnish Army faced Red Army tanks in what came to be known as the Winter War. \nThe army borrowed an improvised incendiary device from the 1936\u201339 Spanish Civil War, when the Spanish Nationalists under the orders of General Francisco Franco had used the weapon against Soviet T-26 tanks. Those tanks helped the Spanish Republicans in a failed 1936 Soviet assault near Toledo, 30\u00a0km from Madrid.\nWhen Molotov claimed in radio broadcasts that the Soviet Union was not dropping bombs but rather delivering food to the starving Finns, the Finns started to call the air bombs satirically \"Molotov bread baskets\". Soon they responded by saluting the advancing tanks with \"Molotov cocktails.\" \nAt first, the term was used to describe only the burning mixture itself, but the term was soon applied to the combination of both the bottle and its contents. This Finnish use of the hand- or sling-thrown explosive against Soviet tanks was repeated in the subsequent Continuation War. Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Finnish military, bundled with matches to light them.\nThese weapons saw widespread use by all sides in World War II. They were very effective against light tanks, and very bad for enemy morale. The following is a first-hand description of their effects, written during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in 1943:\nCold War.\nDuring the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, members of the Israeli kibbutz Degania managed to stop a Syrian tank assault by using Molotov cocktails. They were frequently used against Soviet tanks with great efficiency in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.\nThe weapon has been used against tanks effectively because of the conformation of parts of tanks, particularly around the undersides and fuel tank \"entrances\". A Molotov cocktail could blow up the fuel tank, destroying the machine, particularly for older (before 1940) tank models. \nMolotov cocktails are much more effective against gasoline engines than diesel engines' tanks. This is because diesel has a high flashpoint of 64\u00a0\u00b0C \u2013 making it more difficult to ignite compared to petrol. Some Soviet tanks actually had an entry to the gas tank on the side of the vehicle, which could be opened by combatants in close quarters, letting out the highly flammable liquid and making destruction of the tank even easier.\nThese tactics are effective only inside a small space, where tanks cannot easily maneuver. In such conditions quick-moving enemies, armed with incendiary bombs, have a huge advantage.\nThe Troubles.\nPetrol bombs were widely used throughout the Troubles in Northern Ireland in riot situations, directed towards the RUC or the British Army. As well as occasional situations where they continue to be used against the PSNI and the army, they are frequently used in sectarian attacks on homes and businesses by both communities. Fireworks and homemade grenades, known as blast bombs now commonly accompany petrol bomb attacks on the security forces.\nLegal concerns.\nAs such things can cause a lot of damage, and actually kill people, it is illegal in most countries to make or possess them. When they are used against property, this usually counts as \"arson\". When they are used against people, the charges range from manslaughter to murder.\nGiven the recent terrorism laws, such things could also fall under anti-terror legislation.\nRecent uses.\nMolotov cocktails were put to use recently during the riotous 2005 civil unrest in France. Another situation with popularity for them is the Palestinian Intifada. In Sydney, during the Cronulla Riots, rioters carrying Molotov cocktails were apprehended when they carried open bottles in a bus. The resulting smell of petrol alerted the driver, who in turn alerted the police.\nDuring the Columbine High School massacre, the two gunmen built and threw several Molotov cocktails; however, none of them exploded. It is presumed that this was due to bottles being overfilled.\nUkrainians were using these to fend off Russian tanks late February 2022."}
+{"id": "24347", "revid": "7519215", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24347", "title": "Flammability", "text": "Flammability or inflammability means that something can be set on fire easily. It will burn easily. The words come from Latin. The word at the base is \"in-flammare\" (late Latin). It means something like \"to put fire to a thing\".\n\"Inflammable\" and \"flammable\" are used to mean the same thing. People sometimes get confused and think that \"inflammable\" means \"not flammable\" because the prefix \"in\" is often used to mean \"not\". For example, something that is inhuman is not human. Since many people do not know that \"inflammable\" means \"burns easily\", \"flammable\" is used more often in public places as a warning.\nFlammability can be tested. Paper, for example, is more flammable than wood, and less flammable than natural gas."}
+{"id": "24348", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24348", "title": "Inflammable", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24353", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24353", "title": "Petrol bomb", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24354", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354", "title": "Benzine torch", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24355", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24355", "title": "Molotov grenade", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24356", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24356", "title": "Molotov bomb", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24357", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24357", "title": "Arson", "text": " \nArson is a crime. When someone sets fire to anything (such as a building or vehicle) they do not own and they do it on purpose, it is called arson. A person who commits arson is an arsonist. Arsonists usually use gasoline or kerosene to start a fire.\nArsonists use matches, Molotov cocktails and fire starters to start a fire. Arson is common in violent protests and retaliations against the government and .\nArsonists deliberately burn things for what they want. This includes personal reasons, reasons related to money, or political reasons.\nJulio Gonzalez became one of the most prolific arsonists in history when he set fire to the Happy Land nightclub with only 6 of the 93 occupants making it out alive. Julio started the fire after the bouncer kicked him out late in the evening due to him quarreling with his girlfriend Lydia Feliciano after she recently quit her job there. She was one of the 6 people to survive the fire. The club was condemned for lacking fire escapes or sprinklers."}
+{"id": "24358", "revid": "1211353", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24358", "title": "Cocktail", "text": "A cocktail is a kind of mixed drink. Usually, it is made with alcoholic drinks such as vodka, gin or rum. Since such spirits do not have much taste of their own (at around 40% alcohol), other ingredients are added. Common ingredients are fruits, fruit juice, sugar, crushed ice, and ice cubes. If beer is an ingredient, like in a Queen Mary, it is called a beer cocktail.\nIf the cocktail is served in a bar or nightclub, it often comes with a piece of fruit on top. For example, a gin and tonic could have a lemon, a Pi\u00f1a Colada could have a pineapple and a cherry. A popular cocktail in Cornwall UK is the McVey, 440ml of strongbow and 125ml of Malibu.\nMost cocktails were invented in the late 19th or early 20th centuries. People began drinking a lot of cocktails in the United States in the 1920s due to Prohibition. Around that time, cocktails from Cuba, such as the mojito, became popular around the world.\nCocktails made without alcohol are also made.\nBecause all the ingredients give their flavor to the finished drink, a cocktail is only as good as the worst ingredient.\nCommon cocktails.\nThere are many kinds of cocktails. They include:"}
+{"id": "24359", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24359", "title": "1103", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24361", "revid": "8864910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24361", "title": "Sneeze", "text": "A sneeze is a reaction in the body that suddenly presses air out of lungs so it flows quickly out through the mouth and nose. Air and mucus (the liquid found in the nose) are forced out quickly. Sneezing often happens after breathing dust or other small things that irritate the membranes in the nose. The function of sneezing is to clean the space in the nose by removing the mucus and irritating things. Sneezing is mostly involuntary, which means that it happens without trying.\nA sneeze consists of a deep inward breath that fills the lungs, a closing or partial closing of the throat, and a sudden increase in pressure in the lungs that forces air out. This increase in pressure is a result of muscles near the lungs that contract (tighten and shorten). Sneezing never happens during sleep because reflex signals do not pass to the part of the brain that causes muscles to move. When people sneeze, their eyes close. The speed of the air from sneezing is about 150 kilometers per hour or more.\nMany animals sneeze, including human beings, cats, dogs, chickens and iguanas.\nWhen a person sneezes, many small drops of saliva and mucus blow out from the nose and mouth. These tiny drops often contain viruses and bacteria. Some of these are germs, which can make other people sick. To keep this from happening as much, is important to block the sneezed air with something like cloth or tissue to catch the drops. It also helps to move away from other people, go outside, or face away.\nA common thing to say to people when they sneeze is \"Bless you!\", or sometimes in the United States sometimes \"Gesundheit!\" (from German, meaning \"Good health\"). There is a story that the blessing started with Pope Gregory VII (540\u2013604\u00a0AD). He said a blessing might stop people from getting the bubonic plague which was killing people in Rome at the time. There is a myth that when you sneeze your heart and all internal organs stop functioning.\nThe sound of a sneeze is written \"achoo!\" in English. Other languages write it differently. For example, in Swedish it is \"atjoo!\", in French it is \"atchoum!\" and in German it is \"Hatschi!\".\nSome involuntary ways that people move air in or out of the lungs are: to sneeze, laugh, cough, hiccup, or yawn."}
+{"id": "24365", "revid": "1609553", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24365", "title": "Puma", "text": "Pumas (\"Puma concolor\"), also called cougars, mountain lions, catamounts, or brown panthers, are large wild cats that live in the western half of North America, along with Florida, and most of Central and South America. \nPumas are mainly tan-color, and can be up to 9 feet long, although average length is 6 \u2013 8 feet. They can weigh from 29 kilograms to 90 kilograms. (The males are larger.) Most pumas live up to 21 years. Unlike the big cats in the genus \"Panthera\", the puma cannot roar. Instead, it can growl, hiss, screech, and purr. Most of the big cats can only purr while breathing out. \nPumas are carnivores because they eat only meat. Pumas are apex predators. They prey on deer, elk, bighorn sheeps, guanacos, raccoons, squirrels, foxes, rabbits, and skunks. They can also prey on mice, beavers, coyotes, bobcats, birds, porcupines, fish, and bear cubs. They will sometimes prey on livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs. They hunt at night. Cougars can see better at night than people can. They can hear well too. Pumas stalk their prey, which means they walk slowly and quietly, they hide and then when close, they jump or run fast to catch their prey by surprise. They live and hunt alone. Female cougars take care of their babies until they are old enough to take care for themselves. Baby cougars are called cubs or kittens.\nPumas live in the mountains and forests far from people. However, encounters with humans happen sometimes. 26 people have been killed by cougars in North America in the last 30 years. However, many more cougars have been killed by humans. Cougars used to be found all in eastern North America, but they were hunted to extinction there by the beginning of the 1900s. Also, recent sightings of cougars have been reported from Michigan, New Brunswick, southern Indiana, Kentucky, and Vermont. For now, the only confirmed, population of cougars east of the Mississippi River is in Florida, where a subspecies of the cougar lives."}
+{"id": "24368", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24368", "title": "Cougar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24369", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24369", "title": "Mountain lion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24370", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24370", "title": "Google Talk", "text": "Google Talk (also called Google Chat) was an instant messaging service that was offered by Google. It let users communicate by using texting and voice chatting. The service was sometimes called Gchat, Gtalk, or Gmessage by its users.\nIt is built on the XMPP platform. A web-based version was also available online."}
+{"id": "24372", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24372", "title": "Armour", "text": "Armour (or armor U.S.) is a protective covering or clothing to prevent injury from attack. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early body armour was made from leather. Later, metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that do not stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger.\nPlastic lamination (layers) is often used to protect windows against bullets. Many jewellery stores, embassies, and vehicles have bullet-proof glass with this feature.\nFor vehicles.\nArmour put on vehicles is usually made of metal and can include one layer over another with open spaces in between (spaced armour) or multiple layers of metal; ceramics (baked clay), and other materials. Another type of armour uses blocks of explosive that explode when another explosion goes off near it. This explosive armour protects by pushing against the other explosion. Vehicle armor is often angled to increase the amount of armour that must be shot through to get inside and to make the shot bounce off rather than piercing the armour.\nTanks have the heaviest armour of all land vehicles. Other military vehicles have armour, but not as much as a tank. \nSometimes armour is put in non-military vehicles, such as limousines used by leaders of a country or by anyone who thinks they might be attacked such as film stars or leaders of major companies.\nFor animals.\nIn the past, armour has also been used in wars to protect animals such as dogs, elephants, and horses. Today, police dogs and horses sometimes wear woven plastic bullet-proof vests.\nFor sports.\nMany sports involve violent physical contact and may be highly dangerous if the players are unprotected. Such sports include ice hockey, American football and kendo. Sports armour is usually made from hard plastic. "}
+{"id": "24373", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24373", "title": "Disk Operating System", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24374", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24374", "title": "North Star Computers", "text": "North Star Computers was one of the earliest manufacturers of microcomputers. Before they started making their first computer, the \"North Star Horizon\", they made floppy disk drives for S-100 bus computers. They included a disk operating system called \"North Star DOS\" (or \"N*DOS\"). The Horizon used the North Star disk controller and operating system. It was one of the first microcomputers that had multi-user features.\nTheir second computer, called the \"North Star Advantage\", ran CP/M, and had the keyboard and monitor built-in. The graphics were very powerful for their time. When the IBM PC came out, North Star made an MS-DOS compatible processor card that could be added to the \"Advantage\".\nTheir third computer, the \"North Star Dimension\", was multi-user like the \"Horizon\", but MS-DOS based.\nBecause their products in the early 1980s were only MS-DOS compatible, not fully PC compatible, they never sold very many, and the company went out of business."}
+{"id": "24375", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24375", "title": "Microsoft Corporation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24377", "revid": "1316943", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24377", "title": "Mario Bros.", "text": "Mario Bros. is a video game made in 1983. It is the first game to feature Luigi as a playable character as well as the first game in which Mario is named Mario; in \"Donkey Kong\", Mario was called \"Jumpman\". It was later remade for other game consoles at the time. \"Mario Bros.\" was also included with the four \"Super Mario Advance\" games and \"\".\nGameplay.\nIn the game, Mario and Luigi must defeat enemies by jumping on them from below and then kicking them when they are knocked down."}
+{"id": "24378", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24378", "title": "Galieo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24379", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24379", "title": "Oval", "text": "An oval is a shape. It is round but a bit longer in one direction. "}
+{"id": "24380", "revid": "3043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24380", "title": "Foci", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24381", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24381", "title": "Risk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24382", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24382", "title": "Focus", "text": "Focus is a Latin word for hearth. In English it means many things."}
+{"id": "24383", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24383", "title": "Airplanes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24403", "revid": "10390726", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24403", "title": "Pipe organ", "text": "The pipe organ is a keyboard instrument in which the sound is made by air blowing through pipes. A person who plays the organ is called an organist. The organist plays the instrument using both the hands and the feet. The hands play the keyboards (called manuals), while the feet play pedals which also make notes.\nOrgans have been made for many centuries. They are usually found in places for Christian worship such as churches and cathedrals, although they may also be found in places like town halls and concert halls or even large private houses. Very small organs can be called \u201cchamber organs\u201d. Organs in large churches, cathedrals or halls are very large instruments indeed, and are built especially for the building they are in. They are called \u201cpipe organs\u201d to distinguish them from modern \u201celectronic organs\u201d.\nNo two organs are ever quite the same, and they vary greatly from one country to another and one historical period to another. The information here is about organs from Europe, Great Britain and America.\nHow an organ works.\nA description of the organ.\nIn a pipe organ, the musical notes are made by blowing air through pipes. Every organ must have pipes, something to blow the air and a way of controlling which pipes are played.\nThe pipes are made of metal or wood. They are lined up in rows in the \"organ case\" which can be as big as a room. The metal pipes are round tubes. They can be made of different types of metal, but the most common type is an alloy (or mixture of metals) of tin and lead called \"spotted metal\" because it has round shiny spots on it. This alloy makes pipes sound good as the harder tin provides clarity and definition while the softer lead produces tonal warmth. Very small pipes can sometimes be made of silver, like flutes. Some organs also have some pipes made of brass that sound like trumpets. Most organs have a lot of wooden pipes. The wooden pipes have four flat sides and make a sound different from that of the \"spotted metal\" pipes. They are not usually seen; they are neatly lined up behind the large metal pipes at the front of the organ which are sometimes painted with colours and patterns. All the pipes have to be made with an end that tapers at the bottom where the air blows in.\nEach pipe can play only one note which depends on its size. The small pipes play high notes and the large pipes play low notes. Each pipe has its own special sound which depends on the material it is made from (whether it is wood or brass or spotted metal) and on the shape of the pipe. The pipes are arranged in \"ranks\" so that all the pipes of the same shape and material can be controlled to play a tune together, without all the others.\nTo blow air through the organ, there are boxes called \"wind chests\". When the organist is playing, he/she can see a little gauge that tells whether there is enough air. The wind chests can be kept full in two ways. The old-fashioned way is to have an enormous set of \"bellows\" which are pumped up and down by a person using a large handle. This sucks in air and fills the wind chest. Pumping the bellows of a large pipe organ is heavy work. For this reason, most organs nowadays have an electric motor and a large fan which fills the wind chest.\nThe organist uses keyboards like those on a piano to play the organ. A small organ may have just one keyboard, but many organs have two keyboards and a very big one may even have five. Organists do not call them keyboards; they call them \"manuals\". An organist will talk about \"a four-manual organ\" (which means it is a large one). The manuals are arranged on the organ \"console\", and the organist sits on a bench in front of the console to play. Apart from the manuals there are two other important parts of the console. There are a set of long wooden pedals which the organist can play with his/her feet. Each pedal plays a different note.\nOn either side of the manuals there are rows of \"stops\" which look like knobs. The stops can be pulled out or pushed in. When a stop is pulled out, it turns on some sets of pipes. The organist can choose whether to play loud pipes or soft pipes, flute-sounding pipes or brassy pipes, sweet pipes or harsh-sounding pipes. As the organist plays, he/she does not just have to think about the right notes. He/she also has to think about the sort of \"voice\" that the organ should play in. He/she can play different ranks of pipes together by pulling out several stops. Some pipes, usually the biggest decorated pipes at the very front of the organ, are used only for the grandest music. By tradition, these pipes are the symbol of the \"Voice of God\".\nWhen the organist presses the keys of the organ, the sound comes from the air blowing through the pipes. This is because a valve (an opening with a one-way door) opens up to let the air into the pipe, and closes again when the organist stops pressing that key. This can happen in several ways. Traditional organs have what is called a \"tracker action\". The trackers are thin wooden rods and wires which move backwards and forwards, opening and shutting all the valves. They are worked by levers under the keyboard. A tracker action organ has to have the console right near the organ, usually under the big front pipes.\nA more modern development was to have a \"tubular pneumatic\" action, in which the console could be away from the organ, but connected to it by tubes through which air could be pushed to open the valves. In the most modern pipe organs, the manual is connected to the organ pipes by electric wires. The power to open and shut the valves is controlled by electro-magnetic switches. The console does not have to be close to the organ. This makes it possible for the organist to sit in a position where he/she has good contact with the people in the church, or with other musicians.\nThe technical details.\nThe manuals.\nA very small organ may only have one manual (keyboard). Most organs have at least two. In English and American Organs the lower manual is the main one and is called the \"Great\". The upper manual is called the \"Swell\" because it operates pipes which are inside a \u201cswell box\u201d which has shutters that can be opened or closed. This makes the music get louder or quieter (crescendo or diminuendo). The organist operates the swell box with a pedal which pivots (rocks to and fro). It is in the centre just above the pedal board. On old English organs the swell box is operated by a lever at the side. This is quite difficult to use. Most of these have now been replaced by central swell boxes.\nIf there is a third manual, it is called the \"Choir\" in English-speaking countries. Originally the English called them \u201cchair organs\u201d because they were a separate instrument. The organist had to turn round and face the other way to play it. It is thought that the word \"chair\" gradually changed to \"choir\" because it was often used to accompany the choir. In German organs the third manual was called the \u201cPositiv\u201d. The name \u201cR\u00fcckpositiv\u201d (\u201cback positive\u201d) was used because the pipes were behind the organist\u2019s back as he/she sat facing the main organ. These started to become popular again with organ builders in the 1950s when it was felt that the Romantic organ was not suitable for old music, and some organ builders started using Baroque principles again so that the music of composers such as Bach could sound like it used to. The Choir manual is nearest to the player, the Great is in the middle and the Swell is farthest away. The Choir or Positiv often contains soft stops which are suitable for accompanying the choir. On French organs from the late 19th century onwards, the three manuals are arranged differently: the Great (\u201cGrande Orgue\u201d) is nearest to the player, the \u201cPositif\u201d is the middle manual and is like a smaller version of the Great, and the Swell (\u201cRecit\u201d) is the top manual. This makes it easy for the organist to build up the music, getting louder gradually, by starting at the top and gradually coming down.\nThe fourth manual is called the \"Solo\" because the stops on this manual are used to play out the tune as a solo. This manual is even farther away from the player than the Swell. Large cathedral organs usually have four manuals. The Solo will probably have a very loud stop indeed called the \u201cTuba\u201d or \u201cTuba Mirabilis\u201d.\nIf there is a fifth manual it may be called the \"Echo\" because it has very quiet stops that echo. Alternatively, especially on American organs, it might be a \"Bombarde\". The Bombarde usually contains loud, bold reed stops, including stops called 'Bombarde'. For instance: a State Trumpet or Pontifical Trumpet might be placed on this manual which can be heard above all the other stops playing. The Bombarde is borrowed from French Organs where it is a standard stop on nearly all the manuals and pedals. Having a Bombarde Manual is something of a luxury for an organist. It can be found, for example, on the organ of Westminster Abbey.\nIt is extremely unusual to have more than five manuals, but in America there are a few very large organs. The Wanamaker organ at Macy's store in Philadelphia has six manuals. The world\u2019s largest organ is in the Atlantic City Convention Hall. It has seven manuals and over 33,000 pipes. However, the largest organ in the world does not work since it would be too expensive to run it.\nUsing the manuals.\nHaving two or three manuals makes it possible to have quick changes of sound during a piece. The player can also play on two manuals at once: one with the left hand and one with the right. This is particularly useful to make a tune louder than the accompaniment (on a piano this can be done by pressing harder). The manuals can also be coupled together, for example, pulling out the \u201cSwell to Great\u201d stop will make all the sounds from the Swell come out on the Great as well. On an organ with mechanical action the keys of the Swell will be seen \u201cplaying by themselves\u201d like a pianola, but on some older organs it can be hard work for the organist\u2019s fingers when the manuals are coupled as it makes the action very heavy.\nThe pedals.\nThe notes on the pedals are arranged like the notes on a keyboard, but are obviously much bigger. The player needs to learn to play by 'feel', otherwise he will have to spend all his time looking at his feet. He plays each note, either with the toe or the heel and either on the inside of the foot or the outside. The American and British Standard organ contains 30 notes giving a range of nearly 2 octaves (C to F, or sometimes C to G: 32 notes). They are not quite in a straight line but fan out a little to make it easier to play (it is called a \"radiating, concave pedalboard\"). In German and French organs and organs built before 1920, the pedalboard will be straight without any fan curvature to it. Many organists find that this makes it more difficult to play. Organists need a good pair of shoes: ones which have good narrow heels and preferably pointed toes. The soles need to be fairly slippery, but not too much, so that the player can slide the foot from one pedal to another. Organists usually like to keep a pair of shoes which are worn only for playing the organ so that the soles do not have grit or dirt from the street.\nThe stops.\nThe stops on an organ console give different sounds, like the instruments of an orchestra, and have names which tell the organist what kind of sound they will produce. The stops are usually to the left and right of the organist and they are pulled out (\u201cdrawstops\u201d or \u201cpulls\u201d because they are \u201cdrawn\u201d i.e. pulled). Some organs have \u201ctab stops\u201d or \u201crocker stops\u201d which are in front of the player and can be rocked forwards and backwards for on/off.\nThe stops of an organ can be divided into families.\nThe \"chorus\" stops are the foundation stops, the basic ones which are good for building up the big, solid sound. A \"diapason\" or \"principal\" is a chorus stop.\nThe \"flute\" stops sound like flutes in an orchestra. They are gentler than the diapasons and sound good for very quick and light music.\nThe \"reeds\" are stops like the \"oboe\", \"clarinet\", \"trumpet\", \"fagotto\", \"trombone\". Each pipe has a reed inside. Their sound is very strong and nasal (like speaking through the nose).\nThe \"strings\" are quiet stops which sound like string instruments. These are stops like the \"violone\" and \"gamba\".\nThere is another way of grouping the stops. Each stop will have a number underneath the name. The number may be 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 or even 2 2/3 or 1 3/5. If the number is 8 this is called an \u201ceight foot stop\u201d. This is the normal pitch: the note will sound as it is written, e.g. when playing Middle C the sound will be Middle C. A 4-foot stop will sound an octave higher than written, a 2-foot stop will be two octaves higher. A 16-foot stop will sound an octave lower than an 8-foot stop. 8\u00a0foot is therefore the normal pitch, and the others are added to it to make a larger, brighter sound. 16\u00a0foot stops are normal in pedal parts.\nMutation stops are stops in which a note does not sound a whole number of octaves above the normal pitch. Examples are the Tierce 1 3/5 (which sounds 2 octaves and a third above) and the Nazard or Twelfth 2 2/3 (one octave and a fifth).\nUsing the stops.\nAn organist needs to learn which combinations of stops sound good together and how to balance them well. Each organ is different and has its own character.\nThe combination of stops that an organist chooses for a particular piece of music is called the \u201cregistration\u201d. The list of all the stops that a particular organ has is called the \u201cspecification\u201d. The specification of an organ shows the names of the stops for each of the manuals and for the pedals, as well as the list of couplers.\nOrgans also have buttons called \u201cpistons\u201d which help to change the registration in the middle of a piece. There are \u201ctoe pistons\u201d operated by the feet, and \u201cthumb pistons\u201d which are placed just below each manual so that they can be pushed by the thumb while the fingers keep playing. Large organs often have \u201cgeneral pistons\u201d which change any combination of stops across the organ. These are often be computerised so that players can set them up differently depending on the music they are going to play. If several players regularly use the instrument they can each have their own personal settings for the pistons which they can lock so that no one else can change them.\nThe pipes.\nEach stop controls a row of pipes, called a \u201crank\u201d. Each rank makes a different sound (one row for the \u201cdiapason\u201d sound, another row for the \u201cflute\u201d, another for the \u201ctrumpet\u201d and so on). The stops control the air flow through the ranks. Some stops may control more than one rank. For instance, a Mixture stop of three ranks will have 182 pipes (3 ranks of 61 pipes each) and in some organs the Celeste is a 2 rank stop. The celeste pipes are tuned slightly sharper than the rest of the organ so that, when played together with another quiet stop such as the Salicional, there will be a pleasant throbbing beat because two pipes are slightly out of tune with one another. Organ Pipes are normally made of metal or wood. High quality metal organ pipes usually contain 75 percent tin or more, and the rest is lead. The Pipes are placed on windchests inside an \"organ case\" in a special room called an Organ chamber. A windchest is a box-like device which contains pallets that are opened and closed to admit air to a pipe so that it sounds. The pallets are operated by pull wires and rollers in the case of a tracker instrument but may also be operated by pneumatics or direct electric action using magnets.\nThere is always air being pumped into the windchest when the organ is switched on. In the days before electricity someone (an organ blower) had to pump the air into the windchest using bellows. This was hard work. Large organs would have needed more than one organ blower to do this job.\nThe history of the pipe organ.\nNo other instrument has developed in such a wide variety of ways as the organ. If Bach, who lived in the early 18th century, had gone from his home in Germany to France, he would have found it impossible to play his music properly on French organs. If Couperin, who lived at the same time, had gone from his home in France to Germany, he would not have been able to play his music on the organs that Bach was using. Neither of them could possibly have played on an organ in England at the time. For one thing, English organs in the 18th century still had no pedals. This means that organists need to know a lot about what organs were like in other countries in other centuries in order to know what registrations to use when playing music by composers of the past.\nThe earliest organs.\nThe earliest organs were water organs invented in Ancient Greece. The Romans used them in circuses and gladiator combats because they were loud. They were still popular in some countries a few hundred years ago, for example, in pleasure gardens.\nThe organ in the Middle Ages.\nIn the Middle Ages large organs were built in the huge Gothic cathedrals in Britain. These instruments did not have different stops: all the ranks sounded at once. They were played by a slider mechanism. Only in the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries did they start to use a keyboard. The so-called \"Mixture Organ\" (or \"Blockwerk\") still sounded several pitches at once. Very small organs called \"portatives\" (because they could be carried) were used in processions. \"Positives\" were a bit bigger and were used to accompany singing in the church. The \"Regal\" was like a portative but it had reeds and no pipes. It could be put on a table. The world's oldest organ is generally agreed to be the one built at Sion, Switzerland in the 15th century. \nThe organ in the Renaissance (about 1450-1600).\nBy about 1450, the organs that were being built in Germany and the Netherlands had two or three manuals and pedals. There were stops so that the player could choose which ranks he wanted to sound. The collection of pieces called the \"Buxheimer Orgelbuch\" (about 1470), is one of the first collections we have of organ music. French organs, too, were developing. In England, organs were quite small. Composers like John Bull, William Byrd and Orlando Gibbons wrote music for chamber organs. In the Netherlands Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck was a very famous organist and teacher.\nThe organ in the Baroque period (about 1600-1750).\nThe Baroque period was a great period for organ music in Germany. Organs there were built on the \"Werkprinzip\" (literally: \"work principle\") which meant that each keyboard with its pipes was built separately, like two or three different organs, although they were played from the same console. Organs like these were built by the famous Arp Schnitger (1648-1719). Many famous German composers wrote organ music, especially Johann Pachelbel (1653-1709) in South Germany and (Dietrich Buxtehude) (1637-1707) in North Germany. The great composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) learnt from these composers and wrote some of the most famous organ music of all times. The great organ builder Gottfried Silbermann (1683-1753) lived during this time and built organs with a very beautiful tone. Instead of a keyboard called a Choir (or Chair Organ) he built an \"Oberwerk\" which was above the \"Hauptwerk\" (Great).\nFrench organ builders at this time were very interested in colour (meaning: different sounds). Many stops had names like Cornet, Tierce and Prestant. When all the stops of the Principal chorus played together it was called the \"Plein jeux\". This was like the medieval Blockwerk. All the reed chorus together was called \"Grand jeux\". This would have sounded very loud and was used for dialogues and fugues. Composers included Nicolas de Grigny (1672-1703), Louis Marchand (1669-1732), Louis Nicolas Cl\u00e9rambault (1676-1749), Louis Claude Daquin (1694-1772) and Fran\u00e7ois Couperin (1683-1733).\nIn England there was not much interest in developing the organ. It was used for accompanying the choir. There were no pedals. Pieces for organ were called voluntaries. Henry Purcell wrote a few organ pieces.\nThe organ in the Classical period: about 1750-1840.\nOrgan composition reached a great peak in the work of J.S.Bach, but then people started to lose interest. Not many developments took place in organ-building during the Classical music period. Although Mozart played the organ and called it the \u201cKing of Instruments\u201d he did not often write music for it. Among the organ builders at this time were Joseph and Claude-Ignace Callinet who built the organ at Notre-Dame's (St. Etienne, Loire) in 1837.\nThe organ in the Romantic period.\nThe organ in 19th century Germany started to be used for imitating the sound of an orchestra. People also started to be interested in playing the music of J.S. Bach. Many Classical organs were re-built and sometimes they lost their original character. Organs in different countries started to sound the same.\nGradually, composers started writing for the organ again. Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) wrote some excellent sonatas and preludes and fugues which were inspired by Bach\u2019s music and made other composers want to write organ music. Robert Schumann (1810-1856) and Franz Liszt (1811-1886) wrote for the organ and later in the century Max Reger (1873-1916) and Sigfrid Karg-Elert (1877-1933).\nIn France, the organ builder Aristide Cavaill\u00e9-Coll (1811-1899) was a real genius. His organs had lots of new ideas including the Barker lever (which made it easier to play on coupled manuals) and placing families of stops on to separate chests. Organists could change their registrations quickly, pushing in or pulling out the stops that they needed. Composers included C\u00e9sar Franck (1822-1890), Charles-Marie Widor (1845-1937) and Louis Vierne (1870-1937). The last two wrote long works in several movements which they called Symphonies because they were full of colourful sounds like those in a symphony orchestra. There were usually three manuals called \"Grand\", \"Positif\" and \"R\u00e9cit\" placed in that order (with Grand nearest to the player). The Grand had warm foundation stops and big reeds (it was like combining the classical plein jeux and grand jeux). The Positif had string stops as well as a solo reed, and the R\u00e9cit had lighter reeds.\nIn England, Samuel Wesley (1766-1837) wrote some important organ music inspired by J.S. Bach, and his son Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810-1876) was influenced by Continental Romantic composers such as Mendelssohn. In 1851, the organ builder Henry Willis built a large organ for Crystal Palace Exhibition. It had three manuals and a pedal board. This set the standard in English organ building for the future.\nThe organ in the Twentieth century.\nDuring the 20th century organ builders became more and more interested in returning to some of the ideas of the Baroque and Classical periods. Many organs now have electric action, but a good mechanical action has the advantage that the player feels more close to the instrument that he is playing. Some large 20th century organs are able to play many kinds of organ music. Other 20th century organs were built as copies of Baroque or Classical instruments, but this means these instruments are mainly suitable for Baroque or Classical music, and are not well suited for music of the 19th and 20th centuries.\nIn the 19th century, many organs in England and America were placed in corners of churches where they could not be heard very well. In the 20th century, organ builders thought more about the best position for the organ, so that the sound would fill the main part of the church, the nave.\nAmong the most famous 20th century organ composers are Marcel Dupr\u00e9 (1886-1971), Jehan Alain (1911-1940) and Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992) in France, Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) in Germany, and Edward Elgar (1857-1934) and Herbert Howells (1892-1983) in England. The Czech composer Petr Eben (1929-2007) was one of the most important organ composers at the end of the 20th century, writing in an individual style.\nThe organ as an accompanying instrument.\nAs well as the obvious use of the organ for accompanying church choirs and congregational singing the organ has often been used to accompany instruments. In the Baroque period small organs were used to accompany solo instruments or small groups of instruments or orchestras. This kind of accompaniment was called continuo. Occasionally composers have written organ concertos in which the organ is the solo instrument and the orchestra accompanies. Handel wrote several of these. In modern times Francis Poulenc wrote an organ concerto. There is an important organ solo in Symphony no 3 by Saint-Sa\u00ebns. Other orchestral works sometimes have organ parts. Organists have often made organ \u201ctranscriptions\u201d, i.e. arranged music written for other instruments so that it can be played on the organ."}
+{"id": "24409", "revid": "160526", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24409", "title": "Klondike gold rush", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24413", "revid": "1391751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24413", "title": "Celtic", "text": "The words Celt and Celtic can have many meanings. \nPronounced /kel-(tik)/:\nThe following should only be pronounced /selt(ik)/:"}
+{"id": "24416", "revid": "10123585", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24416", "title": "Manx language", "text": "Manx, or Manx Gaelic (known in Manx as \"Gaelg\" or \"Gailck\"), is a language spoken on the Isle of Man.\nIt is a Gaelic language, the same family as Scottish Gaelic and Irish. All of them are Celtic languages.\nManx is spoken mainly by people who learn it through interest. It died out as a natural community language in the 20th century. The last old native speaker died in 1974.\nManx is protected under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.\nHistory.\nManx began to separate from Middle Irish in about 900\u20131600 AD and is called \"Yn Ghaelg\" \"Yn Ghailck\" by its speakers. There became fewer and fewer speakers during the 19th century, when the language was replaced by English. In the 1901 census, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx, but in the 1921 census, that had dropped to only 1%.\nToday, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man\u2019s preschools. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Isle of Man's primary and secondary schools.\nToday.\nToday, Manx is used as the only language taught at five of the Isle of Man\u2019s preschools. Manx is taught as a second language at all of the Isle of Man's primary and secondary schools.\nThere is now a school that teaches all of its lessons in Manx. According to the 2001 census, 2.2% of the population of the island could speak the language. There are currently 54,000 second-language speakers, mainly on the Isle of Man."}
+{"id": "24417", "revid": "10123581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24417", "title": "Goidelic languages", "text": "The Goidelic languages, or Gaelic languages, are a group of Celtic languages that are spoken in Scotland, Ireland and the Isle of Man.\nThere are three Goidelic languages:"}
+{"id": "24418", "revid": "73230", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24418", "title": "Manx cat", "text": "The Manx is a breed of domestic cat. It either has no tail at all, a \"rumpy\", or it has a very short tail, a \"stumpy\". This is because of a natural difference in spine length. The back legs are also longer than the front legs. The breed comes from the Isle of Man, where it was found as early as three hundred years ago.\nThe Manx's character is nervous. The Manx's appearance is round on the whole. They are skilled hunters."}
+{"id": "24428", "revid": "332472", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24428", "title": "Horn", "text": "Horn can mean several things:"}
+{"id": "24429", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24429", "title": "Agave", "text": "Agave is a type of succulent plant from Mexico and the southwestern parts of the United States. They have thick, sharp leaves. Agave plants flower only once, produce seeds and then die. Before flowering they usually live for 10 to 25 years. Because they live for a long time they are sometimes called \"century plants\".\nAgave is used to make things like tequila, agave syrup and pulque. They were an important food for many indigenous people in the southwestern United States, such as the Navajo and the Hokoham."}
+{"id": "24431", "revid": "1507217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24431", "title": "Apple sauce", "text": "Apple sauce (or applesauce) is a sauce made from stewed and mashed apples. Peeled or unpeeled apples can be used and different spices or additives like cinnamon can be used. \nSugar or high fructose corn syrup is often added to the applesauce to sweeten it. Applesauce can be fine or coarse textured, and can include large pieces of apple. It is easy to make at home, and it is also sold ready-made in supermarkets. \nIt is a common food or snack for children and people who have problems eating solid food. Parents often feed it to their babies because teeth are not needed to eat it.\nIn the United Kingdom, apple sauce is normally used as a sauce for ham, pork, and gammon.\nUse and availability.\nApple sauce was once a food prepared for winter, since it keeps well.\nApple sauce can be used in baking as a substitute for fat (such as butter or oil) or eggs."}
+{"id": "24432", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24432", "title": "Charles Richter", "text": "Charles Francis Richter (April 26, 1900 \u2013 September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist (someone who studies earthquakes) and a physicist. He is known for creating the Richter scale of magnitude, which says how big an earthquake is.\nChildhood.\nRichter went to work at the\u00a0Carnegie Institute\u00a0in 1927 after\u00a0Robert Millikan\u00a0offered him a position as a\u00a0research assistant\u00a0there,\u00a0where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg. The\u00a0Seismology Lab\u00a0at the\u00a0California Institute of Technology\u00a0wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports. Together, Richter and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the Richter scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the\u00a0displacement\u00a0of the earth by\u00a0seismic waves, as\u00a0Kiyoo Wadati\u00a0had suggested."}
+{"id": "24433", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24433", "title": "1104", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24437", "revid": "10196864", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24437", "title": "Charles II of England", "text": "Charles II (29 May 1630 \u2013 6 February 1685) was king of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1649 to 1685. His father was Charles I, who was executed after losing a war with Parliament.\nEarly life.\nPrince Charles was the king's eldest son. As a little boy, he was made Prince of Wales as a sign that he would one day be king.\nBy the time he grew into a young man, his father was already at war with Parliament in the English Civil War.\nPrince Charles did not take much part in the fighting. His mother, Henrietta Maria, was French, and she took her children to France when the war broke out, to keep them safe.\nPrince Charles was only eighteen when he heard that his father was dead.\nThis made him King, and he started calling himself King Charles II immediately. However, Parliament was still in control of Britain and would not let him take his throne because after Charles I's execution, Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector of Britain from 1653 to 1658.\nThe King's escape.\nIn 1651, Charles II returned to Britain and fought Parliament at the Battle of Worcester.\nHe was defeated, but is supposed to have escaped by hiding in an oak tree.\nLater, he was forced to disguise himself as a servant. A young lady called Jane Lane helped him to escape, and he sailed to the Netherlands to re-join his supporters. He kept his own royal court there until 1660.\nThe Restoration.\nWhile Charles was in Holland, Britain was being ruled by Oliver Cromwell. He was chosen as leader of the country by Parliament. When Cromwell died in 1658, his son Richard was chosen to be the next leader.\nRichard Cromwell was not the man his father had been. Charles II was asked to come back and rule Britain. In 1660, Charles II was brought back to Britain and took his throne. This was the English Restoration.\nMany of his enemies were punished for having executed his father and fought against him, but Richard Cromwell was allowed to go and live quietly away from London.\nCharles was popular and was called \"The Merry Monarch\" because he changed many laws that Cromwell had made and allowed people more freedom to enjoy themselves.\nHe liked to go to the theatre, play cards, and enjoy sports such as horse racing.\nSome people thought that a king should be more serious and not spend so much time and money on fun.\nThere were also some people who did not like King Charles II because of his religious beliefs. He had been brought up by his mother, who was Roman Catholic, while most people in the country were Protestant.\nHe married a princess from Portugal, Catherine of Braganza. They did not have any children, but Charles refused to divorce Catherine. Before he was married, he had several girlfriends and lovers, and even after he was married, he went on having lovers, who were called mistresses.\nThe most famous was an actress called Nell Gwyn. Several of Charles's lovers had babies. However, none of these children were allowed to follow Charles as king because they were bastards, meaning that they had been born to parents who were not married to each other.\nThe most popular of Charles II's children was James Scott. Charles gave him the title Duke of Monmouth. James's mother had been Charles's girlfriend when he was living in Holland, and some people said that they had been secretly married. If this had been true, then James would have been allowed to be king when Charles died. There were many who wanted this to happen, because they did not like the thought of Charles's younger brother being the next king. This brother, who was also called James, was a Roman Catholic and was not popular.\nCharles II died quite suddenly of an illness, and his son James, Duke of Monmouth, started a rebellion in the hope of becoming the next king. He was defeated by the royal army, which supported Charles's brother James. The Duke of Monmouth was executed by having his head chopped off, and Charles's brother became the next ruler, King James II.\nChildren.\nBy Marguerite or Margaret de Carteret\nBy Lucy Walter (c.1630\u20131658)\nBy Elizabeth Killigrew (1622\u20131680), daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew, married Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon in 1660\nBy Catherine Pegge\nBy Barbara Villiers Palmer (1641\u20131709), wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right\nbecame 2nd Duke of Cleveland (1709)\nlater Duke of Marlborough, who was another of Cleveland's many lovers, and was never acknowledged by Charles as his own daughter. \nBy Nell Gwyn (1650\u20131687)\nBy Louise Ren\u00e9e de Penancoet de K\u00e9rouaille (1649\u20131734), created Duchess of Portsmouth in her own right (1673)\nOther probable mistresses:"}
+{"id": "24438", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24438", "title": "Crunk", "text": "Crunk is a sub-genre of hip hop music that started in the clubs of Memphis, Tennessee in the mid-1990s. It is a mixture of Miami bass, Southern rap, and electronica with a lot of yelling and chanting. Lil Jon is the most popular crunk artist. His song 'Get Low' with the Ying Yang Twins is the song that made crunk music mainstream. After this song came out, crunk became a really popular style of music and it saw its heyday in the early to late-2000s. It was replaced with trap music in the 2010s."}
+{"id": "24439", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24439", "title": "Pimp", "text": "A pimp is a person who makes money from other people prostituting themselves. Usually, the prostitutes make money for themselves, but the pimp takes a percentage of the money in exchange for providing them with security and other services. Pimps has gotten connected to a special look, often a male with fancy and colorful clothes with gold accessories.\nPimps has been portrayed in many movies, such as Taxi Driver where the pimp is called \"sport\""}
+{"id": "24440", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24440", "title": "Asian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24447", "revid": "974", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24447", "title": "Allan Kardec", "text": "Allan Kardec (Hippolyte L\u00e9on Denizard Rivail 3 October 1804 31 March 1869) was a French philosopher and teacher. \nWorks.\nHe dedicated the last 15 years of his life to organise a philosophical doctrine called Spiritism. He spread the educational ideas of Pestalozzi in the 19th century. He published books on grammar, mathematics and suggestions for the improvement of public education in France. He was a teacher of physiology, astronomy, physics and chemistry. The classes were at his home in Paris.\nIn 1854, Kardec started studying phenomena which some people call \"paranormal\" or \"supernatural\". This was quite common at that time.\nIn his philosophy the spiritual manifestations were useful to the social and moral improvement of men."}
+{"id": "24451", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24451", "title": "Hyves", "text": "Hyves is a website where people can have contact with friends online. It can be used to make new friends or to stay in touch with old friends. It was started in 2004 and has over 9 million users; most of them are Dutch. That is the reason why it is very popular in the Netherlands.\nPictures and videos can be put and shared on it. Hyves is similar to Facebook or the German VZ Networks."}
+{"id": "24453", "revid": "21364", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24453", "title": "Sex organ", "text": "The sex organs, which scientists call the genitalia or genitals, are the parts of the body that allow sexual reproduction (the making of children) to take place. They are also for urination (peeing), to remove waste products from the body. While all animals have sex organs, this article is about the sex organs of human beings.\nThe genitals include both organs that can be seen on the outside of the body (the primary genitalia or external genitalia), as well as internal organs (the secondary genitalia or internal genitalia). Sometimes, however, the words genitalia or genitals are used to refer only to the external sex organs. The sex organs are informally referred to as the private parts or privates.\nThe genitals are the main parts of the human body that make men and women different. Some parts of the genitals are outside the body, while other parts are inside. In a man, his external genitals are the penis and the scrotum (a bag that contains the testicles). Inside his body the testicles produce sperm and a substance called testosterone which makes a person grow into a man and feel like a man. Other glands produce a fluid called semen. The part of a woman's genitals that is outside her body is called the vulva. Inside her body is the vagina, which holds the penis during sexual intercourse; the uterus (womb), in which a baby grows when the woman is pregnant; the ovaries, which produce ova (egg cells) and a substance called estrogen (also spelled oestrogen) which makes a girl grow into a woman and to feel like a woman; and the Fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus.\nMany human societies believe that genitals should be hidden. For this reason, people call them private parts. This attitude has resulted in public indecency laws which make it a crime for genitals to be left uncovered in public except in special places such as nude beaches or nudist colonies.\nDescription.\nMen.\nA man's genitals are made up of many parts. The parts that can be seen on the outside of a man's body are his penis, which is shaped like a banana or a sausage; and his scrotum, which is a bag that hangs beneath the penis and contains the two testicles. A man's penis may be circumcised.\nInside a man's body, the testicles make tiny cells called sperm, which are needed for sexual reproduction. The testicles also make a hormone called testosterone. This is a chemical that makes a person grow into a man and feel like a man. The testicles are glands, which are special parts of the body that make chemicals. Other glands that make up the genitals are the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands (also called the Cowper's glands). Together, these glands make a white, sticky fluid called semen that sperm float in. Finally, a man's body contains ducts (tubes) such as the two vasa deferentia or ducta deferentia, which carry sperm out of the testicles; and the urethra, which carries semen through the penis and out of the body. The urethra also carries urine away from the bladder.\nIn reproduction the job of the penis is to carry sperm from the testicles into a woman's body so that a sperm cell can join together with the woman's ovum (egg cell) to form a new cell that will grow into a baby. The process of fusion of a sperm and an ovum is called fertilization.\nA man's penis is usually soft, quite short, and hangs down. When a man becomes aroused (sexually excited), the inside of his penis fills with blood. This causes the penis to become bigger, thicker, and harder and to stand upright and is called having an erection. When a man has an erection, he is able to have sexual intercourse by putting his penis into a woman's vagina. During an erection, a valve stops urine from entering the urethra so that only semen flows along it. This is why it is very difficult for a man to urinate when he is having an erection.\nYoung boys can have erections, but their bodies do not start producing sperm until they have reached puberty. According to the Canadian Paediatric Society, puberty usually starts between age 9 and 14 for boys.\nWomen.\nThe part of a woman's genitals that is on the outside of her body is called the vulva. The main parts of the vulva are two sets of fleshy \"lips\" called the labia. The outer labia can be seen at the front of the woman's body. On adult women, they are generally covered with some hair. Between the outer labia are the inner labia which do not have hair and are very sensitive. At the front of the inner labia is the outside part of the clitoris which is covered by the clitoral hood. During sexual intercourse, the clitoris gives feelings of pleasure to the woman.\nMost of a woman's genitals are tucked inside her body. Behind the labia is a tube called the vagina, which cannot be seen on the outside of the body. (People often incorrectly use the word \"vagina\" to refer to the vulva.) When a man and a woman have sexual intercourse, the man's penis is placed into the woman's vagina. When a woman menstruates (has her menstrual period), blood and other fluid from the uterus pass out from her body through the vagina. If a woman uses a tampon (a specially-made wad of material) to absorb this fluid, she puts it into her vagina. The vagina is also called the birth canal because when a pregnant woman has a baby, it passes through the vagina.\nLike a man, a woman has a tube called the urethra connecting the bladder to the vulva through which urine is removed from the body. The opening of the urethra is between the clitoris and the opening to the vagina.\nIn many women, the opening of the vagina is partly or completely blocked by a thin tissue called the hymen. Some women are born without a hymen. The hymen usually breaks when a woman has sexual intercourse for the first time, which may cause or not some bleeding depending particularly on each woman. In some cultures, a broken hymen is taken as a sign that a girl has had sex. However, a broken hymen is not a clear sign of sexual intercourse because other activities such as exercise can also cause the hymen to break. In some women, the hymen may remain unbroken even after sex.\nAt the top of the vagina is the cervix which is a ring of muscle separating the vagina from the uterus or womb. The cervix allows menstrual fluid to flow from the uterus into the vagina, and during sexual intercourse it allows semen from a man's penis to flow from the vagina into the uterus. The uterus is a very muscular and stretchy organ in which babies grow during pregnancy. When a woman is not pregnant, each month the lining of the uterus grows thicker, and then breaks down, causing her to menstruate. Connected to the top of the uterus are two Fallopian tubes, on the left and right. These tubes join the uterus to the two ovaries. The ovaries contain ova, or tiny egg cells, that are needed for reproduction. When she is born, a baby girl's ovaries already contain all the eggs she will ever produce. However, these eggs do not start to mature (be ready) until a girl enters puberty. Each month, an ovum travels from one of the ovaries into a Fallopian tube. Unlike with birds, the egg stays inside the woman. The egg just moves from one place in the woman's body to a nearby part of her body. If, after the woman has had sexual intercourse with a man, the ovum fuses (combines) with a sperm cell and implants in (attaches to) the wall of the uterus, the woman will become pregnant. The ovaries also produce the female hormone estrogen which causes a person to grow into a woman and to feel like a woman.\nYoung girls do not start releasing ova (eggs) and menstruating until they have reached puberty. Like boys, this usually happens in their early teens, but it can happen at a younger age. In the United States, a study of 2013\u20132017 answers from of the CDC's National Survey of Family Growth found a median age of 11.9 years old, with a mean average of 12.5 years old. Once a woman starts menstruating, she is capable of becoming pregnant. It is usually at about the same age as boys begin producing sperm, but it can be earlier or later.\nReproduction, sexual intercourse, and masturbation.\nThe sex organs or genitals are used for sexual reproduction and for sexual intercourse. For sexual reproduction to happen, a man and a woman need to have sexual intercourse with each other. A man's penis becomes erect when he is aroused, for example when he sees a naked woman or is touched by her. When a woman is aroused, her clitoris and vulva also swell, and the inside of her vagina produces mucus, a substance that makes it slippery. To reproduce, the man places his penis inside the woman's vagina and moves it in and out (a movement called thrusting), while the woman moves her hips back and forth or in a circular motion. The friction caused by this movement, together with the warmth and pressure of the vagina, causes the man to have pleasurable feelings in the penis. As intercourse continues, these feelings grow stronger and stronger until the man reaches a sexual climax called an orgasm. At this point, the man's penis spasms and then contracts strongly again and again to push semen through the urethra. The semen then ejaculates or shoots out from the end of the penis into the woman's vagina. The woman may also have an orgasm, which causes the vagina to tense up and relax repeatedly. Scientists are not sure why women have orgasms. Some believe that the orgasm helps the sperm in the man's semen to swim up the vagina into the cervix so that it is more likely that a sperm cell will fuse with an egg cell. Others think that the female orgasm causes the vagina to grip the penis more tightly, which makes sex more exciting for the man and causes him to ejaculate more quickly or to produce more semen; or that it encourages a woman to have sex more often as it feels good. Both of these events would make pregnancy more likely to happen. After the man has ejaculated, the blood flows out of his penis and it becomes smaller and soft again.\nSometimes, a man and a woman may have sexual intercourse because it gives them pleasure, without wishing for the woman to become pregnant. They may try to stop fertilization from happening by using methods of contraception or birth control. Common methods of birth control include the man wearing a condom on his penis, and the woman taking birth control pills that stop her ovaries from releasing egg cells.\nApart from the man putting his penis into the woman's vagina, the sex organs can be used in other ways in sexual intercourse. The man and woman can rub each other's sex organs with their hands. They can use sex toys such as dildos or vibrators. They can also engage in oral sex. When a person uses his or her mouth, lips, and tongue to touch a woman's vulva, this is called cunnilingus. When a person uses his or her mouth, lips, and/or tongue to touch a man's penis, this is called fellatio. A man or a woman (using a strap-on dildo or harness) can also put the sexual organ into a person's anus, this is called anal sex.\nPeople who are gay or homosexual also use their genitals to have sexual intercourse with each other. Two women can rub each other's sex organs, put sex toys into them, or perform oral sex on each other. Two men can also rub each other's sex organs (called frottage), or perform oral or anal sex on each other.\nWhen a man strokes his own penis or a woman rubs her clitoris and vulva in order to feel good or to reach orgasm, this is called masturbation. Often a woman prefers to touch her clitoral hood rather than touching the glans (tip of the clitoris) because it is too sensitive. If two people touch each other's sex organs for sexual pleasure, it is called mutual masturbation. This is a common type of sexual foreplay.\nUrination.\nThe sex organs are also used for urination, which is one of the ways in which the body removes waste products. Both men and women have a bladder, which is an organ that stores urine. In a man, a thin tube called the urethra passes from his bladder right through his penis. In a woman, the urethra opens into the vulva. When a person urinates, urine flows from the bladder through the urethra and out of the body."}
+{"id": "24459", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24459", "title": "Laurence Olivier", "text": "Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier, (22 May 1907 \u2013 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director. He was one of the most famous and revered actors of the 20th century. He was the youngest actor to be knighted and the first to be raised to the peerage. Olivier married English actresses Jill Esmond, Vivien Leigh and Joan Plowright.\nActor Spencer Tracy said that Olivier was 'the greatest actor in the English-speaking world'. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Olivier among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, at number 14 on the list.\nOlivier had many awards: twelve Oscar nominations, with two wins (for Best Actor and Best Picture for the 1948 film \"Hamlet\"), plus two honorary awards including a statuette and certificate. He was awarded five Emmy Awards. He was a three-time Golden Globe and BAFTA winner. In 1976 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.\nOlivier's ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey."}
+{"id": "24462", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24462", "title": "Spiritism", "text": "Spiritism is a doctrine promoted by the French professor Allan Kardec. His first two books were:\nOther characteristics ideas of his were:\nAlthough Kardec claimed it was distinct, spiritism is similar to spiritualism. Kardec's books were based on reporting s\u00e9ances in which he claimed to observe phenomena which he attributed to incorporeal intelligence (spirits). Arthur Conan Doyle included a chapter about Spiritism in his book \"History of Spiritualism\". This said that Spiritism is Spiritualist (but not vice-versa). As a consequence, many Spiritualist works are widely accepted in Spiritism, particularly the works of scientists Sir William Crookes and Oliver Lodge."}
+{"id": "24488", "revid": "1624134", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24488", "title": "Alexa Internet", "text": "Alexa was an Internet service that measures how many Internet users visit a website. At Alexa.com, people entered a website address and Alexa showed them how well-visited the website is. It can also tell them how its popularity has changed over time.\nAlexa had 6 million unique visits monthly.\nAlexa was created in 1996 by American businessman Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat.\nIn 1999, Alexa was bought by Amazon.com for about US$250 million in Amazon stock.\nAlexa provided a free API that is used by services and toolbars all around the world to easily display Alexa Rating.\nIn December 2021, Amazon announced that they will shutdown Alexa. Service was discontinued on May 1st, 2022."}
+{"id": "24489", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24489", "title": "Poodle", "text": "A poodle is a breed of dog. Poodles are one of the smartest dogs. Miniature and toy poodles are two sizes. The original poodle is the Standard poodle. Miniature and toy poodles are not related to Standard poodles. They do not share DNA. If the owner does praise it, it will start liking the owner even more, and doing things for the owner. Many people that own them show them at dog shows. Poodles were once used as hunting and sporting dogs, but now they are mostly pets. Poodles do not shed their fur as some dogs do, so they are good pets for people who are allergic to dogs. Their coats are most often white or black; but can be apricot, dark gray, called \"blue\"; and other colors. There are also some rare colors, such as chocolate brown, and brindle. In Japan, apricot color is the most liked.\nSizes.\nPoodles are breed in many different sizes. The four main sizes from largest to smallest are Standard, Miniature, Medium and Toy. There are also other sizes, like the very small Teacup, that are not official. This means that these other sizes cannot be part of professional dog shows.\nMilitary working dogs.\nPoodles have been used as working dogs in the military for several centuries. During World War II, it was thought that this breed of dog could become helpers during the war. So, poodles went through training by the United States Army for special tasks. In 1942, the poodle was one of 32 breeds officially ranked as war dogs by the Army.\nCuts.\nIt is the poodles main style to left hair of the chest and ankles in order to protect heart and joints from cold waters and cut others in order to reduce the resistance of the water. Now, poodles hair styles have more variations. In Japan, the \"teddy bear cut\" is most popular. This style lets the whole body have roundness like a teddy bear."}
+{"id": "24492", "revid": "10339271", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24492", "title": "Irish language", "text": "Irish, or Irish Gaelic, is a language spoken in the Republic of Ireland and, less commonly, in Northern Ireland.\nClassification.\nIrish is a Gaelic language and so is similar to Scottish Gaelic and Manx. It is less similar to Breton, Cornish and Welsh.\nThe Celtic languages are divided into two groups: P-Celtic languages and Q-Celtic languages. Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx are Q-Celtic languages, and Breton, Cornish and Welsh is a P-Celtic language. For that reason, many Irish-speakers can understand some Scots Gaelic but not Welsh.\nIrish has nowords for \"yes\" or \"no\".\nHistory.\nBefore the United Kingdom.\nQueen Elizabeth I of England tried to learn Irish and asked her bishops to translate the Bible into Irish. That was an attempt to split the Catholic people from their clergy and make them Protestant, but it mostly failed.\nIn the United Kingdom.\nUntil the 19th century, most people in Ireland spoke Irish. However, that changed after Ireland joined Great Britain in 1801 to form the United Kingdom. Ireland\u2019s state schools became part of the British system and so had to teach English. Sometimes, they were not allowed to teach Irish.\nThe Catholic Church also began to discourage Irish. The same is true for the Irish Nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell. He was an Irish-speaker himself but thought that people should speak English since most job opportunities were in the English-speaking British Empire and United States.\nToday.\nToday, Irish is the first official language of the Republic of Ireland and has around 2 million speakers.\nIn practice, the Irish government still uses English more than Irish. Also, most people in the country speak English in their day-to-day lives. However, many people speak Irish among friends or family. It is also taught in all Irish schools according to the law.\nIn parts of Ireland called the Gaeltacht (\"Gaeltachta\u00ed\" in Irish), people still speak Irish as their first language, and up to 70% of the people speak Irish. The newest Gaeltacht in the country is on Falls Road, in Belfast, where the whole community tries to use Irish as its first language. The area is called the Gaeltacht Quarter.\nLiterature.\nThere were great poets who wrote in Irish. Their poems became songs. Often, they told stories about the heroes of old times."}
+{"id": "24493", "revid": "10005522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24493", "title": "Irish", "text": "Irish could mean:"}
+{"id": "24495", "revid": "1671886", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24495", "title": "Max & Ruby", "text": "Max & Ruby is a Canadian animated children's television series based on the books by Rosemary Wells. The series originally aired on Nick Jr. on Nickelodeon in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada. The series was made by children's book author, and illustrator Rosemary Wells. It is based on the fictional world of her \"Max & Ruby\" books. The episodes show stories about three year old Max, an anthropomorphized toddler bunny, and his big sister, seven year old Ruby, a patient young lady. The series has a good message for its audience by showing Max & Ruby playing together and using respect and love in solving their problems."}
+{"id": "24503", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24503", "title": "23 August", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24505", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24505", "title": "Genitals", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24507", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24507", "title": "1716", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24508", "revid": "10249335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24508", "title": "400", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24509", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24509", "title": "1147", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24510", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24510", "title": "Apollo program", "text": "The Apollo program (or Project Apollo) was a project by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The program was named after the Greek god Apollo. The goal was to send a human to explore the Moon and bring him home to earth safely. It was started by US President John F. Kennedy in 1961. He said:\nOne reason the program started was that the Soviet Union was the first country to send a person into outer space. Since this was during the Cold War, many in the US thought that the US needed to stay ahead of the USSR in space exploration.\nThe Apollo spacecraft was made up of a Command and Service Module, and a Lunar Module. The Command Module was a space capsule. The Lunar Module was a lander. These spacecraft docked on the way to the Moon. Mercury and Gemini spaceships were very small and cramped, but the Apollo capsule was much bigger. Astronauts could move around and not have to stay in their seats. The Lunar Lander was also big on the inside. The only part of the Apollo spacecraft to come back to Earth was the capsule, the Lunar Module would crash on the moon.\nThe Apollo program ended in 1975. After that, NASA began to work on the Space Shuttle program, the International Space Station, and many unmanned space exploration projects.\nThere was a movie made about the problems that happened on the Apollo 13 mission.\nMissions.\nIn September\u00a01967, Owen Maynard of the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas proposed a series of Apollo missions that would lead to landing a person on the Moon. There were seven types of mission, each testing a specific set of parts and tasks. Each step would need to be completed successfully before the next mission type could begin. These were:\nThe first manned Lunar Module, LM-3, was not ready for the December 1968 launch date of Apollo 8. The mission flew as a lunar orbital mission, using just the CSM. The E mission was canceled.\nThe first landing would be followed by more advanced lunar missions:\nApollo flights.\nThe Apollo flights were carried into space by the Saturn I and V rockets."}
+{"id": "24511", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24511", "title": "Project Apollo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24512", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24512", "title": "NASA", "text": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government that deals with space exploration and aeronautics, the operating and designing of planes. NASA has had many successful missions, for example the ISS, and Apollo 11, which put the first man on the Moon in 1969. NASA was founded on July 29, 1958. \nThe Artemis 2 mission, is scheduled to launch in 2026's first quarter.\nFour astronauts from NASA, are in space as of 2025's second quarter. Three of those are supposed to come back to Earth in July. One is supposed to come back in December.\nFounding and the Sputnik crisis.\nNASA was preceded by the \"National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics\" (NACA). NACA was a US federal agency founded on March 3, 1915 to undertake, promote, and institutionalize aeronautical research. On October 1, 1958 the agency was dissolved, and its assets and personnel transferred to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA was founded to compete with the Soviet Union in the space race. In the 1950s and 1960s there was a space race between the US and the Soviet Union - now called Russia. The Soviets started first launching Sputnik 1, the first object made by people to go into orbit, in October 1957. The Americans were worried by this. It caused a crisis known as the Sputnik Crisis as the Americans feared the Russians might start building weapons in space. This all happened at a time called the Cold War when the US and the Soviet Union were always very close to war.\nSpace flight programs.\nProject Mercury (1958\u20131963).\nOriginally NASA was very small with only four laboratories and around eighty people working there. German engineers and scientists led by Wernher von Braun helped them build rockets. They had helped build the V-2 missile in Germany during World War II and the Redstone missile for the US Army afterwards. Their Army missile laboratory was transferred to NASA.\nIn 1960 they set up the Mercury project. The Mercury Project space missions were designed by NASA, mostly to test if humans could survive in space. After they proved it was possible for people to live in space they moved on.\nOn May 15th 1961 astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space. Less than a year later, John Glenn became the first American to orbit or circle the Earth. He did so in a spacecraft called Friendship 7. Once the Mercury Project proved that humans could live in space, the Gemini Project was started. Less than a year after it began, the Apollo Program also began.\nProject Gemini (1961\u20131966).\nAfter the success of Mercury, NASA realized it had to start planning for its missions to the Moon. The Gemini spacecraft was built for two men. It was still small and cramped similar to the Mercury capsule, but allowed for more freedom of movement. Project Gemini proved that two spacecraft could rendezvous (meet and dock) in space. Neil Armstrong, the first man on the Moon, was also on the first Gemini flight to dock with another spacecraft in outer space. The Gemini spacecraft did not dock with another spacecraft with people in it. Instead, it docked with a modified rocket stage called the \"Agena Target Vehicle\". The last few Gemini missions were science experiments and spacewalks designed to prepare for the Apollo Program, which would land human beings on the Moon.\nApollo program (1961\u20131972).\nThe Apollo program was started by President John F Kennedy in the 1960s. The program was made of 16 missions designed to send a man to the Moon and return him safely back to Earth. The first Apollo mission, Apollo 1, ended in disaster when a fire in the command module killed all the astronauts on board. The Apollo 8 and 10 missions went to the moon. They tested equipment and took photos but did not land.\nThe project's main success came in 1969 when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon as part of Apollo 11. The mission was a big success for NASA and over six million people watched it worldwide. After Apollo 11, six more Apollo flights went to the moon. Five of them landed. The one that did not land, Apollo 13, had to abort its mission when an oxygen tank exploded in the spaceship. Apollo 17 was the last mission to land on the Moon.\nSkylab (1965\u20131979).\nAfter Congress stopped the Moon landings, NASA needed a new direction. Using a leftover Saturn V rocket, the giant rocket that sent men to the Moon, they created a space station that orbited above the Earth. This space station was called Skylab. Skylab was very big on the inside, even bigger than a small house. Skylab was visited by Apollo spacecrafts. There were three missions to Skylab. Each of them carried important experiments. The last crewed mission, Skylab 4, spent 84\u00a0days, 1\u00a0hour, 15\u00a0minutes, 30\u00a0seconds, longer than any space mission had spent until 1977. Skylab broke up in the atmosphere in 1979.\nApollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project (1972\u20131975).\nDuring the Space Race, the Soviets had designed their own spacecraft to fly to the Moon. Their spacecraft was called Soyuz. The Soviets never landed on the Moon, they had too many problems. Instead, they started creating small space stations. The Soyuz spacecraft is what they used to go to these space stations. US and Soviet Union were part of the Cold War. In order to make peace between Soviet Union and US, they decided they would dock an Apollo spacecraft to a Soyuz spacecraft in space. After docking, the crews performed experiments and learned about each other's cultures. Apollo\u2013Soyuz was the last flight of the Apollo spacecraft. It has never been used since, and as of 2020, there are no plans for it to be used again.\nSpace Shuttle program (1972\u20132011).\nIn the 1980s and 1990s NASA began to concentrate on building Space Shuttles. Four Shuttles were built in 1985. The first to launch was the Space Shuttle Columbia on April 12, 1981. At this time the public began to lose interest in the space program and NASA faced budget cuts. They had planned for the Space Shuttles to cost less as they could be used more than once. But eventually it turned out the Space Shuttles were more expensive as building them in the first place cost more money than normal. There were further problems for NASA after the Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrated in flight in 1986, killing all seven of its astronauts. The incident is known as the Challenger Disaster.\nThe Challenger Disaster forced NASA to think about the way they worked. The entire Space Shuttle fleet was suspended for a year. After that, NASA launched the Hubble Space Telescope into orbit. Its most famous photo was the Hubble Deep Field.\nIn 2011, NASA shut down the Space Shuttle program. They were more expensive to use than other launch vehicles.\nInternational Space Station (1993\u2013present).\nIn the early 1980s, NASA planned Space Station Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations. It never left the drawing board and, with the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War, it was cancelled. The end of the Space Race prompted the U.S. administration officials to start negotiations with international partners Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada in the early 1990s in order to build the International Space Station. This project was first announced in 1993 and was called Space Station Alpha. It was planned to combine the proposed space stations of all participating space agencies: NASA's Space Station Freedom, Russia's Mir-2 (the successor to the Mir Space Station, the core of which is now Zvezda) and ESA's Columbus that was planned to be a stand-alone spacelab.\nCuriosity rover (2011\u2013present).\n\"Curiosity\" is a car-sized rover. It was made to explore the crater Gale on Mars. \"Curiosity\" was launched from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011, at 15:02\u00a0UTC and landed on Aeolis Palus inside Gale on Mars on August 6, 2012, 05:17\u00a0UTC. The Bradbury Landing site was less than from where the rover landed after a journey. The goals of the rover include an investigation of the Martian climate and geology.\nArtemis program.\nArtemis 1 was a flight that landed in December 2022. The flight was to test the Orion Space Capsule for Artemis missions in the future. (See Orion (spacecraft).) Artemis missions are later supposed to have astronauts.\nPeregrine Mission One.\nPeregrine Mission One was launched in January 2024.\nNASA's future.\nIn early 2010, President Barack Obama cancelled the Constellation project that was aiming to have humans return to the moon's surface by 2020. He said the project was \"behind schedule and lacking in innovation\". At the same time he cut back the amount of money NASA will be getting from the government in 2011.\nWhen President Barack Obama did this, he also worked with NASA to create the Space Launch System. This, with commercial launch vehicles (launch vehicles that are not owned by NASA), will take humans to the Moon, Mars and Ceres.\nIn 2069, NASA plans to send a space probe to Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to the Sun. The proposed launch would be on the 100th anniversary of the first Moon landing, Apollo 11.\nNASA is continuing operations include missions to the planets Mars, Saturn and Pluto. Missions to Jupiter are also planned for the future.\nNASA Missions.\nNASA has launched over 500 missions. Over 150 missions had humans on board. Such \"manned\" missions are the most expensive and make the most news but the majority of launches are for space exploration, science, and other purposes that do not need people. NASA spacecraft such as Cassini-Huygens and the Voyager program have visited every planet in the Solar System. Four NASA spacecraft have left the Solar System, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, while the fifth, a New Horizons spacecraft is estimated to exit the solar system by 2048. As of 2022 Voyager 1 is 23,447,000,000 (23.4 billion) kilometers away from Earth and Voyager 2 was at a distance 19,474,000,000 (19.4 billion) kilometres away from Earth.\nThe New Horizons spacecraft flew past Jupiter in February 2007, studying some of the planet's moons. On July 14, 2015 the craft flew by Pluto, took high resolution pictures of the planet's surface and analysed the chemical properties of its atmosphere.\nUse of the metric system.\nLike other scientific organizations, NASA conducts most of its measurements in the international system (metric system). This is partially due to federal law requiring that most US government programs be done in the international system. In the 1980s, NASA transitioned to the metric system, but was still using US customary \\ imperial units into the 1990s. In September 1999, a mixup (or mistake) between imperial and metric units resulted in the loss of the Mars Climate Orbiter."}
+{"id": "24517", "revid": "8815723", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24517", "title": "Advaita Vedanta", "text": "Advaita Vedanta is a school in Hinduism. People who thoroughly explore Advaita know that their soul is not different from Brahman. The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.\nHistory.\nAdi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the \"Advaita\" (\"a\" = not, \"dvaita\" = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was \"Atman is Brahman.\"\nAdi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, \"If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?\" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter\u2014like looking through a dirty piece of glass\u2014and he called this filter we look through, \"maya\", which means \"illusion\" in Sanskrit. \nShankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.\nThis is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core. For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, and (Unity of Existence)"}
+{"id": "24520", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24520", "title": "Parthenon", "text": "The Parthenon is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe). It was a temple to honor the goddess Athena for nearly 900 years from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD, and originally had a huge idol to her. It was a Christian church from the 5th century to the 15th when it became a mosque. The name \"Parthenon\" means \"the virgin's place\" in Greek. It was built between 447 BC and 432 BC during the reign of Pericles. It is considered one of ancient Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments. \nThe building was constructed using limestone foundations and 22,000 tons of marble. The building was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates. It has 46 Doric columns which support the roof, with 8 across the front and back, and 17 on each side. \nIn 1687 a gunpowder explosion damaged the building. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin took some of the sculptures, now called the Elgin Marbles, from the Parthenon in 1759. They have been on display in the British Museum since 1816."}
+{"id": "24531", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24531", "title": "Advaita", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24532", "revid": "526512", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24532", "title": "Neutral", "text": "The word neutrality can have different meanings too:"}
+{"id": "24544", "revid": "1573783", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24544", "title": "Physical anthropology", "text": "Physical anthropology deals mainly with looking at how the anatomy of the human body has changed over the course of time. It compares the human body to that of other primates. Studies of physical anthropology often include looking at the evolution of mankind.\nSome areas of physical anthropology are paleoanthropology and primatology. When physical anthropology is joined to other branches of biology it becomes biological anthropology. Biological anthropology puts together information from the fossil record, the human skeleton, genetics, our primate relatives, human adaptations and behaviour."}
+{"id": "24550", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24550", "title": "Jackal", "text": "Jackals are canid species found in Africa, Asia and Europe. They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph). This is not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time. \nThey often chase prey as a pair or a group, usually not as individuals. Jackals are \"opportunistic omnivores\", which will take on larger animals if they need to. They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and scavengers.\nJackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female). A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair.\nJackals are not a clade. They have several times developed from canid ancestors. However, they are closely related. It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour. They all have 78 chromosomes.\nThere are three species of jackals:\nA canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (\"Canis simensis\"), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids."}
+{"id": "24552", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24552", "title": "Genitalia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24556", "revid": "10187556", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24556", "title": "Milwaukee", "text": "Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin. Milwaukee is also the 31st most populous city in the United\u00a0States. The city is the county seat of Milwaukee County. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, and is about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of Chicago. As of 2020, about 577,222 people lived in Milwaukee. Part of Milwaukee is in Washington County. Cavalier Johnson has been the mayor since 2021.\nIt is unknown where the city got its name from. Some accounts say it came from the American Indian word \"millioke\", which is thought to mean \"the good land\" or \"gathering place by the water\".\nThe city is home to the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball and the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association."}
+{"id": "24559", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24559", "title": "Diogenes syndrome", "text": "Diogenes syndrome is a behavioral disorder. It is not a disease, it is a psychological condition. People who have it do not look after themselves enough any more, this is called self-neglect. They do not wash, perhaps do not shave, etc. So they develop a strong odor (scent). Since they neglect their hygiene, other diseases related to poor hygiene usually accompany the disorder.\nVery often this disorder affects old people who live alone.\nDiogenes Syndrome is named after the behavior (but not necessarily the ideals) of Diogenes of Sinope. It is thought to be the end stage of personality disorder."}
+{"id": "24560", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24560", "title": "Marx and Engels Internet Archive", "text": "The Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a volunteer-based non-profit organization that has an Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors, socialists, and others on their website.\nThe texts are available in many different languages."}
+{"id": "24563", "revid": "1681376", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24563", "title": "NATO", "text": "The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (sometimes known as the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance), also simply called NATO, is a military alliance that is mostly in Europe and North America. Its other official name means the same in French: \"Organisation du trait\u00e9 de l'Atlantique nord\" (\"OTAN\").\nIt was established by the North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on April 4, 1949. Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium.\nLanguages.\nNATO has two official languages, English and French, as defined in Article 14 of the North Atlantic Treaty.\nHistory.\nIts members when it was founded on 4 April 1949 were the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. On 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined.\nWhen West Germany joined on 9 May 1955, it was described as \"a decisive turning point in the history of our continent\" by Norwegian Foreign Minister Halvard Lange. The Warsaw Pact was signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states as a defense to NATO.\nIceland threatened to leave during the 1970s Cod Wars, which would put the United Kingdom at fault, and NATO would lose a key position in the North Atlantic. Iceland won the Cod Wars and did not end up leaving.\nAfter the Cold War ended, three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland, joined NATO in 1999. On 29 March 2004, seven more Northern and Eastern European countries joined NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria and Romania.\nCroatia and Albania received invitation for NATO membership on 3 April 2008. The Republic of Macedonia received only a conditional invitation because a full invitation was vetoed by Greece over a naming dispute.\nMontenegro joined on 5 June 2017. Having changed its name to end its dispute with Greece,\nNorth Macedonia joined NATO on 27 March 2020 and became its 30th member.\nIreland became an observer of NATO on 8 September 2020.\nIn April 2023, Finland joined NATO, following efforts to join since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Sweden joined NATO in March 2024. \nMembership.\nHere are the 32 NATO members: \nPartnership For Peace.\nNATO also has a program called the Partnership for Peace (PfP), which is a program of cooperation between NATO and partner countries in/near Europe. the program includes Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malta, Moldova, Serbia, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan."}
+{"id": "24564", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24564", "title": "Nato", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24565", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24565", "title": "North Atlantic Alliance", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24566", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24566", "title": "Atlantic Alliance", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24567", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24567", "title": "Western Alliance", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24568", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24568", "title": "Organisation du Traite de l'Atlantique Nord", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24569", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24569", "title": "Otan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24570", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24570", "title": "North Atlantic Treaty Organization", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24571", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24571", "title": "Sao Paulo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24573", "revid": "1690433", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24573", "title": "Felidae", "text": "Felidae is a family of mammals, in the order Carnivora. Animals that belong to Felidae are called \"felids\".\nThe cat family is of quite recent origin: the first fossils are from the Oligocene, 25 million years ago (mya). There are 41 living species, including the domestic cat, and they are monophyletic: all descended from the same ancestor.\nCharacteristics.\nFelids tend to have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular limbs. In most species, the tail is a third or a half the length of the body, with some exceptions (the bobcat and margay). The limbs are digitigrade, meaning they walk on their toes. The paws have three soft toe pads and retractible claws (usually). The tongue of felids is covered with horny papillae, which rasp meat from prey and aid in grooming.\nClassification.\nThe Felidae has three subfamilies:\nMore examples of felines are the big cats \u2013 the lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, snow leopard, clouded leopard, puma, and cheetah - and other wild cats, for example the lynx, caracal, and bobcat. All felines, also the small pet cat, are predators that can hunt many animals.\nEvolution.\nThe felids evolved in Asia and spread across continents by crossing land bridges. DNA sequence analysis shows that ancient cats evolved into eight main lines. There were at least 10 migrations (in both directions) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and Isthmus of Panama. The \"Panthera\" genus is the oldest and the \"Felis\" genus is the youngest. 60 percent of the modern species of cats developed within the last million years.\nThe felids' closest relatives are the linsangs, and at one remove the group of civets, hyenas, mongooses, and Madagascar carnivores, with whom they share the Suborder Feliformia. All felid species share a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness.\nGenetic classification.\nGenetic research has provided a basis for a more concise classification for the living members of the cat family based on genotypical groupings. Specifically, eight genetic lineages have been identified:\nThe last four lineages (5, 6, 7, 8) are more related to each other than to any of the first four (1, 2, 3, 4), and so form a clade within the Felinae subfamily of family Felidae."}
+{"id": "24575", "revid": "1055293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24575", "title": "Feline", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24578", "revid": "17077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24578", "title": "Soccer football", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24581", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24581", "title": "Full back", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24582", "revid": "10249922", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24582", "title": "1668", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24583", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24583", "title": "Andrei Sakharov", "text": "Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0301\u0439 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0301\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0421\u0430\u0301\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432, 21 May 1921 \u2013 14 December 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist. He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of nuclear disarmament and civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.\nLife.\nSakharov was a very clever scientist. He graduated from college during World War II but was kept out of the Red Army to do scientific research for the government. Sakharov helped the Soviets develop the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s. But he also made many peaceful uses of nuclear power.\nThe bomb he had helped make started Sakharov to be a dissident. He argued with Nikita Khrushchev against unneeded nuclear tests. He was afraid that these tests put people's lives and healths in danger without need. He began asking, too, for more freedom of speech. The government removed him from his secret work and his special job as a scientist. Sakharov began to see what unhappy lives most Soviet citizens led.\nPersecution only made him speak out more. He asked for more freedom of religion and defended others who had spoken out and been put into jail. The secret police began to watch him and to make files of information against him. After Sakharov criticized activities of the USSR's Arab allies, Arab terrorists came to his apartment and held him, his wife, and his stepson hostage for an hour. \"Do you want to kill us?\" cried Sakharov's wife. \"We can do worse things than kill you,\" they replied. After the terrorists left without doing anything, Sakharov tried to tell the police about it. The police did not really care.\nThe only thing that protected Sakharov was many people knew about him outside the Soviet Union. The Communists were afraid that if something happened to him, it would give the world a bad image of the USSR. But when Sakharov criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, they became very angry and took him to the city of Gorky. There he was watched by the police outside his apartment. He tried to go on a hunger strike, not eating anything. The Soviet Union was afraid he might die, so they force-fed him (forcing him to eat).\nSakharov kept on asking for \"glasnost\" (openness). In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who agreed with Sakharov and thought there should be \"glasnost\", let the dissident scientist return home. Sakharov continued to call for reform, and in December 1989, he died of heart failure, at the age of 68. . But two years later his wish became true with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. ."}
+{"id": "24587", "revid": "10249902", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24587", "title": "1686", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24588", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24588", "title": "1149", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24589", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24589", "title": "1st century", "text": "The 1st century was the century that lasted from year 1 to 100.\nDuring this period Europe, North Africa and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the Roman Empire. It continued expanding under the emperor Claudius (43). The reforms introduced by Augustus during his long reign stabilized the empire. Later in the century the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, which had been founded by Augustus came to an end with the death of Nero in 68. There followed the famous Year of Four Emperors, a brief period of civil war and instability, which was finally brought to an end by Vespasian, 9th Roman emperor, and founder of the Flavian Dynasty.\nChina continued to be dominated by the Han Dynasty, despite a 14-year interruption by the Xin dynasty under Wang Mang. Han rule was restored in 23. Wang Mang's rule represents the watershed between the Western/Former Han and the Eastern/Later Han. The capital was also moved from Chang'an to Luoyang.\nInventions, discoveries, introductions.\nChristianity.\nAccording to the New Testament, during the reign of Tiberius, Jesus, a Jewish religious leader from Galilee, was crucified in Jerusalem on the charge of blasphemy for claiming to be the Son of God. But \"God raised him from the dead\" three days later, see Resurrection of Jesus. Over the next few decades his followers, following the Great Commission, including the apostle Paul, carried his message throughout the Greek-speaking regions of Asia Minor, eventually introducing it to Rome itself. Roman rulers began to persecute the new sect almost immediately (the emperor Nero accused the Christians of starting the fires that destroyed much of Rome in 64 AD), and would continue to do so for centuries, sometimes vigorously, and other times passively. Christian tradition records that all of Christ's apostles except John the Evangelist suffered martyrdom.\nIn the 4th century, Christianity was eventually taken up by the emperor Constantine. One of his successors Julian the Apostate renounced it for paganism and again persecuted the Church. However, by the end of the 4th century, Emperor Theodosius I proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire.\nDecades and years.\nNote: years before or after the 1st century are in \"italics\"."}
+{"id": "24594", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24594", "title": "Friesian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24596", "revid": "10451979", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24596", "title": "Equidae", "text": "Equidae, also known as a Horse Family is a family of odd-toed ungulate that are only one surviving genus: \"Equus\". Horses, donkeys and zebras belong in this genus. Animals of the \"Equus\" genus can have hybrid offspring, but they are usually sterile. They can have many different colours.\nAn adult female equidae is called a mare."}
+{"id": "24597", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24597", "title": "Equine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24598", "revid": "7654722", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24598", "title": "Equids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24599", "revid": "7654721", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24599", "title": "Equid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24600", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24600", "title": "Horses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24601", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24601", "title": "Zebras", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24602", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24602", "title": "Pigs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24603", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24603", "title": "Pigeons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24604", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24604", "title": "Doves", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24605", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24605", "title": "Bats", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24606", "revid": "10476506", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24606", "title": "Wolves (Story of the Year album)", "text": "Wolves is the sixth studio album by American rock band Story of the Year. The album was released on December 8, 2017."}
+{"id": "24607", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24607", "title": "Foxes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24609", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24609", "title": "Penguins", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24610", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24610", "title": "Cheetahs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24611", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24611", "title": "Donkeys", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24612", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24612", "title": "Mules", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24613", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24613", "title": "Lions", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24614", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24614", "title": "Tigers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24615", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24615", "title": "Aardvarks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24616", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24616", "title": "Mammals", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24617", "revid": "206511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24617", "title": "Goats", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24618", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24618", "title": "Rodents", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24627", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24627", "title": "Kanner syndrome", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24632", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24632", "title": "Lynx", "text": "The Lynx is a small cat. It is a genus with four species. The four species are in Eurasia, Spain, Canada and America, and do not overlap much.\nAppearance.\n\"Lynx\" have short tails, and usually some hair on the ears. They have large paws (feet) padded for walking on snow, and long whiskers on the face. The color of the body is from light brown to grey and is sometimes marked with dark brown spots, especially on the legs. They weigh about 5\u00a0kg or about 11 pounds (approximately the size of a large domestic cat) and can weigh up to about 30\u00a0kg (66 pounds). They are between 70 and 150 cm long, with a relative short tail - 5-25 cm. They live for about 20 years.\n\"Lynx\" are similar to a regular house cat, but larger. They have a powerful body on short, furry legs attached to hefty feet, and a bobbed, black-tipped tail. The fur is spotted and yellowish-brown to grey. It has a collar of fur around the face, giving a triangular shape. They also have long black ear tufts.\nHabitat.\n\"Lynx\" live in the high altitude forests with many shrubs, reeds and grass. They hunt only on the ground, but can climb trees and swim.\nThey can be found in the some places in northern Scandinavia, in North America and also in the Himalayas. Since the 1990s people try to move part of the population of the Eurasian lynx to Germany. They can also be found in Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest (northeastern Poland), and southern Spain.\nThe Colorado Division of Wildlife tried to move other wild \"Lynx\" populations from Canada back to the United States.\nBehaviour.\n\"Lynx\" are usually solitary, although a small group may travel and hunt together occasionally. Mating takes place in the late winter and once a year the female gives birth to between two and four kittens. The young stay with the mother for one more winter, a total of around nine months, before moving out to live on their own as young adults.\n\"Lynx\" make their dens in crevices or under ledges. They feed on a wide range of animals from white-tailed deer, reindeer, roe deer, small red deer, and chamois, to smaller, more usual prey: snowshoe hares, sheep, squirrels, mice, turkeys and other birds, and goats. They also eat ptarmigans, voles, and grouse.\nConservation.\nThe Iberian lynx is the most endangered feline in the world. There are only two populations (together, 300 animals), in the southern Spain.\nHunting lynxes is illegal in many countries."}
+{"id": "24641", "revid": "10471776", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24641", "title": "Shania Twain", "text": "Shania Twain (born Eilleen Regina Edwards; August 28, 1965, in Timmins, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and record producer. She was married a long time to music producer Mutt Lange. She is very successful in the country and pop music genres. She had a residency show at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, in late 2012.\nHer 1995 album \"The Woman in Me\" brought her fame. Her 1997 album \"Come On Over\" became the bestselling album of all time by a female musician in any genre and the bestselling country album of all time. It has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide.\nIn 2017, she released the album \"Now\", her first in 15 years. She wrote and co-produced all of the songs. It entered at the top of the charts in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US, where it opened with 137,000 combined copies and streams.\nPersonal life.\nTwain married music producer Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange on December 28, 1993. They have a son, Eja (pronounced \"Asia\") D'Angelo, who was born on August 12, 2001. On May 15, 2008, a spokesperson for Mercury Nashville said that Twain and Lange were separating. This was after Lange allegedly had an affair with Twain's best friend, Marie-Anne Thi\u00e9baud. Their divorce was finalized on June 9, 2010. On December 20, 2010, Twain's manager said that Twain was engaged to Swiss Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Thi\u00e9baud (the ex-husband of her former best friend), an executive at Nestl\u00e9. They married on January 1, 2011, in Rinc\u00f3n, Puerto Rico.\nTwain is a longtime vegetarian. In 2001 she was voted PETA's very first Sexiest Vegetarian Alive.\nIn September 2010, it was confirmed that Twain was to release her first biography, \"From This Moment On\", on May 3, 2011. The cover work for the book was released on March 2, 2011.\nAwards and honours.\nIn addition to the awards for her singles and albums, Twain has a number of personal honours:\nDiscography.\nTwain has released thirty-five singles from six studio albums, one greatest hits album, and one soundtrack album."}
+{"id": "24642", "revid": "10462836", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24642", "title": "The Grass Roots", "text": "The Grass Roots are an American rock music group. Their peak in popularity was in the 1960s and 1970s. They formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their biggest hit was the song \"Midnight Confessions\" which charted in the US at #5 in 1968. Their 1969 song \"I'd Wait a Million Years\" was #15 in the U.S.."}
+{"id": "24643", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24643", "title": "Dionne Warwick", "text": "Dionne Warwick (born December 12, 1940) is an American R&B singer. She was born in East Orange, New Jersey.\nWarwick sang many songs written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. Many of these songs were hits.\nIn 1990, Warwick hosted and executive produced a talk show, \"Dionne and Friends\". She was a contestant in the 2011 season of \"The Apprentice\".\nWarwick's sister Dee Dee Warwick (1942-2008), their aunt Cissy Houston (born 1933) and cousin Whitney Houston (1963-2012) were singers."}
+{"id": "24644", "revid": "1662670", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24644", "title": "Barenaked Ladies", "text": "Barenaked Ladies are a Canadian band. They formed in Toronto, Canada in 1988. The band is made up of four men. In 1991, the band was taken off the program for a New Year's Eve concert in Toronto because someone thought the name was bad. The band started as a duo with Ed Roberstson and Steven Page. Lead singer Page left the band in 2009 to begin a solo career. He was also arrested in 2008 for having the illegal drug cocaine.\nMembers.\nThe current band members are:\nTelevision.\nEd Robertson is also the host of a television programme, called \"Ed's Up\". On the programme, he travels around Canada by airplane. A plane he was flying crashed into trees in 2008. Roberston and the other passengers were not hurt.\nThe theme song to the television series \"The Big Bang Theory\" is performed by Barenaked Ladies.\nRecordings.\nThe band have made 18 albums:"}
+{"id": "24645", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24645", "title": "Paul Revere & the Raiders", "text": "Paul Revere & the Raiders were an American pop group who were popular in the 1960s. They started in Boise, Idaho and then re-located to Portland, Oregon.\nIn 1971 the band had a number-one hit on the Billboard charts, with \"Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)\".\nThe Raiders most well known lineup consisted of: Mark Lindsay (lead vocals), Drake Levin (guitar), Jim Valley (guitar), Phil Volk (bass), Paul Revere (keyboards) and Mike Smith (drums).\nThe band claimed to have 23 hits from 1961 to 1972, more hits for a long period of time than even the likes of The Beatles did not achieve."}
+{"id": "24647", "revid": "2851", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24647", "title": "Alexa.com", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24696", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24696", "title": "Nintendogs", "text": " is a video game for the Nintendo DS. In \"Nintendogs\", the player has dogs. At the start of the game one can choose a type of dog and give it a name. They give the dogs food and drinks. If a dog is good one might get to feed them a dog biscuit or a jerky treat. The dogs can be washed, taken for a walk, taught to do tricks and put into contests. The contests are: agility trial, disc competition and obedience trial. One can find out how to compete in these contests by looking at their care books, under Supplies.\nThere are four versions of the game each with different breeds.\nThey are: \"Dalmatian and Friends\", \"Chihuahua and Friends\", \"Labrador and Friends\" and \"Dachshund and Friends\". All breeds are unlockable in every version and a player can unlock dogs by increasing his trainer points. However, the player can only have three dogs at home. To get more the player must drop off one at the Dog Hotel. Every player can only drop off five dogs at a time.\nIf the player does not play the game for a long period of time, the dog may run away, so players need to play with their dogs daily.\nA sequel, \"Nintendogs + Cats\", was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011."}
+{"id": "24698", "revid": "10182784", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24698", "title": "Luigi", "text": "Luigi is a video game character made by Nintendo. The famous game designer,\u00a0Shigeru Miyamoto, made him. Luigi is the younger but\u00a0taller\u00a0fraternal twin\u00a0brother\u00a0of the Nintendo mascot, Mario. He is in many games all over the\u00a0\"Mario\"\u00a0series, almost always as an\u00a0assistant\u00a0to his brother Mario.\nThe first game Luigi was in was\u00a0\"Mario Bros. (Game and Watch)\" (1983) as a character seen working in a factory. He later appeared playable in the 1983 arcade game \"Mario Bros\" and was played by the second player. It was also done in\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros.\",\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros. 3\",\u00a0\"Super Mario World\", and other games. The first game in which he was present as the first character was\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros. 2\". In the Mario series, he is usually not the main character. However, he has his own games where he is the main character, like Luigi's Mansion and Mario is Missing!. He also appears in many spin-offs, such as Mario Kart, Mario Party and the Super Smash Bros. series. Luigi has also been in every show of the three\u00a0DiC\u00a0TV series based on the Nintendo Entertainment System\u00a0and\u00a0Super Nintendo Entertainment System\u00a0games.\nAt first, he was made as a\u00a0copy\u00a0of Mario with a green color instead of red. Later in the series, he became his own character with his own personality and abilities. As his part in the\u00a0\"Mario\"\u00a0series progressed, Luigi became taller and thinner than his brother.\nNintendo called 2013 \"The Year of Luigi\" to mark the thirty years of the character's existence. The games released in 2013 brought attention to Luigi, such as ',\u00a0',\u00a0\"Dr. Luigi\", and the level pack\u00a0\"New Super Luigi U\"\u00a0for\u00a0\"New Super Mario Bros. U\". In\u00a0\"Super Mario 3D World\", a Luigi version of\u00a0\"Mario Bros.\"\u00a0called\u00a0\"Luigi Bros.\" can be unlocked.\nConcept and creation.\nThe events leading to the creation of Luigi began in 1982, during the making of \"Donkey Kong\". The Nintendo designer Shigeru Miyamoto had created Mario (who used to be \"Jumpman\") hoping that he would be able to show the character in many different pars in future games. Miyamoto had been given ideas by the game\u00a0\"Joust\"\u00a0to create a game where two players can play at the same time. This was the cause of his development of the game\u00a0\"Mario Bros.\"\u00a0in 1983, with Luigi as the brother of Mario and the second playable character. The name Luigi is said to have been inspired by a pizza business near the head office of Nintendo of America in\u00a0Redmond, Washington, called \"Mario & Luigi's\". Miyamoto noticed that the word\u00a0\"ruiji\"\u00a0means \"similar\" in the Japanese language and that Luigi was designed to have the same size, shape and gameplay as Mario.\nAt first, in\u00a0\"Donkey Kong\", Mario was a carpenter. In\u00a0\"Mario Bros.\", Mario and Luigi\u00a0were designed as\u00a0Italian\u00a0plumbers by Miyamoto at the suggestion of a partner. Software limits at the time\u2014almost the same as those that gave\u00a0Mario\u00a0his special look in\u00a0\"Donkey Kong\"\u2014meant the first appearance of Luigi was limited to a simple\u00a0color swap\u00a0of Mario, designed to be the second player. The characters were in every way the same, other than their colors.\u00a0The green color for Luigi would be one of his physical characteristics in future releases.\nAfter the success of\u00a0\"Mario Bros.\", Luigi was shown to a wider market in 1985 with the release of the NES game\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros. \"Once again, his part was limited to a color swap of Mario, acting as the second-player in almost the same way as\u00a0\"Mario Bros. \"The Japan-only form of\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros. 2\"\u00a0in 1986 (released in the west as\u00a0\" \"in the future) marked the start of Luigi becoming a separate character. As with his last appearances, Luigi was still a color swap of Mario. However, his moves were not the same. Luigi could now jump higher and a greater distance than his brother, at the cost of motion reaction and exactness.\nWhile this form of\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros. 2\"\u00a0was released in Japan, it was thought to be too hard for the American public at the time. In 1988, as a result, an alternative release was developed to be good enough as\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros. 2\"\u00a0for western players (and in the future released in Japan as\u00a0\"Super Mario USA\"). This would play a key part in forming the current look of Luigi. The game was a conversion of\u00a0', with the art changed to be characters and places from the\u00a0\"Mario\"\u00a0series. In this release, the character of \"Mama\", who could jump the highest, was good enough for the model for Luigi. This caused his taller, thinner look, combined with his Mario-designed outfit and green color. There were appearances of Luigi being taller than Mario before - for example, in the 1988 Famicom Disk System game\u00a0'\u00a0and before that, in a very limited 1986 anime\u00a0\"\" (though in the anime, he had a yellow shirt and blue overalls). Licensed art for\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros. 3\"\u00a0and\u00a0\"Super Mario World \"shows Luigi with this new look. Nintendo of Japan would not change his art differences to his look within the game until the 1992 game\u00a0\"Super Mario Kart\". The appearance of Luigi from the\u00a0\"Yume K\u014dj\u014d: Doki Doki Panic\" version of\u00a0\"Super Mario Bros. 2\"\u00a0has been used ever since, even for games made again in which he was a palette swap to start with.\nVoice.\nMuch like his appearance, Luigi's voice has changed over the years. In \"Mario Kart 64\", which voiced many characters for the first time, some characters had two different voices in relation to the region of the game. The North American and European versions of the game present a deep voice for Luigi, by Charles Martinet, who also voices Mario, Wario, Waluigi, and Toadsworth. The Japanese version uses a high, falsetto voice, by (then French translator at Nintendo) Julien Bardakoff. All forms of \"Mario Party\" present the high-pitched clips of Bardakoff from \"Mario Kart 64\". Luigi kept this higher voice in \"Mario Party 2\". In \"Mario Golf\", \"Mario Tennis\", and \"Mario Party 3\" his voice returned to normal. Since then, in all games but ' and \"Super Smash Bros. Melee\", Luigi has always had a medium-pitched voice. In ', Luigi's voice was the same high voice as in the Japanese \"Mario Kart 64\". In \"Super Smash Bros.\" and \"Super Smash Bros. Melee\", Luigi's voice is based on Mario's voice (with clips taken from \"Super Mario 64\"), with a higher pitch. In \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\", he has his own voice clips instead of voice clips taken from Mario.\nPlayable appearances.\nPlayable only in two-player:\nPlayable in one-player or two-player:"}
+{"id": "24700", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24700", "title": "RAID", "text": "RAID is an acronym that stands for Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks or Redundant Array of Independent Disks. RAID is a term used in computing. With RAID, several hard disks are made into one logical disk. There are different ways this can be done. Each of the methods that puts the hard disks together has some benefits and drawbacks over using the drives as single disks, independent of each other. The main reasons why RAID is used are:\nIt is not possible to achieve all of these goals at the same time, so choices need to be made.\nThere are also some bad things:\nMost of the work on RAID is based on a paper written in 1988.\nCompanies have used RAID systems to store their data since the technology was made. There are different ways in which RAID systems can be made. Since its discovery, the cost of building a RAID system has come down a lot. For this reason, even some computers and appliances that are used at home have some RAID functions. Such systems can be used to store music or movies, for example.\nIntroduction.\nDifference between physical Disks and logical disks.\nA hard disk is a part of a computer. Normal hard disks use magnetism to store information. When hard disks are used, they are available to the operating system. In Microsoft Windows, each hard disk will get a drive letter (starting with C:, A: or B: are reserved for floppy drives). Unix and Linux-like operating systems have a single-rooted directory tree. This means that people who use the computers sometimes do not know where the information is stored.\nIn computing, the hard disks (which are hardware, and can be touched) are sometimes called \"physical drives\" or \"physical disks\". What the operating system shows the user is sometimes called \"logical disk\". A physical drive can be split into different sections, called disk partitions. Usually, each disk partition contains one file system. The operating system will show each partition like a logical disk.\nTherefore, to the user, both the setup with many physical disks and the setup with many logical disks will look the same. The user cannot decide if a \"logical disk\" is the same as a physical disk, or if it simply is a part of the disk. Storage Area Networks (SANs) completely change this view. All that is visible of a SAN is a number of logical disks.\nReading and writing data.\nIn the computer, data is organised in the form of bits and bytes. In most systems, 8 bits make up a byte. Computer memory uses electricity to store the data, hard disks use magnetism. Therefore, when data is \"written\" on a disk, the electric signal is converted into a magnetic one. When data is read from disk, the conversion is done in the other direction: An electrical signal is made from the polarity of a magnetic field.\nWhat is RAID?\nA RAID array joins two or more hard disks so that they make a logical disk. There are different reasons why this is done. The most common ones are:\nRAID is done by using special hardware or software on the computer. The joined hard disks will then look like one hard disk to the user. Most RAID levels increase the redundancy. This means that they store the data more often, or they store information on how to reconstruct the data. This allows for a number of disks to fail without the data being lost. When the failed disk is replaced, the data it should contain will be copied or rebuilt from the other disks of the system. This can take a long time. The time it takes depends on different factors, like the size of the array.\nWhy use RAID?\nOne of the reasons why many companies are using RAID is that the data in the array can simply be used. Those using the data need not be aware they are using RAID at all. When a failure occurred and the array is recovering, access to the data will be slower. Accessing the data during this time will also slow down the recovery process, but this is still much faster than not being able to work with the data at all.\nDepending on the RAID level however, disks may not fail while the new disk is being prepared for use. A disk failing at that time will result in losing all the data in the array.\nThe different ways to join disks are called \"RAID levels\". A bigger number for the level is not necessarily better. Different RAID levels have different purposes. Some RAID levels need special disks and special controllers.\nHistory.\nIn 1978, a man called Norman Ken Ouchi, who worked at IBM, made a suggestion describing the plans for what would later become RAID 5. The plans also described something similar to RAID 1, as well as the protection of a part of RAID 4.\nWorkers at the University of Berkeley helped to plan out research in 1987. They were trying to make it possible for RAID technology to recognize two hard drives instead of one. They found that when RAID technology had two hard drives, it had much better storage than with only one hard drive. However, it crashed much more often.\nIn 1988, the different types of RAID (1 to 5), were written about by David Patterson, Garth Gibson and Randy Katz in their article, called \"A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)\". This article was the first to call the new technology RAID and the name became official.\nBasic concepts used by RAID systems.\nRAID uses a few basic ideas, which were described in the article \"RAID: High-Performance, Reliable Secondary Storage\" by Peter Chen and others, published in 1994.\nCaching.\nCaching is a technology that also has its uses in RAID systems. There are different kinds of caches that are used in RAID systems:\nIn modern systems, a write request is shown as done when the data has been written to the cache. This does not mean that the data has been written to the disk. Requests from the cache are not necessarily handled in the same order that they were written to the cache. This makes it possible that, if the system fails, sometimes some data has not been written to the disk involved. For this reason, many systems have a cache that is backed by a battery.\nMirroring: More than one copy of the data.\nWhen talking about a mirror, this is a very simple idea. Instead of the data being in only one place, there are several copies of the data. These copies usually are on different hard disks (or disk partitions). If there are two copies, one of them can fail without the data being affected (as it still is on the other copy). Mirroring can also give a boost when reading data. It will always be taken from the fastest disk that responds. Writing data is slower though, because all disks need to be updated.\nStriping: Part of the data is on another disk.\nWith striping, the data is split into different parts. These parts then end up on different disks (or disk partitions). This means that writing data is faster, as it can be done in parallel. This does not mean that there will not be faults, as each block of data is only found on one disk.\nError correction and faults.\nIt is possible to calculate different kinds of checksums. Some methods of calculating checksums allow finding a mistake. Most RAID levels that use redundancy can do this. Some methods are more difficult to do, but they allow to not only detect the error, but to fix it.\nHot spares: using more disks than needed.\nMany of the ways to have RAID support something is called a \"hot spare\". A hot spare is an empty disk that is not used in normal operation. When a disk fails, data can directly be copied onto the hot spare disk. That way, the failed disk needs to be replaced by a new empty drive to become the hot spare.\nStripe size and chunk size: spreading the data over several disks.\nRAID works by spreading the data over several disks. Two of the terms often used in this context are \"stripe size\" and \"chunk size\".\nThe \"chunk size\" is the smallest data block that is written to a single disk of the array. The \"stripe size\" is the size of a block of data that will be spread over all disks. That way, with four disks, and a stripe size of 64 kilobytes (kB), 16 kB will be written to each disk. The chunk size in this example is therefore 16 kB. Making the stripe size bigger will mean a faster data transfer rate, but also a bigger maximum latency. In this case, this is the time needed to get a block of data.\nPutting disk together: JBOD, concatenation or spanning.\nMany controllers (and also software) can put disks together in the following way: Take the first disk, till it ends, then they take the second, and so on. In that way, several smaller disks look like a larger one. This is not really RAID, as there is no redundancy. Also, spanning can combine disks where RAID 0 cannot do anything. Generally, this is called \"just a bunch of disks\" (JBOD).\nThis is like a distant relative of RAID because the logical drive is made of different physical drives. Concatenation is sometimes used to turn several small drives into one larger useful drive. This can not be done with RAID 0. For example, JBOD could combine 3 GB, 15 GB, 5.5 GB, and 12 GB drives into a logical drive at 35.5 GB, which is often more useful than the drives alone.\nIn the diagram to the right, data are concatenated from the end of disk 0 (block A63) to the beginning of disk 1 (block A64); end of disk 1 (block A91) to the beginning of disk 2 (block A92).\nIf RAID 0 were used, then disk 0 and disk 2 would be truncated to 28 blocks, the size of the smallest disk in the array (disk 1) for a total size of 84 blocks.\nSome RAID controllers use JBOD to talk about working on drives without RAID features. Each drive shows up separately in the operating system. This JBOD is not the same as concatenation.\nMany Linux systems use the terms \"linear mode\" or \"append mode\". The Mac OS X 10.4 implementation \u2014 called a \"Concatenated Disk Set\" \u2014 does not leave the user with any usable data on the remaining drives if one drive fails in a concatenated disk set, although the disks otherwise operate as described above.\nConcatenation is one of the uses of the Logical Volume Manager in Linux. It can be used to create virtual drives.\nDrive Clone.\nMost modern hard disks have a standard called Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology (S.M.A.R.T). SMART allows to monitor certain things on a hard disk drive. Certain controllers allow to replace a single hard disk even before it fails, for example because S.M.A.R.T or another disk test reports too many correctable errors. To do this, the controller will copy all the data onto a hot spare drive. After this, the disk can be replaced by another (which will simply become the new hot spare).\nDifferent setups.\nThe setup of the disks and how they use the techniques above affects the performance and reliability of the system. When more disks are used, one of the disks is more likely to fail. Because of this, mechanisms have to be built to be able to find and fix errors. This makes the whole system more reliable, as it is able to survive and repair the failure.\nBasics: simple RAID levels.\nRAID levels in common use.\nRAID 0 \"striping\".\nRAID 0 is not really RAID because it is not redundant. With RAID 0, disks are simply put together to make a large disk. This is called \"striping\". When one disk fails, the whole array fails. Therefore, RAID 0 is rarely used for important data, but reading and writing data from the disk can be faster with striping because each disk reads part of the file at the same time.\nWith RAID 0, disk blocks that come after one another are usually placed on different disks. For this reason, all disks used by a RAID 0 should be the same size.\nRAID 0 is often used for Swapspace on Linux or Unix-like operating systems.\nRAID 1 \"mirroring\".\nWith RAID 1, two disks are put together. Both hold the same data, one is \"mirroring\" the other. This is easy, fast configuration whether implemented with a hardware controller or by software.\nRAID 5 \"striping with distributed parity\".\nRAID Level 5 is what is probably used most of the time. At least three hard disks are needed to build a RAID 5 storage array. Each block of data will be stored in three different places. Two of these places will store the block as it is, the third will store a checksum. This checksum is a special case of a Reed-Solomon code that only uses bitwise addition. Usually, it is calculated using the XOR method. Since this method is symmetric, one lost data block can be rebuilt from the other data block and the checksum. For each block, a different disk will hold the parity block which holds the checksum. This is done to increase redundancy. Any disk can fail. Overall, there will be one disk holding the checksums, so the total usable capacity will be that of all disks except for one. The size of the resulting logical disk will be the size of all disks together, except for one disk which holds parity information.\nOf course this is slower than RAID level 1, since on every write, all disks need to be read to calculate and update the parity information. The read performance of RAID 5 is almost as good as RAID 0 for the same number of disks. Except for the parity blocks, the distribution of data over the drives follows the same pattern as RAID 0. The reason RAID 5 is slightly slower is that the disks must skip over the parity blocks.\nA RAID 5 with a failed disk will continue to work. It is in \"degraded mode\". A degraded RAID 5 can be very slow. For this reason an additional disk is often added. This is called \"hot spare\" disk. If a disk fails, the data can be directly rebuilt onto the extra disk. RAID 5 can also be done in software quite easily.\nMainly because of performance problems of failed RAID 5 arrays, some database experts have formed a group called BAARF\u2014the \"Battle Against Any Raid Five\".\nIf the system fails while there are active writes, the parity of a stripe may become inconsistent with the data. If this is not repaired before a disk or block fails, data loss may occur. An incorrect parity will be used to reconstruct the missing block in that stripe. This problem is sometimes known as the \"write hole\". Battery-backed caches and similar techniques are commonly used to reduce the chance for this to occur.\nRAID levels used less.\nRAID 2.\nThis was used with very large computers. Special expensive disks and a special controller are needed to use RAID Level 2. The data is distributed at the bit-level (all other levels use byte-level actions). Special calculations are done. Data is split up into static sequences of bits. 8 data bits and 2 parity bits are put together. Then a Hamming code is calculated. The fragments of the Hamming code are then distributed over the different disks.\nRAID 2 is the only RAID level that can \"repair\" errors, the other RAID levels can only detect them. When they find that the information needed does not make sense, they will simply rebuild it. This is done with calculations, using information on the other disks. If that information is missing or wrong, they cannot do much. Because it uses Hamming codes, RAID 2 can find out which piece of the information is wrong, and correct only that piece.\nRAID 2 needs at least 10 disks to work. Because of its complexity and its need for very expensive and special hardware, RAID 2 is no longer used very much.\nRAID 3 \"striping with dedicated parity\".\nRaid Level 3 is much like RAID Level 0. An additional disk is added to store parity information. This is done by bitwise addition of the value of a block on the other disks. The parity information is stored on a separate (dedicated) disk. This is not good, because if the parity disk crashes, the parity information is lost.\nRAID Level 3 is usually done with at least 3 disks. A two-disk setup is identical to a RAID Level 0.\nRAID 4 \"striping with dedicated parity\".\nThis is very similar to RAID 3, except that the parity information is calculated over larger blocks, and not single bytes. This is like RAID 5. At least three disks are needed for a RAID 4 array.\nRAID 6.\nRAID level 6 was not an original RAID level. It adds an additional parity block to a RAID 5 array. It needs at least four disks (two disks for the capacity, two disks for redundancy). RAID 5 can be seen as a special case of a Reed-Solomon code. RAID 5 is a special case, though, it only needs addition in the Galois field \"GF(2)\". This is easy to do with XORs. RAID 6 extends these calculations. It is no longer a special case, and all of the calculations need to be done. With RAID 6, an extra checksum (called polynomial) is used, usually of \"GF (28)\". With this approach it is possible to protect against any number of failed disks. RAID 6 is for the case of using two checksums to protect against the loss of two disks.\nLike with RAID 5, parity and data are on different disks for each block. The two parity blocks are also located on different disks.\nThere are different ways to do RAID 6. They are different in their write performance, and in how much calculations are needed. Being able to do faster writes usually means more calculations are needed.\nRAID 6 is slower than RAID 5, but it allows the RAID to continue with any two disks failed. RAID 6 is becoming popular because it allows an array to be rebuilt after a single-drive failure even if one of the remaining disks has one or more bad sectors.\nNon-standard RAID levels.\nDouble parity / Diagonal parity.\nRAID 6 uses two parity blocks. These are calculated in a special way over a polynomial. \"Double parity\" RAID (also called \"diagonal parity\" RAID) uses a different polynomial for each of these parity blocks. Recently, the industry association that defined RAID said that double parity RAID is a different form of RAID 6.\nRAID-DP.\nRAID-DP is another way of having double parity.\nRAID 1.5.\nRAID 1.5 (not to be confused with RAID 15, which is different) is a proprietary RAID implementation. Like RAID 1, it only uses two disks, but it does both striping and mirroring (similar to RAID 10). Most things are done in hardware.\nRAID 5E, RAID 5EE and RAID 6E.\nRAID 5E, RAID 5EE and RAID 6E (with the added \"E\" for \"Enhanced\") generally refer to different types of RAID 5 or RAID 6 with a hot spare. With these implementations, the hot spare drive is not a physical drive. Rather, it exists in the form of free space on the disks. This increases performance, but it means that a hot spare cannot be shared between different arrays. The scheme was introduced by IBM ServeRAID around 2001.\nRAID 7.\nThis is a proprietary implementation. It adds caching to a RAID 3 or RAID 4 array.\nIntel Matrix RAID.\nSome Intel main boards have RAID chip that have this feature. It uses two or three disks, and then partitions them equally to form a combination of RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 5 or RAID 1+0 levels.\nLinux MD RAID driver.\nThis is the name for the driver that allows to do software RAID with Linux. In addition to the normal RAID levels 0-6, it also has a RAID 10 implementation. Since Kernel 2.6.9, RAID 10 is a single level. The implementation has some non-standard features.\nRAID Z.\nSun has implemented a file system called ZFS. This file system is optimised for handling large amounts of data. It includes a Logical Volume Manager. It also includes a feature called RAID-Z. It avoids the problem called \"RAID 5 write hole\" because it has a copy-on-write policy: It does not overwrite the data directly, but writes new data in a new location on the disk. When the write was successful, the old data is deleted. It avoids the need for read-modify-write operations for small writes, because it only writes full-stripes. Small blocks are mirrored instead of parity protected, which is possible because the file system knows the way the storage is organised. It can therefore allocate extra space if necessary. There is also \"RAID-Z2\" which uses two forms of parity to achieve results similar to RAID 6: the ability to survive up to two drive failures without losing data.\nJoining RAID levels.\nWith RAID different disks can be put together to get a logical disk.The user will only see the logical disk. Each one of the RAID levels mentioned above has good and bad points. But RAID can also work with logical disks. That way one of the RAID levels above can be used with a set of logical disks. Many people note it by writing the numbers together. Sometimes, they write a '+' or an '&' in between. Common combinations (using two levels) are the following:\nWith six disks of 300 GB each, a total capacity of 1.8TB, it is possible to make a RAID 5, with 1.5 TB usable space. In that array, one disk can fail without data loss. With RAID 50, the space is reduced to 1.2 TB, but one disk of each RAID 5 can fail, plus there is a noticeable increase in performance. RAID 51 reduces the usable size to 900 GB, but allows any three drives to fail.\nMaking a RAID.\nThere are different ways to make a RAID. It can either be done with software, or with hardware.\nSoftware RAID.\nA RAID can be made with software in two different ways. In the case of Software RAID, the disks are connected like normal hard disks. It is the computer that makes the RAID work. This means that for each access the CPU also needs to do the calculations for the RAID. The calculations for RAID 0 or RAID 1 are simple. However, the calculations for RAID 5, RAID 6, or one of the combined RAID levels can be a lot of work. In a software RAID, automatically booting from an array that failed may be a difficult thing to do. Finally, the way RAID is done in software depends on the operating system used; it is generally not possible to re-build a Software RAID array with a different operating system. Operating systems usually use hard disk partitions rather than whole hard disks to make RAID arrays.\nHardware RAID.\nA RAID can also be made with hardware. In this case, a special disk controller is used; this controller card hides the fact that it is doing RAID from the operating system and the user. The calculations of checksum information, and other RAID-related calculations are done on a special microchip in that controller. This makes the RAID independent of the operating system. The operating system will not see the RAID, it will see a single disk. Different manufacturers do RAID in different ways. This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller cannot be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer. Hardware RAID controllers are often expensive to buy.\nHardware-assisted RAID.\nThis is a mix between hardware RAID and software RAID. Hardware-assisted RAID uses a special controller chip (like hardware RAID), but this chip can not do many operations. It is only active when the system is started; as soon as the operating system is fully loaded, this configuration is like software RAID. Some motherboards have RAID functions for the disks attached; most often, these RAID functions are done as \"hardware-assisted RAID\". This means that special software is needed to be able to use these RAID functions and to be able to recover from a failed disk.\nDifferent terms related to hardware failures.\nThere are different terms that are used when talking about hardware failures:\nFailure rate.\nThe failure rate is how often a system fails. The \"mean time to failure\" (MTTF) or \"mean time between failures\" (MTBF) of a RAID system is the same as that of its components. A RAID system cannot protect against failures of its individual hard drives, after all. The more complicated types of RAID (anything beyond \"striping\" or \"concatenation\") can help keep the data intact even if an individual hard drive fails, though.\nMean time to data loss.\nThe \"mean time to data loss\" (MTTDL) gives the average time before a loss of data happens in a given array. Mean time to data loss of a given RAID may be higher or lower than that of its hard disks. This depends on the type of RAID used.\nMean time to recovery.\nArrays that have redundancy can recover from some failures. The \"mean time to recovery\" shows how long it takes until a failed array is back to its normal state. This adds both the time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array (i.e. to replicate data for redundancy).\nUnrecoverable bit error rate.\nThe \"unrecoverable bit error rate\" (UBE) tells how long a disk drive will be unable to recover data after using cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes and multiple retries.\nProblems with RAID.\nThere are also certain problems with the ideas or the technology behind RAID:\nAdding disks at a later time.\nCertain RAID levels allow to extend the array by simply adding hard disks, at a later time. Information such as parity blocks is often scattered on several disks. Adding a disk to the array means that a reorganisation becomes necessary. Such a reorganisation is like a re-build of the array, it can take a long time. When this is done, the additional space may not be available yet, because both the file system on the array, and the operating system need to be told about it. Some file systems do not support to be grown after they have been created. In such a case, all the data needs to be backed up, the array needs be re-created with the new layout, and the data needs to be restored onto it.\nAnother option to add storage is to create a new array, and to let a logical volume manager handle the situation. This allows to grow almost any RAID system, even RAID1 (which by itself is limited to two disks).\nLinked failures.\nThe error correction mechanism in RAID assumes that failures of drives are independent. It is possible to calculate how often a piece of equipment can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss very improbable.\nIn practice, however, the drives were often bought together. They have roughly the same age, and have been used similarly (called \"wear\"). Many drives fail because of mechanical problems. The older a drive is, the more worn are its mechanical parts. Mechanical parts that are old are more likely to fail than those that are younger. This means that drive failures are no longer statistically independent. In practice, there is a chance that a second disk will also fail before the first has been recovered. This means that data loss can occur at significant rates, in practice.\nAtomicity.\nAnother problem that also occurs with RAID systems is that applications expect what is called \"Atomicity\": Either all of the data is written, or none is. Writing the data is known as a \"transaction\".\nIn RAID arrays, the new data is usually written in the place where the old data was. This has become known as \"update in-place\". Jim Gray, a database researcher wrote a paper in 1981 where he described this problem.\nVery few storage systems allow \"atomic write semantics\". When an object is written to disk, a RAID storage device will usually be writing all copies of the object in parallel. Very often, there is only one processor responsible for writing the data. In such a case, the writes of data to the different drives will overlap. This is known as \"overlapped write\" or \"staggered write\". An error that occurs during the process of writing may therefore leave the redundant copies in different states. What is worse, it may leave the copies in neither the old nor the new state. Logging relies on the original data being either in the old or the new state, though. This permits backing out the logical change, but few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic on a RAID disk.\nUsing a battery-backed write cache can solve this problem, but only in a power failure scenario.\nTransactional support is not present in all hardware RAID controllers. Therefore, many operating systems include it to protect against data loss during an interrupted write. Novell Netware, starting with version 3.x, included a transaction tracking system. Microsoft introduced transaction tracking via the journaling feature in NTFS. NetApp WAFL file system solves it by never updating the data in place, as does ZFS.\nUnrecoverable data.\nSome sectors on a hard disk may have become unreadable because of a mistake. Some RAID implementations can deal with this situation by moving the data elsewhere and marking the sector on the disk as bad. This happens at about 1 bit in 1015 in enterprise-class disk drives, and 1 bit in 1014 in ordinary disk drives. Disk capacities are steadily increasing. This may mean that sometimes, a RAID cannot be rebuilt, because such an error is found when the array is rebuilt after a disk failure. Certain technologies such as RAID 6 try to address this issue, but they suffer from a very high write penalty, in other words writing data becomes very slow.\nWrite cache reliability.\nThe disk system can acknowledge the write operation as soon as the data is in the cache. It does not need to wait until the data has been physically written. However, any power outage can then mean a significant data loss of any data queued in such a cache.\nWith hardware RAID, a battery can be used to protect this cache. This often solves the problem. When the power fails, the controller can finish writing the cache when the power is back. This solution can still fail, though: the battery may have worn out, the power may have been off for too long, the disks could be moved to another controller, the controller itself could fail. Certain systems can do periodic battery checks, but these use the battery itself, and leave it in a state where it is not fully charged.\nEquipment compatibility.\nThe disk formats on different RAID controllers are not necessarily compatible. Therefore, it may not be possible to read a RAID array on different hardware. Consequently, a non-disk hardware failure may require using identical hardware, or a backup, to recover the data.\nWhat RAID can and cannot do.\nThis guide was taken from a thread in a RAID-related forum. This was done to help point out the advantages and disadvantages of choosing RAID. It is directed at people who want to choose RAID for either increases in performance or redundancy. It contains links to other threads in its forum containing user-generated anecdotal reviews of their RAID experiences.\nExample.\nThe RAID levels used most often are RAID 0, RAID 1, and RAID 5. Suppose there is a 3 disk setup, with 3 identical disks of 1 TB each, and the probability of failure of a drive for a given timespan is 1%."}
+{"id": "24701", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24701", "title": "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24702", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24702", "title": "Redundant Array of Independent Disks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24703", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24703", "title": "Leonid Brezhnev", "text": "Leonid Illich Brezhnev (19 December 1906 \u2013 10 November 1982) was a leader of the Soviet Union. Born in 1906, Brezhnev's title was \"First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\". He was effectively the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982.\nDuring the Second World War, Brezhnev was a Political Commissar. He supervised various military units. There, he became a friend of Nikita Khrushchev.\nUnlike Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union before him, Brezhnev did not agree with the process of destalinization, and did not support reform. Under Brezhnev, the Soviet economy mostly consisted of military spending. Because the country's resources were going to the armed forces, as they had under Joseph Stalin in wartime, consumer wants were ignored. The standard of living began to fall.\nBrezhnev died of a heart attack on November 10, 1982. At over 18 years, Brezhnev was longest ruling Russian Ruler since Stalin until Vladimir Putin broke this record in 2017."}
+{"id": "24722", "revid": "9792129", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24722", "title": "Approximation", "text": "An approximation is a version of a piece of information that does not describe it exactly, but is close enough to be used. An approximation may be used either when the exact piece of information is not known, or when it's too long or complicated and people need something simpler. The most common simple adjective for an approximation is \"about\". \nFor example, if you wanted to add 2.0002 and 2.0003, you can add 2 and 2, and it would be an approximation.\nIf you are left with a balance of Dollar 78.23 you might want to say you are left with 80 dollars. In mathematics, this is written using the formula_1 symbol (e.g., formula_2).\nArchimedes used polygons to approximate a circle, and to calculate an approximation for formula_3 as shown below:"}
+{"id": "24731", "revid": "642202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24731", "title": "PhpBB", "text": "phpBB is a commonly used, free computer software for forums. As the name suggests, phpBB is written in PHP, with the use of one of SQL compatible databases."}
+{"id": "24732", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24732", "title": "Nobel Prize in literature", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24733", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24733", "title": "Nobel Prize/Peace", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24734", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24734", "title": "Nobel Prize/Physics", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24735", "revid": "27715", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24735", "title": "Primates", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24736", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24736", "title": "Wombats", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24737", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24737", "title": "Lakes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24738", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24738", "title": "Seas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24740", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24740", "title": "IP addresses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24741", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24741", "title": "Noses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24742", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24742", "title": "Faces", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24743", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24743", "title": "Harmonicas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24744", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24744", "title": "Fears", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24745", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24745", "title": "Tons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24746", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24746", "title": "Radios", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24747", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24747", "title": "Cameras", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24748", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24748", "title": "Digital cameras", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24750", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24750", "title": "Schools", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24751", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24751", "title": "Cars", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24752", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24752", "title": "Popes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24753", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24753", "title": "Holocausts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24754", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24754", "title": "Cathedrals", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24755", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24755", "title": "Amphibians", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24757", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24757", "title": "Fins", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24758", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24758", "title": "Peaches", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24759", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24759", "title": "Nectarines", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24761", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24761", "title": "Orioles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24762", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24762", "title": "Languages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24763", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24763", "title": "Poodles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24764", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24764", "title": "Jackals", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24765", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24765", "title": "Females", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24766", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24766", "title": "Males", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24767", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24767", "title": "Boys", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24768", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24768", "title": "Organs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24769", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24769", "title": "Horns", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24770", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24770", "title": "Ovals", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24771", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24771", "title": "Genes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24773", "revid": "10196770", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24773", "title": "World Health Organization", "text": "The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the United Nations (UN), working on international public health, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO was established by the UN on April 7, 1948. In the previous year they had already started an epidemiology service. WHO World Health Day is celebrated on April 7.\nHistory\nOrigin and founding\nThe International Sanitary Conferences (ISC), the first of which was held on 23 June 1851, were a series of conferences that took place until 1938, about 87 years.[13] The first conference, in Paris, was almost solely concerned with cholera, which would remain the disease of major concern for the ISC for most of the 19th century. With the cause, origin, and communicability of many epidemic diseases still uncertain and a matter of scientific argument, international agreement on appropriate measures was difficult to reach.[13] Seven of these international conferences, spanning 41 years, were convened before any resulted in a multi-state international agreement. The seventh conference, in Venice in 1892, finally resulted in a convention. It was concerned only with the sanitary control of shipping traversing the Suez Canal, and was an effort to guard against importation of cholera.[14]:\u200a65\u200a\nFive years later, in 1897, a convention concerning the bubonic plague was signed by sixteen of the nineteen states attending the Venice conference. While Denmark, Sweden-Norway, and the US did not sign this convention, it was unanimously agreed that the work of the prior conferences should be codified for implementation.[15] Subsequent conferences, from 1902 until the final one in 1938, widened the diseases of concern for the ISC, and included discussions of responses to yellow fever, brucellosis, leprosy, tuberculosis, and typhoid.[16] In part as a result of the successes of the Conferences, the Pan-American Sanitary Bureau (1902), and the Office International d'Hygi\u00e8ne Publique or \"International office of Public Hygiene\" in English(1907) were soon founded. When the League of Nations was formed in 1920, it established the Health Organization of the League of Nations. After World War II, the United Nations absorbed all the other health organizations, to form the WHO.[17]\nThe WHO has played a crucial role in coordinating the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic, providing essential guidelines on preventive measures, supporting research on vaccines, and facilitating vaccine distribution through initiatives like COVAX.[18]\nEstablishment\nDuring the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, Szeming Sze, a delegate from China, conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss, the secretary general of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health.[19] The use of the word \"world\", rather than \"international\", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve.[20] The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946.[21] It thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed.[22] Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state.[21] The WHO formally began its work on September 1, 1948.[6]\nThe first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then \u00a31,250,000) for the 1949 year. G. Brock Chisholm was appointed director-general of the WHO, having served as executive secretary and a founding member during the planning stages,[23][20] while Andrija \u0160tampar was the assembly's first president. Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, and to improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene.[24] Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease.[20] The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing.[25]\nIn 1959, the WHO signed Agreement WHA 12\u201340 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which says:[26]\nwhenever either organization proposes to initiate a programme or activity on a subject in which the other organization has or may have a substantial interest, the first party shall consult the other with a view to adjusting the matter by mutual agreement.\nThe nature of this statement has led some groups and activists including Women in Europe for a Common Future to claim that the WHO is restricted in its ability to investigate the effects on human health of radiation caused by the use of nuclear power and the continuing effects of nuclear disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima. They believe WHO must regain what they see as independence.[26][27][28] Independent WHO held a weekly vigil from 2007 to 2017 in front of WHO headquarters.[29] However, as pointed out by Foreman[30] in clause 2 it states:\nIn particular, and in accordance with the Constitution of the World Health Organization and the Statute of the International Atomic Energy Agency and its agreement with the United Nations together with the exchange of letters related thereto, and taking into account the respective co-ordinating responsibilities of both organizations, it is recognized by the World Health Organization that the International Atomic Energy Agency has the primary responsibility for encouraging, assisting and co-ordinating research and development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout the world without prejudice to the right of the World Health Organization to concern itself with promoting, developing, assisting and co-ordinating international health work, including research, in all its aspects.\nThe key text is highlighted in bold, the agreement in clause 2 states that the WHO is free to perform any health-related work.\nOperational history\n1947: The WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex.[31]:\u200a5\u200a\n1949: The Soviet Union and its constituent republics quit the WHO over the organization's unwillingness to share the penicillin recipe. They would not return until 1956.[32]\n1950: A mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine gets under way.[31]:\u200a8\u200a\n1955: The malaria eradication programme was launched, although objectives were later modified. (In most areas, the programme goals became control instead of eradication.)[31]:\u200a9\u200a\n1958: Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54.[33][34]:\u200a366\u2013371,\u200a393,\u200a399,\u200a419\u200a\n1965: The first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer.[31]:\u200a10\u201311\u200a\n1966: The WHO moved its headquarters from the Ariana wing at the Palace of Nations to a newly constructed headquarters elsewhere in Geneva.[35][31]\n1967: The WHO intensified the global smallpox eradication campaign by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method,[36][37] at a time when 2 million people were dying from smallpox per year.[38] The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities.[39] The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972.[40] After over two decades of fighting smallpox, a Global Commission declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated \u2013 the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort.[41]\n1974: The Expanded Programme on Immunization[31]:\u200a13\u200a and the control programme of onchocerciasis was started, an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank.[31]:\u200a14\u200a\n1975: The WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical diseases (the TDR).[31]:\u200a15\u200a Co-sponsored by UNICEF, UNDP, and the World Bank, it was established in response to a 1974 request from the WHA for an intensive effort to develop improved control of tropical diseases. The TDR's goals are, firstly, to support and coordinate international research into diagnosis, treatment and control of tropical diseases; and, secondly, to strengthen research capabilities within endemic countries.[42]\n1976: The WHA enacted a resolution on disability prevention and rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care.[31]:\u200a16\u200a\n1977 and 1978: The first list of essential medicines was drawn up,[31]:\u200a17\u200a and a year later the ambitious goal of \"Health For All\" was declared.[31]:\u200a18\u200a\nThree former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated, 1980.\n1986: The WHO began its global programme on HIV/AIDS.[31]:\u200a20\u200a Two years later preventing discrimination against patients was attended to[31]:\u200a21\u200a and in 1996 the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) was formed.[31]:\u200a23\u200a\n1988: The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established.[31]:\u200a22\u200a\n1995: The WHO established an independent International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculiasis Eradication (Guinea worm disease eradication; ICCDE).[31]:\u200a23\u200a The ICCDE recommends to the WHO which countries fulfil requirements for certification. It also has role in advising on progress made towards elimination of transmission and processes for verification.[43]\n1998: The WHO's director-general highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy and reduced rates of \"scourges\" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding. He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow.[44]\n2000: The Stop TB Partnership was created along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals.[31]:\u200a24\u200a\n2001: The measles initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007.[31]:\u200a26\u200a\n2002: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available.[31]:\u200a27\u200a\n2005: The WHO revises International Health Regulations (IHR) in light of emerging health threats and the experience of the 2002/3 SARS epidemic, authorizing WHO, among other things, to declare a health threat a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.[45]\n2006: The WHO endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for global prevention, treatment, and support the plan to fight the AIDS pandemic.[46][47]\n2006: The WHO launches the Global action plan for influenza vaccines\n2016: The Global action plan for influenza vaccines ends with a report which concludes that while substantial progress has been made over the 10 years of the Plan, the world is still not ready to respond to an influenza pandemic.\n2016: Following the perceived failure of the response to the West Africa Ebola outbreak, the World Health Emergencies programme was formed, changing the WHO from just being a \"normative\" agency to one that responds operationally to health emergencies.[48]\n2020: the World Health Organization announced that it had classified the novel coronavirus outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern. The novel coronavirus was a new strain of coronavirus that had never been detected in humans before. The WHO named this new coronavirus \"COVID-19\" or \"2019-nCov\".\n2022: The WHO suggests formation of a Global Health Emergency Council, with a new global health emergency workforce, and recommends revision of the International Health Regulations.[49]\n2024: WHO has declared the spread of mpox (formerly monkeypox) in several African countries a public health emergency of international concern, marking the second such declaration in the last two years due to the virus's transmission.[50][51][52]"}
+{"id": "24774", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24774", "title": "World Health Organisation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24775", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24775", "title": "Asses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24776", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24776", "title": "Hands", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24777", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24777", "title": "Spiders", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24778", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24778", "title": "Webs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24779", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24779", "title": "Arthropods", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24780", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24780", "title": "Arthropoda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24782", "revid": "9565930", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24782", "title": "Jerboa", "text": "A jerboa is a small desert rodent of Asia and Northern Africa. It looks like a mouse, but it has a long tail and very long back legs. The jerboa moves by jumping, and their highest jump is over 6 feet high. They have long tails, long hind legs, and short front legs. There are 33 species of jerboa, which tend to live in hot deserts.\nWhen they are being chased, jerboas can run up to 24 kilometers per hour. Some jerboa species are preyed on by little owls in central Asia. Most species of jerboas have very good hearing. Their hearing helps them avoid being attacked by predators."}
+{"id": "24783", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24783", "title": "Farsi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24785", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24785", "title": "Sausages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24786", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24786", "title": "Electric guitars", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24787", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24787", "title": "Chairs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24788", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24788", "title": "Pedophiles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24789", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24789", "title": "Gas giants", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24790", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24790", "title": "Tables", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24791", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24791", "title": "Clocks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24792", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24792", "title": "Octopi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24793", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24793", "title": "Octopuses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24794", "revid": "9995756", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24794", "title": "Sharks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24795", "revid": "1301875", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24795", "title": "Fishes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24796", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24796", "title": "Forks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24797", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24797", "title": "Sporks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24798", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24798", "title": "Spoons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24799", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24799", "title": "Wooden spoons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24800", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24800", "title": "Hostages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24802", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24802", "title": "Oceans", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24803", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24803", "title": "Arches", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24804", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24804", "title": "Beaches", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24805", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24805", "title": "Wires", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24806", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24806", "title": "Walls", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24807", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24807", "title": "Camels", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24810", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24810", "title": "Aesop", "text": "Aesop or \u00c6sop () is known for his fables. He was, by tradition, a slave of African descent who lived from about 620 BC to 560 BC in Ancient Greece. \nLife.\nThe tradition is that he was at one point freed from slavery and that he eventually died at the hands of Delphians. In fact, the doubt about his life has led some to deny his existence altogether.\nAesop's Fables.\n\"Aesop's Fables\" or \"Aesopica\" refers to a collection of fables credited to Aesop. The \"Aesop's Fables\" has also become a blanket term for collections of brief fables, usually involving personified animals.\nThe most famous fable is a parable of the tortoise and the hare. In this story, a rabbit challenges a tortoise to a race. The rabbit is sure of its victory and as a result, depending on the version of the story, in some way completes the race slower than the turtle. Often, the hare takes a nap or takes too many breaks. The persistent tortoise, despite being slower, wins because it persevered.\nNo writings by him survive. Tales credited to him were gathered across the centuries and in many languages. This is a storytelling tradition that continues to the present day. Many of the tales have animals and inanimate objects that act like humans.\nInfluence.\nThe Quranic figure \"Luqman\" () is often identified with Aesop, whose lore is found in several ancient cultures. At some time during the Middle Ages, much was transferred to Luqman that was told in Europe of Aesop. This identification with Aesop is confirmed by the fact that many of the fables ascribed to Aesop in the west are referred to Luqman in the east.\nThe fables remain a popular choice for moral education of children today. Many stories included in Aesop's Fables, such as \"The Fox and the Grapes\" \u2013 from which the idiom \"sour grapes\" was derived, \"The Tortoise and the Hare\" (see Zeno's paradoxes) and \"The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf\", also known as \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf\", are well known throughout the world.\nAesop's Fables are still taught as moral lessons and used as subjects for entertainment, especially children's plays and cartoons. Aesop is said to have written thousands of fables, but none has been verified. This means we do not know whether he wrote any, or perhaps just collected them."}
+{"id": "24820", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24820", "title": "Atlantic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24821", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24821", "title": "Tunafish", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24823", "revid": "7059278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24823", "title": "Smell", "text": "The term smell may refer to one of the following articles:"}
+{"id": "24824", "revid": "1633172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24824", "title": "Sense of smell", "text": "Olfaction, or smell, is one of the five main senses. It helps people and animals detect scents in the air. It allows us to notice pleasant smells, like flowers or fresh food. It also allows us to sense danger, like smoke or something rotten. Smell plays an important role in how we experience the world. The study of smell is called olfaction. Scientists are still learning about how it works and why people smell things differently.\nThe sense of smell begins in the nose. When we breathe in, tiny scent particles in the air enter the nose. They reach a special area called the olfactory epithelium. This area is high up inside the nose. It contains millions of olfactory receptor cells. Each receptor cell has tiny hairs called cilia that pick up the scent molecules. When a scent molecule attaches to a receptor, it sends an electrical signal through the cell. These signals travel along the olfactory nerve to a part of the brain called the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb organizes the signals and sends them to other parts of the brain, especially the olfactory cortex, which helps identify the smell. It also sends signals to areas linked to memory and emotions, like the amygdala and hippocampus. This is why some smells can bring back strong memories or feelings. Each smell has a unique combination of molecules, and different receptor cells are activated depending on the scent. This system allows us to recognize thousands of different smells, even in small amounts.\nThe main function of smell is to help us detect and recognize different scents in our environment. This sense can alert us to danger, such as smoke from a fire, gas leaks, or spoiled food. It helps keep us safe by warning us when something may be harmful. Smell also plays an important role in enjoying food. It works closely with the sense of taste to create flavor. When we eat, the smell of the food travels through the nose and helps us notice different flavors. That is why food tastes bland when we have a cold or stuffy nose. Smell helps us connect with memories and emotions. A scent we know, like a favorite perfume or the smell of fresh bread, can bring back strong memories or feelings. This is because the brain areas that handle smell are close to those that control memory and emotions. In animals, smell is used to find food, sense danger, and communicate. Some animals can track scents over long distances or recognize other animals by their smell.\nThe sense of smell can vary from person to person. Some people have a very strong sense of smell, while others may have a weak sense or none at all. This difference can be caused by genetics, age, health conditions, or even injuries. Genetics play a big role in how we smell things. Some people are born with more olfactory receptors or more sensitive noses, while others may not be able to smell certain scents at all. For example, some people can smell a strong odor in certain vegetables, while others cannot smell it. Smell often gets weaker with age. As people grow older, the number of working smell receptors in the nose can decrease. This means older adults may not smell things as clearly as they used to, which can also affect how much they enjoy food. Health problems can also affect smell. Colds, sinus infections, and some diseases like COVID-19 can temporarily or permanently reduce the ability to smell. Head injuries or damage to the brain can also affect how the brain processes smell signals. Experience and culture matter too. People who grow up around certain foods or scents may be better at recognizing them. In some cultures, strong-smelling spices are common, while in others, mild scents are more usual.\nDifferent organisms use smell in many ways, and their sense of smell can be much stronger or weaker than in humans. For example, dogs have an extremely powerful sense of smell. They have many more smell receptors in their noses than humans do, which helps them track scents, find missing people, or find drugs and diseases. Insects like moths and ants also use smell to survive. Insects use their antennae to detect smells. Their antennae are covered with tiny hair-like structures that contain olfactory receptors. These receptors can pick up chemical signals, such as the scent of food, mates, or danger. Moths can smell other moths from far away to find a mate. Ants use scent trails to find food and lead others back to it. They talk to each other using chemicals called pheromones that other ants can smell. Fish and other aquatic animals can also smell, even underwater. They detect chemicals dissolved in water using special receptors. This helps them find food, avoid predators, and recognize their environment. Birds generally have a weaker sense of smell, but there are exceptions. For example, vultures use their sense of smell to find dead animals to eat. Kiwi birds in New Zealand also use smell to find insects in the ground at night. Plants and bacteria do not smell in the way animals do, but they can release and detect chemicals that act like smells. These chemicals help them interact with each other or with animals.\nOlfactory reception cells.\nThe olfactory reception (OR) cells are neurons (nerve cells). Many tiny hair-like cilia stick out of these cells into the mucus covering the surface of the epithelium. The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a kind of protein. \nThere are about 1000 different genes which code for the ORs, though only about a third are functional. The rest are pseudogenes. The OR genes are the largest gene family. An odor molecule dissolves into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then binds to an OR. Various odor molecules bind to various ORs. The basis of the sense of smell is that different groups of scent molecules bind to different receptor cells and so fire different groups of neurons. Inside the olfactory region of the brain, the firing of neurons produces the perceived smell. \nWhen the OR is activated, changes start in the cells. Positive ions come in and negative ions go out of the cells. This causes the neuron to fire an impulse (generate an action potential)."}
+{"id": "24827", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24827", "title": "Teaspoon", "text": "A teaspoon is a spoon used for stirring tea, measuring sugar, and playing games such as spoons. They are also called flatspoons in American English. Longer teaspoons can be used to eat ice cream and other desserts, too. It is usually covered with silver or stainless steel.\nIt is also a unit of measurement, now equal to 5 millilitres."}
+{"id": "24837", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24837", "title": "Appellation d'Origine Control\u00e9e", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24838", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24838", "title": "Appellation d'Origine Controlee", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24840", "revid": "9648838", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24840", "title": "Camembert", "text": "Camembert is a village in France. It is in Normandy. It is in the Orne \"d\u00e9partement\" of the Lower Normandy region in France. It is most famous as the place where Camembert cheese originated. In 1999, 199 people lived there.\nGeography.\nCamembert has a total area of 10.3 square kilometers."}
+{"id": "24842", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24842", "title": "Camembert cheese", "text": "Camembert cheese, more generally known as Camembert, is a French soft cheese. It originated in the village of Camembert in Normandy. Since 1983, the name \"Camembert de Normandie\" has been protected as Appellation d'Origine control\u00e9e (AOC).\nProduction.\nCamembert is made from unpasteurized cow's milk, and is ripened by the moulds \"Penicillium candida\" and \"Penicillium camemberti\" for at least three weeks. It is produced in small rounds, about 250 grams in weight, which are wrapped in paper and boxed in thin wooden boxes.\nCharacteristics.\nWhen fresh, it is quite crumbly and relatively hard, but it characteristically ripens and becomes more runny and strongly flavoured as it ages.\nCamembert can be used in many dishes, but it is popularly eaten uncooked on bread or with wine or meat, to enjoy the subtle flavour and texture which do not survive heating.\nHistory.\nCamembert was reputedly invented in 1791 by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy. However, the origin of the cheese we know today as camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialisation of the cheese-making process at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel invented the wooden box which was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America where it became very popular. These boxes are still used today.\nBefore fungi were properly understood, the colour of Camembert rind was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots. From the early 20th century onwards the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.\nThe cheese was famously issued to French troops in the First World War, becoming firmly fixed in the French popular culture as a result. It has many other roles in French culture, literature and history. It is now internationally known, and many local varieties are made around the world.\nThe cheese is said to have inspired Salvador Dal\u00ed to create his famous painting, \"The Persistence of Memory\". Its \"melting\" watches were inspired by the sight of a melting wheel of over-ripe Camembert.\nThe Camembert de Normandie was granted a protected designation of origin in 1992 after the original AOC in 1983.\nReferences.\n\"Camembert: A National Myth\" by Pierre Boisard claims that Camembert was one of the first globalised, homogenised and standardised foods."}
+{"id": "24843", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24843", "title": "Cheeses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24844", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24844", "title": "Miles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24845", "revid": "7068", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24845", "title": "Yards", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24846", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24846", "title": "Abuses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24847", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24847", "title": "Belarussian language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24849", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24849", "title": "Treaties", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24850", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24850", "title": "Genres", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24851", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24851", "title": "Seaweeds", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24852", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24852", "title": "Fairy tales", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24853", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24853", "title": "Trams", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24854", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24854", "title": "Cabins", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24855", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24855", "title": "Grills", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24856", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24856", "title": "Peacocks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24857", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24857", "title": "Feathers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24858", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24858", "title": "Antigens", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24859", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24859", "title": "Pillows", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24860", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24860", "title": "Fathers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24861", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24861", "title": "Mothers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24862", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24862", "title": "Baguettes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24863", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24863", "title": "Deserts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24864", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24864", "title": "Desserts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24865", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24865", "title": "Locusts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24866", "revid": "4975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24866", "title": "Grasshoppers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24867", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24867", "title": "Herbivores", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24868", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24868", "title": "Carnivores", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24869", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24869", "title": "Omnivores", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24870", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24870", "title": "Insectivores", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24871", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24871", "title": "Wakes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24872", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24872", "title": "Childbirth", "text": "Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is when a woman gives birth. This means it is the ending of a pregnancy where one baby or (more) babies leave the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section. \nBirth rate is important in determining the population growth rate. In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, called a premature birth, while between 3 and 12 percent were born after 42 weeks as a postterm delivery."}
+{"id": "24873", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24873", "title": "Invade", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24874", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24874", "title": "Invades", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24875", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24875", "title": "Invasions", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24876", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24876", "title": "Videos", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24877", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24877", "title": "Mugs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24878", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24878", "title": "Peahens", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24879", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24879", "title": "Mirrors", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24880", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24880", "title": "Buttercups", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24881", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24881", "title": "Flowers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24882", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24882", "title": "Evergreens", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24883", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24883", "title": "Evergreen trees", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24884", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24884", "title": "Evergreen tree", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24885", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24885", "title": "Zetland lifeboat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24886", "revid": "1685354", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24886", "title": "Shiva", "text": "Shiva is a major god in Hinduism and one of the chief gods as a member of the Trimurti. Shiva is causeless auspiciousness. Shiva is also known as the \"Maharudra\" (the great Rudra). Shiva is an embodiment of ultimate space of enlightenment. He assumed human form to guide humans in the past and thus, he is also known as \"Adiguru\" or \"Adiyogi\" (the first teacher).\nHis space of enlightenment is what all spiritual seekers aspire for. All enlightened sages live in this space of Shiva. Shiva is the destroyer god of this complete universe because he destroys all evils in the world. His wife is the goddess Parvati.\nAccording to Hindu mythology, he had a blue neck because he drunk and burned his snake Vasuki's poison to ashes and spread it through the universe in order to save the universe during the churning of the ocean with the use of Vishnu's powers completely. He has three eyes, the third eye is on his forehead. Shiva is one of the Trimurti, including Brahma and Vishnu. Shiva lives in the Mount Kailash with his two sons by Parvati, Kartikeya and Ganesha, who are known as the Bestower of Siddhis and the Remover of Obstacles. There is a statue of Shiva in Bangalore which is a great tourist attraction. \nShiva is often referred to as 'Bholenatha,' symbolizing his benevolent and easily pleased nature, making him, one of the most approachable gods in Hinduism.\nEtymology and other names.\nIn the later Vedic texts, Shiva is venered as a major Hindu god. Shiva is also called as \"Brahman\", the supreme universal consciousness in these texts completely. The word \"Shivoham\" translates to as I am Shiva, conveying that one's consciousness is where Shiva resides, uniting it with the supreme transcendence that is Shiva. In Tamil, he is called by different names other than Shiva, such as Nataraja (Dancing form of Shiva), Rudra (Enraged form of Shiva), Dakshinamurti (Ascetic form of Shiva). Nataraja is the only form of Shiva worshipped in a human figure format. Elsewhere, he is worshipped in a Linga figure. The Pancha Bhuta Hindu temples are located in South India. Pancha Bhuta temples refers to five Hindu temples dedicated to Shiva in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Shiva religious textual literature is enriched by 63 Shiva devotees called 63 Nayanmars (63 Nayanars). The Sanskrit word \"\u015aiva\" (Devanagari: \u0936\u093f\u0935, transliterated as \"Shiva\") means, states Monier-Williams, means \"auspicious, propitious, gracious, benign, kind, benevolent, friendly\". The roots of \"\u015aiva\" in etymology are \"\u015ai\" which means \"in whom all things lie, pervasiveness\" and \"Va\" which means \"embodiment of grace\".\nThe word Shiva is used as an adjective in the Rigveda (approximately 1700 BCE \u2013 1100 BCE), as an epithet for several Rigvedic deities, including Rudra, who is Shiva himself only. The term Shiva also connotes \"liberation, final emancipation\", \"the auspicious one\", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many Rigvedic deities in Vedic layers of literature. The term evolved from the Vedic \"Rudra-Shiva\" to the noun \"Shiva\" in the Itihasas and the Puranas, as an auspicious god who is the creator, preserver, destroyer of this entire universe.\nHis other name Sharva presents an another etymology with the Sanskrit root \"\u015barv\"-, which means \"to kill\", and the name connotes as \"one who can kill the forces of darkness\" and Sharabha means one who destroys evildoers.\nThe Sanskrit word \"\u015aaiva\" means \"relating to the god Shiva\", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect. It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism.\nThe \"Vishnu Sahasranama\" interprets \"Shiva\" to have multiple meanings: \"The Pure One\", and \"the One who is not affected by three Gu\u1e47as of Prak\u1e5bti (Rajas, Sattvas, Tamas)\".\nShiva is known by many names such as Vishvanatha (lord of the universe), Mahadeva, Ishvara, Parameshvara, Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra (chief of the gods), Nilakanta, Subhankara, Trilokanatha (lord of the three worlds), Ghrneshvara (lord of compassion). The highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets Mah\u0101deva (\"Great god\"; mah\u0101 \"great\" and deva \"god\"), Mahe\u015bvara (\"Great lord\"; mah\u0101 \"great\" and \u012b\u015bvara \"lord\"), Parame\u015bvara (\"Supreme god\"; parama \"supreme\" and \u012b\u015bvara \"lord\").\nSahasranamas are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a Hindu deity. There are at least eight different versions of the \"Shiva Sahasranama\", devotional hymns (\"stotras\") listing many names of Shiva. The version appearing in Book 13 (\"Anu\u015b\u0101sana Parva\") of the \"Mahabharata\" provides one such list. Shiva also has \"Dasha-Sahasranamas\" (10,000 names) that are found in the \"Mahanyasa\". The \"Shri Rudram\", also known as the \"\u015aatarudriya\", is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by 100 names.\nHistorical development and literature.\nThe Shiva-related tradition is a major part of Hinduism, found all over the Indian subcontinent, such as India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, such as Bali in Indonesia. Scholars have interpreted early prehistoric paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters, carbon dated to be from pre-10,000 BCE period, as Shiva dancing, Shiva's trident, and his mount Nandi. Rock paintings from Bhimbetka, depicting a figure with a trishula, have been described as Nataraja by Erwin Neumayer, who dates them to the mesolithic.\nIndus Valley origins.\nA seal discovered during excavation of the Indus Valley archaeological site in the Indus Valley has drawn attention as a possible representation of a \"yogi\" or \"proto-Shiva\" figure. Of several Indus valley seals that show animals, one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure, either horned or wearing a horned headdress and possibly ithyphallic, seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position, surrounded by animals. This figure was named by early excavators of Mohenjo-daro as \"Pashupati\" (Lord of Animals, Sanskrit 'pa\u015bupatim'), an epithet of the later Hindu gods Shiva and Rudra.\nSir John Marshall and others suggested that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, with three faces, seated in a \"yoga posture\" with the knees out and feet joined. Semi-circular shapes on the head were interpreted as two horns. Scholars such as Gavin Flood, John Keay and Doris Meth Srinivasan have expressed doubts about this suggestion.\nGavin Flood states that it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure. He characterizes these views as \"speculative\", but adds that it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva iconographic themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a bull. John Keay writes that \"he may indeed be an early manifestation of Shiva as Pashupati\", but a couple of his specialties of this figure does not match with Rudra. Writing in 1997, Srinivasan interprets what John Marshall interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo-man.\nThe interpretation of the seal continues to be disputed. McEvilley, for example, states that it is not possible to \"account for this posture outside the yogic account\". Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000-2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as \"seated bull\" and not a yogi, and the bovine interpretation is likely more accurate. Gregory L. Possehl in 2002, associated it with the water buffalo, and concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognize the figure as a god, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would \"go too far\".\nVedic origins.\nThe Vedic literature refers to a minor atmospheric god, with fearsome powers called Rudra. The Rigveda, for example, has 3 out of 1,028 hymns dedicated to Rudra, and he finds occasional mention in other hymns of the same text. The term Shiva also appears in the Rigveda, but simply as an epithet, that means \"kind, auspicious\", one of the adjectives used to describe many different Vedic deities. While fierce ruthless natural phenomenon and storm-related Rudra is feared in the hymns of the Rigveda, the beneficial rains he brings are welcomed as Shiva aspect of him. This healing, nurturing, life-enabling aspect emerges in the Vedas as Rudra-Shiva, and in post-Vedic literature ultimately as Shiva who combines the destructive and constructive powers, the terrific and the gentle, as the ultimate recycler and rejuvenator of all existence.\nThe similarities between the iconography and theologies of Shiva with Greek and European gods have led to proposals for an Indo-European link for Shiva, or lateral exchanges with ancient central Asian cultures. His contrasting aspects such as being terrifying or blissful depending on the situation, are similar to those of the Greek god Dionysus, as are their iconic associations with bulls, snakes, anger, bravery, dancing, carefree life. The ancient Greek texts of the time of Alexander III of Macedonia call Shiva as \"Indian Dionysus\", or alternatively call Dionysus as \"Greek Shiva\". Similarly, the use of phallic symbol as an icon for Shiva is also found for Irish, Nordic, Greek (Dionysus), Roman gods, as was the idea of this aniconic column linking heaven and earth among early Indo-Aryans, states Roger Woodward. Others contest such proposals, and suggest Shiva to have emerged from indigenous pre-Aryan tribal origins.\nRudra.\nShiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god Rudra, and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in Hindu scriptures. The two names are used synonymously. Rudra, the god of the roaring storm, is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive god.\nThe oldest surviving text of Hinduism is the Rig Veda, which is dated to between 1700 and 1100 BC based on linguistic and philological evidence. A god named Rudra is mentioned in the Rig Veda. The name Rudra is still used as a name for Shiva. In RV 2.33, he is described as the \"Father of the Rudras\", a group of storm gods.\nThe hymn 10.92 of the Rigveda states that god Rudra has two natures, one wild and cruel (Rudra), another that is kind and tranquil (Shiva). The Vedic texts do not mention a bull or any animal as the transport vehicle (\"vahana\") of Rudra or other deities. However, post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas state the Nandi bull, who is the Indian zebu, in particular, as the vehicle of Rudra and of Shiva, thereby unmistakably linking them as same.\nAgni.\nRudra and Agni have a close relationship. The identification between Agni and Rudra in the Vedic literature was an important factor in the process of Rudra's gradual development into the later character as Rudra-Shiva. The identification of Agni with Rudra is explicitly noted in the \"Nirukta\", an important early text on etymology, which says, \"Agni is also called Rudra.\" The interconnections between the two gods are complex, and according to Stella Kramrisch:The fire myth of \"Rudra-\u015aiva\" plays on the whole gamut of fire, valuing all its potentialities and phases, from conflagration to illumination.In the \"\u015aatarudr\u012bya\", some epithets of Rudra, such as \"Sasipa\u00f1jara\" (\"Of golden red hue as of flame\") and \"Tiva\u1e63\u012bmati\" (\"Flaming bright\"), suggest a fusing of the two gods. Agni is said to be a bull, and Shiva possesses a bull as his vehicle, Nandi. The horns of Agni, who is sometimes characterized as a bull, are mentioned. In medieval sculpture, both Agni and the form of Shiva known as Bhairava have flaming hair as a special feature.\nIndra.\nAccording to Wendy Doniger, the Puranic Shiva is a continuation of the Vedic Indra. Doniger gives several reasons for her hypothesis. Both are associated with mountains, rivers, male fertility, fierceness, fearlessness, warfare, the transgression of established mores, the Aum sound, the Supreme Self. In the Rig Veda the term '\u015biva' is used to refer to Indra. (2.20.3, 6.45.17, and 8.93.3.) Indra, like Shiva, is likened to a bull. In the Rig Veda, Rudra is the father of the Maruts, but he is never associated with their warlike exploits as is Indra.\nThe Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion, and the pre-Islamic Indo-Iranian religion. The earliest iconic artworks of Shiva may be from Gandhara and northwest parts of ancient India. There is some uncertainty as the artwork that has survived is damaged and they show some overlap with meditative Buddha-related artwork, but the presence of Shiva's trident and phallic symbolism in this age's art works suggests it was likely Shiva. Numismatics research suggests that numerous coins of the ancient Kushan Empire that have survived, were images of a god who is probably Shiva. The Shiva in Kushan coins is referred to as Oesho of unclear etymology and origins, but the simultaneous presence of Indra and Shiva in the Kushan era artwork suggest that they were revered deities by the start of the Kushan Empire.\nThe texts and artwork of Jainism show Indra as a dancer, although not identical generally resembling the dancing Shiva artwork found in Hinduism, particularly in their respective mudras. For example, in the Jain caves at Ellora, extensive carvings show dancing Indra next to the images of Tirthankaras in a manner similar to Shiva as Nataraja. The similarities in the dance iconography suggests that there may be a link between the ancient Indra and the modern Shiva.\nLater literature.\nRudra's evolution from a minor Vedic god to a supreme Hindu god is first evidenced in the \"Shvetashvatara Upanishad\" (400 BCE to 200 BCE), according to Gavin Flood. Prior to it, the Upanishadic literature is monistic, and the \"Shvetashvatara\" text presents the earliest seeds of theistic devotion to Rudra-Shiva. Here Rudra-Shiva is identified as the creator of the cosmos and liberator of souls from the birth-rebirth cycle. The period of 200 BCE to 100 CE also marks the beginning of the Shaiva tradition focused on the worship of Shiva as evidenced in other literature of this period. Shaiva devotees and ascetics are mentioned in Patanjali's \"Mah\u0101bh\u0101\u1e63ya\" (2nd century BCE) and in the \"Mahabharata\". Other scholars such as Robert Hume and Doris Srinivasan state that the \"Shvetashvatara Upanishad\" presents pluralism, pantheism, henotheism, rather than being a religious text just on Shaivism.\nSelf-realization and Shaiva Upanishads\nHe who sees himself in all beings,\nAnd all beings in him,\nattains the highest Brahman,\nnot by any other means.\nThe Shaiva Upanishads are a group of 14 minor Upanishads of Hinduism variously dated from the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE through the 17th century CE. These extol Shiva as the metaphysical unchanging reality Brahman and the Atman (soul, self), and include sections about rites and symbolisms related to Shiva.\nA few texts such as \"Atharvashiras Upanishad\" mention Rudra, and assert all gods are Rudra, everyone and everything is Rudra, and Rudra is the principle found in all things, their highest goal, the innermost essence of all reality that is visible or invisible. The \"Kaivalya Upanishad\" similarly, states Paul Deussen \u2013 a German Indologist and professor of philosophy, describes the self-realized man as who \"feels himself only as the one divine essence that lives in all\", who feels identity of his and everyone's consciousness with Shiva (highest Atman), who has found this highest Atman within, in the depths of his heart.\nThe Shaiva Puranas, particularly the Shiva Purana and the Linga Purana, present the various aspects of Shiva, mythologies, cosmology and pilgrimage (\"Tirtha\") associated with him. The Shiva-related Tantra literature, composed between the 8th and 11th centuries CE, are regarded in devotional dualistic Shaivism as Srutis. Dualistic Shaiva Agamas which consider soul within each living being and Shiva as two separate realities (dualism, \"dvaita\"), are the foundational texts for Shaiva Siddhanta. Other Shaiva Agamas teach that these are one reality (monism, \"advaita\"), and that Shiva is the soul, the perfection and truth within each living being. In Shiva related sub-traditions, there are ten dualistic Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism Agama texts and sixty-four monism Agama texts.\nShiva-related literature developed extensively across India in the 1st millennium CE and through the 13th century CE, particularly in Kashmir Shaiva traditions and Tamil Shaiva traditions. The monist Shiva literature posit absolute oneness, that is Shiva is within every man and woman, Shiva is within every living being, Shiva is present everywhere in the world including all non-living beings, and there is no spiritual difference between life, matter, man, Shiva. The various dualistic and monist Shiva-related ideas were welcomed in medieval southeast Asia, inspiring numerous Shiva-related temples, artwork and texts in Indonesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia, with syncretic integration of local pre-existing theologies.\nAssimilation of traditions.\nSee also: Roots of Hinduism\nThe figure of Shiva as we know him today may be an amalgamation of various older gods into a single figure. How the persona of Shiva converged as a composite god is not understood, a challenge to trace and has attracted much speculation. According to Vijay Nath, for example:Vishnu and Shiva began to absorb countless local cults and gods within their folds. The latter were either taken to represent the multiple facets of the same god or else were supposed to denote different forms and appellations by which the god came to be known and worshipped. For example, Shiva became identified with countless local cults by the sheer suffixing of \"Isha\" or \"Ishvara\" to the name of the local god, such as Bhuteshvara, Hatakeshvara, Chandeshvara.\"An example of assimilation took place in Maharashtra, where a regional god named Khandoba is a patron deity of farming and herding castes. The foremost center of worship of Khandoba in Maharashtra is in Jejuri. Khandoba has been assimilated as a form of Shiva himself, in which case he is worshipped in the form of a Linga.\nPosition within Hinduism.\nShaivism.\nMain articles: Shaivism\nShaivism is one of the four major sects of Hinduism, the others being Vaishnavism, Shaktism, Smartism. Followers of Shaivism, called \"Shaivas\", revere Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is all and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer of grace, hidder of grace of all that is. He is not only the creator in Shaivism, but he is also the creation that results from him, he is everything and everywhere. Shiva is the primal soul, the pure consciousness, Ultimate Reality in the Shaiva traditions.\nThe Shaivism theology is broadly grouped into two: the popular theology influenced by Shiva-Rudra in the Vedas, Epics and the Puranas; and the esoteric theology influenced by the Shiva and Shakti-related Tantra texts. The Vedic-Brahmanic Shiva theology includes both monist (\"Advaita\") and devotional traditions (\"Dvaita\") such as Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta and Lingayatism with temples featuring items such as Lingas, Shiva-Parvati iconography, the bull Nandi within the premiseses, relief artworks showing mythologies and aspects of Shiva.\nThe Tantric Shaivism traditions ignored the mythologies and Puranas related to Shiva, and depending on the sub-school developed a variety of practices. For example, historical records suggest the tantric Kapalikas (literally, the 'skull-bearers') co-existed with and shared many Vajrayana Buddhist rituals, engaged in esoteric practices that revered Shiva and Parvati, such as wearing skulls, begging with skulls, did human sacrifice, had sexual intercourse with all caste peoples, had orgiastic sex as rituals, used meat, alcohol, sexual fluids as ritual offerings. In contrast, the esoteric tradition within Kashmir Shaivism has featured the \"Krama\" and \"Trika\" sub-traditions. The Krama sub-tradition focussed on esoteric rituals around Shiva-Parvati pair. The Trika sub-tradition developed a theology of triads involving Shiva, combined it with an ascetic lifestyle focusing on personal Shiva in the pursuit of monistic self liberation.\nHere is Lord Shiva Quotes\nVaishnavism.\nThe Vaishnava (Vishnu-oriented) literature acknowledges about Shiva and discusses about Shiva. Like Shaiva literature that presents Shiva as supreme, the Vaishnava literature presents Vishnu as supreme. However, both traditions are pluralistic and revere both Shiva and Vishnu (along with Parvati and Lakshmi), their texts do not show exclusivism, and Vaishnava texts such as the \"Bhagavata Purana\" while praising Vishnu and Lakshmi as the Ultimate Reality, also present Shiva and Parvati as a personalized form which is an equivalent to the same Ultimate Reality. The texts of Shaivism tradition similarly praise Vishnu and Lakshmi. The Skanda Purana, for example, states:Vishnu is no one but Shiva, and he who is called Shiva is but identical with Vishnu.\u2009Mythologies of both traditions include legends about who is superior, such as about Shiva paying homage to Vishnu and Vishnu paying homage to Shiva. However, in texts and artwork of either tradition, the mutual salutes are symbolism for complementarity. The Mahabharata declares the unchanging Ultimate Reality (Brahman) to be identical to Shiva and to Vishnu, that Vishnu is the highest manifestation of Shiva and Shiva is the highest manifestation of Vishnu.\nShaktism.\nIn the Ardhanarisvara concept, the icon is presented as half-man and half woman. The goddess-oriented Shakti tradition of Hinduism is based on the premise that the Supreme Principle and the Ultimate Reality called Brahman is female (Devi), but it treats the male as her equal and complementary partner. This partner is Shiva.\nThe earliest evidence of the tradition of reverence for the feminine with Rudra-Shiva context, is found in the Hindu scripture \"Rigveda\", in a hymn called the Devi Sukta:3. I am ruler, assembler of goods, observer foremost among those deserving the sacrifice.\nMe have the gods distributed in many places\u2014so that I have many stations and cause many things to enter (me).\n4. Through me he eats food\u2014whoever sees, whoever breathes, whoever hears what is spoken.\nWithout thinking about it, they live on me. Listen, o you who are listened to: it\u2019s a trustworthy thing I tell you.\n5. Just I myself say this, savored by gods and men:\n\"Whom I love, just him I make formidable, him a formulator, him a seer,\nhim of good wisdom\".\n6. I stretch the bow for Rudra, for his arrow to smash the hater of the\nsacred formulation.\nI make combat for the people. I have entered Heaven and Earth.\n7. I give birth to Father (Heaven) on his (own) head [Agni]; my womb is in the waters, in the sea.\nThence I spread forth across all worlds, and yonder heaven with its height I touch.\n8. I, just like the wind, blow forth, grasping at all worlds,\nbeyond heaven, beyond this earth here\u2014of such size in my greatness\nhave I come into being.\n\u2014\u2009Devi SuktaThe \"Devi Upanishad\" in its explanation of the theology of Shaktism, mentions and praises Shiva such as in its verse 19. Shiva, along with Vishnu, is a revered god in the \"Devi Mahatmya\", a text of Shaktism considered by the tradition to be as important as the \"Bhagavad Gita\". The Ardhanarisvara concept co-mingles god Shiva and goddess Shakti by presenting an icon that is half-man and half woman, a representation and theme of union found in many Hindu texts and temples.\nSmarta Tradition.\nIn the Smarta tradition of Hinduism, Shiva is a part of its Panchayatana puja. This practice consists of the use of icons or anicons of five deities considered equivalent, set in a quincunx pattern. Shiva is one of the five deities, others being Vishnu, Devi (such as Parvati), Surya and Ganesha or Skanda or any personal god or goddess of devotee's preference (Ishta Devata).\nPhilosophically, the Smarta tradition emphasizes that all idols (murti) are icons to help focus on and visualize aspects of Brahman, rather than distinct beings. The ultimate goal in this practice is to transition past the use of icons, recognize the Absolute symbolized by the icons, on the path to realizing the nondual identity of one's Atman (soul, self) and the Brahman. Popularized by Adi Shankara, many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the Gupta Empire period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from Ajmer) has been dated to belong to the Kushan Empire era (pre-300 CE). The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma, Indra whose identity is unclear.\nYoga.\nAdiyogi Shiva statue, recognized by the \"Guinness World Records\" as the \"Largest Bust Sculpture\u201d in the world; the statue is for inspiring and promoting yoga, and is named \"Adiyogi\", which means \"the first yogi\", because Shiva is known as the originator of yoga.\nShiva is considered the Great Yogi who is totally absorbed in himself \u2013 the transcendental reality. He is the Lord of Yogis, and the teacher of Yoga to sages. Shiva as Dakshinamurti, states Stella Kramrisch, he is the supreme guru who \"teaches in silence the oneness of one's innermost self (\"atman\") with the ultimate reality (\"brahman\").\"\nThe theory and practice of Yoga, in different styles, has been a part of all major traditions of Hinduism, and Shiva has been the patron or spokesperson in numerous Hindu Yoga texts. These contain the philosophy and techniques for Yoga. These ideas are estimated to be from or after the late centuries of the 1st millennium CE, and have survived as Yoga texts such as the \"Ishvara Gita\" (literally, 'Shiva's song'), which Andrew Nicholson \u2013 a professor of Hinduism and Indian Intellectual History \u2013 states have had \"a profound and lasting influence on the development of Hinduism\".\nOther famed Shiva-related texts influenced Hatha Yoga, integrated monistic (\"Advaita Vedanta\") ideas with Yoga philosophy and inspired the theoretical development of Indian classical dance. These include the \"Shiva Sutras\", the \"Shiva Samhita\", and those by the scholars of Kashmir Shaivism such as the 10th-century CE scholar Abhinavagupta. Abhinavagupta writes in his notes on the relevance of ideas related to Shiva and Yoga, by stating that \"people, occupied as they are with their own affairs, normally do nothing for others\", and Shiva and Yoga spirituality helps one look beyond, understand interconnectedness, and thus benefit both the individual and the world towards a more blissful state of existence.\nTrimurti.\nTrimurti is a concept in Hinduism in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are done by the gods of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver, Shiva the destroyer. These three gods have been called \"the Hindu triad\" or the \"Great Trinity\". However, the ancient and medieval texts of Hinduism feature many triads of gods and goddesses, some of which do not include Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma.\nForms and depictions.\nAccording to Gavin Flood, \"Shiva is a god of ambiguity and paradox,\" whose attributes include opposing themes. The ambivalent nature of this god is apparent in some of his names and the stories told about him.\nDestroyer and Benefactor.\nShiva is represented in his many aspects.\nIn Yajurveda, two contrary sets of attributes for both malignant or terrifying (Sanskrit: 'rudra') and benign or auspicious (Sanskrit: '\u015biva') forms can be found, leading Chakravarti to conclude that \"all the basic elements which created the complex Rudra-\u015aiva sect of later ages are to be found here\". In the Mahabharata, Shiva is depicted as \"the standard of invincibility, might, terror\", as well as a figure of honor, delight, brilliance.\nThe duality of Shiva's fearful and auspicious attributes appears in contrasted names. The name Rudra reflects Shiva's fearsome aspects. According to traditional etymologies, the Sanskrit name \"Rudra\" is derived from the root \"rud-\", which means \"to cry, howl\". Stella Kramrisch notes a different etymology connected with the adjectival form \"rudra\", which means \"wild, of \"rudra\" nature\", and translates the name \"Rudra\" as \"the wild one\". R. K. Sharma follows this alternate etymology and translates the name as \"terrible\". Hara is an important name that occurs three times in the Anushashana Parva version of the \"Shiva Sahasranama\", where it is translated in different ways each time it occurs, following a commentorial tradition of not repeating an interpretation. Sharma translates the three as \"one who captivates\", \"one who consolidates\", and \"one who destroys\". Kramrisch translates it as \"the ravisher\". Another of Shiva's fearsome forms is as \"K\u0101la\" \"time\" and \"Mah\u0101k\u0101la\" \"great time\", which ultimately destroys all things. The name \"K\u0101la\" appears in the \"Shiva Sahasranama\", where it is translated by Ram Karan Sharma as \"(the Supreme Lord of) Time\". Bhairava \"terrible\" is a fierce form associated with annihilation. In contrast, the name \"\u015aa\u1e47kara\", \"beneficent\" reflects his benign form. This name was adopted by the great Vedanta philosopher Adi Shankara (c. 788 CE \u2013 820 CE), who is also known as Shankaracharya. The name \"\u015aambhu\" (Sanskrit: \u0936\u092e\u094d\u092d\u0941 sham-on its own; bhu-shine) \"self-shining\", also reflects this benign aspect.\nAscetic and householder.\nShiva is depicted both as an ascetic yogi, and as a householder with goddess Parvati.\nShiva is depicted as both an ascetic yogi and as a householder (grihasta), roles which have been traditionally mutually exclusive in Hindu society. When depicted as a yogi, he may be shown sitting and meditating. His epithet Mah\u0101yogi (\"the great Yogi: 'Mah\u0101' = \"great\", \"Yogi\" = \"one who practices Yoga\") refers to his association with yoga. While Vedic religion was conceived mainly in terms of sacrifice, it was during the Epic period that the concepts of tapas, yoga, and asceticism became more important, and the depiction of Shiva as an ascetic sitting in philosophical isolation reflects these later concepts.\nAs a family man and householder, he has a wife, Parvati and two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya. His epithet \"Um\u0101pati\" (\"The husband of \"Um\u0101\"\") refers to this idea, and Sharma notes that two other variants of this name that mean the same thing, \"Um\u0101k\u0101nta\" and \"Um\u0101dhava\", also appear in the \"Shiva Sahasranama\". \"Um\u0101\" in epic literature is known by many names, including the benign \"P\u0101rvat\u012b\". She is identified with Devi, the Divine Mother; Shakti (divine energy) as well as goddesses like Tripura Sundari, Durga, Kali, Kamakshi, Minakshi. The consorts of Shiva are the source of his creative energy. They represent the dynamic extension of Shiva onto this universe. His son Ganesha is worshipped throughout India and Nepal as the Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles. Kartikeya is worshipped in South India (especially in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka) by the names Subrahmanya, Subrahmanyan, Shanmughan, Swaminathan and Murugan, and in Northern India by the names Skanda, Kumara, or Karttikeya.\nSome regional gods and goddeses are Shiva's children. As one story goes, Shiva is enticed by the beauty and charm of Mohini, Vishnu's female avatara, and procreates with her. As a result of this union, two Shastas \u2013 identified with regional deities Ayyappan and Ayyanar \u2013 is born. In outskirts of Ernakulam in Kerala, a god named Vishnumaya is stated to be offspring of Shiva and invoked in local exorcism rites, but this god is not traceable in Hindu pantheon and is possibly a local tradition with \"vaguely Chinese\" style rituals, states Saletore. In some traditions, Shiva has daughters like the serpent-goddess Manasa and Ashokasundari. According to Doniger, two regional stories depict demons Andhaka and Jalandhara as the sons of Shiva who war with him, and are later killed by Shiva.\nIconographic forms.\nThe depiction of Shiva as Nataraja (Sanskrit: 'na\u1e6dar\u0101ja', \"Lord of Dance\") is popular. The names Nartaka (\"dancer\") and Nityanarta (\"eternal dancer\") appear in the Shiva Sahasranama. His association with dance and also with music is prominent in the Puranic period. In addition to the specific iconographic form known as Nataraja, various other types of dancing forms (Sanskrit: 'n\u1e5btyam\u016brti') are found in all parts of India, with many well-defined varieties in Tamil Nadu in particular. The two most common forms of the dance are the Tandava, which later came to denote the powerful and masculine dance as Kala-Mahakala associated with the destruction of the world. When it requires the world or universe to be destroyed, Shiva does it by the Tandava, and Lasya, which is graceful and delicate and expresses emotions on a gentle level and is considered the feminine dance attributed to the goddess Parvati. \"Lasya\" is regarded as the female counterpart of \"Tandava\". The \"Tandava\"-\"Lasya\" dances are associated with the destruction-creation of the world.\nDakshinamurti \"(\"Dak\u1e63i\u1e47\u0101m\u016brti\")\" literally describes a form ('m\u016brti') of Shiva facing south ('dak\u1e63i\u1e47a'). This form represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom and giving exposition on the \"shastras\". This iconographic form for depicting Shiva in Indian art is mostly from Tamil Nadu. Elements of this motif can include Shiva seated upon a deer-throne and surrounded by sages who are receiving his instruction.\nAn iconographic representation of Shiva called Ardhanarishvara ('Ardhan\u0101r\u012b\u015bvara') shows him with one half of the body as male and the other half as female. According to Ellen Goldberg, the traditional Sanskrit name for this form is best translated as \"the lord who is half woman\", not as \"half-man, half-woman\".\nShiva is often depicted as an archer in the act of destroying the triple fortresses, \"Tripura\", of the Asuras. Shiva's name Tripurantaka ('Tripur\u0101ntaka'), \"ender of Tripura\", refers to this important story. Shiva Lingam with tripundra.\nLinga.\nMain article: Linga\nApart from anthropomorphic images of Shiva, he is also represented in aniconic form of a linga. These are depicted in various designs. One common form is the shape of a vertical rounded column in the centre of a lipped, disk-shaped object, the \"yoni\", symbolism for the goddess Shakti. In Shiva temples, the \"linga\" is typically present in its sanctum sanctorum and is the focus of votary offerings such as milk, water, flower petals, fruit, fresh leaves, and rice. According to Monier Williams and Yudit Greenberg, \"linga\" literally means 'mark, sign or emblem', and also refers to a \"mark or sign from which the existence of something else can be reliably inferred\". It implies the regenerative divine energy innate in nature, symbolized by Shiva. Some scholars, such as Wendy Doniger, view \"linga\" merely as an erotic phallic symbol, although this interpretation is criticized by others, including Swami Vivekananda, Sivananda Saraswati, and S. N. Balagangadhara. According to Moriz Winternitz, the \"linga\" in the Shiva tradition is \"only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva\", and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult.\nThe worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the \"Atharva-Veda Samhit\u00e2\" sung in praise of the \"Yupa-Stambha\", the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless \"Stambha\" or \"Skambha\", and it is shown that the said \"Skambha\" is put in place of the eternal Brahman. Just as the Yajna (sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the \"Soma\" plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the Vedic sacrifice gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the \"Yupa-Skambha\" gave place in time to the \"Shiva-Linga\". In the text \"Linga Purana\", the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva.\nThe oldest known archaeological \"linga\" as an icon of Shiva is the Gudimallam lingam from 3rd-century BCE. In Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, twelve major temples of Shiva are called Jyotirlinga, which means \"linga of light\", and these are located across India.\nFive mantras.\nFive is a sacred number for Shiva. One of his most important mantras has five syllables (\"nama\u1e25 \u015biv\u0101ya\").\nShiva's body is said to consist of five mantras, called the \"pa\u00f1cabrahmans\". As forms of Shiva, each of these have their own names and distinct iconography:\nThese are represented as the five faces of Shiva and are associated in various texts with the five elements, the five senses, the five organs of perception, and the five organs of action. Doctrinal differences and, possibly, errors in transmission, have resulted in some differences between texts in details of how these five forms are linked with various attributes. The overall meaning of these associations is summarized by Stella Kramrisch:Through these transcendent categories, \u015aiva, the ultimate reality, becomes the efficient and material cause of all that exists.According to the \"Pa\u00f1cabrahma Upanishad\":One should know all things of the phenomenal world as of a fivefold character, for the reason that the eternal verity of \"\u015aiva\" is of the character of the fivefold Brahman. (\"Pa\u00f1cabrahma Upanishad\" 31)\nAvataras.\nPuranic scriptures contain occasional references to \"anshas\" \u2013 literally 'portion, or avataras of Shiva', but the idea of Shiva avataras is not universally accepted in Saivism. The Linga Purana mentions twenty-eight forms of Shiva which are sometimes seen as avataras, however such mention is unusual and the avataras of Shiva is relatively rare in Shaivism compared to the well emphasized concept of Vishnu avataras in Vaishnavism. Some Vaishnava literature reverentially link Shiva to characters in its mythologies. For example, in the \"Hanuman Chalisa\", Hanuman is identified as the eleventh avatara of Shiva. The \"Bhagavata Purana\" and the \"Vishnu Purana\" claim sage Durvasa to be a portion of Shiva. Some medieval era writers have called the Advaita Vedanta philosopher Adi Shankara an incarnation of Shiva.\nFestivals.\nMaha Sivaratri festival is observed in the night, usually in lighted temples or special \"prabha\" (above).\nThere is a \"Shivaratri\" in every lunar month on its 13th night/14th day, but once a year in late winter (February/March) and before the arrival of spring, marks \"Maha Shivaratri\" which means \"the Great Night of Shiva\".\nMaha Shivaratri is a major Hindu festival, but one that is solemn and theologically marks a remembrance of \"overcoming darkness and ignorance\" in life and the world, and meditation about the polarities of existence, of Shiva and a devotion to humankind. It is observed by reciting Shiva-related poems, chanting prayers, remembering Shiva, fasting, doing Yoga and meditating on ethics and virtues such as self-restraint, honesty, noninjury to others, forgiveness, introspection, self-repentance and the discovery of Shiva. The ardent devotees keep awake all night. Others visit one of the Shiva temples or go on pilgrimage to Jyotirlingam shrines. Those who visit temples, offer milk, fruits, flowers, fresh leaves and sweets to the lingam. Some communities organize special dance events, to mark Shiva as the lord of dance, with individual and group performances. According to Jones and Ryan, Maha Sivaratri is an ancient Hindu festival which probably originated around the 5th-century.\nAnother major festival involving Shiva worship is Kartik Purnima, commemorating Shiva's victory on the demons Tripurasura. Across India, various Shiva temples are illuminated throughout the night. Shiva icons are carried in procession in some places.\nThiruvathira is a festival observed in Kerala dedicated to Shiva. It is believed that on this day, Parvathi met Lord Shiva after her long penance and Lord Shiva took her as his wife. On this day Hindu women performs the Thiruvathirakali accompanied by Thiruvathira paattu (folk songs about Parvati and her longing and penance for Lord Shiva's affection).\nRegional festivals dedicated to Shiva include the Chittirai festival in Madurai around April/May, one of the largest festivals in South India, celebrating the wedding of Minakshi (Parvati) and Shiva. The festival is one where both the Vaishnava and Shaiva communities join the celebrations, because Vishnu gives away his sister Minakshi in marriage to Shiva.\nSome Shaktism-related festivals revere Shiva along with the goddess considered primary and Supreme. These include festivals dedicated to Annapurna such as \"Annakuta\" and those related to Durga. In Himalayan regions such as Nepal, as well as in northern, central and western India, the festival of Teej is celebrated by girls and women in the monsoon season, in honor of goddess Parvati, with group singing, dancing and by offering prayers in Parvati-Shiva temples.\nThe ascetic, Vedic and Tantric sub-traditions related to Shiva, such as those that became ascetic warriors during the Islamic rule period of India, celebrate the Kumbha Mela festival. This festival cycles every 12 years, in four pilgrimage sites within India, with the event moving to the next site after a gap of three years. The biggest is in Prayaga (renamed Allahabad during the Mughal rule era), where millions of Hindus of different traditions gather at the confluence of rivers Ganges and Yamuna. In the Hindu tradition, the Shiva-linked ascetic warriors (\"Nagas\") get the honor of starting the event by entering the \"Sangam\" first for bathing and prayers.\nBeyond the Indian subcontinent and Hinduism.\nThe statue of Shiva engaging in the Nataraja dance at the campus of European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland. In Shaivism of Indonesia, the popular name for Shiva has been \"Batara Guru\", which is derived from Sanskrit \"Bhattaraka\" which means \"noble lord\". He is conceptualized as a kind spiritual teacher, the first of all Gurus in Indonesian Hindu texts, mirroring the Dakshinamurti aspect of Shiva in the Indian subcontinent. However, the Batara Guru has more aspects than the Indian Shiva, as the Indonesian Hindus blended their spirits and heroes with him. Batara Guru's wife in southeast Asia is the same Hindu deity Durga, who has been popular since ancient times, and she too has a complex character with benevolent and fierce manifestations, each visualized with different names such as Uma, Sri, Kali and others. Shiva has been called Sadasiva, Paramasiva, Mahadeva in benevolent forms, and Kala, Bhairava, Mahakala in his fierce forms. The Indonesian Hindu texts present the same philosophical diversity of Shaivism traditions found on the subcontinent. However, among the texts that have survived into the contemporary era, the more common are of those of Shaiva Siddhanta (locally also called Siwa Siddhanta, Sridanta).\nIn the pre-Islamic period on the island of Java, Shaivism and Buddhism were considered very close and allied religions, though not identical religions. The medieval era Indonesian literature equates Buddha with Siwa (Shiva) and Janardana (Vishnu). This tradition continues in predominantly Hindu Bali Indonesia in the modern era, where Buddha is considered the younger brother of Shiva.\nThe worship of Shiva became popular in Central Asia through the Hephthalite Empire, and Kushan Empire. Shaivism was also popular in Sogdia and the Kingdom of Yutian as found from the wall painting from Penjikent on the river Zervashan. In this depiction, Shiva is portrayed with a sacred halo and a sacred thread (\"Yajnopavita\"). He is clad in tiger skin while his attendants are wearing Sogdian dress. A panel from Dandan Oilik shows Shiva in His Trimurti form with Shakti kneeling on her right thigh. Another site in the Taklamakan Desert depicts him with four legs, seated cross-legged on a cushioned seat supported by two bulls. It is also noted that Zoroastrian wind god Vayu-Vata took on the iconographic appearance of Shiva.\nDaikokuten, one of the Seven Lucky Gods in Japan, is considered to be evolved from Shiva. The god enjoys an exalted position as a household deity in Japan and is worshipped as the god of wealth and fortune. The name is the Japanese equivalent of Mah\u0101k\u0101la, the Buddhist name for Shiva. Shiva is also mentioned in Buddhist Tantra. Shiva as \"Upaya\" and Shakti as \"Prajna\". In cosmologies of Buddhist tantra, Shiva is depicted as passive, with Shakti being his active counterpart. In Mahayana Buddhist cosmology, Shiva resides in Akani\u1e63\u1e6dha, highest of \u015auddh\u0101v\u0101sa (Pure Abodes) where An\u0101g\u0101mi (\"Non-returners\") who are already on the path to Arhat-hood and who will attain enlightenment are born in.\nThe Japuji Sahib of the Guru Granth Sahib says, \"The Guru is Shiva, the Guru is Vishnu, the Guru is Brahma; the Guru is Parvati, the Guru is Lakshmi, the Guru is Sarasvati.\" In the same chapter, it also says, \"Shiva speaks, and the Siddhas listen.\" In Dasam Granth, Guru Gobind Singh has mentioned two avtars of Shiva: Dattatreya Avatara and Parasanatha Avatara.\nIn contemporary culture.\nIn contemporary culture, Shiva is depicted in films, books, tattoos and art. He has been referred to as \"the god of cool things\" and a \"bonafide rock hero\".\nPopular films include the Gujarati language movie \"Har Har Mahadev\", the Kannada movie \"Gange Gowri\" and well-known books include Amish Tripathi's \"Shiva Trilogy\", which has sold over a million copies. On television, \"Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev\", a television serial about Lord Shiva on the Life OK channel was among the most watched shows at its peak popularity. A 90's television series of DD National titled Om Namah Shivay was also based on legends of Shiva.\nIn the \"Final Fantasy\" videogame series, Shiva is often depicted as a benevolent ancient being of Ice Element who frequently aids the heroes against mighty foes (via summoning). Shiva is also a character in the video game \"Dark Souls\", with the name Shiva of the East.\nIn Shuumatsu no Valkyrie (Record of Ragnarok), Shiva is the representative of the gods in the 5th round of Ragnarok.\nOther websites.\nAarti of Shiva BhaktiSansar.in Viewed on 2020-08-01."}
+{"id": "24888", "revid": "10348731", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24888", "title": "Liberal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24895", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24895", "title": "ASCII art", "text": "ASCII art is art made out of ASCII characters. This can be simple art like \"<3\" (it looks almost like a heart if you turn your head sideways), or it can be more complex, with characters carefully placed out, containing many lines of characters. \nASCII art was originally used to \"draw\" pictures on computers that only allowed ASCII characters. \nSmilies are considered ASCII art. \nASCII art was invented because in the past, computers could only display simple characters in a format known as ASCII. This meant that computers could only display text. People started making art with ASCII characters to display an \"image\". These images are also sometimes referred to as emoticons, especially when they make images similar to facial expressions. Examples are: \ncodice_1 \ncodice_2 \nThey can also be more complicated. "}
+{"id": "24896", "revid": "9790569", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24896", "title": "Riddle", "text": "A riddle can be classed as a statement with a solution. This solution, however, need not be logical. Solving riddles usually involve thinking about the question and putting it into context. "}
+{"id": "24907", "revid": "10369915", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24907", "title": "Novalis", "text": "Novalis is the pseudonym of Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg (2 May 1772 \u2013 25 March 1801), who was a writer and philosopher of the early German Romanticism."}
+{"id": "24908", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24908", "title": "Body piercing", "text": "Body piercing or just piercing is a form of body modification, where humans of either gender pierce their skin to put jewellery through the hole later. There are many different reasons some people have piercings, such as religious or other cultural purposes. Many people, especially in North America and Europe, choose to be pierced for ornamental, or sexual pleasure.\nHistory.\nIn early records, it was not common to discuss the use of piercings or their meanings. However, body adornment and modification are estimated have been around for more than 5000 years, found in mummies like \u00d6tzi the Iceman, Europe's oldest natural mummy estimated to be about 5,300 years old. Piercing of the ears, nose, and tongue have a long history in many ancient cultures, and lip piercing and stretching were more common in African tribes, especially for cultural identification.\nPiercings in the 20th & 21st century.\nBody piercings of any kind were not popular in Western cultures in the beginning of the 20th century. After World War II, the gay subculture used piercings as a fashion statement. Other subcultures, such as \"hippie\" and the punk movement, also began to use piercings as a form of expression in the 1960s and 1970s. Genital piercing is becoming more common. Sometimes people get genital piercings to create interest or attract attention. Some types of genital piercing are supposed to increase sexual pleasure. For males, one type of penis piercing is called an Ampallang."}
+{"id": "24909", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24909", "title": "Physical", "text": "Physical can mean:"}
+{"id": "24910", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24910", "title": "Elonka Dunin", "text": "Elonka Dunin (; born December 29, 1958) is an American video game developer. Her job is to make computer games at Simutronics Corporation, in Missouri. She also knows a lot about famous puzzles, especially a puzzle called Kryptos, which no one knows all the answers to yet.\nIn 2006, she wrote a book with hundreds of puzzles in it, called \"The Mammoth Book of Secret Codes and Cryptograms\"."}
+{"id": "24914", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24914", "title": "Supernova", "text": "A supernova is the explosion of a giant star. It usually happens when the nuclear fusion in the star cannot hold the core against its own gravity. The core collapses, and then explodes. \nThe biggest stars that make supernovae are hypergiants and smaller ones are supergiants. They are massive: because of gravity, they use up their energy very quickly. Normally they only live for a few million years. \nDuring the explosion, the total energy radiated by supernovae may briefly outshine the entire output of a galaxy. They emit energy equal to that of the whole lifetime of a solar-like star. The explosion blows off its stellar material away from the star, at velocities up to 30,000 km/s or 10% of the speed of light. This drives a shock wave into the surrounding interstellar medium. This sweeps up an expanding shell of gas and dust, which we see as a supernova remnant. After exploding, what is left becomes a black hole or a neutron star. \nMost stars are small and do not explode. After their red giant phase, they become colder and smaller and become white dwarf stars.\nSupernova explosions happen rarely. The last time people saw a supernova in our own galaxy, the Milky Way, was in the year 1604. We can see supernovas in other galaxies too. Every year we see 300 supernovas in other galaxies, because there are so many galaxies. Sometimes they are brighter than the whole rest of the galaxy.\nTypes.\nSupernovas are usually sorted into Type I and Type II supernovas.\nType I supernovas have absorption lines that show they do not have hydrogen in them. Type Ia supernovas are very bright for a short amount of time. Then they get less bright very quickly. Type Ia supernovas happen when a white dwarf star is orbiting a big star. Sometimes, the white dwarf star sucks matter off of the big star. When the white dwarf eventually gets to be about 1.4 times the mass of the sun, it collapses. This makes lots of energy and light, which is why supernovas are very bright. Type Ia supernovae have mostly the same brightness. This allows them to be used as a secondary standard candle to measure the distance to their host galaxies.\nType II supernovas have absorption lines that show they do have hydrogen in them. A star must have at least 8 times, and no more than 40\u201350 times, the mass of the Sun to undergo this type of explosion.\nIn a star like the Sun, nuclear fusion turns hydrogen into helium. In very large stars, helium gets turned into carbon, then oxygen, and so on. The star fuses increasingly higher mass elements, up through the periodic table until a core of iron and nickel is produced. Fusion of iron or nickel produces no net energy output, so no more fusion can take place. When the energy released from the fusion process fades it cannot counteract gravitational collapse. The collapse of the core is so rapid (about 23% of the speed of light) that a huge shock wave is produced. The extremely high temperature and pressure lasts long enough for a brief moment when the elements heavier than iron are produced. Depending on initial size of the star, the remnants of the core form a neutron star or a black hole.\nSupernovas and life.\nWithout supernovas there would be no life on Earth. This is because many of the chemical elements were made in supernova explosions. These are called \"heavy elements\". Heavy elements are needed to make living things. The supernova is the only natural way heavy elements can be made. Other elements were made by fusion in stars. Heavy elements need very high temperature and pressure to form. In a macho supernova explosion the temperature and pressure are so high that heavy elements can be made. Scientists call this \"supernova nucleosynthesis\".\nIt could be dangerous if a supernova explosion happened very close to the Earth. The explosion is very big and many kinds of dangerous radiation are formed. But we do not have to be afraid. Only very big stars can explode as supernovas. There are no stars big enough near the Earth and if there was it would take millions of years for it to happen.\nImportant supernovas.\nSN 1572 was seen by Tycho Brahe. This supernova helped astronomers learn that things in space could change. SN 1604 was seen by Johannes Kepler. It was the last supernova close enough to be seen from Earth's northern hemisphere without a telescope. SN 1987A is the only supernova so close that scientists could find neutrinos from it. SN 1987A was also bright enough to see without a telescope. People in the southern hemisphere saw it.\nEffects on Earth.\nThe Earth does have traces of past supernovae. Traces of radioactive iron-60, a strong indicator of supernova debris, is buried in the sea floor right across the globe. \nThe \"local bubble\" is a ballooning region of hot gas, 600 light-years across. It surrounds the Solar System and dominates our stellar neighbourhood. It was formed by over a dozen supernovae blowing up in a nearby moving clump of stars. This happened between 2.3 million and 1.5 million years ago. This roughly corresponds with the start of the Pleistocene ice ages. The connection may be accidental."}
+{"id": "24915", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24915", "title": "Folk", "text": "Folk can mean:\nIn music:"}
+{"id": "24916", "revid": "48456", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24916", "title": "Victorian", "text": "Victorian may mean:"}
+{"id": "24917", "revid": "1552021", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24917", "title": "Bethlehem", "text": "Bethlehem is a Palestinian city on the West Bank. It is most famous as the place where Jesus was born. (See Gospel of Matthew chapter 2.) It is five miles from Jerusalem and has been under Israeli occupation since 1967. "}
+{"id": "24918", "revid": "10357072", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24918", "title": "Folk song", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24919", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24919", "title": "Disco music", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24920", "revid": "1663585", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24920", "title": "Disco", "text": "Disco is a style of music that was most popular from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, featuring African-American and Latino musicians and audiences, and in private dance parties thrown in the underground gay community of New York. People usually dance to disco music at bars called disco clubs. The word \"disco\" is also used to refer to the style of dancing that people do to disco music, or to the style of clothes that people wear to go disco dancing. Disco music was an up-tempo form of music which included elements of soul, funk and Latin music. It had a strong beat meant for dancing, a steady four-on-the-floor rhythm, and a big bass line, and orchestral instrumentation often included string sections. Disco is dance music too.\nDisco was at its most popular in the United States and Europe in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Disco was brought into the mainstream by the hit movie \"Saturday Night Fever,\" which was released in 1977. This movie, which starred John Travolta, showed people doing disco dancing. Many radio stations played disco in the late 1970s. By the early 1980s, disco had started to fall out of popularity, and other genres, such as dance, Hi-NRG and post-disco grew in popularity. Nevertheless, disco still exerts an influence on modern day dance music, and still has occasional moments of popularity. Additionally, a different form of disco arose in Europe, known as Euro disco, which obtained some popularity.\nDisco music.\nDisco music blends R&B with funk, soul and dance music. Disco music usually consists of a singer, electric guitars, synthesizer keyboards, electric bass guitar, and a drummer or electronic drum machine. Disco music is often very simple music, with a strong beat and a strong \"bass line\". Disco music often has many electronic effects.\nDisco dancing.\nDisco dancing is often sexually suggestive. When people go disco dancing, they usually wear tight trousers, leather shoes or boots, and glittery clothes. Women going disco dancing often wore tight clothes that revealed body parts such as their thighs or the upper part of their chest. Men going disco dancing often opened up the buttons of their shirts to show the upper part of their chest.\nDisco clubs.\nDisco music is played at disco clubs. In the late 1970s, there were famous disco clubs such as Studio 54 in New York City. Disco clubs have a large dance floor and a large pa system. A Disk Jockey (or \"DJ\") plays records of disco music through powerful amplifiers with a number of high wattage speakers. Disco music was usually played very loud, with lots of low bass frequencies. Disco clubs usually had coloured lights that flashed with the music called scanners, and mirror balls with hundreds of small mirrors, that reflect light onto the dancers and all corners of the room.\nDisco culture.\nMost people who went disco dancing at disco clubs drank alcohol such as champagne and rum. Many people consumed illegal drugs such as cocaine or marijuana, so that they would become intoxicated. People who went disco dancing often had sex with people that they would meet at the disco club."}
+{"id": "24921", "revid": "9769822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24921", "title": "Albert II, Prince of Monaco", "text": "Albert II (born 14 March 1958), is the current Sovereign Prince of Monaco. He became ruler after his father Prince Ranier III died in April 2005. He is the only son and the middle of three children of Rainer and his wife, Grace Kelly.\nLegitimate children.\nPrince Albert and his wife, Charlene, had twins:\nHealth.\nOn 19 March 2020, amid the large-scale outbreak of COVID-19, it was officially announced that Albert II had tested positive. This made Albert II the first monarch and head of state to have tested positive for COVID-19. On 31 March, it was announced that he had made a full recovery.\nAncestral Information.\n<centre></centre>"}
+{"id": "24922", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24922", "title": "Rex Warner", "text": "Rex Warner (birth name Reginald Ernest Walker; 9 March 1905 \u2013 24 June 1986) was a classical English writer and translator."}
+{"id": "24923", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24923", "title": "Hugh Cook", "text": "Hugh Cook (born 1942) is a Canadian writer."}
+{"id": "24924", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24924", "title": "Franz Boas", "text": "Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 \u2013 December 21, 1942) was a German-born American anthropologist. He is considered by many to have been the 'Father of American Anthropology.' While today archaeology, cultural anthropology, linguistics, and Biological anthropology are often considered somewhat separate areas of study in anthropology, Boas used each of these fields to address research questions.\nEarly life.\nBoas was born in Prussia, or modern-day Germany, to wealthy, well-educated Jewish parents. In an effort to expose him to the values of the Enlightenment, Boas's parents enrolled in a very strong early education. During his primary school years, Boas explored the field of natural history, and as he moved on to secondary school he conducted research on the natural range of plants.\nAcademic Career.\nFranz Boas attended Heidelberg University for one semester, before transferring to Bonn University where he studied mathematics, physics, and geography. He received a doctorate in physics in 1881 from the University of Kiel. Today, Boas' doctorate would be closer to a degree in geography than physics.\nBoas continued to study geography and eventually did fieldwork in Baffin Island, Canada with the native Inuit there. He first travelled to Baffin Island in 1883 to study the role of the environment in Inuit migrations. He published his findings in 1888 in \"The Central Eskimo\"\nBoas returned to Germany for a time, but due to rising antisemitism, he decided to move to the United States. He worked as an editor for \"Science\" and as a teacher of anthropology at Clark University. He left the university in 1892 and shortly after went north to collect field-based material for the 1893 World's Colombian Exposition. After the exposition, the material was given to the Field Museum in Chicago, where Boas became the curator of anthropology. During this time Boas became involved in the Fin de Si\u00e8cle debates. It was here he argued that anthropology should be different from the natural sciences and how they apply universal laws. He also began the groundwork that would grow into historical particularism: the idea that every aspect of a culture has a unique and relevant history.\nBoas eventually settled at the University of Columbia in 1896. There, he created the first PhD program for anthropology in the United States. At Columbia, he taught some of his most famous students, including Alfred Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Edward Sapir, and Zora Neale Hurston.\nLater life.\nFranz Boas was censored by the American Anthropological Association (AAA) in December 1919 for a publication he wrote denouncing anthropologists who became involved with the war effort during the First World War. This persisted for the remainder of his life, not being reversed until 2005. He was very critical of Nazism as well as critical of the radical the war effort in the United States. Boas was also involved with combating racism. In 1963 Thomas Gossett claimed that \"It is possible that Boas did more to combat race prejudice than any other person in history.\" Franz Boas died of a stroke on December 21, 1942. \u00a0According to legend he died in the arms of none other than Claude Levi-Strauss.\nContributions to Anthropology.\nFranz Boas is often credited with the development of 'historical particularism', as well as 'cultural relativism.' Boas was a founding member of the American Anthropology Association (AAA) and served as one of the organization's first vice presidents.\nFranz Boas is often credited with the development of several concepts in anthropology including 'historical particularism', 'cultural relativism', and \u2018cultural determinism\u2019. He argued culture played a significant role in human behavior and that cultures should be studied on their own terms, considering the specific and unique histories at hand. In general, the school of thought associated with Franz Boas, often referred to as \"Boasian anthropology,\" emphasized the importance of multi-approach, context-based methods to understanding human societies. His theories laid the foundation for modern cultural anthropology. \nAlthough Boas was commonly known as the \u201cFather of Anthropology\u201d it is also important to recognize that other anthropologists like George Hunt, Zora Neale Hurston, Ella Deloria, Francis La Flesche, and Ant\u00e9nor Firmin either worked with him, did similar work before him, or worked under his guidance and are not equally given the credit of this title."}
+{"id": "24925", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24925", "title": "Zapotec peoples", "text": "The Zapotec are a native tribe of people from Mexico. People think there are between 300.000 and 400.000 people. Most of them live in the state of Oaxaca. Most of them speak either Zapotec languages or the Chatino language. Before Christopher Columbus came to America, the Zapotec civilisation was highly developed. It also included a system of writing. "}
+{"id": "24926", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24926", "title": "IMAX", "text": "IMAX is a kind of movie projection system, which shows movies on a very large screen. It was first introduced in Japan in 1970."}
+{"id": "24930", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24930", "title": "Esotericism", "text": "Esotericism is about secret knowledge for a small group of people. Esotericism also describes mystical, spiritual or occult points of view. Esotericism studies Gnosticism, Yoga, Alchemy, Magic, Spiritualism, Hypnosis, Astrology, Meditation, Mysticism, and Occultism. Many followers of Abrahamic faiths, particularly Christianity and Islam, have criticized Esotericism as black magic. Esotericism in religion is called \"obscurantism\".\nEsotericism can also be about understanding symbolism and hidden meanings of many different books. They include religious books, philosophy books and books about history. They use these books as their texts."}
+{"id": "24931", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24931", "title": "Hugh Cook (science fiction author)", "text": "Hugh Walter Gilbert Cook (9 August 1956 \u2013 8 November 2008) was a science fiction author. Cook was born in Essex, England, and moved to New Zealand. He moved to Japan in 1997."}
+{"id": "24932", "revid": "1601409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24932", "title": "Jainism", "text": "Jainism is a dharmic religion which originated in ancient India. It teaches that \"all the events in the universe are self-caused, random, fixed and are independent of previous events or external causes or god\": Jain philosophy is the oldest philosophy of India that distinguishes body (matter) from the soul (awareness) completely. It teaches that the universe is eternal and that every living being has a soul which has the power to become all-knowing (observer of all the random events). A soul which has won over its inner enemies like attachment, greed, pride, etc. is called \"jina\" which means conqueror or victor (over ignorance). The holy book of Jainism is Pravachansara.\nScriptural canon.\nDigambara.\nThe \"\u1e62a\u1e6dkha\u1e45\u1e0d\u0101gama\" is the most important sacred scripture for the Digambara Jains.\n\u015avet\u0101mbara.\n\u015avet\u0101mbara Jainism recognizes 45 texts as sacred scripture.\nSth\u0101nakav\u0101s\u012b and Ter\u0101pantha.\nThe Sth\u0101nakav\u0101s\u012b and Ter\u0101pantha reform sects within \u015avet\u0101mbara Jainism accept only 32 texts."}
+{"id": "24934", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24934", "title": "Supernovas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24935", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24935", "title": "Supernovae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24937", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24937", "title": "FYROM", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24941", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24941", "title": "Sect", "text": "A sect is a small religious or political group that separates from a larger group. Sects have many of the same beliefs and practices as the original group, but often have some different doctrines. In contrast, a denomination is a large religious group. "}
+{"id": "24951", "revid": "1562754", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24951", "title": "Caracal", "text": "The caracal (\"Caracal caracal\"), also called Persian lynx or African lynx, is a wild cat. Caracals are similar to lynxes, but are more related to the serval. Caracals are the fastest of the small cats.\nLook.\nThe Caracal is 65 cm in length (about 2 feet), plus 30\u00a0cm tail (about 1 foot). It has longer legs and a look very similar to a lynx. The colour of its fur may be wine-red, grey, black, or sand-coloured (a type of yellow). Young caracals have red spots on the fur, but the only markings adults have are black spots above the eyes. A special part of the caracal body are its long black ears - the word \"caracal\" come from the Turkish word \"karakulak\" (\"black ear\"). Their ears are controlled by 20 different muscles, to help them find the animals they hunt.\nLife.\nCaracals live in Africa and Western Asia. Their habitat is dry steppes (areas without trees, covered with grass or shrubs) and semi-deserts, but also can live in places similar to woodlands, savannas, and scrub forests. They live alone or with a mate in a territory.\nA caracal may live without drinking for a long time - they get the water from the body of the animals they eat. It hunts at night (but in winter they also hunt in the daytime) for mices, rodents, birds, guineafowl, and hares. It is not usual, but sometimes they hunt small antelopes. They prefer to eat only the external meat of the mammals they hunt, and do not eat the internal organs, and they also do not like eating fur. But they eat the feathers of small birds and rotten meat.\nThey can hunt birds very well; a caracal is able to snatch a bird in flight, sometimes more than one at a time. Caracals can jump and climb every well, which enables them to catch hyraxes better than any other carnivore.\nCaracals and humans.\nBecause they can learn tricks and get accustomed to live with humans, caracals are sometimes kept as pets (especially in the United States and some European countries). Farmers in Africa do not like them, because sometimes they enter in farms and eat chickens and other animals. So they make their dog chase the caracal.\nIt is not easy to see caracals in nature because they hide very well. Drivers in countries where caracals live, for example, Kenya and Botswana, see many animals next to roads, but it is very rare a sighting of a caracal.\nKinds of caracals.\nThere are many species of caracals. See them and where they live:"}
+{"id": "24953", "revid": "10489171", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24953", "title": "Eel", "text": "Eels are teleost fish. They have long and narrow bodies like snakes. Adult eels can be as short as 10\u00a0cm or as long as 3\u00a0m. It depends on their species. The large eels can weigh up to 65\u00a0kg.\nEels have fewer fins than other fish. They do not have all the belly and chest fins. The back and anal fins are long and usually connected to the tail fin. The fins do not have spines.\nThe shoulder bones are separate from the skull. The scales have smooth edges or are absent.\nEels hatch from eggs. Baby (larval) eels are flat and transparent (clear). They are called \"leptocephalus\" (Greek for \"thin head\"). A young eel is called an elver. For a long time people did not know where eels came from, because baby eels look very different from adults. They thought the babies were a different species.\nMost eels prefer to live in the shallowest parts of the ocean. They live at the bottom of the ocean, sometimes in holes. Eels in the Anguillidae family come to fresh water to live there. Eels in the Nemichthyidae family swim about 500\u00a0m below the ocean surface. Eels in the Synaphobranchidae family live as deep as 4000\u00a0m below the surface.\nHand netting (catching with nets) is the only legal way of catching eels in England. It has been done for thousands of years on the River Parrett and River Severn.\nMost eels are predators. They hunt their prey.\nClassification.\nTrue eels belong to the order (group) Anguilliformes (Latin for \"eel-shaped\"). This order has 4 suborders (smaller groups) called \"Anguilloidei\", \"Nemichthyoidei\", \"Congroidei\", and \"Synaphobranchoidei\".\nThe suborders are separated into 19 families. The families are divided into 110 genera. The genera are then divided into species. There are 400 species of eels in all.\nThe term \"eel\" is also used for other eel-shaped fish, such as electric eels, spiny eels, swamp eels, and deep-sea spiny eels. These other clades, however, evolved their eel-like shapes independently from the true eels. Eels live both in salt water and fresh water and some species are catadromous (they migrate).\nUses.\nFreshwater eels (\"unagi\") and marine eels (Conger eel, \"anago\") are used in Japanese food. Eels are used in Cantonese (Hong Kong) food and Shanghai food. Some people eat the European eel and other eels that live in lakes all around the world. A traditional London food is \"jellied eels.\" The Spanish meal, \"angulas\", consists of deep-fried elvers.\nEel skins are used to make some wallets and purses.\nIn some classifications, the family Cyematidae of bobtail snipe eels is included in the Anguilliformes, but in the FishBase system that family is included in the order Saccopharyngiformes.\nThe electric eel of South America is not a true eel, but is a South American knifefish more closely related to the carps and catfishes."}
+{"id": "24955", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24955", "title": "Anguilliformes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24956", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24956", "title": "Elver", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24957", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24957", "title": "Easter egg", "text": "An Easter egg is an egg, eaten and used for decoration during the Easter holidays. The egg was a symbol of the Earth to celebrate spring. The oldest tradition is to use painted chicken eggs, but today chocolate eggs wrapped in coloured foil, hand-carved wooden eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as chocolate is used. It was used by early Christians as a sign of the resurrection (rising from the dead) of Jesus.\nUse.\nThe use of painted and decorated Easter eggs was first recorded in the 13th century. The church did not let people eat eggs during Holy Week, but chickens still laid eggs during that week. Because there was nothing else to do with the eggs, they were used for Easter decoration.\nIn modern times, chocolate eggs with a colorful wrapping are given to children to be eaten. In the United Kingdom, children receive on average 8.8 chocolate Easter eggs every year. It is unclear where this tradition comes from. Most likely, it comes from a pagan fertility ritual during spring. Sometimes on Easter, children go on egg hunts to look for Easter eggs. They can look for them indoors or outdoors.\nAn Easter egg is also the name of something secret added in computer programs, such as a joke, a picture, or a message that can be uncovered.\nHistory.\nAlthough there have been claims that Easter eggs came from the pagan symbols, there is no solid evidence for this. At the Passover, a hard-boiled egg dipped in salt water is a symbol of both new life and the Passover sacrifice offered at the Temple in Jerusalem. In Christian times, the egg was a symbol of new life just as a chick might hatch from the egg. The Easter egg tradition may have celebrated the end of the privations of Lent. In the Medieval Europe, people were not allowed to eat eggs on fast days. It was traditional to use up all of the eggs that they had before Lent began, and this also made the tradition of Pancake Day. Eggs were viewed as symbols of new life and fertility through the ages. It is believed that for this reason many ancient cultures, including the Ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Romans, used eggs during their spring festivals. In Eastern Christianity, both meat and dairy are still not allowed to be eaten during the fast, and eggs are seen as \"dairy\" too.\nIt was during Easter that everybody was trying to get rid of the eggs before the fast. Eggs were given as gifts for children and servants, and used for decoration. And this is probably the reason why eggs came to be associated with Easter."}
+{"id": "24958", "revid": "1121387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24958", "title": "Lemur", "text": "Lemurs are primates and prosimians (not monkeys). The word \"lemur\" comes from the Latin word \"lemures\", which means \"ghosts\". Lemur are divided into eight families, with 15 genera and about 100 living species. However, lemur classification is controversial: it depends on which species concept is used. \"Lemur\" is also a genus in one of the families. \nLemurs are native \"only\" to the island of Madagascar. From there a few species got to smaller islands nearby, for example the Comoros. Madagascar, like Africa and India, was part of the ancient southern continent of Gondwana. \nLemurs weigh from 30g to the 10kg. Larger species have all become extinct since human groups moved to Madagascar. Usually, the smaller lemurs are active at night (nocturnal), and the larger ones were active during the day (diurnal).\nLemurs are endangered species because people destroy their habitat and used to hunt them, and perhaps still do so.\nPhysical description.\nRing-tailed lemur, the most studied, are white and black with a ring tail The larger species are about 1.5 meters tall and weigh about 2 to 3.5 kilograms. They move quietly, usually at night, sometimes letting out eerie wailing cries, which some people think is the reason why they got their names.\nFeeding habits and life.\nLemurs mostly eat fruit, leaves, and other plant parts. They live in family groups of 5 to 42 members which is called a troop. Females are dominant and remain in the same troop for life. Males move between troops. The female's gestation period lasts four to five months, and they usually have one or two babies. Lemur mothers nurse their babies until they are about four months old. Then they begin to feed the babies solid food such as fruit. Lemurs spend most of their time in the trees. Some are great leapers, flinging themselves from tree to tree.\nCommunication.\nLemurs communicate with a variety of hoots. They will also send messages with scents (smells). When a male lemur wants to scare another male away, he first rubs its tail on the smelly glands under its arms and then waves the tail in the other male's face. These are called \"stink fights\"."}